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Which British cricket commentator died in January 1994, aged 81? | BBC SPORT | Cricket | Test Match Special | Legends | Brian Johnston
Test Match Special
Producer, Test Match Special
Johnners was an immensely popular character in cricket circles
On 16 May 1994, more than 2,000 people crammed into Westminster Abbey to give thanks for the life of a cricket commentator.
The then Prime Minister John Major gave an address, two Guardsmen played on fife and drum and the Abbey organ ended proceedings with the theme from Neighbours.
Brian Johnston was, of course, much more than just a cricket commentator - he was a national institution.
He joined the BBC in 1946 after wartime service in the Guards and before that in the family coffee business.
He was naturally suited to the ad lib life of radio outside broadcasting and in his early days undertook a variety of assignments in the days when anything outside a studio was something of a novelty.
Johnston's first job was to cover the disposal of a bomb discovered in Hyde Park, which he covered from the apparent safety of a ladies' lavatory.
His propensity for awful puns produced the line that he emerged "looking a bit flushed".
Such occasions led to his own live spot - Let's Go Somewhere - on In Town Tonight.
The highlights included him riding bareback in the circus, reporting from beneath an express train and from inside a post box at Christmas.
His career as a cricket commentator actually began on television.
He did not cross to Test Match Special until 1970, when television unceremoniously dropped him in a change of policy, recruiting only former players.
The lack of any word from television rankled Brian for the rest of his life, but his arrival at Test Match Special was a true homecoming.
Brian would say TMS was "just a bunch of friends going to a Test Match and talking about it"
Peter Baxter on Johnners
His informal style was a complete contrast to John Arlott, but his natural popular appeal brought a new audience to the programme and gave it a new lease of life.
He was by this time the BBC's first cricket correspondent, having made a huge impact while on extended leave in Australia to watch England play in 1958/9.
Thereafter, he was to accompany England tours round the world until his retirement in 1972.
However, retirement from the BBC staff did not end his involvement with Test Match Special.
In fact, he was still an integral part of the commentary team at his death in January 1994 at the age of 81.
Everyone was given a nickname. Scorer Bill Findall became 'the Bearded Wonder'. And to this day, Henry Blofeld and Jonathan Agnew are fondly known as Blowers and Aggers.
Laughter was never far away with Brian and he will inevitably be remembered for the so-called "leg-over" incident.
The famous "leg over" clip from 1991
During the summary of a day's play at the Oval, Aggers suggested that Ian Botham, in being out hit wicket had failed to "get his leg over."
Brian fought the giggles manfully for almost half a minute and then dissolved, wheezing helplessly into a large spotted handkerchief.
When asked about Test Match Special, Brian would say that it was "just a bunch of friends going to a Test Match and talking about it."
And with him, it was.
| Brian Johnston |
In February 1994 which painting by Edvard Munch was stolen from a gallery in Oslo? | Christopher Martin-Jenkins - Telegraph
Obituaries
Christopher Martin-Jenkins
Christopher Martin-Jenkins, the cricket commentator and writer, who has died aged 67, held at various times the most coveted posts in his profession, having been the game’s chief correspondent at the BBC, The Daily Telegraph and The Times.
Christopher Martin-Jenkins in the commentary box with Henry Blofeld and Bill Frindall Photo: Frank Coppi
5:09PM GMT 01 Jan 2013
For good measure he was also editor of The Cricketer, and was asked to be editor of Wisden. Such was his reputation and his popularity within the game that in 2010 he became President of MCC, a rare honour for a journalist, and one that had remained an aspiration even for the Telegraph’s Jim Swanton.
As a radio commentator, Martin-Jenkins possessed neither the descriptive virtuosity of John Arlott, nor the high-spirited effervescence of Brian Johnston. Nobody excelled him, though, in what he regarded as the first duty: that of giving a precise, clear, well-informed and accurate account of every ball that was bowled and every stroke that was played.
Only when that essential had been achieved did he venture upon comment, humour and anecdote. It was an approach that must have involved deliberate restraint, for no one was better versed in cricketing lore.
Martin-Jenkins was also an excellent mimic, who in his Cambridge days had had some success in cabaret, not least in a parody of Rudyard Kipling’s If as enunciated by Edward Heath.
His writing displayed the same virtues of clarity and relevance as his commentaries. Sharply aware both of the rules of grammar and of the subtleties of phrasing, he would impatiently confront those who presumed to alter his copy.
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Martin-Jenkins gets the giggles on air
01 Jan 2013
Martin-Jenkins loved cricket in general, not just the ultimate challenge of a Test match. In his mind a prep school game could be every bit as exciting as a one-day international. On the same principle, as chief cricket correspondent he insisted that the county championship should be covered as conscientiously as an Ashes series.
He especially warmed to cricket in its more intimate settings, revelling in festivals such as Cheltenham and Scarborough, where he could share gossip and drollery with fellow journalists. No man, though, was ever further from being a dilettante. Compulsively industrious, Martin-Jenkins always seemed ready to intensify the pressure by taking on new work.
His professionalism, however, never eliminated a certain unpredictability in practical matters. In particular, he conducted a stormy relationship with his computer, more than once inflicting terrible crises on himself by hitting the Delete instead of the Send button.
Martin-Jenkins certainly loved his career; the strain it exacted, however, sometimes left him exhausted, irritable and prone to attacks of migraine. Fortunately, at a deeper level, serenity prevailed. His Anglican faith certainly involved some accommodation with doubt; nevertheless, he possessed the will and determination to believe what he hoped might be true before being certain that it was.
So his natural buoyancy and optimism were sustained. It must have helped, too, that he came from a family well-rehearsed in the challenges and disciplines of professional success.
Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins, the second of three brothers, was born at Peterborough, where his maternal grandmother lived, on January 20 1945. His father worked in shipping for Ellerman Lines, ending his career as chairman and managing director. His mother, a doctor, came from a distinguished medical family.
Christopher passed his first two years in Ayrshire, after which his parents moved to Prenton, a suburb of Birkenhead. Then, in 1951, his father, promoted to his firm’s London office, bought a large house at South Holmwood in Surrey.
From as far back as he could remember Christopher was captivated by cricket. At an early age he would amuse himself by commentating on matches, both real and fictitious. As a teenager he attempted his first book, Cricket, Lovely Cricket, for which he improvised a foreword by Brigitte Bardot: “Mes amis, je pense que cette [sic] livre est superbe; non, merveilleux. J’adore le Cricket et j’adore cette [sic] livre. Bonne chance.”
At St Bede’s prep school in Eastbourne, Martin-Jenkins gave every promise of becoming a formidable player, alike with bat and ball. Later, he captained the Marlborough XI, and scored 99 against Rugby at Lord’s.
Going on to Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, to read Modern History, he had the satisfaction of obtaining the same degree in the subject, a 2:1, as his Fitzwilliam contemporary David Starkey.
Martin-Jenkins did not, however, achieve the cricket Blue that had been predicted. Perhaps he cared too much; at any rate his natural talent, when put on trial, suddenly seemed afflicted by nerves and self-consciousness.
The disappointment was the more severe as his enthusiasm for the game never flagged. Indeed, he felt that he reached his batting peak shortly after leaving Cambridge, when he turned out for Surrey Club and Ground. Later, in 1971, he played in a match for the county’s second XI.
However demanding his career, Martin-Jenkins rarely refused a chance to turn out in club cricket, whether for local sides such as Cranleigh, Albury and Horsham, or for MCC, the Free Foresters, the Arabs, I Zingari and the Marlborough Blues.
Despite his failure to gain a cricket Blue at Cambridge, he had the satisfaction of leading Fitzwilliam to victory in cricket Cuppers, and of obtaining a half-Blue for Rugby Fives. His undergraduate enthusiasms, moreover, were by no means confined to sport. He was brave enough to audition for the Footlights under the scrutiny of Clive James, Germaine Greer and Eric Idle.
In his last year at Marlborough Martin-Jenkins had written to Brian Johnston to ask how he might become a cricket commentator. His ambition was reinforced by the kindness with which Johnston received him.
After leaving Cambridge in 1967, however, he became an assistant at The Cricketer, under the august editorship of Jim Swanton. His first feature article, “In Defence of Professionalism”, caused the great panjandrum to dissociate the magazine from the views expressed.
Fortunately, when Richie Benaud’s copy failed to turn up, Martin-Jenkins was able to gain kudos by improvising a piece under the great Australian’s name.
After three years at The Cricketer he passed on to the more intense atmosphere of the BBC Radio Sports room, then run by a formidable and frequently vitriolic Scotsman called Angus Mackay, who liked to declare that his door was always open to everyone.
Martin-Jenkins rashly took him at his word and ventured a criticism of one of the programmes, with the result that Mackay never again spoke directly to him. Nevertheless, the tyro was tough enough to survive and eventually flourish in this most stressful of departments.
In 1973 he took over from Brian Johnston as the BBC’s cricket correspondent, a promotion which intensified his lifelong campaign against the predominance of football coverage. Another of his duties, which brought his name to national notice, was to present the sports slot on the Today programme.
From the moment he joined the BBC, Martin-Jenkins had pressed Outside Broadcasting for a trial as cricket commentator, and in May 1970 he passed his first audition. His debut before the public came at Old Trafford in August 1972, during the first one-day international to be played in England, against Australia. For the rest of his life he would be a member of the BBC’s commentary team.
It was not until 2008 that Martin-Jenkins, the voice of sober responsibility, unintentionally produced one of those “corpsing” sexual innuendos which afford listeners such merriment: “Broad runs in, he bowls, and this time Vettori lets it go outside the off stump. It was a good length, inviting him to fish, but Vettori, so to speak, stayed on the bank and kept his rod up.”
From 1974 to 1981 Martin-Jenkins passed most of his winters covering England’s overseas cricket tours. On the whole he enjoyed the experience; however, the desire to be with his growing family caused him to change direction in 1981, when he accepted an invitation to become editor of The Cricketer.
This meant a much reduced salary, which encouraged him to accept extra work, necessary at once for the payment of school fees, and for the financing of the large house which he bought at Rudgwick, near Horsham, in 1983.
Although he officially left the BBC in 1981, the Corporation retained him for Test Match Special, and also gave him the chance to do some television commentary. Radio, however, remained his staple.
Martin-Jenkins had already published several books, most importantly The Complete Who’s Who of Test Cricketers in 1980, a monumental effort which has retained its place as an essential reference book.
Now he found time to produce The Wisden Book of County Cricket (1981); Bedside Cricket (1981); Twenty Years On: Cricket’s years of change (1984); Cricket: a way of life (1984); Grand Slam (1987); Cricket Characters (1987); Sketches of a Season (1987); and Ball by Ball (1990).
In addition he edited Cricketer Book of Cricket Eccentrics (1985); Seasons Past (1986), and Quick Singles (1986). Only a workaholic and an exceptionally fluent writer could have achieved as much in his spare time.
From 1984 to 1991, moreover, he resumed his position as cricket correspondent of the BBC. He was also much in demand as an after-dinner speaker, winning many plaudits, albeit disturbing the feminist lobby on one occasion with an untoward remark about Martina Navratilova.
In 1991 Martin-Jenkins changed tack once more, becoming the chief cricket correspondent of The Daily Telegraph . So effective were his columns that in 1999 he was poached by The Times. Nine years later he handed over the reins at that paper to Michael Atherton, though he continued to contribute articles.
Meanwhile, the cricket books continued to flow: Summers Will Never Be the Same (1994); an anthology, The Spirit of Cricket (1990); An Australian Summer (1999); Men for All Seasons (2001); and The Top 100 Cricketers of All Time (2009).
In 2009 and 2010 Martin-Jenkins’s health seemed to be weakening, a bad bout of pneumonia being followed by acute hepatitis. His career, however, was crowned by his appointment as President of MCC for 2010-11.
His time in office coincided with the controversy over “Vision for Lord’s”, a plan to build five towers of flats at the north of the Nursery ground, while installing the cricket school and museum under that field. Some £100 million of the profit, it was envisaged, would be devoted to improving the capacity and facilities at the main ground.
Many MCC members, Martin-Jenkins among them, had doubts about both the aesthetics and scale of the plan. When Robert Griffiths, QC, as head of the development committee a leading protagonist for the scheme, attempted to exert pressure on the chairman and treasurer of MCC, these two dignitaries issued a counter-threat.
Either the development committee should be wound up, they announced, or they would stand down from their offices. At a stormy meeting in February 2011, Martin-Jenkins helped to ensure that the former course was chosen.
Far more pleasurable were the social responsibilities of the presidency. In particular, he enjoyed visiting Australia (and doubling as a BBC commentator) when England retained the Ashes in 2011.
Christopher Martin-Jenkins was appointed MBE in 2009.
In 2012 he published an autobiography, CMJ: a cricketing life. Typically of its author, it was largely about other people. The book did make clear, however, that, outside cricket, the great loves of his life were Sussex, golf and, beyond all else, his family.
He married, in 1971, Judith Hayman, with whom he had two sons and a daughter. Their younger son, Robin, proved a successful county cricketer for Sussex.
Christopher Martin-Jenkins, born January 20 1945, died January 1 2013
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Which Steven Spielberg film won seven Oscars in March 1994? | Spielberg Wins at Last With 7 Oscars for 'Schindler's List' - NYTimes.com
Spielberg Wins at Last With 7 Oscars for 'Schindler's List'
By WILLIAM GRIMES
Published: March 22, 1994
"Schindler's List," Steven Spielberg's wrenching drama about the Holocaust, dominated the 66th annual Academy Awards last night, winning seven Oscars, including those for best picture and best director. The film, which was lavishly praised by the critics and scored a solid hit at the box office, was considered a shoo-in in both categories.
The awards were a milestone in Mr. Spielberg's career. Although he is the most commercially successful director in Hollywood history, an Oscar, and recognition by the academy as a serious cinematic artist, eluded him until last night. He was previously nominated as a director three times, for "Close Encounters of the Third Kind," "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial." As a producer, he had been nominated twice, for "E.T." and "The Color Purple."
"Schindler's List" won Oscars for Janusz Kaminski's cinematography and Steven Zaillian's screenplay, adapted from the novel by Thomas Keneally. It also won for art direction, original score and editing. 3 for 'Jurassic Park'
Such was the wave of acclaim surrounding "Schindler's List" that it seemed to pass almost unnoticed that last year Mr. Spielberg also directed the biggest moneymaker in movie history, "Jurassic Park," which picked up awards for visual effects, sound and sound-effects editing.
In his acceptance speech for the directing award, Mr. Spielberg, who was greeted with a standing ovation, brandished his statuette and said, "I have friends who have won these before, but I swear I have never held one before." Visibly moved and fighting back tears, he concluded his thanks by invoking the memory of the 6 million Jews who perished in the Holocaust.
The only competition to "Schindler's List" came from "The Piano," which won three awards. Holly Hunter was named best actress for her performance as a mute mail-order bride in 19th-century New Zealand, and Anna Paquin, 11, was named best supporting best actress for her role as the daughter. The film also won the award for best original screenplay, written by its director, Jane Campion.
"In the Name of the Father," which received seven nominations, failed to win a single award.
The award for best actor went to Tom Hanks, for his role in "Philadelphia" as a lawyer dying of AIDS who sues the firm that dismissed him.
In his acceptance speech, Mr. Hanks, his voice quavering with emotion, thanked his colleagues on the film, especially Denzel Washington, and his high school drama teacher, who once advised him, "Act well the part, there the glory lies."
Mr. Hanks also paid tribute to those who have died of AIDS, saying "the heavens are too crowded with angels."
Ms. Hunter, in her acceptance speech, looked out to Ms. Campion and said: "I love you, I love you. Thank you for giving me a character that was so difficult to say goodbye to."
Tommy Lee Jones, who played the hard-nosed deputy marshal in "The Fugitive," received the Oscar for best supporting actor. In his acceptance speech, Mr. Jones, the crown of whose head was shaved for a role, said, "There is only one thing a man can say at a moment like this: I am not bald." A Minimum of Politics
This year's ceremonies started on a note of uncertainty, as Billy Crystal had stepped down after four years as host. His successor, Whoopi Goldberg, wearing a floor-length brown velvet dress, swept to the front of the stage and immediately addressed the great unstated question of the evening: Would the outspoken, unpredictable comedian behave herself?
"There haven't been this many executives sweating over one woman since Heidi Fleiss, baby," she said.
Then, promising to get her political concerns out of the way early, she reeled off a rapid-fire litany of slogans, beginning with "save the whales" and concluding with "let Frank Sinatra finish" and "somebody stop these damn earthquakes."
Crashing right through the taste barrier, Ms. Goldberg also called for Lorena Bobbitt to meet Bob Dole, a joke that left the audience gasping. 2 Special Awards
In a return to the high road, Tom Cruise presented Paul Newman with the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, given each year to industry figures who do notable work for charitable causes. Mr. Newman was honored for giving more than $80 million to charities including the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and the Environmental Defense Fund, as well as for his Hole in the Wall Gang Camp for children with cancer.
Deborah Kerr traveled from her home in Switzerland to accept an honorary Oscar, presented by Glenn Close, for her film work. Ms. Kerr, 72, who made her film debut in 1941 in "Major Barbara," was nominated for best actress six times, for "Edward My Son," "From Here to Eternity," "The King and I," "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison," "Separate Tables" and "The Sundowners." Until last night, however, she had never received an Oscar.
The Oscar for foreign film went to the Spanish film "Belle Epoque," directed by Fernando Trueba. In an Oscar year unusual for the number of rock nominees, the award for best original song went to Bruce Springsteen for "Streets of Philadelphia," the stirring ballad he wrote and performed for "Philadelphia."
Both documentary Oscars went to socially conscious films. "Defending Our Lives," a film about domestic violence, by Margaret Lazarus and Renner Wunderlish, won in the short-subject category. "I Am a Promise: The Children of Stanton Elementary School," by Susan Raymond and Alan Raymond, won in the feature category.
The Oscar for animated short film went to "The Wrong Trousers," produced by Nicholas Park. "Black Rider," produced by Pepe Danquart, won the Oscar for live-action short film.
Three technical Oscars were presented in earlier ceremonies to Panavision for lens development, to Manfred G. Michelson of Technical Film Systems Inc. for film processor development and to Petro Vlahos for his technical contributions to the motion picture industry.
In an awards ceremony marked by unusually brief and to-the-point acceptance speeches, Fernando Trueba delivered one of the more pleasantly oddball lines of the evening. "I would like to believe in God in order to thank Him," he said, "but I just believe in Billy Wilder."
Photos: Holly Hunter, best actress, in "The Piano" (Miramax); Liam Neeson and Ben Kingsley in "Schindler's List," the winner for best film (David James/Universal Pictures), and Tom Hanks, the winner for best actor, in "Philadelphia." (Ken Regan/Tri-Star Pictures);
| Schindler's List |
Which English football club won the 1994 FA Cup? | spielberg
Who is Steven Spielberg?
Steven Spielberg, the most commercially successful director in the history of American motion pictures, is the director of the movie Amistad . Spielberg's motion picture career began in 1974, with The Sugarland Express, a fairly dated chase movie of the Smokey and the Bandit flavor starring Goldie Hawn and William Atherton. He had previously directed three television movies (one -- Duel -- also a chase film) and directed for the television series Night Gallery. Commercial success came the next year, with the grandfather of all shark movies, Jaws, with Roy Scheider. Spielberg's first Academy Award nomination came for 1977's Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which did for UFOs what Jaws did for sharks. (Although the special effects of Close Encounters were well advanced for the time, it had the misfortune to be released the same year as Star Wars, which well overshadowed the gadgetry of the former.)
Spielberg's first double-nomination -- for both "Best Producer" and "Best Director" -- came for Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), a comic-book quest through North Africa, complete with Nazis, Biblical re-interpretation, and a cameo apperance by the Wrath of God. Spielberg received two other Oscar nominations in the 1980s, for the merchandising blockbuster E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and The Color Purple, an adaptation of Alice Walker's novel and Spielberg's first foray into drama.
The year 1993 was very successful. Spielberg directed Jurassic Park, was the highest-grossing film in movie history, and won three Academy Awards for effects. Schindler's List, a historical drama about the Holocaust, won seven Oscars, including Spielberg's first "Best Director" award.
In October 1994, Spielberg teamed up with Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen to form Dreamworks SKG , a multi-media production company. Although Spielberg was clearly the movie expert of the trio, Amistad (1997) will be his directorial debut for the studio.
In addition to the lawsuit over Amistad Spielberg was sued for alleged Twister plagiarism. The plagiarism lawsuit against Steven Spielberg and Michael Crichton over the 1996 film Twister ended on Thursday January, 29 1998. The jury in the federal case decided for Spielberg and his co-defendants. Plaintiff Stephen Kessler says he plans to appeal the decision.
Kessler claimed that Spielberg and Crichton had read Kessler's screenplay and copied it in order to produce Spielberg's 1996 film, Twister. On January 21, Crichton testified in the case, claiming he'd never heard of or met Kessler. Chrichton said the film was inspired by a 1984 episode of PBS's "Nova" series and the film His Girl Friday. On January 25, Spielberg testified, denying charges of plagiarism, and that he had never seen nor read Kessler's screenplay, "Catch the Wind." He said his interest in the film stemmed from his "lifelong interest in tornadoes." Kessler caused a stir in the courtroom when, while testifying on January 20th, he brought up the fact that Spielberg was also being sued over Amistad. The judge and Spielberg's attorneys had hoped to keep the Twister jury from hearing about Spielberg's other lawsuit.
The year 1997 has raised many questions. Why wasn't The Lost World: Jurassic Park as good or as successful as its predecessor? Why did Spielberg wait until 1997 to direct his first Dreamworks project? Why, for that matter, did Spielberg bump up the release date of Amistad to 1997? And on top of these questions sit the legal issues surrounding the production and release of Amistad.
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Which US singer did Lisa Marie Presley marry in May 1994? | Michael Jackson marries Lisa Marie Presley | World History Project
Michael Jackson marries Lisa Marie Presley
In May 1994, Jackson married singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley, the daughter of Elvis Presley.
They had first met in 1975 during one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend in early 1993. They stayed in contact every day over the telephone.
As child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Lisa Marie for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs. Lisa Marie explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it." In a phone call he made to her, she described him as high, incoherent and delusional. Shortly afterwards, she tried to persuade Jackson to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover — he subsequently did both. Jackson proposed to Lisa Marie over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?". Presley and Jackson married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy; the parties denied they had been married for nearly two months. The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".
At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image in light of prior sexual abuse allegations. Jackson and Presley divorced less than two years later, remaining friendly.
| Michael Jackson |
Who took over as host of BBC’s Question Time In January 1994? | Lisa Marie Presley Has Filed for Divorce - ABC News
ABC News
Lisa Marie Presley Has Filed for Divorce
By ANDREA DRESDALE
Jun 28, 2016, 4:32 PM ET
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Jeffrey Mayer/Getty Images
Singer Lisa Marie Presley (L) and musician Michael Lockwood arrive at the "Mad Max: Fury Road" Los Angeles Premiere at TCL Chinese Theatre IMAX on May 7, 2015 in Hollywood, Calif.
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Lisa Marie Presley has filed for divorce from her husband of 10 years, ABC News has confirmed.
The 48-year-old daughter of Elvis Presley filed to divorce Michael Lockwood, the father of her 7-year-old twin daughters, Harper and Finley. Presley also has a daughter, Riley Keough, and a son, Benjamin Keough, from a previous relationship.
Her rep confirmed the split to ABC News, but offered no further comment.
TMZ was the first to report the news.
This will be the singer and actress' fourth divorce. She was married to Danny Keough until 1994, then famously wed icon Michael Jackson in the mid-1990s. She was also married to Nicholas Cage and tied the knot with Lockwood in 2006.
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Which US Olympic figure skater attacked her rival Nancy Kerrigan during a 1994 practice session? | Skater Nancy Kerrigan attacked - Jan 06, 1994 - HISTORY.com
Skater Nancy Kerrigan attacked
Publisher
A+E Networks
Olympic hopeful Nancy Kerrigan is attacked at a Detroit ice rink following a practice session two days before the Olympic trials. A man hit Kerrigan with a club on the back of her knee, causing the figure skater to cry out in pain and bewilderment. When the full story emerged a week later, the nation became caught up in a real-life soap opera.
One of Kerrigan’s chief rivals for a place on the U.S. Figure Skating Team was Tonya Harding. In mid-December 1993, Harding’s ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, approached Shawn Eckardt about somehow eliminating Kerrigan from the competition. Eckardt set up a meeting with Derrick Smith and Shane Stant, who agreed to injure Kerrigan for a fee.
On December 28, Stant went to Massachusetts, where Kerrigan was practicing. However, he couldn’t carry out the attack so he followed her to Detroit, where Smith met him. After hitting Kerrigan, Stant fled the ice rink in Smith’s getaway car. With Kerrigan unable to skate, Harding won the championship and a place at the 1994 Olympics.
On January 11, Derrick Smith confessed to FBI agents. Three days later, Stant surrendered and also confessed. Harding was questioned on January 18, but denied her involvement. She claimed that she would cut off any connection with Gillooly if he was responsible. The next day, Gillooly was charged with conspiracy to assault Kerrigan. Shortly after, he agreed to a deal in which he implicated Harding.
Harding then came forward, changing her story and admitting that she had learned of Gillooly’s role in the attack after the championships but did not inform authorities. Meanwhile, U.S. Olympic officials named Kerrigan and Harding to the team that would compete in Lillehammer, Norway. When the United States Olympic Committee began considering removing Harding from the team, she filed a lawsuit that successfully stopped this action.
At the Olympics, the competition between Harding and Kerrigan set ratings records. Harding’s performance was a drama in itself. She broke down crying after a lace on her skates broke. Even after being allowed a restart, Harding wasn’t able to pull herself together and finished eighth. Kerrigan took home the silver medal, and many thought she deserved the gold.
Back in the U.S., Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder the prosecution of Kerrigan’s attackers. She was fined $100,000 and sentenced to probation and 500 hours of community service. Other than Gillooly’s testimony, there was never any further evidence of Harding’s knowledge of the plans before the attack. But Gillooly got revenge on Tonya by sinking to new tabloid depths, selling graphic photos of the couple having sex on their honeymoon.
Meanwhile, Harding wasn’t above trying to exploit the crime and her notoriety herself. However, an attempted movie career was dead in the water from the beginning. Kerrigan even succumbed to the temptation years later, appearing on a talk show with Harding to promote herself.
In 2003, about a year after fighting in a “celebrity boxing” event, Harding made her professional boxing debut.
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| Tonya Harding |
Which band had a 1994 Christmas number one single in the UK with ‘Stay Another Day’? | Skater 'took part in plot to attack rival': Tonya Harding heads for a fall as former husband becomes her accuser in Oregon court | The Independent
Skater 'took part in plot to attack rival': Tonya Harding heads for a fall as former husband becomes her accuser in Oregon court
Wednesday 2 February 1994 00:02 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Online
TONYA HARDING approved the attack on her rival US figure- skater Nancy Kerrigan with one simple command, 'Okay, let's do it', according to a lengthy statement made by one of the conspirators to FBI investigators.
Jeff Gillooly, her former husband, also told detectives that she personally obtained the name of the rink where Ms Kerrigan practised, called the arena to determine her schedule, and supplied plotters with a magazine which contained her rival's photograph.
In a 60-page statement to the FBI, released by prosecutors last night, Mr Gillooly also alleged that Ms Harding became upset when the planned attack had not taken place by New Year's Eve, complained that no one seemed able to carry it out, and demanded the return of dollars 2,000 ( pounds 1,300) paid to conspirators. He claimed that his ex-wife, with whom he was reconciled at the time of the attack, suggested that Nancy Kerrigan should be assaulted in a bar because it would make her 'look bad'.
His damning accusations coincided with his appearance before a court in Portland, Oregon, where he pleaded guilty to racketeering charges relating to the attack. Under a plea-bargain deal, he has agreed to a two-year prison sentence and dollars 100,000 fine. According to his lawyer, Ronald Hoevet, he confessed to playing a part in the plot against Ms Kerrigan after discovering that Ms Harding had broken a promise not to tell federal investigators about his involvement.
In a bizarre incident that has scandalised the international sporting world, Nancy Kerrigan was clubbed on the right leg by a man wielding a police-issue baton after a practice session for the US women's figure skating championships in Detroit last month. She suffered bruises above the knee, from which she is now recovering.
In his FBI statement, Mr Gillooly also accused Tonya Harding of personally obtaining her rival's hotel room number and practice schedule in Detroit, which he passed on to Shawn Eckardt, her bodyguard, who helped mastermind the assault.
The evidence against the skater was such that charges were 'inevitable' said Mr Hoevet, after his client appeared in court. 'Denial is no longer plausible. The truth about this bizarre crime has now been revealed.'
Ms Harding has repeatedly insisted that she knew nothing about the attack beforehand, although she has admitted withholding information from the authorities after finding out that members of her entourage were involved. Her laywers issued a statement dismissing the allegations by Mr Gillooly, with whom she has had a stormy relationship for several years, describing them as 'further evidence of his abusive conduct towards her'.
Meanwhile, a five-member committee of the US Figure Skating Association was due to meet in Colorado yesterday for discussions over whether Ms Harding should be disqualified from the Olympics figure skating contest. At present both skaters are on the team roster, but if Ms Harding is banned her place will go to Michelle Kwan, 13, from California.
(Photograph omitted)
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In 1994 which consortium was granted the licence to run the UK’s first National Lottery? | Lottery Insider -- An Post National Lottery Company
An Post National Lottery Company
Abbey Street Lower, Dublin 1
Internet:
World Bank, World Development Indicators .
Lottery Director:
GTech Corp.
Instant Ticket Vendor:
pollard Banknote: Two-year primary contract for the production and delivery of instant lottery tickets. Commences 2009 - ption to renew for up to an additional two years.
Games Offered:
Play Lotto, Euro Millions, National Lottery sweepstakes, all or Nothing, Instant scratch Games, Telly bingo, Millionair Raffle.
Beneficiaries:
203.2 million (33% of total sales) was raised for beneficiary projects in 2005. This brings the total funds raised by the National Lottery since 1987 for distribution by the Government to good causes throughout Ireland to over 2.4 billion.
Jurisdiction:
Rep.of Ireland
Background Information
An Post National Lottery Company is licensed to operate the National Lottery by the Minister of Finance on the Ministers behalf in accordance with the National Lottery Act 1986.
The National Lottery Company commenced operations in March 1987 with the purpose of generating funds for the designated beneficiaries, while operating the National lottery in accordance with the highest standards of integrity, credibility and security.
TIMELINE for Sale of National Lottery Licence
April 2012: Minister Howlin announces Government Decision to hold a competition for next National Lottery licence involving an upfront payment to the State.
July 2012: Heads of new National Lottery Bill are approved by Government.
October 2012: Davy Corporate Finance are appointed as financial and commercial advisers to the Department, following a tendering process.
December 2012: National Lottery Bill is published
January to May 2013: National Lottery Bill passes through the Oireachtas and is signed into law by the President in May 2013.
8 May 2013: Minister announces that Expressions of Interest in the competitive process are being sought.
30 May 2013: Minister announces the launch of the full Competitive Process.
3 October 2013: Minister announces that Premier Lotteries Ireland Limited has been selected as the Preferred Applicant 14 February: Lottery staff vote to accept Labour Court Recommendation
27 February 2014: Minister grants Lottery licence to Premier Lotteries Ireland
Minister Howlin Grants National Lottery Licence to Premier Lotteries Ireland
DUBLIN, Ireland (February 27, 2014) -- The Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform, Mr Brendan Howlin TD, announced today that he has granted the next licence to operate the National Lottery to Premier Lotteries Ireland, a consortium comprising Ontario Teachers Pension Plan (the owner of the Camelot Group), An Post and An Post pension funds.
Speaking today, Minister Howlin reflected, Almost two years ago, I brought a proposal to Government that I strongly believed could yield significant revenues. Today, I am pleased to say that I have delivered on that proposal half of the 405 million achieved for the transaction will now be paid. As I announced during Budget 2014, these monies are earmarked for a number of job-rich projects including the Wild Atlantic Way, the 1916 Commemoration and the National Sports Campus. In nine months, the second installment of 202.5million will be delivered, bringing the construction of the New Childrens Hospital closer.
The award of the licence follows a competition which took place between May and October 2013. On 3 October 2013, Minister Howlin announced that Premier Lotteries Ireland had been selected as the Preferred Applicant as it had met the essential requirements provided for under the terms of the competition and had submitted the highest Licence Fee proposal which was 405 million. Discussions on finalising the terms of the licence then took place between the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform and the Preferred Applicant. These discussions recently concluded. Premier Lotteries are due to take over the operation of the National Lottery within a year.
Premier Lotteries Ireland draws on the extensive experience of An Post, the parent company of the An Post Irish National Lottery Company, operator of the Irish National Lottery since 1987 and Camelot Group, operator of the UK National Lottery since 1994.
At the signing of the licence Minister Howlin said I am very pleased with the outcome of this process. We have a new operator that brings together valuable domestic experience together with international expertise. I believe Premier Lotteries will grow the business in a responsible manner and I look forward to a greater annual revenue stream for Good Causes.
Under the next licence, the ongoing annual contribution to Good Causes will be set at 65% of Gross Gaming Revenues, which are defined as Sales minus Prizes. Current arrangements for retailer commission will be maintained.
Staff of the current operator of the National Lottery, An Post National Lottery Company (APNLC), will transfer to Premier Lotteries Ireland under their existing terms and conditions in accordance with legal protections that arise in transfer situations.
In addition Minister Howlin stated, This process has run very smoothly. The interests of the key stakeholders have been protected, in particular, the staff of the lottery and the thousands of retailers. The ultimate stakeholders are the people of Ireland and they will benefit from the proceeds of the upfront payment and an increase in revenues for Good Causes that will benefit worthwhile projects throughout the country for the next 20 years.
SOURCE: Department of Public Expenditure & Reform.
| Camelot Group |
Who was inaugurated as South Africa’s first black President in May 1994? | Lottery Insider -- An Post National Lottery Company
An Post National Lottery Company
Abbey Street Lower, Dublin 1
Internet:
World Bank, World Development Indicators .
Lottery Director:
GTech Corp.
Instant Ticket Vendor:
pollard Banknote: Two-year primary contract for the production and delivery of instant lottery tickets. Commences 2009 - ption to renew for up to an additional two years.
Games Offered:
Play Lotto, Euro Millions, National Lottery sweepstakes, all or Nothing, Instant scratch Games, Telly bingo, Millionair Raffle.
Beneficiaries:
203.2 million (33% of total sales) was raised for beneficiary projects in 2005. This brings the total funds raised by the National Lottery since 1987 for distribution by the Government to good causes throughout Ireland to over 2.4 billion.
Jurisdiction:
Rep.of Ireland
Background Information
An Post National Lottery Company is licensed to operate the National Lottery by the Minister of Finance on the Ministers behalf in accordance with the National Lottery Act 1986.
The National Lottery Company commenced operations in March 1987 with the purpose of generating funds for the designated beneficiaries, while operating the National lottery in accordance with the highest standards of integrity, credibility and security.
TIMELINE for Sale of National Lottery Licence
April 2012: Minister Howlin announces Government Decision to hold a competition for next National Lottery licence involving an upfront payment to the State.
July 2012: Heads of new National Lottery Bill are approved by Government.
October 2012: Davy Corporate Finance are appointed as financial and commercial advisers to the Department, following a tendering process.
December 2012: National Lottery Bill is published
January to May 2013: National Lottery Bill passes through the Oireachtas and is signed into law by the President in May 2013.
8 May 2013: Minister announces that Expressions of Interest in the competitive process are being sought.
30 May 2013: Minister announces the launch of the full Competitive Process.
3 October 2013: Minister announces that Premier Lotteries Ireland Limited has been selected as the Preferred Applicant 14 February: Lottery staff vote to accept Labour Court Recommendation
27 February 2014: Minister grants Lottery licence to Premier Lotteries Ireland
Minister Howlin Grants National Lottery Licence to Premier Lotteries Ireland
DUBLIN, Ireland (February 27, 2014) -- The Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform, Mr Brendan Howlin TD, announced today that he has granted the next licence to operate the National Lottery to Premier Lotteries Ireland, a consortium comprising Ontario Teachers Pension Plan (the owner of the Camelot Group), An Post and An Post pension funds.
Speaking today, Minister Howlin reflected, Almost two years ago, I brought a proposal to Government that I strongly believed could yield significant revenues. Today, I am pleased to say that I have delivered on that proposal half of the 405 million achieved for the transaction will now be paid. As I announced during Budget 2014, these monies are earmarked for a number of job-rich projects including the Wild Atlantic Way, the 1916 Commemoration and the National Sports Campus. In nine months, the second installment of 202.5million will be delivered, bringing the construction of the New Childrens Hospital closer.
The award of the licence follows a competition which took place between May and October 2013. On 3 October 2013, Minister Howlin announced that Premier Lotteries Ireland had been selected as the Preferred Applicant as it had met the essential requirements provided for under the terms of the competition and had submitted the highest Licence Fee proposal which was 405 million. Discussions on finalising the terms of the licence then took place between the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform and the Preferred Applicant. These discussions recently concluded. Premier Lotteries are due to take over the operation of the National Lottery within a year.
Premier Lotteries Ireland draws on the extensive experience of An Post, the parent company of the An Post Irish National Lottery Company, operator of the Irish National Lottery since 1987 and Camelot Group, operator of the UK National Lottery since 1994.
At the signing of the licence Minister Howlin said I am very pleased with the outcome of this process. We have a new operator that brings together valuable domestic experience together with international expertise. I believe Premier Lotteries will grow the business in a responsible manner and I look forward to a greater annual revenue stream for Good Causes.
Under the next licence, the ongoing annual contribution to Good Causes will be set at 65% of Gross Gaming Revenues, which are defined as Sales minus Prizes. Current arrangements for retailer commission will be maintained.
Staff of the current operator of the National Lottery, An Post National Lottery Company (APNLC), will transfer to Premier Lotteries Ireland under their existing terms and conditions in accordance with legal protections that arise in transfer situations.
In addition Minister Howlin stated, This process has run very smoothly. The interests of the key stakeholders have been protected, in particular, the staff of the lottery and the thousands of retailers. The ultimate stakeholders are the people of Ireland and they will benefit from the proceeds of the upfront payment and an increase in revenues for Good Causes that will benefit worthwhile projects throughout the country for the next 20 years.
SOURCE: Department of Public Expenditure & Reform.
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Which nation won the 1994 FIFA World Cup? | 1994 FIFA World Cup (USA '94) - U.S. Soccer
U.S. Soccer
Licensees
World Cup USA 1994 was the most successful event in FIFA history, demonstrating that the United States is without peer in staging major international events, and that Americans can embrace the world’s most popular sport.
The cumulative attendance of 3,587,538 broke the previous record by more than 1 million, and the average attendance for the 52-game tournament of 68,991 also established a new mark. U.S. stadia were filled to approximately 96 percent capacity during the World Cup.
The success of the U.S. team, which advanced to the round of 16 for the first time since 1930, helped boost already high U.S. television ratings. Approximately 11 million Americans were tuned in to the USA vs. Brazil round of 16 match on July 4, an all-time high for soccer in the United States.
In the final, after a scoreless regulation and overtime, Brazil defeated Italy on penalty kicks 3-2 to become the first country to win four World Cup titles.
World Cup matches were played at nine venues — the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif. (including the final); Foxboro (Mass.) Stadium; Soldier Field in Chicago; the Cotton Bowl in Dallas; the Pontiac (Mich.) Silverdome; Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, N.J.; the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Fla.; Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, Calif.; and RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.
World Cup USA 1994 also left behind a legacy for soccer in the U.S. A surplus of approximately $50 million — more than double original projections — was contributed to the U.S. Soccer Foundation, the U.S. Soccer organization created to administer the World Cup surplus. Improved training facilities and renovated stadiums in World Cup communities, upgraded to meet FIFA standards, will serve as a reminder of the success of World Cup USA 1994 for years to come.
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In which month in 1994 was the Channel Tunnel officially opened between England and France? | World Cup winners list: A complete history - SBNation.com
World Cup winners list: A complete history
Rec
Dean Mouhtaropoulos
In 1930, thirteen teams participated in the first World Cup held in Uruguay. Since then, the countries of the world have come together every four years (except in the 1940's-yes Germany, looking at you here) to play in the tournament, with 77 countries having participated in 20 tournaments as of 2014.
Despite, the large number of countries to participate, only eight of them have enjoyed the glory of actually winning it. Brazil are on the top with five (don't mention this to Brazilians right now, though), and Germany are next on the list with four, their most recent having been secured against Argentina on Sunday. Here's a quick tour of each winning nation.
Brazil 2014: Germany
Germany became the first ever European team to win a World Cup in South America, and lifted the trophy for the first time since reunification. Fittingly, in a tournament in which nothing was predictable, Germany didn't look completely convincing en route to their final against Argentina, and notably needed extra time to get past the unfavoured Algeria in the first knockout round. However, Die Mannschaft grew into the tournament, and inflicted a historic 7-1 thrashing on tournament hosts Brazil in the semis before Mario Götze's last-gasp extra time strike settled a close final. Argentina captain Lionel Messi earned the Golden Ball as a consolation which was really none at all.
South Africa 2010: Spain
The Spanish team in 2010 was special, which makes its early exit in Brazil even more of a mystery. In South Africa, Andrés Iniesta scored in the 116th minute agaist the Netherlands to give Spain their first World Cup. Six members of the team, along with their coach Vincente del Bosque, were voted onto the team of the tournament. Iker Casillas, the goalkeeper, won the Golden Glove award (previously the Yashin Award), shutting out his opponents in five of the seven matches. The team also won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy.
Germany 2006: Italy
Italy's victory over France in the final was one for the memories. Not only did Italy win 5-3 on penalty kicks, but France's captain Zinedine Zidane was red-carded for head-butting Marco Materazzi in extra-time. Italy's goalkeeper, Gianluigi Buffon won the Yashin Award given to the best goalkeeper, and was one of seven Italian players voted to the All-Star team. The victory gave Italy their fourth World Cup title, then second only to Brazil's five, but matched by Germany this year.
Korea-Japan 2002: Brazil
This World Cup was Ronaldo's World Cup. The old one. The Brazilian striker won the Golden Boot award (highest scoring player), scoring eight goals in the tournament. Two of those came in the final, as Brazil shut out Germany 2-0 and won their record fifth World Cup. Ronaldo was voted to the team of the tournament along with teammates Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, and Roberto Carlos finished with a 7-0-0 record and a plus-14 goal differential.
France 1998: France
If you think the header is a typo, you are mistaken! When France won the tournament in France they became the sixth country to win the tournament on home soil. France's goalkeeper won the inaugural Yashin Award, letting in only two goals, and eight French players scored in the tournament. Zinedine Zidane headlined the French attack, as France ended with a plus-13 goal differential. They were also given the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and voted the Most Entertaining Team.
USA 1994: Brazil
When Brazil faced Italy in the '94 final both teams were looking for their record fourth title. Brazil defeated Italy 3-2 on penalty kicks, becoming the first country to win the final via a shootout. Romário scored five goals and won the Golden Ball award (best player), and Brazil won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and was voted the Most Entertaining Team. On a side note, the US chose this as the the mascot for the tournament.
#Fifa #WorldCup World Cup In honor of this amazing month of soccer, #tbt World Cup '94 with the mascot Striker #b ... pic.twitter.com/ri1nVPC4iT
— FIFA World Cup 2014 (@iFifaWorIdCup) July 3, 2014
In my opinion, we could have done better. A dog? A live bald eagle painted red, white, and blue would have been perfect.
Italy 1990: West Germany
The 1990 World Cup is widely considered to be one of the worst and the final was no different. West Germany (now Germany) beat Argentina 1-0 on a penalty kick in the 85th minute to win their then-record third World Cup. The victory also served as revenge for their loss to Argentina in the '86 final, but the most exciting part of the game were the two red cards handed out, the first dismissals in a final.
Mexico 1986: Argentina
Diego Maradona was the most heralded star going into the '86 tournament, and he delivered, scoring five goals and winning the Golden Ball award. Though Argentina beat West Germany 3-2 in the final for their second title, the most memorable moments from the tournament come from Maradona's goals against England in a quarterfinal match. For his second goal of the match, Maradona took the ball by himself all the way from inside his own half and scored, in what was voted the goal of the century . His first goal, which has been dubbed the "Hand of God", was a bit more controversial. England's players quickly argued for a handball and after the game Maradona referenced the goal saying it was scored "A bit with the head of Maradona and another bit with the hand of God." Cut to 40 seconds and decide for yourself.
Spain 1982: Italy
Italy beat West Germany 3-1in the final to win their record third World Cup title. The Italian side was led by striker Paolo Rossi, who won the Gold Boot award with six goals and the inaugural Golden Ball Award. He is one of three players to win a World Cup while also being the top scorer and being voted the best player. Italy's Dino Zoff was voted the tournament's best keeper.
Argentina 1978: Argentina
Argentina became the fifth country to win the World Cup at home when they beat the Netherlands 3-1 in the final. Maradona was not yet a part of team, but the team was not lacking in star power. Striker Mario Kempes won the Golden Boot award with six goals and was voted the best player of the tournament. Argentina's Ubaldo Fillol was voted the best goalkeeper.
West Germany 1974: West Germany
Playing in its own country, West Germany beat the Netherlands 2-1 to win its second World Cup. West Germany became the fourth country to win at home, and after losing to East Germany in the group stage, they didn't lose again. The team's Sepp Maier was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper. Seven players scored at least one goal and one of them was a guy named Wolfgang. Wolfgang! This was the first World Cup to feature the current design of the World Cup trophy.
Mexico 1970: Brazil
Brazil topped Italy 4-1 to win its third World Cup. The team finished with a perfect 6-0-0 record and a plus-12 goal differential, while averaging just over three goals per game. Seven members of the team scored at least one goal, with Jairzinho scoring seven and Pelé adding four. Pelé was voted as the best player of the tournament. Captain Carlos Alberto scored a goal in the championship game that many consider to be one of the finest goals in the history of the World Cup.
England 1966: England
Perhaps sick of seeing Brazil win two straight World Cups, England won on home soil, becoming the third country to do so. Geoff Hurst had the first and only hattrick in a World Cup final, and England went on to beat West Germany 4-2 in extra time. Midfielder Bobby Charlton scored three goals in the tournament and was voted the best player, and Gordon Banks was voted the best keeper.
Chile 1962: Brazil
Brazil defeated Czechoslovakia 3-1 to successfully defend their World Cup title. Though Pelé was injured early on didn't play after the second game, Brazil would not go away. Garrincha and Vavá were two of the top scorers of the tournament with four apiece, both tying for the Golden Boot, and were two of five Brazilians named to the All-Star team. Garrincha was also voted the best player of the tournament.
Sweden 1958: Brazil
Brazil beat Sweden 5-2 in Sweden to win its first World Cup. Pelé scored two goals in the final (six overall) at just 17 years old and Vava added two as well (five overall), to help Brazil win the final. Midfielder Didi was voted the best player and Pelé was voted the best young player, and were joined by four teammates voted to the All-Star team. One of Pelé's goals in the final is widely hailed as one of the finest scoring sequences ever.
Switzerland 1954: West Germany
West Germany beat Hungary 3-2 to win its first World Cup. The final still stands as one of the greatest upsets in soccer history, and as one of the greatest achievements in German soccer history. The Hungarians, who played professional football, had beaten the Germans, who were all amateurs, 8-3 in the group stage, and finished the tournament with a plus 17 goal differential. Nevertheless, the Germans, were led by Helmut Rahn's two goals and found a way to win. Over the whole tournament, Germany had four players with at least four goals.
Brazil 1950: Uruguay
Uruguay won the first World Cup in 12 years, after the '42 and '46 World Cups were cancelled due to WWII, by beating Brazil 2-1 in the final match of the second group stage. The 1950 World Cup featured the only time the tournament was decided by group play and points. Leading Uruguay by one point, all Brazil needed was a tie to win the tournament, but they could not hold on to their one goal lead. Brazil pushed the change in format because two group stages guaranteed more games and thus more ticket revenue than a group stage and a knock-out round did. FIFA initially resisted, but acquiesced when Brazil threatened to withdrawal. Uruguay's Roque Máspoli was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper, and he along with five of his teammates were voted to the All-Star team.
France 1938: Italy
Italy successfully defended its title in the third World Cup by defeating Hungary 4-2. Italy was led by strikers Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi, who scored five and four goals, respectively. Both scored twice in the final, and were two of the six Italians voted to the All-Star team. During WWII, the Italian vice president of FIFA, hid the World Cup trophy under his bed in a shoe-box so that occupying troops would not steal it.
Italy 1934: Italy
In the second rendition of the World Cup, Italy beat out Czechoslovakia 2-1 to win its first World Cup title, also becoming the second team to win it at home. Italy was led by Giuseppe Meazza, who was voted the best player and voted to the All-Star team with five of his teammates.
Uruguay 1930: Uruguay
Uruguay won the first ever World Cup in the same year that they were celebrating the 100 year anniversary of their constitution. Uruguay had four different scorers in its 4-2 victory over Argentina, but were led from behind by the tournament's best player José Nasazzi, and Enrique Ballestrero, the tournament's best goalkeeper. Back in 1930, your grandparents weren't born yet, there were no ballpoint pens, and Batman and Superman did not yet exist. This is the tournament in which the US progressed the furthest: third place. 84 years later, we have not come close. Also, soccer balls looked like this:
and referees looked like this:
Yep. It's fair to say we've come a long way.
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Which boxer wont the WBA and IBF World Heavyweight Championships in 1994, becoming the oldest heavyweight champion in history? | George Foreman becomes oldest heavyweight champ - Nov 05, 1994 - HISTORY.com
This Day in History: 11/05/1994 - Foreman is Oldest Champ
On this day in 1994, George Foreman, age 45, becomes boxing's oldest heavyweight champion when he defeats 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round of their WBA fight in Las Vegas. More than 12,000 spectators at the MGM Grand Hotel watched Foreman dethrone Moorer, who went into the fight with a 35-0 record. Foreman dedicated his upset win to "all my buddies in the nursing home and all the guys in jail." Born in 1949 in Marshal, Texas, Foreman had a troubled childhood and dropped out of high school. Eventually, he joined President Lyndon Johnson's Jobs Corps work program and discovered a talent for boxing. "Big George," as he was nicknamed, took home a gold medal for the U.S. at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. In 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, after winning his first 37 professional matches, 34 by knockout, Foreman KO'd "Smokin'" Joe Frazier after two rounds and was crowned heavyweight champ. At 1974's "Rumble in the Jungle" in Kinshasha, Zaire, the younger, stronger Foreman suffered a surprising loss to underdog Muhammad Ali and was forced to relinquish his championship title. Three years later, Big George morphed from pugilist into preacher, when he had a religious experience in his dressing room after losing a fight. He retired from boxing, became an ordained minister in Houston and founded a youth center. A decade later, the millions he'd made as a boxer gone, Foreman returned to the ring at age 38 and staged a successful comeback. When he won his second heavyweight title in his 1994 fight against Moorer, becoming the WBA and IBF champ, Foreman was wearing the same red trunks he'd had on the night he lost to Ali. Foreman didn't hang onto the heavyweight mantle for long. In March 1995, he was stripped of his WBA title after refusing to fight No. 1 contender Tony Tucker, and he gave up his IBF title in June 1995 rather than fight a rematch with Axel Schulz, whom he'd narrowly beat in a controversial judges' decision in April of that same year.
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On this day in 1994, George Foreman, age 45, becomes boxing’s oldest heavyweight champion when he defeats 26-year-old Michael Moorer in the 10th round of their WBA fight in Las Vegas. More than 12,000 spectators at the MGM Grand Hotel watched Foreman dethrone Moorer, who went into the fight with a 35-0 record. Foreman dedicated his upset win to “all my buddies in the nursing home and all the guys in jail.”
Born in 1949 in Marshal, Texas, Foreman had a troubled childhood and dropped out of high school. Eventually, he joined President Lyndon Johnson’s Jobs Corps work program and discovered a talent for boxing. “Big George,” as he was nicknamed, took home a gold medal for the U.S. at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. In 1973 in Kingston, Jamaica, after winning his first 37 professional matches, 34 by knockout, Foreman KO’d “Smokin'” Joe Frazier after two rounds and was crowned heavyweight champ. At 1974’s “Rumble in the Jungle” in Kinshasha, Zaire, the younger, stronger Foreman suffered a surprising loss to underdog Muhammad Ali and was forced to relinquish his championship title. Three years later, Big George morphed from pugilist into preacher, when he had a religious experience in his dressing room after losing a fight. He retired from boxing, became an ordained minister in Houston and founded a youth center.
A decade later, the millions he’d made as a boxer gone, Foreman returned to the ring at age 38 and staged a successful comeback. When he won his second heavyweight title in his 1994 fight against Moorer, becoming the WBA and IBF champ, Foreman was wearing the same red trunks he’d had on the night he lost to Ali.
Foreman didn’t hang onto the heavyweight mantle for long. In March 1995, he was stripped of his WBA title after refusing to fight No. 1 contender Tony Tucker, and he gave up his IBF title in June 1995 rather than fight a rematch with Axel Schulz, whom he’d narrowly beat in a controversial judges’ decision in April of that same year. Foreman’s last fight was in 1997; he lost to Shannon Biggs. He retired with a lifetime record of 76-5.
Outside of the boxing ring, Foreman, who has five sons, all named George, and five daughters, has become enormously wealthy as an entrepreneur and genial TV pitchman for a variety of products, including the hugely popular George Foreman Grill.
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Which US singer received the Legend Award at the 1994 Grammy Awards? | Evander Holyfield - BoxRec
Evander Holyfield
Hall of Fame bio: [1]
Name: Evander Holyfield
Height: 6′ 2½″ / 189cm
Reach: 78″ / 198cm
Holyfield at the 1984 Olympics
Record: 160-14 with 75 KOs
1983 U.S. National Championships Bronze Medalist (178 lbs) in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Results:
1983 Pan American Games Silver Medalist (178 lbs) in Caracas, Venezuela. Results:
Rodolfo Marin (Puerto Rico) W 3 (5-0)
Carlos Salazar (Venezuela) RSC 2
Pablo Romero (Cuba) L 3 (1-4)
1984 National Golden Gloves Gold Medalist (178 lbs) in St. Louis, Missouri. Results:
Sherman Griffin RSC 2
1984 U.S. Olympic Trials Bronze Medalist (178 lbs) in Fort Worth, Texas. Results:
Sherman Griffin W 3 (5-0)
Ricky Womack L 3 (2-3)
1984 U.S. Olympic Box-Offs Winner (178 lbs) in Las Vegas, Nevada. Results:
Ricky Womack W 3 (4-1)
Ricky Womack W 3 (4-1)
1984 Olympic Games Bronze Medalist (178 lbs) in Los Angeles, California. Results:
Taju Akay (Ghana) RSCH 3
Ismail Khalil Salman (Iraq) RSCH 2
Sylvanus Okello (Kenya) W KO 1
Kevin Barry (New Zealand) L DQ 2
Olympic Disqualification
Holyfield vs. Kevin Barry at the 1984 Olympics
Holyfield was disqualified in his light heavyweight semifinal bout with Kevin Barry of New Zealand for hitting after the break.
Near the end of the second round, with Barry grabbing him around the neck with his left arm, Holyfield pulled back and—just as Yugoslavian referee Gligorije Novicic yelled "Stop!"—slammed a right to the body and a left hook to the head. Barry crumbled to the canvas. He regained his feet, but was very wobbly. Novicic stopped the fight and disqualified Holyfield for hitting on the break. Holyfield, who was dominating the bout, said he didn't hear the referee.
Because he was stopped by a head blow, Barry was medically ineligible to fight for 28 days. As a result, Anton Josipovic of Yugoslavia, who defeated Mustapha Moussa of Algeria in the other semifinal, was awarded the gold medal on a walkover.
The U.S. filed a protest. The protest was based on three points:
(1) The punch was started before the referee yelled "stop," thus making it a legal punch.
(2) The noise level of the crowd was so high that it was doubtful whether Holyfield could have heard the referee at all.
(3) Barry was in the process of being warned for holding when the incident occurred. And there was a possiblity that the warning would be cause for disqualifying Barry.
The protest was rejected by the International Amateur Boxing Association . "There is no doubt in the minds of the protest committee," said Colonel Don Hull, the president of AIBA. "They reviewed the film and it is clear that there was a violation and that an illegal blow incapacitated. The referee enforced the rules."
Loring Baker, head of the United States Amateur Boxing Federation, said the referee should have stopped the bout earlier because Barry was flagrantly holding. "Had the referee done his job properly, the fight would have been stopped before the foul occurred," Baker said.
"Novicic blew it," said John Holaus, one of four American officials who worked the competition. "He was going from cautions to warnings and then back to cautions. It's against the rules. Once you issue a warning, you can't go back to cautions. I couldn't believe what I was seeing."
Professional Achievements
Holyfield vs. Buster Douglas in 1990
Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe in 1993
Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson in 1996
World Titles:
The Ring ranked Holyfield as the twenty-third best fighter of the last 80 years in 2002.
Inducted into the Nevada Boxing Hall of Fame in 2014.
Notes
During the seventh round of Holyfield's second fight with Riddick Bowe , a man on a motorized paraglider flew into the outdoor arena at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and attempted to land in the ring. He crashed into the ring ropes and his chute got caught in the ring lights. The man, who called himself Fan Man, was pulled from the ropes and beaten unconscious by Bowe's security. He was briefly hospitalized and then arrested. After a 21-minute delay, the fight resumed. Holyfield won by a majority decision to regain the WBA / IBF Heavyweight Championship.
After losing to Michael Moorer in Las Vegas on April 22, 1994, Holyfield was diagnosed with a heart ailment. He was told he had a "diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle." As a result, he announced his retirement. In June 1994, Holyfield said he was cured by faith healer Benny Hinn and planned to return to boxing. At the insistence of the Nevada State Athletic Commission , he went through a battery of tests at the Mayo Clinic in November 1994 and was given a clean bill of health. Holyfield was told he had been misdiagnosed because he was over-medicated and over-hydrated in the treatment he received after the Moorer fight. In February 1995, Nevada boxing officials voted to lift his medical suspension. He returned to the ring on May 20, 1995, and defeated Ray Mercer by a ten-round unanimous decision.
Holyfield fought Riddick Bowe for the third and final time on November 4, 1995. Holyfield, who later said he was suffering from Hepatitis A, appeared to be completely exhausted by the fifth round. With about a minute left in the fifth round, HBO commentator George Foreman stood up and called for the fight to be stopped. "This man is going to end up in a pine box," Foreman said. "He's got heart trouble." Holyfield dropped Bowe early in the sixth round, but was unable to finish him. Bowe came back to stop Holyfield two rounds later.
Holyfield was first scheduled to fight Mike Tyson for the Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship on June 18, 1990, but those plans were spoiled by James (Buster) Douglas , who knocked out Tyson on February 11, 1990. Holyfield won the title from Douglas and was scheduled to defend it against Tyson on November 8, 1991, but the fight was canceled after Tyson suffered a rib injury during training. Before the fight could be rescheduled, Tyson was convicted of rape and sent to prison. Holyfield finally fought Tyson on November 9, 1996, and stopped him in the eleventh round to win the WBA Heavyweight Championship.
During the third round of his rematch with Mike Tyson on June 28, 1997, Holyfield was bitten twice by Tyson. After he bit a one-inch chunk out of Holyfield's right ear, referee Mills Lane called time and deducted two points from Tyson. When the fight resumed, Tyson bit Holyfield's left ear. When Lane saw the bite marks on Holyfield's left ear after the third round, he disqualified Tyson.
Holyfield lost to Larry Donald by a lopsided twelve-round unanimous decision in New York City on November 13, 2004. It was his third straight defeat. After the fight, the New York State Athletic Commission medically suspended Holyfield for poor performance. Although Holyfield passed a battery of tests, the commission voted to suspend Holyfield's license indefinitely in August 2005, but lifted the medical suspension that prevented him from fighting in other states.
On August 29, 2006, Federal Drug Enforcement Agency officials in Alabama raided a compounding pharmacy (a pharmacy that makes its own drugs generically) called Applied Pharmacy Services. Among the documents seized were records stating that, in June 2004, a patient named “Evan Fields” picked up three vials of testosterone and related injection supplies from a doctor in Columbus, Georgia. That same month, Fields received five vials of Saizen (a human growth hormone). In September 2004, according to the documents, Fields underwent treatment for hypogonadism (a condition that results when the sex glands produce little or no hormones). The date of birth, home address, and telephone number listed for Evan Fields in Applied Pharmacy’s records were identical to those of Evander Holyfield. When these facts were made public, Holyfield issued a statement that read in part, “I have never taken an illegal or banned performance enhancing drug of any kind. The use of such substances runs counter to everything I believe about sports and my place in the athletic world.”
Holyfield's last shot at a major title occurred when he fought WBA Heavyweight Champion Nikolay Valuev on December 20, 2008, in Zurich, Switzerland. At the age of 46, Holyfield was trying to become the oldest fighter ever to win a portion of the World Heavyweight Championship. He lost by a controversial twelve-round majority decision. Chris Mannix of SI.com wrote that Holyfield "absolutely, positively won the fight."
On June 26, 2014, three years and a month since his last fight, Holyfield officially announced his retirement from boxing at the age of 51.
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In Europe which colour denotes runs for expert skiers? | Ski slope colour codes
Written by snowman
What do the slope colors and symbols mean? This can be confusing for beginners, or even for experienced skiers who are heading to a different ski region. Europe is much different from the US in these codes. Let’s start with the US markings:
North American slope markings
Green (circle): Beginner slope. This is for people who have never skied before, or are just starting out. Probably not exciting for intermediate or expert skiers, because these may not even be steep enough to make many turns.
Blue (square): Intermediate slope. More varied terrain, and a bit steeper. Could also be good for experts who want to do some nice, carving turns without picking up tons of speed.
Black (diamond): Expert slope. This could be a mogul run, or a steep piste. It’s recommended that beginners avoid these entirely, and intermediates only try them once their skills are improving and their confidence is rising.
Double black diamond: Experts only. If you have any fear at all on a standard Black Diamond, stay away from the double blacks. They may be very steep, have huge moguls, or have a narrow couloir (a steep and narrow corridor where you have to go straight down, and turning might crash you into rocks or trees).
Orange (rectangle): Terrain park. May also have a trail rating showing how difficult it is. Only go in here if you want to do some jumps and tricks. Probably not for beginners ;-).
European slope markings
Green: Learner slope, hardly any grade at all, may be very wide. Not used in all countries.
Blue: Beginner slope. This is usually equivalent to the US “Green Circle” so don’t be confused at an Austrian resort with no “green” slopes. Here, blue is beginner!
Red: Intermediate slope. Yep, there’s an extra color in Europe, and red slopes are open for intermediate skiers and boarders to improve their skills.
Black: Expert slope. These may range from a normal expert slope like in North America to a super-tough one. But in most places (like the ultra-steep Harikiri at Mayrhofen), there will be an extra sign explaining if the slope is exceptionally hard.
Orange: This means extremely difficult, and may be found only in certain countries like Austria and Switzerland.
Yellow: Generally a “skiroute,” which may be an uncontrolled or ungroomed off-piste area. Often these trails are marked but wind a long way down the mountain with flat spots which may be a pain for snowboarders. May be marked with orange squares in Austria.
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Andrew Motion, Cecil Day-Lewis and John Betjemin all held which post? | The Meaning of Colors
The Meaning of Colors
submitted by Raetta Parker
Red
� Red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, war, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love.
� Red is a very emotionally intense color. It enhances human metabolism, increases respiration rate, and raises blood pressure.
� It has very high visibility that�s why stop signs, stoplights, and fire equipment are usually painted red.
� In heraldry, red is used to indicate courage. It is the color found in many national flags.
� Red brings text and images to the foreground.
� Use it as an accent color to stimulate people to make quick decisions; it is a perfect color for 'Buy Now' or 'Click Here' buttons on Internet banners and websites.
� Red is widely used to indicate danger (high voltage signs, traffic lights).
� This color is also commonly associated with energy, so you can use it when promoting energy drinks, games, cars, items related to sports and high physical activity.
Light red represents joy, passion, sensitivity, and love.
Pink signifies romance, love, and friendship. It denotes feminine qualities and passiveness.
Dark red is associated with vigor, willpower, rage, anger, leadership, courage, longing, malice, and wrath.
Brown suggests stability and denotes masculine qualities.
Reddish-brown is associated with harvest and fall.
Orange
� Orange combines the energy of red and the happiness of yellow. It is associated with joy, sunshine, and tropics.
� Orange represents enthusiasm, fascination, happiness, creativity, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, and stimulation.
� To the human eyes, orange is seen as a very hot color, so it gives the sensation of heat.
� Orange increases oxygen supply to the brain, produces an invigorating effect, and stimulates mental activity. It is highly accepted among young people.
� As a citrus color, orange is associated with healthy food and stimulates appetite.
� Orange is the color of fall and harvest. I
� n heraldry, orange is symbolic of strength and endurance.
� Orange has very high visibility, so you can use it to catch attention and highlight the most important elements of your design.
� Orange is very effective for promoting food products and toys.
Dark orange can mean deceit and distrust.
Red-orange corresponds to desire, passion, pleasure, domination, aggression, and thirst for action.
Gold evokes the feeling of prestige. The meaning of gold is illumination, wisdom, and wealth. Gold often symbolizes high quality.
Yellow
� Yellow is the color of sunshine. It's associated with joy, happiness, intellect, and energy.
� Yellow produces a warming effect, arouses cheerfulness, stimulates mental activity, and generates muscle energy.
� Yellow is often associated with food.
� Bright, pure yellow is an attention getter that�s why taxicabs are painted this color.
� When overused, yellow may have a disturbing influence; it is known that babies cry more in yellow rooms.
� Yellow is seen before other colors when placed against black; this combination is often used to issue a warning.
� In heraldry, yellow indicates honor and loyalty. Later the meaning of yellow was connected with cowardice.
� Use yellow to evoke pleasant, cheerful feelings.
� Yellow is very effective for attracting attention, so use it to highlight the most important elements of your design.
� Men usually perceive yellow as a very lighthearted, 'kiddish' color, so it is not recommended to use yellow when selling prestigious, expensive products to men - nobody will buy a yellow business suit or a yellow Mercedes.
� Yellow is an unstable and spontaneous color, so avoid using yellow if you want to suggest stability and safety.
� Light yellow tends to disappear into white, so it usually needs a dark color to highlight it.
� Shades of yellow are visually unappealing because they loose cheerfulness and become dingy.
Dull (dingy) yellow represents caution, decay, sickness, and jealousy.
Light yellow is associated with intellect, freshness, and joy.
� Green is the color of nature. It symbolizes growth, harmony, freshness, and fertility.
� Green has strong emotional correspondence with safety.
� Dark green is also commonly associated with money.
� Green has great healing power. It is the most restful color for human eyes; it can improve vision.
� Green suggests stability and endurance.
� Sometimes green denotes lack of experience; for example, a 'greenhorn' is a novice.
� In heraldry, green indicates growth and hope.
� Green, as opposed to red, means safety; it is the color of free passage in road traffic.
� Use green to indicate safety when advertising drugs and medical products.
� Green is directly related to nature, so you can use it to promote 'green' products.
� Dull, darker green is commonly associated with money, financial world, banking, and Wall Street.
Dark green is associated with ambition, greed, and jealousy.
Yellow-green can indicate sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy.
Aqua is associated with emotional healing and protection.
Olive green is the traditional color of peace.
Blue
� Blue is the color of the sky and sea.
� It is often associated with depth and stability.
� It symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven.
� Blue is considered beneficial to the mind and body. It slows human metabolism and produces a calming effect.
� Blue is strongly associated with tranquility and calmness.
� In heraldry, blue is used to symbolize piety and sincerity.
� You can use blue to promote products and services related to cleanliness (water purification filters, cleaning liquids), air and sky (airlines, airports, air conditioners), water and sea (sea voyages, mineral water).
� Blue is linked to consciousness and intellect.
� Blue is a masculine color; according to studies, it is highly accepted among males.
� Dark blue is associated with depth, expertise, and stability; it is a preferred color for corporate America.
� Avoid using blue when promoting food and cooking, because blue suppresses appetite.
� When used together with warm colors like yellow or red, blue can create high-impact, vibrant designs; for example, blue-yellow-red is a perfect color scheme for a superhero.
Light blue is associated with health, healing, tranquility, understanding, and softness.
Dark blue represents knowledge, power, integrity, and seriousness.
Purple
� Purple combines the stability of blue and the energy of red.
� Purple is associated with royalty. It symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition.
� It conveys wealth and extravagance.
� Purple is associated with wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery, and magic.
� Almost 75 percent children prefer purple to all the other colors.
� Purple is a very rare color in nature; some people consider it to be artificial.
Light purple evokes romantic and nostalgic feelings.
Dark purple evokes gloom and sad feelings. It can cause frustration.
� White is associated with light, goodness, innocence, and purity.
� It is considered to be the color of perfection.
� White means safety, purity, and cleanliness. As opposed to black, white usually has a positive connotation.
� White can represent a successful beginning.
� In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity.
� In advertising, white is associated with coolness and cleanliness because it's the color of snow.
� You can use white to suggest simplicity in high-tech products.
� White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations
� Angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes.
� White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and sterility, so you can use white to suggest safety when promoting medical products.
� White is often associated with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products.
Black
� Black is associated with power, elegance, formality, death, evil, and mystery.
� Black is a mysterious color associated with fear and the unknown (black holes).
� It usually has a negative connotation (blacklist, black humor, 'black death').
� Black denotes strength and authority; it is considered to be a very formal, elegant, and prestigious color (black tie, black Mercedes).
� In heraldry, black is the symbol of grief.
� Black gives the feeling of perspective and depth, but the black background diminishes readability.
� A black suit or dress can make you look thinner.
� When designing for a gallery of painting or photography, you can use a black or gray background to make other colors stand out.
� Black contrasts well with bright colors. Combined with red or orange - other very powerful colors - black gives a very aggressive color scheme.
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How many US Presidents have resigned from office? | How many Presidents have resigned from office? | Reference.com
How many Presidents have resigned from office?
A:
Quick Answer
As of 2014, there has been only one president to resign from office. That president was Richard Nixon on Aug. 9, 1974. Minutes after his resignation, Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn into office as the 37th president of the United States.
Full Answer
Nixon's resignation can be largely attributed to the clandestine and illegal activities his administration undertook during his presidency. The activities were brought to light when members of his administration were caught breaking into the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. This scandal, named the Watergate scandal, resulted in the loss of almost all of his political support and the near-certainty of his impeachment. As a result, Nixon took to radio and television and announced his resignation.
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What was the currency of Austria before the Euro? | Impeachment History
How is a President Nominated and Elected
Ticket of admission to the U.S. Senate galleries for the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson (Source:The Granger Collection)
The right to impeach public officials is secured by the U.S. Constitution in Article I, Sections 2 and 3, which discuss the procedure, and in Article II, Section 4, which indicates the grounds for impeachment: "the President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."
Removing an official from office requires two steps: (1) a formal accusation, or impeachment, by the House of Representatives , and (2) a trial and conviction by the Senate. Impeachment requires a majority vote of the House; conviction is more difficult, requiring a two-thirds vote by the Senate. The vice president presides over the Senate proceedings in the case of all officials except the president, whose trial is presided over by the chief justice of the Supreme Court. This is because the vice president can hardly be considered a disinterested party—if his or her boss is forced out of office he or she is next in line for the top job!
What Are "High Crimes and Misdemeanors?"
Bribery, perjury, and treason are among the least ambiguous reasons meriting impeachment, but the ocean of wrongdoing encompassed by the Constitution's stipulation of "high crimes and misdemeanors" is vast. Abuse of power and serious misconduct in office fit this category, but one act that is definitely not grounds for impeachment is partisan discord. Several impeachment cases have confused political animosity with genuine crimes. Since Congress, the vortex of partisanship, is responsible for indicting, trying, and convicting public officials, it is necessary for the legislative branch to temporarily cast aside its factional nature and adopt a judicial role.
The Infamous Sixteen
Since 1797 the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen federal officials. These include two presidents, a cabinet member, a senator, a justice of the Supreme Court, and eleven federal judges. Of those, the Senate has convicted and removed seven, all of them judges. Not included in this list are the office holders who have resigned rather than face impeachment, most notably, President Richard M. Nixon.
The Small Fry
The first official impeached in this country was Senator William Blount of Tennessee for a plot to help the British seize Louisiana and Florida from Spain in 1797. The Senate dismissed the charges on Jan. 14, 1799, determining that it had no jurisdiction over its own members. The Senate and the House do, however, have the right to discipline their members, and the Senate expelled Blount the day after his impeachment.
Judge John Pickering of New Hampshire was the first impeached official actually convicted. He was found guilty of drunkenness and unlawful rulings, on March 12, 1804, and was believed to have been insane.
Associate Justice Samuel Chase, a strong Federalist, was impeached but acquitted of judicial bias against anti-Federalists. The acquittal on March 1, 1805, established that political differences were not grounds for impeachment.
Other officials impeached were implicated in bribery, cheating on income tax, perjury, and treason.
The Big Fish
Two U.S. presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth chief executive, and William J. Clinton, the forty-second.
Johnson, a Southern Democrat who became president after Lincoln's assassination, supported a mild policy of Reconstruction after the Civil War. The Radical Republicans in Congress were furious at his leniency toward ex-Confederates and obvious lack of concern for ex-slaves, demonstrated by his veto of civil rights bills and opposition to the Fourteenth Amendment. To protect Radical Republicans in Johnson's administration and diminish the strength of the president, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, which prohibited the president from dismissing office holders without the Senate's approval. A defiant Johnson tested the constitutionality of the Act by attempting to oust Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. His violation of the Act became the basis for impeachment in 1868. But the Senate was one vote short of the two-thirds majority needed to convict, and Johnson was acquitted May 26, 1868.
Senator Charles Sumner, witness to the proceedings, defined them as "political in character." Historians today generally agree with his assessment and consider the grounds for Johnson's impeachment flimsy—the Tenure of Office Act was partially repealed in 1887,and then declared unconstitutional in 1926.
Bill Clinton was ultimately dragged down—though not defeated—by the
character issues
brought into question even before his election. An investigation into some suspect real estate dealings in which Clinton was involved prior to his presidency failed to turn up any implicating evidence. However, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr managed to unravel a tangled web of alleged sexual advances and affairs in Clinton's past. The trail led to former White House intern Monica S. Lewinsky . After months of denials, including in a videotaped legal testimony, Clinton admitted in August of 1998 that he had had a sexual relationship with the young woman during the time of her internship.
The infamous "Starr Report" outlining the findings of the Independent Counsel's investigation was delivered to the House of Representatives on Sept. 9, 1998, and subsequently made available to the public. Many felt the report, filled with lurid details of Clinton's sexual encounters with Lewinsky, to be a political attack against the President rather than a legal justification for his impeachment. Of the 11 possible grounds for impeachment cited by Starr, four were eventually approved by the House Judiciary Committee: grand jury perjury, civil suit perjury, obstruction of justice, and abuse of power.
On December 19, following much debate over the constitutionality of the proceedings and whether or not Clinton could be punished by censure rather than impeachment, the House of Representatives held its historic vote. Clinton was impeached on two counts, grand jury perjury (228–206) and obstruction of justice (221–212), with the votes split along party lines. The Senate Republicans, however, were unable to gather enough support to achieve the two-thirds majority required for his conviction. On Feb. 12, 1999, the Senate acquitted President Clinton on both counts. The perjury charge failed by a vote of 55–45, with 10 Republicans voting against impeachment along with all 45 Democrats. The obstruction of justice vote was 50–50, with 5 Republicans breaking ranks to vote against impeachment.
The One That Got Away
Of thirty-five attempts at impeachment, only nine have come to trial. Because it cripples Congress with a lengthy trial, impeachment is infrequent. Many officials, seeing the writing on the wall, resign rather than face the ignominy of a public trial.
The most famous of these cases is of course that of President Richard Nixon, a Republican. After five men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught burglarizing Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate Complex on June 17, 1972, President Nixon's subsequent behavior—his cover-up of the burglary and refusal to turn over evidence—led the House Judiciary Committee to issue three articles of impeachment on July 30, 1974. The document also indicted Nixon for illegal wiretapping, misuse of the CIA, perjury, bribery, obstruction of justice, and other abuses of executive power. "In all of this," the Articles of Impeachment summarize, "Richard M. Nixon has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as president and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States." Impeachment appeared inevitable, and Nixon resigned on Aug. 9, 1974. The Articles of Impeachment, which can be viewed at http://watergate.info/ , leave no doubt that these charges qualify as "high crimes and misdemeanors," justifying impeachment.
More from the Presidential Factfile
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In Greek mythology who became the first queen of Crete? | History of Crete island, Greece - Greeka.com
Crete
Crete History
Information about the History of Crete island, in Greece but also information about the history of many areas of the island: the mythology and legends, Crete in Ancient times, Venetian and Ottoman Occupation and Crete in the 20th century
Mythology and legends
The Crete history is long and marked by many historical periods. According to Greek mythology, the first queen of Crete was Europa . Later on, Crete island became the land of King Minos. The legend is that the king refused to sacrifice a bull to the gods and Poseidon punished him by making his wife fall in love with a bull. From this union the Minotaur was born and was hid in a labyrinth.
Another legend says that to avenge the death of his son by the Athenians, King Minos made them send seven young girls and boys to Crete every year, to offer them as a sacrifice to the Minotaur. During an expedition the famous mythical hero Theseus , the son of the King of Athens, left Athens with the young Athenians and, with the help of Ariadne, the daughter of the King Minos, managed to kill the Minotaur and find his way out of the labyrinth.
Crete in ancient times
Ancient Crete is the place where the Minoan civilization, one of the most important civilizations of the world (2600-1150 BC), started. Huge palace-states were built, such as the famous and superb palaces of Knossos Palace , Phaestos Palace and Zakros Palace , and the Minoans established a strong naval empire in the Mediterranean. This great civilization was stopped by a natural disaster: the huge waves caused by the eruption of the volcano of Santorini in 1450 BC covered the northern coasts of Crete with lava ashes. Followed by the invasion of the Achaeans and the Dorians, tribes from Northern Europe, the Minoan civilization never revived.
The architecture of ancient sites and temples proves the wealth of the island since antiquity. The Roman occupation came in 69 AC and lasted until 330 AC, followed by the Byzantine era during which the wealth of Crete is still visible during which the wealth of Crete is still visible in the beautiful mosaic floor of the basilicas that were built during these times.
Venetian and Ottoman Occupation
Crete later fell under the domination of the Arabs, in 824, and stayed under it for 137 years. During those years the city of Heraklion was founded, first called Handak. During the early byzantine years, several churches and structures were constructed. In 1204, the Venetians founded new fortified cities and conquered the island of Crete. They fortified the old castles built by the Arabs and built new castles.
The old towns of Rethymno and Chania remain intact since the Renaissance, with their beautifully decorated squares, the superb fountains and its fine churches and palaces. During those years, the arts flourished such as painting and literature. The famous painter El Greco (Domenicos Theotocopoulos) started his carrier in this period and other artists and scholars from Constantinople came to Crete. In 1669, the island fell under Ottoman rule which lasted until 1897, when the great statesman of Greece, Eleftherios Venizelos , negotiated the independence of Crete. Crete was declared an autonomous state and, in 1913, it was united with the independent Greek State.
This period gave birth to one of the most talented writers of Greece, Nikos Kazantzakis (1883-1957). Many organizations were also founded for the education of people and schools and libraries were built.
Crete in the 20th century
During World War II, Crete played a major role in the war. The resistance that the Germans encountered caught them completely off guard. Eventually, all Crete fell under German occupation. Many of the local residents were executed for their participation in the Resistance War against the German invasion and many villages were massacred. But the war was continuing and from the southern suburbs of Crete ships would secretly come at night to board people to Egypt, so that they could continue the war against the Germans from there.
Today Crete is a large island that gets most of its income from agriculture, cattle breeding and tourism. Although there are tourist places all over the island, the inhabitants still keep their old traditions and customs. In fact, tradition is very important for them even in their everyday life.
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The European country of Switzerland is made up of how many cantons? | Europa
Europa
Europa left behind by the European bureaucrats
Europa (Greek Ευρωπη) was a Levantine woman in Greek mythology , from whom the name of the continent Europe was ultimately taken. There were two competing myths relating how Europa came into the Greek world: in the more familiar one she was seduced by the god Zeus in the form of a bull and carried away to Crete on his back, but according to Herodotus she was kidnapped by Minoans , who likewise were said to have taken her to Crete. The mythical Europa cannot be separated from the mythology of the sacred bull, which had been worshipped in the Levant. The etymology of her name (ευρυ- "wide" or "broad" + οπ- "eye(s)" or "face") suggests that Europa represented a cow, at least at some symbolic level.
Greek 2 Euro Coin , Zeus and Europa, European Central Bank
According to legend, Zeus was enamored of her and decided to seduce or rape her, the two being near-equivalent in Greek myth. He transformed himself into a white bull (or possessed one) and mixed in with her father's herds. While Europa and her female attendants were gathering flowers, she saw the bull and caressed his flanks and eventually got onto its back. Zeus took that chance and ran to the sea and swam, with her on his back, to the island of Crete. He then revealed his true identity and Europa became the first queen of Crete. Zeus gave her three gifts: Talos, Laelaps and a javelin that never missed. Zeus later re-created the shape of the white bull in the stars which is now known as the constellation Taurus. Some legends relate that this same bull was also encountered by Hercules, and that it eventually fathered the Minotaur.
Europa's family
Sources differ in details regarding her family but agree that she is Phoenician, and from a lineage that descended from Io, the mythical princess who was transformed into a heifer. Most commonly, she is said to be the daughter of the Phoenician King Agenor and Queen Telephassa of Tyre. Other sources, such as the Iliad, claim that she is the daughter of Agenor's son, Phoenix. It is generally agreed that she had two brothers, Cadmus, who brought the alphabet to mainland Greece, and Cilix who gave his name to Cilicia in Asia Minor. After arriving in Crete, Europa had three children: Minos , Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. She married Asterion; and then later, Asterius. According to mythology, her children were fathered by Zeus.
Europa in literature
The poet Ovid wrote the following depiction of Zeus' seduction:
Europa in a fresco at Pompeii contemporary with Ovid
And gradually she lost her fear, and he
Offered his breast for her virgin caresses,
His horns for her to wind with chains of flowers
Until the princess dared to mount his back
Her pet bull's back, unwitting whom she rode.
Then—slowly, slowly down the broad, dry beach—
First in the shallow waves the great god set
His spurious hooves, then sauntered further out
Till in the open sea he bore his prize
Fear filled her heart as, gazing back, she saw
The fast receding sands. Her right hand grasped
A horn, the other lent upon his back
Her fluttering tunic floated in the breeze.
Europa and Zeus, Berlin Painter
His picturesque details belong to anecdote and fable: in all the depictions, whether she straddles the bull, as in archaic vase-paintings or the ruined metope fragment from Sikyon, or sits gracefully sidesaddle in a mosaic from North Africa, there is no trace of fear. Often Europa steadies herself by touching one of the bull's horns, acquiescing.
Herodotus
According to Herodotus , Europa was kidnapped by Minoans who were seeking to avenge the kidnapping of Io, a princess from Argos. His variant story may have been an attempt to rationalize the earlier myth.
Europa in the visual arts
Greek vase paintings
Roman frescoes (see image above)
François Boucher, The Rape of Europa
Gustave Moreau, Europa and the Bull (see image above)
Titian, The Rape of Europa
Paolo Veronese, The Rape of Europa
The rape of Europa, Valentin Alexandrovich Serov
Europa as the continent's name
The continent of Europe is called Europa in all Germanic languages except English, Hungarian (Európa) and in all Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as in Greek and Latin. Her name appeared on postage stamps commemorating the "United Europe", which were first issued in 1956.
Music
Helge Jörns (1941) Europa und der Stier (Oper in einem Bild)
Europa and Zeus, Hydria , Louvre Museum
Stamps
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In the game of volleyball, how many times in a row may the ball be struck by one team? | Volleyball Rules | Division of Student Affairs | The University of Texas at El Paso
Volleyball Rules
The UTEP Recreational Sports Department Volleyball Rules are based on the United States Volleyball Association. Some of the more important rules as well as rules unique to the UTEP Rec Sports Department are included herein. All players are responsible for reading this document before participating in our volleyball program.
Eligibility for Intramural Sports:
UTEP Students, Staff or Faculty Only.
THE GAME:
NUMBER OF PLAYERS: A complete team consists of six (6) players, but a minimum of four (4) players is required to start and continue a game. By game time, all teams must have at least the minimum number of its players on the court and ready to play. For Coed play, the number of females on the court must be equal or greater to the number of males on the court. NOTE: A Coed team fielding enough players to start, but not of the appropriate gender, shall receive a forfeit.
ROSTER LIMIT: There are no limits to the number of eligible participants on your roster. Be aware that league champions will receive a maximum of 9 awards.
LENGTH OF GAMES AND MATCH: The team that first scores twenty five (25) points in a game shall win that game. A team must win by two (2) points, and there is no cap. The first team to win two games wins the match. Forty-five minutes are allotted to complete a match. If the match requires a deciding third game, the first team to reach fifteen (15) points with a minimum two-point lead shall win it. There will be a seventeen (17) point cap in the final game.
BALL: The Recreational Sports Department will supply the game ball. Teams must provide their own ball(s) for warm-ups.
COURT AREA: The legal playing area includes all court area on either side of the center (net) line up to the walls and the dividing net between the courts. The centerline is considered to extend infinitely in either direction (i.e. it is illegal to contact the ball past the center line when outside the court boundaries). Any ball that contacts the ceiling may be played as long as it is on your side and you have hits left to play the ball. However, the ball is considered out of bounds if the ball crosses over to the other side of the court.
SERVICE: To legally serve the ball, a player’s last contact with the ground before contacting the ball must be behind the back service line, anywhere along its length. Players must wait for the official’s whistle to initiate the serve. Players must contact the ball on their first attempt at serving or a side out will result. The ball is considered in play if the ball contacts the net before going over. Positioning: The position of the other players during service shall be within their playing area (but may not touch the court boundary lines) in serving order with each of the three forward line players in front of their respective back row players at the instant the ball is served. A player also may not overlap an adjacent player to the left or right of his/her position. The position of players is judged according to the place their feet contact the floor at the time the ball is contacted for service.
AFTER THE BALL IS SERVED: Opponents of the serving team may receive the serve with open hands raised above the head (e.g. players can set a serve). However, serves are not considered hard-driven balls, so they must be set cleanly. The team that did not initiate service in a game must rotate one position clockwise prior to its first service.
PLAYING THE BALL:
Simultaneous Contacts: Simultaneous contacts are legal when the ball is played:
by two teammates are considered as one play. Either player may participate in the next play.
by opponents at the net. Such a play is termed a “joust”, and the officials consider the player behind the direction of the ball as having touched it last. If, after the simultaneous touch by two opponents, the ball falls and touches within the limits of the court, the team on the court is at fault; should the ball fall outside the court, the team on the opposite side shall be deemed as having provided the momentum necessary to cause the ball to be out of bounds and shall be at fault. NOTE: If the player “wipes off” or “tools” the block of the opponent, the opponent is considered to have touched the ball last.
Successive Contacts: players, blockers, and/or opponents will only allow successive contacts in situations of simultaneous contacts. A player may make successive contacts by two or more parts of the player’s body provided such contacts constitute a single attempt to play a hard driven ball on the first team play after the ball crosses the net.
Back Row Players: Back row players forward of, or touching, the 10-foot line, returning the ball across the net, must contact the ball from below the level of the top of the net.
Co Rec Rule: In a Co Rec game, if there is more than one contact made with the ball by a side, at least one of those contacts must be made by a woman. A block does not count as a contact.
Area of Contact: Players may contact the ball with any part of the body above the waistline.
BLOCKING: Only front row players are permitted to block. Any player is considered as having the intention of affecting a block if the player places one or both hands above his head while in a position close to the net to block the ball after the opponents’ third hit or after an attack. An attack is defined as any third hit on one side of the net, or any other ball that is played with the intent to send it over the net. A block does not count as a team’s first play. NOTE: A “soft block” is considered to be a hit.
CONTACTING THE NET: A player shall not contact any part of the net or its supports while the ball is in play except with long hair. If a player inadvertently touches the official’s platform or net poles, it is not an infraction.
The ball may be played off the net (other than when served) as long as the ball does not contact the net outside the sideline markers.
When the ball is driven into the net so that it causes the net or its supports to contact an opposing player, this is not an infraction as long as they did not contact the net by their own momentum.
CROSSING THE CENTER LINE: A player may step on the centerline, but may not completely cross the line while the ball is in play. Any part of the player’s body may be in the air below the net and beyond the center line if he does not interfere with the opponent’s play by touching the ball or the opponent; a player may reach under the net to retrieve a ball that is in play by his team. Touching the opponent’s court when crossing the centerline with any part of the body is an infraction. EXCEPTION: Feet or hands may partially cross the centerline, by “shadowing” is not allowed (when part of the foot crosses the center line, but the heel is in the air over the line, this casting a “shadow”). This rule is strictly enforced due to the high potential for the net-related injuries.
SUBSTITUTIONS: The official must be notified before all substitutions. There are no limits in the amount of team substitutions, or substitutions per position. However, once a player is substituted for a particular position, (s)he must play in that position for the rest of the game or until substituted by the original owner of that position. During substitutions, other players’ positions must remain the same. In a Coed match, men and women may not substitute for one another. These rules are intended to provide all participants with a maximum amount of playing time.
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Which English author’s major novels are set in Wessex? | History of Volleyball | NCVA
History of Volleyball
HOW VOLLEYBALL BEGAN
The sport of volleyball originated in the United States, and is now just beginning to achieve the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.
In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette).
Per Morgan, the game was fit for the gymnasium or exercise hall but, could also be played outdoor. The play consisted of any number of players keeping a ball in motion from one side to the other over a net raised 6 feet 6 inches above the floor. Play is started by a player on one side serving the ball over the net into the opponents’ field or court. The opponents then, without letting the ball strike the floor, return it, and it is in this way kept going back and forth until one side fails to return the ball or the ball hits the floor. The side serving the ball earns points when the opposite side either fails to return the ball or allows the ball to hit the floor.
During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps “volleyball” would be a more descriptive name for the sport.
Rules of the game, established by Morgan:
1.
The game. The game shall consist of nine innings
2.
Inning. An inning shall consist of: when one person is playing on each side, one service each side; when two are playing on each side, two services each side; when three are playing each side, three services each side. The man serving continues to do so until out by failure of his side to return the ball. Each man shall serve in turn.
3.
Court. The court or floor space shall be 25 feet wide and 50 feet long, divided into two square courts, 25 feet by 25 feet, by the net. Four feet from the net on either side and parallel with it shall be a line across the court, the dribbling line. The boundary lines must be plainly marked so as to be visible from all parts of the court. Note: The exact size of the court may be changed to suit the convenience of the place.
4.
Net. The net shall be at least two feet wide and 27 feet long and shall be suspended from uprights placed at least one foot outside the side lines. The top of the net must be six feet six inches from the floor.
5.
Ball. The ball shall be a rubber bladder covered with leather or canvas. It shall measure not less than 25 inches, nor more than 27 inches in circumference, and shall weigh not less than nine ounces nor more than twelve ounces.
6.
Server and Service. The server shall stand with one foot on the back line. The ball must be batted with the hand. Two services or trials are allowed him to place the ball in the opponent’s court. The server may serve into the opponent’s court at nay place. In a service, the ball must be batted at least 10 feet, no dribbling allowed. A service which would strike the net, but which is struck by another of the same side before striking the net, if it goes over into the opponent’s court, is good, but if it should go outside, the server has no second trial.
7.
Scoring. Each good service unreturned or ball in play unreturned by the side receiving counts one score for the side serving. A side only scores when serving, as a failure to return, counting for the opposite side. The ball hitting the net on the first service shall be called dead, and counts as a trial.
8.
Net Ball. A play, which hits the net, aside from the first service, is called a net ball, and is equivalent to a failure to return, counting for the opposite side. The ball hitting the net on first service shall be called dead, and counts as a trial.
9.
Line Ball. A line ball is a ball that strikes the boundary line. It is equivalent to one out of court, and counts as such.
10.
Play and Players. Any number of players may participate that is convenient to the place. A player should be able to cover about 10 by 10 feet. Should any player during play touch the net, it puts the ball out of play and counts against his side. Should any player catch or hold for an instant the ball, it is out of play and counts for the opposite side. Should the ball strike any object other than the floor and bound back into play, it is still in play.
After reaching Japan and Asia through the YMCA network by 1896, a specially designed ball came to be by 1900, and over the next 20 years, rules were set into place. The Philippines created the “set” and “spike” in 1916 and six-a-side play was the standard two years later. By 1920, the rules mandating three hits per side and back-row attacks were instituted.
Japan, Russia and the United States each started national volleyball associations during the 1920s. And when U.S. soldiers brought the game overseas during World War II, the sport spread through the rest of Europe like wildfire. Shortly after, France recognized the sport nationally as well. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) made the game a non-Olympic sport in 1949 and the first World Championships for men were held in that same year. The women’s first world-level competition came three years later.
The Russians would dominate the sport until the mid-1980s with some challenge from Japan during the stint. The United States finally made their mark as the men’s team won back-to-back gold medals in Los Angeles (1984) and Seoul (1988).
With beach volleyball stealing some of the spotlight away from indoor, certain traditions were dropped for the Sydney Games. Replacing the previous system where only the serving team could earn one, a point will be at stake for every rally. In addition, another agile defender called a “libero,” who is free to substitute in back-row defense at almost every turn was added.
Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. Worldwide, there are over 800 million people who play volleyball at least once a week.
JUNIOR VOLLEYBALL IN THE UNITED STATES
In the mid 1960’s, the United States Junior Olympic Volleyball (USJOV) program was established. Initial talks to establish a junior program within the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA) were not productive. The USVBA, then comprised totally of volunteers and lacking paid staff members, was required to concentrate on its Open Club program. In addition, priority efforts beyond that were to develop the national teams and international competition program. The USVBA Executive Committee granted permission to the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) to pursue the development of a full-scale junior development program within the AAU structure.
Following two years of discussion and negotiations, and the finalization of appropriate legislation, the AAU approved volleyball as a Junior Olympic sport. John Eaton of Virginia Beach, V.A., was appointed to write the first set of rules for Junior Olympic Volleyball. Using the rules of volleyball as approved by the USVBA, Eaton modified the rules so that they would be more compatible to the age group program. These rules still serve as the basic foundation of junior volleyball in the United States today.
Although the National AAU approved volleyball as a “JO” sport, the organization did not include it in the multi-sport Junior Olympic Championship. Volleyball had to strike out on its own for qualifying national tournament sites. The first national championship was conducted in 1974 at the Catonsville Community College in Catonsville, MD.
Although the bulk of the teams were from East of the Mississippi River, the tournament was qualified a success due to the number of teams entered; the enthusiasm it generated; and the interest that was stimulated. In this tournament, 200 athletes (not teams) took part, as age group teams from Chicago and such places as York and Haverford, PA., emerged as national champions.
The 1974 national tournament followed two years of experimentation with a “Prep School-East” and a “Prep School-West” national championship approach. The next logical approach was the implementation of developmental programs in the 57 local AAU associations. Although some developed programs, most notably Chicago, Louisiana and eastern Pennsylvania, other local associations did not. As a result, AAU Junior Olympic Volleyball efforts were, for the most part, limited to the national tournament In some local AAU associations, volleyball was not even a recognized committee, Junior Olympic or otherwise.
Once the USVBA established the national teams/international competition program, efforts were turned toward the programs of junior development. Since the AAU had fulfilled only a portion of its earlier commitments, administrative efforts were directed toward grass roots development. In 1978, an exploratory meeting was held with representatives of various organizations in Kansas City, which included the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA). From this meeting, emerged an action plan to negotiate an agreement with the AAU to coordinate a development plan to complement the national AAU/JOV tournament. This event had realized great success and was now situated in its permanent site of Lisle, Illinois.
The action plan, however, was never realized because of the National Amateur Act and the eventual birth of the USVBA’s National Junior Championship. [The Amateur Sports Act (Public Law 95-606) was adopted in 1978. This law was amended in 1998 to become the Olympic and Amateur Sports Act (OASA). Because of the efforts of Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska to shepherd this law through Congress, the 1998 amendments are often called the “Ted Stevens Amendments.” The original Amateur Sports Act, as adopted in 1978, required the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) “to encourage and provide assistance to amateur athletic programs and competition for handicapped individuals, including, where feasible, the expansion of meaningful participation by handicapped individuals in programs of athletic competition for able-bodied individuals.”] It was now evident that one tournament of this quality and level was not enough to accommodate the number of junior teams interested. The event was modeled after the actual Olympic games, complete with a parade of states and opening ceremonies. Shortly after a comprehensive concept, as well as a full-fledged grass roots action plan for Junior Olympic Volleyball development, was developed. The plan was to be implemented by the USVBA regions and fed into the USJOV national tournament structure. It was created to serve as a major building block for the scholastic, collegiate, recreation and club play throughout the country and was designed to be the future of volleyball in the United States.
In 1984, the USVBA Board of Directors pledged its priority to the development of this program and reinforced their statement with staff efforts. In 1985, the USVBA hired the nation’s first full-time administrator of Junior Olympic and Youth Volleyball.
USA Volleyball, acting as a National Governing Body for volleyball in the United States, established a Junior Olympic Volleyball Division. It is comprised of special interest representatives, but more importantly, with persons who are highly regarded and respected as leaders in the development of junior volleyball in the USA. They come from the scholastic, collegiate and club ranks and have an in-depth background in volleyball. Junior Olympic Volleyball is now a viable force within the volleyball community. It is fully expected to establish volleyball as a primary recreation sport and an important collegiate and scholastic activity, and equally important, establish United States as a major force in international competition in the future.
SIGNIFICANT RULE CHANGES FROM 1985 TO 2002
The rules of volleyball have changed many times since William Morgan first developed the game in 1895 with an original purpose of providing some form of recreation and relaxation for businessmen at the Holyoke, MA Y.M.C.A.
The first rules, written by Mr. Morgan in long hand, contained the following basic features: The net was 6 feet, 6 inches high. The court was 25 X 50 feet Any number of participants was allowed. The length of the game was nine innings, with three outs allowed per team per inning. Continuous air dribbling of the ball was permissible up to a restraining line 4 feet from the net. No limit on the number of hits on each side of the court. A served ball could be assisted across the net. A second serve (as in tennis) was permitted if the first resulted in a fault. Any ball hitting the net, except on the first service, was a fault and resulted in side out.
1900:
Net height was raised to 7 feet, 6 inches. Dribbling line was eliminated. Length of game was changed to 21 points.
1912:
1. Court size became 35 X 60 feet.
2. Official ball was designated as 26 inches in circumference and was to weigh between 7 and 9 ounces.
3. Number of players on a side was established at six.
4. Teams required to rotate prior to serving.
1915
Number of players on a side could range from one to six. Losing team served in each subsequent game. Official timer was included.Between 1897 and 1915, the rules were published in the HANDBOOK OF THE ATHLETIC LEAGUE OF THE Y.M.C.A. In 1916 the American Sports published the rules through Publishing Company in a separate book called OFFICIAL VOLLEYBALL RULES.
1916:
Game points were reduced from 21 to 15 points. Two out of three games determined the winner of a match. The ball could be struck with the feet. The net height was raised to eight feet. The weight of the ball was changed to range from 8 to 10 ounces. Each man rotated in order and served in turn. A serve that hit the net or any outside object was out of bounds. The ball could not come to rest in the hands. The ball could not be touched a second time unless another player had played it.
1920:
The ball could be played by any part of the body above the waist. The court size was changed to 30 feet by 60 feet. The ball could only be played three times by each team on its side of the court.
1922:
Reaching over the net in any manner was prohibited. A back position player was prohibited from spiking when playing a back position. The double foul was written in the rules. The centerline was added as well as a scorer. It was necessary for one team to score two consecutive points to win if the score was tied at 14-14.
1923:
Ceiling height minimum was to be 15 feet. Six players constituted a team and 12, a squad. Players were numbered. The team receiving the serve rotated clockwise. The right back player served. If a player touched the opponents’ court in completing a play it constituted a foul.
1924:
In 1924 the net specifications were written in detail: 3 feet wide, 4-inch square mesh of number 30 brown thread, canvas cover, top and bottom with 1/4 inch cable at tope and 1/4 inch rope at the bottom.
1925:
The ball weight was changed to range from 9 to 10 ounces. An umpire was added. A player could not leave the court without the referee’s permission. The ball had to cross the net over the sidelines. A team was permitted two times out per game. A 14-14-tie game was won by a team having a two-point advantage instead of 2 consecutive points.
1926:
The court was measured to the outside edges of the lines. The net length was placed at 32 feet. A team that was reduced to less than six players would forfeit the game.
1928:
Four different sets of rules were published: the official rules, simplified rules, modified rules for the playground, and rules for girls and women. Although the last three sets of rules were changed many times and had interest and support from various groups, the official rules are the only ones covered.
No changes occurred from 1927 to 1931.
1932:
The centerline was extended indefinitely. A tape was put on the net over the sidelines. Times out were limited to one minute. A player could not interchange positions or move outside his understood playing area. A player could go outside his court to make a play.
1934:
A 3/8-inch cable replaced the 1/4-inch cable in the top of the net.
1935:
Crosses were placed on the floor defining player positions. All players were required to wear numbers on their suits. It became a foul to deliberately screen an opponent from the server. Players could not leave their court unless the ball was on their side of the net. (At this time spikers would stand outside their court and wait till the ball was set to the outside of the court and come running in with a one-leg take-off spike). Any touching of the net was a foul. A play was not complete unless a player resumed normal control on the floor. Deliberate shouting and stomping the feet at an opponent was deemed unsportsmanlike.
1937:
A third contact ball driven into the net causing the net to contact the opponent was not a foul. A player could re-enter a game once. A substitute was no longer restricted from talking to his teammate until the ball was put into play. Multiple contacts were allowed in receiving a hard drive spike.
1938:
Blocking was first included in the rules in 1938. Blocking was defined as impeding the ball at the net. A one or two-man block was permitted, providing the blockers played in adjacent positions.
1939
The official ball must be a twelve-piece lace less leather-covered ball.
1941:
Rules are reworded and clarified
1942:
Ball could be played with any part of the body from the knees upward. The score of a forfeited game would be 15-0.
1947:
Only the front line players could interchange positions to make a two-man block. The numbers on players’ shirts had to be 4 inches high.
1948:
The rules were clarified and rewritten to aid in interpretation. Blocking was defined and the service area stipulated as being the right third of the back line. Other items clarified were:Each player should be in his own area before the ball leaves the server’s hands. Points made from wrong server were cancelled. Simultaneous hits by two players constituted one hit. Time out for rest was one minute. Time out for injury was five minutes. Time out between games was three minutes.
1949:
The game was allowed to be played under a time limit of 8 minutes of ball in playtime. The winner was to have a 20-point advantage after expiration of time or 15 points, whichever came first. A timekeeper was included as one of the officials. Time-out period for injury was reduced to three minutes. A three-man block was made legal, provided they were front line players.
1950:
There should be no warm-up time allowed substitutes. A clarification of what constituted a held ball included “the ball must be clearly batted.”
1951:
The service area and the court with crosses were clearly defined. A backcourt spiker was allowed to spike the ball provided he remained in the back court.
1952:
Any player was allowed to block at the net. A 7-foot line drawn back and parallel to the net as a restraining line for back court players blocking at the net. The restriction was lifted on players leaving their position to perform any play except the back line spiker. A defensive player, when blocking, must indicate whether or not he touched the ball. The server was allowed to serve the ball from anywhere back of the service line. Teams were allowed to warm up during time out for rest or for injury. The players were allowed to leave the court without the referee’s permission. The coach, captain, or manager was allowed to call time out.
1953:
The rubber ball was ruled legal. A substitute was allowed to re-enter the game twice instead of once. Players were allowed to use any part of the body to play the ball. The whole format of the rules was changed and each rule items was numbered from 1 to 75 under 8 major headings. Errors and fouls were defined.
1954:
Clarified the rule concerning players being in position until the ball was struck on the serve. A set of co-ed rules was adopted. An attempt to draft a standard set of rules failed due to the different styles of play used by various groups. Screening the serve was allowed.
1955:
The official rules came out in a new format with 5 main headings and 24 sub-titles for cross reference and coverage. A back line player was allowed to take-off from in front of the 7-foot line but had to alight behind the line. Movement during a screen was allowed.
1956:
The players were allowed to stand anywhere in the court during the serve as long as they were in rotation order. Teams automatically changed courts during the third game of a match when one team reached 8 points or 4 minutes of playtime expired.
1957:
There were no changes but various innovations were tried.Using a higher net. Twenty-one and fifty point games. Playing the ball off obstacles. Playing all underhand balls with the fist.
1958:
There were no major changes made.
1959:
Players screening the serve were allowed to wave their hands and move during the serve. The umpire was given the authority to call ball-handling errors and to keep time between games.
1960:
Women’s net height was lowered to 7 feet 4 inches. Teams were to alternate the initial serve of each succeeding game in a match.
1961:
Gloves were allowed to be worn during play.
1962:
Clarification of timing rule and player position. A player was not allowed to grab the officials’ platform to keep from going over the centerline.
1963:
Clarification of the overlapping rule of player positions on the serve.
1964:
Defined the method of service whereby a server could hit the serve from a toss by a teammate or from a bounce.
1965:
Center line was limited only to the side of the court. A player could cross the assumed extension if he did not attempt to play the ball. Screening was made illegal.
1966:
The blocker’s fingers were permitted to stray across the net inadvertently as long as they did not contact the ball or affect the play.
1967:
No changes made due to the widespread use of International Rules.
1968:
An attempt was made to draw USVBA rules and International Rules together, causing several major changes to be made: Definition of fouls changed to include ball-handling errors. Ceiling minimum height was raised to 26 feet. Lines depicting the 10-foot serving area were added to the court. The server was required to toss the ball into the air when initiating the serve. The spiking line was moved from 7 feet to 10 feet back from the net. Blockers were allowed to reach across the net as long as they did not contact the ball until after the attacker had contacted it. One player from the rear could block but at no time could there be more than three players deployed in position to block. Back line spikers were allowed to land in front of the spiking line as long as they left the ground behind it. The ball could not be played with any part of the body below the waist.
1969:
Only front line players were permitted to block. A team was limited to 12 substitutions per game.
1970:
Numbers on uniforms must be 6 inches on the front, 3 inches on the back, and at least 4 inches above the waist. The centerline was widened from 2 inches to 4 inches. Upon request by the referee, the umpire can call all violations not viable to the referee. The ball on the serve does not have to be tossed in the air before it is struck. When a player is injured, a substitute shall be put in without undue delay. Once a team has received the signal to take the court, the lineup cannot be changed.
1974
Antennae were added on the net, one ball’s width outside the sidelines. Playe ended as soon as the ball was “dead” (rescinding the “continuation” rule). Players were allowed three entries (starting counts as an entry) per game (completing the “twelve substitution” rule)
1976
(Adoption of the International Rules and rules format; old numbering system abandoned). Metric measurements introduced. Metric net heights introduced: 2.43m for men and 2.24m for women. Center lines reduced to 5cm. Antennae moved to the sidelines. Best of five games determined the winner of a match. Six substitutions per team and one entry per player allowed. (“Six substitution” rule). Balls must be released before they were served. Balls hitting the ceiling or any other obstruction were “dead.” Blocks no longer counted as the first of a team’s three hits. Double hits were prohibited on any type of dig (rescinding the “hard driven spike” rule).
Note:
Major international rules changes are generally introduced only after Olympic competition
1984
A player could make multiple contacts of a teams’s first hit if there was only one attempt and there was no “finger action” on the ball. Blocking or attacking served became illegal
1988
“Rally point” scoring introduced for deciding games of three or five game matches. 17 point “cap” introduced for all games (i.e. 17-16 wins any game)
1990
Attacking a served ball is legal if the ball is not played entirely above the height of the net
1994
Prosthetic limbs may be worn if the referee determines the player will gain no artificial advantage. Ball may be contacted with any part of a player’s body on or above the knee. Point limit on deciding games eliminated
1996
Service zone extended to include full width of 9m area behind end lines. Ball may be contacted with any part of a player’s body.
1998
Server only receives one toss of the ball to execute the service
1999
All scoring changed to “rally.” Non-deciding games played to 25 with no cap, deciding games to 15 with no cap.
2001
Ball allowed to touch the net while crossing it on the serve
2002
During play, a coach may give instructions to players on the court without delaying the match
From 1970 to the present, Volleyball became big business. Many of the rules from 1970 to the present differed between Federation (High School), National Association of Girls and Women in Sports, which has now been replaced by the NCAA, USA Volleyball and other amateur and professional associations. Each Association rulebook needs to be studied.
After a demonstration given at the YMCA in Springfield the name “Mintonette” is replaced with “Volleyball”
1900
The rules as modified by W.E. Day are accepted and published by the YMCA. Match length is set at 21 points. The height of the net is increased to 7-feet-6. Canada is the first “foreign” country to adopt Volleyball. A special ball was designed for the sport . The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) spread volleyball to Canada, Asia, and the Southern Hemisphere.
1906
Cuba discovers “6 Volleyball” in 1906, thanks to a North American army officer, Agusto York, who takes part in the second military intervention on the Caribbean island.
1907
Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports
1908
Volleyball reaches Japan. It is Hyozo Omori, a Springfield College graduate in the United States, who first demonstrates the rules of the new game on the YMCA courts in Tokyo
1909
YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico
1910
Volleyball officially lands in China, thanks to Max Exner and Howard Crokner. Up until 1917, play is between 16-man teams and goes to 21 points
The Philippines, too, got to know the new game. It is imported by Manila YMCA director Elwood Brown. In a very short space of time, there are 5,000 public and private courts In the USA, decisive impetus is given to the game by Prevost Idell, YMCA director in Germantown
1912
YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay The court size is changed, becoming 35×60 feet. A uniform size and weight of the ball is established, calling for a circumference of 26 inches and a weight of between 7 and 9 ounces. Two other important innovations: the number of players on each team is set at six and it is decided to rotate players before service
1913
Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games Volleyball is put on the programme for the first Far Eastern Games held in Manila. Teams are made up of 16 players. George Fisher, secretary of the YMCA War Office, includes Volleyball in the recreation and education programme for the American armed forces.
1915
The number of players on court again becomes variable, anything from 2 to 6 for each team. Official game time is introduced and it is decided that the team losing a game has the right to begin serving in the next game In Europe, Volleyball arrives on the French beaches of Normandy and Brittany with American soldiers fighting in the First World War. Its popularity grows rapidly, but the game takes root especially in Eastern countries, where the cold climate makes gym sports particularly attractive The opening days of World War I brings Volleyball to Africa. The first country to learn the rules is Egypt
1916
An offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player, the set and spike, were introduced in the Philippines. The Filipinos developed the “bomba” or kill, and called the hitter a “bomberino” Many new rules are established. The score for a “game” drops from 21 to 15, and it is determined that to win a match a team has to win two out of three “games.” The ball can now be hit with a player’s feet. Net height rises to 8 feet, while ball weight climbs from 8 to 10 ounces. It is decided that holding on to the ball is a foul and that a player cannot have contact with the ball a second time until after it has been played by another athlete Volleyball becomes a part of the program of the NCAA, the body that oversees college and university sports in the USA The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs . .
1917
The game was changed from 21 to 15 points YMCA spread volleyball to Brazil At the Allied Forces air base in Porto Corsini, where Ravenna’s sports palace is now located, American airmen introduce the virus of Volleyball into Italy
1918
The number of players per team is set at six. In Japan, the first High School Championship is played
1919
American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it’s troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands During the First World War, Dr. George J. Fisher, as Secretary of the YMCA War Work Office, makes Volleyball a part of the programme in military training camps, both in the USA and abroad, in the athletic handbooks written for those responsible for sport and recreation in the Army and Marines. Thousands of balls and nets are sent overseas to the U.S. troops and also presented to the Allied Army’s sports directors. More than 16,000 volleyballs are distributed in 1919 to the American Expeditionary Corps Forces only. The Inter-Allied Games are organized in Paris (but Volleyball is not included since the game is not yet known sufficiently well known in the 18 participating Allied countries to allow for a balanced competition) In China, the rules are modified. Play becomes 12 against 12, with matches going to 15 points
1920
Institution of three hits per side and back row attack rules Court size goes down to 30×60 feet, and the ball is allowed to be played by any part of the body above the waist. A major innovation involves the rule allowing a team to play a ball no more than three times before sending it over the net The Philippines develop the first kind of spike. It is known as the “Filipino bomb” and it is a pretty lethal weapon The first spontaneous attempts at blocking make their appearance, although they are not yet codified by the rules Volleyball makes its first official appearance in Russia in the cities of the Volga, Gorky and Kazan, and at the same time in Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1922
The first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented. Players in the back line are not permitted to spike. The “double hit” fault is added to the rules. Scoring rules are also changed, providing that, with the score at 14-14, two consecutive points are needed to win The maximum number of consecutive ball contacts per team is set at three. The first National Federation is founded in Czechoslovakia, quickly followed by Bulgaria. The first National Championship is played in the USA, in which only YMCA teams compete Volleyball gains in popularity in Italy too, thanks to Guido Graziani, a Springfield YMCA graduate
1923
A team is to be made up of 6 players on court and 12 official substitutes, and each player has to have a numbered jersey. The team securing the right to serve has to rotate clockwise. The serve is to be made by the player placed on the right on the back line. If a player touches the adversary’s court during play it is a foul. Minimum ceiling height is set at 15 feet The official birth date of Volleyball in Russia is set at 28 July, 1923, the day a match between men’s team High Art and Theatre Workshop (Vhutemas) and State Cinema Technical School (GTK) is played in Moscow
1924
The Olympic Games programme in Paris includes a demonstration of “American” sports, with Volleyball among them
1925
Two time-outs per game for each team becomes the rule. There is also a change in the scoring rules for the most hotly contested sets: at 14-14 to win it is no longer necessary to score two consecutive points, but rather to have a two-point advantage. Once again the ball weight is modified, from 9 to 10 ounces Volleyball is played for the first time in the Netherlands. After a stay at the Seminary of Techny in Illinois, U.S., Father S. Buis introduces the sport to the Sint Willibrod mission house in Uden and has a few courts set up there
1926
A team reduced to less than 6 players forfeits the match
1927
The Japanese Federation is born and nine men’s competitions are organised In Russia, there is a “political” reaction by the Communist Party against the YMCA as a “capitalistic, bourgeois, and religious” organization, and it is obliged to leave the country. But Volleyball is there to stay China adopts the nine-player-per-team system, the same used in Japan 1928 It became clear that tournaments and rules were needed; the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first US Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads
1929
Cuba organizes the first men’s tournament according to “American” rules at the Caribbean and Central American Games. Between the two World Wars, great efforts are made to give unity to the Volleyball movement by establishing a single set of rules and creating an international federation. These are just initial efforts, with nothing concrete being set 1930s Recreational sports programs became an important part of American life
1930
The first two-man beach game was played
1932
Time-outs are limited to one minute. To make a play, an athlete can step off his own court; but he cannot change position in the starting line-up
1933
The first USSR National Championship is held, where there are already over 400,000 players. For Soviet Volleyball, it is the year of enshrinement. In January, a challenge between Moscow and Dnepropetrovsk is played on no less important a stage than that of the Bolshoi Theatre A book entitled Volleyball: Man’s Game by Robert E. Laveaga, published by A S Barnes & Co of New York, makes an important impact on teaching methods and scientific training techniques. Volleyball for Women by Katherine M. Montgomery is also very useful for teaching the game
1934
National volleyball referee approval and recognition The first concrete steps to establish international relations in Volleyball are taken during the International Handball Federation Congress in Stockholm
1935
Crosses are to be marked on the floor to determine player position. Touching the net is to be considered a foul. An important rule involves spikers: it is forbidden to step off the court as long as the ball is in play on the spiker’s side (it had been customary for spikers waiting for a set to take a running start from way off and then leap from one foot). In Tashkent and Moscow, the USSR plays the first official international matches against Afghanistan
1937
Action was taken at the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) convention in Boston to recognize the USVBA as the official national governing body in the US Multiple ball contacts were permitted in defence against particularly violent spikes
1938
The Czechs perfect blocking which is officially introduced into the rules under the concept of “a counteraction at the net by one or two adjacent players.” For almost 20 years before, blocking had been a part of the game but was not spelled out in the rules. The Czechs are the first (soon followed by the Russians) to attribute decisive importance to the new skill, which facilitates the ungrateful task of volleying defences
1939
How to push for homogeneous rules throughout the world? The Annual USVBA Reference Guide and the Official Rules of the Game of Volleyball gave useful information on the game and provided a forum where experiences and ideas emanating from different sources could be exchanged. During the War, thousands of these guides were used throughout the world
1940
William G. Morgan, the creator of Volleyball, dies at the age of 68. A man of high moral standards, Morgan suffered no pangs of jealousy and continued to follow with enthusiasm the progress of his game, convinced that real Volleyball, for real athletes, would be a success 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game as a desperation play. Most balls played with overhand pass
1941
In several countries, including Italy, experiments are made with a system of timed play. Two 20-minute sets are played (with supplementary time in case of a tie). But after various and prolonged trials, the experiments are abandoned, but taken up again in the United States at the close of the Second World War. Another innovation is time-limit Volleyball, whereby a game lasts eight minutes of actual play. To win, a team has to have either a two-point advantage at the end of the eight minutes or be the first to score 15 points. But even there, the idea finds little acceptance
1942
The ball can be played by any part of the body from the knees up Everywhere from the South Pacific to the Finnish front, Volleyball draws crowds among troops engaged in the Second World War, even aboard aircraft carriers. Volleyball is recommended by Chiefs of Staff for training the troops, believing it keeps them in condition, strengthens their morale, and teaches them how to stay together as a group – something essential at this point of the War
1943
During the summer, Mr. Friermood joins the management of the United States YMCA and quickly becomes Secretary/Treasurer of the USVBA and works closely with Dr. Fisher, its President. Through international YMCA contacts in more than 80 countries and also military personnel around the world, communications are established and begin to produce information on the interpretation and development of Volleyball and those who are managing it. Correspondence with the Polish managers during the War draws attention to the post-war endeavours to establish an international Volleyball organization
1945
First postage stamp on a Volleyball subject is issued in Romania
1946
A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organized In January, the Spartak Prague team goes to play in Poland, signaling a resumption of contacts after the War years aimed at creating an international Volleyball organization. On the occasion of a friendly match between the Czech and French national teams on August 26, a meeting is held in Prague between representatives of the federations of Czechoslovakia, France, and Poland. The meeting produces the first official document of the future FIVB, with the creation of a commission for the organization of the International Federation, the promotion of a constituent congress, and the decision to launch a European or World Championship at an early date
1947
The Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris Only front-line players are allowed to exchange positions for a two-player block and spike. Egypt is the first Arab and African country to organize Volleyball activities and establish a National Federation From April 18 to 20 in Paris, 14 federations found the FIVB, with the headquarters in Paris. Frenchman Paul Libaud is the first President American and European rules of the game are harmonized. The court is to measure 9 x 18 metres; and net height is to be 2.43 metres for men and 2.24 for women Only in Asia, the rules are different: the court has to measure 21.35 x 10.67 metres, and the net has to be 2.28 high for men and 2.13 for women; there is no rotation of players and on court there are nine athletes arranged in three lines
1948
The first two-man beach tournament was held – The European Championship – in Rome and won by Czechoslovakia. After the War, the rules are rewritten and clarified to make interpretation easier. In particular, a better definition is given to the idea of blocking, and service is limited to the right third of the back court boundary. It is also made clear that each player has to be in his right place during service; points scored by the wrong server are to be nullified; simultaneous contacts by two players are to be considered one; time-outs are to last one minute, while time-out due to injury can last five minutes; and rest time between one game and another is set at three minutes.
1949
The first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia The first Men’s World Championship is held in Prague and won by the USSR. This is also the first time a setter can penetrate from the back line, leading to a three-player attack. USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years, collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport
1951
Volleyball now played by over 50 million people in over 60 countries At its third Congress, the FIVB decides that a player’s hands can “invade” at the net during blocking but only in the final phases of spiking. Furthermore, a back-line player can spike, providing that he remains in his zone and does not move up to the front line China begins to participate in international tournaments
1952
The first Women’s World Championship was held in Moscow and won by the USSR
1953
At its fourth Congress, the FIVB defines referee action and terminology. The Chinese Federation is born
1954
The Asian Confederation is founded in Manila
1955
Pan American Games included volleyball. At the FIVB Congress in Florence, the Japanese Federation adopts the international rules and commits itself to gradually introducing them in Asia. The 1st Asian Championship is played in Tokyo; both 6- and 9-player tournaments are scheduled. Volleyball is put on the program for the Pan American Games
1956
First issue of the official FIVB bulletin is published. The first truly globe-spanning World Championship is held in Paris, France (with 24 men’s teams from four continents). Czechoslovakia Men and USSR Women win the coveted titles
1957
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games. Consideration is given to the introduction of a second referee; duration of time-outs is limited to one minute, 30 seconds. During the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, from September 22 to 26, a demonstration tournament is played for the IOC members who then decide to include Volleyball on the programme for the Games celebrating the XVII Olympiad in Tokyo, 1964
1958
Once again it is the Czechs who introduce a new defensive hit – the bagger – which amazes spectators at the European Championship in Prague
1959
International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held. At the FIVB Congress in Budapest it is decided to forbid “screening” on the serve and to limit “invasion” at the net onto the opponent’s court to the whole foot.
1960s
New techniques added to the game included – the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling
The United States Junior Olympic Volleyball (USJOV) program was established
1960
For the first time, a World Championship (Men’s) is played outside of Europe, in Brazil. USSR claims victory, as it also does in the women’s event. Seven mid-western institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)
1961
The idea of Mini Volleyball is born in East Germany
1962
The World Championships are played in Moscow. The USSR Men confirm their status as the best, while it is a first victory for the Japanese Women’s team
1963
The European Confederation is founded on October 21
1964
Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California
New rules on blocking: airborne invasion during blocking is prohibited, while blockers are permitted a second hit. The first Olympic Volleyball tournaments are played in Tokyo during the Olympic Games from October 13 to 23, with 10 men’s teams and 6 women’s teams. The gold medal for the men goes to the USSR, and the women to Japan. Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo. (The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather paneling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.)
1965
The California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed. The first men’s World Cup is played in Poland and won by the USSR
1966
The first scientific symposium is held in Prague on the occasion of the men’s World Championship, won by Czechoslovakia
1967
The first African Continental Championship is played, and the African Zone Commission is founded. The Women’s World Championship, scheduled a year after the men’s, is played in Tokyo and won once again by Japan
1968
National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport. The use of antennas to limit the court air space and facilitate the referee’s decision on ball crossing outside the side line is recommended to the Congress in Mexico. The USSR take home two Olympic gold medals.
1969
The Executive Committee of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) proposed addition of volleyball to its program. A Coaches Commission is established. The FIVB recognizes its fifth Continental Sport Zone Commission when NORCECA is born in Mexico, July 26, with the merging of USA, Canada and other countries joining to form the North Central American and Caribbean Confederation (NORCECA). The first NORCECA Championships take place in Mexico. In Berlin, East Germany wins the second edition of the men’s World Cup
1970
The World Championships are held in Bulgaria. Victorious are the East German men and the USSR women
1971
The first FIVB coaching courses are held in Japan and Egypt. The FIVB Medical Commission is established. The sub-commission for Mini Volleyball of the FIVB Coaches’ Commission is established
1972
The five Sports Zone Commissions (Africa, Asia, Europe, Norceca, and South America) become Continental Confederations. The Japanese Men’s team win the Munich Olympics with playmakers Nekoda and Matsudaira. Systematic use of its fast game clinches for the first time the gold medal for an Asian Country. The Women’s tournament is won by the USSR. The official rules of Mini Volleyball are established. The first South American Junior Championships are held in Rio
1973
The first Women’s World Cup is played in Uruguay and won by the USSR
1974
The World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan. At the FIVB Congress in Mexico City it is decided to make two changes to be put into force after 1976: lateral antennas are to be moved to the courtside boundaries and three ball contacts are to be permitted after blocking. During the World Championship, Polish athlete Wojtowicz amazes everybody by spiking from the back line. In Mexico City, Poland wins the Men’s gold; while, in Guadalajara, Japan holds on to the Women’s title The first Junior National Championship was conducted at the Catonsville Community College in Catonsville, MD
1975
The US National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985) The first Mini Volleyball Symposium is held in Sweden, with 19 nations participating. The first Asian Championships are held in Australia
1976
At the Montreal Olympic Games, Poland confirms its leadership among the Men’s teams and Japan among the Women’s. After blocking, not two but three ball contacts are permitted; the distance between the antennas is shortened from 9.40 metres to 9 metres
1977
The US National Men’s team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981) The first Junior World Championships are held in Brazil. The Winners are the USSR Men and South Korea Women. Kuwait organizes the first Arabian Championship. The World Cup is granted to Japan on a permanent basis for both men and women. Triumphing in Tokyo are the Soviet Men and the Japanese Women
1978
The Men’s World Championship is held in Rome, with the USSR winning ahead of Italy. The women play in Leningrad and it is a surprise first world title for Cuba, placing ahead of Japan and USSR
1980
At the Moscow Olympic Games, it was a dual victory for the USSR. 17th FIVB Congress: the rules of the game were adopted in three languages: French, English and Spanish 1981 World Cup in Tokyo: the USSR win for the men and China for the women 1982 Ball pressure is increased from 0.40 to 0.46 kg/cm2. The Women’s World Championship is held in Peru where, for the first time, China takes the title after an outstanding and spectacular performance. The Men’s World Championship (in Argentina) is won by the USSR 1983 The Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed On July 19, the Brazil vs. USSR challenge at Rio de Janeiro’s Maracaná stadium attracts nearly 100,000 spectators. 1984 The US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver . The 19th Congress of the FIVB is held in Long Beach, California; and, after 37 years at the helm, the founding French President Paul Libaud steps down and becomes Honorary President. A Mexican lawyer, Dr. Rubén Acosta H., is elected as the new President. The USA win the Men’s Olympic gold and the Chinese Women’s team also claim gold. At the Los Angeles Olympic Games, the Brazilians (silver medallists) attract attention with their ability to make jumping serves. The idea is not new (Argentina had already tried it at the 1982 World Championship), but no one has ever seen it used so effectively before. After Los Angeles, it is no longer possible to block a serve, and referees became more permissive in evaluating defence. The first International Volleyball Cinema Festival is held in Perugia. December 15: FIVB moves its quarters to a temporary office in Lausanne while preparing its permanent headquarters in this city 1985 May 28: for the first time, a Volleyball representative (FIVB President Dr. Acosta) is named for an IOC Commission – the prestigious Olympic Movement Commission. World Cup in Tokyo: Victory goes to the USA Men, while China confirms its dominance among the women. December 28-31: the first Women’s World Gala is played in China, (two matches in Beijing and Shanghai). A world All-Star line-up challenges the Olympic Champion China, which wins both matches and the Hitachi Cup
1986
The Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed. In Paris, USA win the Men’s World Championships. China claim the women’s gold medal in Prague. Beach Volleyball receives official status by the FIVB.
1987
The FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series. From February 17-22, the first Beach Volleyball World Championship is played in Ipanema, Brazil.
1988
The US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea. On May 6, the FIVB inaugurates its new headquarters in Lausanne. The Olympic Games in Seoul sees the number of teams for the men’s tournament rise from 10 to 12. The USA win the men’s gold medal; the USSR take the women’s after a dramatic final match against Peru. The World Congress approves the turning of the fifth set into a tiebreak rally-point system in which each serve is worth a point. Final scoring per set is limited to 17 points with one point difference. The first edition of the FIVB Super Four is held in Japan, a bi-yearly competition between the three medallists from the Olympic Games (or the World Championships). In the first Super Four, the Soviet Men and Chinese Women re-affirm their superiority.
1989
The FIVB Sports Aid Program was created. The year brings the first edition of the Beach Volleyball World Series (a world circuit) and the second World Gala in Singapore (men’s and women’s All Stars against the Olympic champions). World Cup in Japan: Cuba Men and Women do the double. men, Italy places second in the men’s tournament. From December 6 to 10, the first World Championship for Clubs is played in Parma and won by home team Maxicono.
1990
The first edition of the men’s World League gets underway, a revolutionary idea for a team sport, with US$1 million prize money, professional organization and wide TV broadcasting in a multi-location competition reaching all corners of the world. The playing formula for the World Championship is changed. After the qualification phase, play proceeds by direct elimination matches right up to the finals for first to eighth place. Italy wins the first US$1 million World League in Tokyo, Japan, before a crowd of 10,000 spectators. Italy upset Brazil in Rio de Janeiro and becomes the first Western European country to win the Men’s Volleyball World Championship. USSR win the women’s world title against China in Beijing
1991
The first edition of the Women’s World Championship for Clubs is played in Brazil. Winner is Sadia Sao Paulo. Italy wins the second consecutive World League with US$2 million prize money for the teams. The final is in Milan in front of 12,000 spectators against Cuba
1992
The Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States. Barcelona applauds the first Olympic victory by the Brazil Men and Cuba Women. After Barcelona, the tiebreak is modified. At 16-16, play continues until one team has a two-point advantage. The World League increases Prize Money to US$3 million and for the third time Italy win, in front of 9,000 spectators in Genoa against the Netherlands. Brazil triumphs in the men’s Super Four and Cuba in the women’s
1993
The first edition of the World Grand Prix with US$1 million in Prize Money, the women’s version of the World League, is played entirely in Asia and the Final is won by Cuba against China. The World League final is held in São Paulo and Brazil win the title. During the 101st IOC session in Monte Carlo on September 18, Beach Volleyball is admitted as a gold medal discipline to the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. Debut of another major event: the Grand Champions Cup is to be played every four years in Japan, alternating on odd years with the World Cup; participants will be the continental champions. First gold medal winners are Italy Men and Cuba Women
1994
The fifth edition of the World League offers record Prize Money of $6 million. Italy win for the fourth time, beating Cuba in the Final. The World Congress in Athens approves new rules to go into force officially on January 1, 1995: The possibility of contacting the ball with any part of the body, including the feet; the service zone extended to the whole 9-meter back line; elimination of the “double hit” fault on the first touch of a ball coming from the opponent’s court; and the permission to touch the net accidentally when the player in question is not trying to play the ball. The Italians win the Men’s World Championship for the second time in a row, equalling a previous USSR award. At the Women’s World Championship in Brazil, 26,000 spectators in Belo Horizonte attend the matches, setting a new record for women’s event. Later on in São Paulo, 12,000 spectators watch Cuba win its second world title, this time in a Final against Brazil
1995
The sport of Volleyball turns 100 years old! . The anniversary is observed throughout the world with awards ceremonies, tournaments, and special stamp issues and postmarks. The FIVB celebrates the event by bringing together “100 years of Volleyball in 100 days” in a special calendar of events and publishes a magnificent book, “100 Years of Global Link”. The World League is again won by the Italians. In the World Grand Prix, a surprise victory goes to the United States. Italy win the Men’s World Cup for the first time and Cuba the women’s event for the third time in a row. In the World Gala, the Italian Men beat the All Stars and receive the Centennial Cup from IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch.
1996
The Atlanta Olympic Games makes Beach Volleyball the latest Olympic Medal Sport. A newly built 8,000-seat stadium in the historic area of Clayton County struggles to accommodate the enthusiastic crowds. Volleyball competitions have two ad hoc facilities; the Atlanta convention centre and the Georgia University Hall in Athens. Netherlands and Italy show Volleyball at its best and, after five strenuous sets, the team led by the Van de Goor brothers gives Netherlands their first gold medal in Volleyball history
1998
The Men and Women’s World Championships for the first time go to Japan, and the best Championships in Volleyball history take place. After matches in 14 cities watched by over 500,000 spectators, and the highest TV ratings in Japan since the 1964 Japanese Olympics gold for women, the Italians, led by Giani and Gardini, make history with their third consecutive crown, defeating Yugoslavia. Cuba Women, led by Regla Torres, set the same record of three crowns for women, defeating Russia. The Congress makes a historic change in the rules, adopting the “Rally Point System” of 25 points for each of the first four sets and a 15-point fifth tiebreak set for a two-year testing period. Other changes immediately adopted are the colour ball, Libero player and allowance of interactive coaches
2000
Olympics held in Sydney, Australia. Points were now at stake for every rally and a “libero” player was added. The “libero” is free to substitute in back row defense at almost every turn. The Italians win their eighth World League pennant in 12 editions defeating Russia. Cuba Women defeat Russia once more, 3-2, and win their third consecutive Olympic gold, setting an all-time record. Following the phenomenal success of Beach Volleyball during the Sydney Olympics, the IOC Executive Committee declares Beach Volleyball an official part of the Olympic programme. Karch Kiraly of the USA and Regla Torres of Cuba are crowned as the 20th Century Best Volleyball Players. Italy Men (1990-98) and Japan Women (1960-1965) are declared the 20th Century Best Volleyball Teams. The 20th Century Best Volleyball Coaches titles are awarded to Yasutaka Matsudaira, Japan Men (1964-1974), and Eugenio George, Cuba Women (1990-2000)
2001
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In humans, somnology is the scientific study of what? | Scientists Probe Human Nature--and Discover We Are Good, After All - Scientific American
Scientists Probe Human Nature--and Discover We Are Good, After All
Recent studies find our first impulses are selfless
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When it really comes down to it—when the chips are down and the lights are off—are we naturally good? That is, are we predisposed to act cooperatively, to help others even when it costs us? Or are we, in our hearts, selfish creatures?
This fundamental question about human nature has long provided fodder for discussion. Augustine’s doctrine of original sin proclaimed that all people were born broken and selfish, saved only through the power of divine intervention. Hobbes , too, argued that humans were savagely self-centered; however, he held that salvation came not through the divine, but through the social contract of civil law. On the other hand, philosophers such as Rousseau argued that people were born good, instinctively concerned with the welfare of others. More recently, these questions about human nature—selfishness and cooperation, defection and collaboration—have been brought to the public eye by game shows such as Survivor and the UK’s Golden Balls , which test the balance between selfishness and cooperation by pitting the strength of interpersonal bonds against the desire for large sums of money.
But even the most compelling televised collisions between selfishness and cooperation provide nothing but anecdotal evidence. And even the most eloquent philosophical arguments mean noting without empirical data.
A new set of studies provides compelling data allowing us to analyze human nature not through a philosopher’s kaleidoscope or a TV producer’s camera, but through the clear lens of science. These studies were carried out by a diverse group of researchers from Harvard and Yale—a developmental psychologist with a background in evolutionary game theory , a moral philosopher-turned-psychologist , and a biologist-cum-mathematician —interested in the same essential question: whether our automatic impulse—our first instinct—is to act selfishly or cooperatively.
This focus on first instincts stems from the dual process framework of decision-making, which explains decisions (and behavior) in terms of two mechanisms: intuition and reflection. Intuition is often automatic and effortless, leading to actions that occur without insight into the reasons behind them. Reflection, on the other hand, is all about conscious thought—identifying possible behaviors, weighing the costs and benefits of likely outcomes, and rationally deciding on a course of action. With this dual process framework in mind, we can boil the complexities of basic human nature down to a simple question: which behavior—selfishness or cooperation—is intuitive, and which is the product of rational reflection? In other words, do we cooperate when we overcome our intuitive selfishness with rational self-control, or do we act selfishly when we override our intuitive cooperative impulses with rational self-interest?
To answer this question, the researchers first took advantage of a reliable difference between intuition and reflection: intuitive processes operate quickly, whereas reflective processes operate relatively slowly. Whichever behavioral tendency—selfishness or cooperation—predominates when people act quickly is likely to be the intuitive response; it is the response most likely to be aligned with basic human nature.
The experimenters first examined potential links between processing speed, selfishness, and cooperation by using 2 experimental paradigms (the “ prisoner’s dilemma ” and a “ public goods game ”), 5 studies, and a tot al of 834 participants gathered from both undergraduate campuses and a nationwide sample. Each paradigm consisted of group-based financial decision-making tasks and required participants to choose between acting selfishly—opting to maximize individual benefits at the cost of the group—or cooperatively—opting to maximize group benefits at the cost of the individual. The results were striking: in every single study, faster—that is, more intuitive—decisions were associated with higher levels of cooperation, whereas slower—that is, more reflective—decisions were associated with higher levels of selfishness. These results suggest that our first impulse is to cooperate—that Augustine and Hobbes were wrong, and that we are fundamentally “good” creatures after all.
The researchers followed up these correlational studies with a set of experiments in which they directly manipulated both this apparent influence on the tendency to cooperate—processing speed—and the cognitive mechanism thought to be associated with this influence—intuitive, as opposed to reflective, decision-making. In the first of these studies, researchers gathered 891 participants (211 undergraduates and 680 participants from a nationwide sample) and had them play a public goods game with one key twist: these participants were forced to make their decisions either quickly (within 10 seconds) or slowly (after at least 10 seconds had passed). In the second, researchers had 343 participants from a nationwide sample play a public goods game after they had been primed to use either intuitive or reflective reasoning. Both studies showed the same pattern—whether people were forced to use intuition (by acting under time constraints) or simply encouraged to do so (through priming), they gave significantly more money to the common good than did participants who relied on reflection to make their choices. This again suggests that our intuitive impulse is to cooperate with others.
Taken together, these studies—7 total experiments, using a whopping 2,068 participants—suggest that we are not intuitively selfish creatures. But does this mean that we our naturally cooperative? Or could it be that cooperation is our first instinct simply because it is rewarded? After all, we live in a world where it pays to play well with others: cooperating helps us make friends, gain social capital, and find social success in a wide range of domains. As one way of addressing this possibility, the experimenters carried out yet another study. In this study, they asked 341 participants from a nationwide sample about their daily interactions—specifically, whether or not these interactions were mainly cooperative; they found that the relationship between processing speed (that is, intuition) and cooperation only existed for those who reported having primarily cooperative interactions in daily life. This suggests that cooperation is the intuitive response only for those who routinely engage in interactions where this behavior is rewarded—that human “goodness” may result from the acquisition of a regularly rewarded trait.
Throughout the ages, people have wondered about the basic state of human nature—whether we are good or bad, cooperative or selfish. This question—one that is central to who we are—has been tackled by theologians and philosophers, presented to the public eye by television programs, and dominated the sleepless nights of both guilt-stricken villains and bewildered victims; now, it has also been addressed by scientific research. Although no single set of studies can provide a definitive answer—no matter how many experiments were conducted or participants were involved—this research suggests that our intuitive responses, or first instincts, tend to lead to cooperation rather than selfishness.
Although this evidence does not definitely solve the puzzle of human nature, it does give us evidence we may use to solve this puzzle for ourselves—and our solutions will likely vary according to how we define “human nature.” If human nature is something we must be born with, then we may be neither good nor bad, cooperative nor selfish. But if human nature is simply the way we tend to act based on our intuitive and automatic impulses, then it seems that we are an overwhelmingly cooperative species, willing to give for the good of the group even when it comes at our own personal expense.
Are you a scientist who specializes in neuroscience, cognitive science, or psychology? And have you read a recent peer-reviewed paper that you would like to write about? Please send suggestions to Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook, a Pulitzer prize-winning journalist at the Boston Globe. He can be reached at garethideas AT gmail.com or Twitter @garethideas .
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In the game of darts, what score is known as ‘Bag O’nuts’? | Somnology | definition of Somnology by Medical dictionary
Somnology | definition of Somnology by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Somnology
Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia .
hypnology
the scientific study of sleep or hypnosis.
hypnology
/hyp·nol·o·gy/ (hip-nol´ah-je) scientific study of sleep or of hypnotism.
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Which singer/songwriter wrote the musical ‘9 to 5’? | Top 20 Singer-Songwriters of All Time | L.A. Weekly
Top 20 Singer-Songwriters of All Time
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Top 20 Singer-Songwriters of All Time
Wednesday, May 7, 2014 at 8:56 a.m.
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There's something about the singer-songwriter, the self-contained musical artist whose compositions succeed largely on the strength of his or her imagination. When determining our top 20, we considered both solo artists, and singers who were the primary songwriters for their bands. -Nicholas Pell
Gordon Lightfoot
Canada Hall of Fame
20. Gordon Lightfoot
There are two kinds of people in this world: Gordon Lightfoot evangelists and people who've never actually bothered to listen to him. His champions include Bob Dylan, Vincent Gallo and the entire nation of Canada. Even his most recognizable hits, "Sundown" and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" run rife with darkness. "10 Degrees and Getting Colder," is a tale about what are perhaps the last minutes of a hitchhiking failed country singer. Quit the ironic snickering and head down to the local dollar bin - ten bucks will grab you most of his catalog. -Nicholas Pell
Dolly Parton
Courtesy of the artist
19. Dolly Parton
All through the '80s, Dolly Parton was a boob joke. Then, in 1992, Whitney Houston belted out "I Will Always Love You," and the world was reminded that Dolly had written this epic end-of-an-era tune about Porter Wagoner, and that she had written thousands of songs and sung them with more blonde ambition than Madonna could ever dream of. And, Jack White? You will never achieve Dolly's level of Nashville swagger, no matter how hard you riff on "Jolene." -Cristina Black
Courtesy of the artist
18. Elliott Smith
Good Will Hunting. American Beauty. The Royal Tenenbaums. Each film has at least one character struggling with depression. So it's probably no coincidence that each soundtrack features hauntingly beautiful music from the late Elliott Smith. An ever-evolving musician - compare the instrumentation on Roman Candle and Figure 8 - he was also capable of conveying gut-wrenching emotion without sounding disingenuous. His soft, plaintive voice and harrowing lyrics are perfect for whenever sorrow looms. -Max Bell
Hank Williams
Courtesy of the label
17. Hank Williams
With apologies to Jimmie Rodgers, Hank Williams is country music, and not just because handlers followed him everywhere, keeping his drug addiction under wraps. His slim corpus represents some of the finest songwriting ever, genre be damned. Though mainstream country threw him under the bus, Hank continues to inspire today's traditionalists such as Whitey Morgan, Sturgill Simpson and Lydia Loveless. Hank taught us it takes a world of hurt to play country like it's meant to be played. -Nicholas Pell
David Bowie
Album cover art
16. David Bowie
It's hard to even know what to call David Bowie: Ziggy Stardust, The Thin White Duke, Aladdin Sane, The Man Who Sold The World, or (my personal favorite) Jareth the Goblin King. All of those characters were responsible for classic material, but perhaps the most groundbreaking of Bowie's identities was his sexual one. Openly bi-sexual, he successfully proselytized Mick Jagger into a love affair. Playboy playmate Bebe Buell claims the two often propositioned her to join them in orgies with "four gorgeous black women" or "four gorgeous black men." Also, the fact that a British bloke wrote a song with as much plastic Americana soul "Young Americans" is a testament to Bowie's abilities. -Kai Flanders
Johnny Cash
Album cover art
15. Johnny Cash
Cash was the original country outlaw. If Elvis was the flashy extrovert of the 50s, Johnny Cash was the sullen brooder. As we know, he was never stuck in Folsom Prison and he never shot poor Delia down. You'd be forgiven for believing that he did, though, with his mournful vocals ringing over his slow-and-steady "boom-chicka-boom" sound. His later catalog holds up and his work with Rick Rubin is easily the latter's greatest contribution to music. Sorry, Beastie Boys and Slayer. -Nicholas Pell
Prince
Courtesy of the artist
14. Prince
If Prince had only written and produced "Little Red Corvette," "When Doves Cry," and "Purple Rain," his legacy would still be secure. After signing to Warner Brothers at 17 (and recently re-entering the fold with them), The Purple One reshaped pop music in his image, and it looks more like him with every passing decade. -Molly Bergen
Stevie Wonder with President Barack Obama
Pete Souza
13. Stevie Wonder
Stevland Hardaway Judkins got signed as a singer-songwriter to Motown records - at age 11 - after performing his own song "Lonely Boy" to Ronnie White of the Miracles. Wonder started touring at 12 and co-wrote a lot of his hits, including "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" "I Was Made To Love Her" and "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours." Those were his teenage efforts, and you know the rest. He remains a fountain of songs, bringing joy to all who hear him. -Molly Bergen
Van Morrison
Courtesy of the label
12. Van Morrison
Blues legend John Lee Hooker once said, "Van's a real blues man and he has the blues inside him. It doesn't matter whether he's white or Irish." And no matter which genres Van Morrison commingles - folk, pop, jazz - the soulfulness and inherent pain of the blues remains in his voice. His imagistic lyrics are delivered with a Jocyean stream of consciousness, capable of rendering Belfast countryside celestial. The distinctive and deliberate lyrical repetition Morrison often employs deepens the listener's understanding of the music and themselves. -Max Bell
Willie Nelson
Houston Press
11. Willie Nelson
Willie Nelson's lovable iconoclasm was born of Depression-era Texas, his parents' whiskey-fueled wanderlust, and the moral rectitude of the grandmother who raised him. Across his long career - '60s jukebox naïveté, earnest '70s outlaw country ("You can't make a record if you ain't got nothin' to say"), singalong '80s chart toppers ("On the Road Again," "Always on My Mind"), and even oddities like Countryman, his 2005 reggae foray - the strengths of Nelson's songwriting are constant: honesty, humor, and an unflinching subversive edge. -Theis Duelund
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Jack Robinson
8. Joni Mitchell
Joni Mitchell is a crazy cat lady . Which is clearly the way to go, because maybe all that domestic quietude has contributed to her writing, performing and producing some of the most introspective records ever made. Hauntingly sweet and sad and sexy, her 1971 album Blue may as well be implemented into modern science as an actual psychological stage, a phase that every young adult must go through or risk emotional retardation. -Cristina Black
Lou Reed
Video screengrab from Lou Reed: Rock And Roll Heart, An American Masters Special
7. Lou Reed
Fueled by heroin and self-loathing, Lou Reed deglamorized rock 'n' roll. With Velvet Underground, he influenced more bands than the Beatles. Then in 19 75, he released Metal Machine Music. "I was trying to do the ultimate guitar solo," said Reed, shortly before his death in 2013. MMM was over an hour of sharp feedback. He was a bullshitter (it was no guitar solo). But above all, Lou Reed 's words gave punk its first taste of street cred. -Art Tavana
LeonardCohen.com
6. Leonard Cohen
Advice: If you show up at someone's house for a romantic hang, and they are playing a Leonard Cohen record when you arrive, consider backing away slowly. Cohen is a consummate cry-to, and you will never, ever, know how the object of your affection feels. -Cristina Black
Townes Van Zandt
Courtesy of the label
5. Townes Van Zandt
Like so many great singer-songwriters (see #1), Townes Van Zandt re-created himself through song. In truth, he was a Texas son of privilege whose desperate substance abuse struck him down in what could have been his prime. It's probably best to see his catalog as apart from himself, as it's often hard to see him in it, the way it's so easy with lesser artists. Regardless, it contains some of the most precisely-descriptive, emotionally upsetting, hilarious and heartwrenching songs put to record. -Ben Westhoff
Bruce Springsteen
Video still
4. Bruce Springsteen
Springsteen is somehow considered too pop, or too polished for some of the most self-hating of music fans, and indeed albums like The River and Born in the U.S.A. contain not a note out of place - though that's the result of his (oft-obnoxious) perfectionism rather than any sort of corrosive record label influences. But why anyone would fault a guy who could write the perfect pop song, over and over - with increasingly emotional resonance - remains a mystery. His catalog up through the '90s is basically flawless, and with each work he found new ways to tell truth. We might never know what, exactly, propels Springsteen to play evangelistic three hour plus shows around the country into his advanced age; the best guess is a deeply-buried need to please every last one of us. Though perhaps not the best way for him to live, for it we can nonetheless thank the Lord. -Ben Westhoff
EXPAND
3. Neil Young
Though they've tried, none of the derivative songwriters troubadour-ing their way through his wake can capture the tousled genius of Neil Young. From his coke-nosed rockstar days to the wizened grey elder statesman he's become, the Canada-born Young has told the great American story with a sage's acumen. In his ongoing 50-year career, he's tried his hand and his voice at genres ranging from techno to grunge - always managing to expound on every shade and hue in the range of human emotions. -Paul T. Bradley
Paul Simon
Courtesy of the artist
2. Paul Simon
Paul Simon spent the first part of his career living resentfully in the shadow of the edgier, artier Bob Dylan - he even released a nasty but pretty spot-on Dylan parody, "A Simple Desultory Philippic" in 1965. Since the folkie era, he's carved his own path, igniting world music with Graceland and enjoying a late-career renaissance with 2011's brilliant So Beautiful or So What. Whether on gentle folk ballads or rollicking Afro-pop, Simon's genius has always been for turning the prosaic into poetry: finding prophecies in graffiti on "The Sound of Silence," evoking years of marriage in the lyric, "The bedroom breathes in clicks and clacks" on So Beautiful's "Love and Hard Times." He's the Fitzgerald to Dylan's Faulkner, a master of economy and style with just enough edge of his own. -Andy Hermann
Sony BMG Music Entertainment
1. Bob Dylan
Discussing Bob Dylan without lapsing into cliché is near impossible: The great American songwriter; the man who introduced the Beatles to grass; the motorcycle-riding iconoclast. Uncomfortable with his own fame, he didn't want to be the voice of his generation. "I never wanted to be a prophet or savior," he told Ed Bradley, "Elvis maybe." But Elvis wasn't a songwriter like Dylan; nobody was, and while everyone has a favorite Dylan album, we've all been touched by him in the same way - as someone who can express the pain and complications of life on earth in a way we've felt. -Nicholas Pell
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| Dolly Parton |
In the International Morse Code which letter is represented by two dashes? | Dolly Parton - Actress, Songwriter, Musician, Singer - Biography.com
Dolly Parton
Singer and musician Dolly Parton is a beloved cultural icon whose powerful voice, songwriting and personality have won the hearts of country and pop music fans for decades. She has also appeared in an array of screen projects.
IN THESE GROUPS
»
quotes
“I'm not offended by dumb blonde jokes because I know that I'm not dumb. I also know I'm not blonde.”
“As soon as I could, I started my own publishing company, got my own record label. I think it's important, if you can, to keep all of your goods close to home where you can control them and know what's happening with them.”
“...when I write, I don’t try to be commercial. I just write what I feel, and hope that it might turn out to be a 'Jolene' or an 'I Will Always Love You.' You can’t really purposefully try to do that. If they’re good, they’re good, and if they’re mediocre, they’re mediocre. I got a lot of them, too.”
“I think that I’ve been at this so long that [my audience has] come to know me, they know I’m not judgmental. They know I like everybody. I want to be accepted myself, and I not only accept, but celebrate, the difference in everyone.”
“Everyone loves Adele. With all my little nieces, it's all 'Adele this' and 'Adele that!' And I love how she does her makeup, and so I'm always saying to my little nieces, 'Can you fix my eyes like Adele?'”
“I love to think of myself as an entertainer. I make things look like I’m better than I am, because I like to entertain. Even that tongue-in-cheek kind of stuff—when I say, 'I know it so well I can play it backwards,' and I turn myself backwards—that’s corny as hell. But it works!”
“My husband is not one who wants to be just thrown out there. He’s very private, and I’ve always respected that for him and about him. And so, we just try to live our lives. Everybody is not entitled to every single thing you do and thought you think, although I do share as much of my life as I possibly can. I’m not holding back any information, but there are just some things that are sacred and private.”
“I look just like the girls next door... if you happen to live next door to an amusement park.”
Dolly Parton
Dolly Parton - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:07) Dolly Parton is a beloved country singer, entrepreneur and philanthropist from Tennessee, whose larger-than-life personality and reputation attracts thousands of visitors to her theme park, Dollywood, every year.
Synopsis
Born on January 19, 1946 in Locust Ridge, Tennessee, Dolly Parton was one of 12 children. After high school, she moved to Nashville to pursue music and initially found success with country star Porter Wagoner before embarking on a solo career marked by hit songs like "Joshua," "Jolene," "The Bargain Store," "I Will Always Love You," "Here You Come Again," "9 to 5" and "Islands in the Stream," among many others. A highly skilled singer/songwriter known for thoughtful narratives and distinctive vocals, she has won many major awards and was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1999. Sh has also starred in films like 9 to 5 and Steel Magnolias, and opened her Dollywood theme park in 1986. To date, Parton has recorded nearly 100 albums and singles and continues to tour regularly.
Early Life
Country music icon and actress Dolly Rebecca Parton was born on January 19, 1946, in Locust Ridge, Tennessee. Parton grew up poor in rural Appalachia. She was one of 12 children, and money was always an issue for her family. Her first exposure to music came from family members, including her mother, who sang and played guitar. At an early age, she also learned about music while performing in church.
Parton received her first guitar from a relative and soon began to pen her own tunes. At age 10, she started performing professionally, appearing on local television and radio shows in Knoxville. Parton made her Grand Ole Opry debut three years later. Set on a career in music, she then moved to Nashville after finishing high school.
Porter Wagoner and Solo Artist Success
Parton's singing career really started to take off in 1967. Around this time, she partnered with Porter Wagoner on The Porter Wagoner Show. Parton and Wagoner became a popular duo and the pair recorded a slew of country hits together. Much was made of her shapely curves, petite stature and warm personality, which to some belied a thoughtful, visionary artist with a strong business sense. Since her early career, Parton has protected the publishing rights to her catalog of songs, which has earned her millions in royalties.
"As soon as I could, I started my own publishing company, got my own record label. I think it's important, if you can, to keep all of your goods close to home where you can control them and know what's happening with them." - Dolly Parton
Parton's work with Wagoner also helped her land a contract with RCA Records. After having had several charting singles, Parton scored her first number 1 country hit in 1971 with "Joshua," a bluegrass-inspired track about two solitary figures who find love. More number 1 hits followed in the mid-'70s, including "Jolene," a haunting single in which a woman begs another beautiful woman not to take her man, and "I Will Always Love You"—a tribute to Wagoner as the two parted ways professionally. Other country hits from this era included the ethereal "Love Is Like a Butterfly," the provocative "The Bargain Store," the spiritual "The Seeker" and the rollicking "All I Can Do." For the range of her compelling work, she won the Country Music Association award for female vocalist in 1975 and 1976.
In 1977, Parton had her first crossover smash with the bouncy, bittersweet ode to a returning lover, "Here You Come Again." The song reached the top of the country charts as well as number 3 on the pop charts, and also marked the singer/songwriter's first Grammy Award, specifically for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female. More emotionally driven number 1 country hits followed including "It's All Wrong, But It's Alright," "Heartbreaker" and "Starting Over Again," a ballad written by disco star Donna Summer .
Film Debut and No. 1 Hit: '9 to 5'
Parton perhaps reached the apex of her mainstream success in the 1980s. She not only starred with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the 1980 hit comedy 9 to 5, which marked her film debut, but also contributed to its soundtrack. The title song, with one of the most memorable opening lines in popular music history, proved to be another number 1 hit for Parton on both the pop and country charts and earned her an Academy Award nomination. Parton next starred with Burt Reynolds and Dom DeLuise in The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas in 1982, which helped to introduce a new generation to her song "I Will Always Love You." The following year she scored another major smash with "Islands in the Stream," her duet with Kenny Rogers .
"I look just like the girl next door . . .if you happen to live next door to an amusement park." - Dolly Parton
Around this time, Parton branched out in a new direction. She opened her own theme park called Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, in 1986. The amusement park remains a popular travel destination to this day.
'I Will Always Love You'
Over the years, Parton has enjoyed many other successful collaborations. She recorded the Grammy Award-winning album Trio with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987. In 1992, her song “I Will Always Love You” was recorded by Whitney Houston for the film The Bodyguard. Houston’s version catapulted Parton’s song into a new stratosphere of popularity, with the single sitting atop the pop charts for 14 weeks and becoming one of the bestselling singles of all time. “When Whitney did it, I got all the money for the publishing and for the writing, and I bought a lot of cheap wigs,” she told Anderson Cooper when he asked her how she spent her royalties from the song. Then in 1993, Parton teamed up with Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette for Honky Tonk Angels. Parton revisited her now signature song, "I Will Always Love You," in 1995 as a duet with Vince Gill .
Parton explored the music of her Appalachian roots with The Grass Is Blue (1999) with a little help from such talents as Alison Krauss and Patty Loveless . The record won a Grammy (Parton's sixth) for best bluegrass album in 1999. Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and won another Grammy the following year for the song "Shine" off the 2001 album Little Sparrow.
Lifetime Honors and Screen Projects
In 2006, Dolly Parton received special recognition for her lifetime contributions to the arts as one of five artists feted at the annual Kennedy Center Honors. The performer has forged her own place in country music history, esteemed as one of the genre's most popular artists. She also picked up a second Academy Award nomination for the song "Travelin' Thru," which appeared on the soundtrack for 2005's Transamerica. Over the years, Parton has continued to work as an actress in an array of films and TV projects that include Rhinestone (1984), Steel Magnolias (1989), Straight Talk (1992), Unlikely Angel (1996), Frank McKlusky, C.I. (2002) and Joyful Noise (2012), having also hosted her own variety show in both 1976 and 1987-88. At the 50th Annual Country Music Association Awards in 2016, Parton is set to be honored as the recipient of the Willie Nelson Lifetime Achievement Award.
DID YOU KNOW? The world's first cloned sheep was named after Dolly Parton in 1996.
Continuing to write and record, Parton released Backwoods Barbie in 2008. The album featured two country singles, "Better Get to Livin'" and "Jesus & Gravity." Parton got into a public feud with satellite radio shock jock Howard Stern around this time. She was upset after he aired a segment in which previous spoken recordings were manipulated to make it sound like she made obscene statements.
Books and Biopics
After writing so many of her own hits, Parton had penned the songs for a new musical based on her earlier hit workplace comedy, 9 to 5. The show, starring Allison Janney (who won a Tony for the role), ran on Broadway for several months in 2009.
Parton has showed no signs of slowing down. In 2011, she received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and released Better Day, which fared well on the country album charts. In 2012, Parton published her book Dream More: Celebrate the Dreamer in You. She is also the author of the memoir Dolly: My Life and Other Unfinished Business (1994).
"I think that I’ve been at this so long that [my audience has] come to know me, they know I’m not judgmental. They know I like everybody. I want to be accepted myself, and I not only accept, but celebrate, the difference in everyone." - Dolly Parton
The TV movie Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors, a biopic about the singer's childhood, aired in 2015. It starred Alyvia Alyn Lind as young Dolly and Sugarland star Jennifer Nettles as Parton's mother. The next year, Parton had her first number 1 country album in more than 25 years with the set Pure & Simple, supported by a North American tour. The 2016 holiday season will also see the airing of the biopic sequel Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love.
Philanthropy
Dolly Parton has worked with charitable organizations in support of numerous causes over the years and established her own Dollywood Foundation in 1996. With the goal of improving literacy among young children, she created Dolly’s Imagination Library , a program which donates more than 10 million books to children annually. "They call me the Book Lady. That's what the little kids say when they get their books in the mail,” she told The Washington Post in 2006. "They think I bring them and put them in the mailbox myself, like Peter Rabbit or something.”
Though many of her charitable contributions are anonymous, Parton has used her success to give back to her community by providing scholarships for children, donating thousands to hospitals and providing technology and supplies for classrooms.
Personal Life
Parton has been married to Carl Dean since 1966. The couple met at a Nashville laundromat, the Wishy Washy, two years earlier. On their 50th anniversary, the two renewed their vows. "My husband is not one who wants to be just thrown out there," she has said about Dean. "He’s very private, and I’ve always respected that for him and about him."
Parton is the godmother of pop singer and actress Miley Cyrus .
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Larry Mullen Jr is the drummer in which Irish band? | Larry Mullen, Jr.: Biography from @U2
Born: October 31, 1961
Instrument: Drums
Lawrence Joseph Mullen was born and raised in Artane, located the north side of Dublin, at 60 Rosemount Avenue.
He had to add the "Junior" to the end of his name to distinguish himself from his father, Larry Mullen, Sr. As Larry's career blossomed, so did his tax bills and his father was the unlucky recipient of them in the early 1980s. Before U2, Larry's previous gigs included playing drums for the Post Office Workers Union Band, and, for three weeks, the Artane Boys Band. Some of his earliest gigs included the St. Patrick's Day Parade on O'Connell Street, the bandstand on St. Stephen's Green, and the pier in Dun Laoghaire.
Larry's music career started when he began taking piano lessons when he was 8 years old. He did not fancy the notion of studying the piano scales or learning music theory, so he gave up the piano and began drumming in 1971. He started taking classes with Ireland's best-known drummer, Joe Bonnie. When Bonnie died a year later, his daughter Monica continued teaching Larry. However, Larry has said that his drumming style is "unteachable" and that spirit and instinct are what guides his technique. He has said that he just wanted to "physically hit the thing," in regard to the drums, so lessons where he couldn't just play were not his cup of tea, so to speak. Larry did return to the piano when he played keyboards on "Yahweh" during the Vertigo tour.
His sister, Cecilia, bought him his first drum-kit in 1973 for £17. He placed a notice at the infamous Mount Temple Comprehensive School in the fall of 1976, and on September 25, 1976, the band auditions began in his kitchen in Artane. Although everyone knows the band as U2, Larry claims that the band's name is really "The Larry Mullen Band."
Growing up, Larry considered his life to be "pretty normal for a while." However, Larry's oldest sister, Mary, died in 1973. Five years later, his mother, Maureen, died in a road traffic accident in November 1978. He says in U2 by U2, "In some ways, both events defined the kind of person I've become. My mother's death certainly catapulted me in the band's direction."
Larry left school in 1978 after passing his Intermediate Certificate exams. Larry said he was offered an opportunity to complete his Leaving Certificate exams, but chose not to as the economy was not doing very well at the time and jobs were difficult to find. While the band was still trying to score a record deal in 1978, Larry worked at Seiscom Delta in the purchasing department for a year. Had he stayed at Seiscom, his career path would have been computer programming for Seiscom's geology department.
In the early days of U2, Larry had to miss some gigs and photo shoots because of the job at Seiscom. For the photo sessions he could not make, friend-of-the-band Derek "Guggi" Rowen stepped in as he resembled Larry to a degree. For the gigs, Larry arranged a stand-in named Eugene from a north Dublin rock band called Stryder. When Larry became injured on the job, running over his toe with his motorbike, Eric Briggs filled in for him on the drums. Bono says in U2 by U2 that there was a period of time where the other three band members almost kicked Larry out of the band because they were not sure how serious he was. Ironically, during the band's first recording session, a CBS record executive suggested that Larry needed to be fired because of his inability to keep tempo.
Also during the early days, Bono spoke to Larry about a local Christian-based fellowship group. Prior to that, Larry grew up with a traditional Catholic background, even serving as an altar boy in church. Larry, Bono and Edge attended the Bible studies with some of their friends from Lypton Village and became friendly with members of the Shalom Christian group. When Larry, Bono, and Edge were told that they should give up rock-and-roll a few years later, they chose to leave the Christian group, instead. Larry said about Shalom in U2 by U2, "The idea was to create a Christian community, where people would live and work under strict Christian standards, When you're young and impressionable it all sounds ideal. But there was something terribly wrong with the concept. It was a bit like the bigger the commitment you made, the closer you were to heaven. It was a really screwed-up view of the world and nothing to do with what I now understand a Christian faith to be. There was huge pressure to follow that path and what made it even stranger was that rather than it coming from the church leaders, it was coming from our friends. I learned a lot though and I also gained a faith I didn't have before, and that's still with me."
He has been with his partner, Ann Acheson, for almost 30 years. They met during Larry's first year at Mount Temple. Together they have two sons and one daughter: Aaron Elvis (born October 4, 1995), Ava (born December 23, 1998) and Ezra (born in February 2001). He has also been a dog owner, thanking his Labradors (JJ and Missy) on past albums. Larry rarely speaks about his personal life, and has been relatively successful in keeping his family life private.
Although he has been plagued with a battle with tendonitis it has been curbed by specially designed drumsticks from ProMark. During the Elevation and Vertigo tours, he wore compression bandages and wraps to help control the condition.
Larry has had back pain over the years, as well, as a result of an injury in 1987 while on The Joshua Tree tour. Bill Flanagan says in his book, Until the End of the World: "Bono says Larry tried different doctors without success until he went to a German who brought in a holistic healer who started giving Larry shots of bull's blood. That did the trick! Larry's Irish doctor refuses to accept it - he looks at X-rays of Larry's crooked spine and says it's impossible, but Larry feels fine. He flies to Germany for shots of bull's blood regularly." Three weeks after his first son's birth in 1995, Larry required back surgery to sort the injury out. Larry returned to the studio three weeks after surgery for the Pop recording sessions, thus complicating the healing process.
His award-winning career includes 22 Grammy Awards, the Rory Gallagher Musician of the Year Award from Hot Press magazine, eight Brit Awards, a Golden Globe award as well as many others from a variety of music magazines, trade publications and music television networks. He was nominated with band mates for an Oscar® in 2003 for "The Hands That Built America," the same song that won the Golden Globe that year. He has also served as a judge for the Shortlist Music Prize. In 2000 he accepted the Freedom of Dublin award, and in doing so is allowed to let his sheep graze on College Green or St. Stephen's Green. He is also exempted from serving as the city coroner or city bailiff, among other benefits.
Besides U2, Larry has done some side projects with artists like Nanci Griffith, Daniel Lanois, Emmylou Harris, Robbie Robertson, Paul Brady and B.B. King among others. In honor of the Irish National Football team's bid for the World Cup in 1990, Larry co-wrote and co-produced the anthem "Put 'Em Under Pressure." He also worked with fellow band mate Adam Clayton on the theme to Mission: Impossible for the film's release in 1996. Larry and Adam also teamed up with Mike Mills and Michael Stipe to form the group "Automatic Baby" for Bill Clinton's Presidential Inauguration in 1993 at MTV's Inaugural Ball.
Known for his love of Harley Davidson motorcycles, he has driven his Harley from gig to gig in the past, clocking over 10,000 miles on the Zoo TV tour alone. He is also recognized for his fandom for Elvis Presley, following the Irish National Football team, playing pranks on people, as well as stealing the spotlight with a karaoke machine.
NOTE: Much of the information contained in this biography came from Larry's comments in U2 by U2, as well as research from Life magazine, www.u2faqs.com , and Modern Drummer magazine.
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The NASDAQ Stock Exchange is located in which city? | U2 frontman Bono and wife Ali Hewson hit French Riviera with band drummer Larry Mullen Jr. and friends | Daily Mail Online
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U2 frontman Bono was joined by his wife Ali and bandmate Larry Mullen Jr. on Thursday on the French Riviera.
The 53-year-old singer of the popular Irish band and his 52-year-old wife lead the expedition with Larry and a few friends to trendy Club 55, the oldest beach club in Saint-Tropez.
Bono wore a Panama hat that has become de rigueur at the beach club and accessorised it with a bright red rose in the hatband.
Enduring couple: U2 frontman Bono and his wife Ali Hewson hit up trendy Club 55 on July 4 in the French Riviera with band drummer Larry Mullen Jr. an friends
The With Or Without You singer wore a pair of black jeans with a black V-neck T-shirt and an orange jacket as he walked around in sandals.
Bono, whose given name is Paul Hewson, wore a pair of dark sunglasses, as usual.
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Bono's dark-haired wife looked great in a white beach coverup that showed the lean legs on the mother of four.
Goopd times: Bono wore a Panama hat with a black ribbon and a red rose to Club 55
Ali went beach casual in flip-flops and also wore a pair of dark sunglasses and carried a hat.
Larry wore a pair of blue jeans, a blue-and-white plaid short-sleeve shirt and sandals.
The drummer had his hair slicked back and wore a pair of skinny black sunglasses.
All aboard: Ali, Bono and Larry climbed into a boat at the swanky beach club
U2 has released 12 studio albums and ranks among the all-time best-selling musical artists.
The band formed in Dublin in 1976 and have recorded 12 studio albums ranging from their debut album Boy in 1980 to 2009's No Line On The Horizon.
U2 has been working on its 13th studio album expected to be released this year.
Relaxation time: Bono appeared to be in good spirits as he relaxed with Ali at the beach club
Half the band: Bono and Larry represented but Adam Clayton and The Edge were nowhere to be found
Strutting around: Bono strolled around under the sunny weather
Lunch stop: Bono, Ali, Larry and a few friends had lunch at Club 55
Group stroll: Ali, Bono and Larry were joined by a few friends as they walked around the beach club
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Annapurna is a section of which mountain range? | Annapurna, Nepal - Beautiful Places to VisitBeautiful Places to Visit
Annapurna, Nepal
March 30th, 2012 | Mountains
Famous Annapurna is a section of the Himalaya mountain range, located in central Nepal. The name “Annapurna” is a Sanskrit name meaning “Goddess of the Harvests”. The massive 22,970+ foot (7,000+ meter) peaks of the Annapurna section are some of the most dangerous to climb in the world. The south face of Annapurna I has the highest fatality rate of all the world’s 8,000 meter or higher peaks. Though the peaks themselves are off-limits to most people, the surrounding scenery can be access by undertaking one of many popular multi-day treks, including the impressive Annapurna Circuit trek, the Kaligandaki River Valley trek, and the Annapurna Sanctuary trek which reaches the Annapurna Base Camp. Annapurna is located within the Annapurna Conservation Area Project, and a permit is required to visit. Permits can be obtained in the Nepalese cities of Pokhara and Kathmandu. Bus service from Pokhara is available, as are many guided tours for trekking.
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‘Dangerously In Love’ and ‘B’Day’ are albums by which US singer? | Annapurna Overview - Peakware.com
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Pokhara, Nepal
Annapurna is an enormous Himalayan massif, the tenth highest mountain in the world. In 1950, it became the first 8,000 meter mountain to be successfully climbed. It is located east of a great gorge cut through the Himalaya by the Kali Gandaki river. The mountain has glaciers on its western and northwestern slopes which drain into this gorge. Annapurna is a Sanskrit name that can be translated as Goddess of the Harvests or more simply The Provider. Of Annapurna's many high peaks, five are labeled using some variation of the name Annapurna. Of these, the two highest (Annapurna I and II), stand like bookends at the western and eastern ends of the massif.
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Which month of the year comes first alphabetically? | Printable Months of the Year Vocabulary Worksheets | Alphabetical Order Worksheet
Home > Math > Calendar > Printables and Worksheets > Months of the Year > Months of the Year Vocabulary Alphabetical Order Worksheet
Place the vocabulary words associated with months of the year in alphabetical order. Vocabulary words included in the word bank are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December. Our manipulative word magnets may help you complete the task!
Printable Worksheets - Months of the Year Vocabulary Alphabetical Order Worksheet
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How many stars are there on the national flag of Australia? | Names of the Months
Origin of the Names of the Months
January: Janus, Roman god of doors, beginnings, sunset and sunrise, had one face looking forward and one backward,
February: On February 15 the Romans celebrated the festival of forgiveness for sins; (februare, Latin to purify),
March: Mars, the Roman god of war,
April: Roman month Aprilis, perhaps derived from aperire, (Latin to open, as in opening buds and blossoms) or perhaps from Aphrodite, original Greek name of Venus,
May: Maia, Roman goddess, mother of Mercury by Jupiter and daughter of Atlas,
June: Juno, chief Roman goddess,
July: Renamed for Julius Caesar in 44 BC, who was born this month; Quintilis, Latin for fifth month, was the former name (the Roman year began in March rather than January),
August: Formerly Sextilis (sixth month in the Roman calendar); re-named in 8 BC for Augustus Caesar,
September: September, (septem, Latin for 7) the seventh month in the Julian or Roman calendar, established in the reign of Julius Caesar,
October: Eighth month (octo, Latin for 8) in the Julian (Roman) calendar. The Gregorian calendar instituted by Pope Gregory XIII established January as the first month of the year,
November: Ninth Roman month (novem, Latin for 9). Catholic countries adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582, skipping 10 days that October, correcting for too many leap years,
December: Julian (Roman) year's tenth month (decem, Latin for 10).
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Box, Stunt and Delta-Wing are all types of which flying object? | A Delta Wing Kite - Not So Hard To Make, In Any Size
A Delta Wing Kite
Not So Hard To Make, In Any Size
A delta wing kite can look either bird-like or like an aircraft in the air, depending on its design. Some are rather rather rigid, and accelerate quickly this way and that in response to gusts in the wind, while others just float and loll about, distorting in subtle ways as the wind varies.
Deltas are a pretty popular design these days, so they can be seen in a large range of sizes. The characteristic sail shape never changes much though, otherwise it wouldn't be a Delta!
Our little 1-Skewer Delta design requires a tail, but is then a good light-to-moderate wind flier. Initially, we made a few in clear plastic, while experimenting with a few details of the construction.
More recently, this kite has been made more visible by doing the sail in orange plastic and using a simple ribbon tail made from black plastic. Also, the glued horizontal spar has been replaced with a floating spreader, like bigger kites of this type.
Next up in size comes the 2-Skewer Delta, which also requires a tail. But only a short one! Any lightly-built delta wing kite is good in thermal conditions, and our 2-Skewer version is no exception. It's great to watch it charge around overhead, riding the patches of rising air that come through.
Finally, we started making larger kites like the Dowel Delta. This one has had just one revision, which resulted in simpler construction and a wider wind range. The original was an ultra-light wind kite really, which would start to misbehave in even moderate winds! There's something about Deltas isn't there, as they point their nose at the sky on the way up. As if to say 'up there is where I belong'.
This Stowaway Delta kite
on Amazon is a typical modern design. It packs down very compactly.
Down below is a photo or 2 and a video of all the MBK Deltas. This illustrates the end result, in case you decide to use our instructions to make a delta wing kite for yourself.
A lot of people have shied away from making our Skewer or Dowel kites due to their complexity or the need for gluing. Hence I did a small series of ultra-basic kites, including the Simple Delta.
The leading edges are about 1 meter (nearly 3 1/2 feet) long. No keel, and no gluing! In light winds, it can be flown on 20 pound line, but we usually use 50 pound line just to be safe.
In keeping with the absolute simplicity concept, this Delta wing kite has a single ribbon tail. The tail is cut from the same plastic that is used to make the sail.
This dinky little number is called the 1-Skewer Delta. You see, each spar is a 29 cm (1 foot) bamboo BBQ skewer.
The original was made from clear freezer-bag plastic, which made it almost impossible to see against a gray sky. A good little flier though!
We fly this one on 50 meters (150 feet) of 20 pound line. It doesn't need that strength, but we also fly our 2-skewer kites on the same line.
Over on the left there is the latest version of the 1-Skewer Delta, in orange garden bag plastic. The tail is cut from a cheap black garbage bag, which contrasts nicely with the sail color.
Despite using the same number and length of bamboo skewers, this design has a little more sail area than the original. Good for light-wind flying!
Check out the video below, which shows this kite in a light evening breeze. See how it starts to tip-wiggle when the wind strength drops for a few moments. I've seen really big Deltas do this too, when flying at the extreme bottom end of their wind range.
The 2-Skewer Delta is, as the name suggests, exactly twice as tall as the 1-Skewer design. This gives it 4 times the sail area with not much more than double the weight. Hence, it's pretty good in light winds.
The delta wing kite pictured has 2-ply plastic which makes it a little heavier, but it is still a good performer.
In moderate winds, the 20 pound line tightens up, and the Delta will start to porpoise rapidly if the wind strength picks up even further. The kite is a real pleasure to fly in warmer weather when patches of rising air tend to loft it directly overhead!
The big Daddy of MBK Deltas, the Dowel Delta. This one was designed from the start to be tail-less. A generous keel helps to keep the kite stable.
Actually, the original Dowel design, pictured over there on the left, had more keel than the current design. The rear end of the keel flapped in the breeze, like another tail!
The latest Dowel Delta is also a real floater and will fly at high line angles in light winds. Size? It's about twice as tall as the 2-Skewer Delta, so that's about 4 times the sail area.
Compared to the 1-Skewer version, the Dowel Delta has about 16 times as much sail area!
This latest Delta - the third version in fact - also has quite a good wind range for a home-made light-wind Delta. It has been flown in very gusty air up to around 20 kph. There it is in the photo below...
And here's a short video of the same kite, on another day...
Out In The Field
on Amazon, if you are not so much into DIY.
E-book special of the month (25% off)...
The Delta is a very familiar kite shape to most people. This MBK version excels in very light to light winds.
If you have made Diamonds before, this kite takes a little more time to make. It's still a relatively straight-forward build though.
Get the e-book for making the MBK Dowel Delta kite. After making your first one in plastic and seeing how it performs, you can try soft Tyvek or rip-stop nylon for your next build.
This Delta flies steep and steady over the Light wind range, and sniffs out any rising air that happens to come by. Tail(s) are entirely optional, but may be added for looks.
The e-book is a PDF file - which means printable instructions to refer to while you make the kite. It also means convenient off-line access if that suits you better.
| Kite |
Clinophobia is the irrational fear of going where? | 5 Benefits of Kite Flying for All Ages | Smooth Wind Kites
5 Benefits of Kite Flying for All Ages
Nature, Nature, Nature
Few would argue even the perceived benefits of spending time outdoors. In a time where it has become easier and easier to spend more time inside than out, kite flying provides the perfect excuse to get up and get outside.
Whether going to the beach or just a local park, it is a great way to experience the outdoors. Although often assumed to be only a warm-weather activity, kites can be a perfect way to get out of the house in the winter as well. Just make sure to avoid stormy weather or dangerously high winds.
Exercise
Although it is widely assumed that running is a key factor to flight, quality kites flown in their recommended wind conditions do not require running.
Despite this fact, flying kites is an active experience - stunt kites and power kites even more-so. Whether you achieve a high-end workout from flying a kite or not, once you are outside and active, you are more likely to stay outside and active.
Time with Friends and Family
It is true that flying a kite is a solo activity, but that does not mean you have to be out there alone. Bring a friend and test your stunt kite skills against one-another or grab some beginner kites for the whole family and compete for highest flight or quickest ascent.
Next time you go to a local kite festival, you are likely to see stunt kite fliers performing amazing aerial feats with a group of friends. Spending time flying a kite with other only enhances an already exciting experience.
The Mental Benefits
Flying any kite requires a high degree of concentration and focus. As it begins to take flight, you adjust to the changing conditions and work to get it soaring high above. This will energize your mind and tends to alleviate stress. Flying a quality kite high in the clouds can provide an overwhelming sense of relaxation.
Looking to engage even more actively in your flight? Grab a stunt or power kite and work towards perfecting precision maneuvers and tricks. Either way, once your flight is completed, you are likely going to feel better than when you began!
Be Happier
Any child standing outside holding the string to a kite soaring above is likely
to be overcome with a sense of joy and accomplishment. The feeling of happiness and excitement is not exclusive to children though. Hold the string yourself and you are likely to feel a rush of childhood memories and a great sense of relaxation.
It is a wonderful feeling to have lifted an object yourself hundreds of feet in the air. So get up, get out and fly a kite!
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The Eurasian Basin is part of which ocean? | Formation of the Eurasia Basin in the Arctic Ocean as inferred from geohistorical analysis of the anomalous magnetic field | SpringerLink
July 2006
, Volume 40, Issue 4 , pp 263–281
Formation of the Eurasia Basin in the Arctic Ocean as inferred from geohistorical analysis of the anomalous magnetic field
Authors
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Abstract
A new combined magnetic database and a magnetic-profile map are developed for the Eurasia Basin as a result of adjusting all available historical and recent Russian and American magnetic data sets. The geohistorical analysis of magnetic data includes several steps: identification of linear magnetic anomalies along each trackline, calculation of the Euler rotation pole positions for the relative motion of the North American and Eurasian plates, analysis of temporal and spatial variations in the spreading rate, and plate reconstructions. The pattern of key Cenozoic magnetic isochrons (24, 20, 18, 13, 6, 5, 2a) is constructed for the entire Eurasia Basin. In the western half of the basin, this pattern is consistent with a recently published scheme [16]. In its eastern half, magnetic isochrons are determined in detail for the first time and traced up to the Laptev Sea shelf. The main stages in the seafloor spreading are established for the Eurasia Basin. Each stage is characterized by a specific spreading rate and the degree of asymmetry of the basin opening. The revealed differences are traced along the Gakkel Ridge. Systematic patterns in wandering of the Eurasia Basin opening pole are established for particular stages. The continent-ocean transition zone corresponding to the primary rupture between plates is outlined in the region under consideration on the basis of gravimetric data. The nature of different potential fields and bottom topography on opposite sides of the Gakkel Ridge is discussed. The characteristic features of the basin-bottom formation at main stages of its evolution are specified on the basis of new and recently published data. The results obtained are in good agreement with plate geodynamics of the North Atlantic and the adjacent Arctic basins.
Original Russian Text © V.Yu. Glebovsky, V.D. Kaminsky, A.N. Minakov, S.A. Merkur’ev, V.A. Childers, J.M. Brozena, 2006, published in Geotektonika, 2006, No. 4, pp. 21–42.
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Red Grant is the name of the villain in which James Bond film? | Arctic Ocean Seafloor Map: Depth, Shelves, Basins, Ridges
Home » Articles » Oil & Gas » Arctic Ocean Seafloor Features Map
Arctic Ocean Seafloor Features Map
Major Basins, Ridges, Shelves and Bathymetry
Arctic Ocean Seafloor Features Map: International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean annotated with the names of seafloor features.
Northwest Passage - Northern Sea Route: Map showing the geographic extent of the Arctic Ocean (as a darker blue tint). The Northwest Passage and Northern Sea Route are two important seasonal waterways that connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In recent years the polar ice pack has thinned, allowing for increased navigation through these routes and raising the possibility of future sovereignty and shipping disputes among countries bordering the Arctic Ocean. Image by the Central Intelligence Agency.
Arctic Ocean: History and Now
The Arctic Ocean has played a minor role in world history. Ice cover severely hinders navigation; the area is remote; there is almost no infrastructure; winters are dark and very cold; summer days are short and foggy. These challenges make the Arctic Ocean a hostile and difficult area.
Today, we are at a time when interest in the Arctic Ocean is growing steadily. A warming climate is thinning and shrinking the polar ice pack to allow increased navigation. New oil and gas assessments have revealed an enormous energy resource. And, the Law of the Sea Treaty has motivated nations to clearly define their exclusive economic zone in the Arctic Ocean.
The new interest in the Arctic Ocean is not confined to its surface; it extends to the bottom where information about its structure is needed by geologists, oceanographers, biologists and other people who work there. The primary physical features of the Arctic Ocean seafloor are labeled on the bathymetry map above and described in the paragraphs below. Other maps on this page illustrate navigational, physical, and mineral resource features.
Arctic Ocean Geography
The Arctic Ocean has a surface area of about 14.056 million square kilometers (5.427 million square miles), making it the smallest of Earth's five oceans. Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Straight, Kara Sea, and Laptev Sea are generally considered to be part of the Arctic Ocean. It is connected to the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait and connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea.
Arctic Ocean sea ice: In September 2011, sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean declined to the second-lowest extent on record. In this image, ice-covered areas range in color from white (highest concentration) to light blue (lowest concentration). Open water is dark blue, and land masses are gray. The yellow outline shows the median minimum ice extent for 1979-2000 (areas that were at least 15 percent ice-covered in at least half the years between 1979 and 2000). Enlarge image . Image and caption information by NASA's Earth Observatory [3].
Lomonosov Ridge
The dominant topographic feature of the Arctic Ocean seafloor is the Lomonosov Ridge. This feature is thought to be part of the Eurasian continental crust that rifted from the Barents-Kara Sea margin and subsided in early Tertiary time (about 64 to 56 million years ago). The side of the Ridge facing Eurasia is bounded by half-graben faults, and the side facing North America is gently sloping.
The Lomonosov Ridge traverses the Arctic Ocean from the Lincoln Shelf (off Ellesmere Island and Greenland) to the New Siberian Islands off the coast of northern Russia. It divides the Arctic Ocean into two major basins: the Eurasian Basin on the Eurasian side of the ridge and the Amerasian Basin on the North American side. It rises over 3000 meters above the floors of these basins and at its highest point is about 954 meters below sea level. It was discovered by Russian scientists in 1948.
In 1982 a United Nations treaty known as the "Law of the Sea" was presented. It addressed navigational rights, territorial waters limits, exclusive economic zones, fishing, pollution, drilling, mining, conservation, and many other aspects of maritime activity. It was the first attempt by the international community to establish a formal agreement on a logical allocation of ocean resources. Under the Law of the Sea, each country receives exclusive economic rights to any natural resource that is present on or beneath the sea floor out to a distance of 200 nautical miles beyond their natural shorelines. In addition to the 200 nautical mile economic zone, each country can extend its claim up to 350 nautical miles for those areas that can be proven to be an extension of that country's continental shelf.
Nations could use the "Law of the Sea" treaty to determine who owns the Arctic Ocean seafloor . Russia has presented a claim to the United Nations that the Lomonosov Ridge is an extension of Eurasia and that entitles Russia to an extended exclusive economic zone. Canada and Denmark make similar claims to extend their control from the opposite side of the Arctic Ocean.
Arctic Oil and Natural Gas Provinces Map : Over 87% of the Arctic's oil and natural gas resource (about 360 billion barrels oil equivalent) is located in seven Arctic basin provinces: Amerasian Basin, Arctic Alaska Basin, East Barents Basin, East Greenland Rift Basin, West Greenland-East Canada Basin, West Siberian Basin, and the Yenisey-Khatanga Basin. Map by Geology.com and MapResources.
Amerasian and Eurasian Basins
The Lomonosov Ridge divides the floor of the Arctic Ocean into two major basins. The Eurasian Basin is on the Eurasian side of the Lomonosov Ridge, and the Amerasian Basin is on the North American side of the Lomonosov Ridge.
The Amerasian and Eurasian Basins have been subdivided by ridges. The Gakkel Ridge, a spreading center responsible for the rifting of the Lomonosov block from the Eurasian continent, divides the Eurasian Basin into the Fram Basin on the Lomonosov side of the ridge and the Nansen Basin on the Eurasian continent side. The Alpha Ridge divides the Amerasian Basin into the Canada Basin on the North American side of the ridge and the Makarov Basin on the Lomonosov side of the ridge.
Continental Shelves
The Amerasian Basin and the Eurasian Basin are surrounded by extensive continental shelves. These include the Chukchi Shelf and the Beaufort Shelf along North America; the Lincoln Shelf along northern Greenland; the Barents Shelf, Kara Shelf, Laptev Shelf, and East Siberian Shelf along Eurasia.
Enormous amounts of natural gas are believed to be beneath the Barents Shelf and the Kara Shelf as parts of the East Barents Petroleum Province and the West Siberian Petroleum Province. Oil and natural gas are believed to be beneath significant parts of the Chukchi Shelf, Beaufort Shelf, and Canada Basin as part of the Arctic Alaska Petroleum Province and the Amerasia Petroleum Province (see map).
Arctic Ocean References
[7] Maritime Jurisdiction and Boundaries in the Arctic Region : International Boundaries Research Unit, map and notes published by Durham University, December 2011.
Rift Basins
Greenland is flanked by two rift basins: the East Greenland Rift Basin and the West Greenland Rift Basin. These basins connect the Arctic Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean. Each of these basins is thought to be underlain by a significant oil and natural gas resource.
Navigation Through the Arctic Ocean
Two potentially important navigation channels pass through the Arctic Ocean (see map). The Northwest Passage is a sea route that connects the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean across the northern coast of North America and through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The Northern Sea Route is a similar route that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean across the northern coast of the Eurasian Continent.
Both of these routes have been virtually impassable in the past because they are covered by thick, year-round sea ice. However, they have been relatively ice-free for a few weeks in recent years (see map) and have attracted a small amount of commercial shipping. Each of these routes cuts thousands of miles off of a trip from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Both routes face jurisdictional problems and questions over who has a right to use them and under what conditions.
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Pierogi, dumplings of unleavened bread, originated in which European country? | How to make Ravioli, Dumplings, and Pierogi
Food
How to make Ravioli, Dumplings, and Pierogi
Dumplings are pieces of unleavened dough, frequently filled, that are cooked in liquid such as water or soup. Dumplings may also be steamed, pan fried or deep fried in oil. Dumplings differ from baked pastries such as pies, turnovers, quiche, piroshki, or empanadas in that the dough for dumplings usually does not contain fat, such as butter, lard or shortening.
Learn how to make noodles
Italian Ravioli
Ravioli is a typical Italian dumpling. Ravioli may contain a variety of fillings, including cheese, spinach, or meat. These are typical fillings.
Meat ravioli filling:
1 or 2 cloves of minced garlic
2 eggs
1 (8 ounce) container ricotta cheese
1/2 cup shredded mozzarella cheese
1/4 cup grated parmesan cheese
1 egg
1 teaspoon white pepper
1/2 teaspoon salt
Meat Filling: Cook the ground beef, the minced onion, and the minced garlic in a skillet over medium heat. When the meat is browned, remove from heat and cool; stir in the beaten eggs, the finely chopped parsley, and the grated Parmesan cheese. Drain any liquid before filling the pasta. Cheese Filling: Beat the egg and combine with all the ingredients stirring until well combined.
water to make 1/2 cup
Rolling the dough
Knead the dough thoroughly, cover with plastic, and allow it to rest for 20 minutes. The resting time allows the flour to absorb water uniformly and makes the dough more pliable. The dough can be rolled by hand, or by using a pasta machine
, such as the one illustrated above. The picture on the right shows a ravioli attachment for the machine. The thickness of the sheets of pasta should be about 2 millimeters (slightly thicker than a U.S. penny). Two sheets of pasta are fed over the rollers of the ravioli attachment. The filling is placed in the indentations, and the crank is given a half turn to produce two raviolis. The process is repeated until the end of the pasta sheets is reached.
Ravioli Tray
Ravioli can also be made manually. Place a sheet of dough on a counter. Put teaspoons of filling on the dough spaced 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) apart. Moisten lightly with water the space between the mounds with a pastry brush. Place another sheet of dough over the mounds of filling. Press the sheets of dough together around the filling making sure that no air is trapped in the pockets, and cut into individual raviolis with a knife. If you make pasta frequently, a ravioli tray or ravioli cutter
helps to produce raviolis of uniform size that will cook all at the same time.
A ravioli tray provides a convenient way for making uniformly sized ravioli. Spray the mold with a light coating of oil, dust it with flour, and flour generously the side of the dough sheet that is in contact with the ravioli tray so that the raviolis will release easily. The ravioli tray is used by covering it loosely with a sheet of dough. The filling is placed in each indentation of the tray. The dough between the indentations is moistened slightly to allow the second sheet to adhere well. Cover the filled tray with a second sheet of dough. Glide the palm of the hand along the top sheet to remove any air bubbles, and then press with a roller to cut the raviolis into their final shape. Empty the tray, and repeat the process. (See the illustrations below)
Boiling the ravioli
To cook ravioli, bring to boil a large saucepot of water. Add 1 tablespoon of oil to keep the pasta from sticking. Add the raviolis with a slotted spoon to the boiling water, and stir gently so they don't stick. Boil at medium heat for 10 minutes or until the pasta is tender but firm. Remove with a slotted spoon to a heated platter. Serve with heated homemade or canned pasta sauce. Sprinkle with Parmesan cheese and garnish with fresh basil.
Freeze for later
Raviolis may be frozen to be used later. Put the freshly made raviolis on a cookie sheet that has been lightly oiled to prevent sticking. Place the cookie sheet in the freezer with the raviolis uncovered. When the raviolis are frozen, transfer them to freezer bags or freezer containers. The frozen raviolis can be kept for several weeks, and they can be prepared very conveniently by dropping them into vigorously boiling water. Make sure that the volume of water is sufficient so that it will not cool too much when the frozen raviolis are added. The boiling time may be slightly longer for frozen than for fresh ravioli.
Striped ravioli and multi-colored pasta
Striped pasta requires extra work, but it can produce colorful culinary creations for special occasions. Green pasta can be made by adding 2 tablespoons of spinach puree to one cup of flour and 1/4 cup water. The spinach puree is made by microwaving finely chopped spinach leaves without stems for two minutes and chopping again. Additional flour may be required for the dough depending on the amount of moisture in the puree. Red pasta can be made using 2 tablespoons of finely grated beets instead of spinach.
Green (spinach), white (plain), and red (beet) pasta dough balls.
Image on the right shows initial stage of rolling spinach dough before the color is uniform.
Striped pasta: Adjacent Strip Method.
Roll and fold each dough repeatedly using a pasta machine until the color is uniformly distributed and all the doughs have similar texture and consistency. Work with the white dough first, then the green, and then the red to keep the colors from mixing. Roll each dough ball into a sheet with a thickness of about 1/8 inch (2.5 mm). Using a knife, cut several 1/2 inch (2.5 cm) strips, and place them adjacent to each other in the desired color sequence. Press the strips against each other so that they will adhere, flour the surface, trim the ends, and roll the sheet to the desired thickness using the pasta machine. The pressure of the rolling action fuses the strips together into a single sheet which is ready for use.
Adjacent Strip Method
Striped pasta: Strip Overlay Method.
Following the above process, roll the white dough ball into a sheet with a thickness of about 1/8 inch (2.5 mm). Roll the green and the red pasta into sheets with a thickness of 1 millimeter (the thickness of a U.S. penny). Use the fettuccine noodle attachment to cut the green and red pasta into noodles. Place the colored noodles over the white dough sheet in the desired color sequence, leaving spaces where the white color should show. Press the colored noodles so that they will stick to the white dough sheet, and roll the sheet to the desired thickness using the pasta machine. The rolling action fuses the colored noodles to the white background pasta sheet. Pasta sheets produced by the overlay method have a white side and a striped side. Make sure that the colored strips are toward the outside surface of the raviolis.
Strip Overlay Method
The strip overlay method is better for ravioli because the underlying white pasta sheet has a uniform consistency. Variations in the humidity of the colored doughs make it difficult to have sheets with uniform texture using the adjacent strip method. Typically, one color will have more water than the other causing the sheet to stretch unevenly when the sheets are being filled, and this can cause the sheets to tear.
Place a sheet of dough on a floured ravioli mold and add the filling
Cover with a second sheet of dough and press with a roller to seal the raviolis
Tortellini
Other Italian Dumplings
Besides ravioli, the Italians also make tortellini and gnocchi. Tortellini are dumplings made in a half-moon shape by filling a round piece of dough and folding it in half. The dumplings are then curled into a circular shape by bending the two ends of the half-moon together around a finger. The shape of the tortellini is often compared to a navel. Both ravioli and tortellini may have a variety of fillings such as cheese, mushrooms, spinach, seafood, or meat.
Gnocchi dumplings do not have any filling. The word gnocchi literally means "lumps". Gnocchi are made from a dough with eggs, semolina, flour, potato or ricotta cheese. The dough is molded into a rope, and cut into lumps that are boiled in water and served with melted butter, grated cheese, or various pasta sauces. This is a typical potato gnocchi recipe:
2 pounds of russet potatoes
1 large egg, lightly beaten
1 cup of unbleached all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon salt
Gnocchi board
Boil and drain the potatoes. Mash the potatoes, and let them cool. Add the egg and the flour to make a dough. Gently knead the dough and roll it into a rope the thickness of a thumb. Slice the rope into 3/4-inch pieces. Dust with a bit more flour. Shape the gnocchi by pressing a piece of dough with your thumb down the length of the tines of a fork to get a ridged impression. Ridges can also be added by rolling the dough on a gnocchi board. The ridges give the gnocchi a rough surface that helps to retain sauce better than without ridges. Cook the gnocchi by dropping them into a pot of boiling water. They will tend to float when they are done. Remove them with a slotted spoon, and serve them topped with your favorite pesto sauce made from 2 cups of finely chopped fresh basil, 3 tablespoons ground pine nuts, 1 clove minced garlic, 1/4 cup freshly grated parmigiano cheese, and 10 tablespoons extra virgin olive oil.
Other uses for the ravioli tray and gnocchi board
Ravioli trays usually have zigzag edges that are decorative and increase the surface area of the pasta to help retain more sauce. The trays may be used to cut dough squares with fancy edges that can be shaped into other kinds of pasta. Farfalle or farfalloni (butterflies) are shaped like bow ties by folding the squares like the letter W and pinching them in the center to form the bows. Garganelli is made by shaping the squares into ridged tubes by wrapping the dough on a wooden dowel while rolling it on a gnocchi board. The handle of a wooden spoon can be used to wrap the squares.
Farfalle and garganelli
Dumpling press
Dessert dumplings
Dumplings filled with fresh fruits or preserves called vareniki are popular Eastern European and Slavic countries. The word vareniki or varenyky is derived from the word "boil" which has the same root in Russian and Ukrainian. It is not unusual for the dumplings that are called vareniki in Russian to be called pierogis in Poland. The fillings for vareniki may be sour cherry, strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, peach, apple, or pitted prunes. After boiling, these dumplings are usually served topped with a spoonful of sour cream.
Dumplings stuffed with pitted prunes and dark chocolate chips are a delicious fudgy treat. The chocolate stripes are made using strips of dough colored with cocoa powder.
Siberian Pelmeni
Pelmeni is a Russian national dish of Siberian origin. The recipes for pelmeni may have originated in China, but today they are an integral part of Russian cuisine. Pelmeni are often boiled in a clear soup, such as chicken bullion. When they are boiled in water, pelmeni are drained and served topped with a spoonful of sour cream and condiments such as vinegar and hot mustard. The typical recipe for Siberian Pelmeni contains a combination of beef and pork:
Pelmeni Dough
garlic to taste
Soup with pelmeni
To make the pelmeni dough, combine the flour, eggs, water and salt in a large bowl. Mix with a large spoon until the mixture can be gathered into a ball. Transfer dough to a lightly floured surface and knead for 10 minutes until the dough is smooth and elastic. Shape the dough into a ball and let it rest for 30 minutes.
For the filling, mix the ground beef, ground pork, onions, salt, pepper and garlic together. Some recipes call for passing all the ingredients together through a meat grinder to obtain a homogeneous filling. The pelmeni are formed in the same way as ravioli. The dough is rolled out to cover the pelmeni mold, the filling is placed in the indentations, a second sheet of dough is used to cover the mold, and a rolling pin is used to fuse the two layers of dough with their filling and cut the individual dumplings. Pelmeni are generally prepared in large quantities and frozen for later use.
Matzoh ball soup (Jewish dumplings)
Chicken soup with matzoh balls is a Passover tradition. A typical recipe for making 8 matzoh balls uses 3 large eggs, 2 tablespoons of oil, 3/4 cup of matzoh meal, and 1/2 teaspoon salt. Additional ingredients, such as grated onion, pepper, chopped mushrooms, chives, or schmaltz (rendered chicken fat) can be added instead of oil. Balls of lighter texture can be made by separating the egg whites from the yolks, beating the egg whites at high speed to form stiff peaks, and then folding the beaten yolks before adding the matzoh meal. Another variation for more fluffy matzoh balls mixes 1 teaspoon of baking powder with the matzoh meal before the eggs are added. Most commercial matzoh ball mixes use baking powder
Matzoh or matzo is unleavened bread , and matzoh meal consists of fine bread crumbs made by grinding matzo bread. Since the gluten in the matzho meal has already been denatured by baking, the cohesion of the matzoh balls depends solely on the protein of the eggs. For this reason, it is necessary to allow the matzoh meal to absorb the eggs by refrigerating the mixture of egg and matzoh meal for up to one hour. Recipes with baking powder are only left to stand for 15 minutes to preserve the bubbly texture. Moisten hands with cold water and roll the matzoh mixture into 2 centimeter (3/4 inch) balls. Drop the balls in boiling water or broth, and simmer for 20 minutes. The balls may then be served with a well-seasoned chicken broth.
Shish Barak
Arabic Dumplings
Middle Eastern countries prepare meat dumplings in yogurt sauce served like a soup. The dish is called Shish Barak and it is popular in Lebanon and Palestine. The meat is seasoned with onions, allspice, cinnamon, pepper, and salt. The yogurt sauce is prepared by whisking the yogurt with some water, egg white and starch while cold. The mixture is heated slowly to the boiling point while continuing to stir to prevent curdling. The soup is topped with some finely chopped garlic sautéed in a little bit of oil. The soup has a tangy taste from the acidity of the yogurt.
Click here for a Shish Barak Recipe
Oriental Dumplings
The Chinese and Japanese have many names for dumplings of different types. The name wonton is derived from the Cantonese pronunciation for dumplings with a filling containing minced pork, shrimp, ginger, onion, carrots, sesame oil and soy sauce. Wontons are commonly boiled and served in soup or sometimes deep-fried.
Pan-fried potsticker dumplings (pot stickers) correspond to the Chinese jiaozi or Japanese gyoza. These dumplings contain ground meat and/or vegetable filling wrapped into a rolled piece of dough, which is sealed by pressing the edges together. Jiaozi generally have a thicker, chewier skin than wontons.
5 shiitake mushrooms, soaked in water, finely chopped
1/4 teaspoon of 5-spice powder
1 tablespoon of soy sauce
black pepper to taste
Mix the ingredients together. Fill each wrapper with one teaspoon of filling, and fold the ends of the wrapper to form each wonton.
The wontons may be deep fried until they are crisp and golden brown. The fried wontons should be placed on a sieve lined with a paper towel to drain and absorb the excess oil. Fried wontons are served hot with a spicy sweet and sour sauce.
The wontons can also be boiled in a soup. The wontons cook in about ten minutes. They generally float when ready.
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The line ‘Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink’ comes from which poem? | Pierogi - the best guide to the most popular Polish food
Pierogi – the best guide to the most popular Polish food
An introduction to Polish pierogi
Pierogi aka pierogies is a delicious Polish food. There are few kinds of this food which differ in a filling (some authentic Polish recipes for pierogi are listed in a second part of this article ). Some of these pierogi types are traditionally Polish dumplings, but let me be honest – The number of fillings is countless and limited by your imagination alone.
by guinn.anya (1) and TastingPoland (2)
They say that the Chinese invented a lot of great things. Well, there must be some truth to it. But the homeland of pierogi is certainly one of the most beautiful countries of the European Union – Poland, situated in the geographical center of the continent. Actually, pierogi is one of the national foods of Poland. Considering the wonderful taste and versatility of this Polish food – this is not at all surprising, I would say.
by TastingPoland (1) and roboppy (2)
The Polish word pierogi is plural. Its singular equivalent, pieróg is not used. It is so because of a size of the dumpling - pierogi are always served two or usually more. An English word 'pierogies' is supposed to underline the 'plurality', but such a form is rather inappropriate, so I decided not to use it. Pierogi in other languages are also called perogi, perogy (in Canada), piroghi, pyrohy or Piroggen, and in various kinds and tastes are known in other cuisines of Central and Eastern Europe. A little similar food exists in Italy (ravioli, tortellini), Japan and China. Here is a list of traditional and modern Polish food prepared by TastingPoland worth to read if you want to get to know some other tastes of the Polish cuisine.
Tastes and ingredients of Polish pierogi
Pierogi are made of a thinly rolled dough with various fillings. A large number of filling types makes this Polish food a snack, spicy first course or even a dessert. Originally, in Poland the most traditional filling are: forcemeat, sauerkraut and mushrooms. A vegetarian variant of pierogi made from mushrooms and a cabbage is dished up during the Christmas Eve dinner (according to the Polish tradition - food must be meatless that day). Other kinds of pierogi, particularly popular during the summer, are sweet pierogi. Seasonal fruits are used as a filling: mainly bilberries or strawberries. Pierogi filled with a specially prepared sweetened Polish curd cheese (called a white cheese by the Poles) is also very delicious and popular.
In many regions of Poland the so-called ruskie pierogi are well known (in English: potato & cheese pierogi or ruthenian pierogi; 'Russian' is incorrect!). The name does not indicate any Russian origin, since such food is unknown in Russia. Ruskie pierogi comes from the prewar Poland's region called Red Ruthenia (today it is within a territory of Ukraine). A filling is made of cooked potatoes, white cheese and stir-fried onion. Ruskie pierogi is probably the most popular kind of pierogi in North America. But it is important to underline that this is not the most popular in Poland, although it still is very much liked.
Most traditional Polish pierogi fillings.
Of course there are also some peculiar kinds of a traditional Polish pierogi which have a regional character. For example in Eastern Poland pierogi with lentil filling are well-known. Locally, in the region of Lublin pierogi are filled with cheese, potatoes and dried mint, which grants to it a slight tang.
"In Poland more popular are pierogi filled with ground meat, mushrooms and cabbage, or for dessert an assortment of fruits (various berries, with either strawberries or blueberries being most common). Pierogi are usually served with melted butter and sugar, or melted butter and bacon bits. Poles traditionally dish up two types of pierogi for Christmas Eve supper. One kind is filled with sauerkraut and dried mushrooms, another – small uszka filled only with dried wild mushrooms – are dished up in clear borscht." Pierogi at Wikipedia
Uszka — pierogi-like Polish dumplings
served with red borscht
Other traditional Polish stuffed dumplings, much smaller than pierogi, are known as uszka (this is quite similar to Italian ravioli). In Poland uszka are not recognized as a kind of pierogi. The word uszka means 'little ears'. Indeed, uszka are smaller than pierogi, have a more complicated shape, and are usually filled with mushrooms or meat and never eaten on their own. This special kind of Polish food is served during Christmas Eve within a red beet clear borscht or a traditional dried mushroom borscht.
by Mrowka (1) and Tomek.pl (2)
A bit of history of pierogi
How did the history of pierogi look like? There are some people who know the history of Eastern European food and believe that some kind of prototype of pierogi was imported from the Far East. Admittedly, going back a few hundred years ago, we find information about quite a similar food being eaten in China. Well, so many wonderful things come from this country that one might think pierogi are not an exception. There may be a grain of truth in that. Some say that the portotype of pierogi had come from China and travelled to Italy during the expeditions of Marco Polo. However, the whole truth is not known.
center of Europe, east of European Union
In Poland pierogi are made since the thirteenth century. The word pierogi appears for the first time in Polish literature in the second half of the 17th century - the time when some of the first Polish cookbooks were published. In this distant past pierogi were exclusively prepared on during the holiday season. The fact that each holiday had its own kind of pierogi assigned is also interesting.
Pierogi of a completely different shape and filling were served during Christmas Eve or Easter! Also some important events like a wedding were accompanied by their special kind of big pierogi. These wedding-time pierogi were called kurniki and were traditionally filled with chicken meat. Knysze were made for a mourning and served during the wake. In January – a period of Christmas caroling – some special pierogi known as koladki were baked (!), while on an occasion of a name day a sweet kind of baked pierogi was served as a dessert (called sanieżki, socznie). Sadly, these intricate traditions are no longer cultivated in Poland. Probably they are not even known nowadays. I think this is a pity. But the variety of standard, modern Polish pierogi is so huge that, nevertheless, I believe we all should feel really satisfied :)
Pierogi in United States and Canada
Nowadays Polish pierogi are quite common in United States. Pierogi were imported to North America by Polish immigrants more than one hundred years ago. This Polish food is most known in Illinois, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Michigan, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Wisconsin and in Canadian Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario. Outside North America Polish pierogi are best known in Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia and the Netherlands. Ready-made frozen pierogi are available in some other countries in the world which are aware about Polish cuisine. Since the United States, Canada or United Kingdom are among them, you can find frozen Polish pierogi in a grocery store or some Polish deli.
photo by poetas
As far as I know in U.S. ruskie pierogi (a.k.a. ruthenian), with potato-cheese-onion filling, are especially popular. It is only one of many original kinds of Polish pierogi, not at all the most popular in Poland. So I would venture to say that someone who ate only ruthenian pierogi does not even know what pierogi exactly are! Believe me, pierogi with potato and cheese filling have as many supporters, as adversaries. Here is some demonstrative picture to let you know about absolutely basic kinds of Polish pierogi.
The popularity of ruskie pierogi can be explained by the fact, that the majority of ready-made, frozen pierogi is of the ruskie type (potato & cheese). But allow me to repeat this once more and say, that those who ate exclusively frozen pierogi purchased in grocery or Polish deli store lose a lot.
A few words about ready-made, frozen pierogi
In a previous part of this article I've mentioned a few advantages of pierogi, thanks to which it is worthwhile learning how to make Polish pierogi on your own, at home. To sum up what I have wrote there: (1) quite simple preparation (pierogi dough requires experience but you will become an expert more quickly than you think), (2) it is a very cheap food, (3) it can be frozen for a long time, (4) it is a universal dish - you can put inside as many things as you like.
Frozing home-made pierogi is a piece of cake and food will preserve its great taste. Incomparable with ready-made, frozen pierogi. I should emphasize that pierogi made by industrial machines are far, far away from original, traditional Polish pierogi. Usually the taste of the dough is not so bad, although it is not like it should be, either. Industrial dough has a simply less delicate, gentle taste. In a few of the worst I have tried, they tasted like flour. The dough is always too thick (on purpose). Moreover, most often frying ready-made pierogi is troublesome, since dough is prone to break down and becomes unappealing.
However, what is much more disappointing is the filling. Its taste is completely incomparable to what you can achieve at home. And I think this does not require any explanation. Would you expect that a little-known company mass producing pierogi uses the best quality products to make the filling? The truth is that when you buy frozen pierogi with forcemeat, you eat grinded animal parts, which otherwise you would never swallow. Is it possible in your country (or even in Eastern Europe) to buy strawberry pierogi stuffed with chunks of strawberry rather than a mousse? No. Mousse is omnipotent, since this is made using the worst quality of strawberries possible.
As they say frozen food is for the people. Really, I think many times it's great. And honestly – I buy it from time to time. But whenever I have some time and a willingness, I make Polish pierogi on my own.
Just one more thing. In Poland – where the marketplace of pierogi is surely bigger than in the United States, or Canada, frozen pierogi are available in many varieties, but as far as I know frozen pierogi are not highly popular. I have been told that – for example – the Polish lady of the house would not venture to serve frozen pierogi during Christmas Eve dinner. And this is not only because it would be at variance with the amazing Polish tradition, which forces Polish people to devote so much time for festive food preparation. I am quite sure, that this is because of the impoverished taste of frozen pierogi, which would not fit the taste of the guests.
Pierogi festival
In some cities, where the community of Poles was at one time notable pierogi fests are being organized. Probably the best known is Pierogi Fest in Whiting, Indiana, www.pierogifest.net . This year's fest will be held on July 23, 24, & 25. It will be the 16th annual Pierogi Festival. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania there is a so-called Great Pierogi Race during every Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game. In Poland annual pierogi fests are organized in Cracow (Festiwal Pierogow) and in Gdansk (Pierogi Fest).
by anneh632 (1) and Pawel Loj (2)
"The Pierogi Fest is an annual festival held in downtown Whiting, Indiana. Although it gets its name from the pierogi, a Polish dumpling, there are many other attractions. It lasts for 3 days on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday during late July. Although one of the main attractions is pierogi, there are many other things to do at Pierogi Fest. The main attraction is walking up and down the street tasting food from the many different food vendors, listening to live bands playing, visiting the beer garden, or riding some carnival rides." Pierogi fest at Wikipedia
11 interesting facts about Polish pierogi
Who made the largest pierogi ever and who established a Guinness record in making it the fastest? Where's the statue of pierogi? What is a pierogarnia, and what about lazy pierogi? How should we say: pierogi or pierogies?… Here comes a list of 11 most interesting facts about Polish pierogi. Enjoy! ;)
1 • Pierogi or pierogies?
The word pierogies is popular in U.S. and Canada because it underlines a 'plurality' of this well-known Polish food. However, as I have already mentioned before on Tasting Poland, this is not so appropriate since in fact the mere word 'pierogi' is already plural in the Polish language! Its grammatical singular equivalent 'pieróg' is never used by Polish people. Simply, it has a completely different meaning. Pierog, translated into English language: pyrih, is an Ukrainian pie shown on the picture below. This food can be sweet when filled with curd cheese or apples, and savory when stuffed with potatoes, cheese, groats, meat or cabbage. Sounds yummy :)
from Wikipedia
2 • What Russians have to do with pierogi?
Russians are really nice people with a great creativity, thus funny things must happen out there from time to time. Thanks to those guys we known that pierogi are not suitable for smuggling drugs. Indeed. Imagine a Russian woman from Krasnodar Krai who spent some time in hospital after she had eaten pierogi filled with hashish! You won't find any recipe for this kind of filling on Tasting Poland ;) Later it was proven that those pierogi had been prepared by a drug dealer who wanted his acquaintances to smuggle it to Petersburg. And the grandmother living with these people helped herself to pierogi in secret, not having the slightest inkling of the filling. Moreover, she had managed to regale the dog with one and he fell into a coma for all day long. What dreams he must have had!
by *saxon*
3 • Pierogarnia in Poland
When you visit Poland remember that in many Polish towns you can come across some Polish restaurants called "pierogarnia". These are places designed to offer pierogi in dozens of tastes. This is a great thing for every tourist going to Poland. Most of the pierogarnia also sell other popular Polish food as you can see on the photo at right. It shows a typical menu from one of pierogarnia restaurants in Krakow. Notice the low prices: 1 dollar is about 3 Polish zloty.
by Karmor
4 • Refined Polish tasters
I would do a lot for pierogi. But some Poles from beautiful Rzeszow city in eastern Poland (photo) surpassed themselves. In 2006 two guys raided a pierogarnia in Rzeszow. One of assailants had taken a handgun out and demanded a plateful of pierogi from the shop assistant. She did what they wanted, and then the men started asking for money. A brave woman reacted firmly and shouted that she was going to call police. As befits brave assailants that was enough to make them escape with no money at all. Not so bad, since they still had got away with a tray full of pierogi! Police officers found the culprits after an hour. 25 and 23 years old guys were already full up and… drunk. Were they an ordinary thugs? Actually, they must have been refined tasters!
by Thomas N.
5 • Ruskie or Polish pierogi?
Ruskie pierogi, with potato + cheese + onion filling, are a very well-known traditional Polish dish. Ruskie does not mean 'Russian', rather 'Ruthenian' if we want to be precise. Ruskie pierogi come from the prewar Poland's region called Red Ruthenia. Today it lies within the borders of Ukraine. Interestingly enough, while Poles use the name 'ruthenian pierogi', on the eastern side of the Polish border some Ukrainians call the same dish 'Polish pierogi'.
by nozoomii
6 • The Pierogi Race
Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team organizes the so-called 'pierogi race' during their games. Four types of pierogi called Sauerkraut Saul, Cheese Chester, Jalapeno Hannah and Oliver Onion take part in the race. Well, these are four guys dressed up as pierogi. I have no idea, does it look appetizing? :) It's funny, to say the least. For sure it's a marketing campaign.
by afagen
7 • Pierogi and Polish pierożki
An interesting fact about the Polish language is that most of Polish nouns have a diminutive form and an appropriate hypocorism. Most of Polish diminutives mean a thing smaller than the base word. For example simple Polish word dom (house and home) has both a diminutive form domek (small house) and a hypocorism domeczek (emotional). This is very often that the diminutive and hypocorism have a positive, emotional inclination (there are some, however, that indicate contempt). The word pierogi is not an exception. A diminutive form of pierogi is a bit more difficult to pronounce and looks like this: pierożki. You can use it in order to express your admiration for the taste of this Polish dish ;) The singular form also exists: pierożek.
by Kodamakitty
8 • Pierogi statue in Glendon
A small village Glendon, Alberta, Canada unveiled its roadside tribute to Ukrainian pyrogy in 1991. They had even appointed an Official Pyrogy Committee. Glendon's pyrogy is a huge statue of one pierogi put on the fork. The plaque states as follows:
"THE PYROGY – PYROHY. BEST MADE IN GLENDON. A European food that was brought to Western Canada in the early 19th century by the working and poor people. It originated as a boiled dumpling, and later people added whatever they desired inside, and it became a pyrogy - pyrohy, sometimes called varenyky."
Admittedly, an original idea. Actually this statue is 25-foot height, weights 6000 pounds!, and is made of fiberglass and steel. Rather not edible, I would say. But it will last forever ;)
by Fracture
9 • The largest pierogi ever
Since Glendon's 6 000 pound pierogi is not edible, it cannot be considered a record – I'm sorry, Canada. Probably the largest edible pierogi was made during Pierogi Fest in Whiting, Indiana. It was a 92-pounds huge dumpling. Looks disgusting, isn't it? ;)
by JOE MARINARO
10 • Guinness record in making pierogi
The Guinness record in making pierogi belongs to ten students from a Catering School in Wroclaw, Poland. In 100 minutes they managed to make as many as 1663 dumplings! That was over 90 pounds. Their great result was officially written down in The Guinness Book of Records. After cooking and packing, the pierogi were sent to Wroclaw children's homes.
by wojciech.felendzer
11 • Lazy pierogi
Making pierogi is a bit time-consuming. Is it possible to easily combine the taste of pierogi dough and its filling? Well, yes it is. At least in case of sweet pierogi filled with curd cheese. Here come the lazy pierogi, known in Polish as pierogi leniwe :) Lazy pierogi have quite the same shape as another Polish dish called kopytka (nice, small dumplings) but this is something completely different. Pierogi leniwe are made from curd cheese, eggs and flour, then cooked in lightly salted water. Usually lazy pierogi areserved with whipped cream, sugar & cinnamon.
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The Peroni Brewery is based in which European country? | Most Popular Beers - Beers from 35 Countries - Thrillist
Flickr/Alpha
CHINA - Snow Beer
FUN FACT: Despite the fact that you've probably never heard of it, Snow Beer is actually the most popular (meaning best-selling) beer in the entire world. It's sold almost exclusively in China, which apparently has a lot of people.
CZECH REPUBLIC - Pilsner Urquell
Pilsner Urquell was the first pilsner beer in the entire world (invented in 1842).
DENMARK - Carlsberg
Despite also being the best-selling beer in Russia, Carlsberg is very much a Danish invention (and has the distinction of being the flagship brew of the fifth-largest brewery group in the world).
ETHIOPIA - St. George Lager
In Ethiopia, beer has long been a drink of choice, and the crisp St. George out of Addis Ababa has helped cool down locals and travelers since 1922.
Flickr/s_a_i_d_a
FRENCH POLYNESIA - Hinano
Tahitian treat Hinano tastes like a hybrid of Heineken & Bud and packs a low punch, which is a good thing considering it's best consumed by the icy bucketful on a white-sanded beach. Also, this and Tabu are pretty much the only options in the archipelago. They taste the same.
INDIA - Kingfisher
With a market share of over 50%, Kingfisher is akin to some sort of monarch in the Indian beer world.
INDONESIA - Bintang Beer
Bintang's bottle looks a lot like a Heineken... it apparently tastes like a Heineken... but it's not Heineken, dammit (although it is owned by them)! It's a Pilsner-style beer brewed in Surabaya.
related
Flickr/Crispin Semmens
ISRAEL - Goldstar
There's a pretty large debate raging in Israel about whether Goldstar or competitor Maccabee is the better beer. But despite the fact that Goldstar edges out sales of Maccabee ever so slightly, they're both made by Tempo Beer Industries. So... those guys win.
ITALY - Peroni
While being slightly more well-known the world over for their Nastro Azzurro, Peroni Brewery in Italy has more in-country fame for its eponymous pale lager.
JAMAICA - Red Stripe
The famous, stout little bottles. The strong desire to get little beads woven into your hair after you drink a few. This one's a no-brainer.
Flickr/Pietro Zuco
JAPAN - Asahi
The four major beer producers in Japan are Asahi, Sapporo, Kirin, and Suntory (yes, THAT Suntory). They're all in close competition, but recently, Asahi has narrowly edged past its rivals -- somehow without the aid of Bill Murray.
KENYA - Tusker
Tusker, East Africa's best-selling beer, was so-named because the brewery founder was killed in an elephant-hunting accident. And now people are reminded of it every time they drink. It kinda sucks.
LAOS - Beerlao
Beerlao is half-owned by the Laotian government and half-owned by Carlsberg, and claims to have a 99% market share... so it's got that going for it, which is nice.
Flickr/Antony Stanley
MADAGASCAR - Three Horses Beer
Collectively referred to by locals as "THB", Three Horses Beer produces a variety of brews within Madagascar, but its flagship is its pilsner.
MEXICO - Modelo
Grupo Modelo, the largest Mexican brewery group, produces a bunch of beers you might recognize (Corona being chief among them), but most of them are exported directly to the US. Within the country itself, however, Modelo is king.
NETHERLANDS - Heineken
Ah, Heineken. Its distinctive green bottle definitely makes it the most recognized Dutch beer out there, which is appropriate given the fact that its manufacturer, Heineken International, is the world's third-largest brewer.
Flickr/James Cridland
NORWAY - Ringnes
Ringnes is a storied brewery that was founded in 1876, and its success was mostly based on the popularity of its pilsner. Today, it's entirely owned by Danish beer giant Carlsberg, prompting a descendant of its founder to remark: "A country without a leading beer brand is like a man without potency."
PAKISTAN - Murree Beer
Murree is only legally available within Pakistan, due to the prohibition of exportation of alcohol from the country. While sales of alcohol are just beginning to catch on in any large way, Murree Beer is already popular in clubs and liquor shops.
PHILIPPINES - San Miguel Pale Pilsen
The brewery behind San Miguel Pale Pilsen, San Miguel (duh), has a market share of around 95% in the Philippines.
related
Flickr/tadekk
POLAND - Zywiec
Widely considered to be an emblem of Poland and a source of national pride, Zywiec features a man and a woman dancing around the Polish coat of arms on its label. They're really going for the Polish vote on this one.
ROMANIA - Ursus
Ursus's slogan in Romania is "The King of Beers in Romania". Ursus is also a genus of bear. But it's not "The King Of Bears", in Romania or anywhere else. Because that title goes to Mike Ditka.
RUSSIA - Baltika
There's no hiding the fact that Russians drink a lot. It's usually vodka, but in a pinch (for example, when multiple bears are hoarding the vodka), some of them will occasionally turn to beer. That beer is usually Baltika.
SCOTLAND - Tennent's Lager
While Scotland's beer scene is a bit difficult to distill down (hehe) into a representative brew, Tennent's is easily the most popular lager in the country.
SINGAPORE - Tiger Beer
Tiger Beer was founded in Singapore in 1932, and today can be found in more than 60 countries. It is not brewed inside Charlie Sheen.
Flickr/Kullez
THAILAND - Singha
The Singha is a powerful mythological lion... and now you can drink it! It might be neck-and-neck with competitor Chang Beer, but c'mon -- Singha's gonna win every time.
TURKEY - Efes Pilsener
Efes, a large European beverage group, produces the flagship Efes Pilsener, which is said to have a sweet flavor resulting from rice added at points during the brewing process.
VENEZUELA - Cerveza Polar
Production of this polar bear-adorned beer began in the 1940s, and is still going strong today -- it's the largest brewery in Venezuela! Pairs well with arepas.
Adam Lapetina is a food/drink staff writer at Thrillist, and Red Stripe will always be the national beer of his heart. Follow him on Twitter at @adamlapetina .
| Italy |
Not including Sundays, how many days are there in Lent? | Peroni Brewery : definition of Peroni Brewery and synonyms of Peroni Brewery (English)
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .
(May 2009)
Peroni Brewery (Birra Peroni), is a brewing company , founded in Vigevano in Lombardia , Italy in 1846. It is now based in Rome and is owned by SABMiller .
The company's main brand in Italy is Peroni (4.7% ABV ) a pale lager sometimes known as Peroni Red in export markets, but it is probably best known worldwide for its premium lager Nastro Azzurro (5.1% ABV ), which was the thirteenth best-selling beer in the United Kingdom in 2010. [1]
Contents
4 External links
History
The Peroni company was established under the founding family name in the town of Vigevano, Italy (1846). The company was moved to Rome by Giovanni Peroni in 1864, six years prior to the establishment of the city as a capital centre in 1870. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the company became one of the most prominent brewing companies in the newly unified Italian nation.
The company’s brand strategy continued to refine itself to match industry trends of the 1980s. By the 1990s, both the Peroni brand name and product line were distributed and known worldwide.
The London-based brewing giant SABMiller bought the company in 2005, making it one of the few international brands in its portfolio. To re-launch the brand, SABMiller hired an empty boutique on 202 Sloane Street, London to align it with other Italian fashion brands; the boutique was entitled "Emporio Peroni".
Brands
Beers under the Peroni brand include: Crystall, a 5.6% abv pale lager ; Peroni Gran Riserva, a 6.6% abv strong lager ; Peroncino, a 5% pale lager; Peroni Leggera, a 3.5% pale lager. The company also produces the Wuhrer brand - a 4.7% pale lager launched in Brescia in 1829.
The main brands are Nastro Azzurro and Peroni.
Nastro Azzurro
Nastro Azzurro at a sidewalk cafe in St Mark's Square , Venice , Italy.
Nastro Azzurro is a 5.1% alcohol by volume pale lager . It is the Peroni Brewery's premium lager brand which was launched in 1963 [2] .
The name means "Blue Ribbon" in Italian, in honor of the Blue Riband won by Italian ocean liner SS Rex in 1933.[ citation needed ]
Nastro Azzurro has also sponsored teams in Grand Prix motorcycle racing . In 1997 they sponsored a 125cc Aprilia team with rider Valentino Rossi , who won the championship in that season.[ citation needed ] In 2000 and 2001 they sponsored a 500cc Honda team, again with Rossi as the rider. Rossi placed second and first in the championship in 2000 and 2001 respectively.[ citation needed ]
Peroni
Peroni is the Peroni company's original brand, and the best selling pale lager in Italy. It is 4.7% abv , and is made with barley malt , corn grits, hop pellets and hop extract. By the 1950s and 1960s, Peroni was the most recognized brand of beer throughout the Italian peninsula. The following decade saw the expansion of Peroni into foreign markets through international distribution, itself spurred by recognition of the increasingly popular advertising for the Peroni brand. Today, market research confirms Peroni as the most recognized and most widely consumed Italian beer.
References
^ Alcoholic Drinks: Euromonitor from trade sources/national statistics
^ " [1] ." Miller Brands. Retrieved on 18 January 2010.
External links
Chairman’s Extra Strong Beer
Chibuku
Nile Gold Crystal Malt Lager
St LouisF
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Bluewater Shopping Centre is located in which English county? | Bluewater Shopping Centre, Greenhithe, Kent UK - Shopping Centre | Greenwich Mean Time
Bluewater Shopping Centre
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Bluewater Shopping Centre
Greenhithe, Kent UK
The Bluewater Shopping Centre is an environment of retail excellence and is now recognised as the real alternative to London's West End and an International location.
Located in Kent, Bluewater has changed the face of retailing in the UK and has become the benchmark for quality British retailing winning a multitude of awards.
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Developed by Lend Lease, the Bluewater philosophy is simple – to make shopping an enjoyable stress free experience and to treat its customers as guests.
The Bluewater Shopping Centre has been designed to be a day out destination and offers a choice of shopping and dining with more than 330 retailers including 50 restaurants, cafés and bars and extensive leisure activities such as rock climbing, golf, fishing, cycling, boating and cinema.
The architecture at the Bluewater centre is unique for a shopping environment with a distinctive modern style heavily influenced by English Culture Folklore and the Kentish environment. Artists have produced original pieces for Bluewater including sculptures of each of the craftsman of the medieval guilds and quotations from Keats, Kipling and Shakespeare are inscribed on the walls.
The destinations three malls are styled like balconied streets and topped with glass-sided dome roofs which let natural light in. Fresh air is brought into the malls through rotating aluminium vents on the roof, a unique design based on traditional Kent Oasthouse roofs.
Every year 27 million people visit The Bluewater Shopping Centre and the centre consistently trades above the national average in all sectors.
Bluewater has over 50 acres of picturesque parkland with seven lakes and is home to a range of wildlife that includes kingfishers, swans, cygnets, coots, moorhens, mallards and perch. With more than 1 million trees, shrubs and plants, the parklands formal landscaped gardens merge into the natural flora and fauna of the Kent countryside.
Bluewater, Europe's largest and most innovative retail and leisure destination opened on March 16, 1999.
Within its first 12 months of trading Bluewater changed the face of retailing in the UK and became the benchmark for quality British retailing, winning a multitude of international awards including a Millennium Product mark.
Bluewater has successfully combined retail and leisure to offer a day out destination. Bluewater's average Guest spends around 3 hours at Bluewater, and 98% of Guests surveyed in exit polls say their visit is highly enjoyable.
The Bluewater Vision
Extensive consumer research resulted in a triangular design to make shopping easier, with a department store at each corner - John Lewis , Marks & Spencer and House of Fraser - connected by three distinct shopping malls, with retailers grouped together to appeal to different customers.
The Guild Hall offers carefully selected classic high fashion retail, together with lifestyle stores and gourmet restaurants and cafés. The Rose Gallery is family focussed with major high street retailers.
The Thames Walk offers high street fashions, cafés and entertainment.
The Bluewater philosophy is simple: to make shopping an enjoyable, stress-free experience, to treat its customers as Guests. Trained Hosts are on hand to give a 'helping hand' with shopping and provide information about where to shop, eat and which facilities are available.
Bluewater's striking architecture and innovative retail design sets it apart from other shopping destinations. Situated in a stunning location among towering 50 metre high cliffs, Bluewater is surrounded by a tranquil landscape of lakes, parkland and trees.
An Information Pack has been assembled with facts and figures on the centre, general information about Bluewater, its history and background details of the thinking behind the architecture and philosophy of Bluewater.
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| Kent |
Who became the mother-in-law of England rugby player Mike Tindall in 2011? | Map and directions to Bluewater Shopping Centre driving venue
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Map showing the location of Bluewater Shopping Centre driving venue
Blue Water Shopping Centre, Greenhithe, Kent, DA9 9ST
This is a list of the promotions we have for you.
33613 Young Driver (11-17yrs) - 30 min one-2-one lesson £38.00 30 minutes
33633 Young Driver (11-17yrs) - 1 hour one to one lesson £65.00 60 minutes
33662 Young Driver - 30 mins each for a party of 3 £104.00 30 minutes
33702 Young Driver - 1 hour each for a party of 3 £185.00 60 minutes
33720 Young Driver - 30 mins each for a party of 2 £71.00 30 minutes
33743 Young Driver - 1 hour each for a party of 2 £125.00 60 minutes
Directions
When programming your SATNAV device, please use the postcode DA9 9ST. This will guide you directly to Bluewater. Our course is near Marks and Spencers in the BLUE overflow car park, which is off Bluewater Parkway. If you are travelling on the M25, follow signs to Dartford Crossing, this is signposted along the entire length of the M25 in both directions. Lookout for Junction 2 (A2/M2), then follow the signs to Bluewater. The M25 is numbered clockwise from Dartford Crossing (J1) through to A13 (J30). Car parking is free, please park in the BLUE car park. WE are based on the ground floor of the BLUE car park.
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Which breed of dog is the cartoon dog Marmaduke? | What breed of dog is Marmaduke? | Reference.com
What breed of dog is Marmaduke?
A:
Quick Answer
Marmaduke, the family dog of the Winslow family in the comic strip bearing his name, is a Great Dane. Marmaduke is an important part of the humor in the comic strip and exhibits many characteristics that are not typical of dogs.
Full Answer
The comic strip was adapted into a major motion picture in 2010. The movie was live action, and the dog used to play Marmaduke was a Great Dane voiced by Owen Wilson. In the movie, the Winslow family packs up and moves from Kansas to California, and what follows are the crazy antics of Marmaduke adjusting to life in Orange County, Calif.
| Great Dane |
Which US President famously said ‘I’m not a crook’? | Doggone Good Life : Creator of Marmaduke Cartoon Has Enjoyed His Share of Laughs - latimes
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Doggone Good Life : Creator of Marmaduke Cartoon Has Enjoyed His Share of Laughs
June 02, 1991 |CHARLES HILLINGER | TIMES STAFF WRITER
Brad Anderson has a 37-year-old dog.
"Dogs never live that long, but this one did. He's been feeding me all these years," allowed Anderson.
His dog's name is Marmaduke.
Marmaduke lives in Anderson's imagination but touches the lives of millions of people from all walks of life every day all over America and much of the world.
The dog is the lovable, mischievous, unpredictable, huge great Dane in Anderson's daily cartoon panel and Sunday comic strip appearing in more than 500 newspapers.
Thousands of dogs all over America and in many parts of the world are named Marmaduke after Anderson's creation.
"Readers send me letters and photographs telling me about dogs they named Marmaduke--Chihuahuas, chows, poodles, bassets, beagles, schnauzers, St. Bernards, Lhasa Apsos, Airedales, boxers, spaniels, pugs, all kinds of dogs," explained the 67-year-old cartoonist.
Anderson's current real life dog is a 5-year-old female great Dane named Marmaladee. His daughter Christine's great Dane is called Marmaduchess.
His cartoon panel and comic strip are carried in many countries, in places like Sweden, Saudi Arabia, Greece, Australia, England, France and Spain.
In most countries, as in America, the dog's name is Marmaduke. But in Germany, it's Archibald.
"Don't ask me why because I don't know. I guess the Germans want a German name for my dog," said Anderson.
Why did he call the great Dane Marmaduke when it first appeared on the funny pages in October, 1954? "I named him after a British lord," the artist recalled.
At least he thought he was naming the dog after an English lord. Years later, when Anderson was visiting Great Britain, the editor of a newspaper that carries the strip told him: "There has never been an English lord named Marmaduke."
All their married life, Anderson and his wife, Barb, have had dogs. They were high school sweethearts in Brocton, N.Y., and have been married 46 years, have three sons, a daughter and six grandchildren. They have made their home in Escondido eight years.
"We've owned various breeds of dogs. All have contributed ideas to Marmaduke, just as Marmaladee has been doing since she's been with us. Marmaladee helps me out a lot, the poses she gets into, the unusual things that happen to her," he explained.
"Everywhere I go, people tell me something about their dogs. Readers write and describe crazy things that happen to their dogs. Ideas pop into my head. I jot them down. Every drawer in the house has slips of paper with ideas for the cartoon."
On rare occasions someone criticizes something he has drawn, like a woman who chastised him for depicting Marmaduke chasing cats.
"Barb and I have a cat, a Siamese named King Tut. We like cats. But cartoonists have the last word. So, after I got that letter, I drew a Sunday strip about Marmaduke protecting birds from all those mean cats out there," laughed Anderson.
Born in Jamestown, N.Y., Lucille Ball's hometown, Anderson's father and grandfather were both inventors who had patents on farm equipment.
He was a cartoonist for his high school newspaper. During World War II he spent three years and four months in the Navy, 16 months of it in the thick of fighting in the Pacific as a motor machinist aboard the 744LCI (L), a landing ship.
After the war, he attended Syracuse University on the GI Bill. He did cartoons for the school newspaper and magazine and successfully free-lanced cartoons to the Saturday Evening Post, Colliers and other leading publications before launching Marmaduke.
"Marmaduke got off to a slow start. Only eight newspapers ran it the first few months, one was the Los Angeles Times," he recalled. The United Feature Syndicate cartoon is more popular now than ever. Collections of the cartoon have been published in 25 Marmaduke books with sales of more than 15 million copies.
He acknowledges that some of the situations are exaggerated in the comic panel and strip but insists they do reflect real life in the dog world. "Marmaduke is a real dog, not a talking dog. You won't find any balloons with words over his head except when he's thinking about a nice big roast or pie to eat," said Anderson, who is certain dogs have imaginations and dreams.
"I know they're dreaming when they yip and yelp and kick their feet while sleeping," he observed.
What really pleases the cartoonist are letters from parents and teachers thanking him for helping children learn to read because of their curiosity to find out what it says under his cartoon.
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Magere Brug, or Skinny Bridge is located in which European city? | Magere Brug in Amsterdam - the Skinny Bridge
Magere Brug (Skinny Bridge) in Amsterdam
Amsterdam is truly a water city and has over 1,250 bridges - the most well known being the Magere Brug, literally translated as the "Skinny Bridge".
Spanning the river Amstel and connecting Kerkstraat with Nieuwe Kerkstraat, this wooden drawbridge is a popular sight for visitors...
A bridge was first built here way back in 1691 - the Kerkstraatbrug was said to be so narrow the locals named it the skinny bridge. Legend has it that the bridge was built by 2 sisters who lived on opposite sides of the river. The bridge was completely rebuilt in 1871 and again in 1934 - with the last major renovation in 1969.
Today only pedestrians and bicycles are allowed to cross. It provides a nice spot to take in sweeping views of the Amstel river with the Carré Theatre close by.
Whilst the glass-topped rondvaart boats can pass underneath, the central drawbridge section is raised regularly to allow bigger boats to pass through. At night the bridge is lit up by more than a thousand light bulbs, making it a charming spot for couples and visitors.
The bridge was also featured in the 1971 film Diamonds are Forever where James Bond (Sean Connery) visits Amsterdam.
The Magere Brug is located on the Amstel river between Keizersgracht and Prinsengracht.
Magere Brug (Amsterdam Bridge No. 242, Amstel)
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| Amsterdam |
The English Civil War took place in which century? | Reasons Why You Should Visit Amsterdam
By Shannon McAllister
Updated February 24, 2016.
If you're planning a European trip, first read this list of reasons to include Amsterdam on your journey. You might be surprised by a few!
© rukna/Flickr (CC BY-ND)
• You'll Get to Know an Urban Village
One of my favorite things about Amsterdam -- and perhaps one of the lesser known facts -- is that the city is small enough (roughly 740,000 locals inhabit its central area) that visitors can get a real feel for its people, neighborhoods, sights and secrets. Compared to sprawling Paris and London, this European capital is more of a village -- and visitors can see nearly all of it on a bike ride , walking tour or public transportation in just a few days. This accessibility means you'll spend your time making memories instead of making sense of an overwhelming itinerary to see too much in too little time. Likewise, it's a cinch to take the train to destinations outside Amsterdam; in as little as ten to 15 minutes, you can be in the next town or city on your itinerary.
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Amsterdam Canals Sightseeing Tips
• A Floating City is Truly Magical
Most people who've never even been to Amsterdam have at least heard about its canals. They are certainly worth seeing, as the 165 waterways create a seemingly floating city of 90 islands connected by 1,281 bridges. A canal cruise is a must-do activity in Amsterdam; and just walking the winding, narrow streets along the waters will give you a sense of the magic this city possesses. Want to take in some of the landmark canal-front architecture? Visitors can admire the city's typical canal houses from both inside and out; see my master list of monumental canal architecture , or for an interior view, check out these Amsterdam canal houses that have been converted into public museums.
• You'll Get One of Europe's Best Visual History Lessons
With more than 6,800 houses and buildings protected as monuments and dating from the 16th to the 20th century, Amsterdam boasts the largest historical inner city in Europe. The towering, sturdy warehouses and elegant homes built by wealthy merchants during Holland's Golden Age (the 17th century) line the city's canals and are perhaps its most distinguishing architectural features (see the links above), but the oldest architecture in town dates back to the medieval period; read more about Gothic architecture in Amsterdam for details. And don't think for a moment that Amsterdam has any lack of churches: from its most famous historic churches to its only basilica , the city is a trove of ecclesiastical architecture. Visitors can even scale some of the local church towers for some of the best panoramic views of the city .
• Unique, World-class Museums Abound
Take your pick: see the works of Dutch masters and treasures of a time when Amsterdam was the richest city in the world at the Rijksmuseum ; learn about the styles and secrets of the man who could be considered Holland's most interesting painter at the Van Gogh Museum ; or walk through the tiny annex that a group of eight called home for two years during Nazi-occupied Amsterdam in World War II at the Anne Frank House . These are among the top museums in Amsterdam, but there are nearly 50 more to teach, entertain or move you: see this thematic list of Amsterdam museums for starters. You can even save some money on multiple museum visits with one of these tourist discount cards , some of which are also valid for cities outside Amsterdam; don't miss our recommendations for must-see museums in The Hague and museums in Leiden , both conveniently close to Amsterdam.
| i don't know |
Which musical instrument does fictional detective Sherlock Holmes play? | What musical instrument did Sherlock Holmes play? | Reference.com
What musical instrument did Sherlock Holmes play?
A:
Quick Answer
Sherlock Holmes, a fictional character created by author Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle, played the violin. Holmes was a detective known for his astute skills of observation and the ability to solve difficult cases. He is the main character in four novels and fifty-six short stories
Full Answer
All but four of the Sherlock Holmes stories were narrated by Holmes' friend and biographer, Dr. John Watson. In Conan Doyle's first Sherlock story, "A Study in Scarlet," Watson made a list of skills and assessed Holmes' ability in various areas. It was in this list that Watson stated that Sherlock Holmes played the violin well.
| Violin |
When You’re Strange is a tribute band to which band? | Sherlock facts: 22 things you didn't know, from the real Baker Street to a Korean tribute
Sherlock facts: 22 things you didn't know, from the real Baker Street to a Korean tribute
Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman in Sherlock Credit: BBC
Ross Jones
1 January 2017 • 11:00am
As Sherlock returns to our screens, here are 22 curious things you might not have known about the BBC series:
1. It all began with a speech
In 2006, well-known Holmes enthusiast Mark Gatiss was asked to address the Sherlock Holmes Society's annual dinner at the Houses of Parliament. Gatiss, who brought along Steven Moffat as his guest, told the audience about a meeting at the BBC to discuss the possibility of resurrecting Arthur Conan Doyle's creation for a Christmas special. He and the Corporation failed to reach an agreement, but as he "raced round the endless circular corridors, frothing at the mouth at what these philistines might be planning", Gatiss bumped into John Simpson, recently returned from Kabul. “As he passed me,” Gatiss explained , “I touched him on the arm and whispered: ‘You have been in Afghanistan, I perceive’.” This gave him the seed of an idea, which he and Moffat subsequently grew into a modern-day Sherlock: "A young army doctor, wounded in Afghanistan finds himself alone and friendless in London," he teased the group. "Short of cash, he bumps into an old medical acquaintance who tells him he knows of someone looking for a flatmate. This bloke’s alright but a little odd..." Gatiss was effectively pitching his and Moffat’s Sherlock to the toughest crowd imaginable, and they approved.
2. There is no abandoned tube station at Sumatra Road
Benedict Cumberbatch in The Empty Hearse Credit: BBC
The location chosen for the bomb-laden tube carriage meant to blow up Parliament in the season three opener The Empty Hearse is actually in West Hampstead, and isn't the site of a half-finished London Underground station (although the Bull & Bush abandoned station is nearby). It's nowhere near Westminster, but was chosen by Gatiss as a sly reference to The Giant Rat of Sumatra, a Holmes adventure mentioned (but never expanded upon) in The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire. Sherlock's production team couldn't get hold of a real carriage, so mocked up their own District Line replica - despite exterior shots clearly showing a Jubilee Line train. Tube-loving viewers have also been quick to point out other inaccuracies.
3. Not everybody appreciated Irene Adler’s nudity
Lara Pulver as Irene Adler Credit: BBC
The BBC reportedly received over 100 complaints about actress Lara Pulver’s portrayal of Holmes’s female sparring partner as an upmarket dominatrix who used pre-watershed seminudity to bewitch the detective in A Scandal in Belgravia. But some Sherlock purists objected on different grounds. Irene Adler as conceived by Conan Doyle in A Scandal in Bohemia, it was argued in blog after blog , was a formidable woman of honour, who would never allow herself to become a pawn of Moriarty, or to fall for Holmes after showing him her breasts. Steven Moffat disagreed with the feminists. "In the original,” he told The Guardian, “Irene Adler's victory over Sherlock Holmes was to move house and run away with her husband. That's not a feminist victory."
4. Holmes and Watson are good enough to eat
Speedy’s Cafe , the sandwich emporium frequented by Holmes and Watson in the series, is a real café on Gower Street, near Euston – the BBC’s stand-in for 221b Baker Street. (In the Sherlock pilot it was run by Una Stubbs’s character and named Mrs Hudson’s Snax n' Sarnies, but that idea was swiftly dropped.) The fans who flock there from all over the world can now enjoy specially created Sherlock-themed snacks, specifically the Sherlock wrap (chicken, bacon, cheddar cheese, lettuce, peppers, red onion, cucumber, chilli sauce – all "wrapped up as tightly as Sherlock’s personality") or the Watson Wrap (roasted vegetables, spinach, tomatoes, spring onion, Brie, sour cream – "safe, warm, and comforting, like his personality").
5. Despite China’s best efforts, Sherlock isn’t gay
As amply demonstrated by the kisses in season three’s first episode, The Empty Hearse , Steven Moffat and Mark Gatiss have always enjoyed flirting with the ambiguity of Sherlock’s sexuality. "Everyone recruited him to their perspective, their interpretation," Benedict Cumberbatch once said when asked about Holmes’s sex life. "I’ve had asexuals come up to me and thank me for representing asexuals." But they’re mistaken, according to Moffat: "There's no indication in the original stories that [Holmes] was asexual or gay," he told The Guardian . None of which has stopped millions of Chinese fans from adopting Sherlock as a gay icon, with a vast archive of literature dedicated to his romantic exploits with Watson . There’s a 39-chapter romance novel; a much-viewed video super-cut of Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman (or ‘Curly Fu’ and ‘Peanut’, to give them their Chinese nicknames) exchanging longing looks set to slushy music; plus, of course, the inevitable S&M scenarios. All of which may seem like fairly standard fan-fiction fare – until you remember that in China, writing what the authorities consider filth is a crime punishable with a lengthy jail term.
6. Benedict Cumberbatch doesn’t play the violin quite as well as Sherlock
Credit: BBC
In Arthur Conan Doyle’s story The Cardboard Box, it transpires that Sherlock Holmes owns and plays a violin made by Antonio Stradivarius himself. The Sherlock production team, however, uses a different violin for each series (series three’s is a £1,200 Chinese-made Con Fuoco), all on loan from Cardiff Violins. (The shop’s website contains a sweet testimonial from a ‘Mr John H Watson’, thanking the staff for being ‘extremely patient’ with his friend: ‘He would thank you himself; only, well Sherlock doesn’t really do that sort of thing ...’) For season two’s on-screen violin scenes, Cumberbatch was taught how to play and ‘violin act’ by Eos Chater , a member of the classical group Bond. Although the actor played live on set, the playing heard on the soundtrack is by Chater. "Benedict had a week, and made a surprisingly good sound," she wrote of the experience on her blog. "I have no doubt he would be a good violinist if he had the inclination."
7. Yet his pen-catching skills are beyond reproach
A scene in The Blind Banker shows John throwing a pen to Sherlock, who catches it without even looking at it. Cumberbatch made the catch on the first take (using a mirror so he could see it coming), but the cameraman was too slow and missed it. He got it again on the third.
8. China can’t understand why Sherlock takes so long to make
During David Cameron’s official visit to China in December 2013, the Prime Minister allowed Chinese citizens to ask him questions through Sina Weibo , the country’s Twitter -like social network. Among queries about Larry the Downing Street cat, Tom Daley, Visa application forms and Wendi Deng, by far the most popular request was: “Please urge Sherlock crew to be quick! They have had us waiting for two years for every season!” Cameron diplomatically pointed out that “I can’t tell them what to do, as it’s an independent company”, before urging fans to pass the time by reading Conan Doyle’s stories.
9. Sherlock’s staircase would please purists
In Conan Doyle's A Scandal in Bohemia, Sherlock asks Watson how many steps lead up to their quarters at 221b Baker Street. Watson hasn't a clue. “I know there are 17 steps, because I have both seen and observed,” Holmes tells him. Because Sherlock fans are similarly observant, there are 17 steps leading to the first floor of the Sherlock Holmes Museum, and another 17 between the hall and front room on the Cardiff set of Sherlock.
10. In Japan, he’s a comic book hero
Japan has a long tradition of Sherlock-influenced, copyright-avoiding manga or anime: Young Miss Holmes, a manga comic about Sherlock’s niece; Detective Hound, a canine anime series co-created by Studio Ghibli’s Hayao Miyazaki; the unrelated Detective Dog Sherdock, a comic in which the sleuth is reincarnated as a dog; and the Arthur Conan Doyle-inspired boy crime-solver Detective Conan, whose latest animated adventure trounced Keanu Reeves’s 47 Ronin at the Japanese box-office. But the BBC series recently received the ultimate accolade: completely faithful (ie, free of tentacled creatures and and robots) comic-book adaptations of the episodes A Study in Pink and The Blind Banker in Young Ace magazine. As the above rendering proves, Cumberbatch’s gamine features make him the perfect manga hero.
11. And in South Korea, he’s (almost) a pop star
K-pop pretty-boys SHINee paid tribute to the series with their 2012 hit Sherlock, and an accompanying video full of slightly suspect Holmes-ian references (violin, shabby Victoriana decor, an ‘iWatson’ laptop), in which they solve a jewel heist seemingly perpetrated by a ghost:
12. ‘221b Baker Street’ actually looks like this
Credit: Zoopla
The 370 sq ft one-bedroom flat above Speedy’s Cafe (see number 4), which is in fact about a mile away from Baker Street but doubles as Sherlock’s home for exterior shots, was available for rent in early 2012 for the price of £330 a week.
13. Sherlock isn’t a sociopath
In A Study In Pink, Anderson flippantly calls Holmes a psychopath. "Do your research, Anderson," comes the reply. “I'm a high-functioning sociopath.” Not true, according to psychologist Maria Konnikova, who convincingly argues that Sherlock is altogether too loving, empathetic, and aware of his own faults to be considered a sociopath.
14. But he may be autistic
Late last year, autism charity the National Autistic Society cited Sherlock’s single-mindedness, inability to understand social norms such as sarcasm, and incredible feats of recall as evidence that he might be autistic . This, despite Watson making a direct reference to his friend’s Asperger’s in The Hounds of Baskerville .
15. Even the fonts have meaning
Credit: BBC
As typography design experts have noted, the lettering used for Sherlock’s on-screen graphics varies according to the occasion. For text messages, AF Generation Z is used; to show Sherlock deduction process, it’s P22 Johnston Underground (above); Irene Adler’s high-end Vertu phone uses the business-like Verdanda. Johnston Underground is also used as the basis for the series’ custom-made title font.
16. The Russians have their own Sherlock
Credit: Star Media
Freud’s Method, a crime drama produced by Russia’s Star Media, bears a striking resemblance to the BBC series. The lead character is Roan Freydin, a "psychologist and professional poker player" working as a "special consultant" to the police, who are infuriated by his "eccentric methods" but impressed by his ability to solve crimes using "psychological science" and "intuition". Even the opening titles ( which have been posted on YouTube ) look a little familiar, as Mark Gatiss noted with his tweet: "Ha! The sincerest form of flattery".
17. Sherlock is (possibly) responsible for BlackBerry’s woes
In 2010, season one of Sherlock showed Holmes using a blazingly fast BlackBerry 9700; come season two, broadcast by the BBC in early 2012, he’d made the switch to an Apple iPhone 4. By the end of January, BlackBerry co-CEOs Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie had stepped down, admitting that the company had failed to compete with Apple. Coincidence? Draw your own conclusions.
18. Matt Smith wanted to be Watson
A week before landing the part of Doctor Who , Matt Smith auditioned to play John Watson; Steven Moffat decided he was "too barmy", and that one Sherlock was enough. Martin Freeman, on the other hand, arrived at his audition having had his wallet stolen on the way and was in such a bad mood it was assumed he wasn’t interested. The following week, he returned in a better frame of mind, read with Benedict Cumberbatch, and the part was his.
19. Benedict Cumberbatch hates Sherlock’s hair
The actor’s preparations for looking the part of Sherlock include intense Bikram yoga sessions, swimming, and no smoking or drinking during filming. But there’s one thing he especially hates doing: growing his hair. As he told The Times, “I can’t think of a wittier or even accurate comparison, but I just think it makes me look a bit like… a woman.”
20. Mark Gatiss learnt to swim in Moriarty’s pool
At the end of season one, Moriarty lures Holmes and Watson to a beautiful public pool in order to kill them. The location used (for both the cliffhanger and the beginning of season two, forcing the crew to return a year later and recreate the signage) is Bristol South Swimming Pool; according to the Sherlockology blog, this is also where a young Mark Gatiss learnt to swim.
21. Sherlock and Mrs Hudson knew each other in a previous life
Una Stubbs as Mrs Hudson Credit: BBC
Benedict Cumberbatch has often said that Una Stubbs (above), who plays his screen landlady Mrs Hudson, mothers him on the set of Sherlock. But she has good reason: Stubbs is an acting contemporary of Cumberbatch’s mother Wanda Ventham (who made a surprise appearance in The Empty Hearse as Sherlock's Les Mis-loving mother , alongside the actor's father Timothy Carlton as Holmes senior), and used to live around the corner from her when Cumberbatch was a child. So a four-year-old Benedict would often find himself forced to endure hours of boredom as Stubbs and his mother gossiped on park benches or street corners. Stubbs nonetheless found him “Very polite... A lovely boy.”
22. The owner of Charles Augustus Magnussen's house doesn't even live there
Credit: BBC
The villain’s mansion, called Appledore, is owned in real life by one of the country’s most successful engineers – but millionaire Sir David McMurtry does not live there because his wife thinks it is too flashy. In the original script for episode His Last Vow, Moffat said that Appledore should look like “the Citizen Kane mansion for the iPod generation”.
Premium
13 Jan 2017, 1:12pm
| i don't know |
Dorchester Heights is a historic district of which US city? | Dorchester Heights - Boston National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Dorchester Heights
Dorchester Heights
Driving the British from Boston had required months of grueling work on the part of colonists in New York and Massachusetts Bay. In November of 1775, Washington had dispatched Bostonian Henry Knox to retrieve badly needed cannon from Fort Ticonderoga, New York. Teamsters with eighty yoke of oxen made the three hundred mile journey, bringing 59 cannon for the colonial army then encircling Boston. Once they neared the city, the rebels faced a new challenge. How would they roll the guns into place without tipping their hand to the British? On the night of March 4, 1776, colonial militia and local volunteers stealthily fortified the summit of Dorchester Heights.
Wrapping their wagon wheels with straw to deaden the sound, they moved the cannon from Roxbury and entrenched them on these hills south of Boston. British General Howe planned an attack, but a violent storm prevented his soldiers from landing. Within a few days, Howe, his troops, and a thousand colonial loyalists set sail for Nova Scotia, abandoning the city to Washington's forces and its jubilant citizens. The army improved the fortifications and again stationed troops on Dorchester Heights during the War of 1812. After 1814, however, the twin hills declined in military importance.
Since Boston had annexed Dorchester Neck in 1804, developers eyed the Heights as a source of raw material for the expanding city. During the second half of the nineteenth century the hills of South Boston underwent the same excavation that lowered Mount Vernon and Pemberton and Beacon Hills, the "tri-mountains" of the Boston peninsula. In 1898, the General Court of Massachusetts commissioned a monument to stand on the remaining hill of the Heights. Designed by the architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns, the white marble Georgian revival tower commemorates the 1776 victory. In 1966 the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service added Dorchester Heights to the National Register of Historic Places. Twelve years later the National Parks and Recreation Act authorized the City of Boston to transfer the site to the National Park Service. At that time, it joined the eight other sites which comprise Boston National Historical Park, established in 1974.
Dorchester Heights adds a valuable dimension to the Park. Its historical significance and the development of the surrounding community vividly reflect the history and growth of the city of Boston. With the fortification of its summit in 1776, Dorchester Heights contributed significantly to one of Boston's major victories and demonstrated the integral connection between the Boston peninsula and her neighboring community. The annexation of Dorchester Neck to Boston in 1804 strengthened that link. Building and landfilling operations cemented the tie by facilitating travel between the two areas.
| Boston |
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss founded which American record label in 1962? | The 10 Closest Hotels to Dorchester Heights National Historic Site, Boston - TripAdvisor
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In a standard game of chess, how many rooks does each player start with? | How to Play Chess: Rules and Basics - Chess.com
Chess.com
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Learn to Play Chess
It's never too late to learn how to play chess - the most popular game in the world! If you are totally new to the game or even want to learn all of the rules and strategies, read on!
Getting Better at Chess
History of Chess
The origins of chess are not exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost two thousand years ago.The game of chess we know today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe.
The Goal of Chess
Chess is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: 1 king, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate the other king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture.
Starting a Game
At the beginning of the game the chessboard is laid out so that each player has the white (or light) color square in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then arranged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with pawns. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights next to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who always goes on her own matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square.
The player with the white pieces always moves first. Therefore, players generally decide who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other player's hand. White then makes a move, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game.
How the Pieces Move
Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces moves differently. Pieces cannot move through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponent's piece which is then captured. Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game.
The King
The king is the most important piece, but is one of the weakest. The king can only move one square in any direction - up, down, to the sides, and diagonally. Click on the '>' button in the diagram below to see how the king can move around the board. The king may never move himself into check (where he could be captured).
The Queen
The queen is the most powerful piece. She can move in any one straight direction - forward, backward, sideways, or diagonally - as far as possible as long as she does not move through any of her own pieces. And, like with all pieces, if the queen captures an opponent's piece her move is over. Click through the diagram below to see how the queens move. Notice how the white queen captures the black queen and then the black king is forced to move.
The Rook
The rook may move as far as it wants, but only forward, backward, and to the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful pieces when they are protecting each other and working together!
The Bishop
The bishop may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one color (light or dark) and must always stay on that color. Bishops work well together because they cover up each other’s weaknesses.
The Knight
Knights move in a very different way from the other pieces – going two squares in one direction, and then one more move at a 90 degree angle, just like the shape of an “L”. Knights are also the only pieces that can move over other pieces.
The Pawn
Pawns are unusual because they move and capture in different ways: they move forward, but capture diagonally. Pawns can only move forward one square at a time, except for their very first move where they can move forward two squares. Pawns can only capture one square diagonally in front of them. They can never move or capture backwards. If there is another piece directly in front of a pawn he cannot move past or capture that piece.
Promotion
Pawns have another special ability and that is that if a pawn reaches the other side of the board it can become any other chess piece (called promotion). A pawn may be promoted to any piece. [NOTE: A common misconception is that pawns may only be exchanged for a piece that has been captured. That is NOT true.] A pawn is usually promoted to a queen. Only pawns may be promoted.
En Passant
The last rule about pawns is called “en passant,” which is French for “in passing”. If a pawn moves out two squares on its first move, and by doing so lands to the side of an opponent’s pawn (effectively jumping past the other pawn’s ability to capture it), that other pawn has the option of capturing the first pawn as it passes by. This special move must be done immediately after the first pawn has moved past, otherwise the option to capture it is no longer available. Click through the example below to better understand this odd, but important rule.
Castling
One other special rule is called castling. This move allows you to do two important things all in one move: get your king to safety (hopefully), and get your rook out of the corner and into the game. On a player’s turn he may move his king two squares over to one side and then move the rook from that side’s corner to right next to the king on the opposite side. (See the example below.) However, in order to castle, the following conditions must be met:
it must be that king’s very first move
it must be that rook’s very first move
there cannot be any pieces between the king and rook to move
the king may not be in check or pass through check
Notice that when you castle one direction the king is closer to the side of the board. That is called castling kingside. Castling to the other side, through where the queen sat, is called castling queenside. Regardless of which side, the king always moves only two squares when castling.
Check & Checkmate
As stated before, the purpose of the game is to checkmate the opponent’s king. This happens when the king is put into check and cannot get out of check. There are only three ways a king can get out of check: move out of the way (though he cannot castle!), block the check with another piece, or capture the piece threatening the king. If a king cannot escape checkmate then the game is over. Customarily the king is not captured or removed from the board, the game is simply declared over.
Draws
Occasionally chess games do not end with a winner, but with a draw. There are 5 reasons why a chess game may end in a draw:
The position reaches a stalemate where it is one player’s turn to move, but his king is NOT in check and yet he does not have another legal move
The players may simply agree to a draw and stop playing
There are not enough pieces on the board to force a checkmate (example: a king and a bishop vs.a king)
A player declares a draw if the same exact position is repeated three times (though not necessarily three times in a row)
Fifty consecutive moves have been played where neither player has moved a pawn or captured a piece
Chess 960
Chess960 follows all the rules of standard chess, except for the starting position of pieces on the back rank, which are placed randomly in one of 960 possible positions. Castling is done just like in standard chess, with the King and Rook landing on their normal castled squares (g1 and f1, or c1 and d1). 960 plays just like standard chess, but with more variety in the opening.
Some Tournament Rules
Many tournaments follow a set of common, similar rules. These rules do not necessarily apply to play at home or online
Touch-move
If a player touches one of their own pieces they must move that piece as long as it is a legal move. If a player touches an opponent’s piece, they must capture that piece. A player who wishes to touch a piece only to adjust it on the board must first announce the intention, usually by saying “adjust”.
Introduction to Clocks and Timers
Most tournaments use timers to regulate the time spent on each game, not on each move. Each player gets the same amount of time to use for their entire game and can decide how to spend that time. Once a player makes a move they then touch a button or hit a lever to start the opponent’s clock. If a player runs out of time and the opponent calls the time, then the player who ran out of time loses the game (unless the opponent does not have enough pieces to checkmate, in which case it is a draw).
Basic Strategy
There are four simple things that every chess player should know:
#1 Protect your king
Get your king to the corner of the board where he is usually safer. Don’t put off castling. You should usually castle as quickly as possible. Remember, it doesn’t matter how close you are to checkmating your opponent if your own king is checkmated first!
#2 Don’t give pieces away
Don’t carelessly lose your pieces! Each piece is valuable and you can’t win a game without pieces to checkmate. There is an easy system that most players use to keep track of the relative value of each chess piece:
A pawn is worth 1
A knight is worth 3
A bishop is worth 3
A rook is worth 5
A queen is worth 9
The king is infinitely valuable
At the end of the game these points don’t mean anything – it is simply a system you can use to make decisions while playing, helping you know when to capture, exchange, or make other moves.
#3 Control the center
You should try and control the center of the board with your pieces and pawns. If you control the center, you will have more room to move your pieces and will make it harder for your opponent to find good squares for his pieces. In the example above white makes good moves to control the center while black plays bad moves.
#4 Use all of your pieces
In the example above white got all of his pieces in the game! Your pieces don’t do any good when they are sitting back on the first row. Try and develop all of your pieces so that you have more to use when you attack the king. Using one or two pieces to attack will not work against any decent opponent.
Getting Better at Chess
Knowing the rules and basic strategies is only the beginning - there is so much to learn in chess that you can never learn it all in a lifetime! To improve you need to do three things:
#1 – Play
Just keep playing! Play as much as possible. You should learn from each game – those you win and those you lose.
#2 – Study
If you really want to improve quickly then pick up a recommended chess book. There are many resources on Chess.com to help you study and improve.
#3 - Have fun
Don’t get discouraged if you don’t win all of your games right away. Everyone loses – even world champions. As long as you continue to have fun and learn from the games you lose then you can enjoy chess forever!
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What is the name of the presenter/food eater in the US television series ‘Man v. Food’? | Chess rules: The ultimate guide for beginners
This is the starting position of the game
At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are placed, one on a single square, as follows:
The rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge.
The knights are placed immediately inside the rooks.
The bishops are placed immediately inside the knights.
The queen is placed on the central square of the same color of that of the player: White queen on the white square and Black queen on the black square.
The king takes the vacant spot next to the queen.
The pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other pieces.
You cannot place more than one piece on a square at any time.
Summary Slide-1
Nature and objectives of the game
The objective of each player is to put the opponent’s king under attack in such a way that the opponent has no legal move. The player who achieves this goal is said to have checkmated the opponent’s king and to have won the game.
Leaving one’s king under attack, exposing one’s king to attack and also ’capturing’ the opponent’s king is not allowed – the opponent whose king has been checkmated has lost the game. If the position is such that neither player can possibly achieve a checkmate, the game is drawn.
Although the king is the most important piece, it is usually the weakest piece in the game until a later phase, the endgame.
The game of chess is played between two opponents who move their pieces alternately on a square board called a chessboard.
The player with the White pieces commences the game. A player is said to ‘have the move’ when his opponent’s move has been completed.
The object of the game is to trap the opponent’s king so that its escape is not possible (checkmate). If a player’s king is threatened with capture, it is said to be in check, and the player must remove the threat of capture on the next move. If this cannot be done, the king is said to be in checkmate.
6
Naming of squares
Keeping a record of chess moves will be very useful in improving your standard of chess. It is mandatory in all recognized tournaments, in order to settle disputes about illegal positions, overstepping time control and making claims for a draw by the fifty-move rule or repetition of position.
Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair comprising a letter and a number. The vertical files are labelled in small letters “a” to “h”, from White’s left to White’s right. Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered from 1 to 8.
Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file and rank (letter and number). The White queen, for example, starts the game on the square d1 and the Black queen on d8.
The following are the letters used in capitals to represent various pieces.
King - K
Movement of the chess pieces
The king moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically or diagonally
The rook moves horizontally or vertically, through any number of unoccupied squares
A bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
The queen moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal, vertical or diagonal direction. When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen may not move over any intervening pieces.
A knight moves to the nearest square not on the same rank, file or diagonal. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an “L” pattern.) The knight is not blocked by other pieces: it jumps to the new location.
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:
A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has not yet made its first move, a pawn also has the option of moving two squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot move backwards.
9
en passant capture
A pawn attacking a square crossed by an opponent’s pawn which has advanced two squares in one move from its original square may capture this opponent’s pawn as though the latter had been moved only one square. This capture is only legal in the following move:
This advance is called an ‘ en passant ‘capture.
Castling
There are two different ways of moving the king: by moving to any adjoining square not attacked by one or more of the opponent’s pieces or by castling.
The latter is a move made by the king and either rook of the same colour along the player’s first rank, counting as a single move of the king and executed as follows: the king is transferred from its original square two squares towards the rook on its original square, then that rook is transferred to the square the king has just crossed.
11
Check and Checkmate
What is a check? Check is a condition in chess when a player’s king is under threat of capture. The player who is in check must remove their king out of check in their next move.
There are three ways to remove a check:
1. Capture the piece that is giving check.
In the given example, we can see Black’s king is in check. Black’s only way to get rid of this check is by capturing the bishop on h7. Because the bishop on h7 is not protected by any piece, this is a legal move.
2. Moving the king away from check
As we can see, the bishop is now protected by the knight. Black can’t capture the bishop; however, black can move his king to the h8 square.
3. Blocking the piece giving check
The king can move to a7 or a8
The rook can move to c7
The queen can move to c7 or d6
The knight can jump to e5.
12
Draw
There isn’t always a winner and a loser in chess. There are several reasons why a chess of game may end in a draw:
1. Both players agree on a draw.
2. Both players have traded enough pieces so that it is impossible for either player to checkmate the other.
3. Either player can declare a draw if the same position is reached three times.
4. Either player can declare a draw if 50 chess moves (50 white and 50 black) have been made and not a single pawn move or a piece has been captured.
5. It is one’s player turn to move, and while he is not in check, he does not have any legal moves. This is called stalemate
Let’s look at a position to understand more what stalemate is.
We can see that white has no legal moves in this position. We can also see that black has cornered the king and has an extra queen.
If it was white to move, this position would be drawn, because white has no legal moves. If it was black to move, black could realize any move to avoid stalemate and checkmate white in the future.
Three stages of chess
1. Opening
The opening stage is the first phase of the game. This is where both sides develop their forces and “prepare” themselves for the middle game.
In chess, developing a piece means to place a piece in a square where it is more active. At the start of a chess game, all the pieces are behind pawns and possess limited mobility. When we move, or develop, our pieces, we’re improving their activity and preparing them for battle.
While there is no clear cut move that defines the end of the opening and the start of the middle game, it is usually considered middle game after both players have castled and developed their queens.
Here is an example of a game in its opening stage:
Nowadays, thanks to the analysis of computers and many strong players, there exist a vast amount of opening theory. In other words, after millions of chess games, players have realized which opening moves score better and which ones are less powerful.
At the highest level, players memorize hundreds of chess opening variations. This allows players to obtain the upper hand and make 10+ moves without much effort. Chess players have also given name to specific “openings” or sequence of moves. For example the diagram above is commonly referred to as the French Defense.
At this point, it is not important to memorize different chess openings, but it is important to recognize What a player must do in the opening stage.
In the Opening you should:
Develop your pieces!
Protect your king. In part number two, we discussed an important move called “castling”.You want to castle in the opening stage.
Avoid, if possible, moving the same piece twice. You want to develop all of your pieces.
2. Middle game
After both sides have developed their forces, the middle game phase begins. This is where the central battle of the chess game happens. Both sides develop a plan and attempt to execute it. Many chess games are determined in the middle game.
We can see the diagram above that both sides have castled and developed their queens. Both sides should create a plan and do their best to execute it.
In the Middle game you should:
Look for a plan! It does not matter if your plan is good or bad. A bad plan is better than no plan at all.
Maximize the activity of your pieces. In the opening, you developed your pieces; however, in the middle game we may look for the optimal square for our pieces. Maybe we want to place our piece in a strong square, or exchange it. It is important to know what you want to do with your pieces.
Protect your king. The ultimate goal in chess is to checkmate your opponent. Always make sure your king is safe and avoid weakening your king’s defense.
Think of your opponent. You’re not the only one playing chess: Your opponent has a planned they also want to execute it. Always try to figure out what your opponent is planning to do next. This applies to all stages of the game.
3. Endgame
Most chess games average around 40 moves, which means not all games reach the endgame. Throughout the course of the middle game, many pieces and pawns are exchanged.
We can define an endgame by the fact that the kings are very involved in the fight. Usually, we want to protect our king in the opening and middle game stage; however, because many pieces have been traded, the king is usually safe.
In the endgame, the king plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of a game.
In the Endgame game you should:
Activate your king: This may seem counter intuitive, but the king is a very powerful piece in the endgame. Since both players have exchanged a vast amount of pieces, the king is usually safe.
Promote your pawns. In the endgame, it is easier to promote pawns because both players have less pieces.
Protect your pawns. Pawns are more valuable in the endgame, because they can become queens easily
Summary Slide-4
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In nature, Buttress, Tap and Strangler are all types of what? | Roots
Roots
Kinds of Roots
Taproot system � a strongly developed main root which grows downwards �����bearing lateral roots much smaller than itself.
In most dicots, the radicle enlarges to form a prominent taproot that persists throughout the life of the plant.
Many progressively smaller branch roots grow from the taproot.
This system is called a taproot system; common in dicots and conifers.
In plants such as carrots and sugar beets, fleshy taproots store large reserves of food, usu. as carbohydrates.
Taproots are modified for reaching deep water in the ground: e.g. the long taproots of poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), dandelion (Taraxacum sp.) and mesquite (Prosopis sp.).
2.Fibrous root system � has several to many roots of the same size that develop from the end of the stem, with smaller lateral roots branching off of them.
�����
a. Most monocots (including grasses and onions) have a fibrous root system.
b. In these plants, the radicle is short-lived and is replaced by a mass of adventitious roots (from the Latin, adventicius, meaning �not belonging to�), which are roots that form on organs other than roots. Because these roots arise not from preexisting roots, but from the stem, they are said to be adventitious.
c. The adventitious roots of monocots are very extensive and cling tenaciously to soil particles. These plants are excellent for preventing erosion.
d. The fibrous root of a few plants are edible � sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) are the fleshy part of a fibrous root system.
Adventitious roots � there are several types of adventitious roots besides those of monocots.
a. Adventitious roots are common along rhizomes (underground stems) of ferns, club mosses (Lycopodium), and horsetail (Equisetum).
b. In some plants, adventitious roots are a primary means of vegetative reproduction: forests of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) are often a single clone spread by adventitious roots. Prop roots of mangrove (Rhizophora sp.) are like stilt roots, an adventitious root that grows out from the lower part of a stem into the soil to support the stem, or grows down from a lower branch in to the soil to support that branch (strangler figs).
c. You might see adventitious roots of ivy (Hedera helix) growing along the stem as it climbs along a fence or into a tree.
Take home point � Most dicots have a taproot system consisting of a large taproot and smaller branch roots. Taproot systems maximize support and storage. Monocots have a fibrous root system consisting of similarly sized roots that maximize absorption. Adventitious roots are roots that form on organs other than roots.
Functions and structure of roots
1. Absorption � roots absorb large amounts of water and dissolved minerals (nitrates, phosphates, and sulfates) from the soil.
2.
Anchorage
� to locate water and minerals, roots permeate the soil. �In doing so, they anchor the plant in one place for its entire life.
3. Storage � roots store large amounts of energy reserves, initially produced in the leaves of plants via photosynthesis, and transported in the phloem, as sugar, to the roots for storage, usu as sugar or starch, until they are needed.
Structure and function
Absorption � most water and nutrients are absorbed by roots hairs (in zone of maturation). Root hairs extend the absorptive surface of roots that is in contact with moist soil several thousand-fold. Root hairs are short-lived, single-celled extensions of the epidermal cells near the growing root tip. Root hairs form only in the maturing, non-elongating region of the root. They are fragile extensions of epidermal cells and are easily broken off.
a. Mycorrhizae � the roots of most plant species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain soil fungi.
b. Mycorrhizae enable plants to absorb adequate amounts of certain essential minerals (such as phosphorus) form the soil.
c. Minerals absorbed from the soil by the fungus, travels to the roots, and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis in the plant travel to the fungus.
d. Mycorrhizae often enhance plant growth, and when mycorrhizae are not present, neither the fungus nor the plant grows as well.
e. Roots of some plants, like legumes (peas, beans, mesquites) form an association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium, Frankia). Swellings, called nodules, develop on roots and house millions of the bacteria.
f. Like mycorrhizae, the association between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and roots is mutually beneficial.
g. The bacteria receive products of photosynthesis from the plants while helping the plant to meet its nitrogen requirement.
h. Cortical cells are those infected with the Rhizobium, which infects the roots through the root hairs, and then forms infection threads that permeate the root.
Anchorage
� relatively little absorption occurs past a few centimeters beyond the root tip, because these parts of the root lack root hairs and have a heavily suberized endodermis (innermost layer of the cortex). (Suberin � waxy substance that occurs in both cork cells and in cells of underground plant parts. Consists of hydroxylated fatty acids. Impervious to water). These non-absorptive regions of roots anchor plants and may later produce branch roots.
Conduction and storage � water and dissolved minerals absorbed by roots move to the shoot in xylary elements.
Movement � Each root tip has a root cap, a protective thimble-like layer of many sells that covers the delicate root apical meristem. The root cap also appears to be involved in orienting the root so that it grows downward. It can sense light, pressure and, perhaps, gravity. It produces and secretes mucigel, which protects and lubricates roots.
Roots specialized for unusual functions
���� �1.�� Prop roots - �are adventitious roots that develop from branches or from vertical stem and grow downward into the soil to help support the plant in an upright position.
Pneumatophores � �breathing roots�
In swampy or tidal environments where the soil is flooded or water-logged, roots often grow upwards until they are above the high-tide level. Even though roots live in the soil, they still require oxygen for aerobic respiration. A flooded soil is depleted of oxygen, so these aerial, �breathing roots� may assist in getting O2 to the submerged roots.
Plants such as black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) avoid suffocation by producing these roots that impor oxygen from the atmosphere. The pneumatophores contain as much as 80% aerenchyma, grow up in the air, and function much like snorkels, thru which oxygen diffuses to submerged roots.
Epiphytes � plants that grow attached to other plants.
Epiphytes and climbing plants have aerial roots that anchor the plant to the bark, branch, or other surface on which it grows.
Aerial roots of some epiphytes are specialized not only for anchorage, but some have photosynthetic roots (some epiphytic orchids), some absorb water.
Some parasitic epiphytes, such as mistleltoe (Phorodendron sp, etc.), have roots that penetrate the host plant tissues and absorb nutrients.
Suckers � aboveground stems that develop from adventitious buds on the roots.
Each sucker develops additional roots and becomes an independent plant when the parent dies.
Plants that form suckers include cottonwood, Lombardy poplar, pear, apple, cherry, blackberry, etc.
Roots generally grow away from the light, and light inhibits root growth in corn, wheat, peas, and rice. Light is sensed by the root cap and inhibits growth by slowing the rates of cellular division and elongation.
| Root |
Which English fruit merchant and amateur sailor returned to Portsmouth, England, on 4th July 1968, after sailing round the world in 354 days? | Strangler Figs - Ficus ssp.
Strangler Figs
Genus: Ficus
Species: ssp.
Figs are one of the most important plant species of a rainforest ecosystem. There are close to 1,000 different species of Ficus, which can be found in every major rainforest, tropical continent and islands around the world. Hundreds of animals like pigeons , parrots, hornbills, toucans , monkeys, gibbons , and fruit-eating bats, feed on the sweet fruit of the fig tree.
Figs are considered a "keystone" species because they are so important to the animals of the rainforest. This is so because figs bear fruit several times a year. Different species of figs fruit at different times so that there is always a supply of food for animals that depend on fruit as a major part of their diet. A large variety of herbivores and omnivores eat figs. In some forests up to 70% of its animal's diets depend on figs,
and the number of fruit-eaters determines the number of predators of fruit-eaters.
Some of Southeast Asia's Ficus species are Ficus benjamina, F. religiosa F. microcarpa, F. rubiginosa and F. macrophylla and the notorious strangler figs.
Strangler figs are tall canopy trees which can grow to 148 feet in height. The manner in which they reach the canopy is a strange story. The forest floor of a rainforest is a difficult place for seedlings to grow. There is little light and a lot of competition for water and nutrients. Strangler figs have made an adaptation to avoid these difficulties. Unlike most plants, strangler figs start out their lives as epiphytes in the crook of a tree or on its branches. Tiny, sticky seeds are deposited high in a tree by animal droppings. The seeds are not affected by the animal's digestive tract and soon germinate.
The strangler fig has an aggressive growth habit that insures its survival in the rainforest. The seedlings grows slowly at first, getting their nutrients from the sun, rain and leaf litter that has collected on the host. The stranglers send out many thin roots that snake down the trunk of the host tree or dangle as aerial roots from its branches. When the roots reach the ground they dig in and put on a growth spurt, competing with the host tree for water and nutrients. They also send out a network of roots that encircle the host tree and fuse together. As the roots grow thicker they squeeze the trunk of its host and cut off its flow of nutrients.
In the canopy the strangler fig puts out lots of leaves that soon grow thicker than the host tree and rob it of sun light. Eventually the host dies from strangulation, insufficient sunlight and root competition, and the strangler fig stands on its own. A hollow center is all that remains of the host.
Some figs grow root systems that develop into thin buttresses that can spread out to a distance of about 30 feet. Other figs grow aerial roots from their branches that, when they reach the ground, root themselves and become another trunk on the same tree. Strangler figs have light colored bark and umbrella shaped canopies. Green above and lighter below, the leaves are simple, ovoid and usually between 1.5 - 3 inches long. Waxy leaves protect the strangler fig from drying winds and sunlight that it is exposed to high in the canopy.
Perhaps the most amazing part of this extraordinary tree is its flower. What we think of as the fruit is really a hollow, flower-bearing structure called a cyconia. The inside it is lined with hundreds of male and female flowers. The males carry pollen and the females bear seeds. There are two different types of female flowers; one with a short style and one with a long style.
Now, if that isn't weird enough, each species of fig has a symbiotic relationship with its own species of tiny pollinator wasp (Agaoninae spp). These wasps are about 2 millimeters long, and enter the cyconia through an opening at the bottom of the fruit. Once inside, they pollinate the long-styled female flowers in the process of laying their eggs in the ovaries of short-style flowers.
Without these special wasps carrying pollen from one cyconium to another there would be no seeds.
When the eggs hatch, two kinds of wasps emerge; a female and male. When the male hatches it finds a short-style flower and bites a small hole in the ovary wall. He then inseminates the female through the hole and repeats the process with every female it finds. The female will then crawl out of the hole made by the male. As a last act in its short life the male will chew through the cyconium wall to the outside. The females are then able to leave and repeat the process of pollination and egg laying in other figs.
Some figs even have two different kinds of trees in the same species; one tree only bear cyconia with short-styled flowers for the wasps to lay eggs in called caprifig. The other tree sets seeds and are delicious so animals will eat them and disperse their seeds. The caprifigs are hard and unappetizing and the wasps can develop without the danger of being eaten.
Scientists call this type of symbiotic relationship "species packing". They believe that it allows different species of Ficus to grow side by side without cross pollinating. The diversity of the fig trees stays intact and ensures that each species fruits at its own time. This gives them a greater chance of being eaten by animals and having their seeds dispersed.
Strangler figs are also known as banyan trees. The Hindus regard them as sacred because it is said that Buddha once meditated beneath one. Ficus religiosa is the sacred tree of Burma, Ceylon and India. One particular tree of the species of Ficus bengalensis in India is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records (1985) as the world's largest tree, with 1,000 prop roots and covering an area of four acres.
Although strangler figs are still abundant, old forests with mature fig trees are being lost every year through logging and fires. New growth trees which replace the Ficus are usually of a single species and fruit at the same time. Animals that relied on the plentiful, year-round fruit of the fig trees either starve or move away. Most will not return to the area.
E. Benders-Hyde 2002
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What is the name of the spaceship in the 1979 film ‘Alien’? | Derelict (Alien) | Annex | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
The Derelict is a large, asymmetrical, wishbone -shaped craft, with a thickened central section between the two horns, which bend upwards. It has three large openings near ground level between the two horns, leading into the ship's interior. It is through one of these openings that three of the Nostromo crew members ( Captain Dallas , Navigator Lambert , and Executive Officer Kane ) entered the ship. The interior of the Derelict resembled more a giant beast than a spacegoing vessel, with its skeletal walls, circular gangways and steep passages. (The Xenomorph nest in Aliens implied that the aliens had transformed the ship as they had the terraforming station).
The Derelict may be a type of bioship from an advanced and ancient race (the Space Jockeys ). It is organic in appearance, and it shows signs of being partially fossilized ; though it is still functional, since it is still sending out an automated radio transmission. The dead Pilot is also fused to the command chair on the ship's bridge equivalent.
One interesting aspect of the ship is that exactly what part of the ship seen by the Nostromo's crew goes completely unexplained. It would seem to be the bow, or front, because the Space Jockey is apparently the pilot but this is uncertain. The exterior of the ship looks almost like the stern (back-end) of a ship that has hit the ground and buried its nose in the dirt. Whichever theory one chooses to accept will also dictate which backstory the viewer will accept.
Crew
Edit
The fossilized Space Jockey
In an enormous cockpit room, on a turntable-like structure was a giant alien life form that appeared to have been dead for an extremely long time, since it was fossilized . It appeared to have grown out of its equally enormous chair. It was sitting at a giant telescopic object that pointed upward that is assumed to be the pilot's controls. It also had a huge hole in its chest with bones bent outward, as if something exploded from the inside.
Very little is known about this long dead organism inside the Derelict, which the Alien production team named Space Jockey . H.R. Giger , designer of the Derelict and the Space Jockey, originally named it simply "The Pilot". Lambert of the Nostromo brought up the question of what happened to the rest of the crew on the Derelict, since no remains of any other Space Jockeys were found on board.
Cargo
Edit
Kane, the executive officer, found a large hole near the side of the Space Jockey's "turntable". The hole opened out into a pit, apparently burned through by acid. The crewman volunteered to go down and investigate.
Upon reaching the bottom he discovered that he was inside an enormous cave-like cargo space filled with thousands of "leathery objects like eggs," covered by a thin layer of blue mist that reacted when broken. Ridley Scott states during the Director's Commentary on the Alien Special Edition DVD that the eggs are the cargo of the Space Jockey's ship with the ship being a sort-of war ship designed to carry these biological weapons, or perhaps a science vessel carrying the eggs as cargo for scientific study.
This room was called "the egg chamber" for obvious reasons, and is the scene of the first contact with the Alien organism, when the facehugger bursts out from one of the eggs, penetrates Kane's helmet (offscreen), and attaches itself to his face.
Origins
Edit
The origin of the Derelict and its inhabitant, the Space Jockey, is not depicted and virtually nothing is ever said about either throughout the entire Alien series. The Atmosphere Processor explosion, which occurred near the central colony complex near the end of the second film, probably did not destroy the Derelict, as colonists had been on LV-426 for several years before its discovery; however, Alien: Resurrection states that the Derelict was destroyed in the explosion. In Aliens: Special Edition, the Jordan family are said to have headed out past 'the Illian Range', supposedly a mountain range, which may have protected the Derelict from the explosion. The Derelict was never seen again after Alien except for its brief appearance in the 1991 Special Edition of Aliens which depicted its discovery by the Jorden family, on the now colonized LV-426. Following this extended introduction, all but one of the colony members are killed by the alien species.
According to the computer game Aliens versus Predator , the derelict ship survived the explosion and the Company established a new colony, atmosphere processor, and research facility dedicated to studying the derelict ship and its contents. All were destroyed ten years later during a second alien infestation, when an unnamed Marine disabled the atmosphere processor's cooling systems, causing another explosion.
Trivia
Edit
In a very early draft of the script, the eggs were originally meant to be housed in a completely separate architectural structure, shaped in the form of a massive pyramid. These illustrations of the discarded sequence were done by British illustrator and science fiction artist Chris Foss .
According to the book Giger's Alien, the eggs were originally meant to be housed in a completely separate architectural structure, shaped in the form of a massive pyramid. This would imply the previous existence of a native civilization, wiped out by their reverence for the creatures. This is possibly what the structure and ancient history scene of Alien vs. Predator was based on.
More than 100 prop eggs were created for the scene of Kane's exploration of the " cave " under The Derelict. One special hero-egg prop was created with a top that could peel open by hydraulics. The scene of Kane being attacked was filmed on September 10, 1978.
Ridley Scott wanted an early warning system around the Alien eggs that would signal the eggs to the approach of a possible host organism. This effect was achieved through the use of a blue scanning laser that was projected through smoke to highlight the apparent membrane covering the eggs. The laser used was loaned to Scott by the rock group The Who .
Ridley Scott has stated in respect to the production of Alien that he wanted to make "a slasher movie in space". The Derelict is intended as an updated version of "a dark, old, haunted house ," as is the Nostromo.
See also
| Nostromo |
What is the name of the rich fruit cake, with a layer of marzipan on top, and sometimes inside, eaten at Easter? | Alien (1979)
Alien (1979)
d. Ridley Scott, 117 minutes
Film Plot Summary
The film opened in the year 2122 AD, with the crew of seven members of the grimy, commercial space towing-freighter Nostromo being awakened from hypersleep by the ship's main computer (nicknamed Mother). A non-human distress transmission-signal "of unknown origin" was soon investigated by the entire crew on the unsurveyed, uncharted moon LV-426. It came from a derelict, downed alien ship that contained thousands of eggs.
Resourceful, self-reliant, hard-assed, feminist action heroine Lt. Ellen Ripley (unknown stage actress Sigourney Weaver in her first major film role) suspected the signal wasn't an SOS but a warning signal. In the interior of the alien craft where a bizarre pod field contained rows of eggs encased in a bluish mist-shrouded pit, crew member Kane's (John Hurt) helmet and face were attacked by something inside one of the eggs.
Ripley wanted to refuse entry and follow strict quarantine procedures ("If we let it in, the ship could be infected. You know the quarantine procedure. Twenty-four hours for decontamination"), but Kane was allowed back on board. Laid out in the ship's infirmary, Kane's face was covered by the alien face-hugger as it choked his neck, but fed him oxygen through a throat tube. It couldn't be removed - and when cut spurted out acidic yellow-bile liquid blood. When it came off naturally and shed its dead carcass-skin (and died?), Kane appeared to recover.
During the film's most notable scene set during a meal at the mess table - their last before a 10-month journey back to Earth - Kane had a seizure and the alien (with a row of sharp teeth) bloodily and unexpectedly burst out of his chest and scurried away. One by one as the crew members searched for the creature, they were eliminated - ship's mechanic Brett (Harry Dean Stanton) was killed by the monster during a lone search for the ship's beloved yellowish, ginger cat Jones.
The menacing, unstoppable, carnivorous, stowaway, primal xenomorph was using the ship's airshafts or cooling ducts to move around. Captain Dallas (Tom Skerritt) also died when searching for the beast in the air vents with a flamethrower. Ripley announced a new strategy: "We'll go step-by-step and cut off every bulkhead and every vent until we have it cornered, and then we'll blow it the f--k out into space."
Through the ship's computer, Ripley learned the corporate machinations behind the alien - the Company employing them had deliberately rerouted them to pick up the alien, and that the crew was expendable ("Nostromo rerouted to new co-ordinates. Investigate life form. Gather specimen. Priority One. Insure return of organism for analysis. All other considerations secondary. Crew expendable"). It was also revealed that the science officer Ash (Ian Holm) was a scheming android ("It's a robot! Ash is a goddamn robot!").
When Ash attacked Ripley, navigator Lambert (Veronica Cartwright) and Parker (Yaphet Kotto) rescued her, and Parker lethally wounded Ash - as it gasped: "You still don't understand what you're dealing with, do you? A perfect organism. Its structural perfection is matched only by its hostility." Ripley decided upon a new strategy: "We're gonna blow up the ship. We'll take our chances in the shuttle. Blow up the ship." The next two gruesome casualties were Parker and Lambert.
Left alone, Ripley heroically activated the emergency destruct system to blow up the ship. She successfully abandoned ship in the shuttlecraft Narcissus with Jones (she told herself: "I got you! You son-of-a-bitch"), not realizing that the alien had hidden onboard.
In the film's exciting conclusion, she stripped down to her skimpy underwear, then donned a space suit when she realized the alien was present, opened the airlock hatch, and jettisoned the creature into outer space - and then blasted it with white-heat exhaust before entering hypersleep with Jones for the long journey home in the Narcissus ("This is Ripley, last survivor of the Nostromo, signing off").
Film Notables (Awards, Facts, etc.)
The grisly, claustrophobic, action-oriented, science-fiction/horror film contained very little dialogue but with some very suspenseful, tension-filled moments (deliberately drawn out with slow pacing), visceral thrills and shocks, and special effects/visual effects techniques.
Nominated for two Academy Awards (with one win): Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects (win).
Its effective and famous tagline was: "In space, no one can hear you scream." It was the first R-rated film to have merchandising aimed at children.
The Nostromo's name was taken from Joseph Conrad's 1904 novel of the same name. This box-office hit from 20th Century Fox, budgeted at about $11 million, with almost $81 million in revenues (domestic), and $105 million (worldwide).
The screenplay for director Ridley Scott's film (only his second feature film following The Duellists (1977), although Walter Hill was originally to be the director) was written by Dan O'Bannon, who based the script upon a story (originally titled Star Beast) that he had written with partner Ronald Shusett.
The imaginative and fantastic settings (and the hostile, slime-dripping, predatory Alien creature itself) were conceived and created by Swiss surrealist designer and painter H. R. Giger and Heavy Metal French artist Moebius (Jean Giraud). Because of the original film's success, Scott was able to finance his next futuristic film, the equally popular Blade Runner (1982) .
Although director Ridley Scott did not direct any of the Alien sequels, his recent 3-D sci-fi space thriller Prometheus (2012) was an Alien prequel, occurring 29 years before the events of Alien (1979). The crew of a spaceship named Prometheus, funded by the Weyland Corporation, headed off to the distant moon LV-223 in another star system and landed there in the year 2093 after a 2 year, 4 1/2 month journey. Supposedly, the inhabitants of the destination were greater beings (or "Engineers") who created Earth and humankind, and then changed their minds and wanted to destroy humanity. Starring Charlize Theron (as corporation executive), Michael Fassbender (the ship's resident android David), Guy Pearce (as dying magnate Peter Weyland), and Noomi Rapace (as the lead heroine, archaeologist Elizabeth Shaw).
Lt. Ellen Ripley
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The phrase ‘Listen very carefully, I will say this only once’ comes from which UK television comedy series? | Once per Episode - TV Tropes
Once per Episode
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— Kronk (reacting to a Running Gag ), The Emperor's New School
A relative of the Running Gag . This is an event that, instead of happening several times in one episode, happens one time in just about every episode of a show.
There is an entire genre of jokes that exists to take advantage of this trope: "Remember that one episode of _____ where...". For example: Remember that one episode of Gilligan's Island where they almost escape from the island, but Gilligan screws it up ?
Compare Signature Style . If it happens at the end of an episode, it's Every Episode Ending . If everything is like this, it is Strictly Formula .
Also compare Once a Season , where a certain plotline or character story gets a yearly invite. May also overlap with Different in Every Episode if the series follows a specific formula for its references and plots.
Examples
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Anime and Manga
Kanon : Ayu runs into Yuuichi, literally or not , in every episode except for the ends of the other girls' arcs.
Trigun features a cat skittering across the screen every episode, some times more obviously than others. Said cat is named Kuroneko-sama ("Lady Black Cat"), and was actually the first character designed for the series.
Tokyo Mew Mew : Magical Girls have to transform once an episode, but in Tokyo Mew Mew, it got bad enough to be an in-joke with fans — hey, there aren't even monsters around! What's Mew Ichigo doing exactly?
Nishizawa of Hayate the Combat Butler eats something while (after her introduction in episode 12) thinking wistfully of Hayate. (She still appears doing it even before her official introduction.)
The Mazinger saga:
Mazinger Z : Every episode Kouji shouted "Pilder On!" and "Mazin Go!" to dock in its Humongous Mecha and activate it. In some episodes he shouted it even more times if he had to sortie often.
Great Mazinger : In the same way and with the same purpose, Tetsuya shouted "Brain Condor!" and "Mazin Go". And Jun shouted "Queen Star On! Venus Go!" every episode after the third one.
UFO Robo Grendizer : Every episode Daisuke jumped from a hatch and shouted "DUKE FLEED!" -his real name- to morph his clothes into his Latex Space Suit , and "Dizer Go!" to start Grendizer.
The Robot Romance Trilogy :
Combattler V : To combine their vehicles -needless to say, it happened every episode-, the team yelled "Let's combine", and if they were ready to combine correctly, Ropetto authorized the combination repeating: "Combine OK". And then you have the Finishing Move ("Choudenji Tatsumaki" and "Choudenji Spin") that were used every episode.
Voltes V : Again, the Five-Man Band every episode yelled "Let's Volt In!" to combine in Voltes-V. And every episode they killed the Monster of the Week with the V-Slash .
Daimos : Every episode, to transform and activate Daimos, Kazuya yelled "Daimos, Battle Turn!", -pretty uselessly- as performing a kata with his arms.
Science Ninja Team Gatchaman : Once every episode all team members screamed: "Transformation" (or, if you watch the Spanish dubbing, "Mutación", that is not an accurate translation -mutación=mutation- but sounds even cooler)" to change their civilian clothes into their super-hero costumes.
Serial Experiments Lain : The opening Aspect Montage . Showing Lain on the street outside her house where the shadows aren't quite right.
CLANNAD : After Fuko's arc of concludes, she makes random appearances in accordance with this trope.
There's a Running Gag in .hack//Legend of the Twilight about Shugo getting bashed in the face and losing a tooth every episode. Fortunately for his dentistry the damage isn't permanent or cumulative, since he is in virtual form when it happens. The gag is dropped in the last few episodes which take a more serious turn.
In every episode of most Cutey Honey incarnations (except the recent The Live TV series) someone would ask Honey who she is, to which she would laugh, list her different costumes for the episode (usually three) and finish by "but the truth is... Honey Flash!" (cue transformation sequence) "Cutey Honey! The Warrior of Love!"
Every single episode of the Medabots dub found an excuse for Ikki to shout "Metabee!". Also: "Medafighters Ready? Medabots... Robattle!"
Kamichama Karin : "Mr. Glasses Man!" "I am not 'Mr. Glasses Man'!"
Someone (usually Pedro) gives a Big "NO!" each episode.
Nabeshin appears in every episode, even if it's just for a second.
Excel getting dropped through a trapdoor by Il Palazzo. One time the rope he pulls to spring the trap has a sign saying "obligatory" hung on it.
Mnemosyne has Rin asking Mimi for water every morning, only to get vodka (which, in Russian, is the diminutive of the word for "water") instead.
Not to mention Rin getting mutilated and/or killed, which on average, actually happens closer to thrice an episode.
Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei
Itoshiki-sensei says "I'm in despair!" (or "Zetsuboushita!" in Japanese) at least once after a short clip of him looking surprised/afraid/overly-dramatic in different directions. Usually, he'll give the full line: "I'm in despair! ''X'' has left me in despair!"
Lampshaded several times in the anime when other, usually minor, characters declare "I'm in despair!" and Itoshiki promptly replies along the lines of "Thats MY line."
Kaere also gets a panty shot every episode, and there are smaller things like a stork showing up in the background. These are all lampshaded when Itoshiki-sensei tries to explain all the once-per-episode elements to new viewers . He can't come up with a good reason why they're all there.
Code Geass R2 has, amazingly, turned the Wham Episode concept into a Once an Episode occurrence. Seriously, literally, once an episode; R2 is made up of nothing but Wham Episodes.
Pok�mon :
"Looks like Team Rocket's blasting off again!" Averages once an episode. There are episodes where they don't blast off at all (like the first-season episode where Ash got the Thunderbadge, for example), but on the other hand, there are also episodes where they blast off twice, so it all evens out. In addition, Wobbuffet had been seen, or its cry was heard, in every episode since his introduction save two of them. At least, that is, until he was left behind with the other Pokemon at the beginning of Best Wishes. He's with them again in Kalos and the gag is back too.
Not to mention Team Rocket's motto upon revealing themselves, although a few episodes did not feature it with them instead opting to sing a song.
Brock meets a cute girl, immediately proposes to her, and is then dragged off by Misty/Max/Croagunk/whoever. On rare occasions, however, this would turn the other way - the odd episode had Misty gushing over a Water Pokémon (or something related to a water-type) and Brock would drag her away, and one occasion had the cute girl of the week proposing to Brock, leaving him completely dumbfounded. Both are now gone as of Best Wishes, as Brock was finally Put on a Bus , and Team Rocket Took a Level in Badass and now only blast off of their own will....on jetpacks... At least until the Kalos series started up, where they're back to their usual incompetent selves.
Now we have Cilan going into one of his long-winded explanations/speeches each ep, usually accompanied by Iris looking bored and making a "there he goes again" type remark.
Iris herself has one in the original Japanese, telling Ash he's such a child at least once.
Clemont's invention of the week seems to end up Gone Horribly Wrong .
In Zatch Bell! , before Ponygon was introduced as a character, he would often be shown walking across the screen for no explicable reason once an episode.
On The Noozles , Osgood the lizard pops up out of nowhere at least once an episode to comment on what is going on.
Once per Story Arc variation in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha : The major battle near the end of an incident will be capped off with Starlight Breaker . As Sound Stage X showed when Teana did it, this rule is followed even if Nanoha is absent.
In Maicchingu Machiko Sensei , Machiko's panties are shown without fail throughout all 95 episodes, not to mention that she will be disrobed at least partially.
Ranma 1/2: The Abridged Chronicles has several once-per-episode gags, as stated by the creators. This list includes a scene with Genma as a panda with flashing yellow text exclaiming something about the panda, a boot to the head , a musical interlude (usually to draw out fight scenes), someone exclaiming "Son of a bitch," and of course, Ranma getting turned into a girl, usually without a top on. While not all of these happen each episode, they occur enough to qualify.
Ranma: Stupid one-topless-scene-per-episode contract!
In the original Ranma � , Ranma's transformation initially is this, but is increasingly averted or implied to happen offscreen. At the very beginning, the threat of it being revealed was once an episode. They didn't so much waste a perfectly good plot, more one of their best gags, not to mention plenty of perfectly good Fanservice opportunities .
In Ghost Stories , the main characters read a book for sealing spirits whenever they encounter the Monster of the Week .
"OK, I'm sorry. When are you gonna need another dramatic plot point until you decide to whip out that damn ghost book!? "
Rizelmine : main male character making her cry her explosive tears, although that was backed off a bit in the second season when things got a little more serious. But the dog was still there in every episode.
One Piece (the manga) always contains an appearance by Pandaman in almost every arc (or, in one place Pandawoman ); sometimes it's obvious but most of the time it's not.
Sailor Moon : Usagi's transforms into Sailor Moon in almost every episode, and in almost all of the other episodes she is already transformed when the episode starts. Also, Sailor Moon defeats the Monster of the Week with whatever that season's attack is, if it's not a final battle that involves some more serious moon juju or one of the rare episodes where one of the other Senshi defeats the monster without her.
Revolutionary Girl Utena : The pre-duel sequences. Sure, duelling for the Rose Bride is the point of the show, but to recycle a lengthy animation sequence and some remix of "Zettai Unmei Mokushiroku" every single time? Yes, she has to climb stairs to the duel arena (except in the last 13 episodes, when she takes a "gondola"/elevator). We get it already. Stock footage is used quite a lot in the show, partly because of the low budget and partly for emphasis.
Additionally, the Shadowplay Girls show up in nearly every episode and comment on every duel.
Natsu no Arashi! : At least once per episode, sometimes more, there's an anonymous chap in the back calmly asking for salt. A few episodes he comes close, to salt and happiness, only to have it whisked away not unlike Charlie Brown's football .
In the first half of Final Fantasy: Unlimited , Kaze pulls out his Magun summon weapon, and saves the day. In the second half of the series, he pulls out the Magun and it malfunctions.
In every episode of Nerima Daikon Brothers , someone in the band needs to take out a loan, and the band goes to the Rental Shop to get a Plot Coupon from the director .
Pinoko in Black Jack presses her cheeks together and yelling, "Acchonburike" (which has no actual meaning except for being translated it as "Ohmigewdness") once per episode whenever something surprising happens.
In Black Jack 21, a game was made to try to find the image of Sharaku in each episode. Some being more obvious than others.
In the Hidamari Sketch anime, someone, usually Yuno, soaks in bath salts... even if she and the others have already been to a sentō that day. This may or may not end the episode, but it's always at least close. It took a few episodes to get it to its most common form (underwater shot of bath bombs; colored water swishing down the floor drain; the bather in the tub), but the main aspect is once an episode.
In Star Driver , various members of the Glittering Crux Brigade yell "Open the cybercasket!" once an episode in order to summon their Cybodies . Also, there's a Transformation Sequence each episode when Takuto becomes the Galactic Pretty Boy.
In each episode of Black Butler :
Ciel says, "This is an order!"
Sebastian will say, "A Phantomhive butler who can't [insert X task - usually an improbable one - here] isn't worth his salt." and "I am simply one hell of a butler.".
In the series Infinite Ryvius , one will spot Kibure Kikki, a strange female student in a dinosaur costume at the first episode. Each episode after that one can usually find her in a blink and you miss it scene of her trying to find the parts of said costume throughout the ship. Many fans have even made into a Where's Waldo? type game to try to find her in each ep.
THE iDOLM@STER - The shot of the front of the 765Pro Office.
Early on in Bloody Cross , Tsukimiya gets groped in almost every chapter. It starts happening less often later.
Most episodes of Hell Girl climax with somebody getting sent to Hell.
In the Yuri Genre series Sakura Trick , Haruka and Yuu kiss at least once in every manga chapter. The anime adapts two chapters per episode, so there's a bare minimum of two kisses per episode.
Lupin III (Green Jacket) has someone catching fire every episode, even if only for a short gag.
Following episodes 3 and 4 of Ange Vierge , every episode seems to follow this trend:
The episode starts off with a protagonist's flashback involving Amane before going on to the opening sequence.
There may or may not be a bath scene.
A comedic skit involving Ageha and Mayuka, which has its own Stinger .
The team member faces off against the Brainwashed and Crazy villain. One battle ends with the villain escaping, the other ends with her defeat. For the latter, it ends with the other Brainwashed and Crazy antagonists lamenting the current villain's defeat and the end of the episode.
Comic Books
During Mark Waid 's run on The Flash , every issue started with the lines "I'm Wally West — the fastest man alive," or some variation thereof. On rare occasion, especially when Wally or a member of his family needs to deliver a speech with emotional punch, other writers still riff on this.
Every issue of Spider-Girl opens with "Your name is May 'Mayday' Parker, and you are the daughter of Spider-Man," or some variation of it.
Matt Fraction 's Hawkeye always starts with Clint thinking "Okay, this looks bad" or some variation of it.
Diabolik tends to have a Big Damn Kiss at/near the end of every story, usually a Smooch of Victory between the titular Villain Protagonist and his lover Eva.
Film
Star Wars has many, due to the formulaic nature of the films.
Every film has the phrase, "I've got a bad feeling about this." Much Expanded Universe material homages this practice, with a video game going as far as suggesting the player should save their game every time it gets uttered.
Every movie includes the Wilhelm Scream , a stock sound effect famous enough to have its own trope page. But then, every action movie features the Wilhelm Scream — a lot of them as a shout out to Star Wars.
Every single film contains a Big "NO!" , some bigger than others.
All films begin with the opening narration scrolling against a starry sky. When the narration ends, the camera pans to a ship flying through space.
Every film introduces a new Force power.
(unintentional as it was)
The Phantom Menace : Force Speed / Force Push (offensive variant of Telekinesis)
Attack of the Clones : Force Avalanche / Force Reflect/Absorb (when Yoda turns Dooku's lightning back on him, and later absorbs a second one)
Revenge of the Sith : A variance of Force Reflect (Yoda first blocks Palpatine's lightnings at close range. When the two of them come to contact, a deflagration ensues.)
The Force Awakens : Force Stasis / Force Mind-Reading
All films have an ending sequence with music and no dialogue.
And finally, count on at least one lightsaber battle between Force-users to go down, usually towards the end.
These Lightsaber fights almost always end in someone losing a hand as well:
A New Hope: Ponda Baba losing his arm to Obi-Wan in the Cantina
The Empire Strikes Back: Luke to Vader on Cloud City
Return of the Jedi: Vader to Luke on the second Death Star
The Phantom Menace: Several droids get their arms chopped off by lightsabers.
Attack of the Clones: Anakin to Dooku at the end
Revenge of the Sith: Dooku to Anakin during the beginning (and then some, since the poor guy lost both hands). Mace Windu also loses his hand before getting flung out a window by Palpatine. And finally, Obi-Wan cuts both Anakin's left arm and legs.
The Force Awakens: The rare exception. Kylo Ren takes a lot of injuries including one that causes him to drop his saber during the battle, but this time it seems that he doesn't actually lose a hand, or at least it isn't cut off. Moreover, no lens flare can be accused of hiding it, when the camera focuses on Ren lying in the snow. He does, however, take a pretty nasty slash across the face.
Most James Bond films have him say "Bond. James Bond." Which is a problem if you are playing the drinking game. He also gets involved with two or three women per movie, at least one of whom gets killed off . Also, the Bond Gun Barrel and the animated credits are always there, even if altered a bit sometimes. (see also the series' entry on Strictly Formula )
All the films had variations of " Why is the rum gone? "
Every movie has The Stinger and mentions parley.
11 of the 12 Marx Brothers films had Chico play the piano and Harpo play the harp.
The Swedish comedy movies Jönssonligan always had Sickan say "Jag har en plan" ("I've got a plan").
The Danish comedy movies Olsen-Banden, of which Jönsonsligan is a Swedish remake, had Egon Olsen in jail at the beginning of a story, and he'd come out of jail with a plan wrapped in brown paper, and he'd say "Jeg har en plan". And the wonderfully brilliant plan would somehow misfire and Egon would be arrested, usually in the place of the real crook.
All Terminator films have someone shouting " Get Out " as they take over a vehicle. Two other phrases almost qualify: "I'll be back!" (all but T3 , which instead features "She'll be back" and "I'm back!"), and " Come with Me If You Want to Live " (T3 features "Do you wanna live?! Come on!!").
The Back to the Future trilogy:
The first two movies have Marty being unconscious and after waking up says, "You're...You're my mother!" In the third movie , however, he wakes up and says, "You're...who are you?" as it was not his mother this time.
The first two movies also had Biff being covered in manure (not the same instance) while the third movie has his ancestor be covered in manure, and telling how they hate manure.
All three movie feature a wide overhead shot of Marty walking into the town square, looking astonished as he sees his hometown in a different time period, along with a clear shot of the town clock's current state in that particular era.
Every Indiana Jones film will include Indy fighting a big strong henchman (in the first three, played by the same actor) who'll end up being killed in an extraordinarily violent fashion.
Every movie involves the Big Bad trying to harness a powerful magical (or seemingly magical) artifact, only to have it backfire on him/her in the end due to hubris.
American Pie : The three main movies feature Stifler coming into unwanted contact with one kind of human excreta or other, Jim getting caught masturbating in a ridiculous way, and Finch having sex with Stifler's Mom. Averted somewhat in the fourth movie, American Reunion: while Jim still gets caught masturbating, Stifler makes someone else come into unwanted contact with his feces, and he has sex with Finch's mom.
Almost every official Marvel Comics movie has a Creator Cameo by Stan Lee .
X-Men : Hot dog vendor on the beach when the now-mutated senator escapes Magneto.
X-Men: The Last Stand : Man watering his lawn in Jean Gray flashback. Bonus points for including Chris Claremont in the same scene, as Stan's neighbor.
Spider-Man : Old man shielding little girl from falling debris during the Goblin's parade attack.
Spider-Man 2 : Old man pulling woman away from debris during the battle on the clock tower.
Spider-Man 3 : Talks to Peter while both are reading a news bulletin about Spider-Man.
Hulk : Security guard; bonus points for being alongside Lou Ferigno .
Daredevil : Old man almost hit by bus.
Fantastic Four (2005) : Mailman Willie Lumpkin (the first time he played one of his own characters).
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer : Denied access to the wedding, despite claiming to be Stan Lee.
Iron Man : Mistaken for Hugh Hefner at the casino.
The Incredible Hulk : Accidentally drinks soda laced with Banner blood.
Iron Man 2 : Mistaken for Larry King at Stark Expo.
Thor : Truck driver who unsuccessfully tries to tow Thor's hammer from a crater.
Captain America: The First Avenger : General at the award ceremony.
The Avengers : Interviewed about the heroes in the ending (and, ironically, the only random citizen to claim the idea of "superheroes in new York" is "ridiculous").
The Amazing Spider-Man : Working in the school library while listening to music on headphones, which renders him oblivious to Spidey and the Lizard tearing the place apart.
Iron Man 3 : As a beauty pageant judge.
Thor: The Dark World : A patient in the psych ward Selvig is attending.
Guardians of the Galaxy : "Xandarian Ladies' Man."
Big Hero 6 : In a portrait at Fred's house and in a post credit sequence where Fred finds his secret room.
Avengers: Age of Ultron : Attends a party with the Avengers and gets drunk on Thor's mead alongside his WWII veteran buddies.
Ant-Man : A bartender in one of Luis' stories.
Deadpool : A DJ at a strip club
Another once-per-episode gag in every movie to feature Captain America: Steve Rogers makes a snarky comment to a female colleague then leaps out of a plane (parachute optional).
Spider-Man Trilogy :
Every movie includes a cameo by Bruce Campbell , as well as an in-movie performance of the 1960's TV show's theme.
Honest Trailers noted that every film, perhaps unintentionally, involves Spider-Man struggling with his powers, breaking up with Mary Jane and battling a villain who eventually kills themself.
CinemaSins also commented that each film has a shot of Peter attempting to call MJ and having to leave an awkward voicemail while MJ stands next to the phone at the other end listening to him record it with her arms folded.
The Transformers films capping off with a Linkin Park song.
Jonathan Crane, a.k.a. "The Scarecrow", is the only villain to appear in every single film of The Dark Knight Saga .
In Batman Begins , he is a major secondary villain.
In The Dark Knight , he is trying to sell his fear toxin to some mobsters, then is caught by Batman when trying to escape.
In The Dark Knight Rises , he is promoted to being the official leader of Bane's Kangaroo Court after being set free by him , which basically involves him sentencing Bane's opponents to death. He is presumed to have been arrested afterwards but given that he is not mentioned towards the end, this cannot be confirmed.
Almost every Troma film since Sgt Kabukiman NYPD has used the same shot of a car flipping over and exploding.
Lampshaded in Pulp Fiction when Mia says that her character would have told one joke every episode, if her Pilot actually worked out.
That Shrek films have Shrek saying "Better out than in, I always say". Fionna says it in the fourth one though.
All three Daimajin films have similar premises: evil feudal lord oppresses Japanese peasants, the eponymous god takes a physical form, evil feudal lord's castle gets destroyed and the god turns back to a statue. The climactic destruction also features some poor bastard getting stepped on.
Jurassic Park :
Every single one of the sequels, to date, features one character from the original's Ensemble Cast returning as a central character. It's Ian Malcolm in The Lost World: Jurassic Park , Alan Grant in Jurassic Park III , and Dr. Henry Wu (returning as an antagonist ) in Jurassic World .
Though their screen-time varies from film to film, every movie features an obligatory appearance from a Tyrannosaurus rex and several Velociraptors. Though the T. Rex has always been a Stock Dinosaur , the latter is notable because the series made the Velociraptor a Stock Dinosaur almost singlehandedly; every since the ecstatic audience response to the creatures back in 1997 , it's unthinkable to do a Jurassic Park film without including them.
Every installment in the Dirty Harry series has Harry running into someone committing a robbery and stopping them.
Mission: Impossible :
Just like the series, every movie has a mission briefing that ends with the device giving them their orders self-destructing. Jokingly played with in the fourth, where one device fails to detonate and Ethan has to slam it to get it to work.
Also Foreshadowing since from that point on, pretty much anything than can go wrong with the mission, does.
Every movie has somebody (usually Ethan) doing a "Mission: Impossible" Cable Drop . While the first movie has a reason for the sprawled position (making sure not to touch the weight sensitive floor) the other films don't have any such justification except as an internal homage. Played with in Ghost Protocol: Brandt is seen in the signature pose, but no cables are involved; instead he is actually being pushed up by a large magnet below him and a magnetic suit he's wearing.
All of the movies feature spies who turned rogue as villains, except the fourth which bucks the trend. In all cases but Rogue Nation, the spies in question are former IMF Agents.
Live Action TV
Someone will call Ed 'The Bowling Alley Lawyer'.
In nearly every episode, Ed and Mike will make some ludicrous $10 bet.
Lampshaded by Dean in Supernatural when something strange happens. "Must be Thursday."
Remember that episode of Supernatural where one of the brothers is literally on the point of death ( or is, indeed, dead ) and the other saves him?
What about the episode where there is a hot girl who is somehow connected to the Monster of the Week . Okay okay, started fizzling out in the third season, and almost never happened in the finale's or other "complex" episode, but basically every "stand alone" episode in season one or two had one, and it didn't completely fizzle out after season three.
On The A-Team the construction montage (in which the team builds a makeshift vehicle/weapon out of stuff they find lying around) would qualify.
Or a car flipping over.
Mr. T: "I pity the fool".
Similarly, Hannibal: "I love it when a plan comes together" + obligatory cigar.
Game shows:
Family Feud : During the Steve Harvey era, utterance of a part of the male and/or female anatomy or a bodily function. Invariably, a question will be written to elict such a response, with most of the "humor" coming from Harvey's reaction and claiming that it won't be long before the show is canceled for its off-color humor.
Match Game : The show that set the standard for double-entendre and utterance of anatomical parts, most commonly "boobs" (or other euphemisms for the word "breast").
Also, nearly every episode she appeared in (which was most of them) seemed to see Brett Somers taking a lengthy thought pause after a question and then announcing "Oh, I get it!!" before decisively writing an answer - which, to her credit, was usually pretty good.
During its 1979-82 daily syndicated run, a mixed-face ticket plug would be shown after the second commercial break.
Klinger's attempts to get a section 8 on M*A*S*H . Despite this being a warzone, Klinger had a new dress/frilly female outfit every week. Jamie Farr once recalled the bizarre feeling it gave him walking into the wardrobe department. All of the costumes were on racks assigned to specific actors. Walk past Mike Farrell's rack, there's an army uniform. Walk past Alan Alda's rack, there's a uniform, bathrobe, and maybe a Hawaiian shirt. Get to Jamie's rack(s) and there are just endless frocks, dresses, skirts and bonnets. He maintained the tartan plaid skirt was the most comfortable of them all.
A failed escape attempt in Gilligan's Island .
The avalanche of ping-pong balls on Captain Kangaroo .
The message self-destructing after being played at the start of every mission on Mission: Impossible .
Except on occasions when Jim is instructed to dispose of it himself "in the usual manner" (and, of course, those episodes where it was personal , which didn't have any messages at all).
The inevitable sliming of — and dumping water on — at least one cast member of You Can't Do That on Television , as well as the Opposites series of sketches and the Barth's Diner's Catch Phrase "What (or Who) do you think's in the burger?", followed by Barth's traditional reply "I heard that!" (The vomiting that the question derived was only once every other episode, usually.)
The Mighty Boosh
A character mistakes Vince for a woman.
In the first series, each episode featured at least one character that had part of their costume shaped like a polo mint.
The subject of conversation turns to Vince's hair at least once an episode, and in every episode Howard utters the line "... I'm Howard Moon."
Rich Fulcher's characters often hit on Vince, and/or proclaim, "A little to the left!" While dying horribly.
Various characters often ask Vince or Howard, "_____? What is _____?"
Spirit of Jazz: Yorkshire? What is Yorkshire? (or...)
Mutant: Freedom? What is freedom?
Neatly riffed on in Friends , where they are watching Three's Company and Chandler remarks dryly that "this is that episode of Three's Company where there's some kind of misunderstanding". Phoebe frowns, "Then I've already seen this one" and switches the TV off.
A similar conversation occurred on Gilmore Girls , where Rory had to tear Jess away from an episode of I Dream of Jeannie . She assured him that "Jeannie is going to get Major Healey out of whatever scrape he's in."
The audience expected every Knight Rider episode to have a scene where the car would jump after Michael Knight used the Turbo Boost. Regrettably, and to the disappointment of many a child, not every episode actually featured this (probably due to shortages of Pontiac Firebird bodies to trash...), but the great majority did. Some episodes even featured more than one turbo boost (presumably when they had a few spares available).
This was parodied in the Robot Chicken episode that featured them and several other unlikely characters racing where he pressed the turbo and KITT responded, "I can only use the turbo once per episode". It's not true, but that'd ruin the joke .
The final season utilized "Super Pursuit Mode" at least once an episode. (Though it was three times in the season premiere, just to drive the point home) This was also useful as a time-eating Transformation Sequence .
Every episode of Homicide: Life on the Street involves the detectives lying to a suspect or witness to get them to confess/roll over on an accomplice/provide some pertinent information. This tactic is almost uniformly successful, leading to several characters to comment over the course of the series that "crime makes you stupid."
Highlander ended each episode, for the first several seasons anyway, with a climactic sword fight, decapitation, and lightning storm. Reaching this scene was often the whole point of the show — after all, it was the only way an Immortal villain could be stopped. But the writers deserve credit for including it no matter what, even in the occasional Very Special Episode that tackled real-world problems like sexual harassment.
Also, if you pick any three episodes, chances are that at least two of them will have an immortal whose name begins with a K sound. Sometimes it's the last name, sometimes the first name, sometimes it's a Q.
For the first season, each episode usually had Duncan mentioning the Gathering somewhere along the line.
House
Once per episode, the team is given a case that completely stumps them. As the victim is nearing death, House will have a Eureka Moment , signified by his stopping a conversation about something unrelated to the case (that conversation usually being with Wilson), staring out into space as the pieces to the puzzle all fall into place, then making a bee-line for the patient's room or his colleagues to deliver the life-saving diagnosis.
The medical team somehow manages to suspect lupus in every case. In the first season 4 episode, where House didn't have a team (at the end of Season 3, one was fired and the other two quit), a nearby janitor still managed to suggest a diagnosis of lupus, commenting after a brief stunned silence that his grandmother had it.
In Season 3 House pulled some hidden Vicodin out of a hollowed out lupus text. When his team looks shocked House responds "Come on! It's never lupus." Even funnier was that in one episode, it turned out it was lupus.
House: I finally have a case of Lupus!
Someone dies at the beginning of every episode of Six Feet Under .
Funky Squad : The Australian series parodied this trope — inevitably, there would be a brief zooming shot of the Funky Squad as they turned to face the camera, and most (if not all) episodes reminded the viewer that Ponch (apparently played by an actor who couldn't speak English — in reality Tom Gleisner, who speaks it fluently) couldn't speak as he had "taken a bullet to the tongue."
Monk does a The Summation every episode, often including the phrase "If I'm right... which... I am" and always including the phrase "Here's what happened" to the point that other characters state their desire to say "Here's what happened."
Subverted when a garbage strike had driven Monk (more) insane. He proceeded to rattle off an explanation of why Alice Cooper killed the mayor to steal his high backed chair, based solely on Cooper sitting in a high back chair in a poster and him being a "dirty hippy", done in the same black and white footage as the usual real events. Everyone just looks at him in stunned silence, until Randy asks "Should I be writing this down?"
Nearly every episode of Monk features a character (not always Monk) saying the words "I don't think so." This is a prominent line in the theme song and it's so common that it can't just be a coincidence. Once you notice it, you'll notice it in every episode.
Petrocelli had this too. In every episode, his client was wrongly accused on the grounds of seemingly conclusive proof. Once in court, the accusation would narrate the supposed events and then (and only then) he would offer his own version of what had happened. Invariably, this was the truth, and his client was declared not guilty.
Also in Petrocelli, someone will always pronounce his surname wrong ("Petroselli") and he will correct them instantly: "It's Petročelli". The mispronouncer is always a bad guy.
"Mork, what Earth concept have you misunderstood this week?" (an actual Lampshade Hanging from the show.)
"Mork calling Orson! Come in, Orson!" Often followed by Mork insulting Orson's girth.
Power Rangers — except on the somewhat rare occasions when the Rangers use their own Finishing Move , the monster gets city-sized , and the rangers have to use their zords to defeat it. Interestingly, it never seems to matter how badly the monster gets beaten/shot/exploded/melted/punctured/vaporised/redecorated when it's human sized, it will always become perfectly healthy again when it's bigger. It was generally in the earliest seasons where a human-sized monster would be defeated, such as when they killed the Minotaur with the power blaster.
That's one of the things that changes each season... some seasons the Big Bad makes the monster grow when he/she desires, or the monster does it itself, but in some seasons, the customary reaction to the human-sized monster's total destruction is to reassemble it into giant form (this is more common in the magic-based series.) Still, you get instances like Kilobyte, a Dragon in Power Rangers RPM : we see him blown into Ludicrous (Robot) Gibs ... and immediately cut to him falling on the ground intact, standing up, and angrily saying the growth command.
It was lampshaded in one episode of Power Rangers Ninja Storm . When one of the members of the Terrible Trio asked the Big Bad what should they do, he answers something among the lines of: "Make him grow up, of course! How many times have we done that? Didn't you catch it up yet? The rangers destroy the monster, we make the monster grow!"
Another time:
Marah: "What's the worst that could happen? They blow him up, we grow him big again, they blow him up again, we grow him big again, and they blow him and we grow him, and...
Lothor: " I know the formula !"
Power Rangers Samurai made it so their monsters explicitly had "two lives" — first they're beaten human-sized, and then they have to beat them city-sized, as if to lampshade the formulaic nature of all Power Ranger series.
Similarly in VR Troopers , the way battles ended would be very formulaic, especially with JB who would summon his laser lance, impale the monster (who would then surrender), then finish him off anyway .
JB: Laser Lance Command, NOW!
*Monster charges*
JB: Hi YA ! *extends the laser lance to impale the monster, said monster throws its arms up in surrender*
JB: Hiyaaaa! *walks up, ignores the surrender, takes the laser lance and slashes the monster until it falls over in defeat and explodes*
Remember that episode of Smallville where Clark goes in to save the day, only to be inadvertently foiled by kryptonite?
With everyone randomly carrying around spare pieces of green rocks , it's amazing that Clark is ever able to use his abilities, let alone save the day.
Remember the episode where Clark can't find the bad guy until some missed clue shows itself and Clark rushes in and saves the day in under a minute and the remaining 9 minutes of the episode is devoted to different characters arguing about philosophy?
I think that was every episode of the 1950s Adventures of Superman, too...
Especially in the first season, the show seems particularly fond of having car crashes/accidents each episode. Actually, it is a rare episode without some Stuff Blowing Up .
Also how people are conveniently unconscious when he had to use his powers. Like that time when the whole purpose of getting Chloe knocked out is so that Clark could catch her after she is thrown off a dam. Those who are not unconscious, however, usually gets killed or thrown into the psycho prison very quickly.
During season five to seven, Clark would frequently Super Speed to find Chloe in her dormitory or at the Daily Planet for help, invariably sending papers flying once per episode even after she asked him to stop that multiple times. How could no one notice him super speeding into the Daily Planet office, which is always packed with people? It is justified for the dormitory because he always stops after being safely inside her room, but not that.
And of course, Chloe/Clark Ship Tease may border on this level during middle seasons.
And the (in)famous " Kick The Chloe " game that reached its peak around season eight.
The Hard Work Montage .
Something will be destroyed. Ranges from "having a frozen turkey dropped on it" to "hit with a car" to "scattered across a two hundred metre radius" to "requires the FBI's supervision, a truck full of TNT and a one-mile radius clearance around the blast zone".
The long, drawn-out routine about Kel's love of orange soda .
Kenan's requests for Noodle Implements at the end of each episode and Kel's frustated reactions.
All That : Stage manager Kevin's Catch Phrase : "Five minutes! Five minutes until the show starts!" And then, Kevin getting abused somehow. For all six seasons.
Police Squad! : So much so that the series would have surely collapsed under them if it had been on for longer. Dreben parks his car and knocks over some trash cans (one more each episode); Al, who's too tall to fit in the frame gives Drebin and the Chief some information and they remark on some oddity of his appearance; Drebin bribes Johnny the shoeshine guy for information, who then gets bribed by a B-list celebrity; the elevator stops at some odd places, and a multitude of Catch Phrases ("Cigarette?" "Yes, I know." "Well.")
The written and verbal reading of the title being completely different to each episode.
The literal freeze at the end of the episode.
The villain of the week joining all the criminals caught in the previous episodes in jail. And each of them will be named.
In Psych , just about every episode features a pineapple , to the point where the advertisements for some episodes advertise a sweepstakes: Find the pineapple.
Also, almost every single episode starts with a flashback to the late '80s (nowadays, it's to the early '90s), showing Shawn as a child either having an experience that is materially or thematically related to the episode at hand (present!Shawn usually recalls this incident during the episode's events), or being taught a lesson (a bit of advice, a technique, a trick, etc) by Henry that, in the present day, explains where Shawn got the know-how to solve the episode's featured case. Sometimes subverted: for example, in "Shawn Takes a Shot In the Dark", the flashbacks are interspliced with the present-day story, guiding the audience so that we figure out Shawn's thought process along with the characters tracking him; and in "Shawn Rescues Darth Vader", the flashback comes at the very end of the episode to explain how Shawn beat the polygraph test earlier on, because if it had been shown at the beginning, all the suspense of the moment would have been killed.
Twice per episode of The Incredible Hulk , David Banner would transform into the, er, Incredible Hulk . It always happened about twenty minutes in, and then again right near the end of the episode.
Al: I don't think so, Tim .
Cheers — "Norm!" Followed by a friendly greeting from whoever was tending bar, followed by a wisecrack from Norm. When Diane was on the show she always greeted Norm a beat after everyone else with "Norman." In one episode the guys from Cheers are shocked to find out that their rival bar Gary's Olde Towne Tavern also calls out "NORM!" whenever Norm comes in.
Almost every episode of iCarly has the group doing the webshow at least once. Only two episodes have not. iBeat the Heat and iLove You.
Brenda loses her battle with sugar and manages to offend somebody.
Also, having figured out who the guilty part is, Brenda convinces them that there's no need for a lawyer to be present , and then cheerfully lies and/or manipulates the perp into confessing. There are exceptions, of course, but this is generally what happens.
In Kamen Rider Kabuto , Tendou Souji has to spout an allegedly wise quote from his grandmother once every episode.
The Dukes of Hazzard always has a car chase that ended with the General Lee jumping over a conveniently placed ramp to escape pursuit.
'Allo 'Allo! is more or less a collection of once an episode jokes and situations glued together with a thin film of plot. By later series, there were so many that they wouldn't all fit into every single episode... Examples include, but are by no means limited to:
Crabtree entering and saying 'Good moaning' (after season 2), prefaced by someone (usually Yvette) saying something along the lines of "'Ere comes zat English idiot 'oo sinks 'e can speak French."
Leclerc entering in a terrible Paper-Thin Disguise , and revealing himself either by lifting his specs or ripping off his fake 'stache to reveal his real one, with the line "It is I, Leclerc."
Michelle of ze Resistance entering, telling the cast to "Listen very carefully, I shall say zis only once."
Gruber hitting on Rene.
Rene hitting on the waitresses.
Rene getting caught by his wife whilst hitting on the waitresses, and coming up with a paper-thin excuse which she (usually) buys entirely. Always prefaced with "You stupid woman!"
Cross-dressing of one sort or another, usually in the form of Paper Thin Disguises which are usually damn near impenetrable.
The British airmen popping out from wherever they've been hidden this time, and saying "Hello!" in a strong English accent, and being incomprehensible to the French characters.
Mme. Fanny being lifted up in her bed to reach the radio. After season one, this scene would inevitably also include ze flashing bedknobs.
'Allo, 'Allo , zis is Night'awk/Mrs Night'awk/Night'awk's muzzer-in-law.
Some form of Benny Hill -esque chase sequence, usually closing out the episode.
Someone mentioning the painting of ze Fallen Madonna wiz ze Big Boobies by Van Clomp.
The elaboration of a near-incomprehensible plan/retelling of the plot so far, involving multiple copies of multiple paintings to be kept by multiple people to sell after the war, various hidden secrets and affairs, and lots of innuendo.
Top Gear :
Crazy ideas with the precursor, "How hard can it be?". Afterwards: "That's not gone well".
Jeremy Clarkson ending every episode with "...and on that bombshell..." As well as some variation of "The most powerful/fastest/biggest etc... in the world.
The "Some say" build-up whenever the Stig is about to appear. "Some say all his potted plants are called Steve, and he knows two facts about ducks — both of which are wrong."
Every episode of Scrubs has some variation of the line, "And there it is."
One or more of the main characters puking on another or themselves in Skins .
Whose Line Is It Anyway? : Drew's Catch Phrase , "Everything is made up and the points don't matter ," followed by a statement (usually a Take That ) that shows how worthless the points are.
"Everything is made up and the points don't matter. That's right, the points are like notability on TV Tropes ."
"Everything is made up and the points don't matter. That's right, the points are like all the hours you spent on TV Tropes."
Every episode of The Amanda Show on Nickelodeon starts with Amanda Bynes coming on stage to introduce the show, but something bizarre always goes wrong in the studio and she has to apologise and say they'll sort it in a few minutes, cutting to pre-filmed items or commercials.
Lost has about every episode someone claim that "he/she/they/we/it is/are/were lost" (with the occasional "have you lost your mind?". They also steal the "bad feeling about this" line from time to time, most notably when Karl says this about ten seconds before he dies.
Sawyer exclaims "Son of a bitch!" at least once in almost, if not literally, every episode he appears in.
Also, Ben gets beat up to such an extent that Michael Emerson's answer to "how many times has Ben been beaten up?" was "how many episodes have I been in?"
Pick three episodes of Star Trek: The Original Series . Now watch them. The odds are pretty good that in two out of those three, Kirk's shirt will be utterly destroyed ... and with good reason .
Lampshaded in Galaxy Quest , where The Spock tells The Kirk "I see you managed to get your shirt off."
From the fourth season of Star Trek: The Next Generation on, the number 47
is hidden somewhere in almost every episode of the series.
Harry Hill's TV Burp: "Now, I like (x), and I also like (y). But which is better? There's only one way to find out.... Fiiiight!"
The Danish Christmas calendar series Christmas On Vesterbro has several of these:
Stewart Stardust reminisces about his father speaking words of wisdom, before beating the young Stewart senseless .
Stewart opens his package calendar and is mock-surprised to find a beer.
Someone opens the door to Vivian Stardust's room, causing her to scream "GO AWAY".
The Narrator makes an " On the Next " speech at end, which puzzles the characters who, quite confused, ask who the disembodied voice is and what he is talking about . In the penultimate episode, the narrator has finally had enough of the characters' constant heckling and emerges in anger from a closet within the scene, announces he is leaving the series while telling them to do the " On the Next " speech themselves, leaving it to the alomst-completely illiterate Danny to do it instead.
Criminal Minds : Every episode (except the second parts of two-parters) begins with a quote delivered in voiceover, and most end with one as well. Also, every episode has the team deliver the profile of the offender to whichever group of police/other FBI agents they're working with, although this is averted in "True Night", which focuses so heavily on the killer that the briefing is missed by the audience, though it does occur (as can be seen by the details on the whiteboard when the killer is brought in).
Ever Decreasing Circles : Martin turning the phone around.
Every episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia will at some point have one of the gang deliver an exasperated "Goddamn it!"
Made In Canada (syndicated globally as The Industry) would have one of the main characters making an aside statement of " I think that went well " or "This is not good" to end every show. Every. Last. Show. For five seasons.
Scully and Mulder-centric episodes feature Mulder suggesting something supernatural is going on, Scully responding with Arbitrary Skepticism , and proving it's absurd "scientifically". Mulder is almost always right. Scully never admits it. Mulder actually lampshades this in season 6's "Field Trip".
Mulder doing/saying something that makes Scully feel uncomfortable.
Mulder asking Scully to do something and her responding with "What are you going to do?"
Especially from season five onward, somebody making the assumption that Mulder and Scully are romantically involved.
On the New Zealand show 7 Days they make a string of jokes about this with Married... with Children star David Faustino.
Ben: My favourite episode was the one where Bud was gonna have sex with a really hot girl and then it didn't work out in the end.
David: I think that was episode... 50, 75, 80...
Will: I really missed that episode because I was watching that episode of House where they couldn't figure out what the disease was.
David: I was watching the episode of Three's Company where they thought they heard something different.
Ben: I'm on the episode of McLeod's Daughters where a handsome stranger comes to town.
Jesse: (some time later) I'm just trying to think of another one.
The "Brainstorming" song shows up at least once an episode on "Imagination Movers"
CSI: Miami : Horatio Crane puts on his Cool Shades , does the Quip to Black and bam, we get the Metal Scream by The Who .
The entire CSI franchise has Red Herrings every single episode.
On CSI the original, DB will mention his wife. And he'll either call her or she'll call him.
CSI: NY Danny will say "Boom!" and/or Adam will say "What up!"
Fawlty Towers : The sign outside the titular hotel has the letters rearranged in most, if not every, episode.
Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares:
Just about every single episode contains at least one reference to Superman .
They lampshaded this trope once:
Jerry: This is just like that one episode of The Twilight Zone where a guy wakes up and he's the same, and everyone else is different.
The Hard Times of RJ Berger has an animated sequence in nearly every episode, the majority of them being flashbacks.
Law & Order: Criminal Intent : The detectives will use a Batman Gambit to push the murderer into having a Villainous Breakdown .
In Fringe , there are two prominent occurrences:
The Observer , his appearances are often Freeze Frame Bonuses .
There's always a specific phrase, or object, background prop, etc that foreshadows something in the next episode. Sometimes they are so specific that the hint only gets clear after watching the next episode.
Walter will inexplicably become obsessed with a random food in the course of investigating that week's mystery, and will find some way to eat it while on the job.
In the Brit Com Chance In A Million the coincidence-prone title character Tom Chance (Simon Callow) drinks an entire pint of lager in one go, usually in mid-sentence. Sometimes this happens more than once per episode, on at least one occasion twice in rapid succession, and once together with a guest cast member. (Actually they used trick glasses holding much less than a full pint).
"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!"
Weekend Update segment.
There are exceptions to this. Season 7 episodes (1981-82) either began at the opening credits, or with a short cold opening that had no segue into the opening credits. Temporary Don Pardo replacement Mel Brandt would announce "And now, from New York, the most dangerous city in the world, it's Saturday Night Live!" Other exceptions include the 1984 Eddie Murphy episode (where the cold open ended on Alfalfa's stunned expression), and the 1985 George Wendt/Francis Ford Coppola episode which did away with most SNL conventions.
Hill Street Blues would open every episode with the daily briefing by the Desk Sergeant, inevitably closed with him telling the officers, "...and hey! Let's be careful out there!" (Esterhaus) or "Let's do it to them before they do it to us!" (Jablosnki).
In every episode of Danger 5 :
The Danger 5 team gets a mission briefing from the Colonel, who gratuitously insults Claire.
Ilsa gets brainwashed by the enemy and attacks at least one of the good guys.
Hitler escapes from the team by leaping through a glass window .
On Laverne and Shirley , David Lander (Squiggy) got so sick of having to say 'Hello' over and over that he refused to say it anymore. The producers reached a deal with him in which the writers were only allowed to have him say it once per episode.
The same thing happened on Hunter with the title character's Tag Line "works for me."
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Ty would inevitably get out his megaphone and start yelling through it at the workers to hurry up.
Tracker had the typical end-of-episode life force collection as Cole defeated another fugitive.
Merlin saves Arthur's life. On the episodes he doesn't, we have episodes where he does so multiple times to make up for it. And he only gets the credit for it Once a Season .
Yes, Minister :
The last line in (almost) every episode is a Title Drop .
Sir Humphrey (or Bernard, or both) pull off a moment of Sesquipedalian Loquaciousness at least once an episode.
666 Park Avenue : A resident of the Drake makes a Deal with the Devil, and eventually pays for it.
Doctor Who :
Do you guys remember that episode where some alien is trying to end The World/The Universe/Time Itself was coming to an end when the Doctor saves them all just in time?
There was this one episode with running, a ridiculous amount of running. One time he pretended to know someone he either hadn't met yet or couldn't remember by referencing how they ran.
Donna: He saves planets, rescues civilizations, defeats terrible creatures... and runs a lot. Seriously, there is an outrageous amount of running involved.
Torchwood , try to find an episode in which Jack does not flirt with someone, most likely someone (or something ) completely inappropriate.
Murdoch Mysteries :
Murdoch nearly always pulls aside his jacket to reveal his badge pinned to his vest when identifying himself as a member of the Toronto Constabulary. Sometimes, he'll ask someone a question and when they want to know why he's asking (no doubt because they think he's just a nosy parker civilian), cue the badge flash. At other times, flashing the badge while announcing himself is his opening move when meeting someone. In "All That Glitters", he starts to do this when asking questions of a hotel clerk in a small frontier town, seeming to have forgotten he's not wearing the badge (or his city suit, for that matter). In "This One Goes to Eleven" and "Stairway to Heaven", the badge peeps out from under his jacket while he's doing something else that requires he move or raise his arms; this may be because in those stories, no authority-invoking introduction is really needed (he was on a security detail for a Rembrandt painting in one case, and he was recognized when he entered by his colleague Dr. Grace in the other).
At a crucial point during the episode, Murdoch will have an Imagine Spot that shows him "witnessing" the crime as it's taking place. In "The Murdoch Identity", he dreams one of these while having a nap on Anna Fulford's sofa as well as having small ones rather like fragments of memory in part since he's suffering the after-effects of a brain injury. Jasper Linney, Brackenreid and Dr. Ogden have each shared the Imagine Spot with him once, Brackenreid and Murdoch each have their own (solving the same case by different routes) in "Murdoch at the Opera", and in the Season 7 finale Brackenreid takes Murdoch's place in the Imagine Spot while solving the B-plot case.
Halo :
In the first two games, a character says something along the lines of "I've got a bad feeling about this" and then a character says "you've always got a bad feeling", right before the first appearance of the Flood in that game (itself a reference to Star Wars ).
The " Siege of Madrigal " Easter Egg appears in all the Bungie-made games.
Each game in the Ace Attorney series has a stepladder that can be examined. If it is examined, both the main character and his assistant will have an argument on whether it should be called a "ladder" or a " ''step'' -ladder".
Maya: Look, a ladder!
Phoenix: That's a 'step'-ladder.
Maya: So? What's the difference? You need to stop judging things based on narrow-minded cultural assumptions, Nick!
Phoenix: R-right... sorry. (This girl is out there!)
On a more serious note, the final case of each game in the series, except for Apollo Justice, will have a different prosecutor preside over the case than the main prosecutor of the game.
Every game in the series, sans Dual Destinies, has you speak with a victim before their demise.
The Dark Cloud series is made of Once Per Episode formula.
Destruction of almost all of the Western Continent.
Destruction of the Atlamillia(s) before the Bonus Dungeon
Dialogue: "So, you hate me too." First said by 400 years ago Seda, then by Gaspard.
Intense negative emotion creates the real Big Bad
Time Travel
In every installment of [1] , there is a fight where you have to kill an old hero who has lost his mind, with sad and lowkey music playing.
In the first installment, it is the final battle against Gwyn, who has lost his mind after burning for thousands of years to prolong the Age of Fire.
In the second installment, it is Vendrick, the old king of Lothric who contracted the Undead Curse and eventually succumbed to it after being betrayed by his wife.
In the third installment, it is the battle against the Soul of Cinder. At first the music is rather dramatic, but as it enters phase 2, it becomes a reprise of the music that played in the fight against Gwyn in the first game, as the boss is an amalgamation of of every person who has linked the Fire to continue the Age of Fire, starting with Gwyn.
Starting with Solid, the protagonist will ask about Metal Gear in an exasperated faction, usually as Parrot Exposition after another character mentions it: (Metal Gear?)
Snake says the line when talking to Donald Anderson in Metal Gear Solid .
When seeing RAY during the Tanker chapter of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty , Snake says the line. Raiden does the same later on in the game when he sees RAY for himself.
Naked Snake says the line when Granin tells him about his new idea for a weapon: "A kind of... Metal Gear, if you will."
In Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker , Big Boss says the line as an Easter Egg , when he opens the back of a truck to find a box of literal metal gears.
In Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance , calling Boris during the fight against Metal Gear Excelsus will prompt Raiden to repeat the line after Boris says it.
Appears with a pre-mission cassette tape in Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes , with Snake repeating the line after Kaz mentions it.
The protagonist will be tortured at some point.
There's also Snake's pose after landing on the tanker at the start of Metal Gear Solid 2 , which two different characters end up copying at some point in every other main-series game afterwards.
Revolver Ocelot mentioning in some sort of fair detail why he believes his weapon of choice is by far the greatest creation in all of human history.
Someone Otacon cares about always dies.
A character has a potty failure in every numbered Solid game.
Some variation of the line "It's not over yet!" gets spoken by an antagonist.
Huey Emmerich gets pushed down a flight of stairs in both games he appears in.
Final Fantasy has several. Some are absent in early installments, but once they are introduced, they * almost always appear in each game afterward.
There is always a Global Airship .
Someone associated with the game's Global Airship will be named Cid* Averted in Final Fantasy 6 , however.
Giant, flightless yellow birds will always be the animal mount of choice.
Summoning special monsters to attack on your behalf is always a thing. Started switching it up with X, where your party leaves the battlefield while the monster fights in their place, and XII, where the monster fights alongside you.
BioShock has a dead cat in every level. The sequel has continued the tradition.
Monkey Island : Guybrush Threepwood always seems to come across The Voodoo Lady right when he needs her, and Stan right when he doesn't.
The God of War series has A) Kratos getting sent to Hades, B) a Hot Coffee Minigame , C) Kratos screaming someone's name (usually his enemy's) at the top of his lungs, and D) Kratos saying, "What treachery is this?!"
ZEUUUUUUUUS! You LIED to me!!!
Pok�mon
One fisherman who fights you with 6 low leveled Magikarp is present in every game. It's Played with in Pok�mon Black and White , where that one fisherman's Magikarp are level 60, which is LONG after they should have evolved into Gyarados. Sometimes they deliberately trick you and have the guy with six Magikarp, plus someone with something like five Magikarp and a Gyarados as his last one.
Every game has a different Youngster who likes shorts, because they're comfy and easy to wear. Except for Black 2 & White 2, which instead had a girl who really likes skirts.
Every game has a fat man in the first town who remarks that "The power of science is staggering!"
Every game will always have you fighting the Elite Four plus the Champion or a similar Final Boss . Or both, in one case.
Every game has a villainous team trying to destroy/change/take over the world using the Cover's Legendary, though the last part only began to take form after Generation II.
There is always a Youngster Joey. ALWAYS.
Since breeding was introduced in Generation II, the player character will always receive a Pokemon egg from an NPC.
The only evolutionary lines available in every single generation before the Elite Four (without trading etc) are Zubat, Magnemite, Psyduck and Rhyhorn, as of Generation VI (Pikachu was not available before the Elite Four in any version of Unova).
The following Pokemon lines appeared in all of the first four generations' regional Pokedexes: Pikachu and Raichu; Zubat and Golbat; Psyduck and Golduck; Abra, Kadabra, and Alakazam; Machop, Machoke, and Machamp; Tentacool and Tentacruel; Geodude, Graveler, and Golem; Goldeen and Seaking; and Magikarp and Gyarados. The Magnemite and Rhyhorn lines appeared if the Platinum Pokedex is taken into consideration.
Every game has a long area, usually consisting mostly of caverns, called Victory Road between the final gym and the Elite Four.
Every game has a place that essentially acts as a Pokemon graveyard.
Every game has at least one rival, and a Pokemon Professor named after a tree or type of plant that gives you a starter of your choice from either Water, Fire or Grass types.
Every game has a place where you can talk to members of Game Freak staff and get a reward from the Director for completing the National Poke Dex .
Ever since Looker's debut in Generation IV, each generation has had at least one game in which he makes an appearance.
Every generation has at least one card in the Trading Card Game simply named "Switch," with each generation having its own illustration. From Generation III and onwards, it's also done by a different illustrator (Keiji Kinebuchi illustrated both the Generation I and Generation II switches).
Every game in the Pok�mon Ranger series has an appearance by the Go-Rock Quads. They're only evil in the first game, however.
Every game has an underwater section, accessed either by submarine or aqualung.
Every stage in TimeSplitters: Future Perfect , except the first and last, has a rambling drunk person in it somewhere.
Ever since the third Guitar Hero game, there has been a Muse song in the setlist of every main game in the series.
Every Call of Duty game set during World War 2 has at least one mission where you get to control a tank .
Every Call of Duty game developed by Infinity Ward includes a Captain Price . The Anachronic Order present by virtue of having multiple games set during World War 2 means they can do this even though Price died in the first game.
Each of the Saints Row games features the leader of the Saints delivering a Rousing Speech to the assembled gang, ending with the phrase, "It's our time now! Let's get this shit started!" In the fourth game, the fact that this has become a tradition gets a Lampshade Hanging .
Every game also has at least one named ally die over the course of the game, with the player having the ability to bring them back as a zombie later on , though 4 does abandon part of this trend. No chance of bringing back any of your allies that died when the Earth got destroyed, sadly
Every Mass Effect game has a Point of No Return event disguised as a seemingly unimportant or easily accomplished request given to you.
And Shepard being interviewed (and then given the option of punching ) by Khalisah bint Sinan al-Jilani.
Starting with Sonic the Hedgehog 4 Episode 1, has an Achievement for beating the first Act of the game in under a minute. note Sonic Colors doesn't have this achievement, but it doesn't have ANY achievements due to its console .
Every mainline Sonic game after Sonic Adventure always has someone say "Long time, no see!", sometimes multiple times per game. Some Call Me Johnny lampshades this
.
Nearly every game in the Kingdom Hearts series features a "Dive to the Heart", that takes place in a featureless black void, save for one or more pillars with symbolic stained glass floors.
In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance , Sora gets knocked out in every single world he visits except The Grid ; the cases of Traverse Town and The World That Never Was are because he was forced to sleep, while he gets knocked out by a Dream Eater or a Disney villain in the other worlds.
Every game will feature at least one world where the BGM is an arrangement of a song from the source material instead of a new composition.
In the Dragon Age franchise, the PC and their party are repeatedly sucked into the Fade (despite in-game lore declaring this to be impossible), where they must battle a demon or series of demons for the soul of one or more innocent bystanders while the PC is given an opportunity to pick up free attribute points. This happens in main plot quests in Origins, Awakening, and Inquisition, and in an optional sidequest in Dragon Age II .
Almost every Mega Man (Classic) game has the final section of the game end in Dr. Wily's fortress and said fortress will always have a Boss Rush in the second to last level. Every time Dr. Wily loses to Mega Man, he begs the blue bomber to forgive him. Mega Man 9 pokes fun at this where after Mega Man defeats Dr. Wily yet again, the hero uses a slide projector to show Dr. Wily his previous 8 defeats, each one ending with the doctor begging for mercy.
Expect a game show at some point in any Paper Mario . The second game has two of them. Sticker Star took it to the extreme with Snifit or Whiffit.
Every game makes some reference to Parakarry, a major character in the original Paper Mario. He makes a cameo in the second game, is a Catch Card in the third, and leaves a note in the fourth.
Also, except for the fourth game someone will start telling Mario a long-winded story that they insist is extremely important for him to know about, which he falls asleep halfway through and wakes up at the end when they shout at him.
Every Paper Mario game also has at least one stage with a large haunted building and at least one structure floating in the sky.
There is an extra named Johnson in every Paper Mario game. More often than not, this Johnson has done something incompetent or witnessed an incompetent act and gets blamed for it.
Every Paper Mario game with a distinct chapter-based progression will have a traveler of some sort tag along with Mario in its fifth chapter. This character always serves as comic relief and frequently gets in trouble that Mario has to solve: Professor Kolorado in Paper Mario, Flavio in Thousand-Year Door, documentarian Flint Cragley and his TV crew in Super Paper Mario, and the Sunset Express train's engineer in Color Splash.
Starting with Thousand-Year Door, Mario travels from his house to a central location via a small boat at the beginning of each Paper Mario game.
The final boss of every Paper Mario game has a phase where he or she becomes invincible, with Mario needing outside help to weaken the boss to where Mario can fight him or her on more even terms.
Ao Oni : In every version of the game released so far, there's always someone who has a Heroic B.S.O.D. and hides in a cupboard (usually Takeshi), and there's always a character who refuses to move from the room they're hiding in until the end, a requirement has been met, or they die (always Mika/Megumi). Also, the jail cell and rope ladder cutscenes.
Every version starts the same way: the gang hear a loud noise and the main character (usually Hiroshi, but this applies to Takuro in the Korean fan remake of 2.0) goes off alone to investigate it. He enters the kitchen to find a recently-broken plate and returns to an empty main hall.
Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos: In every campaign save Undead a protagonist will encounter an extraordinarily powerful enemy and nearby a convinient power source of very shady (or outright sinister) nature, ignore the warnings, use the power source and beat the enemy but become corrupted in the process. Undead are exempt because there's nothing to corrupt there any more.
Shin Megami Tensei : Beelzebub is always a Bonus Boss , and is always one of the most (if not THE most) difficult.
Every game in the Batman: Arkham Series features Batman hallucinating something .
Wild Dog blowing himself up (although it was accidental in the first game) after being defeated in each Time Crisis game. In fact, it is played with in 5 the first time it looks like he's going to do it (with the protagonists taking cover), only for the button to instead activate a jetpack.
Each Mario Kart game will have the same cup names - Mushroom, Flower, Star and Special for new courses, and Shell, Banana, Leaf and Lightning for old courses.
The last tracks in the Special Cup are always Bowser's Castle and Rainbow Road, in that order, with the exception of Mario Kart 64. There is also always a track called Mario Circuit, usually in the Flower Cup.
Parodied in Homestar Runner , where Strong Bad specifically says that once an episode of Sweet Cuppin' Cakes , Eh! Steve! shows up to deliver his Catch Phrase .
Eh! Steve!: "Eh! Steve!"
DSBT InsaniT : Killdra suddenly appearing from behind Koden, Andy saying "You're gonna give me X without the Y if you keep doing that." to Martha after she slaps him, and Balloon dying.
Every Ke$ha song parody by The Key of Awesome includes Ke$ha's disapproving parents.
Launchpad getting kicked into the air by someone in the Ducktalez series.
Every episode of Achievement Hunter's Game Night series, save for a few early ones , would be punctuated by Gavin interrupting Geoff and Caleb to shout "WHAT IS GAME NIGHT?!", usually near the beginning. One episode revolved around Michael's attempt to prevent him from saying it, by wrestling him to the ground and covering his mouth until the end of the episode. He succeeds, but Ray says it at the end in Gavin's place.
Matt Santoro starts out most of his early videos by showing a comedic video clip to his audience.
Kevin And Ursula Eat Cheap :
The opening, typically consisting of a disclaimer that the show is not for children, a recounting of the animals in the kitchen ("This podcast is recorded in front of a live kitchen beagle..."), and Ursula greeting the audience with "Hello out there in Internet land!"
Sponsor segues, generally terribly off topic, almost always starting with "You know what won't [insert random comment here]...?" Apparently this has become so prevalent in their household at this point that they respond to any question with that opening with "Sofa Wolf Press!" There is an extensive list here
.
How Did This Get Made? has Second Opinions, where Paul Scheer read 5-star reviews for the movie that the hosts have spent the last hour or so tearing into.
Pinky and the Brain
Every episode has a Are You Pondering What I'm Pondering? exchange, and ended with "What are we gonna do tomorrow night, Brain?" "Same thing we do every night, Pinky... try to take over the world!"
They hung a lampshade on both of these several times. In one instance, Pinky asks Brain if he has ever been pondering what Brain is pondering, and decides that no, he never has (Which, in fact, was exaactly what Brain was thinking), and in several instances, Brain's plan was to "Find a better hiding place", "Take over Chia-World", and "Take over the Globe...theater."
Pinky And The Brain lampshades the escape attempts on Gilligan's Island .
Pinky: I've seen every episode of Gilligan's Island!
Brain: Oh really? Did you see the one where Gilligan screws it up for everyone?
Pinky: ...No, I don't think I've seen that one...
The ending pattern was averted only once. When Pinky was rendered intelligent via one of Brain's inventions, Brain realized that one of them needed to be stupid to maintain the proper dynamic. Seeing that Pinky was better at being smart than he was, Brain made himself stupid. Unfortunately, Pinky felt bad about upstaging Brain and had already made himself stupid again. Both of them were stuck being idiots because neither of them had the intelligence to operate the machine again. The episode ended with "What are we gonna do tomorrow night, Brain?" "...I have no idea."
There's the one where Brain screws up the plan because of something he failed to take into account
The Legend of Zelda :
Link's Catch Phrase " Well, Excuse Me, Princess! " in the cartoon. In this case, it's at least twice per episode, three times if you count the opening.
Link's dogged attempts to get a kiss, which Zelda always found a different excuse to reject. (Anyone else wonder why she couldn't just say "No?" Judging from the way she treated him the rest of the time, she certainly wasn't worried about hurting his feelings.)
She actually did accept when she DID realize Link was a ghost, causing him to go right through her.
Then when she truly accepted during a picnic trip, they were interrupted by a monster attack .
Transformers : Beast Wars : Waspinator being beaten and battered, usually in a slapstick manner . In multi-part episodes such as "The Agenda", this would happen in each part.
The Transformers , in the majority of episodes that Starscream appears in, he attempts to overthrow Megatron, and fails.
"You've failed me yet again Starscream."
"My time will come Megatron!"
In Jem , they are least two Jem songs for one Misfits in a normal episodes.
Regular Show : something supernatural or just plain weird happen almost every episode.
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog : "I hate that hedgehog!"
Birdman's catchphrase on the show of the same name: "Biiirdman!", worked in two or three times per seven-minute episode. To add "Birdman is captured by the villain and saved by Avenger" and "Birdman is caught in the dark and deprived of his powers" to the list would be only mild exaggerations.
And in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law , "I'll take the case!" was uttered in every episode.
Did you get that thing I sent you?
I couldn't hear that! I only have the one eye!
"And I would have gotten away with it too, if it wasn't for You Meddling Kids ."
"Scooby-Dooby-Doooooooooo!"
Also, " Let's Split Up, Gang !"
Was "Jinkies!" "Velma said 'Jinkies!' It must be a clue!" only in the spinoff A Pup Named Scooby-Doo , or what?
Also, one that was was Freddy having to accuse Red Herring of being the villain. Ironically, during the one episode when Freddy promised to not accuse Red of anything, Red really was the one behind the crime. Pretty bad timing, wasn't it...
Nearly every episode goes like this: they're all riding the Mystery Machine, Scooby steals Shaggy's sandwich, the gang stops somewhere and are warned of a ghost, all but Scooby and Shaggy are convinced that it is a silly superstition, Fred suggests they investigate and split up so he and Daphne can go off-camera, the ghost terrorizes Scooby and Shaggy when they ditch Velma to obtain food, no one believes them, the ghost terrorizes Scooby and Shaggy again and Velma is there but she cannot see anything due to her glasses being knocked off, eventually she finds her glasses and the ghost terrorizes everybody, they are scattered in a silly montage, they regroup and Fred comes up with a trap of some sort, the trap requires Scooby and Shaggy to be used as bait with a bribe of Scooby Snacks, the ghost is caught and revealed to be a person chasing people away for financial gain of some sort.
And they always screwed up the trap somehow. Luckily, the screwup always caused the villain to get caught, just not in the way everybody was hoping for.
The Scooby Snack bit is lampshaded in one of the What's New, Scooby-Doo? episodes where Shaggy admits that there's nothing he and Scooby wouldn't do for a Scooby Snack. Another episode also lampshaded the splitting-up - Fred merely suggests they do so, Scooby and Shaggy immediately begin to walk off, and when Fred points out he didn't say how they'd split.
Road Rovers had Hunter's "I would not have predicted this!" in response to some new development.
The Powerpuff Girls : Almost every episode starts with a skyline shot and the narrator saying "The city of Townsville!", and ends with "So once again the day is saved, thanks to the Powerpuff Girls!" Some episodes have characters delivering a different opening line such as the Mayor saying "The city of Townsville... is entirely mine!" and the Professor introducing "the town of Citiesville".
The Secret Show has three of these.
Every episode starts off with half a minute from "The Fluffy Bunny Show", hosted by Sweet Little Granny. Unfortunately, Granny never gets to finish her theme song, as Agent Ray interrupts and removes her and her bunnies from the set
Ray: Sorry, Sweet Little Granny, but this timeslot is needed urgently!
The director of Uzz, who is jokingly referred to as Changed Daily — " As You Know , for reasons of security, my name is changed daily. Today you may call me— " He checks his communicator and sighs sadly, before announcing that his name is "Fluffy-fuddlesticks" or "Bopybot" or something equally ridiculous.
Professor Professor calling to check in on Victor, always resulting in the following exchange:
Professor: Victor! Are you still alive?
Victor: Yes I'm still alive!
Usually happens while Victor is trying to quietly sneak around some bad guys, hanging from a ledge above a long drop, or surrounded by monsters. And, more often then not, immediately after falling from said ledge or being pummeled by monsters.
Phineas and Ferb , a Disney cartoon about two step-brothers and their summer exploits, has like a dozen of these. Part of the humor is seeing how they subvert and invert each of them in new episodes, whether said by different characters or in different phrasings. Some include:
Phineas telling Ferb "I know what we're gonna do today!"
Isabella showing up to say "Hey Phineas. Whatcha doooin'?"
Phineas saying "Hey, where's Perry?" And at the end of the episode, "Oh, there you are, Perry!"
Someone asking Phineas and Ferb "Aren't you a little young to be filling-in-the-blank?" Phineas usually responds with "Yes, yes we are," , though he answered "No, I don't think so," in "Flop Starz". Phineas and Ferb: subverting its running gags since episode 3.
Played with again when the question is posed by a delivery-man in "Spa Day", and answered with quite more irritation than Phineas ever exhibits by another delivery-man, who then apologizes to Phineas and explains that the first guy is new on the job.
Candace threatening to tell mom about Phineas and Ferb's latest crazy project.
Dr. Doofenshmirtz shouting "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!" after being thwarted.
Which was inverted in "Hail Doofania!", just like every other occurrence.
Perry sneezes.
Phineas: Bless you, Perry the Platypus!
Also inverted by Vanessa in "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together!" after Perry helps arrange her sweet sixteen party. As Perry blast off, she calls, "Thank you, Perry the Platypus!"
In "Just Passing Through" the self-destruct button Doof's latest invention gets hit by his homemade bobblehead of Perry, causing him to yell "Curse you, Perry the Bobblehead!"
Each episode has at least one original song, the only exceptions being " Rollercoaster ", "Lights, Candace, Action!", "The Lizard Whisperer", and "Mommy Can You Hear Me?"
Ferb says at least one but no more than three lines per episode, a la Silent Bob. He managed to get an impressive inspirational monologue in "The Lizard Whisperer", though.
Doofenshmirtz makes a new evil device every episode.
...the name of which ends in -inator, sometimes taken to ridiculous extremes (like the "Gloominator 3000-inator" from "Leave the Busting to Us"). There are exceptions: in "Mom's Birthday" Doofenshmirtz created the Shrinkspheria ("I was going to call it a Shrinkinator, but I've done the whole 'inator thing before"), and some of his inventions don't have the suffix at all, like his mind-controlling termite helmet in "The Magnificent Few" or the BO-AT from "Interview With a Platypus".
... that gets destroyed/disabled/stolen by Perry, often using a self-destruct or reversal dial included on the device.
... but not before somehow removing the latest Phineas and Ferb contraption with it, seconds before Candace can show the evidence to their mother, regardless of size.
This doesn't occur each episode, usually because the boys already made it disappear on their own by giving it away (such as a monster truck arena) or it disappeared on its own (such as a giant soap bubble bursting.) Regardless, it is gone before Candace can show it to her mother. In the movie, Candace deliberately invokes this—she defeats a robot invasion by going to tell their mom about it, confident the robots will be gone by the time mom steps outside to look.
After receiving his summons, Perry will exit the stage using a different secret entrance every episode.
The "Doofenshmirtz Evil Incorporated!" jingle always plays over a shot of Doofenshmirtz's lair.
Sometimes varied, when the scene is one of DEI's subsidiaries.
Perry is always caught within seconds of arriving on the scene of Doofenshmirtz' latest plan.
Doofenshmirtz will always explain the reasoning behind his latest device soon after, which usually involves some petty grievance , frequently from his youth .
You can bet on two things in any Eek! The Cat episode. 1) Eek will always say "It never hurts to help." 2) It will always hurt to help .
Also in the sub-cartoon "The Terrible Thunderlizards", Bill will say "When does the hurting stop?"
Also in the Thunder-Lizards, one of the Lizards themselves, if not someone else, will make a reference to the Bad Things Category. Most memorable example, in a flashback to their school years: "Yes, Cutter. I'd say having our little friend's head ripped off by the Principal would definitely fall into the Bad Things Category."
Rocky and Bullwinkle : Rocky fails to recognize Boris in his newest disguise. "That voice. Where have I heard that voice?" (To be fair, this isn't once per episode, but it happens multiple times in a typical saga.)
And the companion line: "Allow me to introduce myself!" followed by Boris handing Rocky a pre-printed business card with his nom de guerre on it.
Although this happens once per ending, the episode titles as presented by the narrator should not be forgotten.
William Conrad: Be with us next time for Fill-In-The-Blanks or Mad Lib!
In Inspector Gadget , Chief Quimby somehow gets blown up by his own exploding message to Gadget...no matter where he is.
"I'll get you next time, Gadget! Nneexxtt Ttiimmee !"
"Mrreeagh!"
At least once per episode sometime bad will happen to Eustace at the end of each episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog ; he will either get killed, locked up, or severely injured.
Jonesy acquires, and is fired from, a new job in just about every episode of 6teen .
Near the beginning of every Kim Possible episode, Kim gets a page from (or, more rarely, pages) Wade on her Kimmunicator. Usually accompanied by the words "What's the sitch?"
Woody Woodpecker : Woody's laugh. Subverted in that occassionally someone else performs it, usually to mock Woody (cf. "Well Oiled", "The Coo-Coo Bird"). If Woody loses he will sometimes do a pathetic whining variant (as in "The Clip Joint").
After The Mighty Hercules saves the day, he flies away shouting "Olympi - aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ! ! !"
In every episode of Thunder Cats , several things can be counted on to happen:
"Ancient Spirits of Evil... transform this decayed form... to Mumm-Ra! THE EVER-LIVING!" (At least in every episode featuring Mumm-Ra as an antagonist, which was most of them.)
"Sword of Omens, give me sight beyond sight!"
"Thunder... Thunder!... Thunder!... ThunderCats, HO!" Even in the "Freaky Friday" Flip episode, they manage to get the ThunderCats cry in.
In Earthworm Jim , at the end of each episode, a cow falls on something (a great many variations on this one).
Example "nothing can ruin the tenderness of this moment. Nothing. Hello? [impatient] I said nothing, not even a giant cow falling on me..."
The show also had a once-per-episode (or very close) gag of Peter Puppy eating haggis and reminding viewers that it is "the heart and lungs of a sheep boiled in its own stomach."
Just about every episode of Duckman has the titular character commit some horrible atrocity on his office assistants Fluffy and Uranus. Since they are living plush toys, they automatically recover.
Animated cartoons made by Jumbo Pictures/Cartoon Pizza typically have a song that is featured in each story. In PB&J Otter it was the "Noodle Dance," in Stanley it was "The Great Big Book of Everything" and in Pinky Dinky Doo it's "Story Box."
Butch Cassidy And The Sundance Kids : Elvis somehow finding his way into the briefing room and triggering Mr Socrates' Sneeze of Doom .
In just about every episode of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force the television ends up destroyed.
Early episodes usually had a least one scene with the Aqua Teens in Carl's pool, though this trend was eventually dropped.
Lilo & Stitch: The Series . The fat bald guy never quite gets to enjoy his mint chocolate chip ice cream.
KaBlam! ! had tons of these. One includes Henry and June dancing during the opening number (except one episode due to a longer commercial break) and then jumping up to the top comic panel, while Henry or June says, "Howdy KaBlamoids!" or "Welcome back cartoon crammers!" and then the duo would introduce themselves.
Another one would be June pulling some sort of prank on Henry. From mimicing him, randomly bleeping out what he's trying to say, etc.
Another would be in Life with Loopy where Larry would say, "Hi, I'm Larry. This is my sister Loopy, and this is (insert main idea of episode)". Starting season two, he'll say, "Hi, I'm Larry. (Insert main idea of episode)".
Also, in Prometheus and Bob, Prometheus will try to teach Bob something, but the monkey will always mess him up.
Action League Now had a bunch of these, too (not surprising as it's a KaBlam! spin-off. One would be Meltman always getting hurt.
Or The Chief saying, "Blast it!" and sometimes "Blasted!".
And Bill the Lab Guy saying "There's nothing I can do." or "Oh, no. I was afraid of this!".
Stinky Diver saying, "Blimey!".
The Flesh saying "Ouchies!".
At least once in every episode of Family Guy one character says "What the hell?" (or in Stewie's case, "What the deuce?") to another. There will also be at least one scene or gag dedicated to taking potshots at Meg .
In every episode of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius , Jimmy screws something up that is threatening to the entire town and thinks of a way to fix it. In. Every. Episode.
Daria : A promo for a show-within-a-show you hardly ever actually see? The once-an-episode gag was an avert for "Next on Sick, Sad World!"
At least once per short the "Gotta Zip" song pops up in Jungle Junction .
SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron had Enforcer Commander Feral saying "This is Feral: Bring me chopper backup!"
This is actually very common in Pixar films. Here are some of the most notable examples:
John Ratzenberger is the only voice actor to appear in every single Pixar film (lampshaded in a short scene during the end credits of Cars). Here are all of the characters Ratzenberger has voiced:
The Toy Story series films: Hamm the piggy bank
Toy Story 3 : Serves as Lotso and Big Baby's transportation to Sunnyside Daycare.
Cars 2: Todd makes a reappearance in this film.
Brave : Yes, they actually confirmed that the truck will appear in this movie despite taking place in medieval Scotland. Turns out to be a Freeze-Frame Bonus when the wood carver is cutting a log.
Monsters University : Parked outside the ROR house during the party.
Also, A113 constantly appears in the backgrounds of all of the films (A113 is actually the name of the classroom most of the Pixar staff worked at at the California Institute of Art and Technology). Here are all of the appearances of A113:
Toy Story : The license plate on Mrs. Davis' minivan.
A Bug's Life : The barcode number on the cereal box used for a building for the insect city Flik visits in the film.
Toy Story 2 : A call number for LassetAir (a possible reference to John Lasseter) A113 is mentioned during the airport scene. Also, the aforementioned A113 license place makes a reappearance in the film.
Monsters, Inc. : A sign on the wall in the background during the scene where Sulley thinks that Boo got crushed to death in the trash compactor.
Finding Nemo : The model code on the camera the scuba divers used to stun Marlin just right after capturing Nemo
The Incredibles : The cell Mr. Incredible is held captive inside Syndrome's lair (floor A1, cell 13). Was also mentioned earlier in the film by Mirage.
Cars : Mater's license plate. Also, the number on Trev Diesel (the locomotive that almost hit Lightning McQueen on his way to Radiator Springs)'s headlights and running boards.
Ratatouille : The tag on Git the lab rat's ear.
WALL�E : Directive A113. Also, WALL�E's name. note It's actually A113 written in Leetspeak , but with a "W" added to the front
Up : The sign in front of the courtroom Carl Friedrickson's trial was held for hitting a foreman attempting to demolish his house.
Toy Story 3 : The A113 license place returns, but it's now on a hatchback instead of a minivan.
Cars 2: The number on Siddely (Finn McMissile's fighter jet sidekick)'s tailfin. Also, the A113 license plate makes a reappearance in this film along with Mater.
Air Mater : Skipper and Sparky (Not technically a Pixar film, but under Lasseter's watch).
Brave : One of the witch's relief carvings depicts Sulley .
Speaking of Toy Story , the joke with Buzz believing himself to be a genuine space ranger is present in all 3 movies: Buzz's character arc in Toy Story , Bonus Belt Buzz in Toy Story 2 and Spanish Buzz in Toy Story 3 .
The Fairly OddParents : The plot for every episode since mid-season 2/season 3 to season 6, with a few exceptions, can be summed up by one plan:
Step One: Timmy sees a recurring problem in his life.
Step Two: Timmy goes to Cosmo and Wanda and does a mini-rant, comes up with a "solution" that has to be be done with magic or would take too long and or he'd be too lazy to do, so then he makes the wish.
Step Three: Timmy, Cosmo and Wanda see how great the wish turns out for him or everybody (sometimes Wanda or Cosmo questions this, only to be shrugged off by the other two),
Step Four: The wish backfires. Timmy "has got to find Cosmo and Wanda to unwish that wish", but for some reason they are either doing something of equal importance, or they can't undo it for some reason. Can't unwish it,
Step Five: Timmy goes on a quest to unwish the wish. The wish gets undone,
Step Six: Timmy learns his lesson and makes a little speech about it.
In each episode of The Problem Solverz , the team will consult Tux Dog for advice on their case, and Roba will stamp someone with the "Problem Solved" stamp.
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic :
Twilight Sparkle writes a letter to Princess Celestia telling her what she's learned about Friendship this week. Season 2 episode 3 actually invokes this, with Twilight going progressively more insane as she realizes that she hasn't learned any friendship lesson yet, believing that a failure to send in a report will get her kicked back to Magic Kindergarten. From the second season on, the reports are spread more evenly throughout the cast, and not quite in every episode.
Season 2 Episode 15 subverts it a different way; Applejack does the writing this time, and she writes, not to tell Celestia what she learned, but to brag to Celestia that she didn't learn a darn thing, because she was right the whole time and everyone else needed teaching.
Note that as Season 2 progresses this becomes somewhat less common, and in Season 3, only 2 of 13 episodes had a Friendship Report.
In the second season, Derpy Hooves has a Where's Waldo? type cameo in every episode.
Not quite every episode, but every episode in which Rarity has an appearance, the writers strive to ruin her perfect coiffure at least once.
The Disney Princesses actually cried at least once in their films:
Frozen : Elsa, after Anna froze and saved her life.
Name one Good Vibes episode that doesn't include an instance of peeing and/or pooping.
Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines : STOP THAT PIGEON!!
Every episode of Toxic Crusaders features a bit where Killemoff describes his Evil Plan of the week, prompting his mook Psycho to always respond with "But what if [describes what happens in the rest of the episode]?" "Ridiculous! That could never happen!"
Every episode of The Magic School Bus has Arnold saying he should have stayed home, Phoebe saying what would never happen at her old school, Dorothy Ann doing her research, and Carlos making a bad joke and earning a Collective Groan of "Carlos!". There's also Miss Frizzle's "It's time to take chances, make mistakes, get messy!" and "Bus, do your stuff!"
The snail in Adventure Time appears in the background every episode (complete list of appearances here
). Despite his small appearances, he actually has an important role: he's possessed by The Lich .
Trina's Diary Mode in Grojband when she's overcome with an emotion, she writes recent events in her diary then when she powers down Corey gets it and uses it for the lyrics of the episode's song.
Dan Vs. :
Dan does a Skyward Scream , swearing revenge against whatever's wronged him in this episode.
Dan makes an utterly ridiculous claim regarding who/whatever he's sworn vengeance on which turns out to be 100% correct. This was dropped after the first four episodes or so.
Remember that episode of Xavier: Renegade Angel with a Gainax Ending ?
The Koala Brothers has this little gimmick: Every time Frank and Buster take off in the plane, the mailbox falls over. As an added bonus, there are some episodes where they are seen fixing said mailbox.
In the original series of the Biker Mice from Mars , the title characters or someone else would demolish Limburger Plaza at the end of pretty much every episode. Got some variants, such as the episodes where Limburger is running his scheme from somewhere else (and that gets demolished instead), the episode where Limburger Plaza got demolished at the start of the episode (that consisted of Limburger rebuilding it only to have it demolished again at the end), and "Once Upon a Time on Mars" , in which they decide to end the series with a bang and demolish the palace of Lord Stilton (Limburger's boss when he was on Mars) in the flashback part and, in the present sequence, Limburger Plaza, Stilton's rebuilt palace on Mars and Lord Camembert ( the supreme leader of the Plutarkians ) with the same attack (and they didn't even do it on purpose).
In Miraculous Ladybug : Numerous, and sometimes more than once. Opening shot of Eiffel Tower, bad guy's butterfly scene, Marinette's transformation, Chat Noir's transformation (occasionally skipped), Ladybug confused by magic item, magical reset, next time Gadget, next time!
In Julius Jr. , the It's Inventing Time and Hall of Doors segments. Also, a song at the end of each story.
Clue Club : Teen Genius Dotty was told by her fellow club members to stay at the clubhouse. She would show up for The Reveal anyway, often sporting "a perfectly good reason" why she was there.
On Future-Worm! , both the series proper and the original shorts, Danny would always try to solve the problem by summoning Robocarp, who would then fail spectacularly and cause Danny to admonish him by yelling "Weak!" The exception is the short where Danny meets himself from the future , where Future Danny's newer Robocarp is hit by A.I. is a Crapshoot and the original Robocarp actually does solve the problem.
PJ Masks has quite a few due to its formulaic nature.
The kids in the daytime are going about their daily tasks. Minor personal issue shown regarding one or more of the kids. Something is revealed to be missing or otherwise messed up. One of them (usually Conner) declares they need to get to the bottom of it and...
The one declaring: PJ Masks we're on our way!
All: Into the night to save the day!
Followed by Stock Footage of the sun setting, moon rising, and the kids seeing the moon while the narrator exposits how they're a band of heroes who stop villians in the night, and explains which kid becomes which hero.
It is revealed one or more of the three villians of the show is behind the random happenstance for some reason, and PJ Masks go about trying to stop them but are hindered by the minor personal issue eaffecting their ability to work together in some way.
The hero who is at fault then realizes their mistake and quickly turns things around in the PJ Masks' favor, saving the day, leading to the last one with...
The one who was at fault: PJ Masks all shout hooray!
All: Cause in the night we saved the day!
| allo allo |
The US television series ‘The Wire’ is set in which city? | Once per Episode - TV Tropes
Once per Episode
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— Kronk (reacting to a Running Gag ), The Emperor's New School
A relative of the Running Gag . This is an event that, instead of happening several times in one episode, happens one time in just about every episode of a show.
There is an entire genre of jokes that exists to take advantage of this trope: "Remember that one episode of _____ where...". For example: Remember that one episode of Gilligan's Island where they almost escape from the island, but Gilligan screws it up ?
Compare Signature Style . If it happens at the end of an episode, it's Every Episode Ending . If everything is like this, it is Strictly Formula .
Also compare Once a Season , where a certain plotline or character story gets a yearly invite. May also overlap with Different in Every Episode if the series follows a specific formula for its references and plots.
Examples
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Anime and Manga
Kanon : Ayu runs into Yuuichi, literally or not , in every episode except for the ends of the other girls' arcs.
Trigun features a cat skittering across the screen every episode, some times more obviously than others. Said cat is named Kuroneko-sama ("Lady Black Cat"), and was actually the first character designed for the series.
Tokyo Mew Mew : Magical Girls have to transform once an episode, but in Tokyo Mew Mew, it got bad enough to be an in-joke with fans — hey, there aren't even monsters around! What's Mew Ichigo doing exactly?
Nishizawa of Hayate the Combat Butler eats something while (after her introduction in episode 12) thinking wistfully of Hayate. (She still appears doing it even before her official introduction.)
The Mazinger saga:
Mazinger Z : Every episode Kouji shouted "Pilder On!" and "Mazin Go!" to dock in its Humongous Mecha and activate it. In some episodes he shouted it even more times if he had to sortie often.
Great Mazinger : In the same way and with the same purpose, Tetsuya shouted "Brain Condor!" and "Mazin Go". And Jun shouted "Queen Star On! Venus Go!" every episode after the third one.
UFO Robo Grendizer : Every episode Daisuke jumped from a hatch and shouted "DUKE FLEED!" -his real name- to morph his clothes into his Latex Space Suit , and "Dizer Go!" to start Grendizer.
The Robot Romance Trilogy :
Combattler V : To combine their vehicles -needless to say, it happened every episode-, the team yelled "Let's combine", and if they were ready to combine correctly, Ropetto authorized the combination repeating: "Combine OK". And then you have the Finishing Move ("Choudenji Tatsumaki" and "Choudenji Spin") that were used every episode.
Voltes V : Again, the Five-Man Band every episode yelled "Let's Volt In!" to combine in Voltes-V. And every episode they killed the Monster of the Week with the V-Slash .
Daimos : Every episode, to transform and activate Daimos, Kazuya yelled "Daimos, Battle Turn!", -pretty uselessly- as performing a kata with his arms.
Science Ninja Team Gatchaman : Once every episode all team members screamed: "Transformation" (or, if you watch the Spanish dubbing, "Mutación", that is not an accurate translation -mutación=mutation- but sounds even cooler)" to change their civilian clothes into their super-hero costumes.
Serial Experiments Lain : The opening Aspect Montage . Showing Lain on the street outside her house where the shadows aren't quite right.
CLANNAD : After Fuko's arc of concludes, she makes random appearances in accordance with this trope.
There's a Running Gag in .hack//Legend of the Twilight about Shugo getting bashed in the face and losing a tooth every episode. Fortunately for his dentistry the damage isn't permanent or cumulative, since he is in virtual form when it happens. The gag is dropped in the last few episodes which take a more serious turn.
In every episode of most Cutey Honey incarnations (except the recent The Live TV series) someone would ask Honey who she is, to which she would laugh, list her different costumes for the episode (usually three) and finish by "but the truth is... Honey Flash!" (cue transformation sequence) "Cutey Honey! The Warrior of Love!"
Every single episode of the Medabots dub found an excuse for Ikki to shout "Metabee!". Also: "Medafighters Ready? Medabots... Robattle!"
Kamichama Karin : "Mr. Glasses Man!" "I am not 'Mr. Glasses Man'!"
Someone (usually Pedro) gives a Big "NO!" each episode.
Nabeshin appears in every episode, even if it's just for a second.
Excel getting dropped through a trapdoor by Il Palazzo. One time the rope he pulls to spring the trap has a sign saying "obligatory" hung on it.
Mnemosyne has Rin asking Mimi for water every morning, only to get vodka (which, in Russian, is the diminutive of the word for "water") instead.
Not to mention Rin getting mutilated and/or killed, which on average, actually happens closer to thrice an episode.
Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei
Itoshiki-sensei says "I'm in despair!" (or "Zetsuboushita!" in Japanese) at least once after a short clip of him looking surprised/afraid/overly-dramatic in different directions. Usually, he'll give the full line: "I'm in despair! ''X'' has left me in despair!"
Lampshaded several times in the anime when other, usually minor, characters declare "I'm in despair!" and Itoshiki promptly replies along the lines of "Thats MY line."
Kaere also gets a panty shot every episode, and there are smaller things like a stork showing up in the background. These are all lampshaded when Itoshiki-sensei tries to explain all the once-per-episode elements to new viewers . He can't come up with a good reason why they're all there.
Code Geass R2 has, amazingly, turned the Wham Episode concept into a Once an Episode occurrence. Seriously, literally, once an episode; R2 is made up of nothing but Wham Episodes.
Pok�mon :
"Looks like Team Rocket's blasting off again!" Averages once an episode. There are episodes where they don't blast off at all (like the first-season episode where Ash got the Thunderbadge, for example), but on the other hand, there are also episodes where they blast off twice, so it all evens out. In addition, Wobbuffet had been seen, or its cry was heard, in every episode since his introduction save two of them. At least, that is, until he was left behind with the other Pokemon at the beginning of Best Wishes. He's with them again in Kalos and the gag is back too.
Not to mention Team Rocket's motto upon revealing themselves, although a few episodes did not feature it with them instead opting to sing a song.
Brock meets a cute girl, immediately proposes to her, and is then dragged off by Misty/Max/Croagunk/whoever. On rare occasions, however, this would turn the other way - the odd episode had Misty gushing over a Water Pokémon (or something related to a water-type) and Brock would drag her away, and one occasion had the cute girl of the week proposing to Brock, leaving him completely dumbfounded. Both are now gone as of Best Wishes, as Brock was finally Put on a Bus , and Team Rocket Took a Level in Badass and now only blast off of their own will....on jetpacks... At least until the Kalos series started up, where they're back to their usual incompetent selves.
Now we have Cilan going into one of his long-winded explanations/speeches each ep, usually accompanied by Iris looking bored and making a "there he goes again" type remark.
Iris herself has one in the original Japanese, telling Ash he's such a child at least once.
Clemont's invention of the week seems to end up Gone Horribly Wrong .
In Zatch Bell! , before Ponygon was introduced as a character, he would often be shown walking across the screen for no explicable reason once an episode.
On The Noozles , Osgood the lizard pops up out of nowhere at least once an episode to comment on what is going on.
Once per Story Arc variation in Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha : The major battle near the end of an incident will be capped off with Starlight Breaker . As Sound Stage X showed when Teana did it, this rule is followed even if Nanoha is absent.
In Maicchingu Machiko Sensei , Machiko's panties are shown without fail throughout all 95 episodes, not to mention that she will be disrobed at least partially.
Ranma 1/2: The Abridged Chronicles has several once-per-episode gags, as stated by the creators. This list includes a scene with Genma as a panda with flashing yellow text exclaiming something about the panda, a boot to the head , a musical interlude (usually to draw out fight scenes), someone exclaiming "Son of a bitch," and of course, Ranma getting turned into a girl, usually without a top on. While not all of these happen each episode, they occur enough to qualify.
Ranma: Stupid one-topless-scene-per-episode contract!
In the original Ranma � , Ranma's transformation initially is this, but is increasingly averted or implied to happen offscreen. At the very beginning, the threat of it being revealed was once an episode. They didn't so much waste a perfectly good plot, more one of their best gags, not to mention plenty of perfectly good Fanservice opportunities .
In Ghost Stories , the main characters read a book for sealing spirits whenever they encounter the Monster of the Week .
"OK, I'm sorry. When are you gonna need another dramatic plot point until you decide to whip out that damn ghost book!? "
Rizelmine : main male character making her cry her explosive tears, although that was backed off a bit in the second season when things got a little more serious. But the dog was still there in every episode.
One Piece (the manga) always contains an appearance by Pandaman in almost every arc (or, in one place Pandawoman ); sometimes it's obvious but most of the time it's not.
Sailor Moon : Usagi's transforms into Sailor Moon in almost every episode, and in almost all of the other episodes she is already transformed when the episode starts. Also, Sailor Moon defeats the Monster of the Week with whatever that season's attack is, if it's not a final battle that involves some more serious moon juju or one of the rare episodes where one of the other Senshi defeats the monster without her.
Revolutionary Girl Utena : The pre-duel sequences. Sure, duelling for the Rose Bride is the point of the show, but to recycle a lengthy animation sequence and some remix of "Zettai Unmei Mokushiroku" every single time? Yes, she has to climb stairs to the duel arena (except in the last 13 episodes, when she takes a "gondola"/elevator). We get it already. Stock footage is used quite a lot in the show, partly because of the low budget and partly for emphasis.
Additionally, the Shadowplay Girls show up in nearly every episode and comment on every duel.
Natsu no Arashi! : At least once per episode, sometimes more, there's an anonymous chap in the back calmly asking for salt. A few episodes he comes close, to salt and happiness, only to have it whisked away not unlike Charlie Brown's football .
In the first half of Final Fantasy: Unlimited , Kaze pulls out his Magun summon weapon, and saves the day. In the second half of the series, he pulls out the Magun and it malfunctions.
In every episode of Nerima Daikon Brothers , someone in the band needs to take out a loan, and the band goes to the Rental Shop to get a Plot Coupon from the director .
Pinoko in Black Jack presses her cheeks together and yelling, "Acchonburike" (which has no actual meaning except for being translated it as "Ohmigewdness") once per episode whenever something surprising happens.
In Black Jack 21, a game was made to try to find the image of Sharaku in each episode. Some being more obvious than others.
In the Hidamari Sketch anime, someone, usually Yuno, soaks in bath salts... even if she and the others have already been to a sentō that day. This may or may not end the episode, but it's always at least close. It took a few episodes to get it to its most common form (underwater shot of bath bombs; colored water swishing down the floor drain; the bather in the tub), but the main aspect is once an episode.
In Star Driver , various members of the Glittering Crux Brigade yell "Open the cybercasket!" once an episode in order to summon their Cybodies . Also, there's a Transformation Sequence each episode when Takuto becomes the Galactic Pretty Boy.
In each episode of Black Butler :
Ciel says, "This is an order!"
Sebastian will say, "A Phantomhive butler who can't [insert X task - usually an improbable one - here] isn't worth his salt." and "I am simply one hell of a butler.".
In the series Infinite Ryvius , one will spot Kibure Kikki, a strange female student in a dinosaur costume at the first episode. Each episode after that one can usually find her in a blink and you miss it scene of her trying to find the parts of said costume throughout the ship. Many fans have even made into a Where's Waldo? type game to try to find her in each ep.
THE iDOLM@STER - The shot of the front of the 765Pro Office.
Early on in Bloody Cross , Tsukimiya gets groped in almost every chapter. It starts happening less often later.
Most episodes of Hell Girl climax with somebody getting sent to Hell.
In the Yuri Genre series Sakura Trick , Haruka and Yuu kiss at least once in every manga chapter. The anime adapts two chapters per episode, so there's a bare minimum of two kisses per episode.
Lupin III (Green Jacket) has someone catching fire every episode, even if only for a short gag.
Following episodes 3 and 4 of Ange Vierge , every episode seems to follow this trend:
The episode starts off with a protagonist's flashback involving Amane before going on to the opening sequence.
There may or may not be a bath scene.
A comedic skit involving Ageha and Mayuka, which has its own Stinger .
The team member faces off against the Brainwashed and Crazy villain. One battle ends with the villain escaping, the other ends with her defeat. For the latter, it ends with the other Brainwashed and Crazy antagonists lamenting the current villain's defeat and the end of the episode.
Comic Books
During Mark Waid 's run on The Flash , every issue started with the lines "I'm Wally West — the fastest man alive," or some variation thereof. On rare occasion, especially when Wally or a member of his family needs to deliver a speech with emotional punch, other writers still riff on this.
Every issue of Spider-Girl opens with "Your name is May 'Mayday' Parker, and you are the daughter of Spider-Man," or some variation of it.
Matt Fraction 's Hawkeye always starts with Clint thinking "Okay, this looks bad" or some variation of it.
Diabolik tends to have a Big Damn Kiss at/near the end of every story, usually a Smooch of Victory between the titular Villain Protagonist and his lover Eva.
Film
Star Wars has many, due to the formulaic nature of the films.
Every film has the phrase, "I've got a bad feeling about this." Much Expanded Universe material homages this practice, with a video game going as far as suggesting the player should save their game every time it gets uttered.
Every movie includes the Wilhelm Scream , a stock sound effect famous enough to have its own trope page. But then, every action movie features the Wilhelm Scream — a lot of them as a shout out to Star Wars.
Every single film contains a Big "NO!" , some bigger than others.
All films begin with the opening narration scrolling against a starry sky. When the narration ends, the camera pans to a ship flying through space.
Every film introduces a new Force power.
(unintentional as it was)
The Phantom Menace : Force Speed / Force Push (offensive variant of Telekinesis)
Attack of the Clones : Force Avalanche / Force Reflect/Absorb (when Yoda turns Dooku's lightning back on him, and later absorbs a second one)
Revenge of the Sith : A variance of Force Reflect (Yoda first blocks Palpatine's lightnings at close range. When the two of them come to contact, a deflagration ensues.)
The Force Awakens : Force Stasis / Force Mind-Reading
All films have an ending sequence with music and no dialogue.
And finally, count on at least one lightsaber battle between Force-users to go down, usually towards the end.
These Lightsaber fights almost always end in someone losing a hand as well:
A New Hope: Ponda Baba losing his arm to Obi-Wan in the Cantina
The Empire Strikes Back: Luke to Vader on Cloud City
Return of the Jedi: Vader to Luke on the second Death Star
The Phantom Menace: Several droids get their arms chopped off by lightsabers.
Attack of the Clones: Anakin to Dooku at the end
Revenge of the Sith: Dooku to Anakin during the beginning (and then some, since the poor guy lost both hands). Mace Windu also loses his hand before getting flung out a window by Palpatine. And finally, Obi-Wan cuts both Anakin's left arm and legs.
The Force Awakens: The rare exception. Kylo Ren takes a lot of injuries including one that causes him to drop his saber during the battle, but this time it seems that he doesn't actually lose a hand, or at least it isn't cut off. Moreover, no lens flare can be accused of hiding it, when the camera focuses on Ren lying in the snow. He does, however, take a pretty nasty slash across the face.
Most James Bond films have him say "Bond. James Bond." Which is a problem if you are playing the drinking game. He also gets involved with two or three women per movie, at least one of whom gets killed off . Also, the Bond Gun Barrel and the animated credits are always there, even if altered a bit sometimes. (see also the series' entry on Strictly Formula )
All the films had variations of " Why is the rum gone? "
Every movie has The Stinger and mentions parley.
11 of the 12 Marx Brothers films had Chico play the piano and Harpo play the harp.
The Swedish comedy movies Jönssonligan always had Sickan say "Jag har en plan" ("I've got a plan").
The Danish comedy movies Olsen-Banden, of which Jönsonsligan is a Swedish remake, had Egon Olsen in jail at the beginning of a story, and he'd come out of jail with a plan wrapped in brown paper, and he'd say "Jeg har en plan". And the wonderfully brilliant plan would somehow misfire and Egon would be arrested, usually in the place of the real crook.
All Terminator films have someone shouting " Get Out " as they take over a vehicle. Two other phrases almost qualify: "I'll be back!" (all but T3 , which instead features "She'll be back" and "I'm back!"), and " Come with Me If You Want to Live " (T3 features "Do you wanna live?! Come on!!").
The Back to the Future trilogy:
The first two movies have Marty being unconscious and after waking up says, "You're...You're my mother!" In the third movie , however, he wakes up and says, "You're...who are you?" as it was not his mother this time.
The first two movies also had Biff being covered in manure (not the same instance) while the third movie has his ancestor be covered in manure, and telling how they hate manure.
All three movie feature a wide overhead shot of Marty walking into the town square, looking astonished as he sees his hometown in a different time period, along with a clear shot of the town clock's current state in that particular era.
Every Indiana Jones film will include Indy fighting a big strong henchman (in the first three, played by the same actor) who'll end up being killed in an extraordinarily violent fashion.
Every movie involves the Big Bad trying to harness a powerful magical (or seemingly magical) artifact, only to have it backfire on him/her in the end due to hubris.
American Pie : The three main movies feature Stifler coming into unwanted contact with one kind of human excreta or other, Jim getting caught masturbating in a ridiculous way, and Finch having sex with Stifler's Mom. Averted somewhat in the fourth movie, American Reunion: while Jim still gets caught masturbating, Stifler makes someone else come into unwanted contact with his feces, and he has sex with Finch's mom.
Almost every official Marvel Comics movie has a Creator Cameo by Stan Lee .
X-Men : Hot dog vendor on the beach when the now-mutated senator escapes Magneto.
X-Men: The Last Stand : Man watering his lawn in Jean Gray flashback. Bonus points for including Chris Claremont in the same scene, as Stan's neighbor.
Spider-Man : Old man shielding little girl from falling debris during the Goblin's parade attack.
Spider-Man 2 : Old man pulling woman away from debris during the battle on the clock tower.
Spider-Man 3 : Talks to Peter while both are reading a news bulletin about Spider-Man.
Hulk : Security guard; bonus points for being alongside Lou Ferigno .
Daredevil : Old man almost hit by bus.
Fantastic Four (2005) : Mailman Willie Lumpkin (the first time he played one of his own characters).
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer : Denied access to the wedding, despite claiming to be Stan Lee.
Iron Man : Mistaken for Hugh Hefner at the casino.
The Incredible Hulk : Accidentally drinks soda laced with Banner blood.
Iron Man 2 : Mistaken for Larry King at Stark Expo.
Thor : Truck driver who unsuccessfully tries to tow Thor's hammer from a crater.
Captain America: The First Avenger : General at the award ceremony.
The Avengers : Interviewed about the heroes in the ending (and, ironically, the only random citizen to claim the idea of "superheroes in new York" is "ridiculous").
The Amazing Spider-Man : Working in the school library while listening to music on headphones, which renders him oblivious to Spidey and the Lizard tearing the place apart.
Iron Man 3 : As a beauty pageant judge.
Thor: The Dark World : A patient in the psych ward Selvig is attending.
Guardians of the Galaxy : "Xandarian Ladies' Man."
Big Hero 6 : In a portrait at Fred's house and in a post credit sequence where Fred finds his secret room.
Avengers: Age of Ultron : Attends a party with the Avengers and gets drunk on Thor's mead alongside his WWII veteran buddies.
Ant-Man : A bartender in one of Luis' stories.
Deadpool : A DJ at a strip club
Another once-per-episode gag in every movie to feature Captain America: Steve Rogers makes a snarky comment to a female colleague then leaps out of a plane (parachute optional).
Spider-Man Trilogy :
Every movie includes a cameo by Bruce Campbell , as well as an in-movie performance of the 1960's TV show's theme.
Honest Trailers noted that every film, perhaps unintentionally, involves Spider-Man struggling with his powers, breaking up with Mary Jane and battling a villain who eventually kills themself.
CinemaSins also commented that each film has a shot of Peter attempting to call MJ and having to leave an awkward voicemail while MJ stands next to the phone at the other end listening to him record it with her arms folded.
The Transformers films capping off with a Linkin Park song.
Jonathan Crane, a.k.a. "The Scarecrow", is the only villain to appear in every single film of The Dark Knight Saga .
In Batman Begins , he is a major secondary villain.
In The Dark Knight , he is trying to sell his fear toxin to some mobsters, then is caught by Batman when trying to escape.
In The Dark Knight Rises , he is promoted to being the official leader of Bane's Kangaroo Court after being set free by him , which basically involves him sentencing Bane's opponents to death. He is presumed to have been arrested afterwards but given that he is not mentioned towards the end, this cannot be confirmed.
Almost every Troma film since Sgt Kabukiman NYPD has used the same shot of a car flipping over and exploding.
Lampshaded in Pulp Fiction when Mia says that her character would have told one joke every episode, if her Pilot actually worked out.
That Shrek films have Shrek saying "Better out than in, I always say". Fionna says it in the fourth one though.
All three Daimajin films have similar premises: evil feudal lord oppresses Japanese peasants, the eponymous god takes a physical form, evil feudal lord's castle gets destroyed and the god turns back to a statue. The climactic destruction also features some poor bastard getting stepped on.
Jurassic Park :
Every single one of the sequels, to date, features one character from the original's Ensemble Cast returning as a central character. It's Ian Malcolm in The Lost World: Jurassic Park , Alan Grant in Jurassic Park III , and Dr. Henry Wu (returning as an antagonist ) in Jurassic World .
Though their screen-time varies from film to film, every movie features an obligatory appearance from a Tyrannosaurus rex and several Velociraptors. Though the T. Rex has always been a Stock Dinosaur , the latter is notable because the series made the Velociraptor a Stock Dinosaur almost singlehandedly; every since the ecstatic audience response to the creatures back in 1997 , it's unthinkable to do a Jurassic Park film without including them.
Every installment in the Dirty Harry series has Harry running into someone committing a robbery and stopping them.
Mission: Impossible :
Just like the series, every movie has a mission briefing that ends with the device giving them their orders self-destructing. Jokingly played with in the fourth, where one device fails to detonate and Ethan has to slam it to get it to work.
Also Foreshadowing since from that point on, pretty much anything than can go wrong with the mission, does.
Every movie has somebody (usually Ethan) doing a "Mission: Impossible" Cable Drop . While the first movie has a reason for the sprawled position (making sure not to touch the weight sensitive floor) the other films don't have any such justification except as an internal homage. Played with in Ghost Protocol: Brandt is seen in the signature pose, but no cables are involved; instead he is actually being pushed up by a large magnet below him and a magnetic suit he's wearing.
All of the movies feature spies who turned rogue as villains, except the fourth which bucks the trend. In all cases but Rogue Nation, the spies in question are former IMF Agents.
Live Action TV
Someone will call Ed 'The Bowling Alley Lawyer'.
In nearly every episode, Ed and Mike will make some ludicrous $10 bet.
Lampshaded by Dean in Supernatural when something strange happens. "Must be Thursday."
Remember that episode of Supernatural where one of the brothers is literally on the point of death ( or is, indeed, dead ) and the other saves him?
What about the episode where there is a hot girl who is somehow connected to the Monster of the Week . Okay okay, started fizzling out in the third season, and almost never happened in the finale's or other "complex" episode, but basically every "stand alone" episode in season one or two had one, and it didn't completely fizzle out after season three.
On The A-Team the construction montage (in which the team builds a makeshift vehicle/weapon out of stuff they find lying around) would qualify.
Or a car flipping over.
Mr. T: "I pity the fool".
Similarly, Hannibal: "I love it when a plan comes together" + obligatory cigar.
Game shows:
Family Feud : During the Steve Harvey era, utterance of a part of the male and/or female anatomy or a bodily function. Invariably, a question will be written to elict such a response, with most of the "humor" coming from Harvey's reaction and claiming that it won't be long before the show is canceled for its off-color humor.
Match Game : The show that set the standard for double-entendre and utterance of anatomical parts, most commonly "boobs" (or other euphemisms for the word "breast").
Also, nearly every episode she appeared in (which was most of them) seemed to see Brett Somers taking a lengthy thought pause after a question and then announcing "Oh, I get it!!" before decisively writing an answer - which, to her credit, was usually pretty good.
During its 1979-82 daily syndicated run, a mixed-face ticket plug would be shown after the second commercial break.
Klinger's attempts to get a section 8 on M*A*S*H . Despite this being a warzone, Klinger had a new dress/frilly female outfit every week. Jamie Farr once recalled the bizarre feeling it gave him walking into the wardrobe department. All of the costumes were on racks assigned to specific actors. Walk past Mike Farrell's rack, there's an army uniform. Walk past Alan Alda's rack, there's a uniform, bathrobe, and maybe a Hawaiian shirt. Get to Jamie's rack(s) and there are just endless frocks, dresses, skirts and bonnets. He maintained the tartan plaid skirt was the most comfortable of them all.
A failed escape attempt in Gilligan's Island .
The avalanche of ping-pong balls on Captain Kangaroo .
The message self-destructing after being played at the start of every mission on Mission: Impossible .
Except on occasions when Jim is instructed to dispose of it himself "in the usual manner" (and, of course, those episodes where it was personal , which didn't have any messages at all).
The inevitable sliming of — and dumping water on — at least one cast member of You Can't Do That on Television , as well as the Opposites series of sketches and the Barth's Diner's Catch Phrase "What (or Who) do you think's in the burger?", followed by Barth's traditional reply "I heard that!" (The vomiting that the question derived was only once every other episode, usually.)
The Mighty Boosh
A character mistakes Vince for a woman.
In the first series, each episode featured at least one character that had part of their costume shaped like a polo mint.
The subject of conversation turns to Vince's hair at least once an episode, and in every episode Howard utters the line "... I'm Howard Moon."
Rich Fulcher's characters often hit on Vince, and/or proclaim, "A little to the left!" While dying horribly.
Various characters often ask Vince or Howard, "_____? What is _____?"
Spirit of Jazz: Yorkshire? What is Yorkshire? (or...)
Mutant: Freedom? What is freedom?
Neatly riffed on in Friends , where they are watching Three's Company and Chandler remarks dryly that "this is that episode of Three's Company where there's some kind of misunderstanding". Phoebe frowns, "Then I've already seen this one" and switches the TV off.
A similar conversation occurred on Gilmore Girls , where Rory had to tear Jess away from an episode of I Dream of Jeannie . She assured him that "Jeannie is going to get Major Healey out of whatever scrape he's in."
The audience expected every Knight Rider episode to have a scene where the car would jump after Michael Knight used the Turbo Boost. Regrettably, and to the disappointment of many a child, not every episode actually featured this (probably due to shortages of Pontiac Firebird bodies to trash...), but the great majority did. Some episodes even featured more than one turbo boost (presumably when they had a few spares available).
This was parodied in the Robot Chicken episode that featured them and several other unlikely characters racing where he pressed the turbo and KITT responded, "I can only use the turbo once per episode". It's not true, but that'd ruin the joke .
The final season utilized "Super Pursuit Mode" at least once an episode. (Though it was three times in the season premiere, just to drive the point home) This was also useful as a time-eating Transformation Sequence .
Every episode of Homicide: Life on the Street involves the detectives lying to a suspect or witness to get them to confess/roll over on an accomplice/provide some pertinent information. This tactic is almost uniformly successful, leading to several characters to comment over the course of the series that "crime makes you stupid."
Highlander ended each episode, for the first several seasons anyway, with a climactic sword fight, decapitation, and lightning storm. Reaching this scene was often the whole point of the show — after all, it was the only way an Immortal villain could be stopped. But the writers deserve credit for including it no matter what, even in the occasional Very Special Episode that tackled real-world problems like sexual harassment.
Also, if you pick any three episodes, chances are that at least two of them will have an immortal whose name begins with a K sound. Sometimes it's the last name, sometimes the first name, sometimes it's a Q.
For the first season, each episode usually had Duncan mentioning the Gathering somewhere along the line.
House
Once per episode, the team is given a case that completely stumps them. As the victim is nearing death, House will have a Eureka Moment , signified by his stopping a conversation about something unrelated to the case (that conversation usually being with Wilson), staring out into space as the pieces to the puzzle all fall into place, then making a bee-line for the patient's room or his colleagues to deliver the life-saving diagnosis.
The medical team somehow manages to suspect lupus in every case. In the first season 4 episode, where House didn't have a team (at the end of Season 3, one was fired and the other two quit), a nearby janitor still managed to suggest a diagnosis of lupus, commenting after a brief stunned silence that his grandmother had it.
In Season 3 House pulled some hidden Vicodin out of a hollowed out lupus text. When his team looks shocked House responds "Come on! It's never lupus." Even funnier was that in one episode, it turned out it was lupus.
House: I finally have a case of Lupus!
Someone dies at the beginning of every episode of Six Feet Under .
Funky Squad : The Australian series parodied this trope — inevitably, there would be a brief zooming shot of the Funky Squad as they turned to face the camera, and most (if not all) episodes reminded the viewer that Ponch (apparently played by an actor who couldn't speak English — in reality Tom Gleisner, who speaks it fluently) couldn't speak as he had "taken a bullet to the tongue."
Monk does a The Summation every episode, often including the phrase "If I'm right... which... I am" and always including the phrase "Here's what happened" to the point that other characters state their desire to say "Here's what happened."
Subverted when a garbage strike had driven Monk (more) insane. He proceeded to rattle off an explanation of why Alice Cooper killed the mayor to steal his high backed chair, based solely on Cooper sitting in a high back chair in a poster and him being a "dirty hippy", done in the same black and white footage as the usual real events. Everyone just looks at him in stunned silence, until Randy asks "Should I be writing this down?"
Nearly every episode of Monk features a character (not always Monk) saying the words "I don't think so." This is a prominent line in the theme song and it's so common that it can't just be a coincidence. Once you notice it, you'll notice it in every episode.
Petrocelli had this too. In every episode, his client was wrongly accused on the grounds of seemingly conclusive proof. Once in court, the accusation would narrate the supposed events and then (and only then) he would offer his own version of what had happened. Invariably, this was the truth, and his client was declared not guilty.
Also in Petrocelli, someone will always pronounce his surname wrong ("Petroselli") and he will correct them instantly: "It's Petročelli". The mispronouncer is always a bad guy.
"Mork, what Earth concept have you misunderstood this week?" (an actual Lampshade Hanging from the show.)
"Mork calling Orson! Come in, Orson!" Often followed by Mork insulting Orson's girth.
Power Rangers — except on the somewhat rare occasions when the Rangers use their own Finishing Move , the monster gets city-sized , and the rangers have to use their zords to defeat it. Interestingly, it never seems to matter how badly the monster gets beaten/shot/exploded/melted/punctured/vaporised/redecorated when it's human sized, it will always become perfectly healthy again when it's bigger. It was generally in the earliest seasons where a human-sized monster would be defeated, such as when they killed the Minotaur with the power blaster.
That's one of the things that changes each season... some seasons the Big Bad makes the monster grow when he/she desires, or the monster does it itself, but in some seasons, the customary reaction to the human-sized monster's total destruction is to reassemble it into giant form (this is more common in the magic-based series.) Still, you get instances like Kilobyte, a Dragon in Power Rangers RPM : we see him blown into Ludicrous (Robot) Gibs ... and immediately cut to him falling on the ground intact, standing up, and angrily saying the growth command.
It was lampshaded in one episode of Power Rangers Ninja Storm . When one of the members of the Terrible Trio asked the Big Bad what should they do, he answers something among the lines of: "Make him grow up, of course! How many times have we done that? Didn't you catch it up yet? The rangers destroy the monster, we make the monster grow!"
Another time:
Marah: "What's the worst that could happen? They blow him up, we grow him big again, they blow him up again, we grow him big again, and they blow him and we grow him, and...
Lothor: " I know the formula !"
Power Rangers Samurai made it so their monsters explicitly had "two lives" — first they're beaten human-sized, and then they have to beat them city-sized, as if to lampshade the formulaic nature of all Power Ranger series.
Similarly in VR Troopers , the way battles ended would be very formulaic, especially with JB who would summon his laser lance, impale the monster (who would then surrender), then finish him off anyway .
JB: Laser Lance Command, NOW!
*Monster charges*
JB: Hi YA ! *extends the laser lance to impale the monster, said monster throws its arms up in surrender*
JB: Hiyaaaa! *walks up, ignores the surrender, takes the laser lance and slashes the monster until it falls over in defeat and explodes*
Remember that episode of Smallville where Clark goes in to save the day, only to be inadvertently foiled by kryptonite?
With everyone randomly carrying around spare pieces of green rocks , it's amazing that Clark is ever able to use his abilities, let alone save the day.
Remember the episode where Clark can't find the bad guy until some missed clue shows itself and Clark rushes in and saves the day in under a minute and the remaining 9 minutes of the episode is devoted to different characters arguing about philosophy?
I think that was every episode of the 1950s Adventures of Superman, too...
Especially in the first season, the show seems particularly fond of having car crashes/accidents each episode. Actually, it is a rare episode without some Stuff Blowing Up .
Also how people are conveniently unconscious when he had to use his powers. Like that time when the whole purpose of getting Chloe knocked out is so that Clark could catch her after she is thrown off a dam. Those who are not unconscious, however, usually gets killed or thrown into the psycho prison very quickly.
During season five to seven, Clark would frequently Super Speed to find Chloe in her dormitory or at the Daily Planet for help, invariably sending papers flying once per episode even after she asked him to stop that multiple times. How could no one notice him super speeding into the Daily Planet office, which is always packed with people? It is justified for the dormitory because he always stops after being safely inside her room, but not that.
And of course, Chloe/Clark Ship Tease may border on this level during middle seasons.
And the (in)famous " Kick The Chloe " game that reached its peak around season eight.
The Hard Work Montage .
Something will be destroyed. Ranges from "having a frozen turkey dropped on it" to "hit with a car" to "scattered across a two hundred metre radius" to "requires the FBI's supervision, a truck full of TNT and a one-mile radius clearance around the blast zone".
The long, drawn-out routine about Kel's love of orange soda .
Kenan's requests for Noodle Implements at the end of each episode and Kel's frustated reactions.
All That : Stage manager Kevin's Catch Phrase : "Five minutes! Five minutes until the show starts!" And then, Kevin getting abused somehow. For all six seasons.
Police Squad! : So much so that the series would have surely collapsed under them if it had been on for longer. Dreben parks his car and knocks over some trash cans (one more each episode); Al, who's too tall to fit in the frame gives Drebin and the Chief some information and they remark on some oddity of his appearance; Drebin bribes Johnny the shoeshine guy for information, who then gets bribed by a B-list celebrity; the elevator stops at some odd places, and a multitude of Catch Phrases ("Cigarette?" "Yes, I know." "Well.")
The written and verbal reading of the title being completely different to each episode.
The literal freeze at the end of the episode.
The villain of the week joining all the criminals caught in the previous episodes in jail. And each of them will be named.
In Psych , just about every episode features a pineapple , to the point where the advertisements for some episodes advertise a sweepstakes: Find the pineapple.
Also, almost every single episode starts with a flashback to the late '80s (nowadays, it's to the early '90s), showing Shawn as a child either having an experience that is materially or thematically related to the episode at hand (present!Shawn usually recalls this incident during the episode's events), or being taught a lesson (a bit of advice, a technique, a trick, etc) by Henry that, in the present day, explains where Shawn got the know-how to solve the episode's featured case. Sometimes subverted: for example, in "Shawn Takes a Shot In the Dark", the flashbacks are interspliced with the present-day story, guiding the audience so that we figure out Shawn's thought process along with the characters tracking him; and in "Shawn Rescues Darth Vader", the flashback comes at the very end of the episode to explain how Shawn beat the polygraph test earlier on, because if it had been shown at the beginning, all the suspense of the moment would have been killed.
Twice per episode of The Incredible Hulk , David Banner would transform into the, er, Incredible Hulk . It always happened about twenty minutes in, and then again right near the end of the episode.
Al: I don't think so, Tim .
Cheers — "Norm!" Followed by a friendly greeting from whoever was tending bar, followed by a wisecrack from Norm. When Diane was on the show she always greeted Norm a beat after everyone else with "Norman." In one episode the guys from Cheers are shocked to find out that their rival bar Gary's Olde Towne Tavern also calls out "NORM!" whenever Norm comes in.
Almost every episode of iCarly has the group doing the webshow at least once. Only two episodes have not. iBeat the Heat and iLove You.
Brenda loses her battle with sugar and manages to offend somebody.
Also, having figured out who the guilty part is, Brenda convinces them that there's no need for a lawyer to be present , and then cheerfully lies and/or manipulates the perp into confessing. There are exceptions, of course, but this is generally what happens.
In Kamen Rider Kabuto , Tendou Souji has to spout an allegedly wise quote from his grandmother once every episode.
The Dukes of Hazzard always has a car chase that ended with the General Lee jumping over a conveniently placed ramp to escape pursuit.
'Allo 'Allo! is more or less a collection of once an episode jokes and situations glued together with a thin film of plot. By later series, there were so many that they wouldn't all fit into every single episode... Examples include, but are by no means limited to:
Crabtree entering and saying 'Good moaning' (after season 2), prefaced by someone (usually Yvette) saying something along the lines of "'Ere comes zat English idiot 'oo sinks 'e can speak French."
Leclerc entering in a terrible Paper-Thin Disguise , and revealing himself either by lifting his specs or ripping off his fake 'stache to reveal his real one, with the line "It is I, Leclerc."
Michelle of ze Resistance entering, telling the cast to "Listen very carefully, I shall say zis only once."
Gruber hitting on Rene.
Rene hitting on the waitresses.
Rene getting caught by his wife whilst hitting on the waitresses, and coming up with a paper-thin excuse which she (usually) buys entirely. Always prefaced with "You stupid woman!"
Cross-dressing of one sort or another, usually in the form of Paper Thin Disguises which are usually damn near impenetrable.
The British airmen popping out from wherever they've been hidden this time, and saying "Hello!" in a strong English accent, and being incomprehensible to the French characters.
Mme. Fanny being lifted up in her bed to reach the radio. After season one, this scene would inevitably also include ze flashing bedknobs.
'Allo, 'Allo , zis is Night'awk/Mrs Night'awk/Night'awk's muzzer-in-law.
Some form of Benny Hill -esque chase sequence, usually closing out the episode.
Someone mentioning the painting of ze Fallen Madonna wiz ze Big Boobies by Van Clomp.
The elaboration of a near-incomprehensible plan/retelling of the plot so far, involving multiple copies of multiple paintings to be kept by multiple people to sell after the war, various hidden secrets and affairs, and lots of innuendo.
Top Gear :
Crazy ideas with the precursor, "How hard can it be?". Afterwards: "That's not gone well".
Jeremy Clarkson ending every episode with "...and on that bombshell..." As well as some variation of "The most powerful/fastest/biggest etc... in the world.
The "Some say" build-up whenever the Stig is about to appear. "Some say all his potted plants are called Steve, and he knows two facts about ducks — both of which are wrong."
Every episode of Scrubs has some variation of the line, "And there it is."
One or more of the main characters puking on another or themselves in Skins .
Whose Line Is It Anyway? : Drew's Catch Phrase , "Everything is made up and the points don't matter ," followed by a statement (usually a Take That ) that shows how worthless the points are.
"Everything is made up and the points don't matter. That's right, the points are like notability on TV Tropes ."
"Everything is made up and the points don't matter. That's right, the points are like all the hours you spent on TV Tropes."
Every episode of The Amanda Show on Nickelodeon starts with Amanda Bynes coming on stage to introduce the show, but something bizarre always goes wrong in the studio and she has to apologise and say they'll sort it in a few minutes, cutting to pre-filmed items or commercials.
Lost has about every episode someone claim that "he/she/they/we/it is/are/were lost" (with the occasional "have you lost your mind?". They also steal the "bad feeling about this" line from time to time, most notably when Karl says this about ten seconds before he dies.
Sawyer exclaims "Son of a bitch!" at least once in almost, if not literally, every episode he appears in.
Also, Ben gets beat up to such an extent that Michael Emerson's answer to "how many times has Ben been beaten up?" was "how many episodes have I been in?"
Pick three episodes of Star Trek: The Original Series . Now watch them. The odds are pretty good that in two out of those three, Kirk's shirt will be utterly destroyed ... and with good reason .
Lampshaded in Galaxy Quest , where The Spock tells The Kirk "I see you managed to get your shirt off."
From the fourth season of Star Trek: The Next Generation on, the number 47
is hidden somewhere in almost every episode of the series.
Harry Hill's TV Burp: "Now, I like (x), and I also like (y). But which is better? There's only one way to find out.... Fiiiight!"
The Danish Christmas calendar series Christmas On Vesterbro has several of these:
Stewart Stardust reminisces about his father speaking words of wisdom, before beating the young Stewart senseless .
Stewart opens his package calendar and is mock-surprised to find a beer.
Someone opens the door to Vivian Stardust's room, causing her to scream "GO AWAY".
The Narrator makes an " On the Next " speech at end, which puzzles the characters who, quite confused, ask who the disembodied voice is and what he is talking about . In the penultimate episode, the narrator has finally had enough of the characters' constant heckling and emerges in anger from a closet within the scene, announces he is leaving the series while telling them to do the " On the Next " speech themselves, leaving it to the alomst-completely illiterate Danny to do it instead.
Criminal Minds : Every episode (except the second parts of two-parters) begins with a quote delivered in voiceover, and most end with one as well. Also, every episode has the team deliver the profile of the offender to whichever group of police/other FBI agents they're working with, although this is averted in "True Night", which focuses so heavily on the killer that the briefing is missed by the audience, though it does occur (as can be seen by the details on the whiteboard when the killer is brought in).
Ever Decreasing Circles : Martin turning the phone around.
Every episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia will at some point have one of the gang deliver an exasperated "Goddamn it!"
Made In Canada (syndicated globally as The Industry) would have one of the main characters making an aside statement of " I think that went well " or "This is not good" to end every show. Every. Last. Show. For five seasons.
Scully and Mulder-centric episodes feature Mulder suggesting something supernatural is going on, Scully responding with Arbitrary Skepticism , and proving it's absurd "scientifically". Mulder is almost always right. Scully never admits it. Mulder actually lampshades this in season 6's "Field Trip".
Mulder doing/saying something that makes Scully feel uncomfortable.
Mulder asking Scully to do something and her responding with "What are you going to do?"
Especially from season five onward, somebody making the assumption that Mulder and Scully are romantically involved.
On the New Zealand show 7 Days they make a string of jokes about this with Married... with Children star David Faustino.
Ben: My favourite episode was the one where Bud was gonna have sex with a really hot girl and then it didn't work out in the end.
David: I think that was episode... 50, 75, 80...
Will: I really missed that episode because I was watching that episode of House where they couldn't figure out what the disease was.
David: I was watching the episode of Three's Company where they thought they heard something different.
Ben: I'm on the episode of McLeod's Daughters where a handsome stranger comes to town.
Jesse: (some time later) I'm just trying to think of another one.
The "Brainstorming" song shows up at least once an episode on "Imagination Movers"
CSI: Miami : Horatio Crane puts on his Cool Shades , does the Quip to Black and bam, we get the Metal Scream by The Who .
The entire CSI franchise has Red Herrings every single episode.
On CSI the original, DB will mention his wife. And he'll either call her or she'll call him.
CSI: NY Danny will say "Boom!" and/or Adam will say "What up!"
Fawlty Towers : The sign outside the titular hotel has the letters rearranged in most, if not every, episode.
Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares:
Just about every single episode contains at least one reference to Superman .
They lampshaded this trope once:
Jerry: This is just like that one episode of The Twilight Zone where a guy wakes up and he's the same, and everyone else is different.
The Hard Times of RJ Berger has an animated sequence in nearly every episode, the majority of them being flashbacks.
Law & Order: Criminal Intent : The detectives will use a Batman Gambit to push the murderer into having a Villainous Breakdown .
In Fringe , there are two prominent occurrences:
The Observer , his appearances are often Freeze Frame Bonuses .
There's always a specific phrase, or object, background prop, etc that foreshadows something in the next episode. Sometimes they are so specific that the hint only gets clear after watching the next episode.
Walter will inexplicably become obsessed with a random food in the course of investigating that week's mystery, and will find some way to eat it while on the job.
In the Brit Com Chance In A Million the coincidence-prone title character Tom Chance (Simon Callow) drinks an entire pint of lager in one go, usually in mid-sentence. Sometimes this happens more than once per episode, on at least one occasion twice in rapid succession, and once together with a guest cast member. (Actually they used trick glasses holding much less than a full pint).
"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!"
Weekend Update segment.
There are exceptions to this. Season 7 episodes (1981-82) either began at the opening credits, or with a short cold opening that had no segue into the opening credits. Temporary Don Pardo replacement Mel Brandt would announce "And now, from New York, the most dangerous city in the world, it's Saturday Night Live!" Other exceptions include the 1984 Eddie Murphy episode (where the cold open ended on Alfalfa's stunned expression), and the 1985 George Wendt/Francis Ford Coppola episode which did away with most SNL conventions.
Hill Street Blues would open every episode with the daily briefing by the Desk Sergeant, inevitably closed with him telling the officers, "...and hey! Let's be careful out there!" (Esterhaus) or "Let's do it to them before they do it to us!" (Jablosnki).
In every episode of Danger 5 :
The Danger 5 team gets a mission briefing from the Colonel, who gratuitously insults Claire.
Ilsa gets brainwashed by the enemy and attacks at least one of the good guys.
Hitler escapes from the team by leaping through a glass window .
On Laverne and Shirley , David Lander (Squiggy) got so sick of having to say 'Hello' over and over that he refused to say it anymore. The producers reached a deal with him in which the writers were only allowed to have him say it once per episode.
The same thing happened on Hunter with the title character's Tag Line "works for me."
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition Ty would inevitably get out his megaphone and start yelling through it at the workers to hurry up.
Tracker had the typical end-of-episode life force collection as Cole defeated another fugitive.
Merlin saves Arthur's life. On the episodes he doesn't, we have episodes where he does so multiple times to make up for it. And he only gets the credit for it Once a Season .
Yes, Minister :
The last line in (almost) every episode is a Title Drop .
Sir Humphrey (or Bernard, or both) pull off a moment of Sesquipedalian Loquaciousness at least once an episode.
666 Park Avenue : A resident of the Drake makes a Deal with the Devil, and eventually pays for it.
Doctor Who :
Do you guys remember that episode where some alien is trying to end The World/The Universe/Time Itself was coming to an end when the Doctor saves them all just in time?
There was this one episode with running, a ridiculous amount of running. One time he pretended to know someone he either hadn't met yet or couldn't remember by referencing how they ran.
Donna: He saves planets, rescues civilizations, defeats terrible creatures... and runs a lot. Seriously, there is an outrageous amount of running involved.
Torchwood , try to find an episode in which Jack does not flirt with someone, most likely someone (or something ) completely inappropriate.
Murdoch Mysteries :
Murdoch nearly always pulls aside his jacket to reveal his badge pinned to his vest when identifying himself as a member of the Toronto Constabulary. Sometimes, he'll ask someone a question and when they want to know why he's asking (no doubt because they think he's just a nosy parker civilian), cue the badge flash. At other times, flashing the badge while announcing himself is his opening move when meeting someone. In "All That Glitters", he starts to do this when asking questions of a hotel clerk in a small frontier town, seeming to have forgotten he's not wearing the badge (or his city suit, for that matter). In "This One Goes to Eleven" and "Stairway to Heaven", the badge peeps out from under his jacket while he's doing something else that requires he move or raise his arms; this may be because in those stories, no authority-invoking introduction is really needed (he was on a security detail for a Rembrandt painting in one case, and he was recognized when he entered by his colleague Dr. Grace in the other).
At a crucial point during the episode, Murdoch will have an Imagine Spot that shows him "witnessing" the crime as it's taking place. In "The Murdoch Identity", he dreams one of these while having a nap on Anna Fulford's sofa as well as having small ones rather like fragments of memory in part since he's suffering the after-effects of a brain injury. Jasper Linney, Brackenreid and Dr. Ogden have each shared the Imagine Spot with him once, Brackenreid and Murdoch each have their own (solving the same case by different routes) in "Murdoch at the Opera", and in the Season 7 finale Brackenreid takes Murdoch's place in the Imagine Spot while solving the B-plot case.
Halo :
In the first two games, a character says something along the lines of "I've got a bad feeling about this" and then a character says "you've always got a bad feeling", right before the first appearance of the Flood in that game (itself a reference to Star Wars ).
The " Siege of Madrigal " Easter Egg appears in all the Bungie-made games.
Each game in the Ace Attorney series has a stepladder that can be examined. If it is examined, both the main character and his assistant will have an argument on whether it should be called a "ladder" or a " ''step'' -ladder".
Maya: Look, a ladder!
Phoenix: That's a 'step'-ladder.
Maya: So? What's the difference? You need to stop judging things based on narrow-minded cultural assumptions, Nick!
Phoenix: R-right... sorry. (This girl is out there!)
On a more serious note, the final case of each game in the series, except for Apollo Justice, will have a different prosecutor preside over the case than the main prosecutor of the game.
Every game in the series, sans Dual Destinies, has you speak with a victim before their demise.
The Dark Cloud series is made of Once Per Episode formula.
Destruction of almost all of the Western Continent.
Destruction of the Atlamillia(s) before the Bonus Dungeon
Dialogue: "So, you hate me too." First said by 400 years ago Seda, then by Gaspard.
Intense negative emotion creates the real Big Bad
Time Travel
In every installment of [1] , there is a fight where you have to kill an old hero who has lost his mind, with sad and lowkey music playing.
In the first installment, it is the final battle against Gwyn, who has lost his mind after burning for thousands of years to prolong the Age of Fire.
In the second installment, it is Vendrick, the old king of Lothric who contracted the Undead Curse and eventually succumbed to it after being betrayed by his wife.
In the third installment, it is the battle against the Soul of Cinder. At first the music is rather dramatic, but as it enters phase 2, it becomes a reprise of the music that played in the fight against Gwyn in the first game, as the boss is an amalgamation of of every person who has linked the Fire to continue the Age of Fire, starting with Gwyn.
Starting with Solid, the protagonist will ask about Metal Gear in an exasperated faction, usually as Parrot Exposition after another character mentions it: (Metal Gear?)
Snake says the line when talking to Donald Anderson in Metal Gear Solid .
When seeing RAY during the Tanker chapter of Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty , Snake says the line. Raiden does the same later on in the game when he sees RAY for himself.
Naked Snake says the line when Granin tells him about his new idea for a weapon: "A kind of... Metal Gear, if you will."
In Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker , Big Boss says the line as an Easter Egg , when he opens the back of a truck to find a box of literal metal gears.
In Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance , calling Boris during the fight against Metal Gear Excelsus will prompt Raiden to repeat the line after Boris says it.
Appears with a pre-mission cassette tape in Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes , with Snake repeating the line after Kaz mentions it.
The protagonist will be tortured at some point.
There's also Snake's pose after landing on the tanker at the start of Metal Gear Solid 2 , which two different characters end up copying at some point in every other main-series game afterwards.
Revolver Ocelot mentioning in some sort of fair detail why he believes his weapon of choice is by far the greatest creation in all of human history.
Someone Otacon cares about always dies.
A character has a potty failure in every numbered Solid game.
Some variation of the line "It's not over yet!" gets spoken by an antagonist.
Huey Emmerich gets pushed down a flight of stairs in both games he appears in.
Final Fantasy has several. Some are absent in early installments, but once they are introduced, they * almost always appear in each game afterward.
There is always a Global Airship .
Someone associated with the game's Global Airship will be named Cid* Averted in Final Fantasy 6 , however.
Giant, flightless yellow birds will always be the animal mount of choice.
Summoning special monsters to attack on your behalf is always a thing. Started switching it up with X, where your party leaves the battlefield while the monster fights in their place, and XII, where the monster fights alongside you.
BioShock has a dead cat in every level. The sequel has continued the tradition.
Monkey Island : Guybrush Threepwood always seems to come across The Voodoo Lady right when he needs her, and Stan right when he doesn't.
The God of War series has A) Kratos getting sent to Hades, B) a Hot Coffee Minigame , C) Kratos screaming someone's name (usually his enemy's) at the top of his lungs, and D) Kratos saying, "What treachery is this?!"
ZEUUUUUUUUS! You LIED to me!!!
Pok�mon
One fisherman who fights you with 6 low leveled Magikarp is present in every game. It's Played with in Pok�mon Black and White , where that one fisherman's Magikarp are level 60, which is LONG after they should have evolved into Gyarados. Sometimes they deliberately trick you and have the guy with six Magikarp, plus someone with something like five Magikarp and a Gyarados as his last one.
Every game has a different Youngster who likes shorts, because they're comfy and easy to wear. Except for Black 2 & White 2, which instead had a girl who really likes skirts.
Every game has a fat man in the first town who remarks that "The power of science is staggering!"
Every game will always have you fighting the Elite Four plus the Champion or a similar Final Boss . Or both, in one case.
Every game has a villainous team trying to destroy/change/take over the world using the Cover's Legendary, though the last part only began to take form after Generation II.
There is always a Youngster Joey. ALWAYS.
Since breeding was introduced in Generation II, the player character will always receive a Pokemon egg from an NPC.
The only evolutionary lines available in every single generation before the Elite Four (without trading etc) are Zubat, Magnemite, Psyduck and Rhyhorn, as of Generation VI (Pikachu was not available before the Elite Four in any version of Unova).
The following Pokemon lines appeared in all of the first four generations' regional Pokedexes: Pikachu and Raichu; Zubat and Golbat; Psyduck and Golduck; Abra, Kadabra, and Alakazam; Machop, Machoke, and Machamp; Tentacool and Tentacruel; Geodude, Graveler, and Golem; Goldeen and Seaking; and Magikarp and Gyarados. The Magnemite and Rhyhorn lines appeared if the Platinum Pokedex is taken into consideration.
Every game has a long area, usually consisting mostly of caverns, called Victory Road between the final gym and the Elite Four.
Every game has a place that essentially acts as a Pokemon graveyard.
Every game has at least one rival, and a Pokemon Professor named after a tree or type of plant that gives you a starter of your choice from either Water, Fire or Grass types.
Every game has a place where you can talk to members of Game Freak staff and get a reward from the Director for completing the National Poke Dex .
Ever since Looker's debut in Generation IV, each generation has had at least one game in which he makes an appearance.
Every generation has at least one card in the Trading Card Game simply named "Switch," with each generation having its own illustration. From Generation III and onwards, it's also done by a different illustrator (Keiji Kinebuchi illustrated both the Generation I and Generation II switches).
Every game in the Pok�mon Ranger series has an appearance by the Go-Rock Quads. They're only evil in the first game, however.
Every game has an underwater section, accessed either by submarine or aqualung.
Every stage in TimeSplitters: Future Perfect , except the first and last, has a rambling drunk person in it somewhere.
Ever since the third Guitar Hero game, there has been a Muse song in the setlist of every main game in the series.
Every Call of Duty game set during World War 2 has at least one mission where you get to control a tank .
Every Call of Duty game developed by Infinity Ward includes a Captain Price . The Anachronic Order present by virtue of having multiple games set during World War 2 means they can do this even though Price died in the first game.
Each of the Saints Row games features the leader of the Saints delivering a Rousing Speech to the assembled gang, ending with the phrase, "It's our time now! Let's get this shit started!" In the fourth game, the fact that this has become a tradition gets a Lampshade Hanging .
Every game also has at least one named ally die over the course of the game, with the player having the ability to bring them back as a zombie later on , though 4 does abandon part of this trend. No chance of bringing back any of your allies that died when the Earth got destroyed, sadly
Every Mass Effect game has a Point of No Return event disguised as a seemingly unimportant or easily accomplished request given to you.
And Shepard being interviewed (and then given the option of punching ) by Khalisah bint Sinan al-Jilani.
Starting with Sonic the Hedgehog 4 Episode 1, has an Achievement for beating the first Act of the game in under a minute. note Sonic Colors doesn't have this achievement, but it doesn't have ANY achievements due to its console .
Every mainline Sonic game after Sonic Adventure always has someone say "Long time, no see!", sometimes multiple times per game. Some Call Me Johnny lampshades this
.
Nearly every game in the Kingdom Hearts series features a "Dive to the Heart", that takes place in a featureless black void, save for one or more pillars with symbolic stained glass floors.
In Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance , Sora gets knocked out in every single world he visits except The Grid ; the cases of Traverse Town and The World That Never Was are because he was forced to sleep, while he gets knocked out by a Dream Eater or a Disney villain in the other worlds.
Every game will feature at least one world where the BGM is an arrangement of a song from the source material instead of a new composition.
In the Dragon Age franchise, the PC and their party are repeatedly sucked into the Fade (despite in-game lore declaring this to be impossible), where they must battle a demon or series of demons for the soul of one or more innocent bystanders while the PC is given an opportunity to pick up free attribute points. This happens in main plot quests in Origins, Awakening, and Inquisition, and in an optional sidequest in Dragon Age II .
Almost every Mega Man (Classic) game has the final section of the game end in Dr. Wily's fortress and said fortress will always have a Boss Rush in the second to last level. Every time Dr. Wily loses to Mega Man, he begs the blue bomber to forgive him. Mega Man 9 pokes fun at this where after Mega Man defeats Dr. Wily yet again, the hero uses a slide projector to show Dr. Wily his previous 8 defeats, each one ending with the doctor begging for mercy.
Expect a game show at some point in any Paper Mario . The second game has two of them. Sticker Star took it to the extreme with Snifit or Whiffit.
Every game makes some reference to Parakarry, a major character in the original Paper Mario. He makes a cameo in the second game, is a Catch Card in the third, and leaves a note in the fourth.
Also, except for the fourth game someone will start telling Mario a long-winded story that they insist is extremely important for him to know about, which he falls asleep halfway through and wakes up at the end when they shout at him.
Every Paper Mario game also has at least one stage with a large haunted building and at least one structure floating in the sky.
There is an extra named Johnson in every Paper Mario game. More often than not, this Johnson has done something incompetent or witnessed an incompetent act and gets blamed for it.
Every Paper Mario game with a distinct chapter-based progression will have a traveler of some sort tag along with Mario in its fifth chapter. This character always serves as comic relief and frequently gets in trouble that Mario has to solve: Professor Kolorado in Paper Mario, Flavio in Thousand-Year Door, documentarian Flint Cragley and his TV crew in Super Paper Mario, and the Sunset Express train's engineer in Color Splash.
Starting with Thousand-Year Door, Mario travels from his house to a central location via a small boat at the beginning of each Paper Mario game.
The final boss of every Paper Mario game has a phase where he or she becomes invincible, with Mario needing outside help to weaken the boss to where Mario can fight him or her on more even terms.
Ao Oni : In every version of the game released so far, there's always someone who has a Heroic B.S.O.D. and hides in a cupboard (usually Takeshi), and there's always a character who refuses to move from the room they're hiding in until the end, a requirement has been met, or they die (always Mika/Megumi). Also, the jail cell and rope ladder cutscenes.
Every version starts the same way: the gang hear a loud noise and the main character (usually Hiroshi, but this applies to Takuro in the Korean fan remake of 2.0) goes off alone to investigate it. He enters the kitchen to find a recently-broken plate and returns to an empty main hall.
Warcraft III : Reign of Chaos: In every campaign save Undead a protagonist will encounter an extraordinarily powerful enemy and nearby a convinient power source of very shady (or outright sinister) nature, ignore the warnings, use the power source and beat the enemy but become corrupted in the process. Undead are exempt because there's nothing to corrupt there any more.
Shin Megami Tensei : Beelzebub is always a Bonus Boss , and is always one of the most (if not THE most) difficult.
Every game in the Batman: Arkham Series features Batman hallucinating something .
Wild Dog blowing himself up (although it was accidental in the first game) after being defeated in each Time Crisis game. In fact, it is played with in 5 the first time it looks like he's going to do it (with the protagonists taking cover), only for the button to instead activate a jetpack.
Each Mario Kart game will have the same cup names - Mushroom, Flower, Star and Special for new courses, and Shell, Banana, Leaf and Lightning for old courses.
The last tracks in the Special Cup are always Bowser's Castle and Rainbow Road, in that order, with the exception of Mario Kart 64. There is also always a track called Mario Circuit, usually in the Flower Cup.
Parodied in Homestar Runner , where Strong Bad specifically says that once an episode of Sweet Cuppin' Cakes , Eh! Steve! shows up to deliver his Catch Phrase .
Eh! Steve!: "Eh! Steve!"
DSBT InsaniT : Killdra suddenly appearing from behind Koden, Andy saying "You're gonna give me X without the Y if you keep doing that." to Martha after she slaps him, and Balloon dying.
Every Ke$ha song parody by The Key of Awesome includes Ke$ha's disapproving parents.
Launchpad getting kicked into the air by someone in the Ducktalez series.
Every episode of Achievement Hunter's Game Night series, save for a few early ones , would be punctuated by Gavin interrupting Geoff and Caleb to shout "WHAT IS GAME NIGHT?!", usually near the beginning. One episode revolved around Michael's attempt to prevent him from saying it, by wrestling him to the ground and covering his mouth until the end of the episode. He succeeds, but Ray says it at the end in Gavin's place.
Matt Santoro starts out most of his early videos by showing a comedic video clip to his audience.
Kevin And Ursula Eat Cheap :
The opening, typically consisting of a disclaimer that the show is not for children, a recounting of the animals in the kitchen ("This podcast is recorded in front of a live kitchen beagle..."), and Ursula greeting the audience with "Hello out there in Internet land!"
Sponsor segues, generally terribly off topic, almost always starting with "You know what won't [insert random comment here]...?" Apparently this has become so prevalent in their household at this point that they respond to any question with that opening with "Sofa Wolf Press!" There is an extensive list here
.
How Did This Get Made? has Second Opinions, where Paul Scheer read 5-star reviews for the movie that the hosts have spent the last hour or so tearing into.
Pinky and the Brain
Every episode has a Are You Pondering What I'm Pondering? exchange, and ended with "What are we gonna do tomorrow night, Brain?" "Same thing we do every night, Pinky... try to take over the world!"
They hung a lampshade on both of these several times. In one instance, Pinky asks Brain if he has ever been pondering what Brain is pondering, and decides that no, he never has (Which, in fact, was exaactly what Brain was thinking), and in several instances, Brain's plan was to "Find a better hiding place", "Take over Chia-World", and "Take over the Globe...theater."
Pinky And The Brain lampshades the escape attempts on Gilligan's Island .
Pinky: I've seen every episode of Gilligan's Island!
Brain: Oh really? Did you see the one where Gilligan screws it up for everyone?
Pinky: ...No, I don't think I've seen that one...
The ending pattern was averted only once. When Pinky was rendered intelligent via one of Brain's inventions, Brain realized that one of them needed to be stupid to maintain the proper dynamic. Seeing that Pinky was better at being smart than he was, Brain made himself stupid. Unfortunately, Pinky felt bad about upstaging Brain and had already made himself stupid again. Both of them were stuck being idiots because neither of them had the intelligence to operate the machine again. The episode ended with "What are we gonna do tomorrow night, Brain?" "...I have no idea."
There's the one where Brain screws up the plan because of something he failed to take into account
The Legend of Zelda :
Link's Catch Phrase " Well, Excuse Me, Princess! " in the cartoon. In this case, it's at least twice per episode, three times if you count the opening.
Link's dogged attempts to get a kiss, which Zelda always found a different excuse to reject. (Anyone else wonder why she couldn't just say "No?" Judging from the way she treated him the rest of the time, she certainly wasn't worried about hurting his feelings.)
She actually did accept when she DID realize Link was a ghost, causing him to go right through her.
Then when she truly accepted during a picnic trip, they were interrupted by a monster attack .
Transformers : Beast Wars : Waspinator being beaten and battered, usually in a slapstick manner . In multi-part episodes such as "The Agenda", this would happen in each part.
The Transformers , in the majority of episodes that Starscream appears in, he attempts to overthrow Megatron, and fails.
"You've failed me yet again Starscream."
"My time will come Megatron!"
In Jem , they are least two Jem songs for one Misfits in a normal episodes.
Regular Show : something supernatural or just plain weird happen almost every episode.
Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog : "I hate that hedgehog!"
Birdman's catchphrase on the show of the same name: "Biiirdman!", worked in two or three times per seven-minute episode. To add "Birdman is captured by the villain and saved by Avenger" and "Birdman is caught in the dark and deprived of his powers" to the list would be only mild exaggerations.
And in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law , "I'll take the case!" was uttered in every episode.
Did you get that thing I sent you?
I couldn't hear that! I only have the one eye!
"And I would have gotten away with it too, if it wasn't for You Meddling Kids ."
"Scooby-Dooby-Doooooooooo!"
Also, " Let's Split Up, Gang !"
Was "Jinkies!" "Velma said 'Jinkies!' It must be a clue!" only in the spinoff A Pup Named Scooby-Doo , or what?
Also, one that was was Freddy having to accuse Red Herring of being the villain. Ironically, during the one episode when Freddy promised to not accuse Red of anything, Red really was the one behind the crime. Pretty bad timing, wasn't it...
Nearly every episode goes like this: they're all riding the Mystery Machine, Scooby steals Shaggy's sandwich, the gang stops somewhere and are warned of a ghost, all but Scooby and Shaggy are convinced that it is a silly superstition, Fred suggests they investigate and split up so he and Daphne can go off-camera, the ghost terrorizes Scooby and Shaggy when they ditch Velma to obtain food, no one believes them, the ghost terrorizes Scooby and Shaggy again and Velma is there but she cannot see anything due to her glasses being knocked off, eventually she finds her glasses and the ghost terrorizes everybody, they are scattered in a silly montage, they regroup and Fred comes up with a trap of some sort, the trap requires Scooby and Shaggy to be used as bait with a bribe of Scooby Snacks, the ghost is caught and revealed to be a person chasing people away for financial gain of some sort.
And they always screwed up the trap somehow. Luckily, the screwup always caused the villain to get caught, just not in the way everybody was hoping for.
The Scooby Snack bit is lampshaded in one of the What's New, Scooby-Doo? episodes where Shaggy admits that there's nothing he and Scooby wouldn't do for a Scooby Snack. Another episode also lampshaded the splitting-up - Fred merely suggests they do so, Scooby and Shaggy immediately begin to walk off, and when Fred points out he didn't say how they'd split.
Road Rovers had Hunter's "I would not have predicted this!" in response to some new development.
The Powerpuff Girls : Almost every episode starts with a skyline shot and the narrator saying "The city of Townsville!", and ends with "So once again the day is saved, thanks to the Powerpuff Girls!" Some episodes have characters delivering a different opening line such as the Mayor saying "The city of Townsville... is entirely mine!" and the Professor introducing "the town of Citiesville".
The Secret Show has three of these.
Every episode starts off with half a minute from "The Fluffy Bunny Show", hosted by Sweet Little Granny. Unfortunately, Granny never gets to finish her theme song, as Agent Ray interrupts and removes her and her bunnies from the set
Ray: Sorry, Sweet Little Granny, but this timeslot is needed urgently!
The director of Uzz, who is jokingly referred to as Changed Daily — " As You Know , for reasons of security, my name is changed daily. Today you may call me— " He checks his communicator and sighs sadly, before announcing that his name is "Fluffy-fuddlesticks" or "Bopybot" or something equally ridiculous.
Professor Professor calling to check in on Victor, always resulting in the following exchange:
Professor: Victor! Are you still alive?
Victor: Yes I'm still alive!
Usually happens while Victor is trying to quietly sneak around some bad guys, hanging from a ledge above a long drop, or surrounded by monsters. And, more often then not, immediately after falling from said ledge or being pummeled by monsters.
Phineas and Ferb , a Disney cartoon about two step-brothers and their summer exploits, has like a dozen of these. Part of the humor is seeing how they subvert and invert each of them in new episodes, whether said by different characters or in different phrasings. Some include:
Phineas telling Ferb "I know what we're gonna do today!"
Isabella showing up to say "Hey Phineas. Whatcha doooin'?"
Phineas saying "Hey, where's Perry?" And at the end of the episode, "Oh, there you are, Perry!"
Someone asking Phineas and Ferb "Aren't you a little young to be filling-in-the-blank?" Phineas usually responds with "Yes, yes we are," , though he answered "No, I don't think so," in "Flop Starz". Phineas and Ferb: subverting its running gags since episode 3.
Played with again when the question is posed by a delivery-man in "Spa Day", and answered with quite more irritation than Phineas ever exhibits by another delivery-man, who then apologizes to Phineas and explains that the first guy is new on the job.
Candace threatening to tell mom about Phineas and Ferb's latest crazy project.
Dr. Doofenshmirtz shouting "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!" after being thwarted.
Which was inverted in "Hail Doofania!", just like every other occurrence.
Perry sneezes.
Phineas: Bless you, Perry the Platypus!
Also inverted by Vanessa in "Dude, We're Getting the Band Back Together!" after Perry helps arrange her sweet sixteen party. As Perry blast off, she calls, "Thank you, Perry the Platypus!"
In "Just Passing Through" the self-destruct button Doof's latest invention gets hit by his homemade bobblehead of Perry, causing him to yell "Curse you, Perry the Bobblehead!"
Each episode has at least one original song, the only exceptions being " Rollercoaster ", "Lights, Candace, Action!", "The Lizard Whisperer", and "Mommy Can You Hear Me?"
Ferb says at least one but no more than three lines per episode, a la Silent Bob. He managed to get an impressive inspirational monologue in "The Lizard Whisperer", though.
Doofenshmirtz makes a new evil device every episode.
...the name of which ends in -inator, sometimes taken to ridiculous extremes (like the "Gloominator 3000-inator" from "Leave the Busting to Us"). There are exceptions: in "Mom's Birthday" Doofenshmirtz created the Shrinkspheria ("I was going to call it a Shrinkinator, but I've done the whole 'inator thing before"), and some of his inventions don't have the suffix at all, like his mind-controlling termite helmet in "The Magnificent Few" or the BO-AT from "Interview With a Platypus".
... that gets destroyed/disabled/stolen by Perry, often using a self-destruct or reversal dial included on the device.
... but not before somehow removing the latest Phineas and Ferb contraption with it, seconds before Candace can show the evidence to their mother, regardless of size.
This doesn't occur each episode, usually because the boys already made it disappear on their own by giving it away (such as a monster truck arena) or it disappeared on its own (such as a giant soap bubble bursting.) Regardless, it is gone before Candace can show it to her mother. In the movie, Candace deliberately invokes this—she defeats a robot invasion by going to tell their mom about it, confident the robots will be gone by the time mom steps outside to look.
After receiving his summons, Perry will exit the stage using a different secret entrance every episode.
The "Doofenshmirtz Evil Incorporated!" jingle always plays over a shot of Doofenshmirtz's lair.
Sometimes varied, when the scene is one of DEI's subsidiaries.
Perry is always caught within seconds of arriving on the scene of Doofenshmirtz' latest plan.
Doofenshmirtz will always explain the reasoning behind his latest device soon after, which usually involves some petty grievance , frequently from his youth .
You can bet on two things in any Eek! The Cat episode. 1) Eek will always say "It never hurts to help." 2) It will always hurt to help .
Also in the sub-cartoon "The Terrible Thunderlizards", Bill will say "When does the hurting stop?"
Also in the Thunder-Lizards, one of the Lizards themselves, if not someone else, will make a reference to the Bad Things Category. Most memorable example, in a flashback to their school years: "Yes, Cutter. I'd say having our little friend's head ripped off by the Principal would definitely fall into the Bad Things Category."
Rocky and Bullwinkle : Rocky fails to recognize Boris in his newest disguise. "That voice. Where have I heard that voice?" (To be fair, this isn't once per episode, but it happens multiple times in a typical saga.)
And the companion line: "Allow me to introduce myself!" followed by Boris handing Rocky a pre-printed business card with his nom de guerre on it.
Although this happens once per ending, the episode titles as presented by the narrator should not be forgotten.
William Conrad: Be with us next time for Fill-In-The-Blanks or Mad Lib!
In Inspector Gadget , Chief Quimby somehow gets blown up by his own exploding message to Gadget...no matter where he is.
"I'll get you next time, Gadget! Nneexxtt Ttiimmee !"
"Mrreeagh!"
At least once per episode sometime bad will happen to Eustace at the end of each episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog ; he will either get killed, locked up, or severely injured.
Jonesy acquires, and is fired from, a new job in just about every episode of 6teen .
Near the beginning of every Kim Possible episode, Kim gets a page from (or, more rarely, pages) Wade on her Kimmunicator. Usually accompanied by the words "What's the sitch?"
Woody Woodpecker : Woody's laugh. Subverted in that occassionally someone else performs it, usually to mock Woody (cf. "Well Oiled", "The Coo-Coo Bird"). If Woody loses he will sometimes do a pathetic whining variant (as in "The Clip Joint").
After The Mighty Hercules saves the day, he flies away shouting "Olympi - aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ! ! !"
In every episode of Thunder Cats , several things can be counted on to happen:
"Ancient Spirits of Evil... transform this decayed form... to Mumm-Ra! THE EVER-LIVING!" (At least in every episode featuring Mumm-Ra as an antagonist, which was most of them.)
"Sword of Omens, give me sight beyond sight!"
"Thunder... Thunder!... Thunder!... ThunderCats, HO!" Even in the "Freaky Friday" Flip episode, they manage to get the ThunderCats cry in.
In Earthworm Jim , at the end of each episode, a cow falls on something (a great many variations on this one).
Example "nothing can ruin the tenderness of this moment. Nothing. Hello? [impatient] I said nothing, not even a giant cow falling on me..."
The show also had a once-per-episode (or very close) gag of Peter Puppy eating haggis and reminding viewers that it is "the heart and lungs of a sheep boiled in its own stomach."
Just about every episode of Duckman has the titular character commit some horrible atrocity on his office assistants Fluffy and Uranus. Since they are living plush toys, they automatically recover.
Animated cartoons made by Jumbo Pictures/Cartoon Pizza typically have a song that is featured in each story. In PB&J Otter it was the "Noodle Dance," in Stanley it was "The Great Big Book of Everything" and in Pinky Dinky Doo it's "Story Box."
Butch Cassidy And The Sundance Kids : Elvis somehow finding his way into the briefing room and triggering Mr Socrates' Sneeze of Doom .
In just about every episode of the Aqua Teen Hunger Force the television ends up destroyed.
Early episodes usually had a least one scene with the Aqua Teens in Carl's pool, though this trend was eventually dropped.
Lilo & Stitch: The Series . The fat bald guy never quite gets to enjoy his mint chocolate chip ice cream.
KaBlam! ! had tons of these. One includes Henry and June dancing during the opening number (except one episode due to a longer commercial break) and then jumping up to the top comic panel, while Henry or June says, "Howdy KaBlamoids!" or "Welcome back cartoon crammers!" and then the duo would introduce themselves.
Another one would be June pulling some sort of prank on Henry. From mimicing him, randomly bleeping out what he's trying to say, etc.
Another would be in Life with Loopy where Larry would say, "Hi, I'm Larry. This is my sister Loopy, and this is (insert main idea of episode)". Starting season two, he'll say, "Hi, I'm Larry. (Insert main idea of episode)".
Also, in Prometheus and Bob, Prometheus will try to teach Bob something, but the monkey will always mess him up.
Action League Now had a bunch of these, too (not surprising as it's a KaBlam! spin-off. One would be Meltman always getting hurt.
Or The Chief saying, "Blast it!" and sometimes "Blasted!".
And Bill the Lab Guy saying "There's nothing I can do." or "Oh, no. I was afraid of this!".
Stinky Diver saying, "Blimey!".
The Flesh saying "Ouchies!".
At least once in every episode of Family Guy one character says "What the hell?" (or in Stewie's case, "What the deuce?") to another. There will also be at least one scene or gag dedicated to taking potshots at Meg .
In every episode of The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius , Jimmy screws something up that is threatening to the entire town and thinks of a way to fix it. In. Every. Episode.
Daria : A promo for a show-within-a-show you hardly ever actually see? The once-an-episode gag was an avert for "Next on Sick, Sad World!"
At least once per short the "Gotta Zip" song pops up in Jungle Junction .
SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron had Enforcer Commander Feral saying "This is Feral: Bring me chopper backup!"
This is actually very common in Pixar films. Here are some of the most notable examples:
John Ratzenberger is the only voice actor to appear in every single Pixar film (lampshaded in a short scene during the end credits of Cars). Here are all of the characters Ratzenberger has voiced:
The Toy Story series films: Hamm the piggy bank
Toy Story 3 : Serves as Lotso and Big Baby's transportation to Sunnyside Daycare.
Cars 2: Todd makes a reappearance in this film.
Brave : Yes, they actually confirmed that the truck will appear in this movie despite taking place in medieval Scotland. Turns out to be a Freeze-Frame Bonus when the wood carver is cutting a log.
Monsters University : Parked outside the ROR house during the party.
Also, A113 constantly appears in the backgrounds of all of the films (A113 is actually the name of the classroom most of the Pixar staff worked at at the California Institute of Art and Technology). Here are all of the appearances of A113:
Toy Story : The license plate on Mrs. Davis' minivan.
A Bug's Life : The barcode number on the cereal box used for a building for the insect city Flik visits in the film.
Toy Story 2 : A call number for LassetAir (a possible reference to John Lasseter) A113 is mentioned during the airport scene. Also, the aforementioned A113 license place makes a reappearance in the film.
Monsters, Inc. : A sign on the wall in the background during the scene where Sulley thinks that Boo got crushed to death in the trash compactor.
Finding Nemo : The model code on the camera the scuba divers used to stun Marlin just right after capturing Nemo
The Incredibles : The cell Mr. Incredible is held captive inside Syndrome's lair (floor A1, cell 13). Was also mentioned earlier in the film by Mirage.
Cars : Mater's license plate. Also, the number on Trev Diesel (the locomotive that almost hit Lightning McQueen on his way to Radiator Springs)'s headlights and running boards.
Ratatouille : The tag on Git the lab rat's ear.
WALL�E : Directive A113. Also, WALL�E's name. note It's actually A113 written in Leetspeak , but with a "W" added to the front
Up : The sign in front of the courtroom Carl Friedrickson's trial was held for hitting a foreman attempting to demolish his house.
Toy Story 3 : The A113 license place returns, but it's now on a hatchback instead of a minivan.
Cars 2: The number on Siddely (Finn McMissile's fighter jet sidekick)'s tailfin. Also, the A113 license plate makes a reappearance in this film along with Mater.
Air Mater : Skipper and Sparky (Not technically a Pixar film, but under Lasseter's watch).
Brave : One of the witch's relief carvings depicts Sulley .
Speaking of Toy Story , the joke with Buzz believing himself to be a genuine space ranger is present in all 3 movies: Buzz's character arc in Toy Story , Bonus Belt Buzz in Toy Story 2 and Spanish Buzz in Toy Story 3 .
The Fairly OddParents : The plot for every episode since mid-season 2/season 3 to season 6, with a few exceptions, can be summed up by one plan:
Step One: Timmy sees a recurring problem in his life.
Step Two: Timmy goes to Cosmo and Wanda and does a mini-rant, comes up with a "solution" that has to be be done with magic or would take too long and or he'd be too lazy to do, so then he makes the wish.
Step Three: Timmy, Cosmo and Wanda see how great the wish turns out for him or everybody (sometimes Wanda or Cosmo questions this, only to be shrugged off by the other two),
Step Four: The wish backfires. Timmy "has got to find Cosmo and Wanda to unwish that wish", but for some reason they are either doing something of equal importance, or they can't undo it for some reason. Can't unwish it,
Step Five: Timmy goes on a quest to unwish the wish. The wish gets undone,
Step Six: Timmy learns his lesson and makes a little speech about it.
In each episode of The Problem Solverz , the team will consult Tux Dog for advice on their case, and Roba will stamp someone with the "Problem Solved" stamp.
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic :
Twilight Sparkle writes a letter to Princess Celestia telling her what she's learned about Friendship this week. Season 2 episode 3 actually invokes this, with Twilight going progressively more insane as she realizes that she hasn't learned any friendship lesson yet, believing that a failure to send in a report will get her kicked back to Magic Kindergarten. From the second season on, the reports are spread more evenly throughout the cast, and not quite in every episode.
Season 2 Episode 15 subverts it a different way; Applejack does the writing this time, and she writes, not to tell Celestia what she learned, but to brag to Celestia that she didn't learn a darn thing, because she was right the whole time and everyone else needed teaching.
Note that as Season 2 progresses this becomes somewhat less common, and in Season 3, only 2 of 13 episodes had a Friendship Report.
In the second season, Derpy Hooves has a Where's Waldo? type cameo in every episode.
Not quite every episode, but every episode in which Rarity has an appearance, the writers strive to ruin her perfect coiffure at least once.
The Disney Princesses actually cried at least once in their films:
Frozen : Elsa, after Anna froze and saved her life.
Name one Good Vibes episode that doesn't include an instance of peeing and/or pooping.
Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines : STOP THAT PIGEON!!
Every episode of Toxic Crusaders features a bit where Killemoff describes his Evil Plan of the week, prompting his mook Psycho to always respond with "But what if [describes what happens in the rest of the episode]?" "Ridiculous! That could never happen!"
Every episode of The Magic School Bus has Arnold saying he should have stayed home, Phoebe saying what would never happen at her old school, Dorothy Ann doing her research, and Carlos making a bad joke and earning a Collective Groan of "Carlos!". There's also Miss Frizzle's "It's time to take chances, make mistakes, get messy!" and "Bus, do your stuff!"
The snail in Adventure Time appears in the background every episode (complete list of appearances here
). Despite his small appearances, he actually has an important role: he's possessed by The Lich .
Trina's Diary Mode in Grojband when she's overcome with an emotion, she writes recent events in her diary then when she powers down Corey gets it and uses it for the lyrics of the episode's song.
Dan Vs. :
Dan does a Skyward Scream , swearing revenge against whatever's wronged him in this episode.
Dan makes an utterly ridiculous claim regarding who/whatever he's sworn vengeance on which turns out to be 100% correct. This was dropped after the first four episodes or so.
Remember that episode of Xavier: Renegade Angel with a Gainax Ending ?
The Koala Brothers has this little gimmick: Every time Frank and Buster take off in the plane, the mailbox falls over. As an added bonus, there are some episodes where they are seen fixing said mailbox.
In the original series of the Biker Mice from Mars , the title characters or someone else would demolish Limburger Plaza at the end of pretty much every episode. Got some variants, such as the episodes where Limburger is running his scheme from somewhere else (and that gets demolished instead), the episode where Limburger Plaza got demolished at the start of the episode (that consisted of Limburger rebuilding it only to have it demolished again at the end), and "Once Upon a Time on Mars" , in which they decide to end the series with a bang and demolish the palace of Lord Stilton (Limburger's boss when he was on Mars) in the flashback part and, in the present sequence, Limburger Plaza, Stilton's rebuilt palace on Mars and Lord Camembert ( the supreme leader of the Plutarkians ) with the same attack (and they didn't even do it on purpose).
In Miraculous Ladybug : Numerous, and sometimes more than once. Opening shot of Eiffel Tower, bad guy's butterfly scene, Marinette's transformation, Chat Noir's transformation (occasionally skipped), Ladybug confused by magic item, magical reset, next time Gadget, next time!
In Julius Jr. , the It's Inventing Time and Hall of Doors segments. Also, a song at the end of each story.
Clue Club : Teen Genius Dotty was told by her fellow club members to stay at the clubhouse. She would show up for The Reveal anyway, often sporting "a perfectly good reason" why she was there.
On Future-Worm! , both the series proper and the original shorts, Danny would always try to solve the problem by summoning Robocarp, who would then fail spectacularly and cause Danny to admonish him by yelling "Weak!" The exception is the short where Danny meets himself from the future , where Future Danny's newer Robocarp is hit by A.I. is a Crapshoot and the original Robocarp actually does solve the problem.
PJ Masks has quite a few due to its formulaic nature.
The kids in the daytime are going about their daily tasks. Minor personal issue shown regarding one or more of the kids. Something is revealed to be missing or otherwise messed up. One of them (usually Conner) declares they need to get to the bottom of it and...
The one declaring: PJ Masks we're on our way!
All: Into the night to save the day!
Followed by Stock Footage of the sun setting, moon rising, and the kids seeing the moon while the narrator exposits how they're a band of heroes who stop villians in the night, and explains which kid becomes which hero.
It is revealed one or more of the three villians of the show is behind the random happenstance for some reason, and PJ Masks go about trying to stop them but are hindered by the minor personal issue eaffecting their ability to work together in some way.
The hero who is at fault then realizes their mistake and quickly turns things around in the PJ Masks' favor, saving the day, leading to the last one with...
The one who was at fault: PJ Masks all shout hooray!
All: Cause in the night we saved the day!
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Lacrimal fluid lubricates which part of the human body? | Tear Duct Anatomy
Tear Duct Anatomy
Tear Duct Anatomy
When the eye blinks, the lid pushes the tears across the eye into the drains (puncta) at the inner corner. The drains empty into channels (canaliculi) that connect the eye with the nose. The channels drain into a tear sac (lacrimal sac) that lies beside the nose. The sac narrows into the tear duct (lacrimal duct), which drains through the nasal bone into the nostril.
Credits
Primary Medical ReviewerJohn Pope, MD - Pediatrics
Specialist Medical ReviewerChristopher J. Rudnisky, MD, MPH, FRCSC - Ophthalmology
Current as ofNovember 20, 2015
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise
This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information.© 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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Grape Nehi (Knee-high) was the favourite drink of which M*A*S*H* character? | Water: It's More Than Just a Drink | Nutrition Information
Water: It's More Than Just a Drink
Home » Guide to Nutrition » Water: It's More Than Just a Drink
Water: It's More Than Just a Drink
Overview
By Jill Weisenberger, MS, RD, CDE
Eight glasses of water a day, right? Maybe not. For some time now, experts have told us to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day. Because we’ve heard this mantra for so long, it’s difficult to imagine that it wouldn’t be the truth. There isn’t any evidence for it, however, concluded scientific reviews in 2002 [1] and 2008. [2] What’s more, in 2004 the Institute for Medicine (IOM) issued new fluid guidelines stating that average healthy Americans should let thirst be their guide and that even caffeinated beverages like cola, tea and coffee count toward our fluid requirements.
On This Page:
That’s not to say that water is not important. In fact, at least 50% of your body is water. Take a look at what it does for you.
Water in the Body
Water has the following functions within the human body.
Transports nutrients and other compounds. As a major component of the blood, water helps move glucose, water-soluble vitamins, minerals, other nutrients and some medications throughout your body.
Cools you. When you become too hot, your blood vessels dilate and you start sweating. The sweat evaporating on your skin is cooling. Water also has a high heat capacity. This means that a lot of energy is needed to increase its temperature. Since the body contains more water than anything else, it takes quite a significant amount of heat to raise your body temperature.
Protects and lubricates. It would be hard to swallow a peanut butter sandwich or practically any food without saliva, wouldn’t it? Fortunately, our salivary glands produce ample saliva, which is largely water. Tears lubricate and clean the eyes, and synovial fluid lubricates your joints. Cerebrospinal fluid protects your brain and spine from trauma. Similarly, amniotic fluid surrounds and shields the fetus. Fluids throughout your body protect and lubricate your organs and tissues.
Participates in metabolism. Most chemical reactions in your body use water in at least one of three ways: a solvent, a reactant or a product of the chemical reaction. Water produced in chemical reactions is called metabolic water, and your body uses it in the same ways it uses the water you drink.
Even though the myth of drinking eight glasses of water a day may not be true, water is still an essential ingredient in your body’s system.
Water in the Diet
If you are the typical American adult, you consume about 20 to 25% of your daily water from solid foods. Fruits, vegetables, cooked grains and even meats and cheese provide water. The rest of your water intake comes from beverages of all types.
Water Content of Selected Foods and Beverages (food and its percentage of water by weight):
Apple: 85%
Cheddar cheese: 37%
Source: USDA Nutrient Data Lab [3]
How much fluid do you really need? The IOM report does not specify water requirements. Rather it includes guidelines for total fluid intake. From both food and beverages, women should consume, on average, 91 ounces of total water, and men should have 125 ounces of total water daily. This should cover your fluid losses in urine and feces, and the normal, but continual losses from the lungs and skin. The water loss from the skin and the respiratory tract is referred to as insensible water loss. If you are sick, you may lose additional water from nasal secretions, through vomiting or diarrhea or from sweating with a fever. Thus, you’ll need to drink additional beverages.
How should you measure your fluid intake? There is usually no reason to measure your water intake or impose a water requirement on yourself. Healthy people will meet their fluid needs by paying attention to their thirst. If you have heard and believed that thirst is a poor indicator of hydration status, you have fallen prey to another myth. Though we often hear such things as, “by the time you’re thirsty, you are already dehydrated,” the truth is that experts define dehydration when the concentration of blood has increased by at least 5%, but thirst begins much sooner than that, usually before the concentration of blood rises 2%. Thirst may not indicate hydration status, however, for individuals with medical conditions requiring fluid control, individuals taking some medications, athletes or those involved in other strenuous activities, or people living in especially hot climates.
What are some liquid sources of water? Athletes and heavy sweaters may benefit from sports drinks. They are ideal for individuals who are very active for at least 60 minutes. They contain fluid and electrolytes lost in sweat, as well as carbohydrates to refuel and prevent fatigue. For casual exercisers who sweat little, sports drinks likely offer little more than water and extra calories. Added vitamins in sports drinks are unnecessary because we do not lose vitamins in sweat. Sodas, sweet tea and fancy coffee drinks also provide you with necessary water, but they give you plenty of unnecessary added sugars and calories, so have them only rarely.
To keep your body hydrated, you can do more than just drink water. Many healthy foods contain water, as well as some of the other liquids you consume, such as milk. Eat and drink a variety of foods and liquids to make sure your fluid intake is where it should be.
Water and Electrolytes: A Critical Balance
Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, dissociate into positively and negatively charged ions. This makes them capable of carrying an electrical current. For example, when you dissolve salt (sodium chloride) in water, sodium and chloride separate. Sodium provides a positive charge and chloride brings a negative charge. Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance because they draw water to them. Through osmosis, water will cross cell membranes to make the concentration of dissolved particles the same on both sides. The major electrolytes are sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus.
Sodium: This is the major positively charged electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (fluid outside the cells).
Functions:
Assists with the transmission of nerve signals
Participates in the active transport of glucose and some other nutrients
Recommended intakes of sodium: Our actual daily requirement for sodium is very small, just a few hundred milligrams. It would be hard, perhaps impossible, to eat so little sodium and still maintain a diet adequate in other nutrients. For this reason, the IOM set the Adequate Intake (AI) at 1500 mg. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is at 2300 mg. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans is more strict and recommends a daily limit of 1500 mg of sodium for anyone age 51 years or older, all African Americans, and all people with high blood pressure , diabetes or chronic kidney disease. This includes almost half of the population - including children! The rest of the population is advised to limit sodium consumption to 2300 mg/day. Most Americans consume significantly more sodium than health experts consider safe. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the average daily sodium intake for Americans over the age of two is more than 3400 mg. [4]
Sources of sodium: Though it is not the saltiest food per serving, bread is the greatest contributor of sodium to the American diet because it is so frequently consumed. [5] Approximately 10% of our sodium intake is from sodium that occurs naturally in our food. Three-quarters of our intake comes from processed foods and restaurant foods. The rest comes from what we add in cooking or at the table. Thus, the most important steps to reducing sodium intake are to eat few highly processed foods and to prepare many of our meals from scratch.
When you get too much or too little sodium: High sodium diets are linked to high blood pressure, bone loss and kidney stones . Low sodium intakes relative to sodium losses in sweat can cause overhydration, which can be deadly.
Potassium: This is the major positively charged electrolyte in the intracellular fluid (fluid within the cells).
Functions:
Assists with managing blood pressure by blunting the effects of excess sodium
Aids in muscle contraction
Assists in nerve transmission
Recommended intakes of potassium: The AI for potassium for adults is 4700 mg per day. For children, the AI ranges between 3000 and 4700 mg, depending on age and gender. Unfortunately, less than 3% of Americans meet the AI for potassium. [6]
Sources of potassium: The most notable sources of potassium are fruits, vegetables and dairy, though potassium is present in all food groups. High-potassium foods include white and sweet potatoes, beans, leafy greens, tomatoes, oranges, halibut and clams.
When you get too much or too little potassium: A severe dietary imbalance of potassium is rare in healthy people. Individuals with healthy kidneys excrete excess potassium readily. If people take large doses in the form of supplements or if they have impaired kidney function, potassium can build up in the blood and alter the electrical rhythm of the heart causing heart attack and death. Because potassium helps to balance sodium, low potassium intakes are linked to high blood pressure, especially when sodium intake is excessive.
Chloride: This is the major negatively charged electrolyte in the body.
Functions:
Used to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted into the stomach
Aids in the immune function
Assists in nerve transmission
Recommended intakes of chloride: For men and women aged 19–50 years, the AI for chloride is 2300 mg.
Sources of chloride: Chloride is usually found as sodium chloride, common table salt.
When you get too much or too little chloride: Since chloride is usually consumed as table salt, there are no known toxicity symptoms for chloride alone. Deficiencies of chloride do not occur from lack of intake, but rather from severe vomiting or dehydration.
Phosphorus: This is the major negatively charged electrolyte in the intracellular fluid, usually combined with oxygen in the body to form phosphate.
Functions:
Part of DNA, RNA, cell membranes and the mineral complex in the bone
Assists in providing the body with energy, as a component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Helps regulate biochemical reactions by activating or deactivating various enzymes
Recommended intakes of phosphorus: The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is 700 mg/day. For adolescents and teens, the RDA is 1250 mg/day.
Sources of phosphorus: Where there is protein, there is usually phosphorus. Some of the best sources of this mineral are meats, eggs and dairy. Highly processed foods, especially sodas and processed meats, also provide ample phosphorous to the diet.
When you get too much or too little phosphorus: Phosphorus is ubiquitous in the diet, so dietary deficiencies are extremely rare. Low blood phosphorous levels may come from parathyroid disorders, vitamin D deficiency or overuse of phosphate binding antacids. In the short-term, low phosphorous levels can cause muscle weakness. Weakening of the bones occurs when low phosphorous levels occur long term. High phosphorous levels in the blood can occur when individuals take excessive vitamin D supplements or phosphorous-containing laxatives. Individuals with kidney disease may also experience high phosphorous levels. Very high blood levels of phosphorous can cause muscle spasms and convulsions.
Electrolytes are no less important than fluid for maintaining proper hydration status. And as you can see, each of the above minerals plays multiple roles in the body - from bone density to immune function, muscle contraction and nerve transmission. Eating a balanced diet with an abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables will help assure the proper intake of these minerals.
Maintain Safe Hydration Levels
You can see how intricately tied water and electrolytes are in the body. A problem with one easily leads to a problem with the other. It might be hard to imagine that water, something so pure, so critical for life can be toxic.
Overhydration: Overhydration or water intoxication can occur when athletes replace excessive sweat losses with plain water. Remember that sweating causes loss of water and electrolytes. When water only is replaced, the concentration of sodium in the blood becomes too low, a condition called hyponatremia. Severe hyponatremia is lethal. It can also occur when large quantities of water are consumed so rapidly that the kidneys cannot excrete the excess.
Dehydration: Dehydration occurs when too much fluid is lost from the body through sweating, vomiting or diarrhea. The treatment for mild dehydration is water or water and salts. Severe dehydration requires medical attention with intravenous fluids and careful monitoring of electrolytes.
Water is an essential part of the human body. Make sure you drink enough fluids and eat foods that contain water. You may not be able to measure the exact amount of ounces you consume during a day, but if you eat healthy foods, and drink fluids that contain more water than sugars or additional calories, you should maintain safe hydration levels.
Next Nutrition Guide:
WHAT DETERMINES WHAT WE EAT
Sources
Valtin Heinz. “Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.” Really? Is there scientific evidence for “8 x 8”? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 283: R993–R1004, 2002.
Kolso J, Jeckel K, Wildman EC. Water, Hydration and Health: What Dietetics Practitioners Need to Know. SCAN’s Pulse Winter 2012 Vol.31, No. 1.
USDA Nutrient Data Lab http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/index.html Accessed March 9, 2012.
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Newmarket, Cheltenham and Epsom are towns in England associated with which sport? | The top ten racecourses to visit in the United Kingdom - The best racecourse, including Cheltenham, Ascot, Aintree, Newmarket, Sandown, York, Goodwood, Epsom, Doncaster and Hamilton - CheltenhamFestival.net
The top ten racecourses to visit in the United Kingdom
The top ten racecourses to visit in the United Kingdom
Cheltenham Festival Staff in Cheltenham Experience 7 Oct 2015
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We take a look at the top ten racecourses in the UK.
We take a look at the top ten racecourses in the United Kingdom and let you know what makes them so special.
There are sixty registered Flat and National Hunt racecourses across the United Kingdom, each offering tremendous racing festivities in picturesque surroundings - from Cheltenham racecourse, the home of english jump racing to the glitz and glamour of Ascot, the venue of the Royal meeting.
We have compiled a list of the top ten racecourses to visit in the United Kingdom:
1 - Cheltenham Racecourse - http://cheltenham.thejockeyclub.co.uk/
Located at Prestbury Park, in Gloucestershire, Cheltenham racecourse plays host to the best jumping action in the world.
Set amongst 350 acres in the lee of the Cotswold hills, Cheltenham is a must-visit venue for any National Hunt fan, particularly in March for the world renowned four-day Cheltenham Festival.
The Festival, or as it’s better known, the ‘Greatest Show on Turf’ is a spectacular meeting held each year in spring, in which racing fans from around the globe congregate to watch the finest star performers of the National Hunt sphere compete in absorbing battles.
28 races are staged across four days of absorbing racing, each with a dazzling main event. The Champion Hurdle is the feature contest on day one of the meeting, a race that has showcased hurdling giants such as Persian War, Istabraq and in recent seasons, Hurricane Fly and Faugheen.
The Queen Mother Champion Chase is a sight to behold on Ladies Day at the Festival, the World Hurdle is the feature race on day three, while the blue riband Gold Cup brings the meeting to a crescendo on day four, and is the most prestigious of all National Hunt races.
Travel to Cheltenham:
By Car - The course is a mile from Cheltenham town centre. Take the A40 or M5 to Cheltenham and follow the AA signs to the course.
By Train - Cheltenham Spa station links with a bus service direct to the racecourse.
2 - Ascot Racecourse - https://www.ascot.co.uk/
Ascot is not only a leading racecourse on the international stage, but is synonymous with quality and excellence. If you seek unparalleled racing and a memorable day out, the Berkshire venue is the place to visit.
Ascot is the home to nine of the 32 annual UK-wide Group 1 races, including the King Stand Stakes, the Prince Of Wales’s Stakes, the Golden Jubilee Stakes, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, and the iconic Ascot Gold Cup.
The unquestionable highlight of the year is Royal Ascot in June with five days of tradition, pageantry and style, in which The Queen attends annually.
Outside of the Royal meeting, Ascot hosts a number of prestigious National Hunt events, like the Long Walk Hurdle, the Victor Chandler Chase and the Ascot Chase.
Travel to Ascot:
By Car - Ascot Racecourse is situated approximately 45 minutes from London by car and easily accessible from the M3, M4 and M25.
By Train - There is a frequent service to Ascot from Reading and London Waterloo. The average journey time is 27 minutes from Reading and 46 minutes from Waterloo. The railway station is a seven minute walk from the racecourse.
3 - Aintree Racecourse - http://aintree.thejockeyclub.co.uk/
Aintree racecourse, located just outside the city of Liverpool is the venue of one of the world’s most watched sporing events, The Grand National.
Watched by an extraordinary annual audience of over 600 million, the world famous four-and-a-half mile race is staged at the three day National meeting in spring, and features 30 obstacles to jump, including the giant Becher’s Brook.
The Grand National has made superstars of jockeys, horses and trainers over the years, none more so than the mighty Red Rum, who took the crown three times between 1973 and 1977 (the only horse ever to do so).
Travel to Aintree:
By Car - From the South take the M1 onto the M6 north. Leave M6 at Junction 21a and join M62 West. Leave M62 at J6 and join M57 (signposted Southport). Follow signs to the racecourse.
By Train - The nearest mainline station is Liverpool Lime Street, from there connect to Liverpool central. Any train going to Ormskirk will stop at Aintree. Aintree station is opposite the main entrance to the racecourse.
4 - Newmarket Racecourse - http://newmarket.thejockeyclub.co.uk/
Newmarket is known as the headquarters of British racing, and very few other racecourses in the United Kingdom can compete with it when it comes to history.
The picturesque racing venue has been around since the 1600s and stages nine Group 1 contests each year, including the 2,000 Guineas and the 1,000 Guineas, as well as stand-out events like the Champion Stakes, the Dewhurst Stakes, the July Cup and the Sun Chariot Stakes.
Outside of the fabulous racecourse, Newmarket is a tremendous place to visit for all thoroughbred enthusiasts. Attractions in the town include the National Horse Racing Museum and the National Stud.
Travel to Newmarket:
By Car - From London, take the M11 and exit at Junction 9 to take the A11 dual carriageway. Leave the A11 at Six Mile Bottom and follow the road to Newmarket. The A1 is helpful from the North and South, and the A14 links Felixstowe with the M1 and M6.
By Train - From Liverpool Street or Kings Cross to Cambridge, where a courtesy bus links direct with the racecourse.
5 - Sandown Racecourse - http://sandown.thejockeyclub.co.uk/
Located in the outer suburbs of London, the historic Sandown racecourse stages both flat and jump meetings, and it’s turf has been graced by racing royalty such as Arkle, Mill Reef and Desert Orchid over the years.
Sandown has two of the most important and highly contested steeple chasing events on the British calendar, the Bet365 Gold Cup and the Tingle Creek, while the Group 1 Eclipse is one of the standout flat races of the entire summer.
Sandown also hosts many non-racing events such as trade shows, wedding fairs, car shows and auctions, property shows and concerts.
Travel to Sandown:
By Car - The best route from London is to take the A3. Alternatively from the M25 turn off at Junction 10 and follow the A3 back towards London for 2 miles until the junction with the A307, where the course is well sign-posted.
By Train - Esher railway station is adjacent to the back straight of the racecourse. Racegoers can walk along the platform before taking a short cut at the end of the platform which brings them to the turnstiles half way down the back straight.
6 - York Racecourse - http://www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/
York is the third biggest racecourse in Britain in terms of total prize money offered, and second behind only Ascot in prize money offered per meeting. The North Yorkshire venue attracts over 350,000 racegoers per year and stages three Group 1 events - The Juddmonte International Stakes, the Nunthorpe Stakes and the Yorkshire Oaks.
York is one of the United Kingdom’s most prestigious racecourses, and it’s Ebor Festival in August is one of the highlights of the flat racing season, and includes the acclaimed Ebor Handicap, one of Europe’s most difficult premier handicap races to win.
Travel to York:
By Car - York racecourse is just outside the city of York with good motorway links on the M1 and A1.
By Train - York Station on the main east coast line is a mile from the course. London Kings Cross is just 1 hr 50 minutes away, with Edinburgh, Manchester and Birmingham also direct. Regular buses link with the track.
7 - Goodwood Racecourse - https://www.goodwood.com/
Each year, Goodwood stage the most exuberant horse racing meeting in the United Kingdom, the Glorious Goodwood Festival. Fierce battles on the track, style and glamour are all associated with the Glorious meeting held in the hight of summer.
The Goodwood Festival is where fashion, high society and world class horse racing come together for five enthralling days of sport. Notable races include the Sussex Stakes, the Nassau Stakes and the Goodwood Cup.
Travel to Goodwood:
By Car - The racecourse is five miles from Chichester off the A27.
By Train - Chichester Station is on the line from London Victoria, and there is a good bus service to the course on racedays.
8 - Epsom Racecourse - http://www.epsomderby.co.uk/
Epsom racecourse is the home of the greatest flat race in the world, The Derby.
In 1779, Lord Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury conceived the idea of a race to establish which horse was the best of its generation. With the Investec Derby itself, the Investec Oaks for fillies and the Investec Coronation Cup for older horses, the two-day June meeting represents the ultimate test for the thoroughbred.
Standing on the Surrey Downs, Epsom is shaped like an elongated horseshoe, and the straight five-furlong course is one of the fastest in the world. With a wide range of race days hosted throughout the year, a trip to Epsom for a day at the races is highly recommended.
Travel to Epsom:
By Car - Epsom Downs is two miles south of Epsom on the B290 Tadworth Road.
By Train - From London Waterloo or London Victoria, take a train to Epsom where buses and taxis will take you to the course.
9 - Doncaster Racecourse - http://www.doncaster-racecourse.co.uk/
Doncaster stage both National Hunt and Flat race days throughout the year, including two of the world's oldest races, the Doncaster Cup (first run in 1766), and the final leg of the English Classic Series, the St Leger, which was inaugurated 10 years later and was the first Classic ever run.
Travel to Doncaster:
By Car - The racecourse is a mile from Doncaster town centre. From the south the A1 and M1/M18 are good routes.
By Train - Doncaster Central is the closest station. Buses 55, 170 and 171 from the station stop 300 metres from the racecourse itself.
10 - Hamilton Racecourse - http://hamilton-park.co.uk/
Hamilton Park, situated just 10 miles south of Glasgow, has a reputation for being one of the most picturesque in Britain.
Racing has been staged in Hamilton since 1782, and today hosts plenty of flat meetings throughout the year, including the Listed Glasgow Stakes, the Braveheart Stakes and the Scottish Stewards’ Cup.
Hamilton Park is also noted for mixing good quality racing with glamour and entertainment - A must trip for all racing enthusiasts.
Travel to Hamilton:
By Car - The racecourse is ten miles south of Glasgow.
By Train - Trains from London Euston and Yorkshire run to Glasgow Central. From there, take a connection to Hamilton West.
| Horse racing |
In the UK the clocks move forward an hour during which month of the year? | England Racetracks | HorseRacing.com
Strategy
Racecourses in England
The very first recorded race to take place in Britain was held in London in the year 1174; although it is believed that racing was introduced here during 200 AD by the Roman Empire. Britain has upheld its rich racing heritage through various horse racing disciplines such as flat racing, National Hunt racing and point to point racing. All racing is overseen by the British Horseracing Authority, which is responsible for offering compelling racing, being a world leader in race day regulation, guaranteeing the highest standards in the sport, ensuring racehorses are well treated, and promoting the industry.
Live horse racing takes place throughout the year at tracks across the country, such as Cheltenham Racecourse, Ascot Racecourse, Chester Racecourse and Hamilton Racecourse, to name but a few.
Ascot Racecourse ranks amongst the most historic tracks, having been inaugurated in 1711 by Queen Anne. Doncaster Racecourse also shares a place in annals of history, with the St Leger Stakes making a name for the track in the year 1776. Each track in Britain has its own unique relationship with horse racing, hosting some the biggest racing extravaganzas in the world, and luring thousands of international competitors to its shores each year.
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Which Thomas hardy novel is often referred to in the book ‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ by E L James? | Fifty Shades of Grey : E L James : 9780345803481
Fifty Shades of Grey
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When literature student Anastasia Steele goes to interview young entrepreneur Christian Grey, she encounters a man who is beautiful, brilliant, and intimidating. The unworldly, innocent Ana is startled to realize she wants this man and, despite his enigmatic reserve, finds she is desperate to get close to him. Unable to resist Ana's quiet beauty, wit, and independent spirit, Grey admits he wants her, too--but on his own terms. Shocked yet thrilled by Grey's singular erotic tastes, Ana hesitates. For all the trappings of success--his multinational businesses, his vast wealth, his loving family--Grey is a man tormented by demons and consumed by the need to control. When the couple embarks on a daring, passionately physical affair, Ana discovers Christian Grey's secrets and explores her own dark desires. Erotic, amusing, and deeply moving, the Fifty Shades Trilogy is a tale that will obsess you, possess you, and stay with you forever. show more
Product details
127 x 201 x 25mm | 372g
Publication date
Adult & Contemporary Romance
About E L James
E L James is a former TV executive, wife and mother of two based in West London. Since early childhood she dreamed of writing stories that readers would fall in love with, but put those dreams on hold to focus on her family and her career. She finally plucked up the courage to put pen to paper with her first novel, "Fifty Shades of Grey." show more
Review quote
A GoodReads Choice Awards Finalist for Best Romance `In a class by itself.` --`Entertainment Weekly` show more
Review Text
A GoodReads Choice Awards Finalist for Best Romance "In a class by itself." - Entertainment Weekly show more
Customer reviews
It's pretty good if you like super dominoring men but Fifty Shades of Grey Christian Grey is not that dominant in my book. He's like, the baby low class dom. The story is ok but I still cried a lot reading this. It's not all Kink as what people say, the story is pretty ok but Anna annoys me a littlel A little dumb. Christian loves her for some reason that I will never get. Christian is the saddest person i've ever read. The music he plays adds on to my waterworks. In all, the book is worth reading if you look at it a little deeper that the BDSM part of it. Give it a chance. show more
by Liz Ramlee
I think I need to clear something up, before I begin. Fifty Shades of Grey is hardly BDSM literature; in fact, it's hardly erotic literature. It has explicit sex scenes and breaks readers into the world of sex toys and equipment, yes (for those of us who never knew what a Cat o' Nine Tails or kegel balls were-psh, amateurs)-but if this is what people are being introduced to as "erotica," no wonder they've been severely disappointed. To those who haven't been disappointed, or have even been ridiculously enchanted by James's series: what. the. hell. is wrong with you??? Pornographic writing and a list of submissive rules/toys do NOT equate to erotica. Take it from me, who's read dirtier, sexier, filthier, and way more taboo than this. Please, just trust me on this one. This book isn't evil because of its portrayal of an "unhealthy relationship," which is what I'm hearing from a lot of reviewers, or at least the conservative ones. The BDSM lifestyle has nothing to do with domestic abuse or inequality between partners; in a sense, it's power play-roleplaying for pleasure, and is perfectly sane and perfectly safe. I've seen many D/s relationships (in real life and in other books) that are way more tasteful than in Christian and Anastasia, but I won't divulge because this isn't a lesson about BDSM. The point is, if you can't stand the idea of pain for pleasure, you shouldn't be complaining about the "unhealthy relationship" in the first place. As for me, I can handle whipping, I can handle tears, I can handle bruises, and I can handle pain, but what I can't tolerate, is the disgustingly unrealistic dynamic between Christian as a Domme and Ana as a sub. James has committed no crime in writing about such a relationship; her only sin is glamorizing and falsifying it. It is a miserable portrayal of erotica and BDSM fiction-a poor, inaccurate, and unrealistic picture of a D/s relationship-and I'm sorry if anyone who's never read erotica before has been unfortunate enough to be broken into by Fifty Shades of Grey. Anastasia Steele is a bad initiator, and if you're a smut-virgin, you deserve much better than this. For starters, it doesn't even give you details of the relationship, aside from a list of hard and soft limits, a few unremarkable spanking scenes, some naughty usaes for gray ties (from a man named Grey with gray eyes... ooooh!), and ONE exceptional-I'll admit-love scene involving a flogger. But that's it. All 500-something pages revolve around Ana mulling about the non-disclosure agreement she's so afraid to sign... no juicy deets on what the contract will actually promise. I'm not trying to kill the hype, here, because I actually wanted to like this book. You'll see my rating is way more generous than I feel it deserves, because I do get why people fell for this book, at least partially, and will explain more about this later. People have said this is smut for smart women. No nO no No NO. This is the opposite of smut for smart women. These are presumably the same people who tell unsuspecting readers to "open up their minds" and give BDSM a try because it isn't all that smutty, it isn't all that bad. Well of course the **** it isn't bad, because it isn't actually BDSM! You want real BDSM, real down and dirty kinky BDSM? Try Rachel Kramer Bussel's anthologies. Try Alison Tyler's. Try Carrie's Story, for Chrissakes, but if you've never tried erotica, do not read Fifty Shades of Grey; you will hate start off and end up hating the genre, which would be a terrible shame. As for the characters... this is where I'll start getting nasty. Anastasia is probably the dumbest narrator I've ever encountered in any book. I'm not kidding you. However, literally every man she encounters is smitten with her; she has multiple suitors throughout the book, which is inappropriate for her so-so looks and awkward, dim-witted, and terribly (and I mean TERRIBLY) naïve personality. I don't get it... even she doesn't get it. Which probably means it's just a fantasy on James's part, and perhaps even just an illusion! But I won't go there. She does have slight relatable humor to her, but it's just that: very slight. That's the only good thing I can say about her. She contradicts herself (and not in that way that makes me sympathize) and apparently is an academic, though she doesn't sound at all intellectual, save her sporadic references to classic literature in comparison to her own life. This, and her poor attempts at self-deprecation ("my hair never behaves, ugh!!") make her even more dislikable. All in all, she says the stupidest things, does the stupidest things, and lets her huge doe-eyed crush, Christian Grey, get away with the stupidest things. No wonder he had such a strong urge to beat her all the time; I wanted to give her a good whipping myself-that's how much I was irritated with her. Christian Grey is also a problem. He's handome, rich as sin, oozes sex appeal, and cares for the ordinary and unintelligent Ana. Basically, he doesn't exist. He, too, says weird, uncharacteristic things that makes me wonder if he's an android (possibly) and is also kind of an ass. A self-proclaimed "fifty shades of 'effed' up" lives shamelessly and opulently... because he can. And I'm totally picking on him in this review because... I can. He's supposedly got a dark, alluring past that isn't ever fully disclosed. Thanks for telling us, but for not explaining, EL James. Really, thank you! The only good thing about him is his attractiveness, which I guess is the only reason why Ana likes him. This shows how shallow the basis of their relationship is. I picture him to be sexy as hell; I mean, physically, Ana doesn't skimp on the details. I'm sure he's a babe. But otherwise, he sounds rather bipolar, creepy, stiff... more like a serial killer than anything. He actually stalks Ana at one point. I wanted to swoon over his good looks, but found it hard to. To make matters worse, Christian finds Ana absolutely fascinating, but like I've mentioned, I can't see why. The relationship is even less convincing in that respect, and even less enjoyable to read about for 500 pages. Long story short: the characters sucked. The romance sucked, because frankly, there wasn't really any. Moving onto the next worst element of this book: the style. EL James's writing is simplistic (but not in the poetic way) with the occasional out-of-place SAT word thrown in for good measure. Ana's stream-of-consciousness first-person narrative is often difficult to follow-rather elementary in tone, like a middle schooler's diary-and I surprised myself that I even got through the whole thing. I think the quality of writing is some of the worst I've seen published, with lots of telling rather than showing (see my quotes below for references) and dialogue that's choppy, forced, and stilted. Aside from the poor composition, James seems to have an affinity for foil packets, dry murmurs (how does one dryly murmur, anyway??), gasping, wide eyes, the word jeez, and the six holys (fu*ck, moses, hell, crap, sh!t, and cow, as in "I'm turned on. Christian is so sexy. Holy moses!"). If you can get through 500 pages of holy moseses, then be my guest. I know this is only the first in a three-book series (I'll be reviewing the next two... don't know whether to be excited or to burst into tears), but the ending was what was fifty shades of 'effed' up; Mr. Grey himself doesn't even compare. It has this cliffhanger that doesn't leave me hanging-the absolute worst-and it's almost as if James just wrote this huge 1500 page book about a stalkerish billionaire and a dumbass college student, then chopped it up into three to create a "trilogy." Oh wait. There isn't much else I can pick on; in summary, the characters are weak, the dialogue is weak, the style is pitiful, and the plot is pretty mellow, nothing fancy. It doesn't live up to the hype at all, but eff me, I read the whole freakin' thing in two days. See, this is where my review sort of does a 180 and I start praising it. You didn't see this coming, did you? I think it's the storyline. Like in Twilight, there's an irresistible troubled hero-who, I cannot emphasize enough, is really poorly portrayed and quite stalkerish/pathetic-and his uncontrollable compulsions for a girl who's wrong in every way for him. I'm a glutton for these kinds of stories, so yes, that is why I kept reading. Everything-the style, the characters, the sex-is weak, but the appeal factor is strong, definitely strong, and that's why I (unfairly) am giving this one 6 hearts: because I kept reading, and eff me, because I actually wanted to. So let's put it like this: The characterization, style, dialogue, BDSM elements, and sex scenes deserve 2-3 hearts. The intrigue factor, the fact that I kept reading and actually wanted to know what happened next? 7-8 hearts. I guess the story itself is good, but the poor writing and Ana's idiocy/ignorance creates this irritating shadow over the entire read. Even the sex, which you'd think would be the foundation of an erotic romance, is very mediocre... which is a euphemism for very bad. I don't think any of them were remotely arousing (minus the one flogging scene at the end SPOILER START which coincidentally, is also when Ana leaves Christian SPOILER END) because they were ALL THE SAME. And let's not forget the most absurd loss of virginity I've ever read in my life. I've definitely definitely read much better erotica. It's safe to say the love scenes aren't what make this book enjoyable-I could've done without them. And considering this is an erotic romance novel, that's saying a lot. Rather, it's the emotions, the overwhelming darkness, that keeps the story moving and Mr. Grey entrancing. There's a certain tenderness in getting to know him; he's got this dark, painful past, and she's got nothing. She wants to know him, but he won't let her, and this desperation is at once startlingly draining and hauntingly engaging. So overall? I weigh the factors and give it 6 out of 10 hearts. I'm certainly not saying there's anything substantial, anything sexy, or anything I get out of this series. I'm just saying I liked it enough. See why this is so frustrating?? I hated everything about the book, but I was so immersed in the relationship and the elusive Mr. Grey, that I actually ended up kind of liking it as a whole. It's weirdly addicting, like those powered donut holes you hate and know are bad for you, but keep eating anyway (as EL James would so eloquently articulate). Pros: Grey is intriguing... while I don't understand Ana as a character, I do understand her attraction for him // I'm mildly curious as to what happens in the next book // Christian Grey weirds me out but I do feel sympathetic for him // Taylor, the bodyguard, is a total catch. I ship him and Ana // The emails between Ana and Christian are the only tolerable correspondence they two have... they're actually witty! But the in-person conversations... ugh. See "Cons" below Cons: They fall in deep, desperate love in like, two weeks // Sounds like it was written by a ten-year-old // Unpronounceable vocabulary words randomly thrown in the middle of sentences // Unrealistic dialogue //Ana is probably the most dislikable protagonist in history // Grey is the creepies freak ever // Cookie-cutter secondary characters, i.e. the likable brother, the doting mother, the best friend who has it all, the guy friend who secretly has the hots for Ana, etc. // The "dark past" isn't really... dark? Sorry. I've seen worse // Ridiculous and inaccurate portrayal of a submissive lifestyle // BDSM just isn't kinky // Sex scenes are awkward or just outrageously underdone // Overall not arousing // Ana literally calls Christian "Fifty shades"..... ok // Ending is balls Verdict: I have a manic love-hate relationship with this book and am awarding it a reluctant 6 hearts because Christian Grey, while unrealistic and overstated, is strangely hypnotic. I didn't like this book for the characters or BDSM or the romance, or even the sex; only for the story. I can't recommend this, especially if you're new to erotica; this is not the kind of book you want your first experience to be. I don't recommend this to you even if you read a lot of erotica, either, because you probably won't be able to finish it. So I guess I don't recommend it to anyone. It was pretty entertaining (more out of laughs, than anything) and is a far-fetched fantasy that raises the question of who really has the power in D/s, in which readers will gladly indulge. I'll even be reviewing the next two books because I have to, but as this first book in the series isn't particularly well executed, and often very frustrating, I suggest you spend your time and money elsewhere. Rating: 6 out of 10 hearts: Satisfying for a first read, but I'm not going back. Source: Complimentary copy provided by Edenfantasys in exchange for an honest and unbiased review (thank you!) show more
by Karielle
"...All the women who swoon over Christian Grey and think this book is romantic and steamy...I worry about you. I worry about the teenage girls who undoubtedly also read this and get all swoony over it, then end up in abusive, toxic relationships themselves, thinking they've found their own Christian Grey. And you know, if the BDSM thing actually is for you, and if it actually was something Ana could get into, the relationship probably would have been pretty okay. But under no circumstance was anything that went on between them actually okay. Consenting begrudgingly because you are afraid the person will leave you if you don't is NOT the same as actual consent. I'll admit Grey had his moments of being charming and likable. But that doesn't make up for the rest of it. I have nothing against the BDSM lifestyle. Between two adults who both understand and consent to the details, it can provide an exciting and erotic aspect to their relationship. But when one person doesn't really get it and thinks it's some kind of phase he can be therapied out of, and the other person is an overbearing, possessive stalker, the relationship is not at all healthy. It wouldn't be healthy if the BDSM were not a factor, and the BDSM doesn't make it suddenly acceptable. I find it amusing that so many people got riled up about this same behavior being exhibited by Edward Cullen toward Bella in the Twilight saga - getting jealous about other guys, warning her against spending time with him, sneaking into her room at night to watch her sleep...but when it's Fifty Shades of Grey, it's suddenly ideal romantic behavior. And speaking of Twilight? I dare you to read this book and not get the sneaking suspicion that this is actually fanfic, rewritten so it could be published without a lawsuit. If civilization is really going to come crumbling down at our feet this December, then I am taking this book's best-seller status as one of the signs of the coming apocalypse. I don't believe I'll be subjecting myself to the rest of the trilogy if it's all going to be like this." For full review, please visit me at Here Be Bookwyrms on Blogger: http://herebebookwyrms.blogspot.com/2012/09/fifty-shades-of-grey.html show more
by Colleen
In a purely selfless manner I took it upon myself to read the now infamous Fifty Shades of Grey. I just had to see what everyone was talking about! Here's what I thought having read the entire first book in one sitting. The notoriety of this novel is astounding considering the premise of the story, i.e. this is a typical Mills & Boon type love story with a dose of explicit sex thrown in for good measure. Even the names given to the main characters in this "romp fest" - Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele - are reminiscent of the extremely popular romantic novel series. Nothing unusual there you might think.....well think again! The inclusion of an S&M element to the story has turned this rather "old fashioned" storyline into a modern sensation. This novel should be a feminist's nightmare as a sexually experienced (and some would say sexually deviant) older man (with rakish good looks and pot loads of money) sets his sights on a fresh faced, virginal college student. Of course she falls for him instantly and finds herself torn between the romance and the reality of her situation. He is emotionally detached / sexually complicated and his behaviour is justified by glimpses of an extremely troubled early childhood. This justification sees our heroine willing to forgive and make allowances for his need to control her and to control her life. However, the book seems to infer that the young woman holds the upper hand simply because she is the object of this mans desire. I'm not sure that's the case! Anyway, I had heard that the book was poorly written and lets face it, it's no Thomas Hardy novel, even though Hardy and, in particular, Tess of the D'Ubervilles, is quoted on a number of occasions, however, the book held my attention and I raced through it. And no.....it wasn't just the smut that kept me going! I actually couldn't wait to see how it ended and that, for me, is always a good sign. It may not win any literary awards but I would definitely recommend that you read this book, even if it is just so that you can join in on the conversation in the canteen! Enjoy! show more
by Sonya Kavanagh
I love romance, although this was a bit much for me. I may read the series, although I'm not into the erotic part of the novels. Although it's not always about that. This book is not for the easily shocked, I know I was. If you like first person point of view books about this, then it's for you! show more
by Natalie Cleary
First let me start by saying I've only picked up the book because of all the "hype". So, I thought, 'why not give it a chance?' Well, this has to be one of the worst books I've ever picked up. I have a vast range of books I like to read, and am open to most anything. The writing style was that of a teenager's. At first, I couldn't quite put my finger on it, but once I found that the author was British, it completely made sense to me. She has no concept of how American's speak to each other. Tone, word choice, and mannerisms. Granted it can't be that hard to try and understand the way American's speak, but she didn't really get it right. There were many uses of British slang and terminology, and on top of all that it was redundant. The whole book is comprised of repetitious phrases. I also caught a few too many grammar mistakes (probably because she is not America, and writing of American people). I think this would be a fine read if you're a teenager in the same position as Ana, the main character. The book continually gets weirder and weirder. From sex contracts (NDA's stated in the book) to S&M torture chambers. Don't get me wrong, if that's what you're into, then hey, go for it. But suspension of disbelief is very unattainable while reading this book. A billionaire, millionaire "somethingaire" (as stated in the book) who is head over heels for this demure undergrad with a super freak flag he likes to fly at night in his sex dungeon? Not all control freaks like to use whips and shackles on shy unsuspecting girls. Aside from the super fictitious nature of this story, the word phrasing again, is just unbearable. "My muscles cringing in the most delicious fashion" is by far a European phrasing. Americans use delicious to describe one thing only...FOOD. There are several more phrases you can pick out immediately. Not to mention the only books "Ana" the character seems to know of are the ones that are British, that the author has probably read six thousand times over. I'm a very bright and studious undergrad student, and even I cannot say anything good about this book. So if you're looking for an actual good read, try a less "hyped up" best seller, and if you're looking to get your rocks off, make sure you're a teenager disconnected from reality.... show more
by Valentina
| Tess of the d'Urbervilles |
Which bespoke gentleman’s tailor is located at No 1 Savile Row, London? | 1000+ images about 50 Shades on Pinterest | English breakfast tea, Kelly carlson and Pink prosecco
Tess of the d'Urbervilles - Christian's first gift to Ana. Referred to as the fourteen thousand dollar book! [Fifty Shades Trilogy]
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English poet John Keats is buried in which European country? | Protestant Cemetery in Rome | John Keats Grave | Shelley's Grave | Rome
The Protestant Cemetery in Rome is Commonly Known as the Englishmen’s Cemetery:
Graves of John Keats and Joseph Severn
The Protestant Cemetery in Rome is officially known as the Cimitero Acattolico or “Non-Catholic Cemetery”. More commonly referred to as the Cimitero degli Inglesi (Englishmen’s Cemetery), it is the final resting place of two famous English poets, John Keats and Percy Shelley.
The Protestant Cemetery is not just for Englishmen. It is the burial place for non-Catholics from all nationalities. Amongst its notable burials are Goethe’s son, English writers, Russian painters, German authors, Italian philosophers, American sculptors, etc.
The most famous graves in the Protestant Cemetery are those of John Keats and Percy Shelley. Keats was seriously ill with tuberculosis when it was suggested by his doctors that he move to Italy for the warmer climate. His friend Joseph Severn accompanied him on the journey which they made on September 17, 1820. Due to bad weather and quarantine Keats only reached Rome on November 14. He moved into a villa on the Spanish Steps which today is the Keats-Shelley Memorial House museum. Despite care, Keats died on February 23, 1821, three months after arriving in Rome. He was only 25.
Keat’s Grave
In a quiet corner in the old part of the graveyard is Keats’ grave. Keats had requested that he be placed under a unnamed tombstone which contained only the words, “Here lies one whose name was writ in water.” His friends Severn and Brown who erected the tombstone included the following longer epitaph:
This Grave contains all that was Mortal of a YOUNG ENGLISH POET, Who on his Death Bed, in the Bitterness of his Heart at the Malicious Power of his Enemies Desired these Words to be engraven on his Tomb Stone: “Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water” Feb. 24 1821
Grave of Shelley
Shelley’s Grave
Shelley too died at a young age. On 8 July 1822, just before his 30th birthday, he drowned in a sudden storm while sailing back in his schooner from Livorno to Lerici. He was cremated on the beach near Viareggio and his ashes were interred at the Protestant Cemetery.
Joseph Severn who died in 1879 is buried next to Keats grave.
The Protestant Cemetery is close to the Pyramid of Cestius and is easy to reach by Metro. Catch the Blue line in the direction of Laurentina and get off at Piramide.
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In the human body, Stress, Greenstick and Compound are all types of what? | John Keats Biography - Biographical Poet Info
John Keats Biography
Poems | Best Poems | Short Poems | Quotes
John Keats was an English poet who is now regarded as being one of the greatest lyric poets of his time. He was born in London on October 31, 1795 and in his short lifetime had 54 poems published in various magazines and in three volumes of poetry. Recognition of his achievements as one of the leading poets of his time only came after his death in Rome on February 23, 1821.
From the age of 8, Keats was educated at an academy just north of London in Enfield. As a schoolboy he won an essay prize and he developed a great love for literature. He was particularly attracted to ancient myths and spent his free time translating a large part of the Aeneid. He also studied classic French and Latin texts.
John Keats finished his academic education at the age of 16, when he began to study medicine as an apprentice to a surgeon. After reading The Faerie Queen by Edmund Spencer (1552-1599), Keats had become passionate about the language of poetry, and in 1814 he had began composing his own poetry.
Keats used poetry to express his feelings and to explore his own profound sense of beauty in nature, which he had been aware of from early childhood. He wrote using many different poetic forms, including the sonnet, the ode and epic verse. His first long poem, To George Felton Mathew (1815), was based on an Elizabethan style of verse writing, using heroic couplets.
In 1816 Keats was qualified to practice surgery, but gave up his medical career to pursue poetry. His first volume of poems was published in 1817 and he was greatly disappointed when it did not sell well.
Keats continued to write in various poetic formats. He began working on the lengthy Endymion when he was challenged by the poet Shelley to write some epic verses. Endymion was published in 1818 and in the same year Keats wrote his first Shakespearian sonnet, When I Have Fears the I May Cease To Be.
In 1818 Keats met and fell in love with Fanny Brawne, an eighteen-year-old who lived next door to him in Hampstead. His most passionate love poems were written about his feelings for her. The couple became engaged but were unable to marry because of his lack of money.
In 1919 Keats was at his most creative, writing five odes which are now considered to be amongst the greatest achievements of any poet from the Romantic era.
Critics at the time did not appreciate the poetic language of Keats and some of them reviewed his work in a very negative way. They seemed to despise him for being a common Londoner from a humble background who was aiming for success as a Romantic poet. Although his poetry was appreciated by some of the leading intellectuals of the time, Keats never achieved financial success or fame as a living poet. He wrote very little after his second volume of poems was published in 1820.
In the course of his short life, the poetic language and technical ability of John Keats were not generally known or acknowledged outside his close circle of friends and admirers. By 1820 Keats was in very poor health. He was suffering with severe symptoms of tuberculosis, so he left England for the milder winter climate of Italy. He was dead within a few months of his arrival in Rome.
Miscellaneous
KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821). —Poet, s. of the chief servant at an inn in London, who m. his master's dau., and d. a man of some substance. He was sent to a school at Enfield, and having meanwhile become an orphan, was in 1810 apprenticed to a surgeon at Edmonton. In 1815 he went to London to walk the hospitals. He was not, however, at all enthusiastic in his profession, and having become acquainted with Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, Shelley, and others, he gave himself more and more to literature. His first work—some sonnets—appeared in Hunt's Examiner, and his first book, Poems, came out in 1817. This book, while containing much that gave little promise of what was to come, was not without touches of beauty and music, but it fell quite flat, finding few readers beyond his immediate circle. Endymion, begun during a visit to the Isle of Wight, appeared in 1818, and was savagely attacked in Blackwood and theQuarterly Review. These attacks, though naturally giving pain to the poet, were not, as was alleged at the time, the cause of his health breaking down, as he was possessed of considerable confidence in his own powers, and his claim to immortality as a poet. Symptoms of hereditary consumption, however, began to show themselves and, in the hope of restored health, he made a tour in the Lakes and Scotland, from which he returned to London none the better. The death soon after of his brother Thomas, whom he had helped to nurse, told upon his spirits, as did also his unrequited passion for Miss Fanny Brawne. In 1820 he pub. Lamia and Other Poems, containing Isabella, Eve of St. Agnes, Hyperion, and the odes to the Nightingale and The Grecian Urn, all of which had been produced within a period of about 18 months. This book was warmly praised in the Edinburgh Review. His health had by this time completely given way, and he was likewise harassed by narrow means and hopeless love. He had, however, the consolation of possessing many warm friends, by some of whom, the Hunts and the Brawnes, he was tenderly nursed. At last in 1821 he set out, accompanied by his friend Severn, on that journey to Italy from which he never returned. After much suffering he d. at Rome, and was buried in the Protestant cemetery there. The character of K. was much misunderstood until the publication by R.M. Milnes, afterwards Lord Houghton (q.v.), of his Life and Letters, which gives an attractive picture of him. This, together with the accounts of other friends, represent him as "eager, enthusiastic, and sensitive, but humorous, reasonable, and free from vanity, affectionate, a good brother and friend, sweet-tempered, and helpful." In his political views he was liberal, in his religious, indefinite. Though in his life-time subjected to much harsh and unappreciative criticism, his place among English poets is now assured. His chief characteristics are intense, sensuous imagination, and love of beauty, rich and picturesque descriptive power, and exquisitely melodious versification.
Life, Letters, etc., by R.M. Milnes (1848), Poems and Letters (Forman, 5 vols., 1900). Keats (Men of Letters Series, Colvin, 1887), etc. Poems (1817),Endymion (1818), Lamia and Other Poems (1820).
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At which European winter sports resort is the Cresta Run? | 20 great winter sports destinations | CNN Travel
20 great winter sports destinations
20 great winter sports destinations
Best ways to get sweaty in the snow. Don't forget your sunscreen
By Winnie So 21 December, 2011
Whether you’re a snow bunny looking for a bit of glamorous, off-piste fun or a powder hound itching for a fix, there’s plenty of frolicking to be had for all manner of snow lovers.
For snow bunnies
Classic movies made these hills glam, but please resist the one-piece neon snowsuit.
1. Aspen, United States
Aspen has a reputation for being the winter playground of models and moguls, celebrities and socialites. With four mountains to choose from -- Aspen Mountain, Aspen Highlands, Buttermilk and Snowmass -- there’s plenty of terrain for snow bunnies to give chase.
It’s a good idea to conserve some energy for Aspen’s hopping après-ski and nightlife. Grab a few drinks at 39 degrees in Sky Hotel before a sumptuous meal at Nobu’s Matsuhisa or Il Mulino then check out what’s playing at Belly Up .
Nearest airport: Aspen, Colorado, United States.
Obviously, this is not a spectator sport.
2. Courchevel 1850, France
Courchevel 1850 is both the highest in elevation and in prices in the Three Valleys (Les Trois Vallées of Courchevel, Méribel and Les Menuires), which now includes a fourth valley -- Maurienne.
There’s plenty of entertainment off-piste. Hot and happening après-ski spots include Le Tremplin or Kudeta . Or dance till the wee hours in Les Caves or La Grange .
Nearest airports: Lyon, France or Geneva, Switzerland or by rail to Moûtiers Salins.
Which kind of junkie would you rather have in your family?
3. St. Moritz, Switzerland
If you prefer your fun a little less alcohol-fueled, Saint Moritz offers more for the adrenaline junkie. There’s the famed Cresta Run , a toboggan run exclusively for daredevils where the top speed can hit 140 kph.
Or try the Bob run , the world’s last remaining natural ice run from St Moritz to Celerina (1,722 meters). For those who perfer watching men prove their athletic prowess on racing steeds, there’s the annual St Moritz World Cup Polo on Snow .
Nearest airport: Engadin, Switzerland or rail to St. Moritz.
Whistler, BC's friendliest city.
4. Whistler-Blackcomb, Canada
Whistler-Blackcomb is a great place for ski and snowboard-loving parents to introduce their toddlers to the piste. Many of the resort’s facilities have been designed to ensure a great learning experience for young children.
There are designated “Go Slow” and “Family” zones as well as kid centers on both Whistler and Blackcomb mountains. In Blackcomb, there’s a Big Easy Terrain Garden and a children’s adventure park complete with a ski-through castle.
There are fully-licensed childcare programs for kids as young as 18 months old so even new mommies get a chance to hit the slopes.
Nearest airport: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
"Good work, son. Now where did you pack those cookies for dad?"
5. Beaver Creek, United States
Beaver Creek loves kiddies. For seven weeks over the winter season, the resort organizes special family activities with complimentary offers for kids.
Outside of those weeks, kids will still have a blast with complimentary après-ski chocolate chip cookies at 3 p.m., and every week there’s storytelling on the hill and an in-village street fair with music, magic and more.
Nearest airport: Eagle, Colorado, United States.
Junior Sean Whites in training.
6. Club Med, Worldwide
Club Med’s all-inclusive resorts (no extra charge for equipment) are known the world over for being family-friendly. Their ski resorts in Chamonix-Mont Blanc and Villars-sur-Ollon offer Baby Club Med childcare for babies as young as four months old.
For older kids, there are tailored programs for different age groups all the way up to teens. From four years old, kids can join their own ski or snowboarding classes. And in their Méribel and Val Thorens resorts, there’s the added convenience of ski-in-ski-out, especially handy for parents who don’t want to have to carry their tired children’s skis.
Various locations in France, Switzerland, Japan and China.
Back on track.
7. Yellowstone Club, United States
Yellowstone Club, an invitation-only residential club, lost a bit of its luster when it filed for bankruptcy protection in 2008, but it did re-emerge from bankruptcy the next year.
The saga of this exclusive ski domain was documented in a New York Times article , which named a few of its illustrious members who had had to fork out upwards of US$5 million for a home in the development as well as a joining fee said to be US$250,000 and annual fees of US$20,000.
In addition to skiing, there’s also golf.
Nearest airport: Gallatin Field, Montana, United States.
Great place for a fortieth.
8. Big Horn Revelstoke, Canada
This private chalet offers heli-skiing in and around Revelstoke Mountain Resort . For C$64,500-75,000 (US$63,690-74,060) during peak months, 16 people get exclusive use of this chalet, complete with its own helipad, for seven nights.
The helicopter costs are extra. The chalet does come with chefs and housekeepers though, and is equipped with a bar, poolroom, private cinema, outdoor hot tub, indoor exercise pool, gym, sauna and massage room.
Nearest airport: Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
Shred cheese, then slopes.
9. Dolomites, Italy
Foodies can’t really go wrong in Italy, and the Dolomities is a great marriage of Italian cuisine and superb skiing. After a day making the round on the Sella Ronda , which takes skiers from village to village and mountain to mountain, it’s time to re-fuel with some carbohydrates.
A popular dish in this region is the casunziei, half-moon-shaped pasta filled with beet, spinach or other vegetables and are typically drizzled simply with melted butter, poppy seeds and parmesan shavings. To warm-up on the slopes, stop off for a bombardino, a mixture of eggnog, brandy and espresso topped with whipped cream.
Nearest airport: Venice, Italy.
Where Audrey met Cary.
10. Megeve, France
M is for Megeve, but it can also be for Michelin stars. While skiers can access 445 kilometers of ski pistes connected by 116 lifts in and around Megève, they can also build up calories thanks to the likes of Marc Veyrat , the first chef to score a perfect 20/20 from Gault Millau for both his restaurants, starting with La Ferme de Mon Père (which has since been sold due to Veyrat’s deteriorating health).
Since then, there have been other additions such as Flocons de Sel and Les Roches . At the top of Mont d’Arbois, stop by the Rothschild-owned L’Idéal 1850 for a spectacular meal.
Nearest airport: Geneva, Switzerland.
"I think I see golden arches between those two peaks."
11. Niseko, Japan
Japanese ski resorts are often lacking when it comes to dining, with fast-food joints populating the mountains.
Fortunately, with the boom of international skiers and boarders in Niseko making the most of its four amazing resorts -- Niseko Village, Annapuri, Hanazono and Hirafu -- the scene has improved.
Kamimura Restaurant , owned by Tetsuya-trained chef Yuichi Kamimura and Ezo Seafoods bring this family-friendly area into the culinary world. Those who prefer to stay in have the option to have their dinners catered by Niseko Gourmet or The Niseko Company .
Meanwhile skiers look forward to the opening of Capella 's exclusive hotel and residences at the foot of Annapuri where rooms will feature private onsens when they open in 2013.
Nearest airport: New Chitose (Sapporo), Hokkaido, Japan or by rail to Niseko.
The only place in the world known for powdery sand and fluffy snow.
14. Mammoth, United States
TransWorld Snowboarding gave Mammoth the top spot for its pipe and second place in the overall resort category. It takes guts aplenty to go for gravity-defying glory on a monster pipe, and the six-meter-deep Super Duper, Olympic-size pipe at Mammoth is exactly that.
For those just getting their footing, there’s also the four-meter Canyon pipe and the five-meter Super pipe. For some jaw-dropping, breath-stopping inspiration, check out Olympic gold medalist Shaun White at the Olympic qualifiers .
Nearest airport: Mammoth-Yosemite, California, United States.
A glamorous place to sit nearly naked, outdoors, watching the snow fall.
18. Dunton Hot Springs, United States
There are hot springs all over Colorado, but few are as charming and luxurious as Dunton Hot Springs. Close to Telluride , this once-abandoned mining town has been restored, complete with an Old West saloon and dance hall, and has enough cabins to accommodate 42 people.
The whole town can be rented for a celebration. In winter, a host of activities from heli-skiing to dog-sledding and ice climbing are available. For those who prefer to watch the snow fall, the outdoor calcium bicarbonate hot spring pools offer the perfect vantage point.
Nearest airport: Durango, Colorado, United States.
| St. Moritz |
What is the collective name for the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution? | St. Moritz rentals - Villas International: Over 25000 Worldwide Vacation Rentals
CRESTA APARTMENTS
Celebrities, aristocrats, and world-class skiers all flock to St. Moritz, one of Europe's leading ski resorts. Considered by many to be the birthplace of winter sports, this fabulous resort offers classic downhill and cross-country skiing, as well as ice skating, bobsledding and tobogganing (which got its start here at the famous Cresta run). St. Moritz enjoys a well-deserved reputation for glamor; its many exclusive boutiques, restaurants and nightclubs help create an unforgettable après-ski scene.
St. Moritz enjoys a classic alpine setting, overlooking a small lake and ringed by towering mountain peaks. Traditionally, the town has been divided into two sections: St. Moritz-Bad, the area adjacent to the lake, and St. Moritz-Dorf, the old village overlooking the lake. It is about a 10-15 minute walk between the two parts of the village. We offer a wide selection of apartments in both St. Moritz-Dorf and St. Moritz-Bad, most with wonderful mountain views. Located in attractive, modern chalet-style buildings, the apartments are comfortably furnished and well equipped; most of the larger apartments offer fireplaces. Whatever your choice, you will enjoy easy access to the ski slopes.
INTERIORS
Studios include double bed or sofabed, bathroom, living/dining area and fully equipped kitchen. One, two and three bedroom apartments comprise bedroom(s), bathroom(s), living room, dining area and fully equipped kitchen. Furnishings are comfortable and modern; sofabeds are available in some apartments. All apartments offer telephone, radio and TV; some feature fireplaces and/or balconies.
FEATURES
A wide selection of attractive, modern apartments in the world-famous ski resort of St. Moritz, known for its inimitable combination of superb skiing and exciting nightlife.
WINTER PEAK RATES mid Dec. - beginning of Apr.
Studio (for 2)
| i don't know |
How many Cardinal Virtues are there? | The Virtues
The Virtues
Eucharist T-Shirt
The Virtues
Virtues! We all think we are virtuous, but so many people can’t name more than a few of them. In the Catholic Church, there are three very distinct categories of virtues which we all should be praying to have more of. The first category is known as the Cardinal Virtues, the second is known as the Theological Virtues, and the third is the Capital Virtues. There are many others as well, but for the sake of this discussion, only these three types will be discussed.
THE CARDINAL VIRTUES
The Cardinal Virtues are four moral virtues that are the foundation for the others. Cardinal comes from the Latin “cardo”, which means “hinge.” The Cardinal virtues can all be acquired through practice, and by observing others who are older and wiser than you are. All other virtues hinge on the following four Cardinal virtues:
Prudence: St. Thomas Aquinas once said that prudence was the primary cardinal virtue, because it is concerned with the intellect. Prudence is basically the ability to distinguish what is good and bad in any given situation, and to take appropriate action. For instance, if you are in a big hurry on the freeway, and you know that you are in an area closely monitored by the police for speeding, it would not be prudent to go faster than the speed limit.
Justice: St. Thomas Aquinas ranked Justice as the second Cardinal Virtue, because it deals with the will. Justice is the virtue that demands that we give everyone exactly what is due them. For instance, if the cashier gives you too much change back at the counter after a purchase, justice says that you must give back the extra money, if you know about it. And since justice is concerned with rights, it is very important to remember that natural rights always come before legal rights, as in the right to life of babies.
Fortitude: Another word for fortitude is courage. In the Christian sense, fortitude is the virtue that allows us to overcome our fears and continue in our Christian tasks. For instance, the 12 Apostles before Pentecost were hiding in fear of the Jews. After Pentecost, the Apostles boldly spoke out and were imprisoned for their outspoken beliefs in Christ. So here we see that fortitude is not only an acquired virtue, but it is also one of the 4 Cardinal virtues that the Holy Spirit can give us, as well.
Temperance: This virtue is one we all could use more of today. Temperance is concerned with the restraint and moderation of our desires for food, sex, pleasure, and drink. Where prudence dictates our actions based on externals, temperance dictates our actions based on internals. There is nothing wrong with sex in marriage, or food, or legitimate pleasure, or drink, of course, but when they start to own our will, instead of our will owning them, then we will experience the devil’s compensation of VD, unwanted pregnancy, obesity, sloth, or hangovers.
THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES
The 3 Theological Virtues are straight out of the Bible, and can only be acquired as a free gift from God. God pours these virtues into our very being through sanctifying grace, which we all know is obtained through the seven sacraments. They are also called supernatural virtues. They are as follows:
Faith: The theological virtue that is “the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen,” our firm belief in God and all that He has revealed to us through Holy Mother Church. Faith is an intellectual virtue, and if we are true to ourselves, we will know that God is infallible, and He cannot be deceived, nor can he deceive us. We then know that He has revealed all truth in His Church, and we will not deviate one iota from the Church’s teaching on faith and salvation. Faith manifests itself in how we handle our day-to-day lives, how we treat others, and in our Catholic devotions. It is written on our hearts, and all of our actions are the result of our faith. One of the ways we know we have true faith is if we are very afraid of offending God in anything, and are very anxious to please Him in everything.
Hope: The theological virtue that allows us to totally trust in Jesus and to desire eternal bliss in heaven with him, forever. Hope is a virtue of the will, and helps us to keep going in the face of adversity, mockery, and dry times. We know how it will all come out in the end, and it always helps to ask ourselves this question – “Where will I be in a hundred years?” And when we answer with “HEAVEN!”, everything else seems rather small and insignificant, especially when we meditate on the Passion and what Jesus went through.
Charity: - The theological virtue of love for God over all other things for His sake, and our love of neighbor as ourselves. St. Paul tells us that love is the greatest of the three theological virtues. Jesus left us two commandments – To love God with everything we have, and our neighbor as ourselves – And if we do these two things, then charity toward everyone, even our enemies, becomes second nature to our wills.
THE CAPITAL VIRTUES
The 7 Capital Virtues are the virtues which overcome the 7 deadly sins of lust, greed, gluttony, envy, anger, pride, and sloth. Most other sins like murder, for instance, begin with one or two of the seven deadly sins. And once we let one of these sins take over our lives, the other 6 are only too happy to creep into our lives as well. By praying to obtain all 7 of the capital virtues, we can put a stop to satan and his plan to destroy our lives. The 7 capital virtues are:
Chastity - Overcomes the sin of lust. Chastity is certainly a virtue everyone could use more of today, as we are all bombarded with sexual images from TV, movies, billboards, the Sunday Paper, etc. Chastity not only moderates our desire for physical acts of sexual pleasure, but also helps us to overcome the thoughts which precede these impure actions. The Bible says that our bodies are temples to the Holy Spirit, but how many of us defile our temple through lust. God made our bodies to be holy temples of the Holy Spirit, not satan’s pleasure palace. When one prays for and receives the virtue of chastity (the daily rosary is a GREAT way to ask Mary for this gift!), the wandering eyes and the lusty talk all of a sudden come to an end. Just as Jesus was blinded by his sweat and his blood on the way to Calvary, just so, we should avoid looking at things that are impure.
Generosity – Overcomes the sin of greed. This virtue can involve donating money, or giving up our free time and talents for the less fortunate, or even giving our possessions away. It is a great way to detach ourselves from the things of this world, which is exactly what Jesus told the rich young man who asked him what else he must do to gain eternal life over and above keeping the 10 commandments. Generosity is NOT philanthropy out of our surplus wealth or government welfare programs. Generosity involves our personal sacrifice, and it is indeed sacrificial to our way of life. Remember the widow in the bible who gave her two pennies in the synagogue, and Jesus said that she gave more than the rest, who, even though they gave a larger amount, gave out of their surplus wealth.
Temperance – Overcomes the sin of gluttony. This is also one of the Cardinal Virtues. Temperance is the internal virtue that helps us to control our love of eating and drinking and sex. Whereas the virtue of fortitude helps us to keep going in the midst of adversity, temperance, on the other hand, helps us to stop in the midst of pleasure. This is also a virtue that we need to pray for, as most people today “go for the gusto,” and never even think about moderation. “All-you-can-eat” buffets are the bane of a lot of people today, and cause a lot of people to fall into the sin of gluttony, because, the more you eat today, the more your stomach stretches, and the more you have to have tomorrow to fill it up. A true death spiral.
Brotherly love – Overcomes the sin of envy. This virtue involves being genuinely happy at everyone’s success, even those who we don’t particularly like. We know we have this virtue if we do not ever badmouth someone who has obtained something that we think we deserve. One should acknowledge that it is God’s will that this particular series of events occurred in that person’s life and not ours, for a reason. God could be blessing that person now, on earth, while He may have plans to give us burdens now, on earth, so that we will be blessed forever in heaven. Always desire the latter!
Meekness – Overcomes the sin of anger. Jesus said, “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.” Meekness is the virtue that controls resentment at others, and cultivates patience. Angry outbursts at the smallest thing are characteristics of someone who does not have the virtue of meekness. Usually God will send people and events into these people’s lives so that they can acquire meekness. If you don’t have this virtue, please pray to get it. Anger drives so many families apart, and is totally useless in the long run. When Jesus was confronted with an angry mob who tortured Him and killed Him, he not only didn't open His mouth, He prayed for them instead, and that is our model for how we should do things as well. There is such a thing as just anger, like when Jesus cleared the temple, but a lot of people get angry today over money, possessions, etc. In other words, save your anger for real injustices.
Humility – Overcomes the sin of pride. Humility is the virtue that recognizes our 100% reliance on God for all that we have, or ever will have. Everything on earth is on loan from God, including our good looks, our money, our house, etc. Those who think that they got all of these things on their own are in for a big surprise upon death. The devil fools some of us into thinking that we got these things due to our hard work, or our talent, or whatever, when in fact, God gave them all to us. Pride is the devil’s great sin, and he wants us all to think that we are gods too, like he does. But by being humble, we beat him every time, because humility comes from the heart, and the devil does not have a heart. In Christianity, the bible says that the first shall be last, and the last shall be first. God humbles the proud and exalts the humble, says the bible, so get exalted! Be humble!
Diligence – Overcomes the sin of sloth. Diligence is the virtue that tells us to fulfill our duties in life, even if they get to be tiresome. These duties include our work, our home, our country, our church, and our families. Too many times people just want to move on when trials come to bear, like a sudden death, or when a hard-to-get-along-with spouse becomes unbearable, or when the boss demands too much. Prayer is the key here. Never forget that when you die, all of the diligence you showed in your lifetime toward your loved ones, and those you didn't love so much, will be rewarded a hundred fold.
So, let today be the day that you start praying to acquire all of the virtues in abundance, and to lose all of the vices which you have in your life. The reward for acquiring all of the virtues is truly, truly, out of this world!
| four |
A pentadecagon has how many sides? | Virtues...Jeopardy Style! Jeopardy Template
How many Cardinal Virtues are there?
100
How many Theological Virtues are there?
100
How many Capital Virtues are there?
100
What is the Capital Virtue of Humility.
This virtue recognizes our 100% reliance on God for all that we have, or ever will have. Overcomes the sin of pride.
100
What is the NFL playoffs.
This sport has 12 teams in the postseason: Six from the NFC and six from the AFC.
200
What is the Cardinal Virtue of Temperance.
This virtue is concerned with the resrtaint and moderation of our desires for food, sex, pleasure, and drink.
200
What is the Theological Virtue of Faith.
This virtue manifests itself in how we handle our day-to-day lives, how we treat others, and in our Catholic devotions. This virtue is "the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen".
200
What is the Capital Virtue of Generosity.
This virtue involves personal sacrifice, and it is indeed sacrificial to our way of life. Overcomes the sin of greed.
200
What is the Capital Virtue of Chastity.
This virtue moderates our desire for physical acts of sexual pleasure, and, also helps us to overcome the thoughts which precede these impure actions. Overcomes the sin of lust.
200
Who are the Green Bay Packers.
This team won the NFL's NFC North Conference the past three seasons.
300
What is the The Cardinal Virtue of Fortitude.
Another word for courage. This virtue allows us to overcome our fears and continue in our Christian tasks.
300
What is the Theological Virtue of Charity.
St. Paul says that this virtue is the greatest of the three Theolical virtues. This virtue allows us to have love for God over all things for His sake, and our love of neighbor as ourselves.
300
What is the Capital Virtue of Diligence.
This virtue tells us to fulfill our duties in life, even if they get to be tiresome. Overcomes the sin of sloth.
300
What is the Capital Virtue of Temperance.
This virtue is also one of the Cardinal Virtues. Is the internal virtue that helps us to control our love of eating and drinking and sex. Overcomes the sin of gluttony.
300
Captured the National Football League's Passing Touchdown Record, passing Tom Brady.
400
What is the Cardinal Virtue of Justice.
St. Thomas Aquinas ranked this virtue as the second Cardinal Virtue because it deals with the will. Is the virtue that demands that we give everyone exactly what is due them.
400
What is the Theological Virtue of Hope.
This virtue is a virtue of the will, and helps us to keep going in the face of adversity, mockery, and dry times. Allows us to totally trust in Jesus and to desire eternal bliss in heaven with him forever.
400
| i don't know |
What colour Cat’s-Eyes mark the nearside of a motorway in Britain? | What colours are the reflective studs and cats eyes on the UK roads
About this site
A very frequent question asked on driving lessons by students, who are studying for their theory tests, concerns the colours of the cats eyes road studs that are seen between the lanes and slip roads on dual carriageways and other major roads in the UK.
Sometimes you may also see Green/Yellow studs marking where road works are taking place, showing you any temporary lane layouts that may be in force.
When driving at night it’s always wise to observe the cat’s eyes and their colours effectively, so you know where you are on the road and can complete any possible lane changes safely.
Cat’s eyes are extremely effective in the fog to highlight the road edges and lane dividers, when visibility may be very limited.
RED:
Marks the left edge of the road, showing that you should not cross the line.
GREEN:
Marks the edge of the carriageway where there are slip roads, parking bays and bus stops.
WHITE:
Marks the lanes or the middle of the road.
AMBER:
Marks the central reservation of the road, making you aware that you are on the extreme right lane available.
| Red |
According to the proverb, ‘Many hands make… ‘what’? | Are green cats eyes used at junctions in the UK? - SABRE
SABRE
Joined: Thu Jun 16, 2005 18:43
Location: Berlin
Quote
Post by murphaph » Sun Feb 08, 2009 13:24
As per title. Just curious about the use of green cats eyes. I know the UK uses red where we use amber but I've nver noticed green ones due to the small amount of night driving i do on UK roads.
Joined: Tue Nov 21, 2006 23:35
Location: Dundee, Scotland
Post by novaecosse » Sun Feb 08, 2009 13:39
murphaph wrote:
As per title. Just curious about the use of green cats eyes. I know the UK uses red where we use amber but I've nver noticed green ones due to the small amount of night driving i do on UK roads.
Traffic Signs Manual - Chapter 5, Paragraph 6.9
GREEN - to indicate a length of the edge of the carriageway which may be crossed. Green studs are used with markings to diagram 1010 (see paras 4.29 and 4.30) at lay-bys and to mark the boundary of acceleration and deceleration lanes on the left hand side of the carriageway.
They must not be used in conjunction with Stop or Give Way transverse markings, or with diagram 1009.
At lane-drop junctions, and right turn lanes, (see figure 7-7) green studs are used with the marking to diagram 1010 which demarcates the exit lane.
They are not used at junctions with Give Way or Stop lines.
Joined: Thu Jun 16, 2005 18:43
Location: Berlin
Post by murphaph » Sun Feb 08, 2009 14:24
Thanks nova,
We use them here on the approach to any junctions on any class of road. I must take a video of a good example. The best I can think of is the R403 which has pretty much perfect cats eyes and junction demarcation bollards which together do a great job of making a twisty road that bit safer. So on a normal B road say, the edge of carriageway cats eyes just continue as red through junctions?
Joined: Wed Feb 06, 2002 23:15
Location: kingston-upon-thames
Post by t1(M) » Sun Feb 08, 2009 15:17
murphaph wrote:
So on a normal B road say, the edge of carriageway cats eyes just continue as red through junctions?
It would be unusual to find edge of carriageway catseyes on a B road. They are only manatory on motorways and in between a double-white-line. Elsewhere, they are often fitted on centre line and lane markings, but rarely on the edge of a carriageway.
WHITE - to indicate a traffic lane or centre of
carriageway marking.
RED - to indicate a line of studs which should not
be crossed. It is used mainly to delineate
the left hand edge of the running
carriageway; studs are omitted at positions
where traffic is permitted to cross, e.g. at
lay-bys (where green studs are normally
substituted). Where studs are used with
chevron markings to diagram 1041,
1041.1, 1042 or 1042.1 they must be
coloured red on both sides of the marking.
AMBER - to indicate a line of studs which should not
be crossed. It is used to indicate the right
hand edge of the running carriageway
adjacent to the edge of the central
reservation or to traffic cones or cylinders at
road works, or the marking to diagram
1040.3. Amber studs are also used on the
off side of a one-way road (including oneway
slip roads and link roads).
GREEN - to indicate a length of the edge of the
carriageway which may be crossed. Green
studs are used with markings to diagram
1010 (see paras 4.29 and 4.30) at lay-bys
and to mark the boundary of acceleration
and deceleration lanes on the left hand
side of the carriageway. They must not be
used in conjunction with Stop or Give Way
transverse markings, or with diagram 1009.
At lane-drop junctions, and right turn
lanes, (see figure 7-7) green studs are used
with the marking to diagram 1010 which
demarcates the exit lane.
6.10 On dual carriageway roads, amber studs placed
adjacent to the central reservation may have red
reflectors on the reverse for use when contra-flow
working is needed for road maintenance purposes.
I think that means that there should be NO cats-eyes at give-way or stop lines.
The rules also say that bi-directional studs should not be used on the edges of hatched areas, as the side of a stud facing oncoming traffic wears faster, so the further set of studs (i.e. beyond the hatching) will be more prominent to an oncoming driver than the nearer ones, turning the hatched area into a "suicide lane".
Quote
Post by Helvellyn » Sun Feb 08, 2009 18:04
I've seen some edge-of-road cat's eyes on some of the more important S2 A roads (the A66 springs to mind), but I can't recall off the top of my head if they were continuous, or just red and green around the relevant parts of lay-bys and acceleration / deceleration lanes (although some weren't wide enough to qualify as a lane).
I remember the first time I noticed non-white cats eyes on a motorway journey when I was a child, and being quite impressed by them. My dad wasn't as impressed by my request to keep changing lanes to get a better look at the different colours.
Post by Glen » Sun Feb 08, 2009 18:31
murphaph wrote:
So on a normal B road say, the edge of carriageway cats eyes just continue as red through junctions?
No, on junction which isn't a slip road the green studs will go across the entry side of the junction with no studs on the give-way (or stop) line.
Not all A roads have edge studs, even trunk roads are only guaranteed to have white centre studs and non-trunk may not have any.
Here is the layout on motorways and dual carriageways:
And single carriageways:
Here is an example of the above in practice.
You can see the green studs across the first half of the junction but then stop at the start of the give way marking.
Here is a close up of on the studs.
Last edited by Glen on Mon Feb 09, 2009 12:32, edited 2 times in total.
Post by Glen » Sun Feb 08, 2009 18:48
Blackwave15 wrote:
Correct me if I am wrong but aren't green catseyes used in the case of narrow lanes at roadworks? I am sure they (or some similar object) are used as a replacement for white lines.
The studs themselves are hi-vis yellow as they are also indented to perform their function during daylight as well as in darkness. The reflectors are the relevant colour for their position.
Here is an example of them in use which will have amber reflectors as they are marking a central division. Note the stud on the nearside on the central reserve which is red on the reverse side for use in contraflows.
Bigger version here: http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/gallery/a ... G_0905.jpg
Last edited by Glen on Mon Feb 09, 2009 12:33, edited 1 time in total.
Post by boing_uk » Sun Feb 08, 2009 20:44
Glen wrote:
Is that not allowed then, as I'm sure I've seen loads like that.
That marking is diagram 1010 isn't it, the same as used on lay-bys, accesses and anything else without a give way and I've seen green studs across all of them.
Ahh that photo never loaded when I last looked at the page... damned slow connection. Only the diagram did (and the pic of the green stud) which doesnt show the deceleration lane and ghost island. Green studs are only used on deceleration lanes, you are right and that pic is correct use as well. If the green studs go beyond that ghost island however, then it would be wrong.
And what IS that bollard doing? I like it, nontheless.
Another think I have noticed is the anti-skid which is in the main running lane but not in the deceleration lane. Not the way I would've done it, personally, having potentially two different skid resistances under either side of a vehicle.
Pah.
I remember on the A52 between Skeggy and Boston, the major schemes unit at TSG in Lincoln resurfaced a good long stretch of carriageway and I remember driving down there one night thinking "hmm, I dont recall this bit being dual carriageway...". It wasnt, just that incorrect bi-directional red/amber studs had been used instead of unidirectional reds. Whoops! A dangerous whoops as well.
People who vexatiously criticise the work of the public sector probably couldn't handle working within it
Very naughty, and completely wrong.
To quote ForestChav... "Fail".
Is that not allowed then, as I'm sure I've seen loads like that.
That marking is diagram 1010 isn't it, the same as used on lay-bys, accesses and anything else without a give way and I've seen green studs across all of them.
You can't bait me with one of my creations and not expect a response
I present the reverse angle aerial photo of the same junction...
A830MorarSouthJct.JPG (82.26 KiB) Viewed 4239 times
The first part of the junction is a deceleration lane, with its own separate Give Way, hence the green cats eyes.
Fleming 101's btw, cheap as chips, but thats what happens with Design and Build
The bollards are Glasdon Scottish Admiral and are quite a common feature now on Scottish Trunk Roads.
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Which breed of bird was used in mines to detect dangerous gases? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1986: Coal mine canaries made redundant
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1986: Coal mine canaries made redundant
More than 200 canary birds are being phased out of Britain's mining pits, according to new plans by the government.
Modern technology is being favoured over the long-serving yellow feathered friend of the miner in detecting harmful gases which may be present underground.
New electronic detectors will replace the bird because they are said to be cheaper in the long run and more effective in indicating the presence of pollutants in the air otherwise unnoticed by miners.
The gas detectors will be hand-held and carry a digital reading which appears on a screen alerting miners to the extent of the gases.
The birds' replacement will be introduced gradually next year.
Miners are said to be saddened by the latest set of redundancies in their industry but do not intend to dispute the decision.
The removal of the canaries will end a mining tradition in Britain dating back to 1911, since when two canaries have been employed by each pit.
Signs of distress
They are so ingrained in the culture miners report whistling to the birds and coaxing them as they worked, treating them as pets.
The canary is particularly sensitive to toxic gases such as carbon monoxide which is colourless, odourless and tasteless.
This gas could easily form underground during a mine fire or after an explosion.
Following a mine fire or explosion, mine rescuers would descend into the mine, carrying a canary in a small wooden or metal cage.
Any sign of distress from the canary was a clear signal the conditions underground were unsafe and miners should be evacuated from the pit and the mineshafts made safer.
| Canary |
In Greek mythology which of the three Gorgons was the only mortal? | MIT Lincoln Laboratory: PANTHER sensor
Lincoln Laboratory in the News ›
Additional Reading
For more about the CANARY sensor, see M.R. Petrovick et al., “Rapid Sensors for Biological-Agent Identification,” Lincoln Laboratory Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, 2007, pp. 63–84.
PANTHER sensor from MIT Lincoln Laboratory quickly detects pathogens
Researchers at MIT Lincoln Laboratory have developed a powerful sensor that can detect airborne pathogens such as anthrax and smallpox in less than three minutes.
PANTHER sensor. Note that the ruler at the bottom right in the photo is 12" long.
The new device, called PANTHER (for PAthogen Notification for THreatening Environmental Releases), represents a “significant advance” over any other sensor, said James Harper of Lincoln Laboratory’s Biosensor and Molecular Technologies Group. Current sensors take at least 20 minutes to detect harmful bacteria or viruses in the air, but the PANTHER sensors can do detection and identification in less than 3 minutes.
The technology has been licensed to Innovative Biosensors, Inc., (IBI) of Rockville, Maryland. In January, IBI began selling a product, BioFlash, that uses the PANTHER technology.
“There is a real need to detect a pathogen in less than three minutes, so you have time to take action before it is too late,” said Harper, the lead scientist developing the sensor.
The PANTHER sensor uses a cell-based sensor technology known as CANARY (after the birds sent into mines to detect dangerous gases), and can pick up a positive reading with only a few dozen particles per liter of air. The device could be used in buildings, subways, and other public areas and can currently detect 24 pathogens, including anthrax, plague, smallpox, tularemia and E. coli.
“There’s really nothing out there that compares with this,” said Todd Rider of the Laboraatory’s Biosensor and Molecular Technologies Group, who invented the CANARY sensor technology .
Rider started developing CANARY in 1997 when he realized that there were no sensors available that could rapidly detect pathogens. His idea was to take advantage of nature’s own defense system—specifically the B cells that target pathogens in the human body. “B cells in the body are very fast and very sensitive,” Rider said.
The CANARY concept uses an array of B cells, each specific to a particular bacterium or virus. The cells are engineered to emit photons of light when they detect their target pathogen. The device then displays a list of any pathogens found.
CANARY is the only sensor that makes use of immune cells. Other available sensors are based on immunoassays or PCR (polymerase chain reaction), both of which take much longer and/or are not as sensitive as CANARY.
Rider and colleagues first reported the success of CANARY (which stands for Cellular Analysis and Notification of Antigen Risks and Yields) in the journal Science in 2003. Since then, they have been working to incorporate the technology into a portable device that could be used in a variety of settings where environmental threats might exist.
The new device, PANTHER, takes the CANARY technology and combines it with an air sampler that brings pathogens into contact with the detector cells. The prototype sensor is about a cubic foot and weighs 37 pounds and is well suited to building-protection applications. With minor modifications it could also enhance biological detection capabilities for emergency responders.
CANARY has been tested in rural and coastal environments as well as urban ones. It could eventually be used on farms or in food-processing plants to test for contamination by E. coli, salmonella, or other food-borne pathogens. Another potential application is in medical diagnostics, where the technology could be used to test patient samples, giving rapid results without having to send samples to a laboratory.
“Instead of going to the doctor’s office and waiting a few days for your test results, with CANARY you could get the results in just a minute or so,” said Rider.
The research on PANTHER was funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
Posted April 2008
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Which member of The Beatles returned his MBE medal in protest against the British government’s support of the US war in Vietnam? | Rule Forty Two - » What’s an MBE, anyway? Why did John Lennon give his back?
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What’s an MBE, anyway? Why did John Lennon give his back?
The M.B.E. (Member of the Order of the British Empire) was an award invented by King George V in 1917 to commemorate services to the war effort by people who weren’t at the frontlines. All the Beatles received the medal in 1965, which entitled them to a payment of forty pounds a year and free admission to the Whispering Gallery at St. Paul’s Cathedral (ordinarily about a shilling). The Beatles were somewhat mystified as to why the Queen was honoring them, but generally cheerful about the notion. As Ringo Starr put it, “We’re going to meet the Queen and she’s going to give us a badge. I thought, ‘This is cool.'” Lennon later said that the Beatles had gotten stoned at Buckingham Palace before the ceremony, smoking a joint in the bathroom; George Harrison said it was just tobacco. When the Beatles finally met Queen Elizabeth II, they thought that her majesty was a pretty nice girl, but she didn’t have a lot to say. (Really.)
The Beatles’ parents were pleased; the group largely forgot about their medals, although Harrison and Paul McCartney later used theirs as jacket decorations at the Sgt. Pepper photo shoot. Lennon gave his to his beloved Aunt Mimi, who hung it over her mantelpiece. But as the years went by, he had second thoughts about his implied endorsement of the British government and royal family, so on November 25, 1969, he sent the medal back to the queen, seizing on whatever excuse seemed handy. His accompanying note read, “Your majesty, I am returning this MBE in protest against Britain’s involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam and against Cold Turkey slipping down the charts. With love, John Lennon.” (When the region of Biafra attempted to break away from Nigeria in the late ’60s and a civil war ensued, Great Britain provided the ruling party with air support. Lennon’s solo single “Cold Turkey” peaked on the UK charts at just #14.) Lennon said at the time, “The Queen’s intelligent. It won’t spoil her cornflakes.”
(Excerpted from the 2006 book Is Tiny Dancer Really Elton’s Little John?: Music’s Most Enduring Mysteries, Myths, and Rumors Revealed, published by Three Rivers Press, written by Gavin Edwards.)
| John Lennon |
Mark Renton, Daniel Murphy and Francis Begbie are all characters in which 1993 novel? | Queen Elizabeth's shortest letter from John Lennon on Biafra War
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Friday, 08 November 2013 17:43
Queen Elizabeth's shortest letter from John Lennon on Biafra War
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John Lennon and Beatles meeting Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
The most famous member of Beatles, John Lennon wrote the letter and returned MBE (The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) medal in September 1st 1969 to the Queen on the protest of British involvement in Nigeria-Biafra war. Queen Elizabeth made Beatles -"Members of the Order of the British Empire in 1965, in recognition of the huge revenues they generated when they opened the U.S. market to British pop music. In 1969, Lennon sent his MBE medal back with the letter."
John Lennon photo: Michael Putland/Hulton Archive
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In which British city is Ninian Park railway station? | Ninian Park Railway Station (NNP) - Leckwith - 2 tips from 119 visitors
Ninian Park Railway Station (NNP)
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Trains are every half a hour both ways
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The platform closest to the city stadium is for northbound services to Treherbert, Merthyr and Aberdare via Pontypridd. The opposite side is for Cardiff.
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Which country hosted the first Rugby World Cup in which every match was held in one country? | NINIAN PARK STATION - RAILWAY STATION (UNSTAFFED) in Grangetown (Cardiff), Wales
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What is the name of the female pie-maker in the 2007 film ‘Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street’? | Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) - IMDb
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Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 )
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The infamous story of Benjamin Barker, AKA Sweeney Todd, who sets up a barber shop down in London which is the basis for a sinister partnership with his fellow tenant, Mrs. Lovett. Based on the hit Broadway musical.
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Storyline
In the Victorian London, the barber Benjamin Barker is married to the gorgeous Lucy and they have a lovely child, Johanna. The beauty of Lucy attracts the attention of the corrupt Judge Turpin, who falsely accuses the barber of a crime that he did not commit and abuses Lucy later after gaining custody of her. After fifteen years in exile, Benjamin returns to London under the new identity of Sweeney Todd, seeking revenge against Turpin. He meets the widow Mrs. Lovett who is the owner of a meat pie shop who tells him that Lucy swallowed arsenic many years ago, and Turpin assigned himself tutor of Johanna. He opens a barber shop above her store, initiating a crime rampage against those who made him suffer and lose his beloved family. Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Never Forget. Never Forgive. See more »
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Rated R for graphic bloody violence | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
21 December 2007 (USA) See more »
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$13,635,390 (USA) (21 December 2007)
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Trivia
As of March 2010, Helena Bonham Carter still had not seen the film because she does not like watching her own performances, although she had said she "will get round to watching it." See more »
Goofs
Johanna is seen packing stuff neatly into a suitcase , she puts the last item into her suitcase neatly , but when Judge Turpin opens her door we see the item hanging over the side as if it was hastily thrown in. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Anthony Hope : I have sailed the world, beheld its wonders, from the Dardanelles to the mountains of Peru. But there's no place like London.
Sweeney Todd : No, there's no place like London.
Anthony Hope : [spoken] Mr. Todd?
Sweeney Todd : You are young. Life has been kind to you. You will learn.
(Los Angeles, USA) – See all my reviews
As it happens more often than not, greatness is relegated to some obscure angle. In a year of brilliant opuses by the Cohen Brothers and PT Anderson, this Tim Burton film shines as the best from every angle. It's not just that Burton creates another superb, dark universe with Dante Ferretti's complicity or that Johnnt Deep breaks new ground, or that Helena Bonham Carter surprises us with a complex, marvelous realistic parody. The film touches visually a very private cord. Ed Wood managed that but Tim Burton with "Sweeny Todd" elevates it to the purest form of art. He will be punished for that, as Ed Wood was in its day. Disappointing grosses in a world that worship grosses will make it appear as a sort of a failure. My advise to you is run to see it wherever you can find it. Try to see it in a big screen with great sound. You will fly and dream and be taken away by the masterful hands of Tim Burton and the glorious faces of Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham Carter.
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In the 1990’s which supermodel famously fell over on the catwalk while wearing a pair of Vivienne Westwood shoes? | Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) |
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Rated: R – 116 min – Drama | Horror | Musical – 21 December 2007 (USA)
The infamous story of Benjamin Barker, a.k.a Sweeney Todd, who sets up a barber shop down in London which is the basis for a sinister partnership with his fellow tenant, Mrs. Lovett. Based on the hit Broadway musical.
Director: Tim Burton
Writers: John Logan (screenplay), Hugh Wheeler (musical)
Stars: Johnny Depp, Helena Bonham Carter, Alan Rickman
Benjamin Barker (Johnny Depp), a skilled barber, is falsely charged and sentenced to a life of hard labor in Australia by the corrupt Judge Turpin (Alan Rickman), who lusts after Barker’s wife Lucy (Laura Michelle Kelly). Now under the assumed name “Sweeney Todd”, Barker returns to London with sailor Anthony Hope (Jamie Campbell Bower). At his old Fleet Street lodgings above Mrs. Nellie Lovett’s (Helena Bonham Carter) pie shop, he discovers that Lucy, having been raped by Turpin, has poisoned herself, and his teenage daughter Johanna (Jayne Wisener) is now Turpin’s ward, and like her mother before her, is the object of his unwanted affections. Nellie has kept Todd’s silver barber knives hidden in the Barkers’ old room, which is supposedly haunted. Todd vows revenge, reopening his barber shop in the upstairs flat.
While roaming London, Anthony spots Johanna and falls in love with her, but is ejected from the Judge’s house by Turpin and his associate, Beadle Bamford (Timothy Spall). Far from being discouraged, the sailor becomes determined that the pair will elope. Meanwhile, Todd, during a visit to the marketplace, denounces a fraudulent hair tonic by faux-Italian barber Adolfo Pirelli (Sacha Baron Cohen), and later humiliates him in a public shaving contest. Pirelli and his boy assistant Toby (Ed Sanders) visit Todd’s barbershop; Lovett keeps Toby occupied downstairs, while in the parlor Pirelli reveals himself to be Todd’s former assistant and attempts to blackmail him into paying him half of Todd’s earnings or he will reveal Todd’s real identity. Instead of giving Pirelli a pay off Todd murders him to protect the secret of his true identity.
Turpin, intending to propose to Johanna, pays a visit to Todd’s parlor to groom himself into Johanna’s ideal suitor. Recognizing his tormentor, Todd relaxes the judge while preparing to slit his throat. Before he can do so, they are interrupted by Anthony, who, unaware of Turpin’s presence, bursts in and reveals his plan to elope with Johanna. Turpin leaves enraged, vowing to never return. His plan thwarted, Todd has an epiphany, and decides to vent his murderous rage upon his customers while waiting for another chance to kill Turpin. He is indiscriminate about his victims he believes that he is punishing the corrupt aristocracy for their exploitation of those below them and, at the same time, saving the lower classes from their misery.
Lovett becomes his willing accomplice, suggesting they dispose of the bodies by baking them into pies to improve her business. Todd enthusiastically agrees, and rigs his barber’s chair with a pedal-operated mechanism, which deposits his victims through a trap door into Lovett’s bakehouse. As the weeks pass, Todd’s murders accumulate (although he is shown sparing a man who brings his wife and daughter). Meanwhile, Anthony begins to search for Johanna, who was sent by Turpin to Fogg’s insane asylum as punishment for her refusal to marry him.
The barbering and pie-making business prospers financially, and Lovett takes in young Toby. Anthony finally discovers Johanna’s whereabouts and, following Todd’s plan, poses as a wig-maker’s apprentice, allowing him access to the asylum to put a rescue plan into action. As Anthony is given a short tour of the asylum, he becomes aware that his guide has been using the female inmates for his own profit; after freeing Johanna, he chooses to lock the guide in with the inmates, who fall upon him with murderous intent. Todd’s motive for assisting is to lure Turpin back to the barber shop, and he sends Toby to the courthouse to let the judge know where he will find Johanna. Toby has become wary of Todd, and when he returns he tells Lovett of his distrust, unaware of her complicity in his crimes. He promises to protect Mrs. Lovett, whom he has come to love as a surrogate mother. Beadle Bamford arrives at the barber shop and is murdered by Todd, and Lovett informs Todd of Toby’s suspicions. The pair search for Toby, whom Lovett has locked in the basement bakehouse to keep him out of the way. He is nowhere to be found, having hidden in the sewers after seeing the Beadle’s body drop into the room from the trapdoor above, as well as finding fingers in a pie, clothing and body parts in a fireplace. Meanwhile, Anthony brings a disguised Johanna to the shop, where she hides herself in a trunk in a corner of the room.
An insane beggar woman who has been pestering Todd, Lovett and Anthony throughout the film now makes her way into the shop. As Todd enters, she claims that she recognizes him. Just then, Turpin’s voice is heard. Todd quickly slits the beggar woman’s throat and deposits her body through the trap door. As Turpin enters, Todd lies to him that Johanna had repented, and offers a free shave. Todd then reveals his true identity and stabs Turpin in the neck numerous times before finally slitting his throat and dropping him through the trap door. As Johanna peeks out of the trunk, Todd spots her and prepares to slit her throat as well, not recognizing her as his daughter. A scream from Lovett diverts him to the basement, where she tells him that Turpin had still been alive and tried to grab at her dress before bleeding to death. Viewing the corpses in the light of the bakehouse fire, Todd discovers that the beggar woman was his wife, Lucy, whom he had believed to be dead based on Lovett’s account of the poisoning. Todd realizes that Lovett knew Lucy was alive. Lovett points out that she never said Lucy died; and, after attempting to convince Sweeney that she misled him for his own good, she confesses she lied because she loves him and would be a better wife than Lucy ever was. Todd forgives her, waltzing maniacally with her around the bakehouse before hurling her into the open oven. He watches her burn as he shuts the oven door and locks it. He returns to Lucy and cradles her dead body as Toby emerges from the sewer, picks up the discarded razor, sneaks up behind the barber, and slits Todd’s throat (Todd appears to hear him, but he simply raises his neck, and allows Toby to kill him.) The film ends with Todd bleeding over his dead wife as Toby walks away.
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What was the name of the Los Angeles hotel in which Robert F Kennedy was shot in June 1968? | Robert F. Kennedy shot - Jun 05, 1968 - HISTORY.com
Robert F. Kennedy shot
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At 12:50 a.m. PDT, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a presidential candidate, is shot three times in a hail of gunfire in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Five others were wounded. The senator had just completed a speech celebrating his victory in the California presidential primary. The shooter, Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan, had a smoking .22 revolver wrested from his grip and was promptly arrested. Kennedy, critically wounded, was rushed to the hospital, where he fought for his life for the next 24 hours. On the morning of June 6, he died. He was 42 years old. On June 8, Kennedy was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, also the final resting place of his assassinated older brother, President John F. Kennedy.
Robert Kennedy, born in Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1925, interrupted his studies at Harvard University to serve in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was legal counsel for various Senate subcommittees during the 1950s and in 1960 served as the manager of his brother’s successful presidential campaign. Appointed attorney general by President Kennedy, he proved a vigorous member of the cabinet, zealously prosecuting cases relating to civil rights while closely advising the president on domestic and foreign issues. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, he joined President Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration but resigned in 1964 to run successfully in New York for a Senate seat. Known in Congress as an advocate of social reform and defender of the rights of minorities, he also voiced criticism of the war in Vietnam.
In 1968, he was urged by many of his supporters to run for president as an anti-war and socially progressive Democratic. Hesitant until he saw positive primary returns for fellow anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy, he announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination on March 16, 1968. Fifteen days later, President Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection, and Vice President Hubert Humphrey became the key Democratic hopeful, with McCarthy and Kennedy trailing closely behind. Kennedy conducted an energetic campaign and on June 4, 1968, won a major victory in the California primary. He had won five out of six primaries and seemed a shoo-in for the Democratic nomination and, some thought, the presidency.
Shortly after midnight, he gave a victory speech to his supporters in the Ambassador Hotel and then, while making his way to a press conference by a side exit, was fatally wounded by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. Sirhan was arrested at the scene and indicted for first-degree murder. A mentally unstable drifter, his motives in killing Kennedy have never been clear. Some journalists have alleged that Sirhan was part of a larger assassination conspiracy, supposedly brought on by Kennedy’s promise to end the Vietnam War if elected president. These conspiracists cite forensic evidence and witness testimony that they say proves the existence of additional shooters who were not detained.
In 1969, Sirhan Sirhan was convicted and sentenced to die. In 1972, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court abolished the death penalty. Since 1983, he has repeatedly been denied parole by prison officials who consider him a serious threat to public safety.
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During which month of the year was William Shakespeare born? | Sirhan Sirhan, Robert Kennedy's Assassin, to Seek Parole for 15th Time - NBC News
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Robert F. Kennedy's assassin will seek parole for the 15th time Wednesday morning — almost 48 years after he shot and killed the Democratic senator for New York.
Kennedy was shot on June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles just after he'd won the state's Democratic presidential primary. The younger brother of President John F. Kennedy died the next day.
Sirhan Sirhan at his last parole hearing in Coalinga, California, in March 2011. Ben Margot / AP
Sirhan B. Sirhan, a Christian-born Palestinian from Jordan who opposed Kennedy's support for Israel, was wrestled to the ground with a gun in his hand and later convicted of the killing. He was sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life in prison after California banned the death penalty.
Sirhan, now 71, has said for many years that he doesn't remember shooting Kennedy, who was 42.
At his last parole hearing in 2011 — his 13th unsuccessful attempt to win his freedom — parole commissioners said Sirhan hadn't shown enough remorse for or understanding of the severity of his crime.
Sirhan is serving his life sentence at a prison in San Diego, where he was moved on Nov. 22, 2013 — the 50th anniversary of John Kennedy's assassination. State prison officials said the timing was a coincidence.
Alex Johnson
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A ‘pod’ is a group of which mammals? | Pod - What Is a Pod
Pod
Pod
Definition of the Term Pod, as Used in Marine Life
A pod of orca (killer) whales come to the surface on a calm day in Lynn Canal, Inside Passage, Alaska, near Juneau. John Hyde / Design Pics/First Light/Getty Images
By Jennifer Kennedy
Updated September 30, 2015.
A pod is a group of animals, such as whales or dolphins. This gathering of animals may also referred to as a group, school, herd, or (more traditionally) a gam.
Uses of the Terms Pod, School and Group
The terms pod and school are sometimes used interchangeably, but sometimes they are used to distinguish between groups of aquatic mammals and other organisms. Since the word school is traditionally used to refer to a group of fish, many people use the term pod to make the distinction that whales are mammals, not fish.
Then again, in some references, a school refers to a large group of whales or dolphins, while a pod is a smaller group of animals within that larger group.
According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, a pod refers to a group of whales in a specific species - the killer whale, or orca. The authors define a pod as a group of resident killer whales that are closely related matrilines (a line of individuals descended from a single female) that regularly associate with each other.
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Examples of Marine Animals that Gather in Pods
Assuming you use the term pod to refer to a group of cetaceans, several species regularly gather in pods. The term pod is most often used to refer to t oothed whales ( odontocetes ), many of whom seem to live in a stronger social structure than baleen whales.
Odontocete species with well-studied pod structures include:
Sperm Whales
Bottlenose Dolphins
Pilot Whales
Depending on the species, these groups may or may not include related individuals.Killer and pilot whales are a species in which the individuals in a pod are related.
Why Do Animals Gather in Pods?
Defense
An advantage of being in a pod is that the animals can better defend themselves against predators such as sharks and killer whales. In the open ocean, there's nowhere to hide. But by gathering together with other whales, each individual has less of a chance of being selected for attack by a predator. Also, the presence of many whales can confuse a predator and make it difficult for the predator to single out any one animal.
Animals in the center of a pod will also benefit from being shielded from predators by those on the outside of the pod. In some whales, like killer and sperm whales, weaker or younger animals may be protected inside the pod, while the stronger members of the pod defend them against predators. Sperm whales employ this strategy. These animals can undertake long feeding dives. Calves, which are still nursing and can't hold their breath as long, are left at the surface, but the adults take turns diving so that the calves are never left wholly unprotected. If a calf is threatened, the adults may gather in a circle around it, with their heads facing the calf and their tails facing the predator.
Feeding
Animals may also form pods to better enable them to hunt prey. For example, when preying upon a large whale, a small group of killer whales would be more successful than a single individual. Dolphins hunting fish may work together to herd the fish toward the surface or into a shallow area. Once the fish are all gathered together, the whole pod can partake in the feast.
Avoiding Harassment
Female dolphins may gather together to avoid harassment from males seeking to mate with them.
Mating
Pods may come together for mating purposes, especially in cases where animals traditionally gather in smaller pods - these smaller pods may join up with other pods periodically so that animals don't have to mate with members of their own pod.
Pod Sizes
Pods may contain anywhere from a few animals up to several thousand. The size of the pod may be determined by how the individualsa related, or by feeding needs. If a pod gets too large, the animals in the pod may not be able to find enough food. So the pod size may maximize at the point where animals aren't getting enough to eat.
References and Further Information:
Acevedo-Gutierrez, A. 2002. "Group Behavior." In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.
Trillmich, F. "Sociobiology." In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.
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Oliver Mellors was the lover of which fictional character? | KILLER WHALES (Orcinus orca) - Behavior
Behavior
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Behavior Observation
For the most part, killer whales in the wild are visible only when they are at the surface, so it is inherently challenging to document and study whale behavior.
Possibly the most-studied killer whales in the wild are the resident killer whale communities of the eastern North Pacific Ocean.
Much of what we know about killer whales comes from studying these whales.
Ecotypes of killer whales can be very different from one another in diet, appearance, dialect, and genetics. Experts use caution when generalizing about killer whales, knowing that the different ecotypes of killer whales that have not been as well studied may be quite different from the eastern North Pacific resident whales.
Social Structure
Social structure of North Pacific resident killer whale populations:
Resident populations of wild killer whales, particularly around coastal British Columbia, Washington and Alaska, have been studied for decades. Based on long-term studies, the basic social unit of resident killer whales in these areas is called a matriline.
A matriline is a group of killer whales connected by maternal descent, such as a female with her son and/or daughters. The matriline may also include the offspring of her daughters as well.
This core group is highly stable with bonds that appear to be extremely strong — individuals are rarely seen apart for more than a few hours. Individuals have not been seen to permanently leave any of these observed resident matrilines.
Some matrilines may consist of only one generation — others may include as many as four generations of related whales.
A pod is the next level of social structure observed in resident whales of the North Pacific. A pod contains a group of related matrilines that travel together. Likely they share a past, common maternal ancestor. Pods are less stable and it's not unusual for a matriline to break away from the pod for an extended period, perhaps for weeks or months at a time.
A further social level is called a clan. Clans are made up of pods in an area with similar vocal dialects and are thought to be related. These pods may have developed from one ancestral pod that grew and fragmented over time. Clans inhabit overlapping geographic areas, and pods from different clans are frequently seen traveling together.
The top social level described for resident killer whales of the North Pacific is called a community. A community not based upon maternal links or vocal similarities but rather it is a group of killer whales that share a common range and regularly associate with one.
Pods within one community rarely, if ever, travel with those of another community. However, their ranges can overlap in some areas.
Along the coastal waters of British Columbia, Washington and Alaska, three communities of residents have been documented; southern Alaskan (11 pods, 2 clans), southern (3 pods, 1 clan), and northern (16 pods, 3 clans).
Occasionally there is an exchange of pods members, such as for breeding purposes.
Social structure of North Pacific transient killer whale populations:
The social structure of North Pacific transient killer whales are not as well studied as resident populations in the same area, but similarly their basic social unit is the matriline.
Transient matrilines are typically smaller than those seen in resident populations, with juvenile or adult offspring that may disperse for long periods of time or even permanently.
Consistent grouping patterns are not formed and associations are more dynamic than those observed in resident matrilines.
Social structure of global killer whale populations:
Close, prolonged associations between mother killer whales and their offspring have been commonly observed in long-term studies done on killer whale populations around Norway, Argentina and the Crozet Islands. Matrilineal social structures may be typical for killer whales in other areas of the world as well.
Group size.
Killer whale group sizes observed in the wild can vary tremendously.
In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, pod size varies from just two or three to more than 100 individuals. In general, resident pods are larger than transient pods.
Resident pods usually include between 5 and 50 whales.
Transient pods usually include only seven whales or less. In fact, some transient "pods" observed in the North Pacific consist of a solitary adult male. Rarely, transient pods come together to form groups of 12 or more. More than 30 individuals were spotted in a transient killer whale pod in the western Okhotsk Sea.
Offshore killer whales in the wild are sighted in groups of less than 20 to more than 100 individuals.
Off Alaska and Antarctica, groups of more than 100 killer whales have been observed. Larger groups of 130 to 500 individuals have also been seen, with one report of a gathering of an estimated 2,500 individuals. These larger groups may be due to seasonal prey aggregations, for social interaction, or for mating.
Scientists theorize that these differences in pod size are related to the whales' feeding habits. A large pod size may be best for herding and hunting schools of fish, and a small pod may be best for hunting marine mammals.
Social Behavior
Killer whales in a pod establish strong social bonds. Observers note that certain individuals are regularly seen associating with one another.
The strongest association bonds in a pod are the mother/calf bonds.
A mother killer whale stays close to her newborn calf and attentively directs its movements. The mother/calf bond weakens as a young killer whale matures, but in specific ecotypes this bond may remain strong — researchers observing resident killer whales of the North Pacific, for example, have not seen juveniles leaving their maternal pod after they have matured.
In transient pods of the eastern North Pacific Ocean, a whale may leave its mother to travel alone or with other whales.
The killer whale social hierarchy is matriarchal or "female-dominant".
As with many species, a social hierarchy exists within a group of killer whales. The hierarchy is female-dominant.
Killer whales within a pod may rank themselves and establish dominance by slapping their tails against the water, head-butting, jaw-snapping, biting, raking (tooth-scratching), and various other vigorous postures and gestures.
SeaWorld observers noted that calves receive social discipline from their mothers and other significant adults. Discipline may be in the form of restraining (corralling the calf thus restricting its movements) or raking (tooth scratching).
Tooth scratches can leave a killer whale with scars, but generally these scratches are superficial.
Killer whales often cooperatively hunt together. (See Diet: Food Preferences & Resources and Diet: Methods of Collecting Food )
Interactions between resident and transient pods have not been observed. When they are traveling in the same area, they most often appear to ignore each other. At other times, transient whales actively avoid resident whales.
Individual Behavior
Whale watchers and researchers have named certain common whale behaviors.
A breach is a behavior in which a whale powerfully thrusts a large part of its body out of the water and lands on the surface — usually on its side or on its back — with a huge splash. Sometimes the same whale will breach several times in sequence.
A spyhop is a behavior in which a whale rises out of the water somewhat vertically, exposing its head.
Lob-tailing (slapping the tail flukes on the surface of the water), dorsal fin slapping (rolling onto one side to slap the fin on the surface of the water), and pec-slapping (slapping a pectoral flipper on the surface of the water) create loud sounds above water and under water.
Killer whales in the Johnstone Strait in British Columbia rub their bodies along the pebbly bottoms of shallow bays (sometimes called "rubbing beaches"). They may do this to help remove sloughing off skin.
Killer whale "play" observed by researchers includes intentional beaching in the wild by a group of adult females around the Crozet Archipelago and manipulation of objects (i.e. man-made balls) in zoological parks.
Behavioral studies of cetacean species in zoological parks suggest that killer whales are among the most curious of all cetaceans, with a great tendency to "play" and manipulate objects.
Stranding
A killer whale may strand if it is affected by a severe, debilitating illness or injury, or if it is too weak to swim or hunt for food. (See Longevity & Causes of Death .)
In some areas, killer whales temporarily slide up onto ice or sand to pursue prey. This behavior is not considered stranding.
Interaction with other Marine Mammals
Killer whales prey on many species of marine mammals. (See Diet & Eating Habits .)
Killer whales have also been observed harassing other marine mammals, without eating them.
At other times, killer whales have been seen feeding in the same area with other marine mammals, with no apparent reaction by the killer whales. Some species, including those that are known prey for killer whales (minke whales, Dall's porpoises, and seals, for example) have been observed swimming with killer whales.
Other marine mammals may flee or avoid killer whales, but at times they seem to ignore them. Sometimes other marine mammals appear to be attracted to killer whales.
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What are the first names of crime writer P D James? | Order of P.D. James Books - OrderOfBooks.com
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Order of P.D. James Books
P.D. James is the pen name of Phyllis Dorothy James, Baroness James of Holland Park. P.D. James is an English novelist of crime fiction, thrillers and dystopian fiction. She is best known for her detective fiction novels featuring Adam Dalgliesh , a policeman and poet. She has also written a couple of novels featuring Cordelia Gray and a few standalone novels.
P.D. James has been writing since 1962, when her first Adam Dalgliesh mystery entitled Cover Her Face was published. Below is a list of all of P.D. James’ books in order of publication and in chronological order (when necessary):
Publication Order of Adam Dalgliesh Books
Cover Her Face
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Which confectionery items are named after Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie? | PD James interview: 'I have lived a very happy and fulfilled life' - Telegraph
Author interviews
PD James interview: 'I have lived a very happy and fulfilled life'
The author PD James has died, at the age of 94. In this interview from 2010, she reflects on death, family − and the husband she couldn’t save
THIS INTERVIEW WITH PD JAMES, WHO HAS DIED AGED 94 , WAS FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2010, AS THE AUTHOR APPROCHED 90
For the briefest of moments, as she plays with her hearing aid, PD James resembles Mrs Richards, the gimlet-eyed battleaxe in Fawlty Towers whose demands for ‘a view’ prompt Basil’s ‘herds of wildebeest’ speech. This is unfair – she doesn’t really need the hearing aid, she is ‘switching it on just in case’, and she is one of the most polite people you could ever meet.
That said, James does look a little like Mrs Richards, with her white hair and erect posture, and she sounds a bit like her – that clipped, educated, ‘Home Service’ English of hers – and she does have a reputation for being a formidable interrogator, as Mark Thompson, the director-general of the BBC, discovered when he agreed to be interviewed by her back in the new year, for the edition of the Today programme she was guest editing. He was well and truly filleted, left stuttering, indeed, as she accused him, with great tact and old school courtesy, of dumbing down the BBC and unwisely over paying his executives.
James has more than one name. She is Baroness James of Holland Park OBE, as well as Phyllis Dorothy White (James is her maiden name). When experimenting with a pen-name at the time her first novel was published in 1962, she considered Phyllis James and Phyllis D James before opting for the more enigmatic initials P D.
Combined with her masculine sounding surname these have led some readers over the years to assume that PD James is a man. Her genre, crime fiction, might be considered more manly than womanly, too, were it not for the fact that so many of the most successful crime writers have been women: from Agatha Christie and Dorothy L Sayers to Ruth Rendell and Patricia Cornwell.
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The great mystery of detective novels
12 Jul 2010
Added to all this, her best known hero, the detective Adam Dalgliesh, is a man. When I ask her what it has been like being, as it were, inside his head for the past 47 years she chuckles and says: ‘Well, he is a male version of me. Brainier than me but his emotions are mine. The empathy is mental rather than physical. I never describe Dalgliesh getting up and getting dressed.’ So is she, like her hero, unsentimental? ‘Yes, I’m very unsentimental. Very.’
Her most recent Dalgliesh novel was published in 2008, might there be another one? ‘I’m not sure yet. Life has been so busy I have only done 10,000 words in six months. I don’t want the standard to drop and I don’t want a reviewer to be saying: “It’s a remarkable book, for a 91 year-old.” And I don’t want them to say: “It’s not vintage PD James.” If I’m not doing it as well as I have done it in the past, then there is no point in my doing it at all.’
James will be 90 on August 3 and, as she sits like a small attentive bird in her sage green drawing room in Holland Park, surrounded by her bookcases, rubber plants and photographs of family and friends, you would not guess that she was approaching this grand old age. She never hesitates or has to search her memory for a word. Though she does have an elegantly handled walking stick by her side, she doesn’t appear to need it. And, as I discovered when I tried to find a free July morning in her diary, she is still an active member of the House of Lords, still writes books and still gives lectures, her next one being on a cruise to New York in the Queen Mary 2.
In light of this, it must surprise even her that she is the age she is. ‘I do have to pinch myself sometimes. There is no getting away from it, at 90 you are old, and there are differences. But I’m glad to be reaching it, if I do reach it.’ On that delicate subject, James breezily says, she doesn’t know whether there is an afterlife or not. ‘But no doubt I’ll find out one way or the other.’ Though she is an Anglican, she thinks the continuation of the genes through children is as good a form of immortality as any. Unsentimental thing that she is, she has told her family that, if it comes to it, she wants to be put out of her misery, perhaps in one of those Swiss clinics we read about.
Her family – she has two daughters, five grandchildren and seven great grandchildren – keep telling her she should slow down. ‘But it’s not easy to slow down. There’s more than one house to run and there are the finances to think about, and an awful lot of people want an awful lot of things. They have to be replied to. But I have no cause for complaint. I have lived a very happy and fulfilled life.
'Women have more things in their lives than work, which is why it’s easier for them to retire. I think it’s harder for men to retire, especially government ministers. When Macmillan had to resign as prime minister due to ill health he went in for an operation and came round to see them unplugging the prime ministerial red phone by his bed. Brutal.’
A man who knows what it was like to lose the trappings of power lives a few doors down from her: Tony Benn. She sees him some mornings and, though they are on opposite sides of the fence politically, they are always friendly to one another in the street. (She doesn’t take the Conservative whip in the Lords, by the way, but is, broadly speaking, on the right. Indeed there is a photograph of her in her drawing room standing between George and Barbara Bush. And she looks pretty comfortable there.)
The author has lived in this house since 1981, shortly after she retired at 60 from her day job. That was the one at the Home Office where, among other things, she worked as a principal in the Forensic Science Service. I ask why she carried on with that job for so long after becoming a successful novelist. ‘I think it was because I was born in 1920 and grew up in the Depression when you got used to seeing notices saying: “No hands wanted”. I remember my mother saying how lucky we were that my father was a civil servant and so his job was safe.’ Her father was an Inland Revenue official.
But life wasn’t that safe: by her mid-teens her mother was in a mental hospital and James was caring for her two younger siblings. ‘I grew up thinking it was important to have a safe job with a cheque at the end of every month.’ Now it looks as if civil service jobs are no longer ‘safe’ jobs for life.
Having worked in the Home Office, I suggest, she must have an interesting take on the cuts debate. ‘I don’t think you can spend your way out of debt as the previous government tried to do,’ she says. ‘The principles we apply to our home finances are sound. If there is less money coming into the house you have to ask yourself what is essential. A school uniform yes, but not an expensive holiday – or a holiday at all. I can see it is difficult for the Government because you have to decide what is most important and it can be emotive. I’m not sure it’s a good idea to ring fence the health service because there is scope for saving money by reducing the number of managers without having an impact on the quality of the care.’
She knows whereof she speaks. Before the Home Office, which she joined in 1968, she worked as an administrator in the NHS, having had some experience of health care working for the Red Cross in the Second World War. That was what she was doing when she had her first novel published at the age of 42. ‘I remember thinking: the years are slipping by and if I don't make a start soon I’m going to be a failed writer. There was never going to be a convenient time to get on with it.’ So she had to be selfish and find the time? ‘I did a lot of plotting on long journeys to work but I was also doing evening classes and visiting my husband in hospital, so I didn’t have much spare time. I certainly didn’t tell anyone I was writing a book, apart from my husband, and he was encouraging.’
During the Second World War, her husband was a doctor in the Royal Army Medical Corps, but he suffered a mental breakdown and ended up in a psychiatric hospital. He wasn’t given a disability pension because it was claimed his mental illness had not been caused by war service. ‘So I had him and two daughters to support, and did evening classes in hospital administration to get my qualifications. Then I was put in charge of psychiatric units and I got two books out of that.’
It was at this time that she saw an advertisement for the civil service and decided to take the examination. Though she hadn’t had the chance to go to university, for financial reasons, she came third in the country. ‘I’ve still got the pre-printed letter which says: “Dear sir” and “sir” is crossed out and “Madam” has been written in by hand. It was so rare for women to take the exam.’
Retiring from the Home Office in 1979 meant she could concentrate on her ‘second job’, as a bestselling crime novelist. ‘All that experience with the NHS and the Home Office, and working as a magistrate was very useful for my fiction. I couldn’t have been a lady writer in a country cottage, it wouldn’t have suited me.’ When she worked as a nurse she saw someone being fed through a tube.
‘I remember thinking: that would be an easy way to kill someone.’ This was the method she used to dispatch a character in her fourth book, Shroud For a Nightingale.
How does she get into the mind of a killer? ‘I think when you create a character you become that character for as long as you are writing about them. So when I am writing about a killer, I am that killer. I am in his mind, which is probably why I don’t have sadistic mass murderers as characters. They terrify me as much as anybody and I wouldn’t want to be in their minds. And, anyway, most mass murderers are mundane.
'The Cumbrian gunman killed in a random way. He was determined to die and make sure everyone took notice, but his case is not very fascinating to a crime writer. The same is true of psychopaths. They don’t interest me as much from a crime writing point of view because they kill without recognisable motives. What is fascinating is when you have an educated, law-abiding person who steps over a line.’
Can anyone be a murderer? ‘No, I don’t think they can. We could all be guilty of manslaughter. If I saw someone attacking my children I would go for them, but that would not be premeditated murder.’ She has said in the past that she believes in ‘emotional reticence’ and finds the modern tendency to go in for hugging and counselling ‘creepy’.
But has she never seen a psychotherapist, even out of professional curiosity? ‘No, no. And because I’ve had a husband who was mentally ill, I had some experience of psychiatric clinics and wasn’t that impressed.’ Her husband, Connor Bantry White, died in 1964 at the relatively young age of 44. There has been speculation that he deliberately took an overdose of drugs mixed with alcohol, but as far as I am aware she has never commented on this.
Even now, after all these years, when I ask her what was the cause of her husband’s death, she hesitates before answering. ‘He died as a result of his mental illness,’ she says carefully. ‘And that is one of the reasons I have reservations about psychiatry. I think with other medical conditions there is a diagnosis that is understandable. With a cancerous tumour, for example, you take it out and try chemotherapy. But with mental illness you are talking about the difference between the mind and the brain. How do you treat it? Nowadays, instead of spending months and months on a couch, you are encouraged to recognise what is wrong with you and take some action. Deal with it through medication or whatever. That to me seems reasonable and logical. I’m sure clinical depression is a physical illness. A descent into hell. Not to be confused with the mild depression we all suffer from from time to time. The trouble today is that we all feel we have the right to be happy all the time, and we don’t.’
Mild depression doesn’t lead to suicide, I note. ‘Exactly. It is terrible to think that someone can feel so bad that they want to get out that way. And often it is chance. It is a rainy day and someone is left on their own. If someone had called they might not have done it. What makes me angry is the suicides of young people. These, I think, are often acts of aggression against the family. It leaves such grief behind. You would think anyone with any moral sense would stop and think what their suicide would do to their parents.’
The closest she has come to discussing her husband’s death was when she appeared on In the Psychiatrist’s Chair, and it wasn’t that close. When Dr Anthony Clare asked: ‘What happened?’ there was a long silence before James said: ‘I found him.’ And that was all she would say. In the past she has said she feels that she has a responsibility to the dead, for what her husband might not want to be told. ‘I think the more dramatic part of his life, of his illness, is for me. I don’t talk about it to my daughters and they don’t talk about it to me.’
While this wish must, of course, be respected, I think it is reasonable to ask about a reference she made to her husband’s illness in her autobiography. ‘One suffers with the patient and for oneself,’ she wrote. ‘Another human being who was once a beloved companion can become not only a stranger, but occasionally a malevolent stranger.’ In light of this, did she ever question her own sanity when she was looking after her husband? ‘No. I have a strong ego so I never questioned my sanity.’
It is perhaps not a coincidence of timing that Dalgliesh entered her life shortly before her husband left it. Dalgliesh wasn’t to be distracted by a family, so she killed off his wife in childbirth and had him throw himself into work as a way of escaping the loneliness. She was still quite young when her husband died; did she ever consider remarriage? ‘No, never remarried. If I had met someone I wanted to spend the rest of my life with, I would have. I had men friends and I like men generally but I never met the right one again. And I think from their point of view I would have been difficult. Always so busy. Always writing. And I have my children, who have always been important to me. An absolute delight.’
There is, she reckons, an element of selfishness to writing, because of the space you have to create. ‘There is also what Graham Greene called the splinter of ice in the heart. If I had a friend in distress I would have no hesitation in putting my arms around her to comfort her, but part of me would be observing. That happens. With some of the most difficult things that have happened in my life, part of me stands aside and watches me deal with it. In that sense my life has been a continual narrative.’
If novel writing was her second job, then being a paid up member of the great and the good must have been her third. Among other things she has been a chair of the Booker Prize, the Society of Authors and the Arts Council Literature Advisory Panel. She was also a governor of the BBC. In retrospect, does she think her interview with Mark Thompson, and the public support she had for it afterwards, was a wake up call for the BBC? Arguably, had it not been for her astonishing intervention, the BBC would not be about to reveal its stars’ salaries now.
‘I have a great deal of sympathy with people who say their salary should be private,’ she says. ‘But I don’t think that can apply to anyone paid from the public purse, whether it is a civil servant or someone paid by the license fee. We have a right to know. The problem with the BBC is that their money does not go down if the quality of their programmes goes down. You don’t have that luxury in, say, a newspaper, because if you did that year after year your circulation would go down and so would your profits.’
She mentioned earlier that there were ‘differences’ in being 90, meaning physical. But what about social? How is the world of 2010 different from the world of 1930, say, when she was a 10 year-old? ‘It is a different world. When I was young our house was lit by gas. No telephone. No car. A Victorian child could have moved in with us and felt at home. Whereas if a Victorian child moved into a modern day household he would be utterly lost,’ James says. ‘Life today for a young person is all about computers and being in constant communication, with blogs and tweets, and so on. Not that that makes them any wiser.’
There is an endearing, no-nonsense briskness and good humour to PD James, one that is perhaps something of a defence mechanism (I bet she will disapprove of this cod psychology). Given that she has had to deal with considerable emotional pain, as well as the chaos of living with a mentally ill person, it is telling that she has found consolation in crime fiction, a genre that always offers resolution and creates moral order. She likes being in control and doesn’t like taking risks, which is why she has grilles on her windows and always double locks her doors, even when she is at home.
It is also telling that she has never experimented with drugs, because she finds the thought of being out of control ‘too frightening’. Her mind would no longer be her own. She drinks moderately, about one glass of wine a day, but has never been drunk.
Though she has a graceful and precise prose style, James was once described by Kingsley Amis as ‘Iris Murdoch with murders’; her age and her conservative world-view can make her fiction seem dated at times. Her conversation, too. She says ‘golly’ and ‘my dear’, but doesn’t swear.
In a review of one of her recent novels the critic Mark Lawson wrote: ‘When reading PD James you do become nostalgic for crack cocaine, anal sex and people calling each other mutha.’ ‘Well it’s not part of my world,’ she says with a laugh when I quote this to her. ‘I try to keep away from it. I can write about it if I have to but mostly my murderers are respectable, upper-middle-class people. They don’t go in for a lot of crack.’
Her characters do have sex though. ‘Yes, they sleep together and some have been gay but I mostly leave the details to the reader’s imagination. Dalgliesh sleeps with his girlfriend and is unmarried but I don’t think you need to describe sex in detail. Same with television. All these heaving buttocks. It’s not erotic – perhaps it is for a 12 year-old, but not to an adult.’
To mark her 90th birthday, Faber and Faber have brought out a new paperback collection of her crime novels, and very handsome they look too, with their brooding covers. Needless to say, there isn’t any swearing in them. ‘Oh, I know all the swear words, my dear,’ she says, ‘and use them myself sometimes, in private. But I see no need for them in my books.’
It is time to leave. She sees me to the door, unlocks it from the inside, lets me out, waves goodbye and closes the door. As I am walking away I hear the sound of the key turning in the lock once more.
Faber is repackaging PD James’s novels throughout this year, and in November is publishing a new edition of her true crime book,‘The Maul and the Pear Tree’, on the Ratcliffe Highway Murders, co-written with historian T. A. Critchley
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Which crime writer’s first published novel is entitled ‘The Mysterious Affair at Styles’? | The Mysterious Affair at Styles (Hercule Poirot Mysteries): Agatha Christie: 9781602067912: Amazon.com: Books
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A Scone To Die For (Oxford Tearoom Mysteries ~ Book 1)
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Quinn Checks In: A Gripping Thriller (Liam Quinn Mysteries Book 1)
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Philly ex-con Liam Quinn is back on the street to make amends. 'Wit, action and backstory. What more could you want?' - J. Michael Orenduff.
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Got Ghosts? Willow Valley does and one ghostly femme fatale needs Sonya, ghost whisperer, to find her killer before this good ghost goes dark.
Two Birds With One Stone (A Helen & Martha Cozy Mystery Book 1)
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Two Southern Sleuths Solve a Murder at the Old Grange! Itâs a beautiful summer and the busy village of Marsden-Lacey, England, has murder on its mind.
Pudding, Poison & Pie (A Helen & Martha Cozy Mystery Book 3)
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Helen and Martha enter the village's Pudding and Pie Bake-Off and quickly find themselves up to their elbows in meringue, marmalade and murder.
"Future scholars of the simon-pure detective novel will hold
that its greatest practitioner . . . has been Agatha Christie."
--The New York Times Book Review
" Future scholars of the simon-pure detective novel will hold
that its greatest practitioner . . . has been Agatha Christie."
-- The New York Times Book Review
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From the Inside Flap
Who poisoned the wealthy Emily Inglethorpe, and how did the murderer penetrate and escape from her locked bedroom? Sus-pects abound in the quaint village of Styles St. Mary--from the heiress's fawning new husband to her two stepsons, her volatile housekeeper, and a pretty nurse who works in a hospital dispensary. Making his unforgettable debut, the brilliant Belgian detective Hercule Poirot is on the case.
"The key to the success of this style of detective novel," writes Elizabeth George in her Introduction, "lies in how the author deals with both the clues and the red herrings, and it has to be said that no one bettered Agatha Christie at this game." --This text refers to the Kindle Edition edition.
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Publisher: Cosimo Classics (October 15, 2007)
Language: English
Shipping Weight: 6.4 ounces ( View shipping rates and policies )
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By El Solito on September 6, 2012
Format: Kindle Edition Verified Purchase
I have always loved Christie's books for quick and fun entertainment. Although I used to own her entire published works in English, I lost my whole collection years ago to severe water damage. Recently, I was talked into buying a Kindle (reluctantly--I still like the heft, smell and feel of a paper book) and I was pleased to see this book was available at the best price ever: free.
However, I was extremely annoyed when I discovered that there is no attempt to reproduce the many diagrams and pieces of evidence discussed in the book; in fact, there isn't even an acknowledgement that they are completely missing. The story will say something like, "Below is a diagram representing the layout of the house", and below there is absolutely nothing.
It turns out that these diagrams are essential to understanding (or solving on your own) the pivotal murder in the story. For shame! This destroys what Christie has always been known for--being completely fair with clues so that the perceptive reader can often solve much of the mystery right along with Poirot.
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In astronomy, how many stars make up The Plough? | Review: The Mysterious Affair at Styles by Agatha Christie | Reactions to Reading
Review: The Mysterious Affair at Styles by Agatha Christie
Posted on May 6, 2010 by bernadetteinoz
A few months ago Kerrie who is hosting the Agatha Christie Reading Challenge & Blog Carnival prompted me to look for a way to re-visit Agatha Christie’s work, something I hadn’t done for more than 20 years. I picked up a copy of an audio book of David Suchet narrating Death on the Nile and enjoyed experiencing an old favourite in the new format so much that I sought out some more . Now, with the first of Ms Christie’s books to have been published, I come to the end of my mini-challenge to listen to all of the Christie works I can find narrated by David Suchet (though apparently he has recorded more but these have not yet been transferred to a format I can use in 2010 so I might return in the future). It’s the 17th book that counts towards the 2010 Audio Book Challenge (for which I have to listen to 20 books by the end of the year).
Emily Cavendish inherited Styles Court in Essex from the father of John and Lawrence Cavendish to whom she is a loving stepmother though she is recently remarried to the much younger Alfred Inglethorp whom the Cavendish boys do not like. John Cavendish invites his old friend Arthur Hastings, invalided home from the First World War, to recuperate at the house where he spent many happy days as a young boy. When the new Mrs Inglethorp dies of strychnine poisoning Hastings urges John Cavendish to secure the assistance of Hercule Poirot who is a well-known Detective of Hastings’ acquaintance and who, as a Belgian refugee from the War, has been billeted in the nearby village of Styles St Mary. What remains is to discover how Poirot will arrive at the solution to the mystery.
We meet the main characters of the Poirot novels who fans will later come to love including Lieutenant (later Captain) Arthur Hastings who narrates the tale and, like Dr Watson in the Sherlock Holmes novels, provides the role of a slow-on-the-uptake, slightly foolish person who Poirot can explain things to. Inspector Japp is also present to essentially carry out Poirot’s suggestions whenever a formal police presence is required. And of course the funny little Belgian detective is introduced with a description that enables readers to picture him well
He was hardly more than five feet four inches but carried himself with great dignity. His head was exactly the shape of an egg, and he always perched it a little on one side. His moustache was very stiff and military. Even if everything on his face was covered, the tips of moustache and the pink-tipped nose would be visible. The neatness of his attire was almost incredible; I believe a speck of dust would have caused him more pain than a bullet wound. Yet this quaint dandified little man who, I was sorry to see, now limped badly, had been in his time one of the most celebrated members of the Belgian police.
Poirot’s superior intellect and detecting abilities are also evident from the very beginning of the book as he immediately spots vital evidence in the room where Mrs Inglethorpe died and starts to make connections between events that no one else can see the significance of. The logic and cleverness of Christie’s best plots is already present in this, her first published novel.
We also see Christie’s characteristic populating of the story with an array of interesting people, almost all of whom have motive for committing the crime in question so that readers will normally choose several culprits as they progress through the book. Is it John Cavendish whose wife Mary appears to be consorting with a German spy? Or Cynthia Murdoch who works at the hospital pharmacy and has ready access to poisons? Or Alfred Inglethorp who wishes to be rid of his much older wife? Having half-forgotten the culprit despite having read the book years ago I found myself suspecting several other people on my way to the inevitable denouement.
In some ways the classic whodunnit has become clichéd these days but Agatha Christie was one of the original creators of the genre and this country house mystery with its plethora of clues, red herrings and plot twists remains as engaging and suspenseful today as when it was published. The Mysterious Affair at Styles was written, reportedly as part of a bet , in 1916 and published in 1920. It really is damned impressive how well it stacks up given its age and its place in Ms Christie’s canon. I doubt there are many authors who have produced such a solidly accomplished first novel that is also perfectly readable and enjoyable ninety years after its release.
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Statues of Hans Christian Anderson, William Shakespeare, Christopher Columbus and Alice in Wonderland are located in which famous park? | Statues in Central Park, Sculptures in Central Park, Central Park Statue, Central Park Sculpture, Famous Statues in Central Park, Central Park Statues, Central Park Sculptures, Conservatory Water Sculptures, Delacorte Theater Sculptures, Central Park New York Statues, Alice in Wonderland sculpture in Central Park, Hans Christian Anderson statue in Central Park, Romeo and Juliet bronze figure in Central Park, The Tempest sculpture in Central Park, Balto sculpture in Central Park, Obelisk in Central Park, Pictures of Alice in Wonderland statue, Picture of Hans Christian Anderson statue, Picture of Romeo and Juliet statue, Picture of Prospero & Miranda from The Tempest sculpture, Pictures of Delacorte Theater and sculptures, Pictures of Conservatory Water and sculptures, TheNew York City, New York
Central Park is home to beautiful fountains, historical monuments and stunning bronze sculptures.
Conservatory Water Statues
Two of our favorite statues are located at Conservatory Water — "Alice in Wonderland" and "Hans Christain Anderson."
"Alice in Wonderland"
76th Street & 5th Avenue
Judging from the crowds snapping pictures during our last visit to Central Park, we're not the only ones who find Alice in Wonderland and her Mad Tea Party guests magical.
This whimsical bronze sculpture (photos above and below), depicting characters from Lewis Carroll's classic book "Alice in Wonderland," is one of the park's most popular statues — with kids and adults alike.
Alice in Wonderland is located on 76th Street and 5th Avenue, near Central Park's Conservatory Water.
Hans Christian Anderson
and "The Ugly Duckling"
Located just a short distance from Alice in Wonderland sits another popular Central Park statue — Hans Christian Anderson and "The Ugly Duckling."
The bronze sculpture is located on the west side of Conservatory Water, at East 74th Street and East Drive.
Conservatory Water — also known at the Model Boat Pond — is a popular place with kids and their parents racing model boats.
Mid-Park at 80th Street
Southwest corner of Great Lawn
It seems fitting that two sculptures depicting characters of Shakespeare's plays ("Romeo & Juliet" and "The Tempest"), should be located outside Delacorte Theater — home to New York City's annual productions of "Shakespeare in the Park."
"Romeo & Juliet"
The romantic bronze figure of Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet
(photo below) is located near the entrance of Delacorte Theater, mid-Park at 80th Street.
"The Tempest"
@ Delacorte Theater
Mid-Park at 80th Street
The bronze sculpture above depicts Prospero & Miranda — two of Shakespeare's main characters in his play "The Tempest."
The Tempest is located next to Romeo & Juliet, near the front entrance of the Delacorte Theatre, mid-Park at 80th Street.
More Fun Central Park Statues
"Balto"
Alaskan dog-sled hero "Balto" is located at 67th Street near Fifth Avenue.
Obelisk "Cleopatra's Needle"
The 70+ foot Obelisk is located in Central Park's East Side drive, at 81st Street.
Other popular Central Park sculptures include:
- Christopher Columbus
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A Shar Pei is what type of animal? | Central Park Travel Guide – Things to Do in Central Park, NYC | The Official Guide to New York City
Central Park Zoo
The Central Park Zoo is a microcosm of the world's wildlife population, offering a glimpse into the jungles beyond the City. The zoo is maintained by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), which also oversees the Bronx Zoo, Queens Zoo, New York Aquarium and Prospect Park Zoo. The Central Park Zoo was not part of the original vision for the park, but after it began receiving informal gifts of wild animals, plans to build a menagerie to house them were approved in 1864. Over the next century, the zoo continued to grow and expand, and in 1980, the WCS took over. In 1988, the organization opened the renovated facility that we know today, located between 63rd and 66th Streets on the Fifth Avenue side of the park. The zoo houses more than 130 species of animals, all kept in environments that mimic their natural habitats—from tropical to temperate to polar zones. The list includes grizzly bears, penguins, red pandas, snow leopards, birds and frogs. A particular favorite of zoo-goers is the sea lion feeding, which takes place three times daily at the Sea Lion Pool. The Tisch Children's Zoo, added in 1997, offers a petting zoo, the Enchanted Forest and educational programs for children led by the WCS Educational Department.
Friedsam Memorial Carousel
Don't leave Central Park without making a stop at its famous carousel, located at 64th Street in the middle of the park. Though it may seem like an attraction for children, taking a ride on one of the 58 glorious, hand-carved horses is a fun experience at any age. The carousel has an interesting history—from 1871 to 1924, it was powered by a blind mule and a horse that walked on a treadmill in an underground pit. The subsequent, steam-powered version was destroyed by fire in 1924, and the rebuilt ride suffered the same fate in 1950. Today's carousel, designed in 1908 by Brooklyn's Stein & Goldstein, was erected in 1951; the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation discovered the apparatus in storage at an old Coney Island trolley terminal. It is still among the largest carousels in the country. One of the park's more popular attractions, it is open, weather permitting, seven days a week from April to October and usually on weekends from November to March (call ahead), and draws in nearly 250,000 riders annually. Expect to stand in line on warm summer days, when you can take advantage of the food and balloon vendors who set up nearby.
Victorian Gardens.
Wollman Rink and Victorian Gardens
Ice-skating in New York City is at the top of many to-do lists, and this happens to be one of the more spectacular venues to take a spin, since it offers stunning views of the park and the Midtown skyline. The rink is operated by the Trump Organization, which led a major renovation of the facility in 1986. In the summer, the arena is transformed into the Victorian Gardens amusement park, which houses rides and other entertainment for families. Located about halfway between the east and west sides of the park at 63rd Street, Wollman Rink is open for ice-skating between October and April; Victorian Gardens is open from Memorial Day weekend through the last week in August.
The Mall at Central Park.
Photo: Christopher Postlewaite
The Mall and Literary Walk
If you're looking for a picturesque location within Central Park to take a stroll, head to the Mall. Covered by an awning of beautiful American elm trees, this pathway (from 66th to 72nd Streets) is the only straight line in the park and was designed as a grand promenade. While the Mall is still the place to see and be seen, the real draw is the magnificence of the trees. More than just visually appealing, these elms are also essential to the City's overall environmental health, improving air and water quality, reducing flooding and erosion, and keeping temperatures lower in the summer months. They are also some of the largest, and last, remaining American elms in North America, so they are truly priceless, and the Central Park Conservancy takes painstaking efforts to care for them. The southern end of the Mall is the Literary Walk, so called because it is lined with statues of writers William Shakespeare, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott and Fitz-Greene Halleck (a well-known American poet in his day)—and Christopher Columbus, who is often referred to as “the odd man out.”
Rumsey Playfield.
Rumsey Playfield
Rumsey Playfield serves two very different purposes: it's both a ball field and a concert venue. Every summer, the space serves as the primary venue for SummerStage, a celebrated series of outdoor events that the City Parks Foundation hosts. This surplus of free music has been around since 1986, and for its first 24 years it took place solely in Central Park—specifically, since 1990, Rumsey Playfield. Over the years, it's expanded to include dance, film and spoken word; in 2010, it branched out to all five boroughs. The playfield is also the location of choice for Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series, which features the hottest pop acts performing every Friday morning from May through the week before Labor Day. During the remainder of the year, the area is much less crowded and serves as a ball field for school sporting events. Rumsey Playfield is located closer to the Fifth Avenue side of the park at 69th Street.
Strawberry Fields/Imagine Mosaic
This meditative and peaceful memorial was dedicated on October 9, 1985—what would have been the 45th birthday of John Lennon. Created by Yoko Ono, landscape architect Bruce Kelly and the Central Park Conservancy to honor the late singer-songwriter, the space was named after the famous Beatles song “Strawberry Fields Forever.” Located at Central Park West and West 72nd Street, Strawberry Fields is situated across from the Dakota—where Lennon lived from 1973 until his death outside that very building in 1980. Inside the memorial is a large, black-and-white mosaic with the word “Imagine” in the center—a reminder of one of Lennon's most famous songs as a solo artist and his message to cultivate peace and lovingkindness. During the spring and summer, flowers bloom throughout the area, and visitors can be found at any time during the year leaving their own dedications and floral tributes in honor of the late peace activist.
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Bethesda Terrace/Fountain
One of the most filmed and recognizable locations in all of New York City, Bethesda Terrace is often referred to as the heart of Central Park. Located at the north end of the Mall, Bethesda Terrace was intended to be a grand space at the end of the walk where people could gather and socialize. The two-story terrace, which overlooks the Lake and southern sections of the Ramble, features intricate carvings that represent both the times of day and the four seasons. Two stone staircases connect the upper level to the lower one, at the center of which is the Bethesda Fountain—also known as the Angel of the Waters—a biblical allusion and also a celebration of the water system that first brought water to New York City in 1842. The terrace and fountain are located at 72nd Street, halfway between the east and west sides of the park. In the warmer months, crowds gather to soak up the sun and people-watch at this popular attraction.
Conservatory Water
Made famous by Stuart Little (both the E. B. White book and the movie), Conservatory Water is probably best known as the place to sail model boats from April to October. The original plans for Central Park included a flower garden and tropical-plant conservatory that were never built. Designers Olmsted and Vaux were forced to come up with another plan for the surrounding reflecting pool, located between 72nd and 75th Streets off Fifth Avenue, and decided to create formal ponds suitable for model boat. Sailing and racing boats has become a favorite pastime here, and it's an enjoyable experience for participants and spectators alike. Take a seat on one of the surrounding benches to enjoy the action while you marvel at some of the park's most beautiful trees, including Lebanon cedars, willows and pine, beech and cherry trees. In the colder months, Conservatory Water is sometimes frozen into a small-scale public ice-skating rink. On the eastern side of Conservatory Water sits the Kerbs Boathouse, which houses boats as well as a café that sells light snacks and beverages. Also nearby are statues of Hans Christian Andersen—site for a much-loved children's storytelling series—and Alice of Alice in Wonderland.
Loeb Boathouse.
Loeb Boathouse
The Loeb Boathouse boasts a setting that few other venues can match, and for this reason it's the site of many weddings and private parties. Nestled up against the Lake at 75th Street toward the eastern side of the park, the Boathouse provides indoor and outdoor dining in one of the most romantic locales in New York City. After your meal, take a ride on the lake in a gondola (during the summer months) or rented boat (available April to November), or join the many bird-watchers who count this spot as a great place to record their sightings. Another way to enjoy this area of the park is to rent a bike and pedal your way through—just be sure to keep an eye out for the swans and ducks that roam nearby.
Belvedere Castle.
Belvedere Castle
Belvedere Castle, designed by Calvert Vaux in the 1860s as a lookout point for the Great Lawn to the north and the Ramble to the south, initially served only as a charming and decorative addition to the park. The castle (located near the middle of the park at 79th Street) sits atop Vista Rock—one of the highest natural elevations inside the park—and provides unparalleled views of the aforementioned locations as well as the Delacorte Theater and Turtle Pond. Since 1919, the castle has taken on an additional role: it's the site from which the National Weather Service records temperatures and other weather-related data via scientific instruments installed at the tower (be sure to check out the interactive weather exploration station on the building's top floor). Over the years, the castle became rundown, and the Central Park Conservancy restored and renovated it in 1983. The castle, open daily, hosts a variety of free family and community events throughout the year. Discovery Kits—which include binoculars, a hand lens, flora and fauna identification guides, colored pencils and paper—are available to borrow, with a picture ID (and deposit for large groups), on behalf of budding naturalists.
Delacorte Theater.
Delacorte Theater
The Delacorte Theater is home to the Public Theater's most anticipated summertime theater program, Shakespeare in the Park. Public Theater founder Joseph Papp began a series of traveling Shakespeare productions in 1957; in 1962, the open-air Delacorte Theater was completed to house these productions, thanks to a generous donation from philanthropist George T. Delacorte Jr., who wanted to replace the production's portable stage and folding chairs with a real amphitheater. The very first production at the theater was The Merchant of Venice, starring George C. Scott and James Earl Jones. The theater has presented performances of many other classic works and has featured numerous other A-list stars, including Meryl Streep, Denzel Washington, Natalie Portman and Al Pacino. The Delacorte Theater sits at the southwest corner of the Great Lawn near West 80th Street and seats 1,800 people, with the beautiful Turtle Pond and Belvedere Castle as its backdrop. Tickets for Shakespeare in the Park productions (generally late May through August each year) are free and offered on a first-come, first-served basis at several ticket giveaway locations.
The Great Lawn.
Great Lawn
At the very center of Central Park sits one of the world's most famous green spaces, the Great Lawn—55 acres of grass and baseball diamonds that were once the City's main reservoir. In addition to being one of the best places to lay out a blanket and sunbathe, take a nap, read a book or have a picnic, the Great Lawn is also renowned for its many musical performances. Simon & Garfunkel gave a concert here (1981), as did Bon Jovi (2008), and the site regularly plays host to performances by the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic. As with most of the beautiful features in Central Park, the credit for the Great Lawn's upkeep goes to the Central Park Conservancy, which in 1995, began an extensive two-year restoration after it had become rundown following overuse during previous decades. Open from the first Saturday in April to Thanksgiving weekend, the Great Lawn is at the center of the park between 79th and 86th Streets.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir
The 1.58-mile track surrounding the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir is the best-known jogging trail in all of New York City. Some of the more famous runners who have jogged this path include Madonna, Bill Clinton and, of course, Jackie Onassis (for whom the reservoir was renamed in 1994 in honor of her contributions to the City). The 40-foot-deep reservoir, between 86th and 96th Streets, holds more than 1 billion gallons of water. It was originally built as a backup to the City's main water supply but now serves as an ecological sanctuary that houses more than 20 species, including herons, egrets, loons, coots and wood ducks. The main entrance to the reservoir is at Fifth Avenue and 90th Street.
Conservatory Garden
Step off busy Fifth Avenue at 105th Street through the stately Vanderbilt Gate (the original entryway of the Vanderbilt Mansion at Fifth Avenue and 58th Street—now the home of Bergdorf Goodman) and into the six-acre Conservatory Garden, a stunning display of foliage and a feast for all five senses. The garden opened in 1898 as an E-shaped greenhouse; it was torn down in the mid-1930s after severe deterioration and replaced by the current garden. In 1983, the Central Park Conservancy stepped in and performed further restoration on the garden, which is divided into three sections. The north garden, done in classic French style, features a fountain called Three Dancing Maidens along with boxwoods, pansies, tulips and chrysanthemums. The central garden has a distinct Italian style, with a large lawn at the center surrounded by hedges of yews and pink-and-white crab apple trees. There is also a large fountain and a wisteria pergola, a beautiful setting that makes it a popular spot for wedding photography. The south garden is English in style and is the least formal of the three, with a bronze sculpture—the Burnett Memorial fountain—at the center that depicts the young boy and girl characters from the book The Secret Garden (written by Frances Hodgson Burnett), along with various perennial trees and shrubs. The conservancy offers tours of the Conservatory Garden each Saturday morning and one Wednesday afternoon per month from April through October.
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Huddlestone Arch
Central Park is home to 21 arches, and while each one is spectacular in its own right, the Huddlestone Arch has a special story to tell. It's built from enormous uncut boulders—one of which is said to weigh 100 tons—and is supported not by mortar, concrete or metal but by gravity and friction alone. The arch also supports traffic that passes above and has done so since it was constructed in 1866 without ever needing a repair. This miracle of physics is thought by many to be the most picturesque of all the arches, and though it's man-made, it gives the appearance of a natural phenomenon. In the spring, beautiful yellow forsythias bloom and hang over the entrance of the arch. Nestled in the serene setting of the Ravine, Huddlestone Arch sits at the center of the park near 105th Street and feels worlds away from the big city.
Harlem Meer.
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In which European city is the famous Arch of Hadrian? | Greece: Hadrian's Athens - Europe Up Close
Europe Up Close
Travel Health and Safety
Greece: Hadrian’s Athens
Published/Revised May 13, 2016 By W. Ruth Kozak This post may contain affiliate links. Please read my disclosure for more info.
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The Roman Emperor Hadrian is best known for building Hadrian’s Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. He also rebuilt the Parthenon and constructed the Temple of Venus in Rome. In addition to these contributions to Rome, Hadrian built several important structures in the city of Athens.
Hadrian was an ardent philhellene and lived for several years in Greece. He was archon of Athens from 125 – 129 AD and during that time he adorned the city with several imperial buildings. You’ll pass by them when you are touring around Plaka.
Hadrian loved literature, both Roman and Greek. He wrote poetry and was familiar with the Greek philosophers. And, he built a distinguished library in Athens that stands today. You’ll find it at the corner of Eolou and Adrianou Streets in Plaka. There was a large colonnaded court with semi-circular recesses in the walls. Part of the west entrance had Corinthian columns that still stand. The central room was the library with niches for bookshelves. The courtyard was laid out as a garden with a central pool. I love to stop by Hadrian’s Library whenever I’m strolling around Plaka, then sit in the tavern by the Eolou Street side and enjoy an ice-cold frappe under the shade trees before wandering over to the Roman Forum.
Hadrian’s library
Rome had occupied Greece from 146 BC and by the first century AD, Greece had become a favorite holiday destination for wealthy Romans and a place of exile for troublemakers. The Athenian agora had a new Roman odeon, a covered theatre that seated 1000 people. There’s a bust of Hadrian in the Greek agora, on the west side near the Temple of Hephaestion. It’s a headless torso, but don’t try posing with it or the agora guards will chase you off!
Hadrian’s Torso Agora
The entrance to the Roman Forum, which was built during the reign of Julius Caesar, is the Gate of Athena Archegetis. It marks the street leading from the Greek agora. On the side facing the Acropolis there is an engraved edict of Hadrian’s outlining rules and taxes for the sale of oil.
I like to wander about in the Roman Forum. The most intriguing of the ruins is the Tower of the Winds which predates the forum, designed by the Syrian astronomer Andronikos of Kyrrhos in the 1st century BC. It served as a compass, sundial, weather vane and water clock. Each face of the tower is adorned with a relief of a figure floating through air personifying the eight winds. Just below the Tower of Winds are the public latrines which I always find amusing. At the east end of the forum is an Ionic propylea dating from the reign of Hadrian. It was surrounded by colonnades which opened to shops and offices. During the Turkish period, a mosque was built on the north side that now serves as an archaeological storage room.
Tower of Winds
Probably the most distinctive piece of Hadrian memorabilia is near the busy road junction of Amalias and Syngrou Streets just outside of Plaka where the majestic Arch of Hadrian stands. It was erected by Hadrian to mark the limits of the ancient city and the beginning of Novae Athenae or Hadrianopolis, as it was called. The inscription on the south east side, facing the Acropolis, reads “This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus”. On the northwest side, toward the tall pillars of the Olympieion, it reads “This is the city of Hadrian and not of Theseus.” The arch was adorned with Corinthian columns but only the bases remain.
Roman Forum with the Tower of Winds
In the area that was Hadrianopolis there are still some Roman remains but the most significant sight are the towering pillars of what is left of the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Various rules had worked on the building over a span of more than five centuries but it was Hadrian who ensured the job was finished and it was he who had it dedicated.
The Olympieion, as it is known, is the largest temple in Greece. The Temple originally had 104 columns but only 13 remain. Hadrian dedicated it on his second visit to Athens in AD 130 and set up a chryselephantine statue of Zeus within the cella as well as a colossal statue of himself. I’ve often spent the afternoon wandering around in this ancient Roman ruin. You will still find remains of some houses and Roman baths.
Roman latrines at the Forum
One of Hadrian’s ties to Greece was his close relationship with a beautiful Greek youth named Antinous . During a journey to Egypt, Antinous tragically drowned in the Nile River and Hadrian was devastated with grief. He made Antinous a demi-god and put statues of him in many places including Athens. There are busts of Antinous in the National Museum, but the most famous one is in Delphi museum. Hadrian had visited Delphi on occasions and made dedications there. The cult of Antinous became very popular in the Greek-speaking world. Some suggest Hadrian created the cult as a political move to reconcile Greece and Rome. He created a form of parliament to unite the former city states across Greece and Asia Minor. He even started a popular fashion, the beard, which symbolized philhellenism. Until then it was fashionable among the Romans to be clean-shaven. This new fashion lasted right until the reign of Constantine the Great.
Antinous at the Delph Museum
Hadrian certainly left his mark in Greece, especially in Athens, which benefitted greatly from its imperial patron. One historian states that Hadrian’s era was the “happiest era of history.”
Going to Athens? Here are our top picks for where to stay while in Athens
Written by and photos by W. Ruth Kozak for EuropeUpClose.com
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How many matching numbers are required to win a prize in the UK National Lottery? | Famous Buildings and Structures
Famous Buildings and Structures
Prehistorical and Ancient
The megalithic passage tomb at Newgrange in Ireland covers over an acre and was constructed around 3200 B.C. Buried for centuries, the mound was rediscovered in 1699 and was restored starting in 1962. The tomb is extensively decorated with spiral and lozenge shapes. At the winter solstice, the rising sun shines down a long passage and lights up a cross-shaped chamber.
Stonehenge, a massive circular megalithic monument on the Salisbury Plain in southern England, is the most famous of all prehistoric structures. Thought to have been built c. 2000 B.C., it may have been used as an astronomical instrument to measure solar and lunar movements.
The Great Sphinx of Egypt, one of the wonders of ancient Egyptian architecture, adjoins the pyramids of Giza and has a length of 240 ft. Built in the fourth dynasty, it is approximately 4,500 years old. A 10-year, $2.5 million restoration project was completed in 1998. Other Egyptian buildings of note include the Temples of Karnak, Edfu, and Abu Simbel and the Tombs at Beni Hassan.
The Parthenon of Greece, built on the Acropolis in Athens, was the chief temple to the goddess Athena. It was believed to have been completed by 438 B.C. The present temple remained intact until the 5th century A.D. Today, though the Parthenon is in ruins, its majestic proportions are still discernible.
Other great structures of the ancient Greek world were the Temples at Paestum (c. 540 and 420 B.C.); the famous Erechtheum (c. 421–405 B.C.), the Temple of Athena Nike (c. 426 B.C.), and the Olympieum (begun in the 6th century B.C.) in Athens; the Athenian Treasury at Delphi (c. 515 B.C.); and the Theater at Epidaurus (c. 325 B.C.).
The Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater) of Rome, the largest and most famous of the Roman amphitheaters, was opened for use A.D. 80. Elliptical in shape, it consisted of three stories and an upper gallery, rebuilt in stone in its present form in the 3rd century A.D. It was principally used for gladiatorial combat and could seat between 40,000 and 50,000 spectators.
The Pantheon at Rome, begun by Agrippa in 27 B.C. as a temple, was rebuilt in its present circular form by Hadrian (A.D. 118–128). Literally the Pantheon was intended as a temple of “all the gods.” It is remarkable for its perfect preservation today, and has served continuously for 20 centuries as a place of worship.
Famous Roman triumphal arches, built to commemorate major military victories, include the Arch of Titus (c. A.D. 80) and the Arch of Constantine (c. A.D. 315).
Later European
St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice (1063–1071), one of the great examples of Byzantine architecture, was begun in the 9th century. Partly destroyed by fire in 976, it was later rebuilt as a Byzantine edifice.
Other famous examples of Byzantine architecture are St. Sophia in Istanbul (532–537); San Vitale in Ravenna (542); and Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin, Moscow (begun in 1475).
The cathedral group at Pisa (1067–1173), one of the most celebrated groups of structures built in Romanesque style, consists of the cathedral, the cathedral's baptistery, and the campanile ( Leaning Tower ). The campanile, a form of bell tower, is 180 ft high and now leans 13.5 ft out of the perpendicular.
Other examples of Romanesque architecture include the Vézelay Abbey in France (1130) and Durham Cathedral in England.
The Alhambra (1248–1354), located in Granada, Spain, is universally esteemed as one of the greatest masterpieces of Muslim architecture. Designed as a palace and fortress for the Moorish monarchs of Granada, it is surrounded by a heavily fortified wall more than a mile in perimeter.
The Tower of London is a group of buildings and towers covering 13 acres along the north bank of the Thames. The central White Tower, begun in 1078 during the reign of William the Conqueror, was originally a fortress and royal residence, but was later used as a prison. The Bloody Tower is associated with Anne Boleyn and other notables.
Westminster Abbey, in London, was begun in 1050 and completed in 1065. It was rebuilt and enlarged in several phases, beginning in 1245. With only two exceptions (Edward V and Edward VIII), every British monarch since William the Conqueror has been crowned in the abbey.
Notre-Dame de Paris (begun in 1163), one of the great examples of Gothic architecture, is a twin-towered church with a steeple over the crossing and immense flying buttresses supporting the masonry at the rear of the church.
Other famous Gothic structures are Chartres Cathedral (France; 12th century); Sainte-Chapelle (Paris, France; 1246–1248); Reims Cathedral (France; 13th–14th centuries; rebuilt after its almost complete destruction in World War I); Rouen Cathedral (France; 13th–16th centuries); Salisbury Cathedral (England; 1220–1260); York Minster, or the Cathedral of St. Peter (England; 1220–1472); Milan Cathedral (Italy; begun in 1386); and Cologne Cathedral (Germany; 13th–19th centuries; damaged in World War II but completely restored).
The Duomo (cathedral) in Florence, with its pink, white, and green marble façade, has become a symbol of the city and the Renaissance. Construction began in 1296 and was completed nearly 200 years later, with the addition of Brunelleschi's massive dome. The adjacent baptistery is famous for its gilded bronze doors by Ghiberti.
The Vatican is a group of buildings in Rome comprising the official residence of the pope. The Basilica of St. Peter, the largest church in the Christian world, was begun in 1452, and it was rebuilt between 1506 and 1626. The Sistine Chapel, begun in 1473, is noted for frescoes by Michelangelo.
Other examples of Renaissance architecture are the Palazzo Riccardi, the Palazzo Pitti, and the Palazzo Strozzi in Florence; the Palazzo Farnese in Rome; the Palazzo Grimani (completed c. 1550) in Venice; the Escorial (1563–93) near Madrid; the Town Hall of Seville (1527–32); the Louvre, Paris; the Château at Blois, France; St. Paul's Cathedral, London (1675–1710; badly damaged in World War II); the École Militaire, Paris (1752); the Pazzi Chapel, Florence, designed by Brunelleschi (1429); and the Palace of Fontainebleau and the Château de Chambord in France.
The Palace of Versailles in France, containing the famous Hall of Mirrors, was built during the reign of Louis XIV in the 17th century and served as the royal palace until 1793. Built on the colossal scale typical of many works of baroque architecture, the palace is also noted for its gardens, which include some 1,400 fountains.
Outstanding European buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries are the Superga at Turin (Italy); the Hôtel-Dieu in Lyons; the Belvedere Palace at Vienna; the Royal Palace of Stockholm; the Bank of England, the British Museum, the University of London, and the Houses of Parliament, all in London; and the Panthéon, the Church of the Madeleine, the Bourse, the Palais de Justice, and the Opera House, all in Paris.
The Eiffel Tower, in Paris, was built for the Exposition of 1889 by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel. It is 984 ft high (1,056 ft including the television tower).
The Guggenheim Bilbao Museum (1993–97) in Bilbao, Spain, was designed by Frank Gehry. The undulating form of this riverfront building, clad in glass and gleaming sheets of titanium, has been compared to a fish, a boat, and water itself.
See also:
Seven Wonders of the World
Asian, African, and South American
The Taj Mahal (1632–1650), at Agra, India, built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, is considered by some as the most perfect example of the Mogul style and by others as the most beautiful building in the world. Four slim white minarets flank the building, which is topped by a white dome; the entire structure is made of marble.
Another well-known Muslim edifice is the Citadel, located on an outcrop of limestone overlooking Cairo. Begun in 810, it was fortified (1176–1183) by Saladin during the Crusades.
Petra, in Jordan, is an ancient city whose buildings have been carved out of the surrounding hills. It was the capital of the Nabataeans in the 4th century B.C. The most famous of its buildings is Al Khazneh, a temple or treasury, with its impressive two-story facade jutting out from a pink rock.
Other famed Muslim edifices are the Tombs of the Mamelukes (15th century) in Cairo, the Tomb of Humayun in Delhi, the Blue Mosque (1468) at Tabriz, and the Tamerlane Mausoleum at Samarkand.
Angkor Wat, outside the city of Angkor Thom, Cambodia, is one of the most beautiful examples of Cambodian, or Khmer, architecture. The sanctuary was built during the 12th century.
The 8th-century Borobudur Temple on Java is a masterpiece of Indonesian Buddhist art and architecture. Its ascending terraces feature bas-relief sculptures and 72 Buddha statues.
The Great Wall of China (begun c. 214 B.C.), designed specifically as a defense against nomadic tribes, has large watchtowers that could be called buildings. It was erected by Emperor Ch'in Shih Huang Ti and is 1,400 mi long. Built mainly of earth and stone, it varies in height between 18 and 30 ft.
The Forbidden City (1407–1420) in Beijing served as the seat of imperial power during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911). It is the world's largest palace complex, covering about 183 acres and including 9,999 buildings.
Typical of Chinese architecture are the pagodas, or temple towers. Among some of the better-known pagodas are the Great Pagoda of the Wild Geese at Sian (founded in 652) and Nan t'a (11th century) at Fang Shan.
Other well-known Chinese buildings are the Drum Tower (1273), the Three Great Halls in the Forbidden City (1627), Buddha's Perfume Tower (19th century), the Porcelain Pagoda, and the Summer Palace, all at Beijing.
The painted wooden Torii, or Gateway, at Miyajima Island, Japan, stands in the tidal flats opposite the historic Itsukushima Shrine. Built in the traditional Shinto style, with two columns supporting a concave crosspiece on top, the gate serves to welcome the spirits of the dead as they come from across the Inland Sea.
Other famous Japanese buildings include Himeji Castle (17th century) and the Buddhist temples of Horyuji (7th century) and Todaiji (8th century) at Nara, and Phoenix Hall (11th century) at Uji near Kyoto.
Machu Picchu is an ancient Inca fortress in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Thought to have been built and occupied from the mid-15th century, it is surrounded on three sides by stepped agricultural terraces, which are connected to the main plazas and buildings by thousands of stone steps.
Teotihuacán, located in central Mexico, was the largest city in the Americas at its height between A.D. 300 and 900. Built on a grid plan with a central avenue known as the Street of the Dead, it is the site of two enormous pyramid temples and the temple of the plumed serpent god Quetzalcoatl.
The city of Tikal in Guatemala, with its monumental temples and palaces, embodies the height of the Maya classic period (A.D. 300–900).
Easter Island is famous for its nearly 900 imposing monolithic stone figures called moais that dot the island. The statues are between 10 and 40 ft high and weigh an average of 14 tons. The island's Polynesian inhabitants are thought to have carved the figures between 400 and 1,000 years ago, but how they accomplished this extraordinary task and what the statues meant to them remains a mystery.
United States
The Chrysler Building (1928–1930) in New York City is one of the finest examples of art deco–style architecture. Built for automotive magnate Walter P. Chrysler, the building uses decorative elements borrowed from automobiles. At 1,046 ft it was briefly the world's tallest building.
The Empire State Building (1930–1931) is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Manhattan. Features include a tiered structure that recalls ancient pyramids and a mast at the top for mooring dirigibles. Rising to 1,250 ft (not including the mast), it remained the tallest building in the world until the 1970s.
The elegant Seagram Building (1954–1958), by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, soars above an open plaza in Manhattan. Its slim steel frame is covered in amber-gray glass and costly bronze. It has been called the world's most imitated office building.
Rockefeller Center, in New York City, extends from 5th Ave. to the Avenue of the Americas between 48th and 52nd Sts. (and halfway to 7th Ave. between 47th and 51st Sts.). It occupies more than 22 acres and has 19 buildings.
The Cathedral of St. John the Divine, in New York City, was begun in 1892 and is now two-thirds completed. When completed, it will be the largest cathedral in the world: 601 ft long, 146 ft wide at the nave, 320 ft wide at the transept. The east end is Romanesque-Byzantine style, and the nave and west end are Gothic.
The Brooklyn Bridge (1869–1883) was the remarkable achievement of engineer John Roebling. The first steel-wire suspension bridge in the world, it has a main span of 1,596 ft.
The smooth, circular form of the Guggenheim New York Museum (1943–1959), designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is a Manhattan landmark. The main gallery space features a six-story concrete ramp that spirals up a glass-topped atrium.
The Statue of Liberty was designed by Fredéric Auguste Bartholdi of Alsace as a gift to Americans from the people of France. The statue of a female figure holding a torch in her raised hand was accepted on Oct. 28, 1886, by President Grover Cleveland. The 225-ton steel-reinforced copper structure stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. It is 152 ft tall and stands on a 150-foot pedestal.
The Willis Tower, formerly called the Sears Tower , in Chicago is, at 1,450 ft, the tallest building in the United States. Constructed between 1974 and 1976 for Sears, Roebuck and Company, the structure is composed of 75-foot-square tubes that rise to varying levels.
The Gateway Arch, located on the riverfront in St. Louis, Mo., is a tapered curve of stainless steel rising to 630 ft. The tallest manmade memorial in the United States, the Arch was designed by Finnish-born U.S. architect Eero Saarinen and built between 1963 and 1966. Visitors can ride to the top in specially devised capsule-like tram cars.
Mount Rushmore (6,000 ft), in South Dakota, became a celebrated American landmark after sculptor Gutzon Borglum took on the project of carving into the side of it the heads of four great presidents. From 1927 until his death in 1941, Borglum worked on chiseling the 60-foot likenesses of Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt. His son, Lincoln, finished the sculpture later that year.
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge, completed in 1937, is one of the most recognizable structures in the United States. Designed by Joseph B. Strauss, this elegant suspension bridge has a main span of 4,200 ft.
The Seattle Space Needle was the futuristic centerpiece of the 1962 Seattle World's Fair. The 605-foot-tall Needle is topped by an observation deck and a revolving restaurant.
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Who plays escaped convict Ulysses Everett McGill in the 2000 film ‘O Brother, Where Art Thou’? | Movie Review - - FILM REVIEW; Hail, Ulysses, Escaped Convict - NYTimes.com
FILM REVIEW; Hail, Ulysses, Escaped Convict
By A. O. SCOTT
Published: December 22, 2000
The opening credits of Joel and Ethan Coen's new film, ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?,'' announce rather grandly that the picture is ''based upon 'The Odyssey,' by Homer.'' The filmmakers even supply a ritual invocation of the muse, who is asked (via Robert Fitzgerald's translation of Homer's epic) to help them sing of ''the man skilled in all the ways of contending.''
It doesn't take a classics scholar to notice that the wily brothers have taken a few liberties with their source. Their hero, played with toothy glee by George Clooney, is a hyper-articulate escaped convict named Ulysses Everett McGill, who wanders the dusty byways of Depression-era Mississippi with a pair of dimwitted companions, searching for wealth, his wife and his favorite hair treatment, a gooey pomade called Dapper Dan.
When McGill finally catches up with Penelope (Holly Hunter), she turns out not to be the embodiment of wifely constancy Homer rhapsodized but rather the harried, impatient mother of seven daughters who has thrown over her vagabond mate for a weaselly political operative named Waldrip (Ray McKinnon). (''He's a suitor,'' one of the girls explains to her baffled father. ''He's bona fide.'')
While there are Homeric moments scattered through the ambling, shaggy-dog narrative -- a blind soothsayer, a one-eyed Bible salesman (John Goodman) in place of the Cyclops, a governor (Charles Durning) whose Christian name is Menelaus (though he prefers to be called Pappy) and a trio of honey-voiced sirens -- ''The Odyssey'' is just one ingredient in a feverish gumbo of borrowings and allusions.
''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' is less a retelling of the founding epic of Western civilization than a portable anthology of Americana, a tinker's van festooned with scraps of ''Moby-Dick,'' ''The Wizard of Oz'' and Preston Sturges's ''Sullivan's Travels,'' the source of the film's title. The whole contraption lurches along to the rhythms of old-time gospel, blues and country music.
It is, all in all, a rambunctious and inspired ride in which the Coen brothers' voracious fascination with the arcana of American popular culture and their whiz-kid inventiveness reach new heights of whimsy. This is one of their sillier movies; its pastiche of period style has more in common with the light-handed artifice of their ''Hudsucker Proxy'' than with the necrophilia of ''Miller's Crossing'' or ''Barton Fink.'' But like ''The Hudsucker Proxy,'' ''O Brother'' is a richer and more serious movie than it seems at first, and it risks being unfairly dismissed as an empty exercise in style.
For one thing, this film has at its center an elusive, highly mannered performance that appears to belong, as much as the vintage roadsters and ice-cream suits, to a vanished era. Mr. Clooney not only looks like Clark Gable, with his hair slicked against his scalp and his carefully etched Art Deco mustache, but he also gives the kind of detached, matinee-idol performance that used to be Gable's trademark.
Mr. Clooney's self-conscious line readings and leisurely double-takes are like a wink to the audience. We never forget that, whatever else the script may demand, we're watching a movie star. That we're watching a star of the present moment playing, in effect, a star of an earlier age only doubles the fun and adds to our sense of dislocation.
As in many of the Coens' movies, the world on screen is one we intuitively recognize, even as its geography seems decidedly askew. With the help of the cinematographer Roger Deakins, who composes beige and ocher landscapes that look simultaneously lush and austere, the brothers have made the American South into a gauzy dreamland. Their approach is a kind of down-home magic realism and their hero an archetype of folklore -- Br'er Rabbit or Paul Bunyan -- whose doings amount to a collection of tall tales.
After busting out of the chain gang, McGill and his companions, Delmar (Tim Blake Nelson) and Pete (John Turturro), endure a series of hairbreadth escapes from the forces of law and order, embodied by a sheriff who may be the Devil himself. Along the way, they pick up a young black man named Tommy Johnson (Chris Thomas King) who has just sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for guitar-playing prowess. (The reference is to the legend of the real-life Delta bluesman Robert Johnson, who was said to have acquired his otherwordly skills by means of a similar pact.)
The four stumble into a back-country recording studio to cut a record that, unbenownst to them, soon becomes a runaway hit. Meanwhile, their fates become entangled with Governor O'Daniel, his fire-breathing reformist rival Homer Stokes, the Ku Klux Klan and the Tennessee Valley Authority. To say nothing of the cyclops, the sirens and the legendary bank robber George Nelson (Michael Badalucco), better known to history as Baby Face, though it's best not to call him that.
Sometimes, as in ''Fargo,'' the Coens' fondness for outre regionalism verges on contempt, as if they were implicitly contrasting their own sophistication with the literal-minded dumbness of their characters. Mr. Turturro's performance, in particular, is obnoxiously broad, as though he had prepared for the role by studying tapes of Cletus the Slack-Jawed Yokel, a recurring minor character on ''The Simpsons.''
But if the filmmakers sometimes indulge in easy mockery of the South and its people, they also deliberately subvert such glibness through their brilliant and entirely sincere use of American folk music. As recorded by regional labels and collected by enterprising folklorists like Alan Lomax and Harry Smith, the American vernacular music of the 20's and 30's retains an indelible, uncanny intensity. It provides a window onto what the music critic Greil Marcus has called ''the old, weird America,'' a world of magic, superstition and deep feeling. McGill, who scoffs at his comrades' credulous religiosity, nonetheless falls to his knees in prayer when things look hopeless.
Similarly, the Coens, for all their blithe insincerity, can't help but acknowledge the strange archaic power of the culture they have made a career of travestying.
When McGill and his friends don fake beards for a command performance of ''Man of Constant Sorrow,'' the hit single they recorded (as the Soggy Bottom Boys), the song transcends jokiness or kitsch. Along with a dozen other carefully selected tunes -- some newly recorded for the film, some preserved in their traditional arrangements -- ''Man of Constant Sorrow'' provides ''O Brother'' with an emotional resonance that would otherwise be missing.
The music also provides the key to the film's peculiar blend of fantasy, humor and pathos. One of the themes that threads through early-20th-century American folk music -- black and white, secular and sacred -- is the longing for another world, the sweet by and by, the other shore, ''The Big Rock Candy Mountain.'' The latter song, in Harry McClintock's definitive version, accompanies McGill's initial dash to freedom. It's a childish vision of a world of lemonade springs and indolence -- like the island of Lotus Eaters in ''The Odyssey'' -- but it also expresses a weary, heartfelt longing for a life free of toil and injustice.
''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' similarly offers a fairy-tale view of an America in which the real brutalities of poverty and racism are magically dissolved by the power of song. Because the Coens are smart enough to know that such a place has ever existed only in fable and song, their vision takes on an unexpected poignancy. Rather than wallow in nostalgia for the past, they dare to reinvent it, to make it something strange, beautiful and new. ''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' is a tribute to, and example of, the persistent vitality of the American imagination. It's bona fide.
''O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' is rated PG-13 (Parents strongly cautioned). It has a good deal less violence, obscenity and sex than Homer's ''Odyssey,'' and not nearly as much as the average American folk song.
O BROTHER, WHERE ART THOU?
Directed by Joel Coen; written by Ethan Coen and Joel Coen, based on ''The Odyssey'' by Homer; director of photography, Roger Deakins; edited by Roderick Jaynes and Tricia Cooke; music by T-Bone Burnett; production designer, Dennis Gassner; produced by Ethan Coen; released by Touchstone Pictures. Running time: 143 minutes. This film is rated PG-13.
WITH: George Clooney (Ulysses Everett McGill), John Turturro (Pete), Tim Blake Nelson (Delmar), John Goodman (Big Dan Teague), Holly Hunter (Penny), Chris Thomas King (Tommy Johnson), Charles Durning (Pappy O'Daniel), Ray McKinnon (Waldrip), Michael Badalucco (George Nelson) and Wayne Duvall (Homer Stokes).
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1986 saw the 900th anniversary of which famous English book? | O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack released - Dec 05, 2000 - HISTORY.com
O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack released
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Released on this day in 2000, several weeks ahead of the film itself, the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack would catch on slowly, but it would eventually sell upwards of 7 million copies while winning a broad new audience for contemporary artists performing a style of American music–bluegrass–that had been absent from the pop charts for five decades or more. Of the hugely popular album widely credited with sparking a major resurgence of interest in her chosen musical genre, the bluegrass artist Rhonda Vincent said to the Los Angeles Times in 2002, “To me the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack is not bluegrass, but as long as people love the music, who cares what it’s called?”
Written and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen, O Brother, Where Art Thou? was a loose adaptation of Homer’s Odyssey starring George Clooney as the fast-talking escaped convict Ulysses Everett McGill, who must survive encounters with sirens, a Cyclops and a posse of hooded Klansmen on an epic journey home to Ithaca (Mississippi) to prevent his wife, Penny, from marrying another man. Deciding early on to employ a soundtrack appropriate to the film’s setting in the Depression-era South, the Coen brothers enlisted songwriter-producer T-Bone Burnett to find the right music, and he found it in Nashville, though not within the country-music establishment. As the soundtrack’s liner notes put it, the sound that Burnett and the Coens were looking for was the sound of country music “before the infidels of [Nashville's] Music Row expropriated that term to describe watered-down pop/rock with greeting-card lyrics.”
They found that sound alive and well and in the capable hands of musicians whose roots date back across decades—Ralph Stanley and The Fairfield Four, for instance—and others who had made their careers working in a country vernacular far older than themselves—Gillian Welch, Allison Kraus and Emmylou Harris, most prominent among them. Using these and other contemporary musicians, Burnett completed work on the soundtrack to O Brother, Where Art Thou? before the first frame of the film was shot, and the Coens consciously built many memorable scenes around songs like Krauss’s rendition of “Down To The River To Pray” and “Man Of Constant Sorrow,” by the fictitious Soggy Bottom Boys (featuring the real-life Dan Tyminski and Ron Block).
Within several months of its release, the O Brother, Where Art Thou? soundtrack had topped the country album charts, but its crossover to the pop charts came much more slowly. By August 2001, the film had left theaters in the United States, but the album was still building momentum. It finally reached the #1 spot on the Billboard 200 chart of pop albums in March 2002—the longest climb to #1 for a pop album in the modern era.
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Which company manufactured the Tristar aircraft? | Lockheed L-1011 Tristar | Aircraft Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, commonly referred to as just L-1011 (pronounced "ell-ten-eleven"), was the third
widebody passenger jet airliner to enter operation, following the Boeing 747 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 . Like the DC-10, the TriStar is a three-engine jet airliner . Between 1968 and 1984, Lockheed manufactured a total of 250 TriStars. After production ended, Lockheed withdrew from commercial aircraft business due to its below-target sales. [1]
Contents
In the 1960s, American Airlines approached Lockheed and competitor Douglas (later McDonnell Douglas) with the need for an airliner smaller than the 747, but still capable of carrying a large passenger load to distant locales such as
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The Rolls Royce RB211 engine.
London and Latin America from company hubs in Dallas/Ft Worth and New York. Lockheed had been largely absent from the civil airliner market since the late 1950s following problems with its L-188 Electra , which had suffered a number of crashes early in its career due to wing vibration. However, having experienced difficulties with some of its military programs, Lockheed was keen to re-enter the civil market, and its response was the L-1011 TriStar. The aircraft was originally conceived as a "jumbo twin", but a three-engine design was ultimately chosen to give the plane enough thrust to take off from existing runways. [2]
The design featured a twin-aisle interior with a maximum of 400 passengers, a three-engine layout, low noise emissions (in the early 1970s, Eastern Air Lines nicknamed the L-1011 "The WhisperLiner"), improved reliability, and efficient operation. The main visible difference between the TriStar and the DC-10 that emerged at Douglas is in the middle/tail engine; the DC-10's engine is mounted above the fuselage for more power, while the TriStar's engine is integrated into the tail through an S-duct (similar to that of the Boeing 727 ) for improved quietness and stability. A major differentiator between the L-1011 and the DC-10 was Lockheed's selection of the Rolls-Royce RB211 engine for the L-1011. As originally designed, the RB211 turbofan was an advanced three-spool design with a carbon fibre fan, which would have better efficiency and power-to-weight ratio than any competing design. This would make the L-1011 more efficient, a major selling point.
American Airlines opted for the Douglas DC-10, although it had shown considerable interest in the L-1011. American's intent in doing so was to convince Douglas to lower its price for the DC-10, which it did. [3] Without the support of American, the TriStar was launched on orders from TWA and Eastern Air Lines . Although the TriStar's design schedule closely followed that of its competitor, the DC-10, Douglas beat Lockheed to market by a year due to delays in power plant development. In February 1971, after massive development costs associated with the RB211, Rolls-Royce went into receivership. This halted L-1011 final assembly, but by then it was too late to change engine suppliers (to either General Electric or Pratt & Whitney ).
The British government agreed to approve a large state subsidy to restart Rolls-Royce operations on condition the U.S. government guarantee the bank loans Lockheed needed to complete the L-1011 project. [4] Despite some opposition, not least from the then Governor of California Ronald Reagan, the U.S. government provided these guarantees. [5] For the rest of the RB211 project, Rolls remained a government-owned company.
Manufactured in Lockheed facilities in Burbank and Palmdale, California, the TriStar faced brisk competition with the 747 and, even more directly, the DC-10, which it closely resembled. Trans World Airlines heralded the TriStar as one of the safest airplanes in the world in some of its promotional literature in the 1980s when concern over the safety record of the DC-10, which was flown by most of its competitors, was at its peak. Template:Fact However, 446 DC-10s were sold compared to 250 TriStars, partly because of the TriStar's delayed introduction but particularly because a heavier, longer-range version was not initially offered. Under state control, costs at Rolls-Royce were tightly controlled, and the company's efforts largely went into the original TriStar engines, which had needed considerable modifications between the L-1011's first flight and service entry. The competition, notably General Electric, were very quick to develop their CF6 engine to higher thrust, which meant that a heavier 'intercontinental' DC-10-30 could be brought to market. The flexibility afforded to potential customers by a long-range DC-10 quickly put the L-1011 at a serious marketing disadvantage. Rolls-Royce went on to develop the high-thrust RB211-524 for the L-1011-200 and -500, but this took many years.
The earlier versions of the L-1011, such as the -1, -100, and -150 can be distinguished from the later models by the design of the middle engine nacelles. The earlier version nacelle has a round intake, whereas the later models have a small vertical fin between the bottom of the middle engine intake and the top of the fuselage.
The L-1011 was the first widebody to receive FAA certification for Cat-IIIc autolanding, which approved the TriStar for completely blind landings in zero-visibility weather. It also had a unique Direct Lift Control (DLC) system, which allowed for smooth approaches when landing. DLC helps maintain the descending glideslope on final approach by automatically deploying spoiler panels on the wings. Thus, rather than maintaining the descent by adjusting pitch, DLC helps control the descent while maintaining a more consistent pitch angle, using four redundant hydraulic systems; production also utilized a unique "autoclave" system for bonding fuselage panels together. This made the L-1011 extremely resistant to corrosion.
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Who was leader of the British Conservative Party between June 1997 and September 2001? | Lockheed L-1011 Tri Star - passenger aircraft
Lockheed L-1011 Tri Star
Virtual Aircraft Museum / USA / Lockheed
The Lockheed L-1011 TriStar was the third widebody passenger jet airliner to reach the marketplace, following the Boeing 747 "jumbo jet" and the Douglas DC-10. In the 1960s, American Airlines approached Lockheed and competitor Douglas with a need for an aircraft smaller than the existing 747, but still capable of flying to distant locales such as London, the Caribbean, and Latin America from company hubs in Dallas/Ft Worth and New York. Lockheed answered the call with the TriStar. Ironically, American Airlines never flew the "Ten Eleven," purchasing many DC-10s instead.
First flown on November 16, 1970, the twin-aisle TriStar was considered a technological marvel of its day, featuring low noise emissions, improved reliability, and efficient operation. The main visible difference between the TriStar and DC-10 is in the middle/tail engine; the DC-10's engine is external for more power, while the TriStar's engine is integrated into the tail through an S-duct (similar to the Boeing 727) for improved quietness and stability. Although the TriStar's design schedule closely followed that of its fierce competitor, the DC-10, Douglas beat Lockheed to market by a year due to delays in powerplant development. Rolls-Royce, the maker of the TriStar's RB211 turbofan engines, had filed for bankruptcy, halting L-1011 final assembly. The British government did not approve the large state subsidy used to restart Rolls-Royce operations until after the U.S. government had guaranteed the Lockheed loans previously provided to Rolls for the extensive engine contract. (The UK Goverment also took the contentious step (for a Conservative administration) of taking the aero-engine side of RR into public ownership, to maintain national defence capability). The first TriStar was finally delivered to Eastern Airlines on April 26, 1972.
Designed for a maximum seating of 400 passengers, the TriStar utilized a new engine layout: in addition to Rolls-Royce turbofan jet engines on each wing, a third engine was located dorsally below the vertical stabilizer. Manufactured in Lockheed facilities in Palmdale, California, the TriStar faced brisk competition with the Boeing 747 and, even more directly, the Douglas (later McDonnell Douglas) DC-10/MD-10, which it closely resembled. The TriStar had a better safety record than the DC-10, and Trans World Airlines heralded the TriStar as one of the safest airplanes in the world in some of its promotional literature in the 1980s when concern over the safety record of the DC-10, which was flown by most of its competitors, was at its peak. However, the DC-10 outsold the TriStar nearly two to one, partly because of the TriStar's delayed introduction.
A longer-range variant of the standard-length L-1011 was developed in the late 1970s. Designated the L-1011-500, the fuselage length was shortened by 14 feet (4.3 m) to accommodate higher fuel loads.
Lockheed manufactured a total of 250 TriStars, ceasing production in 1984. Lockheed needed to sell 500 planes to break even. Failing to achieve profitability in the civilian airliner sector, the TriStar was to be Lockheed's last commercial aircraft. Airlines played Douglas and Lockheed off each other, driving the prices of both planes down, and the end result was Douglas' merger with McDonnell and Lockheed's departure from the commercial aircraft business.
Specification
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The city of Dubrovnik is in which European country? | About Croatia
about Croatia!
Area: 56 538 sq. km (about one quarter of Britain)
ATMs: Readily available in towns and transport hubs
Budget: 250Kn per day
Currency: Croatian Kuna 1US$ = app. 6 HRK
1Euro = app. 7.4 HRK
Croatia
Croatia is a Central European country located on the Mediterranean or to be precise Adriatic Sea. ( map )
The whole country streches in the form of an arc from the Danube in the northeast to Istria in the west and Dubrovnik Region in the southeast. The capital of Croatia is Zagreb.
The Croatia is known as the land of the thousand islands because of its Adriatic coast which is among the most indented in the world: 1185 islands and islets form a coastline of 4,058 km, the total length of the mainland coast being 1777 km.
If we would to divide Croatia geographically we could do it into three major natural and geographic parts:
The Pannonian and Peri-Pannonian area comprises of lowlands and hilly parts located in the eastern and northwestern Croatia; mountains higher than 500 m are rare and of an insular character.
This is mostly farm area especially Slavonija and Baranja in the east. Humid valleys and the hills are richly afforested while the northwestern part, which gravitates to Zagreb, is industrially developed.
The hilly and mountainous area, separates Pannonian Croatia from its coastal part. This region is charecterized by a intense growth of the already existing wood and timber industry, and the still underexploited potential for the production of healthy food, and winter and rural tourism.
The Adriatic Area includes the narrow coastal belt separated from the hinterland by high mountains. This area is the Croatia's touristic heaven as thousands and thousands of tourists swarm to Croatia to bathe in its warm and crystal clear Adriatic Sea thus the tourist slogan "The Mediterranean as it once was"
Climate of the coastal part is typically Mediterranean, which means, mild winters with dry hot summers, winter temperatures range from 5 to 10�C and summer temperatures from 26 to 30�C.
Continental part is a bit on a colder side, a typical european continental climate, winter temperatures from -1 to 3�C and summer temperatures from 22 to 26�C except in the mountainous regions where temperatures range from -5 to 0�C in winter time and 15 to 20�C in summer time.
Being a country of many natural beauties Croatia has done a lot in order to preserve its beauty and share it with the world so we have many national parks and parks of nature .
Croatia is a parlamentary multyparty democracy with a population of 4.437.460. The largest city is Zagreb with around 750 000 inhabitants.
In teritorial administrative structure there are 20 counties and the Town of Zagreb a standalone administrative unit. In the whole country there are alltogether 121 towns and 416 communities.
Larger cities are: Dubrovnik, Gospic, Karlovac, Osijek, Pula, Rijeka, Slavonski Brod, Sisak, Split, Sibenik, Varazdin, Vukovar, Zadar
The flag of the Republic of Croatia consists of three bands of color red, white and blue with the Croatian coat-of-arms in the center. ( flag ) ( coat of arms )
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Axel, Lutz and Salchow are all terms used in which sport? | Zagreb - Croatia's Capital City
Zagreb - Croatia's Capital City
Sights, Restaurants, Hotels, and Getting Around
Zagreb Cathedral. CC BY-NC-ND deymosD
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By Kerry Kubilius
Zagreb is Croatia's capital city. It lies inland, which means that unlike other capital cities in the region, it is outranked by coastal cities such as Dubrovnik in its popularity with travelers. However, Zagreb should not be overlooked as a travel destination; its lively urban energy is reflected in all aspects of its culture and can be easily accessed by visitors.
Croatia map with Zagreb starred
Zagreb Sights
Though a fully modern city, Zagreb does have historic areas of interest that are integral to the life of the inhabitants. A handful of sights are listed below, but Zagreb has many more important attractions!
Ban Jelačić Square: Ban Jelačić Square, or Trg bana Jelačića, is Zagreb's main square. Here, not only will you see the giant statue to its namesake, but you'll be able to visit a souvenir market, take in an open-air show, or find restaurants and shops to tempt you with their offerings. New Year's Eve in Zagreb is a huge event that takes place on this square every year.
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Dolac Market: Dolac market has been thriving since the first half of the 20th century. Mainly a fresh produce market, it attracts a steady stream of locals. However, if you're looking for a souvenir, you'll find them here, too. Lace, embroidered cloths, traditional shoes, and more can be purchased at this market. Be sure to visit the various levels of the market; it's larger than it looks on initial inspection!
Kaptol: Kaptol is a part of Zagreb's Upper Town and gained importance in the Middle Ages, when churches and fortifications were built there. Evidence of this time period remains, though most of the structures there show the style of the 167th century.
Stone Gate in Kaptol: The stone gate that was once a part of the fortifications around Kaptol contains a special shrine. Both visitors and the devout gather there to light a candle in front of the painting of the Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus, which legend says escaped a fire that consumed the prior wooden gate to the Upper Town area.
St. Mark's Church: When you turn the corner from the Stone Gate shrine and enter onto the square, you're sure to let out a gasp. St. Mark's church is an iconic Zagreb emblem with its colorful tiled roof that shows the coat of arms of the city and another one representing Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia.
When you're touring the city, don't forget about Zagreb's museums , which cover aspects of Croatian life and local and international art.
Restaurants in Zagreb
Zagreb's restaurant scene ranges from fast-food vendors to upscale establishments. When you're in Zagreb, be sure to taste traditional Croatian cuisine, which is flavorful and hearty. The slow-food movement is popular in this country, which means you have the opportunity to enjoy a long pre-dinner drink while your entree is carefully prepared by chefs who present diners with food that never sees the inside of a microwave or the underside of a heat lamp.
Try Kerempuh, just above Dolac Market, for well-cooked traditional meals and pleasant service.
Hotels in Zagreb
Zagreb's hotel scene provides anything from hostels to upscale, smack-in-center establishments. If your main focus in Zagreb is the sights, try to get a room close to the main square; there's plenty to do, eat, and buy there, too.
Hotels in Zagreb: Compare Prices
Getting to Zagreb
International and domestic flights to Zagreb arrive at the Zagreb Airport.
Flights to Zagreb: Compare Prices
Zagreb is pretty well connected to other capital cities in Europe by both train and bus. It's also possible to visit other Croatian cities by bus or train.
Getting Around Zagreb
Most sights in Zagreb can be easily accessed on foot, but if you require public transportation, consider the city's tram service. Tram tickets can be purchased at news kiosks and must be validated for each ride.
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Which British poet wrote ‘A Child’s Christmas in Wales’? | A Child's Christmas in Wales - Dylan Thomas
A Child's Christmas in Wales - Dylan Thomas
By Dylan Thomas
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Updated October 30, 2015.
"A Child's Christmas in Wales" is by Dylan Thomas. Take a look at this famous holiday work.
A Child's Christmas in Wales
One Christmas was so much like another, in those years around the sea-town corner now and out of all sound except the distant speaking of the voices I sometimes hear a moment before sleep, that I can never remember whether it snowed for six days and six nights when I was twelve or whether it snowed for twelve days and twelve nights when I was six.
All the Christmases roll down toward the two-tongued sea, like a cold and headlong moon bundling down the sky that was our street; and they stop at the rim of the ice-edged fish-freezing waves, and I plunge my hands in the snow and bring out whatever I can find. In goes my hand into that wool-white bell-tongued ball of holidays resting at the rim of the carol-singing sea, and out come Mrs. Prothero and the firemen.
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It was on the afternoon of the Christmas Eve, and I was in Mrs. Prothero's garden, waiting for cats, with her son Jim. It was snowing. It was always snowing at Christmas. December, in my memory, is white as Lapland, though there were no reindeers. But there were cats. Patient, cold and callous, our hands wrapped in socks, we waited to snowball the cats. Sleek and long as jaguars and horrible-whiskered, spitting and snarling, they would slink and sidle over the white back-garden walls, and the lynx-eyed hunters, Jim and I, fur-capped and moccasined trappers from Hudson Bay, off Mumbles Road, would hurl our deadly snowballs at the green of their eyes. The wise cats never appeared.
We were so still, Eskimo-footed arctic marksmen in the muffling silence of the eternal snows - eternal, ever since Wednesday - that we never heard Mrs. Prothero's first cry from her igloo at the bottom of the garden. Or, if we heard it at all, it was, to us, like the far-off challenge of our enemy and prey, the neighbor's polar cat. But soon the voice grew louder.
"Fire!" cried Mrs. Prothero, and she beat the dinner-gong.
And we ran down the garden, with the snowballs in our arms, toward the house; and smoke, indeed, was pouring out of the dining-room, and the gong was bombilating, and Mrs. Prothero was announcing ruin like a town crier in Pompeii.
This was better than all the cats in Wales standing on the wall in a row. We bounded into the house, laden with snowballs, and stopped at the open door of the smoke-filled room.
Something was burning all right; perhaps it was Mr. Prothero, who always slept there after midday dinner with a newspaper over his face. But he was standing in the middle of the room, saying, "A fine Christmas!" and smacking at the smoke with a slipper.
"Call the fire brigade," cried Mrs. Prothero as she beat the gong. "There won't be there," said Mr. Prothero, "it's Christmas."
There was no fire to be seen, only clouds of smoke and Mr. Prothero standing in the middle of them, waving his slipper as though he were conducting.
"Do something," he said. And we threw all our snowballs into the smoke - I think we missed Mr. Prothero - and ran out of the house to the telephone box.
"Let's call the police as well," Jim said. "And the ambulance." "And Ernie Jenkins, he likes fires."
But we only called the fire brigade, and soon the fire engine came and three tall men in helmets brought a hose into the house and Mr. Prothero got out just in time before they turned it on. Nobody could have had a noisier Christmas Eve. And when the firemen turned off the hose and were standing in the wet, smoky room, Jim's Aunt, Miss. Prothero, came downstairs and peered in at them. Jim and I waited, very quietly, to hear what she would say to them. She said the right thing, always. She looked at the three tall firemen in their shining helmets, standing among the smoke and cinders and dissolving snowballs, and she said, "Would you like anything to read?"
Years and years ago, when I was a boy, when there were wolves in Wales, and birds the color of red-flannel petticoats whisked past the harp-shaped hills, when we sang and wallowed all night and day in caves that smelt like Sunday afternoons in damp front farmhouse parlors, and we chased, with the jawbones of deacons, the English and the bears, before the motor car, before the wheel, before the duchess-faced horse, when we rode the daft and happy hills bareback, it snowed and it snowed. But here a small boy says: "It snowed last year, too. I made a snowman and my brother knocked it down and I knocked my brother down and then we had tea."
"But that was not the same snow," I say. "Our snow was not only shaken from white wash buckets down the sky, it came shawling out of the ground and swam and drifted out of the arms and hands and bodies of the trees; snow grew overnight on the roofs of the houses like a pure and grandfather moss, minutely -ivied the walls and settled on the postman, opening the gate, like a dumb, numb thunder-storm of white, torn Christmas cards."
"Were there postmen then, too?"
"With sprinkling eyes and wind-cherried noses, on spread, frozen feet they crunched up to the doors and mittened on them manfully. But all that the children could hear was a ringing of bells."
"You mean that the postman went rat-a-tat-tat and the doors rang?"
"I mean that the bells the children could hear were inside them."
"I only hear thunder sometimes, never bells."
"There were church bells, too."
"Inside them?"
"No, no, no, in the bat-black, snow-white belfries, tugged by bishops and storks. And they rang their tidings over the bandaged town, over the frozen foam of the powder and ice-cream hills, over the crackling sea. It seemed that all the churches boomed for joy under my window; and the weathercocks crew for Christmas, on our fence."
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Sancerre wine is produced in which country? | 1000+ images about A Child's Christmas in Wales on Pinterest | TVs, Children and A child
I reread all my favourite Christmas stories during the holiday season: A Child's Christmas in Wales, by Dylan Thomas
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