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Swiss-born architect, designer and writer Charles-Edouard Jeanneret was better known by what name?	Le Corbusier (Author of Towards a New Architecture) edit data Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, better known as Le Corbusier; was an architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930. His career spanned five decades, with his buildings constructed throughout Europe, India, and America. He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. He was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal and AIA Gold Medal in 1961. Le Corbusier adopted his pseudonym in the 1920s, allegedly deriving it in part from the name of an ancestor, Lecorbésier.	Le Corbusier
Actress Rachel Weisz married which actor in 2011?	Charles-Edouard Jeanneret - definition of Charles-Edouard Jeanneret by The Free Dictionary Charles-Edouard Jeanneret - definition of Charles-Edouard Jeanneret by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Charles-Edouard+Jeanneret Related to Charles-Edouard Jeanneret: Charles-Édouard Jeanneret Le Cor·bu·sier (lə kôr-bo͞o-zyā′, -bü-) Pseudonym of Charles Édouard Jeanneret. 1887-1965. Swiss-born French architect and writer. The most powerful advocate of the modernist school, he designed numerous functional concrete buildings and high-rise residential complexes. Le Corbusier (French lə kɔrbyzje) n (Biography) real name Charles Édouard Jeanneret. 1887–1965, French architect and town planner, born in Switzerland. He is noted for his use of reinforced concrete and for his modular system, which used units of a standard size. His works include Unité d'Habitation at Marseilles (1946–52) and the city of Chandigarh, India (1954) Le Cor•bu•sier	i don't know
The Pya is a monetary unit of which country?	Pya - definition of pya by The Free Dictionary Pya - definition of pya by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pya A unit of currency in Myanmar equal to 1/100 of the kyat. [Burmese pyà.] (Currencies) a monetary unit of Myanmar worth one hundredth of a kyat [from Burmese] a monetary unit of Burma, equal to 1/100 of the kyat. [1950–55; < Burmese (sp. prāḥ)] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: pya - 100 pyas equal 1 kyat in Myanmar Myanmar monetary unit - monetary unit in the Union of Burma kyat - the basic unit of money in Myanmar Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: rupee References in periodicals archive ? Apparently, production of the PYa has been limited, as only elite units of the Russian army and police have received them. A Continuation of the Dialogue on Issues in Counseling in the Postmodern Era The twins' deputy commander, Swe Pya, has fallen under their spell. They are messengers from God .. nothing will ever harm the twins; THE AMAZING 12-YEAR-OLDS WHO COMMAND A REBEL ARMY It will be used by PYA to expand integrated youth development services to Williams Preparatory, an Uplift Education Charter School. David McMillan to Speak at Knowledge Congress' Live Webcast 155 km at MJR, PON, GPD, ELR, SPE, DVR, NYP, PYA & ODR yards in loops, shunting neck & sidings in ADEN/SPE sub division. CTR (S) -8.155 km at MJR, PON, GPD, ELR, SPE, DVR, NYP, PYA & ODR yards in loops, shunting neck & sidings Clark, CPA, FHFMA, Senior Manager, PYA will speak at the Knowledge Congress' webcast entitled: “Understanding IRS Proposed Regulations on Community Health Needs Assessments LIVE Webcast.	Myanmar
‘How To Talk Dirty and Influence People’ is the title of which US comedian’s autobiography?	Pyas - definition of pyas by The Free Dictionary Pyas - definition of pyas by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pyas Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical , Financial . py·a A unit of currency in Myanmar equal to 1/100 of the kyat. [Burmese pyà.] (Currencies) a monetary unit of Myanmar worth one hundredth of a kyat [from Burmese] a monetary unit of Burma, equal to 1/100 of the kyat. [1950–55; < Burmese (sp. prāḥ)] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: pya - 100 pyas equal 1 kyat in Myanmar Myanmar monetary unit - monetary unit in the Union of Burma kyat - the basic unit of money in Myanmar Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: rupee References in periodicals archive ? Aaron Pyas spotted the gap to play right-midfielder Casciaro in and he fired through keeper David Marshall's legs. Copyright © 2003-2016 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	i don't know
How many steeplechase fences are on the Aintree Grand National race course?	Course and Fences It is illegal for anyone aged under 18 to gamble Grand National Course and Fences The Grand National is the ultimate test of horse and jockey. The race comprises two full circuits of a unique 2ï¿½ mile (3,600 metres) course, where challengers will face 30 of the most testing fences in the world of jump racing. It was originally designed as a cross-country steeplechase when it was first officially run in 1839. The runners started at a lane on the edge of the racecourse and raced away from the course out over open countryside towards the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The gates, hedges and ditches that they met along the way were flagged to provide them with the obstacles to be jumped along the way with posts and rails erected at the two points where the runners jumped a brook. The runners returned towards the racecourse by running along the edge of the canal before re-entering the course at the opposite end. The runners then ran the length of the racecourse before embarking on a second circuit before finishing in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country", much to the confusion of millions of once-a-year racing viewers. Nowadays, around 150 tonnes of spruce branches, sourced and transported from forests in the Lake District, are used to dress the Liverpool course's jump fences. Each fence used to be made from a wooden frame and covered with the distinctive green spruce. However, a radical change for the 2013 renewal saw that frame replaced by a softer, more forgiving material known as "plastic birch", for safety reasons. Each of the 16 fences on the course are jumped twice, with the exception of The Chair and the Water Jump, which are jumped on the first circuit only. You can take a jockey's eye view of the Grand National course via the video below: Safety Changes Following safety reviews after both the 2011 and 2012 renewals, a number of changes were made to the course with some reductions in fences or the drop after fences, plus the levelling of landing zones. Since 2013, the start of the race is now 90 yards closer to the first fence, reducing the race to four miles and three-and-a-half furlongs, from four-and-a-half miles, while measures were introduced to stop horses getting caught up in the starting tape. In particular, the start now includes the 'no-go' zone, which is defined by a line on the track, being extended from 15 yards to around 30 yards from the starting tape. The starter's rostrum has been moved to a position between the starting tape and the 'no-go' zone to reduce the potential for horses to go through the starting tape prematurely. The tapes themselves are also more user-friendly, with increased visibility, while there is now a specific briefing between the starters' team and the jockeys on Grand National day. The changes to the start are aimed at slowing the speed the first fence is approached at, while moving the start further away from the crowd reduces noise that can distract the horses. The makeup of all of the fences changed significantly in 2013. The new fences are still covered in spruce, but wooden posts have been replaced by a softer material known as "plastic birch", and on top of that birch there's a minimum of fourteen to sixteen inches of spruce that the horses can knock off. The outward appearance of the fences remains the same. Other measures included ï¿½100,000 being invested in irrigation to produce the safest jumping ground possible and a new bypass and pen around fence four to catch riderless horses. The Start There is a hazard to overcome even before the race starts - the build up, parade and re-girthing prior to the off lasts for around 25 minutes, over double the time it takes for any other race. With 40 starters, riders naturally want a good sight of the first fence and after the long build-up their nerves are stretched to breaking point, which means the stewards' pre-race warning to go steady is often totally ignored. The Fences 1 & 17: Thorn fence, 4ft 6in high, 2ft 9in wide - The first often claims many victims as horses tend to travel to it far too keenly. As described above, the drop on the landing side was reduced in 2011. 2 & 18: Almost the same height as the first but much wider at 3ft 6in. Prior to 1888 the first two fences were located approximately halfway between the first to second and second to third jumps. The fence became known as The Fan after a mare refused at the obstacle three years in succession, but it lost that name when the fences were relocated. 3 & 19 Westhead: This is the first big test with a 6ft ditch on the approach guarding a 4ft 10in high fence. 4 & 20: Plain fence, 4ft 10in high and 3ft wide. In 2011, the 20th became the first fence in Grand National history to be bypassed on the second circuit, following an equine fatality on the first. In 2012, it was reduced in height by 2 inches to its current height of 4 foot 10 inches (1.47 metres) after it was shown to be the hardest fence on the course to jump along with Becherï¿½s Brook. Its landing area was smoothed out ahead of the 2013 race. 5 & 21: Spruce dressed fence, 5ft high and 3ft 6in wide. Its landing side was also levelled in 2013. It was bypassed on the final lap for the first time in 2012 so that medics could treat a jockey who fell from his mount on the first lap and had broken a leg. 6 & 22 Becher's Brook: Although the fence looks innocuous from the take-off side, the steep drop on the landing side, together with a left-hand turn on landing, combine to make this the most thrilling and famous fence in the horse racing world. The fence actually measures well over 6 ft on the landing side, a drop of between 5 and 10in from take off. Horses are not expecting the ground the disappear under them on landing, riders need to sit back in the saddle and use their body weight to act as ballast to keep the horses stable. As described above, there have been a number of alterations to this fence in recent season to try to make it a fairer and safer test for horse and rider, and the whole field managed to clear the obstacle on the first circuit last year. Becher's Brook earned its name when a top jockey, Captain Martin Becher, took shelter in the brook after being unseated. "Water tastes disgusting without the benefits of whisky" he reflected. 7 & 23 Foinavon Fence: Basically an 'ordinary' fence (4ft 6in high and 3ft wide) that was made famous in 1967 when Fionavon was the only horse to scramble over it at the first time of asking, following a mass pile-up. The jump is the smallest on the course, but coming straight after the biggest drop, it can catch horses and riders out. 8 & 24 Canal Turn: Made of hawthorn stakes covered in Norway spruce, it gets its name from the fact that there is a canal in front of the horses when they land. To avoid it, they must turn a full 90 degrees when they touch down. The race can be won or lost here, with a diagonal leap to the inside of the jump taking the fence at a scary angle, but reducing the turn on landing. With 30 or more horses often still standing when the field reaches this point on the first circuit, not every rider has the option of taking this daring passage. Before the First World War it was not uncommon for loose horses to continue straight ahead after the jump and end up in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal itself. There was once a ditch before the fence but this was filled in after a mï¿½lï¿½e in the 1928 race. 9 & 25 Valentine's Brook: The third of four famous fences to be jumped in succession, it is 5ft high and 3ft 3in wide with a brook on the landing side thatï¿½s about 5ft 6in wide. The fence was originally known as the Second Brook but was renamed after a horse named Valentine was reputed to have jumped the fence hind legs first in 1840. A grandstand was erected alongside the fence in the early part of the 20th century but fell into decline after the Second World War and was torn down in the 1970s. 10 & 26: Thorn fence, 5ft high and 3ft wide that leads the runners alongside the canal towards two ditches. 11 & 27 Booth: The main problem with this fence, which is 5ft high and 3ft wide, is the 6ft wide ditch on the take-off side. 12 & 28: Same size as the two previous fences, but with a 5ft 6in ditch on the landing side, which can catch runners out. The runners then cross the Melling Road near to the Anchor Bridge, a popular vantage point since the earliest days of the race. This also marks the point where the runners are said to be re-entering the "racecourse proper". In the early days of the race it was thought there was an obstacle near this point known as the Table Jump, which may have resembled a bank similar to those still seen at Punchestown in Ireland. In the 1840s the Melling Road was also flanked by hedges and the runners had to jump into the road and then back out of it. 13 & 29: Second-last fence on the final circuit, it is 4ft 7in high and 3ft wide. This is the other obstacle to have had its landing side smoothed out ahead of the 2013 renewal. 14 & 30: Almost the same height as the previous fence and it is rare for any horse to fall at the final fence in the Grand National. 15 The Chair: The final two jumps of the first circuit form the only pair negotiated just once - and they could not be more different. The Chair is both the tallest (5ft 2in) and broadest fence on the course, with a 6ft wide ditch on the take-off side. In addition, the landing side turf is actually raised six inches above the take-off ground. This has the opposite effect on horses and riders to the drop at Becher's, as having stretched to get over the ditch, horses are surprised to find the ground coming up to meet them. This is spectacular when horses get it right and equally so, for all the wrong reasons, when they donï¿½t. This fence is the site of the only human fatality in the National's history, Joe Wynne who sustained injuries in a fall in 1862. This brought about the ditch on the take-off side of the fence in an effort to slow the horses on approach. The fence was the location where a distance judge sat in the earliest days of the race. On the second circuit he would record the finishing order from his position and declare any horse that had not passed him before the previous runner passed the finishing post as "distanced", meaning a non-finisher. The practise was done away with in the 1850s but the monument where the chair stood is still there. The fence was originally known as the Monument Jump but The Chair came into more regular use in the 1930s. 16 Water Jump: This 2ft 9in fence brings the first circuit to an end and the sight of the runners jumping it at speed presents a terrific spectacle in front of the grandstands. The fence was originally a stone wall in the very early Grand Nationals. On the final circuit, after the 30th fence the remaining runners bear right, avoiding The Chair and Water Jump, to head onto a "run-in" to the finishing post. The Finish The 474-yard long run in from the final fence to the finish is the longest in the country and has an acute elbow halfway up it that further drains the then almost empty stamina reserves of both horse and jockey. For numerous riders over the years, this elongated run-in has proved mental and physical agony when the winning post seems to be retreating with every weary stride. Don't count your money until the post is reached as with the rest of the Grand National course, the run-in can - and usually does - change fortunes. The likes of Devon Loch, Crisp and Sunnyhillbot have all famously had defeat snatched from the jaws of victory in heat breaking fashion. Course Walking No visit to Aintree would be complete without taking the opportunity to see some of these famous fences close up. The whole course can actually be walked on the morning of the race (subject to ground conditions and security requirements). Walkers should leave an hour to do a circuit, which must be completed one hour prior to the first race. Maps, guiding racegoers to the start point, are located around the racecourse. The famous Becher's Brook with its steep drop on landing - a daunting obstacle © Where To Bet Ltd 2004-16 (contact us: [email protected])	sixteen
Which British band released a 2002 album entitled ‘A Rush of Blood to the Head’?	Aintree Racecourse - Grand National Fences Grand National Fences TESTING MENU Aintree Racecourse Horses have to successfully jump a total of 30 Grand National Fences . Each of the 16 individual fences are jumped twice, apart from The Chair and The Water Jump. The race comprises two circuits of the course. Becher's Brook is the 6th fence on the first circuit, and 22nd on the second. It was modified for safety purposes in 1989, and remains one of the most formidable fences. Aintree Racecourse History The first official races at Aintree were set up by the owner of Liverpool's Waterloo Hotel, Mr William Lynn. Mr Lynn leased the land from Lord Sefton, laid out a course, built a grandstand and staged the first Flat fixture on July 7, 1829. Aintree is home to the worlds most popular races in the world, the Aintree Grand National. The Aintree Grand National was first run in 1839 and was won by the 5-1 favourite "Lottery". This was also the year in which the infamous Captain Martin Becher fell from his horse "Conrad" into the brook when in the lead, thus beginning the legend that is Becher's Brook. In recent years the Aintree racecourse has gone from strength to strength and a large part of the credit can go to Martell who provided much needed sponsorship at an important time. New Sponsors John Smiths Beer shall take over the Grand National sponsorship in 2005 and this ties in nicely with future plans for the course which include a new grandstand, as well as a redeveloped Parade Ring and Winner's Enclosure. Aintree's ambitious �30million plan will be complete for the 2007 Grand National Meeting .	i don't know
Which English football club play their home games at Ewood park?	Ewood Park: The Cradle of English Football - Blackburn Rovers - Ewood Park Ewood Park: The Cradle of English Football Chronology of Events Laws of the game: Approved by the Football Association : 1863. Notts County F.C. established: 1863. Laws of the game: Forward passes are permitted, as long as there are three defending players between the receiver and the goal: 1866 Laws of the game: Introduction of the specific position of goalkeeper: 1871. Football Association Cup established: 1871. Blackburn Rovers F.C. established: 1875. Laws of the game: Full unity with the Sheffield Rules is established – several features of the northern code had been incorporated into the London-based association rulebook over the preceding 14 years: 1877. Blackburn Olympic F.C. established: 1878. Preston North End F.C. established: 1880. Blackburn Olympic F.C. win the Football Association Cup: 1883. Blackburn Rovers F.C. win the Football Association Cup: 1884. Blackburn Rovers F.C. win the Football Association Cup: 1885. Football Association legalises professionalism: 1885. Blackburn Rovers win the Football Association Cup: 1886. Football League established: 1888. Preston North End win the Football League: 1888-89. Preston North End win the Football League: 1889-90. Blackburn Olympic folded: 1889. Laws of the game: The penalty kick is introduced: 1891. Football League Division 2 established: 1892. Football League Division 3 (South) established: 1920-1921. Football League Division 3 (North) established: 1921. Laws of the game: The offside rule is reduced from three to two defending players between the player and the opponent's goal line: 1925. Laws of the game: Introduction of substitutes: 1958. Football League Division 3 established: 1958. Football League Division 4 established: 1958. Football League Cup established: 1960 Laws of the game: Introduction of red and yellow cards: 1970. Laws of the game: Introduction of the back-pass rule: 1992. Football Association Premier League established: 1992. Blackburn Rovers win the Premier League and crowned Champions of England: 1995. Ewood Park officially reopened: 1995. Laws of the game: Goal-line technology is permitted, if the individual competition wishes to implement it: 2012. Blackburn Rovers are one of only three clubs to have been both a founder member of the Football League and the Premier League; the others being fellow Lancastrian's Everton and Warwickshire club Aston Vila. Blackburn Rovers are the only Football Club to be founder members of the Premier League and Football League and Champions of both. During the 1880's, the dominance of the upper-class southern public school, army and university teams came to an end as the game took root in the industrial heartlands of Lancashire and the west and north Midlands. Even though clubs like Blackburn Rovers were formed by middle-class grammar school boys, with the participation of the working-class, both as players and spectators, the game eventually ceased to be the exclusive pursuit of the genteel middle and upper-classes and became a mass spectator sport. Even before professionalism was legalized in 1885 and certainly after the legalization of professionalism, these new breed of clubs were building enclosed grounds; charging admission fees and being run for profit. Intense competition led to players being poached by one club from another and financial inducements, forbidden by the FA's strict rules on amateurism, became commonplace. Before professionalism and the Football League was created, it was the FA Cup that was competed for by teams from both England and Scotland. The FA Cup went north for the first time to the unknown working-class team of Blackburn Olympic rather than the former grammar school boys of Blackburn Rovers. Olympic won the cup and Olympic's victory marked a turning point in the sport's transition from a pastime for upper-class gentlemen to a full time professional sport enabling the participation of working-class men. Blackburn Olympic were formed in 1878 and initially took part only in minor local competitions. In 1880, the club entered the FA Cup for the first time and in 1883 defeated the Old Etonians at Kennington Oval to win the trophy. This victory was a significant factor in the decision by the sport's governing body, The Football Association, to allow professionalism in 1885. Due to being a working-class club, Blackburn Olympic struggled financially; players had back breaking full time jobs and club eventually folded in 1889 unable to compete with wealthier and better-supported clubs in the professional era. The more middle-class club of Blackburn Rovers thrived, poaching eight of Blackburn Olympics players before going on to achieve FA Cup dominance and becoming the first glamour club of the English game with three successive FA Cup triumphs in 1884, 1885 and 1886; the year before, during and after the legalisation of professionalism. As a result of The Football Association bowing to pressure from clubs like Blackburn Rovers and Aston Villa and because of the heroic success of Blackburn Olympic, The Football Association recognised professionalism and the balance of power shifted decisively north - no amateur side has appeared in the final since then. Ewood Park is also one of the oldest homes to an English football club. Blackburn Rovers, founded in 1875, are one of the oldest professional football clubs in the world, although Rovers did not take up permanent residence at Ewood Park until 1890, they began playing games at Ewood Park in 1882. Bramall Lane, the home of Sheffield United Football Club is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional football matches, however, it was not until 1889 the year that Sheffield United were formed that it became the home of Sheffield United. Although Blackburn Rovers were formed in 1875, Ewood Park did not become the permanant home of Blackburn Rovers until 1890, the year after Sheffield United moved into Bramall Lane, though as already mentioned, Rovers began playing at Ewood Park in 1882, a full seven years before Sheffield United were formed. However, after having seen the sporting and financial success of Blackburn Olympic and particularly Blackburn Rovers in East Lancashire, Preton North End finally adopted Association football in 1880 and played their first game at Deepdale in that same year after first trying cricket in 1863 and then Rugby Union in 1875. Preston North End also became the first Football League Champions in 1888-89 and 1889-90. So why is Ewood Park the Cradle of English Football when we consider that the oldest football ground in Britain and in the whole world is at Sandygate, another ground in Sheffield? These things are subtle and nunanced and there are many different ways of looking at them. For example, Sandygate first opened in 1804 and is recorded in the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest football ground in the world; also, in 1862 Notts County F.C. was established and is the oldest football club in the world and the English Football League; in 1863 Stoke City F.C. was established and is the oldest football club in the English Premier League. So are we talking about amateur clubs? Professional clubs? None League clubs? Football League clubs? Premier League cubs? It depends and I don't think there is any right or wrong. However, I believe that football would never have professionalised and the game would never have transitioned from a genteel pastime for the idle upper-class and nurtured into what became a mass spectator and participent working-class sport if it were not for the success of Blackburn Rovers and Blackburn Olympic and all of these achievements by Blackburn Rovers and Blackburn Olympic were before the Football League was established. 1) Brammall Lane (Sheffield United, England) built: 1855 2) Deepdale (Preston, England) built: 1875 3) Ewood Park (Blackburn Rovers, England) built: 1882 1) Preston North End played at Deepale: 1880 2) Blackburn Rovers played at Ewood Park: 1882/1890 3) Sheffield United played at Brammall Lane: 1889 Blackburn Olympic win the FA Cup: 1883 Blackurn Rovers win the FA Cup: 1884, 1885, 1886. Football is now a mass working-class spectator and participant sport. Premier League Champions: 1995 making Blackburn Rovrers the only Founder Members of the Football League and Premier League and Champions of both. Blackburn Rovers and West Bromwich Albion feature in oldest footage of a football match dating from 1898 at Ewood Park, Blackburn. The 45-second clip shows a passage of play from the Blackburn Rovers vs West Bromwich Albion match at Ewood Park on September 24, 1898. It is the the oldest film clip of a football match in existence. The footage was discovered in the North West Film Archive. 12,000 fans were present that day as Blackburn won 4-1. It was captured by film pioneer Arthur Cheetham. The greatest Rovers of them all, Bob Crompton, also played in this match. Link to video footage: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2877268/Blackburn-West-Brom-feature-oldest-footage-football-match-dating-1898.html#v-3947345427001 Screenshots below show passages of play from Blackburn Rovers v West Bromwich Albion at Ewood Park, 1898. The West Brom goalkeeper takes a breather as the play unfolds in the Rovers half.. Blackburn Rovers In Training, Ewood Park, 1929. Blackburn Rovers In Training, Ewood Park, 1934. Ewood Park, 1979. The ground had changed little since the 1920's and remained unchanged until the ground was completely redeveloped between 1992-1995. Demolition of The Riverside begins, 1987. Demolition of The Riverside begins, 1987. Reconstruction of The Riverside begins, 1988. The Blackburn End, 1992. The Nuttall Street Stand, 1993 The Nuttall Street Stand, 1993. The Nuttall Street stand, 1993. The Nuttall Street Stand, 1993. The Darwen End construction, 1993. The Darwen End construction, 1993 The Blackburn End construction, 1993 The Jack Walker Stand, 1994. The Jack Walker Stand, 1994. The Jack Walker Stand, 1994. The Darwen End, 1994. Official Opening of the redeveloped Ewood Park took place: 18/11/1995. Rovers beat Forrest 7 - 0 to celebrate. Blackburn Rovers 7 v 0 Nottingham Forrest. Jack Walker applauds the team off at the final whistle. Shearer scored a hat-trick on 20, 57 and 68 min's. Bohinen also got two against his old club on 28 and 76 min's. Other goal scorers for Rovers were Newell 82 and Le Saux 89 min's. Famous football stadiums designed by architect, Archibald Leitch. L-R top: Ewood Park, 1928; Goodison Park, 1938. L-R bottom: Highbury, 1929; St James Park, 1927. Ewood Park, 19th October 1928. Image was provided by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council for use in the Cotton Town digitisation project: www.cottontown.org. Look closely and it is possible to see what appear to be Crofts on the hillside to the left of The Riverside stand. Is this were the Higher Croft estate (which has produced a numbers of Rovers' terrace legends) gets its name from? Ewood Park late 1990's. So when did the Rovers come to Ewood and how did Ewood Park come to Ewood? The land that Ewood Park was built on was originally used for drying cloth dyed at Ewood print works and later as pasture land for cattle. In November 1881 four Blackburn business men acquired 14 acres of this land from Edward Petre (once Lords of the Manor of Rishton) for £5000. The area was enclosed by a large wooden fence, drained and re-turfed, a half a mile by 35ft race track was laid out and also a straight track measuring four hundred yards by 28 feet was laid down. The Blackburn Standard of April 15 says: “Horse boxes, dressing tents, a refreshment saloon, lavatories, etc., will be erected in a short time…A large and comfortable grand stand, with a natural elevation, will also be built and comfortable vantage ground will be afforded to all who attend the sports. The ground contains some pure spring water, and it is thought that if the sports prove successful probably baths will be built for the summer months. A platform for dancing will also be constructed, and the gentlemen who have purchased the ground are determined to do all they can for the comfort of the working classes, and offer them (every) possible facilities for enjoying themselves.” The stadium was opened on the 8th of April 1882. The total cost of the building work was estimated at being £9,000. On the opening day, the Blackburn Times said: “The weather was most favourable, though other attractions in the town influenced the attendance of spectators. However, there were 1,000 present, and considerable interest was manifested in the different events.” The first events held were the heats of a 200 yards “dog handicap,” with a first prize of £20, second, £7, third £3. There then followed the heats for a 200 yards “foot handicap race”, the first prize being £20 and three other prizes of £5, £3 and £2, there were 21 competitors entered into the foot race. The competition continued on Monday afternoon when 3,000 spectators turned up to watch the concluding rounds of the dog race and the foot race. The winner of the dog race was “Cur” belonging to a Mr. Hopkinson from Tottington, and the winner of the foot race was W. Cummins of Preston. Later in the afternoon a wrestling match took place for £20 between Alfred Aspen of Guide and John Clegg of Oswaldtwistle with Clegg coming out the winner. In the following years Ewood Park was used for all kind of events including athletics, dog racing, trotting racing, and cycle racing, at one point it boasted one of the biggest and fastest cinder cycle tracks in the north. The Blackburn Michaelmas Fair was held there from October 9th to 19th 1885. In 1890 the ground was taken on a ten year lease by the Blackburn Rovers Committee and the Rovers played their first match at Ewood Park against Accrington in front of a crowd of 10,000, the result being a 0-0 draw. Even though the Rovers had leased Ewood Park other events were still held there, such as the athletics festival of July 1891. In 1893 it was decided by the Committee that they should buy the ground, and on Wednesday 24th January 1894 the papers reported: “PURCHASE OF EWOOD PARK BY THE BLACKBURN ROVERS” “Last evening the committee of the Blackburn Rovers Football Club completed the purchase out and out of Ewood Park, their famous enclosure. The club had already spent £3,000 on the ground, and they now propose to erect on the south side of the ground, where twenty additional yards of land have been purchased, a huge covered stand, which will make the ground the largest in England, and accommodation equal to nearly forty thousand spectators. The purchase money amounted to £2,000.” On New Year’s Day 1896 the Rovers faced Everton at Ewood Park. During the game a part of the stand on the north end of the ground collapsed injuring about twelve people, a section of the crowd climbed over the rails on to the field. After the police had restored order the game continued with Everton coming out on top winning 3-2. The Blackburn Times was the only local paper to report the accident but could only find room for a sentence. After a lengthy report on the match they finished with: “The collapse of the stand also affected the Rovers play, coming as it did when they were pressing.” However The Leeds Mercury Thursday January 2nd 1896 gave a fuller account: ”COLLAPSE OF A STAND AT A FOOTBALL MATCH” “Towards the end of the football match between the Blackburn Rovers and Everton, at Blackburn, yesterday, an open stand, on which were two thousand people, suddenly collapsed in the centre. For the moment a panic ensued among the spectators but the police were quickly on the spot and order was soon restored. Fortunately, not more than a dozen people were injured, and only three at all seriously. These were carried on to the ground and attended to.” Text was provided by Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council for use in the Cotton Town digitisation project: www.cottontown.org. Ewood Park: Rovers v Birmigham City, 1935. Photo taken from The Nuttall Street Stand looking towards The Riverside with the roofless Blackburn End to the left. Again it is possible to see what looks like a Crofters cottage on the hillside to the left of The Riverside stand while below we can see atop the hill, Higher Croft estate.	Blackburn Rovers F.C.
What does ‘Son et Lumiere’ translate to in English?	Ewood Park \| Blackburn Rovers FC \| Football Ground Guide Football Ground Guide Address: Blackburn, Lancashire, BB2 4JF Telephone: 01254 372 001 Ticket Office: 01254 372 000 Pitch Size: 115 x 76 yards Club Nickname: Rovers Home Kit: Blue and White Away Kit: All Black Bryan Douglas Stand & Jack Walker Stands Ronnie Clayton End & Riverside Stand Bryan Douglas Stand WHAT IS EWOOD PARK LIKE? The ground is quite impressive, having had three new large stands built during the 1990's. These stands are at both ends and at one side of the ground. They are of the same height and of roughly similar design, being two tiered, having a row of executive boxes and similar roofs. The ends are particularly impressive, both having large lower tiers. The only downside is the open corners, although there is a huge screen at one corner by the away end, which shows an excellent pre-match programme and amongst other things, the teams emerging from the dressing rooms and onto the pitch. There is also an electric scoreboard at the Bryan Douglas Darwen End of the ground. The Riverside is the only undeveloped stand, running down one side of the pitch. This is a smaller single tiered stand and is not as pleasing to the eye as its more modern counterparts. In fact it looks older than what it is having been opened in 1988. It contains a fair number of supporting pillars and is partly covered (to the rear). Just to highlight how much the ground has changed, this was at one time the 'best' stand at Ewood Park. One other interesting feature of the ground, is the fact that the pitch is raised. This means that players have to run up a small incline, whilst taking throw-ins and corners. Outside the stadium behind the Ronnie Clayton Blackburn End there is a statue of former club owner Jack Walker. WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR VISITING FANS? Away fans are housed in the Bryan Douglas Darwen End, where the facilities provided are good. However, the spacing between the rows of seats leaves a lot to be desired, being quite tight. The Darwen End is shared with home supporters, but if demand requires it the whole of the stand can be made available. Normally the away allocation is for three quarters of the stand, at just under 4,000 tickets, which are split between the whole of the upper tier and part of the lower tier (with the lower tier being allocated first). If you have not bought a ticket in advance, then you need to buy one from the away supporters ticket office at the ground as you can't pay on the turnstiles. The ticket office is located on the corner of the Darwen End & the Jack Walker Stand. On the concourse the food available includes; Pies (Chicken Balti, Peppered Steak, Potato and Meat, Cheese and Onion all £2.60), Sausage Rolls (£2.30) and Hot Dogs (£3.20). The pies and other baked products are made by the Clayton Park company, located nearby in Accrington. The refreshment areas are opened 90 minutes before kick off and close 15 minutes into the second half. If you are looking to eat something prior to entering the ground, then there is a baker in Bolton Road selling hot pies from one of its windows. Across the Bolton Road by the home end is a McDonalds, which I noticed had a walk through service for fans! I found the Blackburn fans both friendly and helpful, plus coupled with the relaxed stewarding, has made it so far for me, four pleasant visits to Ewood Park.' PUBS FOR AWAY FANS The closest pub to Ewood Park that away supporters can use is the Fernhurst pub on Bolton Road, which is only a five minute walk from the visitors turnstiles. Now part of the Hungry Horse chain, it quickly fills up on matchdays and once full no further fans are allowed entry, until people leave. However please note that in keeping with the 'families atmosphere' of the pub, fans are asked to refrain from singing. John Chadbourne a visiting Nottingham Forest supporter recommends Uncle Jacks on Branch Road; 'It welcomes away fans, has an excellent selection of beers, cask ales as well as some brilliant pies. It is only a ten minute walk from the ground'. There is the Golden Cup pub which is further on past the Fernhurst (going away from the ground) on Bolton Road and is tucked in by the motorway bridge. However this Thwaites pub is quite small, gets rather crowded and it is a good 20 minute walk (and mostly uphill) from Ewood Park. It is friendly though and also offers a range of pies. You can also park at the pub for a cost of £5. On the other side of the motorway on the same road going further away from Ewood Park towards Darwen is the Anchor Hotel, which is also frequented by away fans. Just around the corner from the entrance to Blackburn Railway Station is a Wetherspoons outlet called the Postal Order. Alcohol is also served within the ground in the form of; Fosters (£3.50 pint), John Smith's (£3.50 pint), Bulmers Cider (£2.70 bottle) and Wine (£3.90 small bottle). The Club offer two pints of lager or bitter for £6.70. You can even have them served in a two pint pot! BLACKBURN HOTELS - FIND AND BOOK YOURS AND HELP SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE If you require hotel accommodation in Blackburn then first try a hotel booking service provided by Booking.com . They offer all types of accommodation to suit all tastes and pockets from; Budget Hotels, Traditional Bed & Breakfast establishments to Five Star Hotels and Serviced Apartments. Plus their booking system is straightforward and easy to use. Yes this site will earn a small commission if you book through them, but it will help towards the running costs of keeping this Guide going. DIRECTIONS AND CAR PARKING From The North Use Motorway M6 to junction 30, to the M61 - leave junction 9 then onto the M65 towards Blackburn - leave the M65 at Junction 4 (A666) and follow signs towards Blackburn. Ewood Park is about 1 mile down the road on the right hand side. From The South Use Motorway M6 to junction 29, then onto the M65 towards Blackburn - leave the M65 at Junction 4 (A666) and follow signs towards Blackburn. Turn right at the first set of traffic lights and Ewood Park is about 1 mile down the road on the right hand side. From The East Use Motorway M62 onto M66/A56, then onto the M65, head towards Blackburn - leave the M65 at Junction 4 (A666) and follow signs towards Blackburn. Turn right at the first set of traffic lights and Ewood Park is about 1 mile down the road on the right hand side. Car Parking Various private car parks are available in the area around the ground, costing in the region of £5. If you want to get away reasonably quickly after the game (the roads immediately around Ewood are closed off for crowd safety for around 30 minutes after the game) then as you come down the hill on the A666, you will pass a paetrol garage on your left. Turn right at the next traffic lights into Branch Road and down on your left there are some industrial units offering matchday parking. After the game turn left out of the car parks, so that you are going away from Ewood, turn right at the second mini roundabout and this will take you back up to the M65. BY TRAIN The closest station is Mill Hill which is a around a 15 minute walk away from Ewood Park. It is served by trains from Blackburn and the journey only takes a few minutes. Blackburn station itself is at least a couple of miles from the ground and hence a good 25-30 minute walk away. Blackburn station is served by trains from Manchester & Leeds. Tony Durkin adds; 'The main doors to the railway station face the bus station, from where you can take a either a Number 1, 3 or 225 bus (the latter goes from Stand N) bus to Ewood. To walk it to the ground instead, turn left at those main doors and go straight on towards Darwen Street. Turn left and you will reach a major junction over which runs a railway bridge (Darwen Street Bridge), which is impossible to miss. Crossing over the road as soon as you turn left onto Darwen Street will be a help, as when you get to the junction you need to follow the road towards Bolton. It is called Great Bolton Street after the bridge and then becomes Bolton Road. Follow this straight along for just over a mile (passing the Infirmary on your left and the canal on the right). After you go under another railway bridge, the ground is down on your left just after you pass the Aqueduct pub (for home fans only)'. Tony Hughes informs me; 'Blackburn station is only a three minute ride away from Mill Hill. On arriving at Mill Hill walk up the steps from the platform and turn left onto New Chapel Street. Continue along New Chapel Street passing a shopping area and park. With the Spar supermarket on the opposite side of the road from you, turn left into New Wellington Street. Continue down New Wellington Street until you come to a small bridge that crosses over the Leeds Liverpool canal. You are now on Albion Street there is a large mill building on the left and a small school on the right. Walk along Albion Street to the end, and you will find yourself on Livesey Branch Road. Turn Left onto this road, and you will be able to see the football stadium in front of you at the foot of the hill'. Find train times, prices and book tickets with trainline. Booking tickets in advance will normally save you money! BOOK TRAIN TICKETS WITH TRAINLINE Remember if travelling by train then you can normally save on the cost of fares by booking in advance. Visit the the trainline website to see how much you can save on the price of train tickets. Click on the trainline logo below: Like a number of Clubs, Blackburn operate a match category policy (A+, A & B) whereby the ticket prices cost more for the most popular games. Category A+ prices are shown below with A & B in brackets: Home Fans Jack Walker Stand (Centre): Adults £39 (A £31) (B £27) OAP's/Students £32 (A £27) (B £24), Juniors £17 (A £14) (B £12) Jack Walker Stand (Wings): Adults £37 (A £29) (B £24) OAP's/Students £27 (A £19) (B £17), Juniors £14 (A £9) (B £7) Riverside Stand: Adults £28 (A £22) (B £18) OAP's/Students £19 (A £14) (B £12), Juniors £14 (A £9) (B £7) Ronnie Clayton Blackburn End: Adults £34 (A £27) (B £22) OAP's/Students £24 (A £17) (B £14), Juniors £14 (A £9) (B £7) Brian Douglas Darwen End: Adults £34 (A £27) (B £22) OAP's/Students £24 (A £17) (B £14), Juniors £14 (A £9) (B £7) Away Fans Bryan Douglas Darwen End: £34 (A £27) (B £22) OAP's/Students £24 (A £17) (B £14), Juniors £14 (A £9) (B £7) 62,522 v Bolton Wanderers, FA Cup 6th Round, March 2nd 1929. Modern All Seated Attendance Record: 30,895 v Liverpool Premier League, February 24th, 1996. Average Attendance Blackburn Rovers v Nottingham Forest Football Championship League Tuesday 18th October 2016, 7.45pm Rob Churchill (Nottingham Forest fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? I had not been to Ewood Park before and I always like away games. Plus it is only a 1 hour 20 minute from my home. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Easy journey; from my place in Stoke-on-Trent, straight up the M6 and onto the M65. Then leaving the M65 at Junction 4 and following the brown tourist signs for Ewood Park , DO NOT put the clubs post code into your sat nav (BB2 4FJ ), as that takes you onto Jack Walker Way and onto a housing estate, just follow the brown signs when you leave the motorway . If you get there early enough parking is really good. I got onto the main road right opposite the stadium .Although I was told by others there that there were some industrial units nearby that offer parking for a small charge. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? Before the game I had the compulsory matchday burger from a van by the ground, only average I'm afraid, but I was resupplied by the chippy down the road. I don't know the name of it; big red sign on the front, good food, good portions, £2.60 for chips and peas, well worth it. There were a few Blackburn lads in there, seemed like a good bunch. We had a chat about the game and each others sides, no trouble, quite friendly. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? I thought that Ewood Park was a decent ground. It is quite modern looking with a decent club shop etc...It is a similar sized stadium to the City Ground (but obviously not as good , ha). I like the more traditional grounds and although this is a new looking ground it ain't like one of the new flat pack type of stadiums. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was a bad one from a Forest point of view and Blackburn deserved their win. The atmosphere was mostly flat. The home fans were a disappointment. Not much singing or banter from them. The Forest fans played our part but at times you could hear a pin drop inside Ewood Park, apart from one Blackburn youth with a drum. He was louder than the rest of the stadium put together. The Forest fans chanted "Your drum's too loud for you!" Still I can't blame him for trying though. Stewards were okay; mostly friendly apart from their supervisor. A right jobsworth for the sake of it type. Oh the power! Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Getting away from the ground was very easy. The transport was the easiest part of the day. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Good trip despite the result. I would go to Park again. It was a poor turn out though by the home fans. The attendance was only 10.462 in a stadium that holds over 31,000, but overall an enjoyable experience. Blackburn Rovers v Ipswich Town Football Championship League Saturday 15th October 2016, 3pm Josh Houston (Ipswich Town fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? Blackburn Rovers is a very historic club so I was really excited to visit their Ewood Park ground. We never normally take any points away from there but this season I was hopeful. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We traveled by car and on leaving the M65, we just followed the signs towards Ewood Park, easy enough. We parked only two minutes away from the stadium for a good price of £3. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We arrived two hours before kick off so firstly we went for some food. We couldn't see that many places so we settled for the nearby McDonalds. We then had a look around the fanzone at the ground itself, which was showing the live Chelsea v Leicester City game, which kept us entertained. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? Three of the four stands at Ewood Park are very modern, so I was surprised how nice it was. But the remaining Riverside Stand on one side is a lot smaller and quite old looking, it really needs some attention. My first impression of the away end was 'this is quality' as it was very nice and tidy from the outside. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Inside Ewood Park it was brilliant. The facilities were some of the best I've seen in the Championship League. The atmosphere was poor from the home supporters and the Ipswich fans tried our best to get some singing going. The game itself was another poor performance, but we created all the chances and limited Blackburn. We could just not find the back of the net. The game ended 0-0. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Leaving Blackburn was no problem. There was much traffic due to the low attendance of just under 11,000. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall I was pretty disappointed with the result as we should have won. But Ewood Park itself was good and was worth the money I paid. Blackburn Rovers v Rotherham United Football Championship League Saturday 17th September 2016, 3pm Charles Robinson (Rotherham United fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? Ewood Park was a ground that we had wanted to visit last season, but the fixture was moved to a Friday evening meaning that we couldn't attend. So when this Saturday fixture came up we decided to go. Blackburn has a history in the Premiership and so we wanted to go along and have a look at the ground. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We went by train via Leeds changing at Accrington for Mill Hill Station. An off peak day return for me and my grandson was £15. From Mill Hill Ewood Park was not too difficult to find as we simply followed the home fans. The ground is a 15-20 minute walk from Mill Hill Railway Station. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We went to Wetherspoons in Accrington, where we were changing trains. It was a good pub with cheap beer and a decent breakfast for around £3.50. Accrington Stanley were playing Pourtsmouth, but it still was not too busy. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? Ewood Park is a ground which was built in a working class area, a bit like Barnsley. The away end was great as we could sit where we wanted. The ground on three sides was modern with an old stand running along the river side of the stadium, but this did give Ewood Park some character. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Our defending is shocking and we suffered a 4-2 defeat. There was someone banging a drum in the same end as us, but in the home section as we shared the stand with the home fans. The atmosphere built up once they went 3-1 up. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Same as getting to the ground. We called in at a nearby Aldi for provisions for the train. Local youths were hanging around Mill Hill station waiting to egg away fans - they were irritating and cheeky but didn't actually realise we were from Rotherham. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: A good away day - with a nice journey looking over the hills, with some great scenery in parts. We shared the train journey there with some Portsmouth and Rotherham fans, plus a hen party going to Blackpool, so it made for a lively journey. Coming back we were a bit subdued following the poor result. We have seen our side let in 14 goals in our last four away games! Blackburn Rovers v Norwich City Championship League Saturday 6th August 2016, 3pm Karl (Norwich City fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? Rather embarrassingly, at 26 years old, this was going to be my first Norwich away game. Decided, on a whim, by myself and a couple of mates, we were going to make our way to the game and then stop over in Lincoln for a night out on the way back to Norfolk - why not make a weekend of it? Knowing Norwich hadn't won on the opening day for 14 years (and Blackburn not having won their first game of the season for something like 5 years), we were seriously hoping the day wouldn't be ruined by a bore draw! How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Although the journey was around four hours, once you're off Norfolk and Lincolnshire's single carriageway roads (and out of the way of the seemingly never-ending number of tractors) the trip actually went very quickly. Following the sat nav, Ewood Park can't be missed - an added bonus being that it isn't slap bang in the middle of the city! Initially we drove right down to Ewood Park, but decided to turn around and park in the Golden Cup Pub's car park - for a fairly reasonable £5. I should mention that there was ample parking for away fans (and coaches) at the ground itself. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? Having used their car park, we thought we might as well have a swift one at the Golden Cup. As the sun was beaming down, and the temperature was hitting around 26 degrees, we decided to make use of the outside seating area. Three pints of Fosters set us back 10 quid - no qualms. We then decided to take a ten minute walk down to the Fernhurst pub, having seen that it was a Hungry Horse, for a bit of lunch. Food was as you would expect from a national chain - very reasonably priced but not Michelin star material. Although billing itself as an away fans pubs, there were a few home fans present. No trouble whatsoever. That said, I should mention that the bar staff don't take very kindly to singing. A fistful of Norwich fans (around 30/40) were asked to leave the pub purely and simply for singing. I can only assume that, as Hungry Horse is a national chain, they have to bill themselves as a family pub and also protect their reputation somewhat - but then, if that is the case, surely you wouldn't bill yourselves as an away fans pub! What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? Ewood Park is a perfectly nice ground. three modern, two tier, stands and one that looks a bit old and tattered. Security were perfectly friendly when searching us on the way in. As I read elsewhere, there really is very little spacing between seating rows. This inevitably resulted in people falling into the rows in front when that first goal went in (I think people swiftly learnt their lesson for the remainder of the game!) Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was brilliant. Atmosphere from the Norwich fans was immense - but then we did take an early two goal lead and ended up winning 4-1 (yes - our first opening day win in 14 years!). Home support was poor to be honest. 12,500 attendance, of which 1500 were away fans. None of the upper tiers were open and there were floods of empty seats. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: At the final whistle we exited the ground, and walked 15 minutes, uphill, back to the Golden Cup. Within half an hour of the final whistle we were back on the road, Lincoln bound. I can't stress enough he convenience of the parking at the Golden Cup, you're literally one minute away from getting back onto the motorway. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall, a brilliant day out, made all the sweeter by getting those early three points! Blackburn Rovers v Preston North End Football Championship League Friday 2nd April 2016, 3pm Paul Willott (Preston North End fan) Way back in the mists of time, a young Preston North End supporter was savouring promotion from the third tier along with several thousand delirious colleagues on the away terrace at Cambridge United’s quaint old ground. The sound of “Bring on the Rovers ; Bring on the Rovers…” sprang from the happy throng as a young David Moyes celebrated with the players, and the reality dawned on us that it was no longer a pipe dream. Next season, we would actually meet the Rovers. As equals. A date not to be missed. Especially after those years of having to endure basement division football whilst they lorded it in the lofty reaches of the Premier League. The years of us having to see Rovers stars such as Shearer, Sherwood, and Ripley modelling the latest M&S menswear range on billboards on OUR main shopping street. The days of the Rovers using OUR ground for their reserve matches. The days of the Rovers offering to take us “under their wing” as a feeder club. As fate would have it, I was come the turn of the new year in the following season almost chest deep in cardboard boxes as I prepared to move out of my little flat in south London to become a home-owner down in Kent. I reasoned that I could not really justify taking the time out of “operation house-move” to take in the match. It had been a good season so far, adjusting well to life in the higher division, and I’d been lucky enough to see a fair few matches home and away. Furthermore, with both teams comfortably in mid-table as the clash at Ewood approached and in no danger of relegation or troubling the promotion race , I reasoned quite logically that there was always going to be “next season……..” Except there wasn’t. Both the Rovers and North End went on excellent runs as the green shoots of spring first appeared………..and Rovers ended up nicking the second automatic promotion spot ( painfully with a 1-0 win at Deepdale ) whilst David Moyes steered the North End to a 4th place spot and a play-off berth. History will relate how Deepdale roared as Birmingham City were edged out in the play-off semi-finals and a day of destiny beckoned in a play-off final against Bolton Wanderers. The trip to Cardiff may not have been “Operation Market Garden”, but for the up and coming squad under David Moyes it sadly did prove to be “a game too far”…… Little did I know then that I’d have to wait another 16 years for a chance to visit Ewood to watch my beloved North End. Hence once the euphoria ( and the hangover ) wore off following our play-off final victory in 2014 ( our first in 10 attempts ) against a hapless Swindon Town, I served notice to the Missus that the fixture at Ewood WOULD be one of those to be attended by myself irrespective of weddings, funerals, court appearances, graduation ceremonies and the like. I conceded that the end of the world alone would be a good enough reason not to go and I seem to recollect that the away fixture at Bolton was put into the same category. Once the fixture list was produced for the 2015-2016 season, there were 3 “away” fixtures that I ring-fenced with mouth-watering anticipation. Burnley, Bolton Wanderers, and Blackburn Rovers. Once we’d taken a magnificent three points away from Turf Moor against the promotion chasing clarets in early December, local bragging rights were further enhanced with a much savoured win away to the relegation threatened Bolton Wanderers. Hence I have to admit, the imminent build up to the clash at Ewood did fill me with the proverbial pangs of doubt. Could we really contemplate to achieve an unlikely “treble” of away wins at our local rivals? It seemed almost too much to hope for, all the laws of probability betted against it, and part of me almost felt self-reproachful for being greedy. As the days ticked down before the fixture, I seemed to spend more of each waking hour debating with myself whether it was unreasonable to hope for a clean sweep of away wins in the “big 3” away from home during the season, or whether given the Rovers very indifferent season compared to our promising one should actually encourage thoughts towards contemplating three points. It’s hard to determine throughout my football supporting life which match would be the one I’d anticipated the most; after all, there have been down the years some great cup ties, and of course, big play-off fixtures…….but those are matches that you don’t have the best part of 8 months to think about in the build up…….on top of a 16 year wait to scratch the itch… In normal circumstances, getting up to Blackburn itself would have been a mission ; but the challenge was further enhanced with the fact that my partner was having a pre-booked holiday with her children on the south coast in the week prior to the big match which I’d already been excused from, but as the eldest lad had expressed an extreme desire to come along to the match I undertook to drive down to Chichester from Kent on the Thursday to spend an afternoon and evening with everyone before heading up north on the Friday. Driving up on the day was out of the question as it had been made an early kick-off ; unless one fancied setting off at daft o’clock in the morning , and quite frankly, I didn’t. The first major hurdle presented itself on the Thursday upon arrival in the Chichester area, when the car decided to declare itself unwell and in need of the physio’s attention. After the attention of a local mechanic and shelling out for a new battery, we could look forward to the next stage of the mission….. A fairly straightforward trek up the A27, A3, A34, M40 before rolling onto the M6 ensued before heading into the town centre of Blackburn and our B&B whereupon the car decided once again that she’d done enough for the day and expired…..fortunately our eldest was more than happy to oblige and help push the motor into the car park. I opted to worry about the poorly motor car the following day as it was fairly late, and it seemed logical to get some sleep. After a hearty and leisurely breakfast we started to wander down towards Ewood Park on foot. This was an interesting dichotomy; I could tell our eldest was simply buzzing with anticipation of what was hoped would be a keenly fought derby match, yet for me it felt a trifle odd. For starters, having been a frequent visitor to Blackburn in my formative years to visit relatives (a whole branch of the family resided here), it seemed weird to be in familiar surroundings yet for an unfamiliar event. I guess also there may have been an element of anti-climax as it seemed all so relaxed and tame after eight months of waiting….. Once in sight of Ewood Park however, all of that changed; I stopped focusing on weirdness and instead found I was bubbling now with excitement. Down the years, I’d seen the ground on countless occasions; a classic northern footy ground amongst terraced houses with the classic floodlight pylons. I’d seen it change too, as Jack Walker’s vision for his boyhood club of a top flight ground fit for top flight football started to take shape. And now here we were; the Preston North End arriving for a derby fixture at another famous old ground. The aroma of burgers cooking from various vans wafted across the air as a helicopter in police colours hovered overhead; a reminder as if it were needed that a key derby fixture was about to take place. As we had club colours very much under wraps, we happily went for a little wander around the immediate vicinity of the stadium. From the outside, Ewood Park looks like a good quality football stadium which is befitting given Blackburn’s place as one of the oldest clubs in the business and one of the 12 founding members of the football league. Similarly to our own home at Deepdale, a historical old ground has survived the post Taylor Report era with flying colours and still resembles a proper football ground. There are 3 fairly similar looking modern stands comprising the new main stand flanked by the Blackburn End behind one goal, and the Darwen End behind the other, whilst the slightly smaller Riverside stand seems slightly out of place but pleasingly still gives the ground some character. The icing on the cake is that standing sentry either side of the Riverside are 2 proper floodlight pylons that help preserve that most essential flavour of a football ground. Perhaps most poignant is the statue to Jack Walker. We looked at it for some time whilst I informed my younger companion of the significance of the contribution made by the local lad made successful industrialist towards his boyhood club. Nearby, a big screen was showing extended highlights of the clash between the 2 sides earlier on during the season at Deepdale, where the men from Ewood ran out 2-1 winners. In the intervening few months, one of the scorers for Rovers that afternoon Jordan Rhodes had been sold to Middlesbrough seemingly without replacement, and any hope they may have sustained to reach the promotion play-off places had long evaporated. Meanwhile, Preston had consolidated their place in mid-table quite comfortably, and whilst mathematically still in with a shout of play-off contention, I think all but the most over-optimistic North-Ender would have accepted that they were realistically out of reach. Now you could have been forgiven for thinking that with nothing to really play for, both sets of supporters would have been fairly muted……but with local bragging rights up for grabs the atmosphere was positively beginning to crackle in and around the ground. Indeed, the Darwen End was a complete 7,000 sell out for Preston fans, most of whom arrived in good voice following the short journey along the A59. There was even suggestions that several hundred Preston supporters unable to get tickets had, or were planning to try and get in other stands to watch the match. I wonder if some of them had like me missed the last league fixture thinking that there’s ‘always be next season’ and weren’t going to run the risk again maybe? It’s also entirely possible that some sensed this would be our best chance to see a win with North End substantially higher in the table and on half decent form, and if there was apprehension around the ground, it was distinctly more palpable from the home supporters. As we were still full from our large breakfast, we didn’t trouble the food kiosks, and instead headed into the seating area to taste the build-up in the atmosphere. By the time the teams came out of the tunnel to the sound of Coldplay, the atmosphere in the Darwen End was positively jumping as the 7,000 strong legion of Preston supporters implored their players to dig deep and secure more local bragging rights. Once the game got underway, it commenced with that classic tough keenly fought battle that you hope and expect for in a derby match. You could sense it mattered to both sets of players. I suspect the locals hadn’t let them forget the pain of being beaten at home by equally bitter rivals Burnley for the first time in decades earlier on during the season here at Ewood. Not entirely against the run of play, the home side took the lead on the quarter hour mark courtesy of an Elliot Ward goal following up good approach play, and to be honest we could have had few complaints. I started to get that sinking feeling that today was not going to be our day, and that the car breaking down twice had been an omen……..and that hoping for three away wins in the season’s derbies really was just plain greedy. Ten minutes later however, there was a brief flurry of activity at the other end as we pressed for an equaliser only to be denied by a great one-handed save courtesy of a desperately outstretched arm – a save that any keeper would have been pleased with – except the problem for the Rovers was that the person making the acrobatic save was in fact not their goalkeeper but their defender Shane Duffy. The referee had little choice but to produce the red card and award a penalty, and a downcast but unsurprised Mr Duffy trudged disconsolately off the pitch without protest. Meanwhile all around me 6,999 Preston fans danced with delight at the penalty decision. I stayed rooted to the spot. I’ve seen too many penalties missed down the years, and especially in a game such as this, it counts for nothing until the penalty has been converted. The talismanic Joey Garner, once on Rovers books many moons prior stepped up to take the penalty and I could hardly watch………but I suspect I was one of the loudest as we saw the bottom of the net balloon as the penalty was despatched. Once again though, my nerves started to set in as we failed to capitalise on several good chances, and I started to wonder whether the curse of 10 men would strike against us. I think I hid the nerves well though, as I joined in with every chant going…..hoping against hope that we could get the job done. Just before half-time, we finally did take the lead with a good move from the midfield maestro Paul Gallagher allowing Jordan Hugill to bury a shot and put the travelling Preston faithful into raptures. I don’t think I’ve ever known a half-time whizz by so quickly…….before we’d even caught our breath, the players were back out ready to crack on with the second half. Now we sensed a rout, as we dominated the second half, and made the extra man count in just about every department except in front of goal. Even the substitute appearance of Jermaine Beckford failed to seal the third goal that would have possibly put the game to bed. And as the minutes ticked down, so the nerves returned. So close we seemed now to that 3rd away win of the big derbies, it was tantalising, yet the Rovers 10 men valiantly threw everything including the kitchen sink at a tiring Preston back-line. They even carved out a gilt edged chance to score that had 7,000 hearts in the mouths……….but for once lady luck smiled upon Preston North End as the Rovers player fluffed his lines that would have ensured hero status in the local papers back pages. The ref blew for full time…..and the Darwen End erupted. The post-match raucous celebrations went on for an eon, and the players and the manager came over to salute the fans and enjoy the moment. For me, it was an overwhelmingly great and almost emotional moment. This was the signature to a purple period for us and our little club, and how golden it felt to have a clutch of players who clearly took such pride in playing for the club and the supporters, and it felt only right that they took time to really enjoy the moment too. Most of them had been instrumental in achieving promotion the previous season too, and it really was just one of those beautiful moments in my life of supporting Preston North End. A crowd of over 21,000 had watched the derby, which showed that local bragging rights still counts for a lot even when competitively there wasn’t anything left at stake. There are I suppose, few perfect moments in football. But that makes us savour them all the more when we have them. Eventually we filtered out of the ground and dispersed in various directions. We tagged along with the army headed towards the main railway station which was close to where I’d ditched the car and I shelled out several hundred quid to join the RAC, and several hours later, the car was fixed and we were on our way south. Cost-wise, it had without doubt proven to be the most expensive away match ever once you compute the cost of a car battery, alternator, and RAC membership onto the diesel consumed en route from Chatham to Chichester, then onto Blackburn, and back to Chatham and the overnight stay, but I can honestly declare I did not care one jot. I had dared to dream about this moment for so long. Away wins at Burnley, Bolton, and now Blackburn. All in the same season. I had no finger-nails left. I had no voice left. I was approximately £500 lighter. I couldn’t have cared less. I was as happy as could be, and the journey south just flew past as I revelled in the realisation of the dream. Coupled to that, we were clearly going to finish the season higher up the table than the Rovers, and with Bolton dropping down, we really could claim to now be one of the serious forces of Lancashire football. We really could be Proud Preston! Plus points for Ewood Park 1. Ground still has a traditional feel to it despite modernisation 2. So long as you are okay with a reasonable walk, the ground is accessible on foot from the railway station 3. Generous away allocation when required 4. Two floodlight pylons (well………..it’s better than none at all!) Minus points for Ewood Park 1. Home fans have a reputation for being quiet ( enhanced upon my experience ) Blackburn Rovers v Preston North End Football Championship League Saturday 2nd April 2016, 12.30pm Mike Bloor (Preston North End fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? I was looking forward to the game because it was a local derby with a rival team that we hadn't played in a league game for 15 years. Also, it was nice to visit another ground and with almost 7,000 Preston fans going, this was an occasion not to be missed. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We took the train from Preston at around 10:30am to Blackburn Central, which was only a 20 minute journey. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? After departing the train station, we just followed the crowd of Preston fans which led us to a rather large pub. After a few early morning pints at the pub, fans starting heading towards Ewood Park. We just followed all the police cars and then eventually after one and a half miles of walking we found Ewood. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? Well it was better than Turf Moor, that's for sure! To be fair, three of the stands are rather impressive structures. The stand opposite the dugout however was a bit old and may in the future need replacing but overall a decent ground. We were on row eight of the lower tier of the Darwen End, so we were very close to the pitch. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The first half was rather entertaining. After going a goal down and the Blackburn players and fans rubbing it in our faces, karma struck them when Duffy was sent off for the home side after deliberate hand ball on the goal line. Garner drilled in the subsequent penalty to equalise. Hugill then scored a great volley to put us 2-1 up sparking wild celebrations in the Darwen End. The second half was frustrating as North End should have scored 4 or 5 goals but poor finishing nearly cost them but alas held on for the 2-1 win. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Thankfully, I remembered most of the journey on the way to the ground so it took us around 25 mins to get back to Blackburn Central Railway Station. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Overall, it was a great day out however thankfully I don't do earlier morning pints of beer often but for this occasion, I'll let that slide. Most definitely going again next season. Blackburn Rovers v Leeds United Football Championship League Saturday 12th March 2016, 12.30pm Shaun Tully (Leeds United fan) Why were you looking forward to this game and visiting Ewood Park? Having moved to Northern Ireland some time ago this was my first competitive Leeds away game for over 20 years & the very first away game for my son (Ewood Park is becoming the ground of choice to break your sibling into away games, see Allan Caley's previous entry). How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? After flying into Manchester Airport, we collected the hire car and then drove up the M61 & M65 before turning off at the A666 (Ewood Park is signposted from here) Rather than follow the A666 into Blackburn we turned immediately right onto the B6231 (Sandy Lane) and down the hill passing a Premier Inn. At the bottom we turned left back towards the A666 but before you reached that junction there were several places offering parking for £5 or £6. Journey time from M65 to parking just over five minutes and from there it was just another five minutes walk to the ground with the away end the first bit you reach. What you did before the game pub/chippy etc, and were the home fans friendly? We went to the Fernhurst Lodge which is on the left after the junction with the A666. Pleasant enough pub with standard selection of beers/food friendly staff and a mix of home and away fans inside. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of Ewood Park? From the Bryan Douglas Stand where the away fans are located, Ewood Park looks like a typical Premier League football ground. That is until you look to your right at the Riverside Stand. This is a stand which looks more like League One or League Two standard, where entrance is from the front, leaving a large track between the pitch and the stands for access. Other than that it all looked pretty modern and the away stand has good clear views of the pitch. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The early kick off time and poor form of Blackburn Rovers meant there was less home fans than in previous years and not too much noise coming from them. Stewards were fairly relaxed (certainly compared to the ones at Elland Road!) standard selection of food on offer inside the stadium. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Excellent. We were back at the car within ten minutes of the final whistle and on the motorway a further 5-10 minutes after that. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Thoroughly enjoyed being back on the road with Leeds (especially as we got a rare win 2-1!) Very easy access to/from the ground, great views from where we were standing, hard to think of a fault anywhere really. Blackburn Rovers v Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunday January 11th 2015, 2pm Championship League Aimee Henry (Wolves fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I'd never been to Ewood Park before, and after a terrible set of results in November, the Wolves had just hit a bit of decent form, so I fancied us to possibly get a result. This was despite our best player Bakary Sako being unavailable because he was off to play in the African Cup of Nations. The 2pm Sunday Kick-Off (thanks Lancashire Police!) did make it a slightly more difficult away day, but I still wanted to go. After rounding up a party of people to travel with (my dad and my brother, essentially), it was just a case of getting tickets. Which at £21, I thought was very reasonable, especially compared to some away games we have been to so far this season (cough cough £36 at Leeds cough cough). 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We went on the club's official coaches, as on this occasion it worked out as the cheapest option. Usually I'll go on the train and split the journey, but for some reason I still couldn't get a train ticket cheaper than the £17 cost of the bus. The journey took about 2 hours 10 minutes; we left Molineux at 10am and arrived at Ewood Park at 12:10pm. The ground did seem to be on a fairly straight road from the M65, so I'd suggest it's fairly easy to get to. There was plenty of car parking space, I noticed at least 3 decent sized car parks on my way there, all reasonably close to the stadium. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I had a little walk around the ground, then got chatting to a couple of Blackburn fans. They were very happy to chat, but weren't feeling too confident ahead of the game. I noticed quite a few places to eat around the ground, so you certainly won't go hungry or thirsty! 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The ground is a decent size, with three large stands and one slightly smaller one on the far side. The away and home ends look identical. One nice touch I noticed was that in the space between the away end and the Main Stand, there was a pictorial history of Blackburn on the wall. Being a Wolves fan, the history of a club is always something I'm interested in, so seeing Blackburn's pride in what they've achieved was great to see. More clubs should do that. Like Molineux, Ewood Park also has a statue to honour one of its former greats. Not a player, like Billy Wright, or Wolves manager, like Stan Cullis, but an owner. Jack Walker was a local lad done good, who invested millions into the club, and saw them win the Premier League in 1994-1995. Speaking to a couple of Blackburn fans stood by the statue left me in no doubt as to how respected and revered Jack was to the people of Blackburn. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc... The game itself was, as our manager Kenny Jackett later described, "A typical Championship game". Neither side could really dominate the first half, nor break the deadlock. Whilst Wolves probably shaded possession, Blackburn had the two most presentable chances. Ben Marshall's fizzing free kick was superbly saved by Carl Ikeme, whilst Rudy Gestede powered a header just wide from 12 yards. At the other end, Nouha Dicko's low drive very nearly squirmed into the near post, and skipper Danny Batth's towering header was cleared off the line. 0-0 at Half Time was about fair. Second half though, the game really opened up, and the more expansive play really suited the pacey Wolves attackers. We took the lead right at the start of the half, some excellent work from Dicko finding 'Dangerous' Dave Edwards, who turned inside Grant Hanley before firing into the bottom corner. After that it was all Wolves. Dicko thumped the bar with an effort, Edwards twice slid in but couldn't convert low crosses from James Henry then Rajiv Van La Parra, whilst Batth again came close with a header, this time though his effort from 6 yards missed the target. Blackburn's best chance of an equaliser came when Richard Stearman comically headed against his own post. Late on substitute Josh King found a yard of space and hit the target, only to be denied smartly by Ikeme. Wolves held on though for an impressive win, to take their run to 3 straight League wins. 1-0 makes the game sound a little mundane, but as the ever astute Jackett pointed out, most games in the Championship are decided by this sort of margin. But for a 'Nightmare November', as I've christened it, we could quite easily be challenging at the table's summit. As it was, the three points took Wolves to 8th, and within a point of the play-off places. I thought the atmosphere was a little subdued at times. Ewood Park was by no means full, the fact that it was just after Christmas, and 2pm on a Sunday perhaps contributing to a lower than usual gate. The home fans got behind their team occasionally, but the loudest chant was aimed at their manager Gary Bowyer. "You don't know what you're doing.." echoed round the ground as he replaced the threatening Gestede with Chris Brown (the former Doncaster striker, rather than the R&B star and Rihanna's one time squeeze). The away end was split between home and away fans, which as you can imagine led to some banter between the two. One particular group of surly youths, resplendent in trackies and trainers, copped some frightful stick from my fellow Wolves fans as they walked out early. "You've got school in the morning, school in the morning!” followed by "You're just a (rude word) One Direction!” One day I'll be witty enough to start a chant, for now though I'll just join in and point. The stewards did their jobs effectively, without getting involved. It's always good fun when you have a numbered ticket, because when showing you to your seat, stewards often assume you can't count. "You're in seat 96 love, so there's 90, it will be 6 along". Well, that's usually how numbers work, thanks. All joking aside, they were very friendly. The food was your usual football ground fayre- pies, burgers, hot dogs. You can gain calories just looking at the menu. I had a marvelous 'Peppered' Steak Pie though, I really recommend it. On a cold Lancashire afternoon it was perfect. Notice how I've put the Peppered part in inverted commas though, because it was very peppery! It took me until the following Tuesday to get some of my taste buds working again. I often read horror stories about the male toilets at football grounds, the sort that make me glad to be a girl. The female toilets tend to be well maintained, and Ewood Park was no exception. The concourse was actually very spacious I felt, and even at Half Time when everybody was down there you could just about walk round without knocking into people too badly. The programme was excellent, and whilst £3 is about the going rate these days, I was more than happy to pay. If you can pick your way through the adverts there were some excellent articles, including what looks like a season-long feature on the 1994-1995 Premier League winning side. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Very easy, the coaches were parked at the back of the away end, so a 2 minute walk from the stand to the warmth of the coach, and after a 10 minute wait we were off. The journey home was accompanied by 5 Live's commentary of Southampton beating Man Utd at Old Trafford, followed by the usual collection of nutters phoning up 606. To listen to some of them, it's amazing they've worked out how to use a telephone to ring up, honestly. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Obviously a win always makes those away days feel sweeter, but I did really enjoy my trip to Ewood Park. It has the feel of a modern stadium, but one that's very much in touch with its past. Blackburn's fans were very accommodating and friendly, and whilst the atmosphere wasn't the greatest, I can imagine when it's full for those thunderous Lancashire derbies, that it can get very raucous. Blackburn Rovers v Cardiff City Championship League Friday August 8th 2014, 7.45pm Jonathan Pearce (Cardiff City fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): This was Cardiff's opening game of the 2014/15 season. Plus it was to be my first away game unaccompanied, as previously I have always gone with my Dad. So I was looking forward to meeting up with my mates for the day out in the North West. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I traveled up on the supporters bus from Cardiff. It was a Friday night game and we left at about 12:30pm. The traffic was a nightmare and it took us about 6 and 1/2 hours to get there, literally getting there five minutes before kick off. Still we did better than a lot of other Cardiff fans, who I noted were still coming into the ground at half time! 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? As I said we only had a few minutes before the game, so it was straight into the stadium, although a few of the home fans gave a lot of banter on the way which was good. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Pretty much the same as a lot of grounds with four separate stands. Three of them were modern looking with one older stand located on one side. I did note that eventhough the away end was pretty modern, there was not much room to walk or move in, between the rows. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The stewards were very good with us all. Plus the atmosphere was also very good, with both sets of fans with us being side by side in the same stand. However, the facilities weren't brilliant as there was no organised queuing system on the concourse and the serving staff had little space to work in. Which meant it took me a good 20 minutes to get served at half time. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: After the game it was very easy getting away from the ground on the coach, as the police gave us an escort away from the stadium and back into the motorway. There were no traffic problems on the way back. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: The day was very enjoyable, after we finally arrived there after a gruelling journey. The game ended in a 1-1 draw, so at least we picked up a point. Both teams put in good performances although Cardiff seemed to run out of steam a bit in the second half. I'm normally not one to have a got at the, referee but there were some very questionable decisions throughout the match. But all in all, I thoroughly enjoyed the day out. Blackburn Rovers v Leeds United Championship League Saturday November 30th 2013, 3pm Allan Caley (Leeds United fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I haven't attended an away Leeds game for over 30 years and decided to take my son to his first ever. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We left Grimsby at 09:30am and it was very easy to park up the hill near the M56 junction on a street, arriving at 12:30. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? We went in the small Golden Cup pub for a drink till about 2:20pm. It was packed with about 400 Leeds fans both inside and out. There wasn't any trouble at all. Didn't see any Blackburn fans until we walked the short distance down the hill to the area around the ground. There was a large police presence and they looked on edge, but I saw no incidents. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? It was a fantastic view from the 4th row of the upper tier of the Darwen End, right behind the goal. the rest of the stadium looked good but it seemed almost empty. The Walker stand looks good but only had a couple of thousand in it. The Riverside was a third full and the Blackburn end was maybe 1/2 to 2/3rds full and quiet for much of the game. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game: well we had a great view of an abject performance by both teams really. The atmosphere was the highlight of the trip with 6,800+ Leeds fans there I lost my voice before the end of the game. The stewards were there; and that was about it. I didn't see any of them talking to anybody. We stood up the whole match so don't really know if the seats were too cramped. The queues for food were too long to join and the toilet facilities were good. The result: 1-0 to Blackburn, a draw would have been a fair result :-( 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Very easy to leave the ground and getting back to the car was quick and we were back on the motorway within 20 minutes of the final whistle. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: A great day out, we'll do it again next year if we are still in the same division as them, and hope for a better result. Friday March 29th 2013, 3pm Michelle-Louise Burrows (Blackpool fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): Lancashire Derby mainly but with both us and Rovers surprisingly struggling to stay in the Championship - us after a season of monumental upheaval - this was a big one. Also, I for one, was looking forward to giving Michael "Voldemort" Appleton some stick after he defected from us to Rovers, only for Rovers to sack him a few days before the game. Spoilsports. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I decided against taking the car and went by train instead. Poulton le Fylde to Preston was fairly straightforward but Preston to Blackburn was not. First of all, the loutish behaviour of some of our fans was off putting and the train journey to Blackburn was an insight into how sardines must feel. Memo to self: Take the car next time. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Had a drink in the Mill Hill and Haverstock pubs, about a mile from Ewood, with friends before making my way to the Darwen End. Rovers and Seasiders happily mingling on the way to the ground. I find Rovers fans very friendly and always willing to chat about football. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Ewood Park, it has to be said, is too big for a town the size of Blackburn. Rovers, like the rest of the Lancashire clubs, do not have a big catchment area of support to draw upon. However, the facilities, policing - at Ewood itself - and stewarding were excellent. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Rovers were totally dire and we weren't much better either. Which was one of the reasons both of us were at the bottom end of the Championship. The game's main highlight was when one of our fans, dressed as a chicken to take the urine out of the Rovers support, was unfairly ejected from the ground. Big Gary Mackenzie gave us the lead midway through the second half before Jordan Rhodes, despite being so offside he was in Yorkshire, equalised for Rovers. Most of the atmosphere came from us Seasiders as usual as I thought the atmosphere from the Jack Walker, Blackburn End and Riverside Stand was funeral-like, to put it mildly. Fair result in the end. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Walked back to Blackburn station only to be met by a heavy handed Police who thought Blackpool fans were intent on trouble. Given that we have a lot of females and children amongst our support, I was angry that they were put in such a situation. Felt very uncomfortable with this and it so nearly kicked off when one of our fans was arrested for being drunk and disorderly. Glad to get home in the end. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Despite the result, both of us survived comfortably in the end. But what should have been a good day out, as it usually is when I go away with Blackpool whatever the result, was spoilt by Lancashire Police's Riot Squad- like tactics at Blackburn station and the behaviour of some of our fans which only exacerbated the situation. Next time, I WILL take the car. Blackburn Rovers v Leeds United Championship League Saturday February 23rd 2013, 3pm John Rogers (Leeds United fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): A new ground for me and unusually, I was going to be on my own (other than in the company of 3500 other Leeds fans). I had seen Ewood Park many times on television and had not been particularly impressed, but the reality proved to be somewhat different. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? The journey (M65 from West Yorkshire) was easy as I have regularly passed the signs for Ewood - J4 from the M65 - and on the A666. From the motorway junction the signage directs one down under the motorway bridge and the ground is at the bottom of the hill. Ewood Park is also within walking distance from the railway station. Other reviews of Ewood directed drivers to one of a number of club-linked car parks or pub car parks, all of which charge between £5-£10. Personally, I think football is dear enough without adding unnecessarily to the overall cost (my ticket was £32, the price hiked by Blackburn in tit-for-tat retaliation for what Ken Bates had charged away fans at Elland Road). I was therefore pleased to find early arrival gave me a choice of on street parking: to the left of the Gold Cup pub (immediately under the motorway bridge) or on the main road after the traffic lights, leading down to Ewood Park. The walk to the ground took no more than 10 minutes. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Having plenty of time before the game, I took the opportunity to add to my collection of stadium photographs. As kick-off approached there were plenty of Leeds fans around wearing colours with no suggestion of trouble. Watching the teams arrive home fans were quite happy to engage in conversation, perhaps partly due to the fact that we have had similar experiences in recent years (owners and managers we have not been happy with; performances failing to live up to expectations etc). For those looking for a pub, the Golden Cup, just off the motorway, is designated for away fans. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? A statue of Jack Walker stands outside the Blackburn End and Ewood Park is now very much 'The House That Jack Built'. I suppose he was the ideal football club owner: a fan, with the money to build a successful side and a ground to match. As with many traditional football ground locations, Ewood Park is flanked on one side by terraced housing, but on the other by a small river. The stand adjacent to the latter is somewhat incongruous, being a single tiered affair with pillars, whereas the other three stands are modern steel-and-glass and bigger than I had anticipated. Inside, the ground is similarly modern: clean concourses (at least in the away end), great lines of sight and close to the pitch. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. The game was reasonably entertaining, with Leeds looking the more likely scorers. It was therefore a surprise when it ended 0-0 - our first goalless draw in 50-odd games. The 3500 Leeds supporters easily outsang the 14500 home support who had perhaps lost their collective voice having eventually persuaded the owners that Steve Kean was not the man to take the club forward. Stewards were polite and unobtrusive. Refreshments were typical unimaginative football fare and overpriced (£2.20 for a cup of tea). Toilets were clean but probably inadequate at half time after the quantity of beer that was presumably consumed before the game. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: The police had a well-rehearsed procedure for handling the crowd after the game: much of the road immediately outside the ground was cordoned off to traffic. I had a ten minute walk back to the car, which I had parked close to the motorway, followed by a ten minute delay as departing coaches were given priority over side roads. Once on the motorway it was a clear run home on the M65. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Although the result was slightly disappointing, this was a great day out. I liked the fact that there was none of the faux atmosphere some clubs (e.g. Wigan) create to try to cover for the lack of noise coming from the crowd - we don't need that sort of Americanisation in football. But the main memory of the day was the people I came into contact with at Blackburn: home fans, stewards, programme sellers, ticket office- and catering staff were friendly and unusually (in my experience) courteous - a real credit to the club. Blackburn Rovers v Bristol City Championship League Saturday February 2nd 2013, 3pm Joe White (Bristol City fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): Another new ground for me, had already earmarked this before the fixtures came out. Unfortunately we were drawn away to Blackburn in the 3rd round of the FA cup about a month prior to this so we did not take a big following to either ties (we took 567 in the cup). We'd taken 1,344 to Bolton towards the start of the season and would have taken at least this amount if we hadn't played Blackburn in the cup. One of the bigger grounds in the division and a ground I've seen on TV many times so I was looking forward to seeing my team play here. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Easy, from the pub we went to (the Anchor on Blackburn Road) it was a straight road to the ground, albeit a fairly long one. We parked in a car park two minutes walk from the stadium for a fiver. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Went to the Anchor which was the advised away fan friendly pub as the usual one (the Fernhurst) was closed. It is quite near to the exit off the motorway so perfect in that sense. Parked in pub car park along with a couple of minibuses and a coach full of city fans. Great pub inside (although no proper cider) - 2 pool tables, football on the TVs and darts. Quite a few city fans inside and a couple of Blackburn fans who seemed friendly. Got into the ground just before KO so not enough time to get a drink in the ground but was impressed to see were selling Kingston Press cider (which most city fans seemed to be drinking). 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Ground looked impressive from the outside and was good inside too. Three stands of similar description and all separate. One older stand along one side set slightly back from the pitch added character to the ground. Away concourse was small but plenty big enough for our small following. I did think how cramped in must be when Man United pack out the away end. The ground was less than half full so seemed a bit poor in that sense but got the feeling that a sell out crowd would make a fantastic atmosphere. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. We lost 2-0 to two Jordan Rhodes goals. Atmosphere was quite good from the home fans - their bulk of singers stood in the same stand to our right. Must have been over 1000 who stood and sang throughout - some good banter. Their home end was heard once or twice when two nil up too although they were quiet (from where I was stood) for most the game and only had a few standing. We were poor as usual for our away support. Most sat but we still had 200 or so stood and sang up until midway through the second half. Stewards made no attempt to make anyone sit down which was good. A couple of city fans were ejected when they scored their first goal - unsure exactly why this was and it did look like one of the stewards punched a lad which meant a few fans rushed over to have a pop at them. All calmed down in a couple of minutes after some pushing and shoving. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Traffic was bad after the game. We crawled our for about 20 minutes - soon as we got on motorway we were fine all the way back. Took about 3 1/2 hours travelling time by car. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Disappointing result but was impressed with the ground and their fans (relative to some other home fans). Attendance: 13,539 - City fans (547) Blackburn Rovers v Bolton Wanderers Championship League Wednesday, November 28th, 2012, 7.45pm Michael Peters (Bolton Wanderers fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): Blackburn are fairly local, which makes the game a small derby, so it promised to be an exciting fixture with a good atmosphere. Ewood Park is a traditional football ground, giving it that special feel to match the occasion. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? We got the train to Preston, where we quickly changed onto another train heading for Mill Hill Station. Mill Hill is around 10 minute walk from Ewood, making it very easy to get to by rail. Mill Hill is much closer than the main Blackburn Train Station. The train from Preston to Mill Hill was small, with only two carriages, which made for a tight squeeze due to the number of football fans piling on. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? After getting off the train and walking to the stadium, we had over an hour and a half to spare. We walked 10 minutes past the away end in order to drink at the only designated away pub. This is The Golden Cup. The pub is very small, meaning queues for ale were outside the door. None of the four or so pubs around Ewood accept away fans. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The concourse serves good food and drink. However, it is fairly tight when busy, made rather uncomfortable by the Bolton fans having a disco! Ewood Park is a proper English ground with plenty of character. The small Riverside Stand to the right of the away end may be seen as unappealing by some, however I believe it adds to the character of the ground. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. Around 3,500 Bolton fans made the trip and made a good amount of noise. A number of home fans are housed in the same stand as the away fans, and they provided a good amount of banter with us. They carried on all game which gave us something to compete with, which led to a cracking atmosphere. The opposite end to us seemed like the 'main home area' with this being the busiest, and loudest section when they sang. The rendition of 'No Nay Never' at the start of the second half was impressive. We massively dominated the game, and were 2-0 up with twenty minutes left. Rovers played dreadfully all game but manged to pull a late goal back. Thankfully, we saw the game out and took the 1-2 victory back to The Reebok with us. The game was feisty, full of passion, great entertainment and most importantly gave us three valuable points in a competitive division. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Leaving the Darwen End was rather intimidating as home and away fans spilled out together, this being in the darkness due to the 7:45 kick off. With Bolton fans happy, and the home fans not so, there were a few scuffles. This appeared to only be from a minority of home fans, and the police swiftly resolved the situation. We arrived back at the station 15 minutes after leaving Ewood, where we had a friendly conversation with a group of Blackburn fans who were friendly and welcoming. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Blackburn is a great away trip, easily accessible and on the whole a friendly place. The home fans provided one of the best atmospheres in the league which made this trip more entertaining than the others I have been to this season. My only criticisms would be the away pub due to it's small size, the cramped concourse, and the seats appeared to have little leg room, which wasn't an issue as we didn't sit down all game! I will definitely return next season if we both remain in the Championship. Saturday, November 24th, 2012, 3pm Steve Long (Millwall fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I was looking forward to visiting Ewood Park as I had never been before and it's always looked a tidy ground from when I have seen it on television. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I used the official coach provided by Millwall so it was very easy. Coach parked right outside the away stand. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? We didn't arrive until gone two, so we made our way straight into the ground. Did not seem to be many home supporters about. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? I was impressed with the ground. From turning up outside the away stand it looked huge. Made my way inside and took my seat. It's what I call a proper football stadium with the stands fairly close to the pitch. Three sides very neat, tidy and match and should they build the fourth side to match then the ground could be up there with the very best. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. I really enjoyed the game. Very good performance from my team recording a very impressive away win. Blackburn is not a happy place at the moment and the atmosphere from the home end was unsurprisingly subdued but the travelling support was very vocal and it made for a great atmosphere. The facilities in the away end were very good as are the catering facilities. Stewards were helpful and friendly. Only complaint was they do not let you outside at half time for a cigarette so the toilets soon become the alternative place to smoke which is not very pleasant. 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: As I was on the coach it was very easy. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Really enjoyed my trip to Blackburn. For once the weather was better up north than it was down south, a fantastic performance and a fine away win by Millwall and the 65th ground ticked off my list. Blackburn Rovers v Leicester City Championship League Saturday, August 25th, 2012, 3pm Dave Berridge (Leicester City fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): This was to be my first trip to Ewood Park. A first visit to a ground always makes it more exciting. I use the Football Ground Guide website for guidance on parking & a pre match pint etc.. but first visits give me a kind of nervous excitement – will I find the car parks? Have I made the right choice of pub? Will the motorways be clear?.....the list goes on! 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Ewood Park is a really easy ground to find if approaching from the M65 – basically one road off the motorway. We drove around the area looking at our pre chosen potential parking and pub spots but eventually decided on parking at The Golden Cup pub just by the M65 bridge. This is about a mile from the ground but we based our decision on being informed that the roads immediately around Ewood Park would we blocked off for a while after the game. On walking back (in the seriously heavy, heavy rain) we saw no evidence of roads being blocked – that said, the ground was probably only half full. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? We spent an hour at the Golden Cup pub before the game. They offer limited parking at £5.00 – quite reasonable. There’s a good range of beers and excellent service. This pub seemed to be for away fans in the main but the odd friendly Blackburn face was also on show. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The redevelopment of the ground in the 90s’ still looks quite fresh on approaching the Darwen end for away fans. Once inside the stadium the ground has a quaint feel to it with trees visible in the open corner sections – a sort of larger version of Shrewsburys' old Gay Meadow ground in some ways? 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, facilities etc.. A combination of Rovers playing very badly and Leicester playing very well leads me to quote the old phrase “We were robbed!” The assistant ref disallowed a perfectly good goal for The Foxes which would, I’m sure, have seen Rovers off at the time of happening. Where we certainly were not robbed is in the catering department! I had a steak & pepper pie and a coffee at half time. Both reasonably priced and both, without a doubt, the best quality pie and coffee I’ve had in 35 years of visiting football grounds! 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Once we’d walked the mile back to the car in the relentless rain that had started on our arrival in Blackburn and continued all afternoon, we had a good get away, accessing the M65 easily. One or two taunts from some young Rovers fans accompanied our walk to the car but nothing sinister! 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: I enjoyed the day, despite the result. I’d definitely return – not least of all for the food! Blackburn Rovers v Swansea City Premier League Saturday, December 3rd, 2011, 3pm Joseph Thomas (Swansea City fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): It promised to be a relegation battle between both clubs and despite being new to the Premier League, it was the smaller stadiums like Ewood Park, that I was looking forward to visiting more. I was also looking forward to going to a game not supported by ‘glory hunter’ and by local people who love their club (despite the anti Steve Kean chants). 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? I caught the train up from Cardiff, by myself (after working a night shift!) at 07:55, went via Bristol Parkway, Birmingham New Street and Preston, and eventually arrived at Mill Hill (Lancashire) Station shortly after mid-day. It was about a 10 minute walk to the ground and we mixed with a few Rovers fans as we strolled along. They were a very pleasant bunch and a good bit of banter was had too. Some of the Rovers fans were saying they looking forward to see what everyone had been saying about our ‘fantastic’ support and playing style. 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? I met a few friends, but decided to avoid the pubs in case they got a bit rowdy with home protests against Steve Kean, so with us all wearing our colours, decided to stay away. Had a burger outside the ground and decided to go up to the Aldi/McDonalds complex where we found a Ladbrokes and put a few bets on a few of the other matches being played – we’ve learned to never bet on our own games! 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? Seemed a really nice ground to be fair, we went into the club shop about an hour before the game which was very impressive compared to ours, I must say. Good atmosphere around the stadium and the away end seemed to be good. A bit of banter was had as the “Legends Lounge” is situated at the Away End. A few ambitious Swansea City fans thought they were "Legendary" enough to enter, much to the amusement of the Stewards who quickly escorted them out with big smiles on their faces. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. Rovers 4 Swansea 2. Not the best of games for us. Unbelievable that the Rovers fans were still chanting ‘Kean Out’ after Yakubu put Rovers 4-2 up with a penalty! We went down to ten men and overall, we couldn’t really complain about anything. A few of our fans were escorted out after banging on the sides of the stand so I recommend nobody does that. There was one particularly attractive female steward who took my attention for most of the game. Talent! 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game: Easy enough getting back to Mill Hill station, another few Rovers fans came up to me and asked how I thought we’d played and what I thought of the result. They were really nice, to be fair. No mocking, no gloating. Very honest, real fans. I must say I was very impressed! 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out: Despite the result, it was a very good trip on the whole. I’d definitely recommend Ewood Park to anyone. Good local fans supporting their team and no trouble at all around the ground. 8/10 overall. One of the better away days so far this season! (Arsenal, Chelsea, Man City, Norwich, Liverpool, Wolves and Shrewsbury, being the others we’ve done so far). Well done, Blackburn! Blackburn Rovers v Sheffield Wednesday Carling Cup 2nd Round Wednesday 24th August 2011, 7.45pm Kevin Wrenn (Neutral fan) 1. Why you were looking forward to going to the ground (or not as the case may be): I have never been to Ewood Park, which is strange as I have lived just down the road in Preston for over 11 years. The £10 entry and having a great mate who supported Wednesday sealed it. 2. How easy was your journey/finding the ground/car parking? Got off the train at Mill Hill station. Anyone coming into Blackburn from Preston would do well to get off here. No more than a leisurely stroll to the ground, passing several pubs where a discrete away fan should be fine for a beer (not sure what it would be like for the Mancs/Scousers/Lillywhites/Burnley etc.. though). 3. What you did before the game pub/chippy.... home fans friendly? Wandering down to the ground we spotted plenty of take aways and off-licenses. We headed to the away ticket point to get our seats, and then were directed straight up the main road to the 'away' pub, the Fernhurst. It was just 3 minutes walk away. However, they were charging £2 entry fee to the bar, or there was an outside bar charging £3.40 a pint of lager or £2.90 for ale! We headed back towards the ground and were told by a friendly doorman at the WMC (NOT for away fans) to head back up the hill (past McDonalds) to any of the pubs up there (there are 3 in short distance). We went in to the White Horse, in which we had a much more reasonably priced pint. The Fox and Hounds, over the road from McDonalds, didn't look all that friendly with door staff. There are chippies and takeaways on the main road running behind the Jack Walker stand. 4. What you thought on seeing the ground, first impressions of away end then other sides of the ground? The ground is modern and well appointed, sharing a lot of similarities with Anfield in that it is red brick and very much a 'square' ground as opposed to these modern bowl libraries. 5. Comment on the game itself, atmosphere, stewards, pies, toilets etc.. Beer and food available in the ground was spot on, including these new fancy Guinness pints created by sonic vibrations! Cracking pint for £3.20. For a League Cup match the crowd was fairly poor, even at £10 a ticket. The stewards were chatty, and I had a really genuine football conversation with a Celtic supporting bobby! 6. Comment on getting away from the ground after the game. Rather hazy memories (the Guinness was good!) but no problems, however the crowd was barely 10,000. Got the late train back to Preston, again from Mill Hill, managed to catch a late chippy on the route back. 7. Summary of overall thoughts of the day out. Glad to see teams making these early matches affordable. Despite the awful football the people and the situation of the ground would make this a good day out for any fan. Another ticked off the list.	i don't know
Who plays Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham, in the UK television series ‘Downton Abbey’?	Masterpiece \| Downton Abbey \| PBS From the socialites to the servants, meet the residents and staff of Downton Abbey and learn about the actors who portray them. Violet, Dowager Countess of Grantham The mother of Robert, Earl of Grantham, Violet is proud, loyal to her son and immensely insufferable to her American daughter-in-law Cora, whom she regards as an interloper, a living compromise the family has had to make. Maggie Smith With no history of acting in the family, Maggie Smith enrolled in drama school at age sixteen. Following performances in student revues and in cabaret, she joined London's Old Vic Theater alongside Laurence Olivier before moving on to London's National Theatre. No stranger to Masterpiece, Maggie Smith has appeared in such productions as David Copperfield , Memento Mori, All for Love, and All the King's Men . She has two sons, also actors, Toby Stephens and Chris Larkin, both with Masterpiece credits of their own. Now with an astonishing array of awards to her name including two Oscar awards, Smith is renowned for her sense of humor. As Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes explains, "Maggie Smith has a unique sense of comedy, based on a somewhat ironic view of real life, making it both funnier and more sad. But perhaps her greatest ability, or at least the one that most intrigues me, is how she can convey deep and powerful emotion without a trace of sentimentality." As for her role as Violet, the Dowager Countess, Maggie Smith remarks, "It is very satisfying to play a character such as Violet...Julian is good at those sorts of ladies. This is the third old lady I've played for him, so I am getting the hang of it now," Smith laughs. Cora, Countess of Grantham Cora is the beautiful daughter of Isidore Levinson, a dry goods multi millionaire from Cincinnati. She arrived in England with her mother in 1888 at the age of 20, and was engaged to Robert by the end of her first season. Elizabeth McGovern Born in Evanston, Illinois, Elizabeth McGovern moved to Los Angeles when she was 10 years old and soon began acting in school plays. She went on to study at The Juilliard School in New York City and while there was offered a part in her first film, Ordinary People, directed by Robert Redford. The following year she earned an Academy Award nomination for her role in Ragtime. In 1984, she starred with Robert De Niro and James Woods in the cult gangster movie Once Upon A Time In America and later opposite Mickey Rourke in Johnny Handsome. In a small way, McGovern's character, Cora, reflects her own journey. "It's great to play a role that in some way mirrors my life, because I am an American who has spent nearly two decades raising English children and making the cultural adjustments, so in that way I can definitely relate to the part and have respect for what I know that entails, from the experience I have had myself." McGovern is also a singer-songwriter and has just recorded her second album with her band Sadie and the Hotheads. She lives in London with her husband director/producer Simon Curtis and their two children. Robert, Earl of Grantham Robert, Earl of Grantham, is married to Cora, an American heiress, whose money helped put Downton Abbey back on its feet. The father of three, Mary, Edith and Sybil, Robert has an uncomplicated life until a succession crisis and a surprising clause in his marriage contract cause upheaval in his family and on the estate. Hugh Bonneville Hugh Bonneville launched his acting career with London's National Youth Theatre, while simultaneously studying theology at Cambridge University. He also trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. A veteran Masterpiece actor, he has appeared in Miss Austen Regrets , Mansfield Park , Daniel Deronda , Madame Bovary and The Cazalets among others. Bonneville may also be recognized for his appearance opposite Kate Winslet in Iris. Bonneville's frequent costar in Downton Abbey was "Pharaoh" the estate family dog, and Bonneville developed quite a bond with the yellow Labrador, Roly. "During filming I kept finding bits of sausage in my pockets, reminders of various days when I'd tried to lure Roly into pretending to be my constant, devoted companion," Bonneville said. Bonneville calls writer/director Julian Fellowes, "the most humane of writers..." And he speaks of the characters in Downton Abbey as being three-dimensional. "They aren't goodies, or baddies; they are like all of us — flawed." Lady Rosamund Painswick Lady Rosamund is Robert's only sibling. She did not marry a great aristocrat, but the late Marmaduke Painswick, a banker, was immensely rich, so she has a good deal of freedom. She is devoted to Robert, but she feels it her duty to speak her mind on every possible occasion. Her interference in her familial decisions has a potentially disastrous result. Samantha Bond Known as Miss Moneypenny, a role she played in several James Bond movies, British actress Samantha Bond trained at England's Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. A member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, she has numerous stage credits to her name including a starring role opposite Judi Dench in the award-winning Amy's View, and the part of Lady Macbeth opposite Sharpe star Sean Bean. Bond's relationship with Masterpiece dates back to the early 1980s with productions such as Rumpole of the Bailey and A Murder is Announced. Bond is married to actor Alexander Hanson and the couple lives in London with their two children. Lady Mary Crawley, The Oldest Daughter Clever, good looking and cold, Mary must come to grips with the notion that the life she imagined for herself may not come to her as easily as she once suspected. Yet, as the oldest daughter, Mary continues to work to secure a suitable husband. Michelle Dockery A native of Essex, England, Michelle Dockery wasn't born into the high life she so often portrays on screen and stage. While training at the Finch Stage School in the United Kingdom, she worked in a variety of jobs, from waitress to a role in the advertising department of The Times of London. After graduating from England's Guildhall School of Music & Drama in 2004, Dockery spent 14 months at London's National Theatre performing lesser roles before she landed her breakthrough role as Eliza Doolittle in Peter Hall's production of Pygmalion at The Old Vic, also in London. Dockery also loves to sing and while filming Downton Abbey, she discovered that she and her on-screen mother, Elizabeth McGovern, shared a passion for music. This led to recording some tracks together and several festival appearances with McGovern's band Sadie and the Hotheads. Dockery's other television credits include Terry Pratchett's The Hogfather, the British trilogy Red Riding, Masterpiece's Return to Cranford and The Turn of the Screw. Next year she will appear alongside Cate Blanchett in the film Hanna. Lady Edith Crawley, The Second Daughter Resentful of her sister Mary, Edith is good looking and less sought after, but no less ambitious. She is in a half-permanent rage that the interests of her beautiful sister are always placed above hers in any family plan. Laura Carmichael Newcomer Laura Carmichael was working as a receptionist in a doctor's office and about to go on tour to Dubai with a production of Twelfth Night when she got a call to read for the part of Lady Edith, her first television role. She couldn't believe it when she landed the part and her parents were even more surprised. "I couldn't have asked for a better first job in any way!" Despite the on-screen animosity between Lady Edith and her two sisters, Laura became very close to Michelle Dockery (Lady Mary) and Jessica Brown-Findlay (Lady Sybil) during filming. "Michelle, Jessica and I became pretty inseparable on set and as most of our scenes were together, we ended up spending our spare time watching DVDs in someone's trailer," Carmichael said. Lady Sybil Crawley, The Youngest Daughter The family rebel, Lady Sybil Crawley is fiercely political and generally angered by injustice everywhere. Sybil exasperates both parents. She will go through the motions when it comes to the responsibilities of high society, but her true goals in life are well beyond what her parents consider the proper field. Jessica Brown-Findlay Since nursery school, Jessica Brown-Findlay aspired to be a famous ballerina. After training for years, she was asked at age 15 to dance with the Kirov Ballet at the Royal Opera House in London for a summer season. Her dreams were shattered when a botched ankle operation ended her dancing career. Changing tracks, she got into a few acting classes and was spotted almost immediately by a casting agent. The Downton Abbey character Lady Sybil Crawley is Jessica Brown-Findlay's second foray into television and her first Masterpiece role. Lady Sybil, Brown-Findlay explains is very forward thinking. "She's at that age where she's learning who she is and consequently she's discovering this at a time when women were becoming more vocal and less subservient." Isobel Crawley Isobel is Matthew's widowed mother. She is the daughter of a doctor (her husband studied under her father) and she comes from the professional middle class. She embodies an entirely different set of values than those of the current Downton Abbey inhabitants, being far better educated than either Violet or Cora. Before long, she is in near constant confrontations with Violet. Isobel is intensely proud of her son. Penelope Wilton Born in England to a former actress and businessman father, Penelope Wilton moved to London when she was young and attended the Drama Centre. Acting since the early 1970s, her first love was the stage. Among the many honors for her stage work, Wilton has twice won the London Critics' Circle Award for Best Actress: in 1981 for Much Ado About Nothing and in 1993 for The Deep Blue Sea. Wilton has appeared in several Masterpiece productions including Country Matters, The Tale of Beatrix Potter, Wives and Daughters and Lucky Jim . Other notable film and television projects include The Borrowers, Iris, Calendar Girls, Shaun of the Dead, Match Point and Doctor Who. Wilton was in part attracted to Downton Abbey by the opportunity to work with a personal heroine. "One of the reasons I did [Downton Abbey] was to work with Maggie Smith", Wilton said. "As a younger actress, (only slightly younger than Maggie), the person I admired more than anyone else on stage and in film was Maggie Smith, and I saw her in everything she did at The National Theatre. I wished I could be like her and now it's like working with a heroine and one doesn't have many of those when you grow older." Matthew Crawley Matthew Crawley is a third cousin, once removed, of Lord Grantham. A practicing attorney, Matthew now finds himself heir to a large estate and is invited to move there. He eventually agrees, but only if he can continue to work. Cora is partly infuriated by this interloper and partly determined that he will marry one of her daughters. Dan Stevens Dan Stevens studied theater at the London based National Youth Theater and then English literature at the University of Cambridge where he was a member of the amateur theatrical club, The Footlights. Since graduating, Stevens has not seen his acting career slow down, though he did take time out to become a husband and a father. While filming Downton Abbey, Stevens recalls, "My wife and 6 month old visited the set, which was fun. Everyone loves a baby on set except for the sound department!" Stevens is familiar to Masterpiece fans for his role as Edward Ferrars in Sense & Sensibility . He was also seen in the Masterpiece production of Dracula . Mr. Carson, The Butler Carson is in charge of the pantry, wine cellar and dining room, and the male staff report to him. Carson has worked at Downton Abbey since he was a boy. He is endlessly nostalgic for the way things were, and consequently, he more or less becomes an agent for the Dowager Countess. His instinct is to support Lady Mary, whom he genuinely loves as a surrogate daughter. Jim Carter Character actor Jim Carter has been acting for over 30 years. His Masterpiece credits include Midsomer Murders, The Way We Live Now , The Wind in the Willows , The Secret Life of Mrs. Beeton , Cranford and Return to Cranford among others. His best-known roles include Fox in The Madness of King George and Ralph Bashford in Shakespeare in Love. Carter is married to Imelda Staunton, who has also appeared in numerous Masterpiece productions. Mrs. Hughes, Housekeeper Responsible for the house and its appearance, Mrs. Hughes is also in charge of the female servants. There are three people in Downton who all believe they are head of it — Mr. Carson, Mrs. Patmore and Mrs. Hughes. Mrs. Hughes is probably right. She is unsentimental but moral and decent. Phyllis Logan Phyllis Logan hails from a small town in Scotland, and is a graduate of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Her big break came when she was cast as the lead in the film Another Time, Another Place, a role for which Logan won numerous awards. With a substantive list of film and television credits to her name including Secrets and Lies, Shooting Fish and Silent Witness, Logan has appeared in the Masterpiece productions And a Nightingale Sang and All the King's Men . Of her Downton Abbey character, Logan says, "She can appear austere and firm but she has a bit of a heart — she's not a complete old bag!" John Bates, Lord Grantham's Valet An ex-soldier, John Bates knew Robert during the Boer War. He arrives at Downton Abbey to take the position of valet, but Bates was wounded in the war and it has left him lame, which makes him both defensive and fiercely loyal to Robert for giving him another chance. Brendan Coyle Born to a Scottish mother and Irish father, David Coyle (Brendan is his stage name) lived in Dublin and London during his youth. With no thought of an acting career, Coyle worked in his dad's butcher shop after leaving school. It wasn't until his father died that he sought a change. Inspired by a Shakespeare production that he'd seen in school, Coyle contacted an Irish aunt who he knew ran a theater company and was soon enrolled in drama school in Dublin. Coyle has since been seen in many television dramas including North and South, Lark Rise to Candleford and on Masterpiece in Prime Suspect 7: The Final Act and Jericho . Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes knew Coyle would be perfect for the part. "I wrote John Bates for Brendan. I knew he had the capacity to suggest a character's bitter and painful past without doing much to indicate it," Fellowes said. "Above all, he never asks for sympathy as an actor, and consequently he gets it. My wife Emma had the idea of Bates being lame and I saw at once that this would enhance the character because it would make him more vulnerable and yet give him even more reason to reject sympathy." O'Brien, Lady's Maid O'Brien is a watchful, vengeful, malign spinster. She has sacrificed all thoughts of family and hearth to advance in her profession and now she is lady's maid to a countess, in a great house, which should make her happy. But it does not, because nothing will. She may seem to flatter Lady Grantham or Lady Mary or any of them, but ultimately she will always follow her own interest. Siobhan Finneran Siobhan Finneran made her acting debut in 1986 in the comedy film Rita, Sue and Bob Too! She's appeared in a number of British television series, including Coronation Street, Dalziel and Pascoe and Peak Practice among others. She has also appeared in the Masterpiece production The Amazing Mrs. Pritchard . Finneran's role as O'Brien, Lady Cora's maid, is a departure from the comic characters for which she is best known. But like others in the cast, Finneran jumped at the chance to work with director Brian Percival and writer Julian Fellowes. "Brian Percival and Julian's brilliant script made me want to do it. I met with Brian and within ten minutes I remember thinking, 'I hope I get this job because I really want to work with him,'" Finneran said. Mrs. Patmore, The Cook Mrs. Patmore is in charge of the kitchen and kitchen staff. She does not accept that Mr. Carson has jurisdiction over her, nor, most of all, Mrs. Hughes, and religiously defends her rights and privileges, against all comers. Lesley Nicol Since graduating from London's Guildhall School of Music and Drama in the early 1970s, Lesley Nicol has been a fixture in the British drama and comedy scene. But before her foray into film and television, she was a well known as a stage actress, appearing in numerous musicals and plays on the London stage. In Downton Abbey, Nicol plays the highly-strung cook Mrs. Patmore, "It was a dream job for me. Julian has given Mrs. Patmore some funny lines and also some lines that show her vulnerability," Nicol said. Thomas, First Footman Thomas thinks he is a fine man and that most of his fellow workers know nothing. An unsavory character, Thomas is always on the lookout to move up or out of Downton. His natural ally in the house is O'Brien. They are both entirely self-interested, but loyalty is probably beyond him. Rob James-Collier Rob James-Collier happened on his acting career quite by accident. One day, he filled in for an actor who had failed to show up for a film shoot directed by a friend. Intrigued by acting, he found a coach in the phone book and went to acting classes once a week after work. Within months he had an agent and his first role in the BBC's Down to Earth. In Downton Abbey, Rob plays the unsavory character of the first footman, Thomas. "I had this idea in my head of how I would like to play Thomas, but when I turned up on the first day, Siobhan Finneran [O'Brien]...said less is more and let the lines speak for you, which was great advice. What could have been a pantomime villain is now hopefully quite understated but still hits the mark," James-Collier said. Anna, Head Housemaid The highest ranking of the lower female servants, Anna feels she may have missed her chance at marriage. She is clever and resourceful, a thoroughly sympathetic character. Joanne Froggatt Joanne Froggatt began her acting career as a member of a youth theater group. She has proven herself to be a versatile talent with numerous theater credits and diverse roles in British television shows such as The Bill, Coronation Street, Spooks and Life on Mars. Froggatt enjoyed her role as Anna, the head housemaid in Downton Abbey. "I love playing her; she's a really great character to work with — genuine, honest and soft hearted, but she sticks up for herself too," Froggat said. Daisy, Scullery Maid Daisy is at the bottom of the heap. Daisy's mother was a true Victorian and Daisy is one of eleven children. Daisy is constantly in the firing line with Mrs. Patmore and develops feelings for Thomas. Sophie McShera Sophie McShera has been acting professionally since she was 12, when by chance she was sent along with four other girls to London to audition for The Goodbye Girl. She had spent the summer watching the American television show Saved By The Bell, which helped her pull off an American accent for her audition. Before she knew it, she was on stage at The Palladium in London and touring the country. Afterwards, she went on to perform in theater in the West End and had several small roles on British television. Downton Abbey is McShera's first period drama. "Downton Abbey is so different from what I've done before, I'm loving it. ... I did etiquette training and learned a lot about Edwardian society," McShera said. William, Second Footman William, the second footman, is a fool. Given this, Thomas has no hesitation in using William to do half his own work. William has a crush on Daisy but she isn't interested in him as she is quite taken by Thomas. Thomas Howes In the span of just a few months, relative newcomer Thomas Howes has gone from appearing in the British children's television series Chucklevision to one of the most talked-about dramas, Downton Abbey. Although he lacked the extensive experience of his co-stars, Howes didn't shy away from making suggestions for a couple of his scenes — suggestions that writer Julian Fellowes incorporated into the script. A pianist, Howes also talked Fellowes into allowing him to provide background music in a number of scenes. Gwen, Housemaid Gwen is essentially an ambitious girl. She works as a housemaid because it is the only profession open to the daughter of a farm worker, but she has big plans. She is the natural rebel of the female staff, albeit in a quiet way, and this makes her a natural ally of Sybil. Rose Leslie After training at The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Rose Leslie made her award-winning television debut in the BBC series New Town. Downton Abbey is her second television appearance. Leslie notes that her work in theater helped her prepare for the role of Gwen. "I was in a theater production where I had to speak with a northern accent which lasted about six months. ...We toured the country with it last year. So together with rehearsals, I've been speaking with a northern accent for nearly a year. It's been really easy to just flip in and out of it because I am so used to speaking with it now," Leslie said. Branson Robert's new, spirited Irish chauffeur, whose political ideologies aspire to a more modern society. Driving Sybil to a political rally, he discovers they have a meeting of minds, and with his encouragement, Sybil puts her beliefs into practice. However, Sybil's newfound enthusiasm leads her into danger for which Branson later feels responsible. Allen Leech Irish actor Allen Leech studied drama and theater at Trinity College Dublin. He is probably most recognizable to American audiences for his role in the television series Rome. This is not the first time Leech has worked with Downton Abbey writer Jullian Fellowes. Leech appeared in the 2009 film From Time to Time that also starred Maggie Smith and Hugh Bonneville. Funding for MASTERPIECE is provided by Viking River Cruises and Farmers Insurance® with additional support from public television viewers and contributors to The Masterpiece Trust , created to help ensure the series' future. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.	Maggie Smith
Scottish Blackface is a breed of which animal?	Downton Abbey: Maggie Smith's best one-liners \| Radio Times Twitter Downton Abbey: Maggie Smith's best one-liners Violet Crawley really has a way with words - here are some of our favourites from the Dowager Countess... Comments Ellie Walker-Arnott 10:50 AM, 14 October 2012 Quick tongued Violet Crawley - played by the Emmy award-winning Maggie Smith - has had us in stitches with her clever quips and put-downs since series one. Here are a few of our favourite Maggie moments... Remember back in series one when Violet met Cousin Isobel? They almost get on nowadays, but relations were a lot pricklier at first. When a friendly Isobel reaches out to the Dowager Countess, her response was rather cold... ISOBEL CRAWLEY "What should we call each other?" DOWAGER COUNTESS "Well we could always start with Mrs Crawley and Lady Grantham..." The look on the Countess's face when she was first introduced the notion of "the weekend" was priceless. What it must be like to have such a charmed life that your Sundays run on into Mondays without a need for differentiation... If only! EARL OF GRANTHAM "You do know I mean to involve you in the running of the estate? MATTHEW “Oh don't worry. There are plenty of hours in the day and, of course, I’ll have the weekend.” DOWAGER COUNTESS "Wha- what is a weekend?" Remember when Lady Mary wasn't happily wed to Matthew? And what a scandal she caused by bedding exotic hot-blooded Turk Pamuk who then went and died on her? Pre-marital sex and covering up a death all in one night? Oh Mary, it'd never have happened with a nice English boy... DOWAGER COUNTESS “Oh my dears, is it really true? I can’t believe it. Last night he looked so well. Of course, it would happen to a foreigner... It’s typical!” MARY “Don’t be ridiculous.” DOWAGER COUNTESS “I’m not being ridiculous. No English man would dream of dying in someone else’s house. Especially someone they didn’t even know.” Ah, back in the day when Mary wasn't head over heels for handsome Matthew. As Violet was well aware getting hitched with a saucy secret like Pamuk to hide is a tricky matter - and you do always need a plan B... DOWAGER COUNTESS “The question is, will she accept Matthew?” CORA “I’m not sure.” DOWAGER COUNTESS “Well if she doesn’t, we’ll just have to take her abroad. In these moments you can normally find an Italian who isn’t too picky…” Remember Lavinia? A lot of people weren't best pleased when she showed up at the start of series two, seemingly scuppering any chance Mary and Matthew had of finally getting together. If only we'd known then how that would all turn out, maybe Violet wouldn't have been so scathing after meeting the poor lamb for the first time... DOWAGER COUNTESS “So that’s Mary’s replacement? Well, I suppose looks aren’t everything…” CORA “I think she seems rather sweet. I’m afraid meeting us all together must be very intimidating.” DOWAGER COUNTESS “I do hope so.” Violet Crawley has never had much time for whingers, Edith. You should know that by now... EDITH “Am I just to be the maiden aunt? Isn’t this what they do, arrange presents for their prettier relations?” DOWAGER COUNTESS “Don’t be defeatist dear, it’s very middle class.” Violet never did much like newspaper mogul Richard - and she wasn't the only one pleased to see the back of him! We don't know about you, but it pretty much made our Christmas... DOWAGER COUNTESS “Well, what on earth’s the matter?” RICHARD “I’m leaving in the morning Lady Grantham. I doubt we’ll meet again.” DOWAGER COUNTESS “Do you promise?” And here we are at the start of series three. Violet has never been one to shy away from her dislike of Americans - and Cora's mother is no exception. DOWAGER COUNTESS “I’m so looking forward to seeing your mother again. When I’m with her I’m reminded of the virtues of the English.” MATTHEW “But isn’t she American?” DOWAGER COUNTESS “Exactly.” A comedy gem from series three here. When, in a hilarious plot twist, ALL the Earl's formal shirts go missing from his room and, horror of horrors, he has to wear an inappropriately informal shirt under his dinner jacket, Martha Levinson says he looks as though he is "dressed for a BBQ", but Violet goes one better, 'mistaking' him for one of the staff... DOWAGER COUNTESS “Oh do you think I might have a drink?” [turns to Earl of Grantham] Oh I’m so sorry, I thought you were a waiter…” There's only room at Downton for one quick-tongued matriarch and, although it was lovely to have Shirley MacLaine in the cast for a couple of weeks, we have to agree. Long may Violet Crawley look down on the inhabitants of Downton and pass her witty judgement on them all... DOWAGER COUNTESS "Just how long is she here for?" EARL OF GRANTHAM "Who knows..." DOWAGER COUNTESS "No guest should be admitted without the date of their departure settled"	i don't know
What is the name of the electric vehicle invented by Clive Sinclair and launched in the UK in 1985?	Sinclair C5 (original TV advert) - YouTube Sinclair C5 (original TV advert) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 8, 2009 The Sinclair C5 was a battery electric vehicle invented by Sir Clive Sinclair and launched in the United Kingdom on 10 January 1985. It was a battery-assisted tricycle steered by handles on each side of the driver's seat. Powered operation was possible making it unnecessary for the driver to pedal. Its top speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), was the fastest allowed in the UK without a driving licence. It sold for £399 plus £29 for delivery. It became an object of media and popular ridicule and was a commercial disaster, selling only around 12,000 units. Category	C5
Which English singer was described as ‘The barefoot pop princess of the 1960’s’?	Unique Auctions Lincoln Auctioneers – Sinclair C5 at Auction Unique Auction’s Antiques & Collectors Sale of the 23rd July includes a Sinclair C5. About the Sinclair C5 The Sinclair Research C5 is a battery electric vehicle invented by Sir Clive Sinclair and launched by Sinclair Research in the United Kingdom on 10 January 1985. The vehicle is a battery-assisted tricycle steered by a handlebar beneath the driver’s knees. Powered operation is possible making it unnecessary for the driver to pedal. Its top speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h), is the fastest allowed in the UK without a driving licence. It sold for £399 plus £29 for delivery. It became an object of media and popular ridicule during 1980s Britain and was a commercial disaster, selling only around 17,000 units, although according to Sinclair, “it currently remains the best selling electric vehicle of all time.” Source: Wikipedia	i don't know
The novel ‘The Day of the Jackal’ is about the attempted assassination of which political figure?	FACT BEHIND FICTION \| The Day of the Jackal - Frederick Forsyth The Day of the Jackal - Frederick Forsyth Historical Background The OAS (Organisation de lï¿½Armee Secrete) were a group of extremists who came together in 1961 to oppose the French President - Charles De Gaulleï¿½s policy of granting independence to Algeria, as a means to end the Algerian war. The majority of OAS membership constituted Algerian settlers of French origin, who considered Algeria to be sovereign French territory. They intended to keep Algeria under French control by assassinating De Gaulle. Summary ï¿½Come, my dear, we are going home. They canï¿½t shoot straight.ï¿½ The story begins in France in 1962 with the failed assassination attempt on De Gaulle at Petit-Clemart. The audacity of the attack draws the fury of the French security forces, and their retaliation leaves the OAS a destabilized organisation with demoralized ranks and no leader. Well, almost. Despite the enormous demoralization this caused the OAS, they (French security) had paved the way for his shadowy deputy, the little known but equally astute Lieutenant-Colonel Marc Rodin, to assume command of operations aimed at assassinating De Gaulle. In many ways it was a bad bargain. Rodin was a self-made military career officer with a lifetime of experience in the battlefield. His disillusionment with the politicians was the same as that of the rank and file of the OAS, but his resolve and intellect were stronger. Rodin personally undertakes a mission to find an assassin who can successfully penetrate the forewarned French security establishment. After finding some possible candidates for the job Rodin returns to his hideout in Austria and discusses his plan and reasoning with his top officers. The choice is clear and the man selected is an assassin by profession ï¿½ a former mercenary, but unknown and difficult to trace. ï¿½Gentlemen, let us be frank. I operate for money, you for idealism. But when it comes to practical details we are all professionals at our jobs.ï¿½ The meeting between the OAS commander and the anonymous assassin identified only as The Englishman nevertheless takes place shortly afterword and the mission to assassinate De Gaulle begins. The code name adopted by the assassin for this mission is the Jackal. The Jackal was perfectly aware that in 1963 General De Gaulle was not only the President of France; he was also the most closely and skillfully guarded figure in the western world. To assassinate him, as was later proved, was considerably more difficult than to kill President John F. Kennedy of the United States. As a successful assassin the Jackal has an established method of going about his work. Common to all stages of operation is his obsession with anonymity. To that end he goes about procuring aliases for himself, but not before he has researched his mark thoroughly, reading every possible piece of information on De Gaulle. This in-depth research allows that Jackal to form a mental picture of his markï¿½s habits and routines, and it during this routine that the Jackal determines the finer points of the assassination. Passports are stolen, papers are forged and false birth certificates are applied for. The Jackal uses these identities to scout the general area for an exact location from which to carry out the kill. He needs to enter France undetected to succeed and to stay alive afterwards to enjoy the fruits of his labour. The weapon required for the job will have to be customised to his exact needs, not just for the kill but also to be smuggled into the country; and he arranges to meet such a supplier through an old friend. ï¿½A one-off, a gun that will be tailor-made for one man and one job under one set of circumstances, never to be repeated. You have come to the right man. I sense a challenge, my dear monsieur. I am glad that you came.ï¿½ While the Jackal was making his arrangements, the proactive French security forces were suspecting the OAS of being up to no good. The events of the recent past had made them suspect something sinister. They lay bait for Rodinï¿½s personal guard and once he is trapped and tortured, his incoherent confession is analysed. Colonel Rolland of the French security service, another career military officerï¿½ decodes the confession accurately, and his report of a foreign born assassin known only by a code name engaged for an attempt on the life of the president sends the entire French security establishment into overdrive. Charles De Gaulle is informed of the threat by the Interior Minister ï¿½ M. Frey, who treads cautiously knowing the Presidentï¿½s disdain for personal security measures. The meeting does not make the Ministerï¿½s job any easier. ï¿½The interest of France, my dear Frey, is that the President of France is not seen to be cowering before the menace of a miserable hireling, and of a foreigner.ï¿½ A high-level committee is formed to capture the Jackal before he can assassinate De Gaulle, and Commissaire Claude Lebel is appointed point-man. Claude Lebel who paints an unimpressive picture of a detective, is nevertheless an ace-sleuth with solid credentials. Behind the mildness and the seeming simplicity was a combination of shrewd brain and a dogged refusal to be ruffled by anyone when he was carrying out a job. He had been threatened by some of the most vicious gang bosses of France . . . only later, from a prison cell, had they had the leisure to realise they had underestimated the soft brown eyes and the toothbrush moustache. The OAS however has a spy in bed with one committee member, and news that the latest assassination plot is known to the French security races back to Rodin. Rodin tries to contact the Jackal to call off the operation but his call is too late. From then on the story becomes a game of cat-and-mouse between the Jackal who continues his mission despite being made aware of the newly alerted authorities, and detective Lebel who must decipher the subtle clues and blind allies that the Jackal has left behind. Despite starting off with just a code name, Lebel detective work brilliantly draws the noose tight around the Jackal, who deftly maneuvers himself into the very vantage point that selected during the planning stages of the operation. The climax of the story takes place at that very vantage point and at the appointed moment of assassination as the Jackal and Lebel face off. The Plot As a reporter for Reuters covering Paris in 1962-63, Frederick Forsyth realised what the main shortcomings of the OASï¿½ assassination attempts were. Analysing the situation for himself, he based the premise of the story on what he considered the best chances of success for the OAS. Identity Theft The Jackalï¿½s method to obtain a false identity took advantage of an actual flaw in the British system for passport applications. Frederick Forsythï¿½s research led him to uncover this flaw, which was a well kept trade secret among mercenaries and illegal immigrants. The loophole was eventually plugged in 2003. Arthur Hailey antagonist in the book ï¿½ The Evening News, used the same method to procure a false identity (since then known as the ï¿½day of the jackal fraudï¿½). The Book as an Inspiration The Day of the Jackal is Frederick Forsythï¿½s most celebrated work and also what he is most associated with. Forsyth wrote only after thoroughly researching the topics involved in his stories because of his own disappointment with the authorsï¿½ lack of knowledge in books he himself read. However the depth of research in The Day of the Jackal inspired at least one assassin and one would-be assassin: A Hebrew translation of the novel was found in possession of Yigal Amir, the assassin of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Police speculated that the book may have been used as a guide for the assassination by Amir. Vladimir Arutinian, who attempted to assassinate President George W. Bush in Georgia in 2005 was an obsessive reader of the book. Illich Ramirez Sanchez aka Carlos the Jackal If the Jackal was a real person heï¿½d turn in his grave at being associated with Illich Ramirez Sanchez. The nickname only stuck to the Illich because the book was found in a bag which was assumed to belong to him. The fictional Jackal is a meticulous planner, probably had real combat credentials and appreciated the benefits of anonymity. Carlos the Jackal on the other hand was a clumsy but extremely lucky playboy who got involved in terrorism after dabbling in communism. His personal insecurities drove him to attract attention to himself but his incredible good fortune kept him out of prison for long. Carlos was eventually apprehended in Sudan in 1994. Also at FactBehindFiction.com The Way of the Jackal : Only a few people really know. Not even the real hero of the thriller finds out. But we are provided with a few sketchy details about him. He was a mercenary in Katanga (the Congo), and his skills and contacts obtained in that war enable him to become an ice-cold assassin. The Jackal came to choose his profession because of the adrenaline junkie within and love for the good life that money can buy. He quits a mundane day-job and dives into a life of cloak-and-daggers and sniper rifles. He is physically fit and a deadly killer even with his bare hands, and attractive enough to seduce at will in a kind of dark James Bond way. A thorough professional and conscious-less killer, he doesn't digress from the unspoken rules he has established. The Cobra : The Cobra - Paul Deveraux is properly described on the back cover but a more fitting description can be found while reading the main text: ï¿½He loathed political correctness, preferring courtly good manners to all, save those who were clearly the enemies of the one true God and / or the United States.ï¿½ Devereux is physically present in precious few scenes but his influence permeates the meticulous plotting and actions that populate the pages. Avenger : Cal Dexter is a troubled man who addresses pain with pain. He channels the agony of his losses through his vocation. Not in the guise of a lawyer but as a former special forces veteran who has evolved in skill to address the problems that cannot be helped by governments. Dexterï¿½s grounded approach as a soldier and as a lawyer has made him many friends of questionable repute but undeniable skill. And this is where Dexter (the dinosaur) mixes tech with old-school espionage. The Dogs of War : Sir James Manson, Knight of the British Empire, chairman and managing director of Manson Consolidated Mining Company has all the money heï¿½ll ever need. What he doesnï¿½t have is the patience to deal with long and winding political methods to get what he wants. Not when he sees a potential ten billion dollars up for grabs. He has the resources and the methods and he intends to make full use of both. Firmly grounded in the realities of business and politics he knows ï¿½there was only one commandment, the eleventh, ï¿½Thou shall not be found out.ï¿½ - Assassinology.org The Study of Assassination by the author of ï¿½How to Killï¿½ -Encyclopedia of Assassination ï¿½ Carl Sifakis All Copyrights reserved by the Author/Publisher of the book. _____________________	Charles de Gaulle
A sapsucker is what type of bird?	Conspicuously Public Assassination - TV Tropes Conspicuously Public Assassination You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share YMMV "Ronnie Kray, one of the two Kray Twins who basically run organized crime in London , commits the murder he'll finally be sent away for when he walks into the Blind Beggar pub and shoots George Cornell in the head... Kray would manage to get away with this for three years by virtue of the fact that nobody was actually stupid enough to testify against a man who walked into pubs and shot people dead, this being a sort of tautological behavior ." — Philip Sandifer So there's the Evil Overlord sitting on his throne, when a figure in black suddenly appears looking like Death himself. He strikes a fatal blow and the crowd is so shocked (and/or the victim so unpopular , which can overlap with Bodyguard Betrayal if the people supposed to provide security either stand by and let it happen or even help out) that no one makes much effort to stop the assassin. As was noted by the titular assassin of Day of the Jackal, assassination is relatively easy; getting away is the hard part. However, this is the opposite, a Refuge in Audacity on the assassin's part, which no one minds because it is just that cool or they're simply dumbstruck. If the Target employs Swiss Cheese Security , they deserve it. There is some Truth in Television here, as oftentimes the assassin is intended to be caught or killed. This is called a "lost" assassination and is popular among terrorist groups, the insane, and groups manipulating the insane for plausible deniability. Examples: open/close all folders Anime Used in the final episode of Code Geass , in which Suzaku dressed as Zero kills Emperor Lelouch. In this case, it makes a lot of sense why everything occurs so neatly, as Lelouch planned his death to ensure a better world, and deliberately made himself the most stereotypical, over the top Evil Overlord he could be, just so he could unite the world in their hatred of him. Some of the hits the ladies make in Noir are like this. One example was at a party; Kirika hurls a fork across the room into the neck (and apparently the spine) of a military target. They do use stealth in the sense of "nobody suspects the flower girls", but... really. Another hit involved taking out the target while they were still in police custody, but Chloe got to them first. Actually, it seems the most dangerous hits tended to be the ones where they tried to be sneaky, because this allowed for the would-be ambushees to ambush them. At one point Mireille gets the drop on one of the leading members of the Ancient Conspiracy simply by waltzing into his office and shooting the guards. In this case it's implied that this was partially intentional on his part since he wanted her to find him, and it probably wouldn't have been that easy otherwise. Spiritual Successor Madlax gets away with assassinating the head of the military during a speech by sniping him from farther away than his security thought possible. (Apparently they'd never heard of Carlos Hathcock.) The elite Cold Sniper assisting with the security arrangements immediately figures out what happened, but she isn't able to stop Madlax before she gets away. In Naruto , assassinations seem to be composed mostly of grand, elaborate battles with huge elemental attacks that shred the landscape and are visible from several kilometers away. Appropriate for the show that practically defines Highly Visible Ninja . In hindsight, this explains why a attack described as sounding like a thousand birds and is a glowing ball of lightning was developed as an assassination attack. In part one, it seemed silly. Compared to part two? Subtle. Justified, in part, in that many of the victims will be Glass Cannon types, or more durable than that, who are perfectly capable of wielding that much destructive power themselves, and employ all sorts of deceptive security measures and can even sense killing intent. In other words, if you try the subtle method, you'll probably fail, and either way you better be ready for an epic, uber-violent and highly destructive battle if you truly want this person dead. On the flip-side, Sai is carrying around a handbook of a whole list of people he has managed to kill, and is implied to have been subtle about it (at the very least, nobody knew he was the killer). In Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex , an assassin knows about the Jackal quote, so he simply decides not to worry about escaping. He smuggles a rifle into the country as a decoy, and his actual plan is to infiltrate the crowd and run up to his target with a combat knife and flower bouquet full of explosives. Fortunately, the heroes are badass enough to figure it out Just in Time and stop him. In Sword Art Online , Death Gun employs this tactic in-game synced to the real-life murder of his target. Comics In Fables , Boy Blue assassinates The Adversary in front of hundreds of witnesses. The fact that memory altering charms exist and that the Adversary is a giant, easily fixed puppet make this a slightly less than successful murder, and the Empire takes the Kill All The Witnesses approach to be safe. Frank Castle aka The Punisher Averted in Preacher : Starr's right-hand man suggests killing Allfather D'Aronique, claiming that other Allfathers did the same. Starr points out that the previous Allfathers "quietly had each other garroted" instead of sudden public attacks, and that they'll be shot down by the guards if they try it. When Starr does make his move, he does so at a point where there will be no witnesses (save one he later throws into a propeller). X-23 's test run and first assassination was of presidential candidate Greg Johnson just before a rally, with hundreds of people gathered to support him. The attack was carried out in an entire room full of dozens of staffers, press, security, and Johnson's family, in which she slaughtered everybody present, with an exit strategy of masquerading as the lone survivor trapped beneath a pile of corpses (even fooling Captain America when he responded). Although she effectively left no witnesses , security outside the room heard the shots being fired, and news cameras inside caught much of the assault on tape). As a result it was nonetheless a very public assassination which not only proved X's viability, but also served as chillingly effective advertising to potential clients. Film Although the general setup is a The Manchurian Candidate -style sniping, Colonel West's attempt in Star Trek VI counts due to using a phaser with a bright blue beam. Possibly justified because he is disguised as a Klingon in order to incite war, and therefore must be seen for the plan to work. Road to Perdition . Michael Sullivan Sr. is after Conner Rooney, who murdered Sullivan's wife Annie and son Peter. Thing is, Rooney is under the protection of the Chicago syndicate. He steals money from some of the syndicate's bank and agrees to return it if they give up Conner. They do so after Sullivan reluctantly kills his mentor, Conner's father John Rooney, so that the Chicago syndicate have no reason to continue protecting Conner. We then see Sullivan entering a Chicago hotel, walking past mob guards on all floors who make no attempt to stop him, entering a room where he casually shoots dead his target, then walking out again. Subverted in The Terminator . The T-800 Model 101 decimates a local police station and in the sequel Judgment Day , the LAPD get some pictures of the T-800 and immediately recognize that this is the same suspect that destroyed the police station in The Terminator. "That was a different T-101." "What, do you come off an assembly line?" "Exactly." Gangs of New York : Amsterdam Vallon attempts one of these on Bill the Butcher. Some of his exposition monologue earlier in the film even hangs a lampshade on it, saying "When you kill a king, you don't use a knife in the dark... you do it where the whole court can watch him die." It doesn't go so well... Bill himself kills Monk (a newly elected politician) in broad daylight in front of a crowd of his constituents. The President's Analyst opens with a US spy knifing an Albanian double agent and dumping the body into a garment cart on a busy sidewalk on New York's 7th Avenue - note this is filmed on location and nobody gives it a second glance! Narrowly averted in the climactic scene of The Emperor and the Assassin . The eponymous assassin (who used to be the number one hitman in Yan, but now appreciates life and is a Death Seeker ) chases the eponymous emperor Qin up and down his throne room, dagger in hand, in front of hundreds of courtiers. Not one of them lift a finger to help him, only running from them both. Emperor Qin finally fights off and kills the assassin all by himself after minutes of this, (making it an Overly Long Gag ) and then turns to his courtiers, supposedly his loyal supporters, and says "None of you did anything." It was one of the most brutally effective Despair Event Horizons ever filmed, as he realizes that he is now the sole ruler of all China, but everyone hates and fears him, and no one cares for him at all. This is what saves the day for the FBI in The Jackal , similarly to the book it was based on (The Day of the Jackal - see the Literature section below). Declan realizes that they are protecting the wrong target because he knows that the called-for MO is something "public and brutal", which won't be achieved by assassinating the director of the FBI with all the precautions they're taking. Combined with the "can't protect his women" line, he realizes that the real target is the First Lady, who is to speak at the opening of the children's wing of a hospital that day. In The Living Daylights James Bond shoots General Pushkin during a concert, in full view of everybody, including the Russian authorities. Of course, that's exactly what he planned to do. Michael Corleone in The Godfather wants to get rid of a rival who was behind an attempt on Vito's life, as well as a corrupt police captain in said guy's pocket. A gun is left for him in a restaurant bathroom: he gets up from his parley with the targets, comes back from the toilet and shoots them each once in the head, then drops the gun on the floor and calmly walks out the front door. Sure, he has to flee the country afterwards, but he gets away with it. In X-Men: Days of Future Past , Mystique tries to assassinate Trask for revenge at the Paris Peace Conference, and when that fails, at the Sentinel demonstration at the White House. It's a very bad idea as such public violent action spurs hostile countermeasures like the Sentinel programme, as Xavier points out. Captain America: The Winter Soldier features a not-so-subtle attempt on Nick Fury's life as a bunch of corrupt police officers descend on Nick in his armored SUV, fill it with assault rifle fire and attempting to bash in the door with a hydraulic ram, then chaotically chase him down through the streets of Washington DC before he runs into the Winter Soldier, who slaps a sticky mine to the bottom of his vehicle and detonates it, flipping it onto its roof. Nick manages to escape his SUV by cutting the roof (and the pavement below into the sewers) with a handheld plasma cutter (although he's substantially banged up). Later Nick is successfully targeted in Steve Rogers's apartment by the Winter Soldier sniping him through the wall, subverting the earlier attempt. It turns out that every possible scenario from this assassination attempt was a win-win for HYDRA : Fury dies, then HYDRASHIELD can use the incredibly public action to justify Project Insight to the World Security Council. The attempt fails, the massive chaos can still be used as a justification and they can even get the skeptical Fury on their side for it. If he dies later, it doesn't matter. Less justified later in the movie with the equally conspicuous attempts to assassinate Steve and friends (first by launching a missile at the old army base where they'd traced the USB to, on US soil no less, then by sending the Winter Soldier after them in broad daylight in the middle of a busy freeway)... unless you subscribe to the fanon that HYDRA was getting careless about how they used the Winter Soldier because Project Insight would have made him redundant and once it was up and running they were planning to put him on ice indefinitely, use him as a scapegoat, or kill him. Assassins . The two rival assassins are given a contract to kill a reclusive billionaire attending the funeral of his brother. Stallone's character is among the mourners, his arm in a fake sling concealing his silenced .22 pistol, only for the mark to be shot by Banderas' character, dressed as a groundskeeper, with a shot from a silenced .22 rifle. He then calmly walks away with his gardening equipment, and is only stopped by Stallone firing on him, unnoticed by the mark's bodyguards and the panicked crowd. Banderas later reveals that as his target was a recluse with tight security, he killed the brother to lure him into the open. Best Seller (1987). A hitman approaches a writer and offers to sell his story about working for a Corrupt Corporate Executive . The writer having turned down a bribe not to publish, his daughter is kidnapped . The writer goes to meet the businessman in his Big Fancy House in broad daylight with children playing on the lawn, both parties unaware that the hitman is walking through the house, killing all the bodyguards with a silenced pistol. In Machete , Machete is hired to assassinate McLaughlin during a public rally. However, the attempted assassination is part of a False Flag Operation to gain public support for McLaughlin's secure border campaign. Assassination Games : Brazil kills his first target at the beginning of the film by slashing his throat in front of an entire wedding party, and then escaping during the confusion. Literature Steven Brust's Dragaera novels: Mario Greymist's assassination of The Emperor in Five Hundred Years After . That character definitely has a link with death: grey is the in-universe color of death. (It is also associated with the Greymist Valley, which is located just above Deathgate Falls.) Justified in that Mario was allied with the prospective claimant to the throne and would have been rewarded if all went according to plan. Jhereg assassinations are conspicuous in general, since most of the victims are Jhereg and fellow members of the Organization , and the Empire isn't especially concerned so long as no bystanders get hurt. It's quite common for Jhereg to get knifed while at a restaurant or walking down the street. In-universe this gets justified as being the most practical approach: trying for indirect kills like poisoning or "accidents" risks leaving an alert target who might be able to trace back to you, and trying to sneak past security means multiple chances to get caught and into fights which can't end with the target dead. Professional assassins generally work with no backup, prioritize their own survival over quick success, and are willing to wait (in some cases, years) for the moment when a quick and direct approach will work. In Richard Condon's The Manchurian Candidate , the assassination of the presidential nominee was planned not only to occur on live television during the convention, but at a specific point in the nominee's acceptance speech so his chosen Vice Presidential candidate, whose wife was behind the entire thing, could specifically be seen holding the dying nominee in his arms and have the photograph spread all over the world. In the Discworld book Night Watch , which is a sort of prequel, Lord Vetinari, then a student assassin kills one of the previous Patricians at a party. There is an explicit comparison with Death (a la Masque of the Red Death) as effort had been made to spook the Patrician beforehand, so in a Crowning Moment of Awesome , when Vetinari appeared, the Patrician died of a heart attack before he struck the fatal blow. Done at multiple levels in Crown Of Slaves by David Weber . During the coronation at the end of the book, Lieutenant Governor Cassetti is killed in front of thousands of people and dozens of notables from the various political groups around Torch. Averted at one level, because Scrags are instantly found with the murder weapon, but played absolutely straight at another level because Thandi Palane planted the evidence of their guilt and had her guards kill them so they couldn't be questioned, such that she was standing in full view of everyone while she executed him. The Executioner . One-Man Army Mack Bolan often starts his 'blitz' on a local Mafia family this way. He turns up at several mob joints, calmly states the name of his target, whom he then kills along with their bodyguards in an impressive display of shooting . This quickly gets the Mafia 'mobbed up' in a 'hardsite' where Bolan can destroy them with overwhelming firepower without worrying about innocents getting in the way. In The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsythe, the Jackal plans to assassinate Charles DeGaulle at a public event — notably the award ceremony on Liberation Day, the one occasion he can be certain the President of France will turn up, no matter what threats have been made against his life. In The Shadow Speaker , the Rightful Queen Returns and beheads the protagonist's father, who had taken over rule of her village in Niger, in the middle of a meeting. Several of the components of Operation Minefield in the Star Wars novel Solo Command follow this mold. Taking the cake is probably the planned dual assassination of General Han Solo and Commander Wedge Antilles, during full military maneuvers, by pilots ostensibly under Antilles's command ("attempted" because both are foiled by fellow pilots). Both operatives were Brainwashed and Crazy , making their survival actually a liability to Zsinj's plan and, more importantly, they didn't need to kill anyone to succeed — the public nature of the assassinations and other, simultaneous acts of terror is intended to drive up fear of specific alien minorities that Zsinj can use to divide the New Republic. In fact, it's likely an Invoked Trope . And even if it wasn't, it's justified, as the emphasis is more on 'Crazy' then "Brainwashed". And at least one was veritably fighting from the inside. In Elmore Leonard 's Pronto mob hitmen Tommy Bucks lampshades the fact that he can walk into a crowded restaurant, shoot his target in the head and then walk out without any witnesses being able to fully identify him. It is implied that he killed people like this in the past but the one time he tries to do so in the book he is instead met by US Marshal Raylan Givens. Raylan plays out his own version of this trope since he is perfectly willing to gun down Tommy in a public place even if Tommy does not draw his gun first. Tommy murdered a man right in front of Raylan and was not charged with the crime so Raylan is determined to prove to Tommy that ultimately one cannot get away with committing a murder in front of a US Marshal. Masked Dog by Raymond Obstfeld. A convicted criminal is used to test an experimental drug which eliminates fear and gives him the ability to retain vast amounts of information. After using his skills to escape, he decides to become a master assassin, announcing that he will prove his skills by killing a foreign dignitary. The good guys are expecting sniper rifles, bombs, etc — instead he pulls up alongside the dignitary's car, shouting and carrying on like a road rage hoodlum. The security team, torn between watching this idiot and trying to keep an eye out for the "real" threat, get caught in a Car Fu accident which the killer arranged by memorising the traffic light patterns. Damar's killing of Supreme Legate Dukat in Star Trek Mirror: Rise Like Lions : walking out on the balcony Dukat is holding a speech to the public from and shooting him in the back of his head. Granted, getting to the balcony would probably have been hard if Damar, as Dukat's de-facto second-in-command and closest thing to a friend, wasn't supposed to hang out in the Legate's office while Dukat held his speeches. Exactly how this allowed Damar to take over the Cardassian Union is a bit unclear, since that's not how you're supposed to handle things in the Union. It gives people ideas they shouldn't have. In Harry Harrison 's Stars And Stripes Alternate History trilogy, Abraham Lincoln misses the fateful play due to the illness of his son (note: this is not the point of divergence, that happens earlier). Later, Lincoln is coming out of a building in another city, and an assassin, hiding in the crowd, fires at him with a pistol but misses. After the assassin is shot, someone recognizes him as a mediocre actor named John Wilkes Booth. Guess he's only a good shot at point-blank range. The Fall of the Kings has this as its climax. Nicholas Galing attempts to kill Theron, who's looking like a case of Rightful King Returns , in front of a huge crowd at a public debate. Theron's lover Basil jumps in front of the knife to protect him and is killed instead. The Way of Kings (first book of The Stormlight Archive ): Szeth is ordered to leave behind witnesses to the assassinations of various governments and monarchs, advancing his master's goal of general chaos. In Tom Clancy 's Ryanverse, this happens in the last two novels before the introduction of The Campus: In Executive Orders, a long-trusted and very loyal bodyguard of a never-named Saddam Hussein expy kills the Iraqi leader right in the middle of a public speech, to make it clear that he's dead and severely destabilize the country so that Iran can take it over. Later in the book, Secret Service agent Aref Raman tries the same thing, but settles for a killing in the Oval Office instead. In The Bear and the Dragon, the book opens with a very public murder of a pimp, using an RPG right in front of the Kremlin. The real target was Golovko, the Russian president's most trusted and capable adviser, who just happened to be in the same model and color car as the pimp. In The Lost Fleet and it's spinoffs, there are numerous attempts (and a few successful ones). They range from trying to force whole ships to blow up in the middle of an allied fleet in order to kill people (one of these attempts is successful, another is not) to would-be firing squads shooting at their target, only to be ambushed by a genre-savvy target. In Imager Portfolio , this is a semi-common trope, happening to several notable figures. Live Action TV Monk : In the pilot, Ian Sykes, disguised as a painter, open fire on a campaign rally with a Weatherby Fibermark rifle, supposedly trying to kill mayoral candidate Warren St. Claire. St. Claire survives, but his bodyguard Jason Ronstadt is fatally shot. Then it turns out Ronstadt was Sykes's target, not St. Claire at all, and Sykes's employer (the candidate's campaign manager, who had originally hired Sykes to kill a volunteer who had found evidence that Lloyd was embezzling money, and had originally solicited Ronstadt to commit that murder) wanted Ronstadt killed in public because it would look like an attempt on St. Claire's life, giving the guy extra publicity and an upswing in votes. In "Mr. Monk Goes to the Circus," disgruntled trapeze artist Natasha Lovara shoots and kills her ex-husband Sergei at a crowded outdoor caf&eacute. She does it here because everyone currently assumes she's confined to a wheelchair after she broke her foot in an accidental fall , and she needs witnesses to see the shooter perform feats that no woman with a broken right foot could possibly do. This was Raven's plan to save Finn on The 100 : have Clarke just walk up to Lexa, stab her, and take Finn back to Camp Jaha in the chaos. Clarke decides this is a stupid plan. Tabletop Games In the official setting for the science fiction game Traveller , Arch-Duke Dulinor attempted to claim the Imperial Throne by shooting Emperor Strephon while the monarch sat on his throne. It didn't work out to well for him in the end. Warhammer 40,000 : Eversor temple assassins exist to kill their target in most public and brutal way possible. It is said to be the most effective against Orks and Khornate followers, since both of them ultimately respect brute force. The elite Lictor called Deathleaper invoked this. Lictors are usually sneaky assassins, but this one figured out that just killing the Cardinal leading the planet's defense would increase their resistance. So it pulled off numerous brutal Conspicuously Public Assassinations ... on the Cardinal's bodyguards, driving the poor man insane, and making the planet's conquest by the hive fleet much easier. Video Games In the Hitman games, you can play it two ways. Go in there guns blazing and kill everyone you see just for shits and gigs or carefully infiltrate and strike at your target unnoticed; Mass Murderer and Silent Assassin, respectively. Although not having to do with assassination except storyline-wise, it's possible for the player in Metal Gear Solid 4 to on lower difficulties go in guns blazing on the way to their next objective, so long as the character is tactically sensible; on Solid Normal and higher difficulties the damage taken tends to make combat (or at least use of unsuppressed weapons) out of boss fights a bad idea. Pierre Bellec: Sends a powerful message. In the live-action Assassin's Creed: Lineage mini-series (prequel to the second game), Giovanni Auditore heads to Milan to try to prevent the Templar assassination of the Duke of Milan in church during the Feast of St. Stephen. He fails. The Duke is killed, and all his assassins are dispatched by the angry guards, ignoring Giovanni's pleas to leave some alive for questioning. In Final Fantasy VIII Edea kills President Deling during her New Era Speech , while the entire city cheers at her wildly. Visiting the city later will reveal that she mind-controlled everyone during the act , though it isn't told why the heroes weren't affected. Many of the Dark Brotherhood quests in Skyrim expects you to do this (one of your Brothers actually recommend this as a tactic), particularily if you want the bonus. Executing the Emperor's cousin during her wedding is best done while she's adressing the crowd, and can be done in a number of ways that will ensure you're seen, including stabbing, fireballs, sniping her from across the yard, or dropping a stone gargoyle on her. Gyakuten Kenji 2 ( Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth 2), features as its first case, the attempted assassination of the President of the Republic of Zheng Fa, a fictional country, during the middle of a public speech he is giving. The assassin at first was thought to have been a member of the crowd who rose a pistol and tried shooting the president dead in front of everyone else. Subverted in that the real shooter was actually the president;s guard who was on stage at the time and hide his hand with the gun in it, while he fired the shots. Then subverted further in that the entire assassination was faked by the president himself, with his guards helping. Western Animation Futurama 's A Pharaoh to Remember. Bender (the new pharaoh ) orders the slaves to build a giant statue of himself that eventually reaches up into space. Despite the slaves building it to Bender's will and him overseeing it directly, once it is complete: Head: Does it please you, My Lord? Bender: Hmmm...it's a good start. Ehh, yeah, it's definitely big alright. I just wonder...if it's too big... Priest: But Sire, we made it to your exact specifications! Bender: Too exact if you ask me! Tear it down and try again, but this time, don't embarrass yourselves. (the designers tie Bender up like a mummy in full view of everyone) Priest: "Ladies and gentlemen, the Pharaoh suddenly died." (the slaves cheer) Real Life Truth in Television : The word assassin comes from hashashin , which may mean either " hashish user " or "follower of Hassan (ibn Sabbah)". Either way, these Islamic assassins would kill in broad daylight, anticipating that if killed, they would be rewarded in Paradise as martyrs. Saladin besieged their chief Syrian stronghold of Masyaf during his reconquest of Outremer in 1176. He later lifted the siege after an assassin Rashid ad-Din Sinan snuck into Saladin's tent in the heart of his camp, and left a poisoned cake and a note on Saladin's chest as he slept saying "You are in our grip" and then snuck back out of the camp unharmed. In Roman-occupied Judea, a group known as the Sicarii ("knife men") would assassinate their targets (Romans or Roman sympathizers) in public places and slip away by pretending to be one of the panicking crowd. King Henri IV of France was stabbed to death in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic (Henri was a moderate who had converted from Protestantism to Catholicism out of convenience) while his carriage was stuck in traffic during the Queen's coronation ceremony. Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England at the time of the Peasant's Revolt (1381) was so unpopular that the guards at the Tower of London allowed the rebels to walk in and seize him. He was dragged to Tower Hill and beheaded. U.S. Presidents for 400, Alex : President Andrew Jackson 's would-be assassin ambushed ol' Hickory while he was walking with his entourage in DC. Unfortunately for him, both of his prepared pistols misfired . What followed was an attempt by Jackson to beat the man into a paste with his cane . He had to be physically restrained to keep him from killing the man. One can only assume that Jackson was not amused by the assassin's audacity. Used to great effect by John Wilkes Booth when he assassinated Abraham Lincoln at a crowded theater. There were soldiers present in the audience, with sidearms. Booth managed to shoot Lincoln, jump down from the President's box onto the stage, break his leg while landing, give a Bond One-Liner , run offstage, leave the theater, get his horse, and gallop away. Nobody stopped him. From later witness interviews, reactions when it happened varied from "wait, is there a gunshot in this play? I don't think there is" to "oh, it's John Wilkes Booth, popular actor, I know that guy. Why's he jumping on stage in a play he's not in?" The act was so brazen that by the time anyone wrapped their head around what had just happened, Booth was long gone . James Garfield was shot in a train station. There weren't a ton of people around, but the assassin, Charles Guiteau, was a nutjob who reportedly yelled, "I did it and I want to be arrested!" afterwards, which is always helpful. Next was William McKinley , who was shot while gladhanding the crowd at the Pan-American Exposition. One of his bodyguards admitted at the trial that he may not have seen the assassin, Polish-American anarchist Leon Czogolsz, because he was distracted by the Scary Black Man standing behind him. (The crowd, including said Scary Black Man , did attack Czogolsz, and McKinley, who knew he was dying, asked the bodyguards to stop them.) In the category of "attempted assassinations," Theodore Roosevelt was shot as he was about to make a speech — which he went on to give. (See Pocket Protector .) The speech — the vast bulk of which is just ordinary campaigning — is now often identified as "I Have Just Been Shot." TR's namesake and relative Franklin D. Roosevelt was himself the target of an attempted assassination while President-Elect while in Florida in February 1933 (back then, the President was inaugurated in March); an Italian bricklayer and radical socialist (or something) Giuseppe Zangara shot FDR in the middle of a crowd hearing him speak from the back of a car (it was a semi-unplanned speech). Or should we say, shot at FDR, as the President-Elect was completely unharmed; the would-be assassin was so short that he had to stand on a chair to get a clear view, and even then a doctor's wife knocked into his arm, deflecting the first shot, and then pulled him down, keeping subsequent shots from going anywhere. However, some shots hit five other people. One was a local woman, who died shortly thereafter; the other eventuallynote He died three weeks later from ulcerative colitis that had arisen as a complication of his injuries killed Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak (who happened to be traveling with Roosevelt). The latter death fueled theories that Cermak had been the actual target and Zangara had been hired by The Mafia to kill a noted enemy of theirs: Cermak had stepped up enforcement against the Chicago Outfit. It mattered little, as the death of Cermak was enough to send Zangara to the electric chair. John F. Kennedy was sort of shot in the middle of a parade. And Lee Harvey Oswald was sort of shot on national television. Bobby Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan while walking through a crowd during his campaign. Sirhan claims to have been brainwashed by the CIA. Finally, like McKinley, Ronald Reagan was shot by an apparent admirer among the crowd he was greeting. Again, the crowd and Secret Service attacked Hinckley (reacting very quickly in this case). Kawakami Gensai (the basis for Himura Kenshin ) assassinated Sakuma Shōzan in broad daylight. Ali Agca tried to assassinate Pope John Paul II in the dense crowd that usually accompanies ceremonies in Vatican. There really was a conspicuously public assassination attempt on Qinshihuangdi (the same emperor of Qin as depicted in the above film); Qin law prevented anyone in the court from carrying weapons in the throne room, and the emperor was, at first, in too much of a panic to draw his own sword or to call for the armed guards waiting outside. According to some sources, there wasn't enough ROOM to draw his sword...and a courtier had to motion for him to draw vertically. The first two attempts for the conspicuously public assassination attempt on Archduke Franz Ferdinand failed, but the Archduke's driver got lost heading to the hospital so he could talk to the wounded, in an astounding coincidence passing by the place where one of the assassins, Gavrilo Princip, was eating lunch. Princip shot the Archduke and his wife there and World War I ensued less than two months later. Zigzagged with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire: some assassinations were carried out discreetly, others...not so much. And some even in-between. For specific examples, The Other Wiki is chock full of them, but those that come to mind most prominently are those of Gaius Julius Caesar and Tiberius Gracchus; the first was a halfway example (done in the Senate, and a significant portion of the conspirators were Senators, though the public didn't know what happened until immediately after), with the second being a full-on public example done on the fly (the Senate was not fond of Gracchus' Populari reform attempts, and went outside en masse during a meeting of the Tribunal to openly beat him and his immediate supporters to death with anything they could get their hands on, lead by his older cousin who claimed he was going to try and become a new King of Rome). :: Indexes ::	i don't know
What colour Cat’s Eyes mark the offside (right) of a British motorway?	What different cats eyes mean Member Support What different cats eyes mean There are market studs, which are usually referred to as multi-coloured studs or even more usually as cats eyes, along certain areas of motorways and optionally on other parts of motorways too. These are there to help you when driving at night and provide a clear visual clue as to the current road conditions you face (e.g. you are are about to rejoin a motorway for instance). There are various different colours of these, and if you ask drivers what they mean they might not know, but as a learner driver who wants to know all about driver theory you should be sure to learn what the different colours mean. Green cats eyes indicate where you rejoin the main carriageway of the motorway. They also indicate exits and entrances from slip roads. The colour you may see most often are white ones which are simply used to mark the lanes on the motorway. You will also come across two other colours - amber studs and red ones. The amber studs mark the edge of the central reservation, whilst the red studs mark the left edge of the carriageway next to the hard shoulder. Do take the time to learn what the different colours mean - it is useful to have the extra information they provide when driving on motorways at night. JOIN NOW and gain access to ALL the official Theory Test multiple choice Revision Questions for car drivers Practice Theory Test Question Do you know the answer to this randomly chosen driving theory test revision question? You are travelling along the left-hand lane of a three-lane motorway. Traffic is joining from a slip road. You should A) race the other vehicles B) move to another lane C) maintain a steady speed D) switch on your hazard flashers	Amber
How many letters of the English alphabet are used as Roman Numerals?	General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158) - The Highway Code - Guidance - GOV.UK General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158) General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158) The Highway Code general rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders, including signals, stopping procedures, lighting requirements, control of the vehicle, speed limits, stopping distances, lines and lane markings, multi-lane carriageways and general advice. This section should be read by all drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and horse riders. The rules in The Highway Code do not give you the right of way in any circumstance, but they advise you when you should give way to others. Always give way if it can help to avoid an incident. Signals (rules 103 to 106) Rule 103 Signals warn and inform other road users, including pedestrians (see ‘ Signals to other road users ), of your intended actions. You should always give clear signals in plenty of time, having checked it is not misleading to signal at that time use them to advise other road users before changing course or direction, stopping or moving off cancel them after use make sure your signals will not confuse others. If, for instance, you want to stop after a side road, do not signal until you are passing the road. If you signal earlier it may give the impression that you intend to turn into the road. Your brake lights will warn traffic behind you that you are slowing down use an arm signal to emphasise or reinforce your signal if necessary. Remember that signalling does not give you priority. Rule 104 You should also watch out for signals given by other road users and proceed only when you are satisfied that it is safe be aware that an indicator on another vehicle may not have been cancelled. Rule 105 You MUST obey signals given by police officers, traffic officers, traffic wardens (see ‘ Signals by authorised persons ’) and signs used by school crossing patrols. Laws RTRA sect 28 , RTA 1988 sect 35 , TMA sect 6 & FTWO art 3 Rule 106 Police stopping procedures. If the police want to stop your vehicle they will, where possible, attract your attention by flashing blue lights, headlights or sounding their siren or horn, usually from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and/or using the left indicator. You MUST then pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Then switch off your engine. Other stopping procedures (rules 107 to 112) Rule 107 Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency officers have powers to stop vehicles on all roads, including motorways and trunk roads, in England and Wales. They will attract your attention by flashing amber lights either from the front requesting you to follow them to a safe place to stop or from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and/or using the left indicator. It is an offence not to comply with their directions. You MUST obey any signals given (see ‘ Signals by authorised persons ’). Laws RTA 1988 sect 67 , & PRA sect 41 & sched 5(8) Rule 108 Traffic officers have powers to stop vehicles on most motorways and some ‘A’ class roads, in England only. If traffic officers in uniform want to stop your vehicle on safety grounds (e.g. an insecure load) they will, where possible, attract your attention by flashing amber lights, usually from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and/or using the left indicator. You MUST then pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Then switch off your engine. It is an offence not to comply with their directions (see ‘ Signals by authorised persons ’). Law RTA 1988 sects 35 & 163 as amended by TMA sect 6 Rule 109 Traffic light signals and traffic signs. You MUST obey all traffic light signals (see ‘ Light signals controlling traffic ’) and traffic signs giving orders, including temporary signals & signs (see ‘ Traffic signs ’). Make sure you know, understand and act on all other traffic and information signs and road markings (see ‘ Traffic signs ’, ‘ Road markings ’ and ‘ Vehicle markings ’). Laws RTA 1988 sect 36 & TSRGD regs 10 , 15 , 16 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 36 , 38 & 40 Rule 110 Flashing headlights. Only flash your headlights to let other road users know that you are there. Do not flash your headlights to convey any other message or intimidate other road users. Rule 111 Never assume that flashing headlights is a signal inviting you to proceed. Use your own judgement and proceed carefully. Rule 112 The horn. Use only while your vehicle is moving and you need to warn other road users of your presence. Never sound your horn aggressively. You MUST NOT use your horn while stationary on the road when driving in a built-up area between the hours of 11.30 pm and 7.00 am except when another road user poses a danger. Lighting requirements (rules 113 to 116) Rule 113 You MUST ensure all sidelights and rear registration plate lights are lit between sunset and sunrise use headlights at night, except on a road which has lit street lighting. These roads are generally restricted to a speed limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) unless otherwise specified use headlights when visibility is seriously reduced (see Rule 226 ). Night (the hours of darkness) is defined as the period between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise. Rule 114 You MUST NOT use any lights in a way which would dazzle or cause discomfort to other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders use front or rear fog lights unless visibility is seriously reduced. You MUST switch them off when visibility improves to avoid dazzling other road users (see Rule 226 ). In stationary queues of traffic, drivers should apply the parking brake and, once the following traffic has stopped, take their foot off the footbrake to deactivate the vehicle brake lights. This will minimise glare to road users behind until the traffic moves again. Rule 115 You should also use dipped headlights, or dim-dip if fitted, at night in built-up areas and in dull daytime weather, to ensure that you can be seen keep your headlights dipped when overtaking until you are level with the other vehicle and then change to main beam if necessary, unless this would dazzle oncoming road users slow down, and if necessary stop, if you are dazzled by oncoming headlights. Rule 116 Hazard warning lights. These may be used when your vehicle is stationary, to warn that it is temporarily obstructing traffic. Never use them as an excuse for dangerous or illegal parking. You MUST NOT use hazard warning lights while driving or being towed unless you are on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway and you need to warn drivers behind you of a hazard or obstruction ahead. Only use them for long enough to ensure that your warning has been observed. Control of the vehicle (rules 117 to 126) Braking Rule 117 In normal circumstances. The safest way to brake is to do so early and lightly. Brake more firmly as you begin to stop. Ease the pressure off just before the vehicle comes to rest to avoid a jerky stop. Rule 118 In an emergency. Brake immediately. Try to avoid braking so harshly that you lock your wheels. Locked wheels can lead to loss of control. Rule 119 Skids. Skidding is usually caused by the driver braking, accelerating or steering too harshly or driving too fast for the road conditions. If skidding occurs, remove the cause by releasing the brake pedal fully or easing off the accelerator. Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. For example, if the rear of the vehicle skids to the right, steer immediately to the right to recover. Rule 119: Rear of the car skids to the right. Driver steers to the right Rule 120 ABS. If your vehicle is fitted with anti-lock brakes, you should follow the advice given in the vehicle handbook. However, in the case of an emergency, apply the footbrake firmly; do not release the pressure until the vehicle has slowed to the desired speed. The ABS should ensure that steering control will be retained, but do not assume that a vehicle with ABS will stop in a shorter distance. Rule 121 Brakes affected by water. If you have driven through deep water your brakes may be less effective. Test them at the first safe opportunity by pushing gently on the brake pedal to make sure that they work. If they are not fully effective, gently apply light pressure while driving slowly. This will help to dry them out. Rule 122 Coasting. This term describes a vehicle travelling in neutral or with the clutch pressed down. It can reduce driver control because engine braking is eliminated vehicle speed downhill will increase quickly increased use of the footbrake can reduce its effectiveness steering response will be affected, particularly on bends and corners it may be more difficult to select the appropriate gear when needed. Rule 123 The Driver and the Environment. You MUST NOT leave a parked vehicle unattended with the engine running or leave a vehicle engine running unnecessarily while that vehicle is stationary on a public road. Generally, if the vehicle is stationary and is likely to remain so for more than a couple of minutes, you should apply the parking brake and switch off the engine to reduce emissions and noise pollution. However it is permissible to leave the engine running if the vehicle is stationary in traffic or for diagnosing faults. 50 (80) 60 (96) *The 30 mph limit usually applies to all traffic on all roads with street lighting unless signs show otherwise. †60 mph (96 km/h) if articulated or towing a trailer. Rule 124 You MUST NOT exceed the maximum speed limits for the road and for your vehicle (see the speed limits table ). The presence of street lights generally means that there is a 30 mph (48 km/h) speed limit unless otherwise specified. Law RTRA sects 81 , 86 , 89 & sched 6 as amended by MV(VSL)(E&W) Rule 125 The speed limit is the absolute maximum and does not mean it is safe to drive at that speed irrespective of conditions. Driving at speeds too fast for the road and traffic conditions is dangerous. You should always reduce your speed when the road layout or condition presents hazards, such as bends sharing the road with pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders, particularly children, and motorcyclists weather conditions make it safer to do so driving at night as it is more difficult to see other road users. Rule 126 Download ‘Typical stopping distances’ (PDF, 124KB) Stopping Distances. Drive at a speed that will allow you to stop well within the distance you can see to be clear. You should leave enough space between you and the vehicle in front so that you can pull up safely if it suddenly slows down or stops. The safe rule is never to get closer than the overall stopping distance (see Typical Stopping Distances diagram, shown above) allow at least a two-second gap between you and the vehicle in front on roads carrying faster-moving traffic and in tunnels where visibility is reduced. The gap should be at least doubled on wet roads and increased still further on icy roads remember, large vehicles and motorcycles need a greater distance to stop. If driving a large vehicle in a tunnel, you should allow a four-second gap between you and the vehicle in front. If you have to stop in a tunnel, leave at least a 5-metre gap between you and the vehicle in front. Rule 126: Use a fixed point to help measure a two-second gap Lines and lane markings on the road (rules 127 to 132) See ‘ Road markings ’ to see diagrams of all lines. Rule 127 A broken white line. This marks the centre of the road. When this line lengthens and the gaps shorten, it means that there is a hazard ahead. Do not cross it unless you can see the road is clear and wish to overtake or turn off. Rule 128 Double white lines where the line nearest to you is broken. This means you may cross the lines to overtake if it is safe, provided you can complete the manoeuvre before reaching a solid white line on your side. White direction arrows on the road indicate that you need to get back onto your side of the road. Rule 129 Double white lines where the line nearest you is solid. This means you MUST NOT cross or straddle it unless it is safe and you need to enter adjoining premises or a side road. You may cross the line if necessary, provided the road is clear, to pass a stationary vehicle, or overtake a pedal cycle, horse or road maintenance vehicle, if they are travelling at 10 mph (16 km/h) or less. Laws RTA 1988 sect 36 & TSRGD regs 10 & 26 Rule 130 Areas of white diagonal stripes or chevrons painted on the road. These are to separate traffic lanes or to protect traffic turning right. If the area is bordered by a broken white line, you should not enter the area unless it is necessary and you can see that it is safe to do so. If the area is marked with chevrons and bordered by solid white lines you MUST NOT enter it except in an emergency. Laws MT(E&W)R regs 5 , 9 , 10 & 16 , MT(S)R regs 4 , 8 , 9 & 14 , RTA 1988 sect 36 & TSRGD reg 10(1) Rule 131 Lane dividers. These are short, broken white lines which are used on wide carriageways to divide them into lanes. You should keep between them. Rule 132 Reflective road studs may be used with white lines. White studs mark the lanes or the middle of the road. Red studs mark the left edge of the road. Amber studs mark the central reservation of a dual carriageway or motorway. Green studs mark the edge of the main carriageway at lay-bys and slip roads. Green/yellow studs indicate temporary adjustments to lane layouts, e.g. where road works are taking place. Rule 132: Reflective road studs mark the lanes and edge of the carriageway Multi-lane carriageways (rules 133 to 143) Lane discipline Rule 133 If you need to change lane, first use your mirrors and if necessary take a quick sideways glance to make sure you will not force another road user to change course or speed. When it is safe to do so, signal to indicate your intentions to other road users and when clear, move over. Rule 134 You should follow the signs and road markings and get into the lane as directed. In congested road conditions do not change lanes unnecessarily. Merging in turn is recommended but only if safe and appropriate when vehicles are travelling at a very low speed, e.g. when approaching road works or a road traffic incident. It is not recommended at high speed. Single carriageway Rule 135 Where a single carriageway has three lanes and the road markings or signs do not give priority to traffic in either direction use the middle lane only for overtaking or turning right. Remember, you have no more right to use the middle lane than a driver coming from the opposite direction do not use the right-hand lane. Rule 136 Where a single carriageway has four or more lanes, use only the lanes that signs or markings indicate. Dual carriageways A dual carriageway is a road which has a central reservation to separate the carriageways. Rule 137 On a two-lane dual carriageway you should stay in the left-hand lane. Use the right-hand lane for overtaking or turning right. After overtaking, move back to the left-hand lane when it is safe to do so. Rule 138 On a three-lane dual carriageway, you may use the middle lane or the right-hand lane to overtake but return to the middle and then the left-hand lane when it is safe. Rule 139 Climbing and crawler lanes. These are provided on some hills. Use this lane if you are driving a slow-moving vehicle or if there are vehicles behind you wishing to overtake. Be aware of the signs and road markings which indicate the lane is about to end. Rule 140 Cycle lanes. These are shown by road markings and signs. You MUST NOT drive or park in a cycle lane marked by a solid white line during its times of operation. Do not drive or park in a cycle lane marked by a broken white line unless it is unavoidable. You MUST NOT park in any cycle lane whilst waiting restrictions apply. Law RTRA sects 5 & 8 Rule 141 Bus lanes. These are shown by road markings and signs that indicate which (if any) other vehicles are permitted to use the bus lane. Unless otherwise indicated, you should not drive in a bus lane during its period of operation. You may enter a bus lane to stop, to load or unload where this is not prohibited. Rule 142 High-occupancy vehicle lanes and other designated vehicle lanes. Lanes may be restricted for use by particular types of vehicle; these restrictions may apply some or all of the time. The operating times and vehicle types will be indicated on the accompanying traffic signs. You MUST NOT drive in such lanes during their times of operation unless signs indicate that your vehicle is permitted (see ‘ Traffic signs ’). Vehicles permitted to use designated lanes may or may not include cycles, buses, taxis, licensed private hire vehicles, motorcycles, heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) and high-occupancy vehicles (HOVs). Where HOV lanes are in operation, they MUST ONLY be used by vehicles containing at least the minimum number of people indicated on the traffic signs any other vehicles, such as buses and motorcycles, as indicated on signs prior to the start of the lane, irrespective of the number of occupants. Laws RTRA sects 5 & 8 , & RTA 1988 sect 36 Rule 143 One-way streets. Traffic MUST travel in the direction indicated by signs. Buses and/or cycles may have a contraflow lane. Choose the correct lane for your exit as soon as you can. Do not change lanes suddenly. Unless road signs or markings indicate otherwise, you should use the left-hand lane when going left the right-hand lane when going right the most appropriate lane when going straight ahead. Remember – traffic could be passing on both sides. General advice (rules 144 to 158) Rule 144 drive without due care and attention drive without reasonable consideration for other road users. Law RTA 1988 sects 2 & 3 as amended by RTA 1991 Rule 145 You MUST NOT drive on or over a pavement, footpath or bridleway except to gain lawful access to property, or in the case of an emergency. Rule 146 Adapt your driving to the appropriate type and condition of road you are on. In particular do not treat speed limits as a target. It is often not appropriate or safe to drive at the maximum speed limit take the road and traffic conditions into account. Be prepared for unexpected or difficult situations, for example, the road being blocked beyond a blind bend. Be prepared to adjust your speed as a precaution where there are junctions, be prepared for road users emerging in side roads and country lanes look out for unmarked junctions where nobody has priority be prepared to stop at traffic control systems, road works, pedestrian crossings or traffic lights as necessary try to anticipate what pedestrians and cyclists might do. If pedestrians, particularly children, are looking the other way, they may step out into the road without seeing you. Rule 147 Be considerate. Be careful of and considerate towards all types of road users, especially those requiring extra care (see Rule 204 ). you MUST NOT throw anything out of a vehicle; for example, food or food packaging, cigarette ends, cans, paper or carrier bags. This can endanger other road users, particularly motorcyclists and cyclists. try to be understanding if other road users cause problems; they may be inexperienced or not know the area well. be patient; remember that anyone can make a mistake. do not allow yourself to become agitated or involved if someone is behaving badly on the road. This will only make the situation worse. Pull over, calm down and, when you feel relaxed, continue your journey. slow down and hold back if a road user pulls out into your path at a junction. Allow them to get clear. Do not over-react by driving too close behind to intimidate them. Safe driving and riding needs concentration. Avoid distractions when driving or riding such as loud music (this may mask other sounds) trying to read maps starting or adjusting any music or radio arguing with your passengers or other road users eating and drinking smoking You MUST NOT smoke in public transport vehicles or in vehicles used for work purposes in certain prescribed circumstances. Separate regulations apply to England, Wales and Scotland. In England and Wales, the driver MUST NOT smoke or allow anyone to smoke in an enclosed private vehicle carrying someone under 18, including motor caravans. In Scotland it is an offence for anyone aged 18 or over to smoke in a private motor vehicle (unless it is parked and being used as living accommodation) when there is someone under 18 in the vehicle and the vehicle is in a public place. Mobile phones and in-vehicle technology Rule 149 You MUST exercise proper control of your vehicle at all times. You MUST NOT use a hand-held mobile phone, or similar device, when driving or when supervising a learner driver, except to call 999 or 112 in a genuine emergency when it is unsafe or impractical to stop. Never use a hand-held microphone when driving. Using hands-free equipment is also likely to distract your attention from the road. It is far safer not to use any telephone while you are driving or riding - find a safe place to stop first or use the voicemail facility and listen to messages later. Laws RTA 1988 sects 2 & 3 , & CUR regs 104 & 110 Rule 150 There is a danger of driver distraction being caused by in-vehicle systems such as satellite navigation systems, congestion warning systems, PCs, multi-media, etc. You MUST exercise proper control of your vehicle at all times. Do not rely on driver assistance systems such as cruise control or lane departure warnings. They are available to assist but you should not reduce your concentration levels. Do not be distracted by maps or screen-based information (such as navigation or vehicle management systems) while driving or riding. If necessary find a safe place to stop. In slow-moving traffic. You should reduce the distance between you and the vehicle ahead to maintain traffic flow never get so close to the vehicle in front that you cannot stop safely leave enough space to be able to manoeuvre if the vehicle in front breaks down or an emergency vehicle needs to get past not change lanes to the left to overtake allow access into and from side roads, as blocking these will add to congestion be aware of cyclists and motorcyclists who may be passing on either side. Rule 151: Do not block access to a side road Driving in built-up areas Rule 152 Residential streets. You should drive slowly and carefully on streets where there are likely to be pedestrians, cyclists and parked cars. In some areas a 20 mph (32 km/h) maximum speed limit may be in force. Look out for vehicles emerging from junctions or driveways vehicles moving off children running out from between parked cars cyclists and motorcyclists. Rule 153 Traffic-calming measures. On some roads there are features such as road humps, chicanes and narrowings which are intended to slow you down. When you approach these features reduce your speed. Allow cyclists and motorcyclists room to pass through them. Maintain a reduced speed along the whole of the stretch of road within the calming measures. Give way to oncoming road users if directed to do so by signs. You should not overtake other moving road users while in these areas. Rule 153: Chicanes may be used to slow traffic down Country roads Rule 154 Take extra care on country roads and reduce your speed at approaches to bends, which can be sharper than they appear, and at junctions and turnings, which may be partially hidden. Be prepared for pedestrians, horse riders, cyclists, slow-moving farm vehicles or mud on the road surface. Make sure you can stop within the distance you can see to be clear. You should also reduce your speed where country roads enter villages. Rule 155 Single-track roads. These are only wide enough for one vehicle. They may have special passing places. If you see a vehicle coming towards you, or the driver behind wants to overtake, pull into a passing place on your left, or wait opposite a passing place on your right. Give way to vehicles coming uphill whenever you can. If necessary, reverse until you reach a passing place to let the other vehicle pass. Slow down when passing pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders. Rule 156 Do not park in passing places. Vehicles prohibited from using roads and pavements Rule 157 Certain motorised vehicles do not meet the construction and technical requirements for road vehicles and are generally not intended, not suitable and not legal for road, pavement, footpath, cycle path or bridleway use. These include most types of miniature motorcycles, also called mini motos, and motorised scooters, also called go peds, which are powered by electric or internal combustion engines. These types of vehicle MUST NOT be used on roads, pavements, footpaths or bridleways. Laws RTA 1988 sects 34 , 41a , 42 , 47 , 63 & 66 , HA 1835 sect 72 & R(S)A sect 129 Rule 158 Certain models of motorcycles, motor tricycles and quadricycles, also called quad bikes, are suitable only for off-road use and do not meet legal standards for use on roads. Vehicles that do not meet these standards MUST NOT be used on roads. They MUST NOT be used on pavements, footpaths, cycle paths or bridleways either. You MUST make sure that any motorcycle, motor tricycle, quadricycle or any other motor vehicle meets legal standards and is properly registered, taxed and insured before using it on the roads. Even when registered, taxed and insured for the road, vehicles MUST NOT be used on pavements.	i don't know
Who wrote the 19th Century play ‘Hedda Gabler’?	HENRIK IBSEN Many critics, whether European, British, or American, were horrified by Hedda Gabler. One appalled response was to deny that such a woman could exist in real life. A Norwegian critic called her a "monster created by the author in the form of a woman who has no counterpart in the real world." Another response was to classify Hedda as abnormal or perverted. The Danish critic George Brandes found her "a true type of degeneration" who was incapable "of yielding herself, body and soul, to the man she loves." For Hjalmer Boyeson she was "a complete perversion of womanhood." Others explained her as an example of the New Woman , a female character common in fiction in the 1890s, when women were actively demanding equality with men. The play aroused negative criticism for yet another reason; it violated the assumptions of traditional literary theory. A good example of this kind of response is an anonymous review which appeared in the Saturday Review: The production of an Ibsen play impels the inquiry, What is the province of art? If it be to elevate and refine, as we have hitherto humbly supposed, most certainly it cannot be said that the works of Ibsen have the faintest claim to be artistic. We see no ground on which his method is defensible. . . . Things rank and gross in nature alone have place in the mean and sordid philosophy of Ibsen. Those of his characters who are not mean morally are mean intellectually--the wretched George Tesman, with his enthusiasm about the old shoes his careful aunt brings him wrapped up in a bit of newspaper, is a case in point. As for refining and elevating, can any human being, it may be asked, feel happier or better in anyway from a contemplation of the two harlots at heart who do duty in Hedda Gabler? . . . We do not mean to say that there are not, unhappily, Hedda Gablers and George Tesmans in 'real life'. There are; but when we meet them we take the greatest pains to get out of their way, and why should they be endured on the stage? Even some supporters of Ibsen were confused by this play, because they expected another problem play ; a number of his previous plays had dealt with contemporary social issues like syphilis or political corruption. For them, Hedda Gabler might be brilliant, but it was also pointless. Edmund Gosse could not find "any sort of general idea from Hedda Gabler...or satire on any condition of society." The play, however, found many admirers. Justin McCarthy gave the play high praise, "Hedda Gabler is the name, to my mind, of Ibsen's greatest play, and of the most interesting woman that Ibsen has created." The anonymous reviewer for the London Sunday Times recommended the play without reservation: "one of the most notable events in the history of the modern stage, for, in spite of all prejudice and opposition, it marks an epoch and launches an influence." The Times reviewer based his judgements on a more liberal literary theory than the reviewer for the Saturday Review quoted above: Now, to us Hedda Gabler appears a wonderful work of art, one that must produce a profound impression upon those who will accustom themselves to regard a stage-play from the point of view of real, living character in actual contact with the facts and sensations and possibilities of human experience, instead of gauging it by the conventional standard of playmaking, or the superficial observation of ordinary social intercourse. Ibsen has a way of going to the root of the matter, and exposing the skeleton in the cupboard, which is certainly not always a pleasant sight. But life, with its infinite subtleties and inconsistencies, is always interesting, and Ibsen shows the wonder and the pity of it, while perhaps he only infers its loveliness by contrast. But therein he proves himself a master artist, for his point of view is definite, and the impression he produces is complete and final. In Hedda Gabler he gives us a typical tragedy of modern life, and in the strange, sensitive, selfish heroine, he presents one of the most wonderful and subtle conceptions of woman in the whole range of dramatic literature. Regardless of the mixed reviews, British and American audiences flocked to see Hedda Gabler and made it a financial success. They enjoyed its dramatic surprises and shocks. The play was (and still is) popular with actresses, because it provides "juicy parts" for them, as do most of Ibsen's plays. To answer these questions, we will look closely at the play. We will not necessarily answer the questions in the order listed, nor will our discussion always be phrased in Ibsen's terms, but we will arrive at answers. But we may not arrive at one answer or one interpretation that every class member, including me, agrees with. This is a highly complex play: Hedda Gabler's behavior is contradictory; the characters are not easily judged because they have positive and negative traits; the issues raised are numerous and complicated; finally, the structure of the play does not reveal Ibsen's point of view. What I mean by the play's not revealing Ibsen's point of view can be explained by referring to Hamlet. Hamlet is unquestionably an honorable man with upstanding qualities whom the audience is expected to admire. It is not so clear how we are to view Hedda: is Hedda to be condemned for her selfishness and destructiveness? is she to be admired for her courage and determination? is she both admirable and despicable? The Characterization of Hedda Gabler The question most commonly asked about this play is, why does Hedda behave as she does? This question assumes that Ibsen has given her adequate motivation. Not everyone accepts this assumption; for Elizabeth Hardwick, "Hedda Gabler is unusual, I believe, in having no motivation whatsoever." If Hedda's behavior is unmotivated or insufficiently motivated, then she would seem to be an adult Bad Seed. If you agree with Hardwick's interpretation of Hedda, you might decide that Hedda's lack of motivation is such a serious flaw that the play, which revolves around her, is a failure. Most audiences and readers, though, see Hedda as propelled by an internal conflict, although they may disagree about the nature of the conflict. Is Hedda torn between her social self and her essential self ? Is her conflict an unspoken rebellion against the restrictions her society placed on women? Or is she a victim of her class and of her upbringing as General Gabler's daughter? Themes What did Ibsen mean when he said that Hedda Gabler portrayed certain "social conditons and principles of the present day"? To try to answer this question, we will examine the major themes:	Henrik Ibsen
In which London road is Harrod’s department store?	Hedda Gabler \| Henrik Ibsen play film adaptation - Hedda Gabler \| Henrik Ibsen play film adaptation NEWSLETTER Hedda Gabler Hedda is a remake of the Victorian Period Drama Classic written by Henrik Ibsen to be directed by one of the best young and upcoming producers in the world, Matthew John. Hedda Gabler is a classic of realism, nineteenth century play writing, considered one of the world’s greatest dramas. The character of Hedda is considered by many critics to be the "female Hamlet," portrayed as an idealistic heroine fighting society, a victim of circumstance, a prototypical feminist, or a manipulative villain. Even though there have been previous versions of the drama, this is the first time it has been shot with the latest production values, such as HD and high quality audio. The film is a UK production being shot in the South West of England and is made up of a very talented cast. The costume design team has individually designed many of the female characters outfits and the film is quickly becoming an extremely lavish production. The production also makes use of a specially commissioned new translation from the Danish original into contemporary English. Please take a few minutes to check out this official website where you can see photos of the costumes and set designs that have already been done. The website is being continually updated with news of developments and events.	i don't know
In 2012 the Austrian Mint brought out a 5 coin gold series to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the birth of which artist?	coins and more: 168) The 50 Euro Gold Coin Series – “Klimt and his women” issued by the Austrian Mint (2012-2016): Commemorating Klimt’s 150th Birth Anniversary from 2012 onwards with a Coin Series on his paintings: coins and more This blog is meant to display my coins/currency notes/stamps, in an informative manner, which would be useful to users in knowing about the history of the period when these coins/banknotes/stamps were minted/printed and events/persons they honour/depict, both on Indian and foreign coins/banknotes/stamps. The content would be more in the nature of a walk down memory lane through my collection/articles. Search This Blog Tuesday, 16 December 2014 168) The 50 Euro Gold Coin Series – “Klimt and his women” issued by the Austrian Mint (2012-2016): Commemorating Klimt’s 150th Birth Anniversary from 2012 onwards with a Coin Series on his paintings: 168) The 50 Euro Gold Coin Series – “Klimt and his women” issued by the Austrian Mint (2012-2016): Commemorating Klimt’s 150th Birth Anniversary from 2012 onwards with a Coin Series on his paintings: (1) “Adele Bloch-Bauer I” (2012): (2) “The Expectation” (2013): (3) “Judith II”) (2014): The Second Coin in the Series “The Expectation” won the “2015 Coin Of The Year” (COTY) Award in the prestigious Krause Publications Competition held for coins issued in 2013: Gustav Klimt (14.07.1862 – 06.02.1918): Gustav Klimt was the son of a gold engraver in Vienna in 1862. He grew up during the boom years of the Austro-Hungarian Empire when the city was undergoing the intense period of economic growth that made it one of the world’s hotbeds of creativity. After attending the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts, Klimt found himself among those commissioned to create decorations for the monumental buildings that are still found in the Austrian capital today. He was a symbolist painter and is noted for his murals, sketches and other “objets d’art” (meaning “Works of Art”). His primary subject was the female body and his works are marked by a frank eroticism. Early in his artistic career, he was a successful painter of architectural decorations in a conventional manner. Tiring of the conventions of interior design at the time, influenced by Symbolism, he moved out towards a new artistic direction. He found fame as the co-founder and first President of the “Wiener Sezession” (or the “Vienna Secession”) and that of the group’s periodical “Ver Sacrum” (or “Sacred Spring”), which showcased the artistic works of its members, and which was an artistic movement that rejected the prevailing conservatism in the Viennese Art World at the end of the 19th century. The group encouraged all styles of Art – traditional or innovative and had Pallas Athene, the Greek Goddess of just causes, wisdom, and the Arts, as its symbol – of whom Klimt painted his radical version in 1898. Among the Artists of the “Vienna Secession”, he was the most influenced by Japanese Art and its methods. In addition to his figurative works, which include allegories and portraits, he painted landscapes. As he matured in his craft, he developed a more personal style. His later works were subject to much controversy, particularly when he completed the paintings around 1900 AD for the ceiling of the Great Hall of the University of Vienna, which were labelled as “pornographic”. He never accepted any more public commissions after this work. The “Golden Phase” of Klimt’s artistic career: This was followed by the “golden phase” of his career, which led him to scale the pinnacle of his career. Like many great artists, Klimt’s work was characterised by distinct creative periods, one of the most successful being his “golden phase”. Klimt’s “golden phase” was marked by positive critical reaction and tremendous success. Many of his paintings from this period used gold leaf: the prominent use of gold can first be traced back to Pallas Athene (1898) and Judith I (1901), although the works most popularly associated with this period are the portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer (1907) and The Kiss (1907-1908). Klimt travelled little but to Venice and Ravenna, both famous for their mosaics, which in all probability inspired his gold technique and his Byzantine imagery. In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on the lavish “Palais Stoclet”, which was one of the grandest monuments of the “Art Nouveau Age” (meaning “New Age Art”). Klimt’s contributions to the dining room included both “Fulfilment” and “Expectation” which were some of his finest decorative works. Between 1907 and 1909, he painted five canvasses of society women wrapped in fur. His apparent love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Emile Louise Floge, modelling the clothing that he designed. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to Art and little else except for the Viennese Secessionist Movement made him interact socially and left to himself, he avoided café society and other artists socially. His repute usually brought patrons to him but he was highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times and he required lengthy sittings from his subjects. A woman whose relationship to the Artist is still a matter of speculation, a tree blossoming in a mystical manner, a kiss that continues to move the world more than a century after it was painted. These are just three of the works from Klimt’s golden phase that open up manifold associations of love, happiness and hope to the viewer. Always at the centre of controversy, after more than 30 prolific years and equal measure of success and criticism, Klimt died following a stroke at the age of 55 in 1918. His reputation and popularity have survived over a century & he remains one of the most popular artists of his time. Posthumous publications: In 1919, after Klimt passed away, “Funfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen” (or “Twenty-five Drawings”) was published in Vienna by Gilhofer & Ranschburg. The first edition featured 500 copies with 25 monochrome and two-colour collotype reproductions almost as good as the original works of Klimt. The first ten editions also contained an original Klimt drawing. Many of the works contained in this volume depicted erotic scenes of nude women with some masturbating and others in Sapphic embraces. Some of his drawings which were even more lurid depictions of women were taken in a book translation by Viennese poet Franz Blei of the Hellenic satirist Lucian’s “Dialogues of the courtesans”. It was as if Klimt was thumbing his noses to the prudes of the world even after his death and thrilling patrons with his unabashed depictions of the female form. Gustav Klimt’s paintings are among the most famous, coveted and valuable in the World today. Commemorative coins by the Austrian Mint featuring Gustav Klimt: In addition to the permanent exhibitions on display, Vienna celebrated the 150th Anniversary of the birth if Klimt with special exhibitions in 2012. Earlier, The Austrian Mint in 2003 brought out a 100 Euro Painting gold Coin. On the obverse is depicted Klimt in his studio with two unfinished paintings on easels. To celebrate/commemorate the 150th Anniversary of the Viennese master’s birth in 1862, the Austrian Mint from 2012 onwards is bringing out a five coin Series titled “Klimt and his Women”. From classical and allegorical to erotic, mythological or biblical and portraits, Klimt portrayed female beauty like few other painters could. His name is synonymous with the representation of the female form in its various aspects. In keeping with Klimt’s “Golden Phase”, the Austrian Mint is bringing out these commemorative coins in gold, each depicting a different painting of a woman from that phase. Each of the five coins bears one letter from Klimt’s name i.e. K, L, I, M or T, so that the entire series will all together spell “KLIMT”. The Series started with the 50 Euro Gold coin “Adele Bloch-Bauer” (2012), 50 Euro Gold coin “The Expectation” (2013), 50 Euro Gold Coin “Judith II”, (2014). A 50 Euro Gold Coin on “Adele Bloch-Bauer I” (2012): This is a prime example of Klimt’s “golden phase”. The portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I is the first of the artist’s masterpieces to feature in this Commemorative Coin Series. It was also the most expensive painting in the World, when it was purchased by the “Neue Galerie” (meaning “New Gallery”) in New York for a sum of $135 million in 2006. This painting took longer than any of Klimt’s works to finish and features the only model to be painted more than once by the Viennese master – the wife of a wealthy industrialist and patron of the Arts Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. It was completed in 1907 having been was created from oils and gold leaf, and is both ethereal and enigmatic. On the Reverse of this coin, the elaborate “Jugendstil” ornamentation of the painting’s background provides an intricate contrast to the smoother relief of the subject’s head in the foreground. Adele is facing front in this portrait and has been engraved as such on this face of the coin. On the Obverse of this Coin, a handsome portrait of Klimt himself is engraved in profile, facing right. This being the first coin in the Series, the start of the spelling of Klimt’s name i.e. the letter “K” features towards the left hand bottom to mark the start of the Series. A maximum mintage of 30,000 coins were issued under this design in Proof quality. A 50 Euro Gold Coin on “ The Expectation” (2013): Few painters have succeeded in portraying the female form with such aplomb as Gustav Klimt. A case in point is “The Expectation”, which features a lady waiting in all her finery. This painting is clearly inspired by Egyptian Art and is a fine example of how Klimt found inspiration in the past yet succeeded in creating a work of Art which is completely modern and original. It also exemplifies Klimt’s trademark swirling decorative designs. On the Reverse of this coin is featured the face of the woman in Klimt’s painting, facing right. Similarly, on the obverse of this coin, the Tree of Life is a beautiful design and both pictures are mosaics from Klimt’s famous Frieze seen on the walls of the “Palais Stoclet” in Brussels. This painting was commissioned by a wealthy Belgian family who owned the Palais. Work on the Stoclet Frieze was actually undertaken by the “Wiener Werkstatte”, the path-breaking Viennese modernist workshop of visual artists. This being the second coin in the Series, the second letter in the spelling of Klimt’s name i.e. the letter “L” features towards the left hand bottom to mark the start of the Series. These coins are minted in Proof quality, with a maximum mintage of 30,000. This coin has recently been declared the “Best Gold Coin” issued in 2013 in the prestigious Krause Publications Coin Of The Year Competition concluded recently, and has also won the “overall winner category” being declared the “2015 Coin Of The Year” (COTY). Details are given at the bottom of this post. A 50 Euro Gold Coin on Judith II, (2014): The life-size portrait shows a gaunt and bushy-haired Judith looking to her right as she clutches the severed head of Holoferenes, an Assyrian general who was threatening to destroy her home city of Bethulia. On the Reverse of this Gold Coin is shown the bust of Judith from Klimt’s painting. Also seen is Klimt’s customary swirling “art nouveau” ornamentation features on this face. Gustav Klimt did not just paint women, he revolutionised the world’s image of them. The third coin in this Series, “Judith II”, in which she is portrayed as the saviour of her people, the Israelites is portrayed as a chilling femme fatale. The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above her is a quotation by Friedrich Schiller in stylised lettering “KANNST DU NICHT ALLEN GEFALLEN DURCH DEINE THAT UND DEIN KUNSTWERK MACHE ES WENIGEN RECHT. VIELEN GEFALLWN 1ST SCHLIMM. SCHILLER” (“If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please only a few. To please many is bad. Schiller”). The mirror in the woman’s hand reflects the art exposed at this exhibition – therefore Modern art is “Veritas” (or “The Truth”) and the woman is ‘Nuda” (meaning “Naked”) together with “Veritas” represents the “Naked Truth”. The Obverse of this Coin, is graced with “Nuda Veritas” (meaning “The Naked Truth”) from Klimt’s golden phase. (The German name for Art Nouveau, “Jugendstil” was a rejection of the traditional artistic forms and values prevalent during the heyday of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Sensual and fresh as well as natural and deeply emotional, its highly decorative modernist imprint is still very much alive in the architecture of Vienna today. As the President of the Vienna Secession, Klimt was perhaps the pivotal figure in the movement and the paintings and the paintings featured in this Series are the most iconic). Painted in 1889, the long-haired beauty holding a mirror shows artistic truth without compromise and is a perfect example of Klimt’s artistic vision. This was a vision that led to the painter to co-found the “Vienna Secession, the artistic movement that rejected the conservatism of the early 20th century Viennese Art world. This being the third coin in the Series, the third letter in the spelling of Klimt’s name i.e. the letter “I” features towards the left hand bottom to mark the start of the Series. These coins are minted in Proof quality, with a maximum mintage of 30,000. 2015 “Coin Of The Year” (COTY) Awards: Every year, since 1984, Krause Publications holds a competition for “Coin of the Year” Awards in which there are 10 sub-categories (Best Gold Coin, Best Bimetallic Coin, Most Artistic Coin, Most historically significant coin, Best Contemporary Event Coin, Best Silver Coin, Most Innovative Coin, Most Inspirational Coin, Best Crown, Best Circulating Coin) apart from the overall Coin of the Year (COTY). The coins nominated for the Competition should have elegant and diverse styles, themes and technology used by mints from across the Globe. This year coins issued in 2013 or the year’s equivalent in other calendars were eligible to be nominated for the competition. The recently concluded Competition saw 94 elegant coins being nominated from 45 different countries which were all issued in 2013. Out of the ten categories, Austrian Mint coins won best coin in three categories - Most Artistic Coin Category (Austrian Mint – 2013 “Wildlife in Our Sights” Red Deer 100 Euro Gold Coin – KM No. 3225), Best Bimetallic Coin Category (Austria – 2013 Tunnelling – KM 321) Silver & Niobium 25 Euro Coin, and Best Gold Coin (Austria – 2013 “Klimt and His Women – The Expectation” 50 Euro Gold Coin – KM 3218). The 50 Euro Gold coin “Klimt and his Women – The Expectation” (Standard Catalogue of World coins no. KM -3218) went on to win the overall winner category and be declared as the “2015 Coin Of The Year” (COTY), through an additional round of judging by an International panel of Judges in a voting round which concluded on 06.12.14. An award trophy will be presented on 31.01.2015, at the World Money Fair to be held in Berlin, Germany by the Representatives of World Coin News, sponsor of the Award. Posted on 18.02.2016: A 50 Euro Gold Coin on Medicine, (2015): Painted between 1900 and 1907, to decorate the ceiling of the Assembly Hall of the University of Vienna, Klimt’s Faculty Paintings were the Viennese Master’s last public commission. Klimt’s critics believed that they broke cultural taboos, and pushed the boundaries of obscenity, but their sensual beauty could be seen on Medicine, the fourth coin in this Series. A photograph of Klimt's three portraits titled - Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence which caused a furore among Austria's academics, politicians and the intelligensia Gustav Klimt was no stranger to controversy but the outrage caused by his Faculty Paintings was even debated in the Austrian Parliament and became a political issue. The paintings were never actually used for their intended purpose as Klimt returned his Fee and refused to deliver his Artworks, which were eventually burnt by the Nazis at the end of World War II. The final painting titled "Jurisprudence" which Klimt painted for the University of Vienna Commission, a detail from which has been taken on the Obverse of the fourth coin in this Series. The Obverse of the 50 Euro Coin depicts a detail from Klimt's painting "Jurisprudence". The inscriptions read "Republik Osterreich" (meaning "The Republic of Austria") and the denomination of the Coin "50 Euro". On the Coin’s Obverse is a detail from Klimt’s painting titled “Jurisprudence”, in the form of Eumenides, the Greek deities of Vengeance is depicted. Stylised snakes accentuate Klimt’s customary swirling patterns of the Gorgon’s hair in the rectangular centre, while to the right stands the Goddess of Law. A photograph of Klimt's painting titled "Medicine" A detail from the painting titled "Medicine" showing Hygiea, the daughter of the Greek of of Medicine The Reverse of the 50 Euro Gold Coin shows "Hygiea" On the Reverse of the Coin is depicted a detail from Medicine as Hygiea, the daughter of the Greek God of Medicine, with the Aesculapian snake wound around her arm and the “Cup of Lethe” in her hand . The letter “M”, the fourth letter in the name KLIMT, appears at the foot of this coin. The specifications of this coin are: Coin Quality: Proof; Face value: 50 Euro; Diameter: 22.00 mm; Metal Composition: Gold Au 986; Fine Weight: 10.00 gms; Total Weight: 10.14 gms. Date & Year of minting:15.04.2015; Mintage:30,000 pieces. Posted on 05.07.2016: The last of the 50 Euro Gold coin of the “Klimt and his Women” Series is titled “The Kiss”: The fifth and final Gold coin in the “Klimt and His Women” series is on Klimt’s internationally renowned painting titled “The Kiss”. The painting titled : "The Kiss" by Gustav Klimt Painted in 1908-09, “The Kiss” is on permanent display at the Belvedere Palace and Museum in Vienna. It is one of the world’s most iconic paintings, open to many interpretations of love, happiness and hope, yet it is Klimt’s 1902 portrait of Emilie Floge which many experts often consider to be his best portrait of a woman, which forms the centre piece of this coin’s Obverse. The artist himself was of the opinion that no painting could ever convey the charm of the real Emilie, who was the most important of the many women in Klimt’s life. Many experts believe that the painting is about Klimt himself kissing Emilie Floge, his partner in real life. Naturally, this depiction is open to many interpretations. It does not appear to be a gentle embrace but rather a more aggressive assertion of male power over the woman. He is holding her head at a very precarious neck-breaking angle. This very intimate and evocative portrayal was typical of Klimt, including the complex and intricate geometric patterns. Many of Klimt’s paintings were seen as scandalous and a bit of an affront to society. Nevertheless, “The Kiss” was well received and bought very soon after its introduction to the Art World. “The Kiss” still has the power to draw people from across the World to flock to see it. The Obverse of the 50 Euro Coin depicts a detail from Klimt's painting shows a portrait of Emilie Floge and Gustav Klimt. On the Obverse of the 50 Euro Gold Coin is depicted Gustav Klimt in one of his many favourite painting smocks towards the right. The head and shoulder portrait of Emilie Floge is featured in the square frame. Also mentioned on this face is the name of the country of issue “REPUBLIK OSTERREICH” (meaning “Republic of Austria”) and the denomination of the coin “50 EURO” and the year of issue “2016”. The Reverse of the 50 Euro Coin depicts Klimt's painting "The Kiss" On the Reverse of the 50 Euro Gold Coin is depicted a close-up of the painting titled “The Kiss” along with the letter “T” thus completing the set of five coins which commencing from the letter “K” and continuing with the letters “L”, “I”, “M” and now “T” on coins issued since 2012, spell out his name “KLIMT”.	Gustav Klimt
What was the name of the favourite warhorse of the 1st Duke of Wellington?	Gustav Klimt : definition of Gustav Klimt and synonyms of Gustav Klimt (English) Life and work Early life and education Gustav Klimt was born in Baumgarten , near Vienna in Austria-Hungary, the second of seven children—three boys and four girls. [3] All three sons displayed artistic talent early on. Klimt's younger brothers were Ernst Klimt and Georg Klimt . His father, Ernst Klimt the Elder, formerly from Bohemia , was a gold engraver. [4] Ernst married Anna Klimt (née Finster), whose unrealized ambition was to be a musical performer. Klimt lived in poverty for most of his childhood, as work was scarce and economic advancement was difficult for immigrants. Egon Schiele , Klimt in a light Blue Smock, 1913 In 1876, Klimt was awarded a scholarship to the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts ( Kunstgewerbeschule ), where he studied until 1883, and received training as an architectural painter. [4] He revered the foremost history painter of the time, Hans Makart . Klimt readily accepted the principles of a conservative training; his early work may be classified as academic. [4] In 1877 his brother Ernst, who, like his father, would become an engraver, also enrolled in the school. The two brothers and their friend Franz Matsch began working together; by 1880 they had received numerous commissions as a team they called the "Company of Artists", and helped their teacher in painting murals in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. [4] Klimt began his professional career painting interior murals and ceilings in large public buildings on the Ringstraße including a successful series of "Allegories and Emblems". In 1888, Klimt received the Golden order of Merit from Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria for his contributions to murals painted in the Burgtheater in Vienna. [4] He also became an honorary member of the University of Munich and the University of Vienna . In 1892 both Klimt's father and brother Ernst died, and he had to assume financial responsibility for his father's and brother's families. The tragedies affected his artistic vision as well, and soon he would veer toward a new personal style. In the early 1890s, Klimt met Emilie Flöge , who, notwithstanding the artist's relationships with other women, was to be his companion until the end of his life. Whether his relationship with Flöge was sexual or not is debated, but during that period Klimt fathered at least 14 children. [5] Vienna secession years Klimt became one of the founding members and president of the Wiener Sezession ( Vienna Secession ) in 1897 and of the group's periodical Ver Sacrum ("Sacred Spring"). He remained with the Secession until 1908. The group's goals were to provide exhibitions for unconventional young artists, to bring the best foreign artists' works to Vienna, and to publish its own magazine to showcase members' work. [6] The group declared no manifesto and did not set out to encourage any particular style— Naturalists , Realists , and Symbolists all coexisted. The government supported their efforts and gave them a lease on public land to erect an exhibition hall. The group's symbol was Pallas Athena , the Greek goddess of just causes, wisdom, and the arts—and Klimt painted his radical version in 1898. In 1894, Klimt was commissioned to create three paintings to decorate the ceiling of the Great Hall in the University of Vienna . Not completed until the turn of the century, his three paintings, Philosophy, Medicine and Jurisprudence were criticized for their radical themes and material, which was called " pornographic ". [7] Klimt had transformed traditional allegory and symbolism into a new language which was more overtly sexual, and hence more disturbing. [7] The public outcry came from all quarters—political, aesthetic, and religious. As a result, they were not displayed on the ceiling of the Great Hall. This would be the last public commission accepted by the artist. All three paintings were destroyed by retreating SS forces in May 1945. [8] [9] His Nuda Verita (1899) defined his bid to further shake up the establishment. The starkly naked red-headed woman holds the mirror of truth, while above it is a quotation by Schiller in stylized lettering, "If you cannot please everyone with your deeds and your art, please a few. To please many is bad." [10] A section of the Beethoven Frieze In 1902, Klimt finished the Beethoven Frieze for the 14th Vienna Secessionist exhibition, which was intended to be a celebration of the composer and featured a monumental, polychromed sculpture by Max Klinger . Meant for the exhibition only, the frieze was painted directly on the walls with light materials. After the exhibition the painting was preserved, although it did not go on display until 1986. The face on the Beethoven portrait resembled the composer and Vienna Court Opera director Gustav Mahler, with whom Klimt had a respectful relationship. [11] During this period Klimt did not confine himself to public commissions. Beginning in the late 1890s he took annual summer holidays with the Flöge family on the shores of Attersee and painted many of his landscapes there. Klimt was largely interested in painting figures; these works constitute the only genre aside from figure-painting which seriously interested Klimt. [12] Klimt's Attersee paintings are of a number and quality so as to merit a separate appreciation. Formally, the landscapes are characterized by the same refinement of design and emphatic patterning as the figural pieces. Deep space in the Attersee works is so efficiently flattened to a single plane, it is believed that Klimt painted them while looking through a telescope. [13] Golden phase and critical success The Kiss 1907–1908. Oil on canvas. Österreichische Galerie Belvedere . Klimt's 'Golden Phase' was marked by positive critical reaction and success. Many of his paintings from this period used gold leaf ; the prominent use of gold can first be traced back to Pallas Athene (1898) and Judith I (1901), although the works most popularly associated with this period are the Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I (1907) and The Kiss (1907–1908). Klimt travelled little but trips to Venice and Ravenna , both famous for their beautiful mosaics, most likely inspired his gold technique and his Byzantine imagery. In 1904, he collaborated with other artists on the lavish Palais Stoclet , the home of a wealthy Belgian industrialist, which was one of the grandest monuments of the Art Nouveau age. Klimt's contributions to the dining room, including both Fulfillment and Expectation, were some of his finest decorative work, and as he publicly stated, "probably the ultimate stage of my development of ornament." [14] Between 1907 and 1909, Klimt painted five canvases of society women wrapped in fur. His apparent love of costume is expressed in the many photographs of Flöge modeling clothing he designed. As he worked and relaxed in his home, Klimt normally wore sandals and a long robe with no undergarments. His simple life was somewhat cloistered, devoted to his art and family and little else except the Secessionist Movement, and he avoided café society and other artists socially. Klimt's fame usually brought patrons to his door, and he could afford to be highly selective. His painting method was very deliberate and painstaking at times and he required lengthy sittings by his subjects. Though very active sexually, he kept his affairs discreet and he avoided personal scandal. Klimt wrote little about his vision or his methods. He wrote mostly postcards to Flöge and kept no diary. In a rare writing called "Commentary on a non-existent self-portrait", he states "I have never painted a self-portrait. I am less interested in myself as a subject for a painting than I am in other people, above all women...There is nothing special about me. I am a painter who paints day after day from morning to night...Who ever wants to know something about me... ought to look carefully at my pictures." [15] Later life and posthumous success Adele Bloch-Bauer I , which sold for a record $135 million in 2006. Neue Galerie , New York. In 1911 his painting Death and Life received first prize in the world exhibitions in Rome. In 1915 his mother Anna died. Klimt died three years later in Vienna on February 6, 1918, having suffered a stroke and pneumonia due to the influenza epidemic of that year . [16] [17] [18] He was buried at the Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna. Numerous paintings were left unfinished . Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art. In November 2003, Klimt's Landhaus am Attersee sold for $ 29,128,000, [19] but that was soon eclipsed by prices paid for other Klimts. In 2006, the 1907 portrait, Adele Bloch-Bauer I , was purchased for the Neue Galerie New York by Ronald Lauder for a reported US $135 million, surpassing Picasso 's 1905 Boy With a Pipe (sold May 5, 2004 for $104 million), as the highest reported price ever paid for a painting. On August 7, 2006, Christie's auction house announced it was handling the sale of the remaining four works by Klimt that were recovered by Maria Altmann and her co-heirs after their long legal battle against Austria (see Republic of Austria v. Altmann ). Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer II was sold at auction in November 2006 for $88 million, the third-highest priced piece of art at auction at the time. [20] The Apple Tree I (ca. 1912) sold for $33 million, Birch Forest (1903) sold for $40.3 million, [21] and Houses in Unterach on Lake Atter (1916) sold for $31 million. Collectively, the five restituted paintings netted over $327 million. [22] A routine Attersee painting fetched $40.4 million at Sotheby's in November 2011. [23] The city of Vienna, Austria will have many special exhibitions commemorating Klimt's 150th birthday in 2012. Klimt's Folios Das Werk Gustav Klimts The only folio set produced in Klimt's lifetime, Das Werk Gustav Klimts was initially published by H.O. Miethke (of Gallerie Miethke, Klimt's exclusive gallery in Vienna) from 1908 to 1914 in an edition of 300 and was supervised by the artist himself. Fifty images depicting Klimt's most important paintings (1893-1913) were reproduced using collotype lithography, mounted on a heavy, cream-colored wove paper with deckled edges. Thirty-one of the images (ten of which are multicolored) are printed on Chine-collé , while the remaining nineteen are incredibly high quality halftones prints. Each piece was marked with a unique signet - designed by Klimt himself - which was impressed into the wove paper in gold metallic ink. The prints were issued in groups of ten to subscribers, in unbound black paper folders embossed with the artist's name. Due to the delicate nature of collotype lithography, as well as the necessity for multicolored prints (a feat difficult to reproduce with collotypes) and Klimt's own desire for perfection, the series that was published in mid 1908 was not completed until 1914. Each of the fifty prints were categorized among five themes: Allegorical (which included multicolored prints of The Golden Knight, 1903 and The Virgin, c.1912) Mythical/Biblical (Pallas Athena, 1898; Judith and The Head of Holofernes, 1901; and Danaë, c.1908) Portraits (Emilie Flöge, 1902) Erotic-Symbolist (Water Serpents I and II, both c.1907-08 and The Kiss, c.1908) Landscapes (The Sunflower, c. 1906.) The monochrome collotypes as well as the halftone works were printed with a variety of colored inks ranging from sepia, blue, and green. Franz Joseph I of Austria was the first person to purchase Das Werk Gustav Klimts in 1908. Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen was released the year after Klimt's death and collected 25 drawings, many of which were erotic in nature and just as polarizing as his painted works. Published in Vienna in 1919 by Gilhofer & Ranschburg, the edition of 500 features twenty-five monochrome and two-color collotype reproductions nearly indistinguishable from the drawings they originated from. While the set was released a year after Klimt's death, some art historians suspect he was involved with pre-production due to the printing's meticulous nature (Klimt had overseen the production of the plates for Das Werk Gustav Klimts, making sure each one was to his exact specifications, a level of quality carried through in Fünfundzwanzig Handzeichnungen.) The first ten editions contained an original drawing by Klimt as well. Many of the works contained in this volume depict erotic scenes of nude women, some of whom are masturbating alone or are coupled in sapphic embraces. When a number of the original drawings were exhibited to the public at Gallerie Miethke in 1910 and the International Exhibition of Prints and Drawings in Vienna in 1913, they were met by critics and viewers who were not shy about their hostility towards Klimt's contemporary perspective. There was an audience for Klimt's erotic drawings however: 15 of his drawings were selected by Viennese poet Franz Blei for his translation of Hellenistic satirist Lucian 's Dialogues of the Courteseans. The book, limited to 450 copies, provided Klimt the opportunity to show these more lurid depictions of women and avoided censoring thanks to a minute group of affluent (mostly male) audience. Gustav Klimt An Aftermath Composed in 1931 by editor Max Eisler and printed by the Austrian State Printing Office, Gustav Klimt An Aftermath was intended to complete the lifetime folio Das Werk Gustav Klimts. The folio contains 30 colored collotypes (fourteen of which are multicolored) and follows a similar structure found in Das Werk Gustav Klimts, replacing the unique Klimt-designed signets with gold-debossed plate numbers. 150 sets were produced in English, with 20 of them (Nos. I-XX) presented as a "gala edition" bound in gilt leather. The set contains detail images from previously released works (Hygeia from the University Mural Medicine, 1901; a section of the third University Mural Jurisprudence, 1903) as well as unfinished paintings (Adam and Eve; Bridal Progress.) Gallery Portrait of a Lady, en face (1917–1918) The Bride (unfinished) (1917–1918) Adam and Eve (unfinished) (1917–1918) Portrait of Johanna Staude (unfinished) (1917–1918) Legacy According to the writer Frank Whitford : " Klimt of course, is an important artist - he's a very popular artist - but in terms of the history of art, he's a very unimportant artist. Although he sums up so much in his work, about the society in which he found himself - in art historical terms his effect was negligible. So he's an artist really in a cul-de-sac." [28] Klimt's work had a strong influence on the paintings of Egon Schiele , whom he would collaborate with to found the Kunsthalle (Hall of Art) in 1917, to try to keep local artists from going abroad. National Public Radio reported on January 17, 2006 that "The Austrian National Gallery is being compelled by a national arbitration board to return five paintings by Gustav Klimt to a Los Angeles woman, the heir of a Jewish family that had its art stolen by the Nazis . The paintings are estimated to be worth at least $ 150 million." [29] Klimt's work has spawned many reinterpretations, including the works of Slovak artist Rudolf Fila . Couturier John Galliano found inspiration for the Christian Dior Spring-Summer 2008 haute couture collection in Klimt's work. Romanian poet Sebastian Reichmann has published in 2008 a book called Mocheta lui Klimt (Klimt's Carpet). As the author says in an interview [30] and even in one of the poems from the book, the title was inspired by a carpet from a train he often attended, carpet that reminded him of Klimt's paintings. Also, the front cover depicts an Art Nouveau -styled passage from Bucharest . South Korean novelist Kim Young-ha frequently refers to Klimt, particularly Judith, in his first novel I Have The Right To Destroy Myself. One of the main characters in this novel is referred to by the other characters as Judith because of her resemblance to Klimt's painting and is thus also known primarily as Judith to the reader. Several of Klimt's most famous works from his golden period inspired a Japanese animation title sequence for the series Elfen Lied , in which the art is recreated to fit with the series' own characters and is arranged as a montage with the song "Lilium". The opening to the anime Sound of the Sky is also largely inspired by Klimt's works. The Painting Gold Coin The painting coin , featuring Gustav Klimt Gustav Klimt and his work have been the subjects of many collector coins and medals. The most recent and prominent one is the famous 100 euro Painting Gold Coin , issued on November 5, 2003. The obverse depicts Klimt in his studio with two unfinished paintings on easels. Klimt and His Women Gold Coin Series The Austrian Mint has begun a 5 coin gold series in 2012 to coincide with the 150th anniversary of Gustav Klimt's birth. The first 50 Euro gold coin was issued on January 25, 2012 and feature a portrait of Klimt on the obverse and a portion of the painting of Adele Bloch-Bauer. [31] Exhibitions Commemorating Klimt's 150th Birthday in 2012 In addition to the permanent exhibitions on display, the city of Vienna, Austria will celebrate the 150th birthday of Klimt with special exhibitions all over the city. Also, guided walking tours through the city will allow people to see some of the buildings where Klimt worked. See also ^ Euro Collections International Austria 2012 50€ Adele Bloch-Bauer Gold Proof 25 January 2012. Sources Hubertus Czernin Die Fälschung: Der Fall Bloch-Bauer und das Werk Gustav Klimts. Czernin Verlag, Vienna 2006. ISBN 3-7076-0000-9 Carl E. Schorske "Gustav Klimt: Painting and the Crisis of the Liberal Ego" in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture . Vintage Books, 1981. ISBN 0-394-74478-0 Jane Kallir, Alfred Weidinger: Gustav Klimt. In Search of the Total Artwork. Prestel, New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-7913-4232-0 Gilles Neret. Gustav Klimt: 1862-1918 . Taschen, 1993, 2005. ISBN 978-3-8228-5980-3 Alfred Weidinger. Klimt. Catalogue Raisonné, Prestel, New York, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7913-3764-7 Anne-Marie O'Connor. The Lady in Gold, The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 2012, ISBN 0-307-26564-1 External links	i don't know
Max de Winter is a fictional character in which novel by Daphne du Maurier?	SparkNotes: Rebecca: Characters SparkNotes Summary Chapters 1-4 The Heroine - The novel's protagonist and narrator; we never learn her given name. A shy, self-conscious young woman from a lower-middle class background, she begins the novel as a paid companion to Mrs. Van Hopper, a wealthy American woman. In Monte Carlo, she meets and marries the older, wealthy Maxim de Winter, and becomes "Mrs. De Winter," mistress of Manderley. Maxim de Winter - A cultured, intelligent older man, and the owner of Manderley, a prized estate and mansion on the English coast. When the novel begins, he has recently lost his beautiful, accomplished wife, Rebecca, in what the world believes was a tragic drowning. In fact, however, he killed her himself. Rebecca - In life, Rebecca was the beautiful, much-loved, accomplished wife of Maxim de Winter, and the mistress of Manderley. Now a ghost, she haunts the mansion, and her presence torments the heroine after her marriage to Maxim. Mrs. Danvers - The sinister housekeeper at Manderley. She was fiercely devoted to Rebecca, and remains devoted to her even after death. She despises the heroine for taking her mistress's place. Jack Favell - Rebecca's cousin. Lacking integrity and given to alcoholic behavior, he was Rebecca's lover while she was married to Maxim. Frank Crawley - Maxim's kind, loyal overseer at Manderley, he befriends the heroine almost immediately. Beatrice - Maxim's sister. A friendly, outgoing woman with a passion for horses. Mrs. Van Hopper - A vulgar, gossipy and wealthy American woman. She employs the heroine as a companion while she travels from one European resort town to another. Ben - A harmless man, mildly retarded, who spends much of his time on the beach near Manderley. Colonel Julyan - The local magistrate in the region surrounding Manderley Lady Crowan - A local noblewoman who suggests that Maxim and the heroine revive the tradition of holding an annual costume ball at Manderley. Baker - A London doctor who saw Rebecca the day of her death Frith - The butler at Manderley Clarice - The heroine's maid	Rebecca
If a skateboarder is ‘goofy-footed’, which foot is closest to the front of the board?	Maximillian de Winter in Rebecca NEXT Character Analysis Maxim is totally gothic. He's a prudish, brooding figure with sinister secrets, whose temper is always on the verge of erupting. He's simultaneously a tortured soul and a calculating arch-manipulator. At forty-two, he's handsome, wealthy, and the proud owner of Manderley, a huge estate with a castle-like mansion. Maxim would be right at home in an Edgar Allan Poe story or a Brontë novel. Maxim escapes official justice for murdering his wife Rebecca, whom he believes to be pregnant with another man's child. While his murderous act defines Maxim for many readers, we don't learn about it until late in the book. At that point, we've already built up some sympathy for him. Our early view of Maxim is mostly through the eyes of his second wife, known only as Mrs. de Winter, and she's head over heels in love with him. We think Maxim belongs in a long line of fictional folks characterized by a dual nature, like Harvey Dent/Two Face, or Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde. Within such characters, both good and evil are at war, and repressed desires are always bubbling up to the surface. Nothing to Hide So, we compared Maxim to Two Face and Dr. Jekyll . Both of those guys change back and forth between two very different appearances. Maxim has this capacity as well, but it's much more subtle. Mr. de Winter himself isn't even aware of it. In fact, when the topic of the costume ball comes up, Maxim claims that he never puts on a costume. Um, seriously? He does seem perfectly comfortable in his own skin and is at ease in most situations. Yet, he does change, when he's angry, excited, or retreating inward. When Maxim sees Mrs. de Winter wearing the same costume Rebecca wore, Mrs. de Winter describes his facial transformation: "His eyes were the only living things in the white mask of his face" (16.246). When she later joins him at the ball, dressed in regular clothes, she sees that "[h]is face [is] a mask, his smile [is] not his own" (17.111). There's your costume for you, Max. When Colonel Julyan eats with Frank and the de Winters, the topic of the costume ball (which Julyan attended) comes up. We think a snippet from the conversation is revealing: Frank: "It's a universal instinct of the human species, isn't it, that desire to dress up in some sort of disguise?" Maxim: "I must be very inhuman, then." Colonel Julyan: "It's natural, I suppose, […] for all of us to wish to look different. We are all children in some ways." (22.139-141, speaker inserted by Shmoop) Frank and Colonel Julyan seem to suggest that role playing is a healthy, perhaps even necessary outlet for our desires: maybe dressing up as someone else helps us work out our issues. But since he married Rebecca, Maxim's entire life is a disguise – happily married man, bereaved widower, contented newlywed, confidant, together, utterly successful. The disguise is both what he wants the world to see, and what he wishes was actually true. Faust? Dr. Faust and Dr. Faustus stories have been around since at least the 1500s. They use the man-sells-soul-to-the devil motif to explore the human condition. Christopher Marlowe 's play The Tragicall History of Dr. Faustus and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust: A Tragedy are the most famous and influential examples. The basic story is that Dr. Faustus trades his soul to the devil, called Mephastophilis or Mephostopheles, for forbidden knowledge. In Rebecca, Maxim describes Rebecca as his devil, his Mephastopheles. Maxim, Mrs. de Winter, and even Mrs. Danvers refer to Rebecca as "the devil" several times. During Maxim's confession he suggests that Rebecca, as the devil, drove him mad. He says, "It doesn't make for sanity, does it, living with the devil." (20.38). Now check out what he says after that: "[Rebecca] made a bargain with me up there, on the side of the precipice […] 'I'll look after your precious Manderley for you, make it the most famous show-place in all the country, if you like […]. They'll say we are the luckiest, happiest, handsomest couple in all England. What a leg-pull, Max! […] what a God-damn triumph!'" Maxim even quotes Rebecca as saying "God-damn" to emphasize his vision of her as a devil. If Maxim is telling the truth, that means he stayed trapped in an unhappy marriage for years, in order to make Manderley what he thinks he wants it to be. But like all Faustian heroes, he learns that the price he pays for getting what he wants is the inability to enjoy his prize. A big difference between the Faust stories and Rebecca is that in those stories, the devil is actually the devil, a supernatural being who can't be conquered. Here, the so-called devil is the victim of a hideous murder. Her killer is demonizing her, to make his crime seem acceptable to both himself and his new wife. Othello? "All married men with lovely wives are jealous, aren't they? And some of 'em just can't help playing Othello. They're made that way. I don't blame them. I'm sorry for them." (23.157) Spurred on by these lines from Favell, readers and critics often compare Maxim to Othello , star of William Shakespeare's famous tragedy. Othello murders his wife Desdemona in a fit of jealousy when he mistakenly believes she's unfaithful to him. To hear Maxim tell it, his murder of Rebecca (who was, it seems, unfaithful) has nothing to do with jealousy. He claims he's never loved her or wanted her, but puts up with her to avoid the shame of divorce and to preserve Manderley. He shows no remorse for killing her. Othello, on the other hand, loved Desdemona deeply and bitterly regrets his crime. There are a couple similarities, though: Othello, it's often speculated, never had sex with Desdemona before he killed her. It's unlikely that Maxim and Rebecca never had sex, but it's very likely they didn't have much of it. In Othello's case, the jealousy is compounded by the fact that Othello believes another man takes his new wife's virginity. In Maxim's case, sexual frustration, distinct from jealousy, might be an issue. Maxim and Othello are also both driven by misinformation and lies. Iago (using some Mrs. Danvers style maneuvers) whips up Othello's jealousy and leads Othello to believe Desdemona is cheating. In Rebecca, Rebecca herself becomes the Iago figure, flaunting her affairs, and, finally, lying about being pregnant with another man's child, who she plans to pass off as Maxim's to spite him. In any case, comparing Maxim with Othello is a good opportunity for us to think about jealousy and whether it applies to Maxim. Could it be that Maxim was actually in love with Rebecca? Was he foaming with jealousy at the thought of other men enjoying her? Was he furious at the thought of having to look at another man's child all his life? Or, did Maxim come to think of Rebecca as a total monster because of all the awful things she did? A Changed Man Whatever we knew about Maxim at Manderley, we know now is completely different. Take a look at this passage, where Mrs. de Winter describes how she can tell when Maxim is remembering the past: I can tell by the way he will look lost and puzzled […] all expression dying away from his dear face […] and in its place a mask will form […] formal and cold, beautiful still but lifeless. He will fall to smoking cigarette after cigarette, not bothering to extinguish them, and the glowing stubs will lie around on the ground like petals. He will talk quickly and eagerly about nothing at all, snatching at any subject as a panacea to pain. (2.3) This "mask" sounds familiar. Mrs. de Winter describes this look to us too many times to count throughout the story. But Maxim talking "quickly and eagerly"? That doesn't sound like the self-assured well-spoken chap we know. So what has changed to make him seem more like a patient than a mogul? The "glowing stubs" give us a hint. Also, think back to Maxim's confession to Mrs. de Winter. What has always been most important to Maxim? Let's ask him: "I put Manderley first, before anything else" (20.44). So, Manderley burning (especially if people burned with it) might be the worst blow Maxim could take. In losing Manderley he loses the thing he loves the most. Now, he doesn't care what burns – he drops his "glowing stubs" everywhere. The passage also reveals that Mrs. de Winter is still thinking in terms of Rebecca: the glowing stubs remind her of "petals" like the azalea petals on the ground in the Happy Valley, petals that smell like Rebecca. It looks like she may have won, after all.	i don't know
Which 1993 film is about the affair between author C S Lewis and poet Joy Grisham?	Shadowlands (1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Watch Now From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video C.S. Lewis , a world-renowned Christian theologian, writer and professor, leads a passionless life until he meets a spirited poet from the U.S. Director: a list of 25 titles created 08 Jul 2014 a list of 49 titles created 12 Oct 2015 a list of 32 titles created 11 Nov 2015 a list of 28 titles created 1 month ago a list of 21 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Shadowlands " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 7 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards » Videos A butler who sacrificed body and soul to service in the years leading up to World War II realizes too late how misguided his loyalty was to his lordly employer. Director: James Ivory A businessman thwarts his wife's bequest of an estate to another woman. Director: James Ivory This historical drama is an account of the early life of the future British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ( Simon Ward ), including his childhood, his time as a war correspondent in South ... See full summary » Director: Richard Attenborough The story of the life and work of the Canadian fur trapper-turned-conservationist who claimed to be an aboriginal North American. Director: Richard Attenborough True story of a transatlantic business correspondence about used books that developed into a close friendship. Director: David Hugh Jones A young man searches for the proper owner of a ring that belonged to a U.S. World War II bomber gunner who crashed in Belfast, Northern Ireland on June 1, 1944. Director: Richard Attenborough The passionate Merchant-Ivory drama tells the story of Francoise Gilot, the only lover of Pablo Picasso who was strong enough to withstand his ferocious cruelty and move on with her life. Director: James Ivory Reporter Ernest Hemingway is an ambulance driver in Italy during World War I. While bravely risking his life in the line of duty, he is injured and ends up in the hospital, where he falls ... See full summary » Director: Richard Attenborough Chekov's Uncle Vanya, transposed to turn-of-the-century North Wales, where the peace and tranquility of a country house is disturbed by the arrival of the estate's tyrannical owner and his ... See full summary » Director: Anthony Hopkins Noted author and scholar finds love, then must endure its loss... Director: Norman Stone A ventriloquist is at the mercy of his vicious dummy while he tries to renew a romance with his high school sweetheart. Director: Richard Attenborough A young engineer is sent to post-WWII Berlin to help the Americans in spying on the Russians. In a time and place where discretion is still a man's best friend, he falls in love with a ... See full summary » Director: John Schlesinger Edit Storyline C.S. Lewis is the author of the "Chronicles of Narnia" books. Known as Jack, he teaches at Oxford during the 1950s. An American fan, Joy Gresham, arrives to meet him for tea in Oxford. It is the beginning of a love affair. Tragically, Joy becomes terminally ill and their lives become complicated. Written by Matthew Stanfield <[email protected]> See All (69) » Taglines: He distanced himself from love as he distanced himself from pain, until one woman got close enough to open his heart to the world. See more » Genres: Rated PG for thematic elements \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 14 January 1994 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Tierra de sombras See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia In her real life, Joy actually had two sons: Douglas Gresham (who was depicted in this movie) and David Gresham (who was not.) David was born in 1944; Douglas in 1945. After their mother's death, David and Douglas continued to live with their stepfather, C. S. Lewis. In contrast to his mother, stepfather, and younger brother, David was less interested in converting to Christianity, and while still a child living with Lewis, he started to return to Judaism (the religion he had been born into). According to Edwin Brown's book In Pursuit of C. S. Lewis, Lewis was very supportive of David's interest in Judaism, including finding a kosher butcher to supply his meat. See more » Goofs Joy actually broke her leg at Jack's home, The Kilns. See more » Quotes Once in Royal David's City (uncredited) See more » Frequently Asked Questions (United States) – See all my reviews This film is Richard Attenborough's best directed film. Unlike Gandhi, it had no ambitions of being a grand scale historical epic. It actually played to Attenborough's strengths as a director, which are story and character development. Of course some fantastic performances from some great actors helped him out immensely. Debra Winger was nominated for an Oscar, and she was great, but we already saw her play the same disease in Terms of Endearment. Anthony Hopkins should have received an Oscar nomination for his incredible multi-layered turn as C. S. Lewis. His lifelong bachelor that falls in love and then questions his own theological beliefs when he grieves is the polar opposite of his most famous role, Hannibal Lechter, and yet he is just as convincing. With Hopkins in the lead, and Attenborough's attention to detail, this movie is one of the most overlooked films on every top 100 list, or in the case of this site, top 250 list. If you like movies that have stories, characters, and atmosphere, this is for you. 8 of 10. 14 of 14 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Shadowlands
What were the first names of poet W H Auden?	Shadowlands DVD (Region 1) 1993. Widescreen. Color. Anthony Hopkins, Debra Winger, Edward Hardwick - Santa Flix Availability: Usually ships the same business day Product Description Shadowlands DVD (Region 1) 1993. Widescreen. Color. Anthony Hopkins, Debra Winger, Edward Hardwick, Joseph Mazzello. This lavishly mounted adaptation of the play by William Nicholson tells the true story of the doomed love affair between novelist and noted Christian scholar C.S. Lewis and a Jewish-American poet. Anthony Hopkins stars as C.S. 'Jack' Lewis, an Oxford professor and successful author of the Chronicles of Narnia series of children's fantasy novels. A confirmed bachelor, Jack's existence is an inward life of the mind. Somewhat detached from the world, his only social outlet is evenings out at a local pub discussing philosophy and religion with his fellow lecturers. Jack has been corresponding with a bluntly intelligent American woman, Joy Gresham (Debra Winger), who arrives to visit him, with her young son Douglas (Joseph Mazzello) in tow. She tells Jack that she has actually fled from an abusive marriage and plans to divorce, and Jack astonishes friends and family by agreeing to a platonic marriage with Joy so that she can obtain British citizenship. As their friendship deepens and Joy discovers that she has a terminal illness, the relationship between Joy and Jack becomes a genuine romance, and their marriage turns into a real commitment. Region One. North American Format.	i don't know
Who was the first British Prime Minister to serve under Queen Elizabeth II?	Queen Elizabeth and her 12 Prime Ministers \| History of government Queen Elizabeth and her 12 Prime Ministers — No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 , The Monarchy On her 21st birthday in 1947 Princess Elizabeth broadcast from Cape Town in South Africa: I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great Imperial country to which we all belong…God help me to make good my vow and God bless all of you who are willing to share it. The Queen’s relationship with her 12 Prime Ministers (eight Conservative and four Labour) over the past 60 years demonstrates how she has fulfilled that vow. Churchill was a formidable presence for the young Queen, who remained in awe of the great war leader. At their first audience, Churchill told the Queen he could advise her from a lifetime of experience, but the time would come when she would advise Prime Ministers younger than herself from a similar standpoint. So it has proved. The first of the 12 Prime Ministers younger than the Queen was John Major . Tony Blair and David Cameron were not even born when she acceded to the throne. The central assertion about the rights of a constitutional monarch, as defined by Walter Bagehot in 1867, remains as true as ever: ‘the sovereign has under a constitutional monarchy such as ours, three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn.’ The Queen has exercised all three rights. An early example was the issue of live television coverage of the Coronation in June 1953. Churchill opposed it, and, initially, the Queen was also doubtful. Eventually, the Queen’s view that the benefits would outweigh the disadvantages prevailed. Asked by an old court favourite whether Churchill was attempting to mentor her, as Melbourne had mentored the young Queen Victoria , she replied, ‘Not at all, I find him very obstinate.’ Nevertheless, she learned much from the old warrior. The weekly audience between monarch and Prime Minister remained a fixed point of contact. At these audiences, the Queen found her second Prime Minister, Anthony Eden , a sympathetic listener to her concerns. Dominating their early meetings was discussion of Princess Margaret’s possible marriage to the divorced Group Captain Peter Townsend. The Suez crisis in 1956 led to much speculation about the Queen’s views and what she knew of unfolding events. Eden believed that informing the Queen was of supreme importance and all the Suez papers were sent to her, the first time she was to be shown secret government papers. Their relationship was one of impeccable constitutional propriety and confidences were maintained. The Queen was able to draw on these experiences at later audiences with Margaret Thatcher during the Falklands War. The Queen has two prerogatives, to choose, or now to confirm, a new Prime Minister in office and to grant a dissolution of Parliament, triggering a general election. The first prerogative was exercised in 1957 and in 1963 when the leadership of the Conservative party became vacant between general elections. After taking advice from senior Conservatives, the Queen invited Harold Macmillan to become her third Prime Minister, a process repeated in October 1963 when Sir Alec Douglas-Home was appointed. At first, the Queen did not find Macmillan easy to deal with. He was unsure whether the Prime Minister’s annual visit to Balmoral was a social occasion, with ‘talking shop’ relegated to the margins, or a Highlands version of his weekly audiences at Buckingham Palace. However, it was not long before they were on the same wavelength. Indeed, the Queen soon came to rely on Macmillan to offer wise counsel, both while in office and after his retirement in 1963. They discussed issues including the inauguration of the memorial to President Kennedy at Runnymede in 1965, and the 250th anniversary of 10 Downing Street in 1985. Crucially, the Queen also sought his advice following the uncertain General Election outcomes of February and October 1974, when he advised on historical precedents. When Macmillan resigned in October 1963, accusations were made that the Queen had colluded with his supposed blocking of the Deputy Prime Minister, Rab Butler, as his successor, leading to the controversial appointment of Alec Douglas-Home as the new Prime Minister. In fact, the Queen had distanced herself from the process, both physically – by staying out of London, at Windsor Castle – and personally – ensuring that her Assistant Private Secretary Sir Edward Ford was the conduit between the Palace and the Prime Minister’s Office. The Palace made it clear that the choice of a new leader should be for the Conservative Party alone, a process known as ‘You Choose, We Send For’. Far from colluding, the Queen maintained the monarchy’s political impartiality, waiting for a name to be brought to her. Subsequent events eroded the Queen’s prerogative. From July 1965 onwards, the Conservative Party elected its leader, as the Labour Party had done since 1922. Today it would be highly unusual if the Queen invited anyone to become Prime Minister who was not the acknowledged leader of the party commanding a majority in the House of Commons. Outgoing Prime Ministers in mid-term have made things easier for the Queen by staying-on until their party has elected a successor, including Harold Wilson in 1976 and Margaret Thatcher in 1990. When Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Prime Minister in October 1963, for the first time the Queen had a Prime Minister whom she already knew as a friend, Home having been a childhood friend of the Queen Mother . She was now in the unusual situation of having to formalise a relationship that had always been informal. When Home went to Balmoral for his first Prime Ministerial visit, he heard for the first time the sound of the Queen’s official bagpiper before breakfast, an experience he would not have had on his previous visits as a family friend. Over the years, Home often helped the Queen to name royal horses. After hearing the Balmoral bagpiper, Home suggested the names ‘Blessed Relief’ [by] ‘Bagpipes’ [out of] ‘Earshot’ for her three new foals! James Callaghan observed that that the Queen provided friendliness, not friendship to her Prime Ministers. Wilson and Callaghan, her first two Labour Prime Ministers, both got on famously with the Queen. Wilson enjoyed the informality of helping with the washing-up after the Balmoral barbecues, unlike Thatcher for whom these weekends interrupted work. Wilson noted that the Queen respected those who had served in the armed forces, which made her relationship with Callaghan, who had been in the Royal Navy , so relaxed. The relationship with Edward Heath was not always easy, as his world-view differed sharply from that of the Queen. European integration was Heath’s vision. The Queen, however, saw her role as Head of the Commonwealth to be of supreme importance. For this reason she lamented the loss, in 1997, of the Royal Yacht Britannia (a decision wrongly ascribed to Tony Blair, but in fact inherited from the Major government), which had enabled her to visit the smaller, more remote Commonwealth countries. Much attention has been paid to the Queen’s first prerogative, the right to appoint a Prime Minister, but little to the second, the dissolution of Parliaments. So far in the Queen’s reign there have been 15 such dissolutions, the two, indecisive elections in 1974 being potentially the most difficult. Returning from Australia in February 1974, the Queen’s role proved invaluable in a volatile and uncertain political climate. However, the recent Fixed Term Act , setting a statutory, five-year parliament, has in effect removed that prerogative, except in the most unlikely of circumstances. In 1952 when she came to the throne, the Queen could choose the Prime Minister, and could grant, or not grant, a dissolution of parliament. Now, in effect, she can do neither. The party commanding a majority in the House of Commons presents its accepted leader to the Queen after a General Election or a change of party leadership in the governing party. The next General Election is already determined for May 2015, unless two-thirds of the Commons decides otherwise. These changes do not weaken the Queen’s ‘dignified’ position; on the contrary they remove her entirely from the political arena. David Cameron is the youngest of the Queen’s Prime Ministers . His most important dealing with the Queen so far in his Premiership is one of the most significant in a thousand years of monarchy: the proposed change in the law regarding primogeniture, which will enable any future daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge to become Queen before any younger brothers, a change agreed by the Queen, the Prime Minister and the Commonwealth Prime Ministers . The evolution of a modern monarchy continues.	Winston Churchill
How many months of the year end in the letter ‘Y’?	Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning UK monarch - BBC News Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest-reigning UK monarch 9 September 2015 Close share panel Media caption"A long life can pass by many milestones - my own is no exception" The Queen has thanked well-wishers at home and overseas for their "touching messages of kindness" as she becomes Britain's longest-reigning monarch. Speaking in the Scottish Borders, the 89-year-old monarch said the title was "not one to which I have ever aspired". At 17:30 BST she had reigned for 23,226 days, 16 hours and approximately 30 minutes - surpassing the reign of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. David Cameron said the service the Queen had given was "truly humbling". Dressed in turquoise with her trusty black handbag at her side, the Queen spoke briefly to the gathered crowds earlier. "Inevitably a long life can pass by many milestones - my own is no exception - but I thank you all and the many others at home and overseas for your touching messages of great kindness," she said. In the day's main events: The Queen and Prince Philip travelled by steam train from Edinburgh to Tweedbank, where she formally opened the new £294m Scottish Borders Railway They were accompanied by Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, who praised the Queen's "dedication, wisdom and exemplary sense of public service" In London, a flotilla of historic vessels, leisure cruisers and passenger boats took part in a procession along the Thames and HMS Belfast sounded a four-gun salute The exact moment the Queen became the longest-reigning sovereign is unknown. Her father, George VI, passed away in the early hours of 6 February 1952, but his time of death is not known. Her Majesty's Milestone Image copyright Buckingham Palace Image caption Newly released official photographs show the Queen with her official red box, containing the day's policy papers, cabinet documents, Foreign Office papers and other letters World leaders the Queen has outlasted Business in the Commons was postponed for half an hour so that MPs, led by Mr Cameron, could pay tribute to the Queen. The prime minster said she had been a "rock of stability" in an era when so much had changed, and her reign had been the "golden thread running through three post-war generations". He said it was "typical of the Queen's selfless sense of service" that she thought today should be a normal day. Acting Labour leader Harriet Harman said it was "no exaggeration" to say the Queen was "admired by billions of people all around the world". Ministers are to present the Queen with a bound copy of cabinet papers from the meeting in 1952 when Sir Winston Churchill's government approved the content of her first Queen's Speech. In the House of Lords, leader Baroness Stowell said the Queen had served the country with "unerring grace, dignity and decency", adding: "And long may she continue to do so". Image copyright Reuters Analysis: BBC royal correspondent Peter Hunt There have been glowing tributes and much talk about the significance of this moment. No such words were uttered by the subject of all the attention. She undertook a run-of-the-mill engagement on a far from run-of-the-mill day. And in her brief remarks - her lengthy reign hasn't lessened her aversion to making speeches - she displayed some classic British understatement. Overtaking her great-great-grandmother wasn't something she'd ever aspired to, she said. She was simply the beneficiary of a long life. In Scotland - and indeed in other parts of the United Kingdom - that life and her reign have been celebrated very publicly. Privately, later, the Queen will mark the moment she enters the record books. Prince Philip will be with her - her husband of 67 years has been the one constant in a reign of sometimes dizzying change. Image copyright PA Image caption In London, a flotilla of vessels, including Havengore and Gloriana, took part in a procession along the Thames Image copyright PA Image caption Meanwhile, in Edinburgh, the Royal Party were welcomed by a traditional pipe band Image copyright AFP Image caption The Queen and the Duke stopped off at Newtongrange station where she unveiled a plaque Image copyright PA Image caption Children from Busy Bees Nursery turned out to see the Queen in Tweedbank Buckingham Palace has released two official photographs to mark the occasion, taken by Mary McCartney in the Queen's private audience room. This is where she holds weekly audiences with prime ministers of the day, and receives visiting heads of state and government. The Queen is taking her traditional summer break at this time of year at her private Scottish home, Balmoral. The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are in Scotland on holiday and are expected to have dinner with the Queen at Balmoral later. Queens of the modern age Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Elizabeth II has reigned for 63 years and seven months, beating Queen Victoria's record Victoria became queen at 18, while Elizabeth was 25 Elizabeth II rides in the same coach as Victoria did for the annual State Opening of Parliament Both queens were shot at by lone gunmen while out riding near Buckingham Palace Elizabeth loves the private royal estate at Balmoral, which was bought by Victoria Victoria ruled over an empire of 400 million people. Elizabeth is head of state for 138 million people Queen Victoria became queen at the age of 18 and ruled for 63 years, seven months and two days. Queen Elizabeth's reign has included 12 prime ministers, two more than served under Victoria. Media captionDuke of York: "From her perspective it is business as usual" One of those prime ministers, Conservative Sir John Major, rejected any suggestion the Queen had been too passive as head of state: "The monarchy wouldn't be as popular if they were part of politics - they're above and beyond it. "But when the Queen meets her prime minister she has the opportunity to question, to ask, to counsel. Nobody knows and no prime minister is going to tell you exactly what happens at those meetings. So those who say she's been too passive, how can they possibly know?" 'Genuinely exceptional' The Queen is Head of the Commonwealth and sovereign of 15 Commonwealth realms in addition to the UK, and the organisation's Secretary-General, Kamalesh Sharma, sent his congratulations. "As a symbol of continuity during decades of unprecedented change, and by drawing our people together in their rich diversity, Her Majesty has embodied all that is best in the Commonwealth," he said. "With vision and dedication her example has encouraged successive generations of leaders and citizens to embrace the promise of the future." Media captionGraham Smith: "I don't think that keeping a job for life, for life, is something to get excited about" Anti-monarchist group Republic said the Queen's long reign was a reason for reform not celebration. Chief executive Graham Smith said: "It is now time for the country to look to the future and to choose a successor through free and fair elections, someone who can genuinely represent the nation."	i don't know
The Great Smoky Mountains are on the border of which two US states?	Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service) Contact Us A Wondrous Diversity of Life Ridge upon ridge of forest straddles the border between North Carolina and Tennessee in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. World renowned for its diversity of plant and animal life, the beauty of its ancient mountains, and the quality of its remnants of Southern Appalachian mountain culture, this is America's most visited national park.	north carolina and tennessee
In which British city is Anderston Railway Station?	visit website Ridge upon ridge of forest straddles the border between North Carolina and Tennessee in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. World renowned for its diversity of plant and animal life, the beauty of its ancient mountains, and the quality of its remnants of Southern Appalachian mountain culture, this is America’s most visited national park. Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a hiker’s paradise with over 800 miles of maintained trails ranging from short leg-stretchers to strenuous treks that may require backcountry camping. But hiking is not the only reason for visiting the Smokies. Camping, fishing, picnicking, wildlife viewing and auto touring are popular activities. Most visitors come to the Smokies hoping to see a bear. Some 1,500 bears live in the park. From the big animals like bears, deer, and elk, down to microscopic organisms, the Smokies have the most biological diversity of any area in the world’s temperate zone. The park is a sanctuary for a magnificent array of animal and plant life, all of which is protected for future generations to enjoy. Tennessee Vacation eGuide The 2016 eGuide gives you instant access to Tennessee’s irresistible attractions and destinations. Peruse venues online, then put in your order to get a free guide delivered to your doorstep. City:	i don't know
Coimetrophobia is the irrational fear of which places?	Coimetrophobia: The Fear Of Cemeteries \| Everplans Grandfather Writes His Own Thoughtful and Funny Obituary Coimetrophobia: The Fear Of Cemeteries This article on grief support & loss is provided by Everplans — The web's leading resource for planning and organizing your life. Create, store and share important documents that your loved ones might need. Find out more about Everplans » Coimetrophobia is the official term for a fear of cemeteries . This word doesn’t describe those who have a mere dislike of cemeteries, but rather those for whom cemeteries bring on an actual negative physical reaction. The symptoms of coimetrophobia may include: Shortness of breath The inability to speak or think clearly A full-on anxiety attack! Not your common side effects! So why does an inanimate place elicit such strong emotions? What can someone suffering do to accept this as simply a final resting place and understand that there is nothing to fear? To be fair to those who suffer from this phobia, cemeteries have a bad reputation. Most of us are first exposed to cemeteries in the movies, where cemeteries serve as backdrops for terrifying scenes. Whether zombies are coming up from below the ground or ghosts are flying around headstones, we learned not to enter a graveyard alone! In the modern era, cemeteries have been moved away from urban life, which means that most of us aren’t interacting with cemeteries on a daily basis—a reality that only serves to make cemeteries seem more foreign, strange, and scary. By distancing ourselves from cemeteries, we’re blocking ourselves from realizing that the image in our minds (zombies, ghosts, etc.) is has nothing to do with the reality of the cemetery. Therefore, this creepy image of the haunted cemetery remains in many minds and only perpetuates the irrational fear. Now, that last part is important: this fear is irrational. Cemeteries will not hurt you! I learned early on, “You only fear that which you don’t know.” So, go and “know” cemeteries! If taking a trip to a cemetery seems too daunting (or simply too weird) of a task, then start off easy: Google image “cemeteries.” (I tried this myself before suggesting it; there are actually some really beautiful images online!) Once you’ve gotten comfortable with the images, take the big leap and go to a cemetery. You can do it! Once you’ve walked though the peaceful space, you will learn that there is nothing to fear. Cemeteries are tranquil and lush with all sorts of beautiful greenery. Take a few minutes and enjoy them and be thankful that you’ve overcome your fear. Written by Elizabeth Meyer	Cemetery
What is the all-seated capacity of Wembley Stadium in London?	Phobia List Phobia List Ablutophobia - Fear of washing or bathing. Acarophobia - Fear of itching or of the insects that cause itching. Acerophobia - Fear of sourness. Aeroacrophobia - Fear of open high places. Aeronausiphobia - Fear of vomiting secondary to airsickness. Aerophobia - Fear of drafts, air swallowing, or airborne noxious substances. Agliophobia - Fear of pain. Agoraphobia - Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, public places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place. Fear of crowds. Agraphobia - Fear of sexual abuse. Agrizoophobia - Fear of wild animals. Agyrophobia - Fear of streets or crossing the street. Aichmophobia - Fear of needles or pointed objects. Ailurophobia - Fear of cats. Albuminurophobia - Fear of kidney disease. Alektorophobia - Fear of chickens. Phobia Secrets Revealed My free Phobia Secrets Revealed E-Course will reveal phobia secrets so you can learn how to vanquish phobia and fear forever without taking any pills. Enter your name and email address to instantly get your first Phobia Secrets Revealed lesson Fill in your information below and I will send you this 5 day free E-Course. You'll receive your first lesson in about five minutes where I explain the entire system in step-by-step format. Your Name Your E-Mail : Note: I greatly respect your privacy and will never sell or share your email address with anyone. Never. You may unsubscribe anytime. No hassles. No questions. Algophobia - Fear of pain. Amaxophobia - Fear of riding in a car. Ambulophobia - Fear of walking. Amychophobia - Fear of scratches or being scratched. Anablephobia - Fear of looking up. Ancraophobia - Fear of wind. Anemophobia - Fear of air drafts or wind. Anemophobia - Fear of wind. Anginophobia - Fear of angina, choking of narrowness. Anglophobia - Fear of England, English culture, ect. Angrophobia - Fear of becoming angry. Ankylophobia - Fear of immobility of a joint. Anthophobia - Fear of flowers. Anthropophobia - Fear of people of society. Antlophobia - Fear of floods. Anuptaphobia - Fear of staying single. Apeirophobia - Fear of infinity. Aphenphosmphobia - Fear of being touched. Apiphobia - Fear of bees. Apotemnophobia - Fear of persons with amputations. Arachibutyrophobia - Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth. Arachnephobiba - Fear of spiders. Ashenophobia - Fear of fainting or weakness. Astraphobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. Astrapophobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. Astrophobia - Fear of stars and celestial space. Asymmetriphobia - Fear of asymmetrical things. Ataxiophobia - Fear of ataxia (muscular incoordination) Ataxophobia - Fear of disorder or untidiness. Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection. Atephobia - Fear of ruin or ruins. Athazagoraphobia - Fear of being forgotten or ignored or forgetting. Atomosophobia - Fear of atomic explosions. Atychiphobia - Fear of failure. Auroraphobia - Fear of Northern Lights. Autodysomophobia - Fear that one has a vile odor. Automatonophobia - Fear of ventriloquist's dummies, animatronic creatures, wax statues-anything that falsely represents a sentient being. Automysophobia - Fear of being dirty. Autophobia - Fear of being alone or of oneself. Aviatophobia - Fear of flying. Balenephobia - Fear of pins and needles. Ballistophobia - Fear of missles or bullets. Barophobia - Fear of gravity. Basiphobia - Inability to stand. Fear of walking or falling. Basophobia - Inability to stand. Fear of walking or falling. Bathophobia - Fear of depth. Batophobia - Fear of heights or being close to high buildings. Batrachophobia - Fear of amphibians, such as frogs, newts, salamanders, etc. Bibliophobia - Fear of books. Bogyphobia - Fear of bogies or the bogeyman. Bolshephobia - Fear of Bulsheviks. Bromidrophobia - Fear of body smells. Bromidrosiphobia - Fear of body smells. Brontophobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. Bufonophobia - Fear of toads. Tired of Tiptoeing Around Your Fears? 5 Days From Now, You Could Be Phobia-Free. Yes, Cured! Whatever your phobia, regardless of how long you have suffered from it, despite the dreadful life limitations you have endured because of your fear, your phobia can be cured. Cainophobia - Fear of newness, novelty. Cainotophobia - Fear of newness, novelty. Caligynephobia - Fear of beautiful women. Cancerophobia - Fear of cancer. Cardiophobia - Fear of the heart. Carnophobia - Fear of meat. Catagelophobia - Fear of being ridiculed. Catapedaphobia - Fear of jumping from high and low places. Cathisophobia - Fear of sitting. Cenophobia - Fear of new things or ideas. Centophobia - Fear of new things or ideas. Ceraunophobia - Fear of thunder. chemophobia - Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals. Cherophobia - Fear of gaiety. Chiraptophobia - Fear of being touched. Cholerophobia - Fear of anger or the fear of cholera. Chorophobia - Fear of dancing. Claustrophobia - Fear of confined spaces. Cleisiophobia - Fear of being locked in an enclosed place. Cleithrophobia - Fear of being enclosed.,br>Cleithrophobia - Fear of being locked in an enclosed place.,br>Cleptophobia - Fear of stealing. Climacophobia - Fear of stairs, climbing or of falling downstairs. Clinophobia - Fear of going to bed. Clithrophobia - Fear of being enclosed. Cnidophobia - Fear of strings. Contreltophobia - Fear of sexual abuse. Coprastasophobia - Fear of constipation. Counterphobia - The preference by a phobic for fearful situations. Cremnophobia - Fear of precipices. Cryophobia - Fear fo extreme cold, ice or frost. Crystallophobia - Fear of crystals or glass. Cyberphobia - Fear of computers or working on a computer. Cyclophobia - Fear of bicycles. Cymophobia - Fear of waves or wave like motions. Cynophobia - Fear of dogs or rabies. Cyprianophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. Cypridophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. Cyprinophobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. Cypriphobia - Fear of prostitutes or venereal disease. The Phobia List: D Decidophobia - Fear of making decisions. Defecaloesiphobia - Fear of painful bowels movements. Deipnophobia - Fear of dining and dinner conversation. Dematophobia - Fear of skin lesions. Dementophobia - Fear of insanity. Dermatophathophobia - Fear of skin disease. Dermatophobia - Fear of skin disease. Dermatosiophobia - Fear of skin disease. Dextrophobia - Fear of objects at the right side of the body. Diabetophobia - Fear of diabetes. Didaskaleinophobia - Fear of going to school. Diderodromophobia - Fear of trains, railroads or train travel. Dikephobia - Fear of justice. Dinophobia - Fear of dizziness or whirlpools. Diplophobia - Fear of double vision. Dipsophobia - Fear drinking. Dishabiliophobia - Fear of undressing in front of someone. Domatophobia - Fear of houses or being in a home. Doraphobia - Fear of fur or skins of animals .Dromophobia - Fear of crossing streets. Dutchphobia - Fear of the Dutch. Dysmorphophobia - Fear of deformity. Tired of Tiptoeing Around Your Fears? 5 Days From Now, You Could Be Phobia-Free. Yes, Cured! Whatever your phobia, regardless of how long you have suffered from it, despite the dreadful life limitations you have endured because of your fear, your phobia can be cured. Eicophobia - Fear of home surroundings. Eisoptrophobia - Fear of mirrors or of seeing oneself in a mirror. Electrophobia - Fear of electricity. Enissophobia - Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism. Enochlophobia - Fear of crowds. Enosiophobia - Fear of having committed an unpardonable sin or of criticism. Entomophobia - Fear of insects. Eosophobia - Fear of dawn or daylight. Epistaxiophobia - Fear of nosebleeds. Eremophobia - Fear of being oneself or of lonliness. Ereuthophobia - Fear of redlights. Fear of blushing. Fear of red. Ereuthrophobia - Fear of blushing. Ergasiophobia - Fear of work or functioning. Surgeon's fear of operating. Ergophobia - Fear of work. Erotophobia - Fear of sexual love or sexual questions. Erythrophobia - Fear of redlights. Fear of blushing. Fear of red. Erytophobia- Fear of redlights. Fear of blushing. Fear of red. Euphobia - Fear of hearing good news. Eurotophobia - Fear of female genitalia. The Phobia List: F Francophobia - Fear of France, French culture. The Phobia List: G Galiophobia - Fear of France, French culture. Gallophobia - Fear of France, French culture. Gamophobia - Fear of marriage. Gephydrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges. Gephyrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges. Gephysrophobia - Fear of crossing bridges. Gerascophobia - Fear of growing old. Germanophobia - Fear of Germany, German culture, etc. Gerontophobia - Fear of old people or of growing old. Geumaphobia - Fear of taste. Graphophobia - Fear of writing or handwritting. Gymnophobia - Fear of nudity. Hagiophobia - Fear of saints or holy things. Hamartophobia - Fear of sinning. Haphephobia - Fear of being touched. Haptephobia - Fear of being touched. Harpaxophobia - Fear of being robbed. Hedonophobia - Fear of feeling pleasure. Heliophobia - Fear of the sun. Hellenologophobia - Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology. Helminthophobia - Fear of being infested with worms. Hemaphobia - Fear of blood. Hereiophobia - Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation. Heresyphobia - Fear of challenges to official doctrine or radical deviation. Herpetophobia - Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things. Heterophobia - Fear of the opposite sex. Hierophobia - Fear of priest or sacred things. Hippophobia - Fear of horses. Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia - Fear of long words. Hobophobia - Fear of bums or beggars. Hodophobia - Fear of road travel. Homichlophobia - Fear of fog. Homophobia - Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual. Hoplophobia * Fear of firearms. Hydrargyophobia - Fear of mercuial medicines. Hydrophobia - Fear of water of of rabies. Hydrophobophobia - Fear or rabies. Hygrophobia - Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture. Hylephobia - Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy. Hylophobia - Fear of forests. Hynophobia - Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized. Hypegiaphobia - Fear of responsibility. Iatrophobia - Fear of going to the doctor or doctors. Ichthyophobia - Fear of fish. Illyngophobia - Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down. insectophobia - fear of insects. Isolophobia - Fear of solitude, being alone. Isopterophobia - Fear of termites, insects that eat wood. Ithyphallophobia - Fear of seeing, thinking about, or having an erect penis. The Phobia List: J Kainophobia - Fear of anything new, novelty. Kakorrhaphiophobia - Fear of failure or defeat. Katagelophobia - Fear of ridicule. Kathisophobia - Fear of sitting down. Kenophobia - Fear of voids or empty spaces. Keraunophobia - Fear of thunder and lightning. Kinesophobia - Fear of movement or motion. Kinetophobia - Fear of movement or motion. Kleptophobia - Fear of movement or motion. Koinoniphobia - Fear of rooms. Kolpophobia - Fear of genitals, particulary female. Koniophobia - Fear of dust. Kosmikophobi - Fear of cosmic phenomenon. Kymophobia - Fear of waves. Leukophobia - Fear of the color white. Levophobia - Fear of things to the left side of the body. Ligyrophobia - Fear of loud noises. Lilapsophobia - Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes. Limnophobia - Fear of lakes. Luiphobia - Fear of lues, syphillis. Lutraphobia - Fear of otters. Lysssophobia - Fear of rabies or of becoming mad. The Phobia List: M Macrophobia - Fear of long waits. Mageirocophobia *- Fear of cooking. Malaxophobia - Fear of love play. Maniaphobia - Fear of insanity. Medomalacuphobia - Fear of losing an erection. Medorthophobia - Fear of an erect penis. Megalophobia - Fear of large things. Melanophobia - Fear of the color black. Melissophobia - Fear of bees. Melophobia - Fear of hatred or music. Meningitiophobia - Fear of brain disease. Merinthophobia - Fear of being bound or tied up. Mertophobia - Fear or hatred of poetry. Metallophobia - Fear of metal. Microphobia - Fear of small things. Misophobia - Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs. Mnemophobia - Fear of memories. Molysmophobia - Fear of dirt or contamination. Molysomophobia - Fear of dirt or contamination. Monopathophobia - Fear of difinite disease. Monophobia - Fear of solitude or being alone. Monophobia - Fear of menstruation. Mycophobia - Fear or aversion to mushrooms. Mycrophobia - Fear of small things. Myctophobia - Fear of darkness. Mysophobia - Fear of germs or contamination or dirt. Mythophobia - Fear of myths or stories or false statements. Myxophobia - Fear of slime. Necrophobia - Fear of death or or dead things. Nelophobia - Fear of glass. Neopharmaphobia - Fear of new drugs. neophobia - Fear of anything new. Nephophobia - Fear of clouds. Noctiphobia - Fear of the night. Nosemaphobia - Fear of becoming ill. Nosocomephobia - Fear of hospitals. Nosophobia - Fear of becoming ill. Nostophobia - Fear of returning home. Novercaphobia - Fear of your step-mother. Nucleomituphobia - Fear of nuclear weapons. Nudophobia - Fear of nudity. Nyctohlophobia - Fear of dark wooded areas, of forest at night. Nyctophobia - Fear of the dark or of the night. The Phobia List: O Obesophobia - Fear of gaining weight. Ochlophobia - Fear of crowds or mobs. Ochophobia - Fear of vehicles. Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8. Odontophobia - Fear of teeth or dental surgery. Odynephobia - Fear of pain. Oikophobia - Fear of home surroundings, house. Oikophobia - Fear of houses or being in a house. Oikophobia - Fear of home surroundings. Olfactophobia - Fear of smells. Ombrophobia - Fear of rain or being rained on. Ommatophobia - Fear of eyes. Oneirogmophobia - Fear of wet dreams. Oneirophobia - Fear of dreams. Onomatophobia - Fear of hearing a certain word or names. Ophidiophobia - Fear of snakes. Opthalmophobia - Fear of being stared at. Optophobia - Fear of opening one's eyes. Ornithophobia - Fear of birds. Osmophobia - Fear of smells or odors. Osphesiophobia - Fear of smells or odors. Ostraconophobia - Fear of shellfish. Pagophobia - Fear of ice or frost. Panophobia - Fear of everything. Panthophobia - Fear of suffering and disease. Pantophobia - Fear of everything. Papaphobia - Fear fo the Pope. Papyrophobia - Fear of paper. Paralipophobia - Fear of neglecting duty or responsibility. Paraphobia - Fear of sexual perversion. Parasitophobia - Fear of parasites. Paraskavedekatriaphobia - Fear of Friday the 13th. Parthenophobia - Fear of virgins or young girls. Parturiphobia - Fear of childbirth. Peccatophobia - Fear of sinning. (imaginary crime) Pediculophobia - Fear of lice. Peladophobia - Fear of bald people. Pellagrophobia - Fear of pellagra. Phagophobia - Fear of swallowing or eating or of being eaten. Phalacrophobia - Fear of becoming bald. Phallophobia - Fear of penis, esp erect. Pharmacophobia - Fear of taking medicine. Pharmacophobia - Fear of drugs. Phengophobia - Fear of daylight or sunshine. Philemaphobia - Fear of kissing. Philophobia - Fear of falling in love or being in love. Philosophobia - Fear of philosophy. Phonophobia - Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones. Photoaugliaphobia - Fear of glaring lights. Photophobia - Fear of light. Pluviophobia - Fear of rain or of being rained on. Pneumatiphobia - Fear of spirits. Pnigerophobia - Fear of choking or of being smothered. Pnigophobia - Fear of choking or of being smothered. Pocrescophobia - Fear of gaining weight. Pocresophobia - Fear of gaining weight. Pogonophobia - Fear of beards. Poliosophobia - Fear of contracting poliomyelitis. Politicophobia - Fear or abnormal dislike of politicians. Polyphobia - Fear of many things. Ponophobia - Fear of overworking or of pain. Porphyrophobia - Fear of the color purple. Potamophobia - Fear of rivers or running water. Potophobia - Fear of alcohol. Pteronophobia - Fear of being tickled by feathers. Pupaphobia - Fear of puppets. Radiophobia - Fear of radiation, x-rays. Ranidaphobia - Fear of frogs. Rectophobia - Fear of rectum or rectal diseases. Rhabdophobia - Fear of being severely punished or beaten by a rod, or of being severely criticized. Also fear of magic. (wand) Rhypophobia - Fear of defecation. Rhytiphobia - Fear of getting wrinkles. Rupophobia - Fear of dirt. Sarmassophobia - Fear of love play. Sarmassophobia - Fear of love play. Satanophobia - Fear of Satin. Scatophobia - Fear of fecal matter. Scelerophobia - Fear of bad men, burglars. Sciaphobia - Fear of shadows. Scopophobia - Fear of being seen or stared at. Scoptophobia - Fear of being seen or stared at. Scotomaphobia - Fear of blindness in visual field. Scotophobia - Fear of darkness. Scriptophobia - Fear of writing in public. Selaphobia - Fear of light flashes. Selenophobia - Fear of the moon. Seplophobia - Fear of decaying matter. Sesquipedalophobia - Fear of long words. Sexophobia - Fear of the opposit sex. Sexophobia - Fear of the opposite sex. Siderophobia - Fear of stars. Sinistrophobia - Fear of things to the left, left-handed. Sinophobia - Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture. Sitiophobia - Fear of food. Sitiophobia - Fear of food or eating. Sitophobia - Fear of food or eating. Sitophobia - Fear of food. Social Phobia - Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations. Sociophobia - Fear of society or people in general. Somniphobia - Fear of sleep. Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others. Spacephobia - Fear of outer space. Spectrophobia - Fear of specters or ghosts. Spermatophobia - Fear of germs. Stasibasiphobia - Fear fo standing or walking. Stasiphobia - Fear of standing or walking. Staurophobia - Fear of crosses or the crucifix. Stenophobia - Fear of narrow things or places. Stigiophobia - Fear of hell. Taphephobia - Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Taphophobia - Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries. Tapinophobia - Fear of being contagious. Taurophobia - Fear of bulls. Teleophobia - Fear fo difinite plans. Fear of Religious ceremony. Telephonophobia - Fear of telephones. Teratophobia - Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people. Testaphobia - Fear of taking test. Tetanophobia - Fear of lockjaw, tetnus. Teutophobia - Fear of German or German things. Textophobia - Fear of certain fabrics. Thaasophobia - Fear of sitting. Thalassophobia - Fear of the sea. Thanatophobia - Fear of death or dying. Thantophobia - Fear of death or dying. Theatrophobia - Fear of theaters. Theophobia - Fear of gods or religion. Theologicophobia - Fear of theology. Tocophobia Fear of pregnancy or childbirth. Tomophobia - Fear of surgical operations. Tonitrophobia - Fear of thunder. Topophobia - Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright. Toxiphobia - Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Toxophobia - Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Toxicophobia - Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned. Traumatophobia - Fear of injury.	i don't know
Which US President is depicted on a $50 banknote?	Symbols on American Money - Philadelphia Fed Home > Education > Resources for Teachers > Publications > Symbols on American Money Symbols on American Money Paper money has circulated in America at least as far back as colonial times. But how did American currency come to look the way it does? What do all the symbols on our money mean? Symbolism on the One Dollar Bill Look at the image of perhaps the world's most instantly recognizable paper money — the $1 U.S. Federal Reserve note. What does it mean to you? Despite our familiarity with this particular currency note, many of us have never looked closely at its design and symbolism. As you'll learn as you read on, American currency displays many significant symbols. Once you know what they mean, you may never look at your money in quite the same way. $1 Federal Reserve notes Perhaps the most universally renowned symbol to appear on American paper money is front and center on our $1 Federal Reserve notes. George Washington, our nation's first president, is a nationally recognized symbol of unity and trust. But he was not always there. The $1 legal tender note, issued by the United States during the Civil War, was the first widely circulated U.S. $1 bill (see below). It features Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury. Symbolism was very much on the minds of Treasury officials when they were contemplating the design for the Treasury seal (in red on the left side of the note below). They decided that the number of spikes surrounding the Treasury seal should equal the number of states in the Union, which was 34 before the start of the Civil War. A problem arose because seven states had seceded from the Union by February 1861 and four more left in April of that year. However, the patriotic Treasury viewed the situation as temporary and proceeded to include 34 spikes on its seal. The note shown below was issued in 1862. $1 legal tender note, issued in 1862 On the front of today's $1 note, you see the modern U.S. Treasury seal (shown below right). The balancing scales represent justice. In the center of the seal, the chevron's 13 stars represent the 13 original colonies. The key underneath is an emblem of official authority. According to the Treasury Department, the original seal, which was very similar to the one shown here, was designed by Francis Hopkinson, a delegate to the Continental Congress. The present, more streamlined design was approved in January 1968. U.S. Treasury seal Note also the Federal Reserve System seal. Previously, the seal of a Federal Reserve Bank was printed on each bill of all denominations. But beginning with the $100 bill in 1996, a general seal representing the Federal Reserve System began replacing individual Reserve Bank seals, and this general seal is now used on all of our higher denomination notes. The $1 and $2 bills still carry the District seals, which feature a letter that indicates the issuing Reserve Bank. Philadelphia, which is the Third Federal Reserve District, is designated with the letter C on the note at top. But it is the reverse side of the $1 note that holds the most meaning. Our Founding Fathers were deeply aware of the importance of symbols. In fact, before the adjournment of the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, a committee was appointed to create a seal that would symbolize America's ideals. The committee included John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin — three of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson and Franklin: Pharaohs and Turkeys We know of one connection between ancient Egypt and the origins of American paper money: the pyramid on the reverse of the Great Seal. However, if Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson had had their way, the Great Seal of the United States might have featured an Egyptian pharaoh. Our notes might also have featured not the proud eagle but an entirely different bird. The seal that Franklin and Jefferson advocated symbolized an Egyptian pharaoh sitting in an open chariot with a crown on his head and a sword in his hand, passing through the divided waters of the Red Sea in pursuit of the Israelites. The motto they favored was "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." In fact, Jefferson so strongly supported this idea that he used it on his own personal seal. In addition, Franklin was very much in favor of using the turkey as America's national bird. He expressed this choice ardently to his daughter in a letter, explaining that the eagle is "a bird of bad moral character." Franklin noted that the turkey, on the other hand, is a "more respectable bird and...a true original native of America." Designing the Seal However, designing the seal was a difficult and controversial undertaking that spanned six years and three committees. The final proposal, as accepted by Congress, was submitted on June 13, 1782, by Charles Thomson, a prominent Philadelphia merchant and secretary of the Continental Congress. He is credited with finalizing the design — unifying the ideas of the three committees, their consultants, and artists. The result was the Great Seal of the United States, and hidden within it are the messages our Founding Fathers wanted to send to future generations of Americans. Today, the two most prominent features on the back of the $1 note are the pyramid and the eagle, which together constitute the Great Seal of the United States. Great Seal of the United States To solve the mystery of what these symbols mean, we go directly to the source, Charles Thomson, who presented his written description of the Great Seal to Congress on June 20, 1782. The most striking feature of the front of the seal is, in Thomson's words, "an American Eagle on the wing and rising." The eagle flies freely, independent of any support, holding in its left talon 13 arrows, signifying war, and in its right talon an olive branch, signifying peace. You may think which talon holds the arrows and which holds the olive branch is of little consequence. But, in the language of symbols, it is of great significance. The right side signifies dominance. Therefore, arrows depicted in the eagle's right talon can be interpreted as a warlike gesture. Failure to adhere to this concept almost got the United States into a war. Silver coin, circa 1801-1807 From 1801 to 1807, the eagles on the backs of our silver coins were inadvertently shown with the arrows in the right talon instead of the left. Some European journalists and diplomats interpreted this as an expression of American belligerence and tried to use it as grounds for promoting war with the United States. In response, a new design was created in 1807 for the backs of American silver coins. This time, the olive branch — representing peace — was placed in the dominant right talon, putting an end to the journalistic saber rattling. The eagle holds a banner in its beak with the words "E Pluribus Unum," which Thomson translates to mean "Out of many, one." Thomson goes on to explain that the shield, or escutcheon, on the eagle's breast is composed of two major parts: a horizontal blue band, which represents Congress, extending across the top third of the shield supported by 13 red and white vertical stripes, which represent the 13 original colonies. The 13 stars above the eagle represent a new constellation taking its place in the universe, in the same way that a new nation takes its place among the other sovereign nations. The colors also have significance. Blue stands for vigilance, perseverance, and justice; red signifies hardiness and valor; and white indicates purity and innocence. The reverse of the Great Seal features an unfinished pyramid, which Thomson states signifies "strength and duration." The pyramid is composed of 13 rows of building blocks, on the first of which are the Roman numerals representing 1776. The Latin inscription "Novus Ordo Seclorum" translates to "A New Order of the Ages." Thomson explains that this refers to the new form of government. Influenced by the poetry of Virgil, he composed this motto himself, writing that it signified "the beginning of the new American Era." At the top of the pyramid is an eye, with rays that emanate in all directions. Above the eye, the Latin motto "Annuit Coeptis" translates to "Providence Has Favored Our Undertakings," which Thomson explains "alludes to the many signal interpositions of providence in favor of the American cause." Franklin Roosevelt's Role Now that we know what the Great Seal stands for, we might ask why it appears on our paper money. Who made that decision? $1 silver certificate, series 1928 As you can see from the image at right, the first small sized dollar bills issued in America did not feature the Great Seal or much of any symbolism at all. Today, paper money collectors refer to currency with this design as "funny backs." This all changed one day in 1934 when Secretary of Agriculture (and later vice president) Henry Wallace was waiting to go into a meeting. He picked up a publication describing the Great Seal and focused on the Latin phrase "Novus Ordo Seclorum," which we know was intended to mean "A New Order of the Ages." But Secretary Wallace interpreted it slightly differently and could not wait to bring to the attention of President Franklin Roosevelt the Great Seal with its message as he understood it: "The New Deal of the Ages." As Freemasons, both Roosevelt and Wallace saw the symbol above the pyramid as representing the "all-seeing eye," the Masonic symbol of the Great Architect of the Universe. President Roosevelt liked Wallace's idea very much — so much so, in fact, that he decided to replace the design on the reverse of our $1 bills with something more symbolic and patriotic: the Great Seal of the United States. In the initial design of the new currency, the seal was reversed from how it appears today (as in the note at top), with the eagle featured on the left and the pyramid on the right. President Roosevelt took a keen personal interest in the new design. Looking at an early version of the new back, we clearly see Roosevelt's suggested changes indicated in his own handwriting and signed with his initials, FDR. In addition to reversing the positions of the pyramid and the eagle, Roosevelt also notes that the title "The Great Seal of the United States" should be added below the circles. The new version was first issued on the series of 1935 $1 silver certificates. These were nearly identical to the $1 Federal Reserve notes we use today. But one important distinction was still to come. "In God We Trust" first started to appear on U.S. money during the Civil War era, largely because of the nation's increasing religious sentiment. The motto was used for the first time on the copper two-cent piece in 1864. But it was not until 1956 that Congress passed a law declaring "In God We Trust" the national motto of the United States. The motto was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the $1 silver certificate. Symbolism on Early Money It's not just our modern, familiar currency whose design holds significance. Early paper money issued by the Continental Congress also displayed important symbols and mottoes. The images on the fronts of these notes were all highly symbolic, and each image was paired with a patriotic Latin motto. Most of the designs can be traced directly back to a book of emblems printed in Europe in the 1600s — a book that was almost certainly in Benjamin Franklin's library in Philadelphia. Franklin loved a good riddle, and a pairing of the Latin phrases with symbols on the notes was almost certainly his idea. Fractional denominations of continental notes The continental notes and the symbols that appear on them give us further insight into what the Founding Fathers were thinking about when they considered this very first federal issue. Many of these designs were the predecessors of the Great Seal. The February 1776 issue included fractional denominations, including this third of a dollar shown at right. The front of this note shows the sun shining on a sundial with the Latin word "Fugio" and the English words "Mind Your Business." This picture and word puzzle, attributed to Benjamin Franklin, means, "Time flies, so mind your business." The first American cent, known as the chain cent The back of the note shows a chain composed of 13 links, each with the name of one of the 13 original colonies. This design, also attributed to Franklin, was used on the first federally authorized coins as well. The image shown here at left depicts the back of the first American cent, known as the chain cent. These coins came under strong public criticism because some people viewed the chain as a symbol of slavery. A year later, new one-cent coins were minted with a different design on the back — a victory wreath. As the Revolutionary War proceeded, inflation became a fact of life, and higher denominations of notes were needed. Some of the designs on the higher denomination continental notes have been attributed to Francis Hopkinson. Some of his designs, shown here on early continental notes, are viewed as predecessors to the symbols on the Great Seal and Treasury Seal. The $40 continental note features the all-seeing eye over 13 stars arranged around an eternal flame. Also, a stepped pyramid of 13 levels appears on the $50 continental note, along with the motto "Perennis," meaning "everlasting." The $65 continental note depicts a hand holding a balance scale below the motto "Fiat Justitia," or "Let justice be done." $40, $50, and $65 continental notes Other Early American Money Just as the Continental Congress was authorizing the first issues of federal paper money, individual states were issuing their own paper money. Patriotic symbols were apparent on these notes as well. $5 note issued by Georgia in 1777 The $5 note issued by Georgia in 1777 features a coiled rattlesnake and the Latin motto "Nemo Me Impune Lacessit," meaning "No one provokes me with impunity." The handwritten document pictured below left shows the depreciation of the continental dollar against the Spanish milled dollar, or piece of eight, between 1777 and 1780. When the continental notes were first issued, they were well received and circulated near par value. As time went on, however, British counterfeiting and other inflationary factors caused the notes to become nearly worthless. By 1780, it took 4,000 continental dollars to buy 100 Spanish milled dollars. By the end of the Revolutionary War, public confidence in paper money issued by the federal government was at an all-time low. There would be no more widely circulated federal paper money until the Civil War. A handwritten document that shows the depreciation of the continental dollar against the Spanish milled dollar, or piece of eight, between 1777 and 1780. Instead, we entered a period of private and state banking. Paper money was issued by banks, state governments, local governments, private individuals, and companies. From around 1790 to 1865, the number of paper money issuers grew from a handful to over 8,000 different banks and institutions. In addition, depending on the note and the issuer, currency was often discounted. People had to be knowledgeable about the current worth of various notes from myriad issuers — a particularly overwhelming task for merchants. The earliest notes issued by private banks were relatively simple in design and symbolism, and counterfeiters saw this as a golden opportunity. They plagued bank after bank, driving many into insolvency. This forced the legitimate printers of bank notes to develop more elaborate designs. Many of the notes featured symbolism that was deeply local in nature. For example, the early currency of the Windham Bank, in the small eastern Connecticut town of Windham, features a unique symbol that originated in local folklore. $5 private bank note, 1850s In 1754, at the time of the French and Indian War, the legend says that two Windham men were returning home through the woods late one night when they were startled by strange and terrifying noises echoing through the night air. The two men rushed home to sound the alarm for what they believed to be a large company of Indians and soldiers coming to attack the town. The villagers readied their weapons and prepared for the worst. When morning came, they marched out to confront the enemy directly, but no enemy was found. Instead, the villagers came upon the source of the commotion in a nearby pond. It was indeed a battlefield, but the combatants were not soldiers or Indians, but bullfrogs. What the townspeople of Windham saw shocked them — thousands of dead and dying frogs, some still uttering war cries. What had happened that night is still not clear. The theory held at the time was that they died fighting each other, possibly for the small amount of water in the lowered pond. The tale quickly spread from town to town and from generation to generation. This strange event became an important part of Windham's history. It has been immortalized in poetry and song and even on the local currency. The Windham Bank issued notes prominently featuring a vignette of a frog standing over the body of another frog to remind everyone of Windham's famous battle of the frogs. Other notes feature unique design elements as well. The Santa Claus note shown here is whimsical and entertaining and very much in demand by collectors. The Santa Claus design suggests happiness and generosity — characteristics not often associated with banks. $20 private bank note, 1850s There was more than one independent nation in America issuing bank notes in the period between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War. The Republic of Texas declared its independence from Mexico in 1836 and remained an independent nation until 1845, issuing its own paper money. $50 note issued by Republic of Texas, pre-1845 Another government that issued bank notes in America during the 19th century was the Confederate States of America. About a month before the beginning of hostilities at Fort Sumter, the Confederate Secretary of the Treasury, C.G. Memminger, ordered bank notes for the new government from the National Bank Note Company in New York City. The symbols he chose for the first issue were quite appropriate. On the $1000 note shown here, John C. Calhoun, the great states' rights advocate, appears on the left. Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States and a staunch supporter of states' rights, appears on the right. The symbolism used on the 1861 $50 Confederate note (shown at right) from the same first issue should come as no surprise. It clearly sends a message about the importance the Confederacy placed on slavery and agriculture. On the other hand, what could be more symbolically embarrassing than the choice made for the $10 Confederate note? The child in the lower right corner is quite charming from an artistic point of view. However, at the time the note was issued, the child was an adult living in Philadelphia — the well-known Unionist and ardent abolitionist Dr. Alfred Elwyn. The image on the left of this note seems more appropriate: Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, a senator from Virginia who served as Secretary of State for the Confederacy from 1861 to 1862. $10 Confederate note Sometimes the symbolism employed on a bank note can provoke a strong reaction from the public. That was the case with at least one of the notes in the U.S. Educational series of 1896. The $1 silver certificate in this series is widely considered one of the most beautiful designs ever used on American paper money. On it, a woman representing history instructs a boy about the U.S. Constitution, which has been engraved on a plaque. The background shows the landscape of Washington, D.C. $1 silver certificate, series 1896 However, the $5 note in this beautiful series became the subject of a great deal of controversy. In the center of this magnificent note is an allegorical female representing electricity as the most dominant force in the world. While classical female figures appeared on hundreds of different bank notes throughout the 19th century, this particular note elicited a violent negative reaction at the time from senators' wives. $5 silver certificate, series 1896 The entire series was quickly abandoned. The next $5 silver certificate was issued with what the government thought would be a far less controversial symbol — a Sioux Indian chief. However, workers at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing substituted the headdress of a rival tribe, the Pawnee, on the final image. This switch precipitated not only a political scandal but caused additional ill will between the Sioux and Pawnee peoples. $5 silver certificate, 1899 Images on Early Federal Reserve Notes The first series of notes issued by the Federal Reserve Banks featured George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson, Grover Cleveland, and Ulysses S. Grant on the fronts. $1 and $2 Federal Reserve bank notes, series 1918 The backs displayed a far more symbolic variety of themes. The eagle carrying the U.S. flag on the $1 bill radiates confidence and patriotism. The World War I battleship on the $2 bill symbolizes strength and power. On the $50 bill (shown below), the word "Panama" appears at the bottom of this beautiful engraving, since this note was issued the year that the Panama Canal was opened. Other figures have appeared on the front of higher denomination Federal Reserve notes, including William McKinley, James Madison, Salmon P. Chase, and Woodrow Wilson. The largest denomination note printed today is the $100 bill, which features Benjamin Franklin. In 1929, when the size of all U.S. currency notes was reduced, the front and back designs of all notes were standardized. Portraits were placed on the front and monuments or buildings on the back. Conclusion Pyramids, eagles, goddesses, and frogs — even Santa Claus. These are just a few of the images that have appeared on American currency over the past three centuries. Some of these symbols are no longer used, but many of them can still be found on present-day U.S. notes and coins. Understanding the importance of the symbolism on American money and the meaningful messages it conveys helps us to better appreciate the ideals of hope, optimism, and patriotism our Founding Fathers were trying to pass on to all future generations of Americans to share. Order This Essay Order copies of "Symbols on American Money" and other publications from the Philadelphia Fed by using our online order form.	Ulysses S. Grant
A tridecagon has how many sides?	Portraits & Designs Portraits & Designs Page Content I heard the $10 note will be redesigned. Where can I learn more about that initiative? Visit TheNew10 website for complete information and to share your ideas. Why were certain individuals chosen to be pictured on our paper currency? As with our nation's coinage, the Secretary of the Treasury usually selects the designs shown on United States currency. Unless specified by an Act of Congress, the Secretary generally has the final approval. This is done with the advice of Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) officials. The law prohibits portraits of living persons from appearing on Government Securities. Therefore, the portraits on our currency notes are of deceased persons whose places in history the American people know well. The basic face and back designs of all denominations of our paper currency in circulation today were selected in 1928, although they were modified to improve security against counterfeiting starting in 1996. A committee appointed to study such matters made those choices. The only exception is the reverse design of the one-dollar bill. Unfortunately, however, our records do not suggest why certain Presidents and statesmen were chosen for specific denominations. What portraits are found on United States paper currency that is in circulation today? Whose portraits were included on currency notes that are no longer produced? United States currency notes now in production bear the following portraits: George Washington on the $1 bill, Thomas Jefferson on the $2 bill, Abraham Lincoln on the $5 bill, Alexander Hamilton on the $10 bill, Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill, Ulysses S. Grant on the $50 bill, and Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill. There are also several denominations of currency notes that are no longer produced. These include the $500 bill with the portrait of William McKinley, the $1,000 bill with a portrait of Grover Cleveland, the $5,000 bill with a portrait of James Madison, the $10,000 bill with a portrait of Salmon P. Chase , and the $100,000 currency note bearing a portrait of Woodrow Wilson. What is the significance of the symbols on the back of the one-dollar bill? I'm particularly interested in the eye and the pyramid. The eye and the pyramid shown on the reverse side of the one-dollar bill are in the Great Seal of the United States. The Great Seal was first used on the reverse of the one-dollar Federal Reserve note in 1935. The Department of State is the official keeper of the Seal. They believe that the most accurate explanation of a pyramid on the Great Seal is that it symbolizes strength and durability. The unfinished pyramid means that the United States will always grow, improve and build. In addition, the "All-Seeing Eye" located above the pyramid suggests the importance of divine guidance in favor of the American cause. The inscription ANNUIT COEPTIS translates as "He (God) has favored our undertakings," and refers to the many instances of Divine Providence during our Government's formation. In addition, the inscription NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM translates as "A new order of the ages," and signifies a new American era. What is the significance of the series date on our currency? Doesn't the date change each year as it does with coins? A new series will result from a change in the Secretary of the Treasury, the Treasurer of the United States, and/or a change to the note's appearance such as a new currency design. After the Secretary of the Treasury changes, a new series year is adopted. When the Treasurer of the United States changes, a suffix letter is added to the series year (e.g. 1999A). Additional changes of the Treasurer, whereby the Secretary of the Treasury remains the same results in subsequent letter changes to the current series year (e.g. 1999B, 1999C, etc.). On newly designed notes, the series year may appear on the right or the left of the note’s face side. The year in which the currency is actually printed is not indicated on the note. Beginning with Series 1996 Federal Reserve notes, there are two prefix letters to the serial number. The first prefix letter indicates the series year. The second prefix letter indicates the issuing Reserve Bank. What States are shown on the back of the five-dollar bill? The vignette on the reverse of the five-dollar bill depicts the Lincoln Memorial. You may be aware that, engraved on that Memorial are the names of the 48 states in 1922, which was the year the Memorial was dedicated. There are engravings of 26 State names on front of the building, which appears on the note vignette. As a result, only 26 of the States appear on the note. The upper frieze of the Memorial bears the States of Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada, Nebraska, Colorado, and North Dakota. The lower Frieze lists the States of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, and New York. In addition, the engravings show the abbreviated names "Hampshire" (for New Hampshire) and "Carolina" (for South Carolina). We have no information why the prefixes for these states were not used. Page Image Last Updated: 12/1/2015 4:28 PM <div class="UserGeneric">The current browser does not support Web pages that contain the IFRAME element. To use this Web Part, you must use a browser that supports this element, such as Internet Explorer 7.0 or later.</div>	i don't know
According to the proverb, ‘A bird in the…..’what’…is worth two in the bush’?	Learn English through proverbs (part 1) 1. "A big tree attracts the woodsman's axe." Meaning: Those who make themselves seem great will attract bad things 2. "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." 3. "A bad workman always blames his tools." Meaning: People never blame themselves for what they do 4. " A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." 5. "A burnt child dreads the fire." Meaning: A person who has had bad experiences will shy away from certain things. This Proverb intimates, That it is natural for all living Creatures, whether rational or irrational, to consult their own Security, and Self-Preservation; and whether they act by Instinct or Reason, it still tends to some care of avoiding those things that have already done them an Injury. 6. "A calm sea does not make a skilled sailor." (African proverb) Meaning: calm times do not show anything; it's the tough times that make you what 7. "A closed mouth catches no flies." Meaning: It is often safer to keep one's mouth shut. 8. " A coward dies a thousand times before his death. The valiant tastes of death but once." From William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar Possible interpretation: The brave have less to fear than the cowardly. Also: The damage to the soul and pride of the coward for his actions are held in comparison to the life of fulfilment had by the brave. Also: Worrying about a forthcoming disaster may cause as much (or even more) pain as the disaster when it occurs (but does neither change it nor make it easier). 9. "A fool and his money are soon parted." 10. "A friend in need is a friend indeed." Meaning: A genuine friend is with you even in times of trouble. Alternative meaning: A person will be very friendly if they need something from you. 11. "A friend to all is a friend to none." Being a friend to everyone makes none of your friends feel special Interpretation: Friendship with all is impossible; disagreement and friction in relations are natural. 12. "A good man in an evil society seems the greatest villain of all." Meaning: society is what makes good good and bad bad 13. "A half truth is a whole lie." 14. "A jack of all trades is master of none." 15. "A lie can be halfway around the world before the truth gets its boots on." A great lie may be widely accepted before the truth comes to light. 16. "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing." "A little Learning is a dangerous Thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring: There shallow Draughts intoxicate the Brain, And drinking largely sobers us again". Alexander Pope 17. "A loaded wagon makes no noise." People with real money don't talk about it. 18. "A penny saved is a penny earned." Attributed to Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanac 19. "A pot of milk is ruined by a drop of poison." 20. "A stitch in time saves nine." Fix the small problem now before it becomes larger and harder to fix. 21. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." From Isle of Beauty by Thomas Haynes Bayly Interpretation: We miss people when we are separated from them. 22. "Act today only tomorrow is too late." 23. "Actions speak louder than words." 24. "Advice most needed is least heeded." 25. "All the world is your country, to do good is your religion." 26. "All for one and one for all." Alexandre Dumas, The Three Musketeers 27. "All's well that ends well." A play by William Shakespeare 28. "All that glisters is not gold." William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, act II, scene 7 Possible interpretation: Not everything is what it appears to be. 29. "All things come to him who waits." All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. All play and no work makes Jack a mere toy. 30. "An empty vessel makes the most noise." Meaning an empty head/brain makes more sound than a full (intelligent?) one 31. "An eye for an eye leaves the whole world blind." 32. "Ask me no questions, I'll tell you no lies." Alternative: Ask no questions and hear no lies. 33. "As soon as a man is born,he begins to die." 34. "A watched pot never boils." Main interpretation: Time seems to pass quicker when you aren't consciously waiting for something Possible interpretation: Worrying over something can make the task seem to take longer than it should. 35. "Barking dogs seldom bite." Meaning: People who are busy complaining rarely take more concrete hostile action. Alternate meaning: Those who cast threats are seldom man enough to carry them out. 36. "Before criticizing a man, walk a mile in his shoes." Meaning: One should not criticize people without understanding their situation. 37. "Better late than never." Meaning: It's better to make an effort to keep an appointment than to give up altogether when you discover you will be late. 38. "Better safe than sorry." Meaning: It is better to take precautions when its possible that something can go amiss then to regret doing nothing later if something should indeed go wrong. 39. "Better the devil you know (than the one you don't)." 40. "Blood is thicker than water." Meaning: Bonds between family members are stronger than other relationships. 41. "Can't see the forest for the trees." You can't see the big picture because of all the details. You can't see the forest when you're in it. One can only identify the problem when they are not in it. 42. "Chance favours the prepared mind." 43. "Charity begins at home." 44. "Clothes don't make the man." Possible interpretation: Appearances can be deceptive. Variant: A man is not a man simply for his wealth. 45. "Common sense ain't common." 46. "Cut your coat according to your cloth." 47. "Cleanliness is next to godliness." D 48. "A dull pencil is greater than the sharpest memory." 49. "Damned if you do, damned if you don't." Meaning: Refers to a situation where both possibilities will lead to harm or blame. 50. "Desperate times call for desperate measures." 51. "Does life stop when a pen is out of ink?" 52. "Don't ask God to guide your footsteps if you're not willing to move your feet." 53. "Don't bite the hand that feeds you." Meaning: Behave deferentially to those who provide for you. 54. "Don't burn your bridges before they're crossed." Meaning: Do not act in such a way as to leave yourself no alternatives. 55. " Don't count your chickens before they're hatched." 56. "Don't bite off more than you can chew." Meaning: Do not take on more responsibility than you can handle at any one time. 57. "Don't cry over spilt milk." Meaning: Don't worry about things that have already happened 58. "Don't judge a book by its cover." Meaning: Do not judge by appearances. 59. "Don't make a mountain out of a molehill." Don't exaggerate small things / Don't make a big deal out of something minor. 60. " Don't put all your eggs in one basket." Meaning: Do not rest all your hopes on one eventuality; plan for several cases. 61. "Don't put the cart before the horse." Meaning: Do things in the correct order. 62. "Don't spit into the wind." 63. "Don't take life too seriously; you'll never get out of it alive." 64. "Doubt is the beginning, not the end, of wisdom." 65. "Don't bring a knife to a gun fight." 66. "Dreams are not the ones which come when you sleep, but they are the ones which will not let you sleep". 74. "Faint heart never won a fair lady." 75. "Failure is the stepping stone for success." 76. "Falling down does not signify failure but staying there does." 77. "First come, first served." 78. "First deserve, then desire." 79. "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me." 80. "For want of a nail the horseshoe was lost." Complete version: for want of a nail the horseshoe was lost, for want of a horseshoe the horse was lost, for want of a horse the rider was lost, for want of a rider the battle was lost, for want of a battle the kingdom was lost, and all for want of a horseshoe nail. 81. "Fortune favors the brave." Possible meaning: Courageous people make their own luck. 82. "Failure is not falling down, you fail when you dont get back up." 83. "Go with the flow" 84. "Give and take is fair play." 85. "Give a dog a bad name and hang him." 86. "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime." to learn a lesson is a far better reward than to win a prize early in the GAME it is better to know how to help yourself than to beg from others 87. "'Give credit where credit is due." Variant: Give the Devil his due. 88. "Give, and ye shall receive." 89. "Give him an inch and he'll take a yard." 90. "Give people a common enemy and hopefully they will work together." 91. "Good fences make good neighbors." 92. "Good men are hard to find." 93. "Great minds think alike, but fools seldom differ." 94. "Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds." Albert Einstein 95. "Green leaves and brown leaves fall from the same tree." Many possible interpretations Things change over time. If you are good at one aspect of a skill, you should be skilled at the other aspects, such as a painter who says he can't draw, yet both painting and drawing are aspects of art. No matter what the the outside is, we are all the same inside. 96. "Give respect, take respect." 97. "He who is good at excuses is seldom good at anything else." 98. "Half a loaf is better than none." Alternative version: Be thankful for what you've got. 99. "Handsome is as handsome does." 100. "Happy wife, happy life." 101."Haste makes waste". 102. "He who dares wins." Variation: 'Who Dares Wins' - British SAS motto 103. "He who fails to prepare, prepares to fail." Variation: He who fails to plan, plans to fail. 104. "Health is better than wealth." 105. "He who fails to study the past is doomed to repeat it." 106. "He who hesitates is lost." 107. "He who laughs last laughs best." Variation: He who laughs last laughs longest. 108. "He who laughs last is the slowest to think." 109. "He who lives too fast, goes to his grave too soon." 110. "He who will steal an egg will steal an ox." 111. "Help yourself and God will help you." 112. "He who sleeps forgets his hunger." 113. "Home is where the heart is." 114. "Honesty is the best policy." 115. "Hope for the best, expect the worst." Alternate version: Pray for the best, prepare for the worst. 116. "Hope is life." 117. "Helping Hands are better than Praying Lips" Mother Theres	Hand
Who had a 1963 hit with the song ‘Little Boxes’?	A Bird in the Hand is Worth Two in the Bush \| English Idioms Daily Blog :: English Idioms Daily Blog A Bird in the Hand is Worth Two in the Bush 15/09/11 Idioms are often found in comics, cartoons and jokes. There are three English idioms in the comic above. Could you identify them? In case you didn’t, here they are: 1. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 3. Birds of a feather flock together. Have you heard these English idioms before? Over the next three days, we are going to look at these three English ❛bird❜ idioms. Let’s start with the first one: a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. It is a proverb that means ❝the things you already have are worth more than the things you only hope to get❞; in other words, ❝be happy with what you have. It’s very likely better than what you might get❞. Here are two sample sentences to demonstrate the use of a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush: 1. The customer offered only $1000 for the car. The salesman, however, accepted this low offer because he felt that a bird in the hand was worth two in the bush. 2. I didn’t really like the dress, but I decided to buy it. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. Now that you have looked at the meaning of the idiom a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, you can, perhaps, laugh when you look at the comic above when the one bird says ❛Hey look at me! I’m worth more than them put together!❞. Interestingly, there is a small village in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania named Bird-in-Hand. According to the village’s website www.bird-in-hand.com , the village’s name dates back to 1734 when two road surveyors were discussing where they should spend the night - in the present location or somewhere else. One of them said ❝a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush❞. The other surveyor followed this bit of advice and both remained at what became known as the Bird-in-Hand Inn❞ . The village was later founded with the name Bird-in-Hand.	i don't know
Milt is the sperm-filled reproductive gland of which type of creature?	milt - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com milt n fish sperm or sperm-filled reproductive gland; having a creamy texture Synonyms: edible fish (broadly including freshwater fish) or shellfish or roe etc n seminal fluid produced by male fish Word Family Usage Examples Sign up, it's free! Whether you're a student, an educator, or a life-long learner, Vocabulary.com can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement.	Fish
What is US businessman and politician Mitt Romney’s first name?	Aquaculture Study Guide (2011-12 Murphy) - Instructor Murphy at J F Webb High School - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Aquaculture Study Guide (2011-12 Murphy) Aquaculture Study Guide (2011-12 Murphy) StudyBlue Size: 1348 Views: 0 Agriculture The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. Agriculture the art, science,and business of producing every kind of animal and plant useful to humans Advertisement ) Agriculture The art, science, and business—the culture—of producing every kind of plant and animal useful to humans. agriculture the occupation, business, or science of cultivating the land, producing crops, and raising livestock AGRICULTURE THE ART SCIENCE AND BUSINESS OF PRODUCING EVERY KIND OF PLANT AND ANIMAL USEFUL TO ANIMALS Aquaculture The cultivation of aquatic animals or plants for food. Aquaculture the art, science and business of producing aquatic plants and animals useful to humans aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, and aquatic plants Aquaculture The art, science, business of cultivating plants and animals in water. aquaculture the farming of ocean and freshwater plants and animals for human consumption Aquaculture used to describe the art, science, and business of producing aquatic plants and animals useful to humans Aquifer A body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater. aquifer wet underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock that can be drawn from as a well Aquifer Underground supply of water. aquifer a layer of permeable rock, sand, or gravel through which ground water flows, containing enough water to supply wells and springs Advertisement Water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. Brackish Water A mixture of fresh water and sea water; or water with total salt concentration between 0.05 percent and 3.0 percent or a salinity of 1 to 10 parts per thousand. Brackish water A mixture of fresh and sea water; or water with total salt concentrations between 0.05% and 0.3%, or salinity of 1-10 parts per thousand. Brackish Water A mixture of fresh and sea water; or water with total salt concentrations between 0.05 percent and 3.0 percent, or a salinity of 1 to 10 parts per thousand. brackish water a mixture of fresh and sea water; or water with total salt concentrations between .05% and 3.0%, or a salinity of 1 to 10 parts per thousand. brackish water is water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as sea water Brackish Water a mixture of fresh and sea water BRACKISH WATER A MIXTURE OF FRESH AND SEA WATER OR WATER WITH TOTAL SALT CONCENTRATIONS BETWEEN 0.05 AND 3.0 PERCENT Broodstock Group of sexually mature individuals of a cultured species that is kept separate for breeding purposes. Broodstock Adult fish retained for spawning. Culture the business of producing,propagating, transporting, possessing, and selling fish or shell fish raised in a private pond ,raceway, or tank Culture Arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. Culture The business of producing, propagating, transporting, possessing, and selling fish or shellfish raised in a private pond, raceway or tank. culture The controlled rearing of plants or animals. Also used to refer to a stock of plants /animals, especially phytoplankton and zooplankton. CULTURE THE BUSINESS OF PROPAGATING TRANSPORTING PROCESSING AND SELLING FISH OR SHELL FISH RAISED IN A PRIVATE POND RACEWAY OR TANK Coldwater Something of a misnomer, basically means an unheated aquarium. Coldwater The water temps below 55F coldwater commercial production of stock that thrives in cold water Coldwater A chronic, necrotic disease of the fins, primarily the caudal fin, caused by invasion of a myxobacterium into fin and caudal peduncle tissue of an unhealthy fish. coldwater A disease of fish kept in temperate water; caused by the bacteria Cytophaga psychrophila when the tank water temperature is maintained at too low a level. Called also peduncle disease Coldwater aquaculture involves the commercial production of stock that thrives in cool clear water with temp. between 50 and 60 degrees coldwater involves the commercial production of stock that thrives in cool, clear freshwater with temps between 50 and 65 degrees COLDWATER COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF STOCK THAT STRIVES IN COOL CLEAR FRESH WATER Brood stock Adult fish retained for spawning. Cold water Coldwater aquaculture involves the commercial producrion of stock that thrives in cool, clear freshwater withe temperatures between 50˚ and 65˚F(10.0˚ and 18.3˚C). cold water A chronic, necrotic disease of the fins, primaryily the caudal fin, caused by invasion of a myxobacterium into fin and caudal peduncle tissue of an unhealthy fish. brackfish water water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater Eggs The Mature female germ cell,ovum Eggs Roe or hard roe is the fully ripe internal ovaries or egg masses of fish and certain marine animals, such as shrimp, scallop, crab and sea urchins. As a seafood, roe is used both as a cooked ingredient in many dishes and as a raw ingredient. eggs the fish baby's Fingerlings The stage in a fish's life between 1inch (2.5 cm) and the length at 1 year of age. Fingerlings A very young fish Fingerlings The stage in a fish's life between 1 inch(2.5cm) and the length at 1 year of age. fingerlings A fish typically between approximately 10 and 40 grams. Often used up to 1 year of age for some species. fingerlings a young or small fish, especially trout Fingerlings The stage in a fish's life between 1 inch and 2.5 cm and the length at 1 year of age. Fingerlings the stage in a fish's life between 1 inch and the length at 1 year of age Fingerlings the stage in a fish's life between 1 in. and the length at 1 year of age Fingerlings The stage in a fish's life between 1 in. (2.5 cm) FINGERLINGS THE STAGE IN A FISHES LIFE BETWEEN 1in AND THE LENGTH AT 1 YEAR OF AGE Freshwater Water containing less than 0.05 percent total dissolved salts by weight. Freshwater Fresh or found in fresh water; not of the sea: "freshwater and marine fish freshwater Water with a salt content of less than 0.5 parts per thousand (5000 ppm) freshwater naturally occuring water on the earths surface Freshwater water containing less than 0.05% total dissolved salt by its weight Grow-out Facilities that produce crops (fish) from the seed. Grow Out facilities that produce crops from the seed grow-out to increase in size by natural process Grow-out Facilties that produce crops (fish) from the seed Harvesting Involves the gathering or capturing of the fish for marketing and processing. harvesting involves the gathering of capturing of fish for marketing and producing harvesting the process of gathering a crop Harvesting Involves the gathering or capturing of the fish for marketing and processing. Aquaculture harvesting is typically topping or partial and total harvest Harvesting Catch or kill (animals) for human consumption or use Hatchery Produce the seed or young fish. hatchery A figure used in some countries to determine the correct feed rate when temperature, food conversion and growth rates are constant hatchery A place where the hatching of fish or poultry eggs is artificially controlled Husbandry The occupation or business of farming. husbandry The occupation of the care of animals husbandry The care, cultivation, and breeding of crops and animals Incubate To maintain a favorable temp and in other conditions promoting development of eggs until they hatch. incubate Up-welling, conical based container for incubating eggs. Incubate To maintain at a favorable temperature and in other conditions promoting development of eggs until they hatch. Incubate esp. in a laboratory) Keep (eggs, cells, bacteria, embryos, etc.) at a suitable temperature so that they develop Incubation disease - the period of time between the exposure of an individual to a pathogen and the appearance of the disease it causes. eggs - period from fertilization of the egg until it hatches. incubation period from fertilization of eggs until it hatches incubation period of time between the exposure of an individual to a pathogen and the apperance of the diease it causes Incubation Period of time between the exposure of an individual to a pathogen and the appearance of the disease it causes Incubation (eggs)—Period from fertilization of the egg Incubation Period from fertlilization of the egg until it hatchies. Incubation Period from fertilization of the egg and newly hatched fry incubation period between the laying of the eggs to the time they hatch Larvae An immature form that must undergo change of appearance or pass through a metamorphic stage to reach the adult state. larvae An immature form of other animals that undergo some metamorphosis, ex, a tadpole Larvae an immature form that must undergo change of appearance or pass through a metamorphic stage to reach the adult stage. Larvae An immature form of other animals that undergo some metamorphosis, e.g., a tadpo Mariculture Raising of organisms in the ocean. mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater. Mariculture raising of organsims in the ocean Mariculture The cultivation of fish or other marine life for food. Monoculture Raising a single species in a pond or enclosure. monoculture is the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop over a wide area. Monoculture he cultivation of a single crop in a given area. Polyculture Raising two or more species in a pond or enclosure. polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. Polyculture agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes crop rotation, multi-cropping, intercropping, companion planting, beneficial weeds, and alley cropping.. Processing All of the procedures to prepare a product of aquaculture for consumption. processing the supplies and services needed Processing All of the procedures to prepare a product of aquaculture Processing all of the procedures to prepare a product of aquaculture for consumptio Processing Perform a series of mechanical or chemical operations on an animal in order to change or preserve it Processing Perform a series of mechanical or chemical operations on (something) in order to change or preserve it: "the stages in processing the wool" processers Business that takes the raw product to its final form. Salinity Concentration of sodium potassium magnesium calcium bicarbonate carbonate sulfate and halides in water. salinity The term used for the measurement of the total amount of salts in the water salinity Concentration of sodium, magnesium, potassium,calcium,bicarbonate,sulfate, and halides Salinity concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and halides in the water Salinity Amount of salt in water salinity Concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, and halides (chlorine, fluorine, bromine) in water Salinity s the total amount of dissolved material in grams in one kilogram of sea water Salinity Concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium. calcium. Salinity Concentration of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, and halides. Salinity the amount of dissolved salt in it Seed Fertilized matured ovule of a flowering plant containing a embryo or rudinentary plant. seed to improve corn harvest Seed Fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant, containing an embryo or rudimentary plant; any part of a plant that will reproduce, including tubers and bulbs; offspring or progeny. Seed fertilized , matured ovule of a flowering plant, containing an embryo or rudimentary plant Seed Device that allows animals the choice of when to receive food. Self-feeders Devoce that allows animals the choice of when to receive feed self-feeders device that allows animals the choice of when to recieve food. Self-feeders A device for supplying food to farm animals automatically Spawn The mass of eggs deposited in the water by fishes amphibians and other aquatic animals to deposit eggs or sperm (milt) spawn A spawning cycle refers to a period when the animal is producing viable gametes which are ready for the fertilisation process Spawn The mass of eggs deposited in the water by fishes, amphibians, and other aquatic animals; to deposit eggs or sperm. Spawn The mass of eggs deposited in the water by fishes, amphibians, and other aquatic animals Spawn The eggs of a fish,frogs,etc. Spawn A MASS OF EGGS DEPOSITED IN THE WATER Spawning Act of obtaining eggs from female fish and sperm from male fish. spawning act of obtaining eggs from female fish and sperm from male Spawning Water that has the temp of 70 F or higher. warmwater the commercial rasing of stock that thrives in warm,often turbid Warmwater Generally, fish that spawn at temperatures exceeding 70 degrees. The chief cultured warmwater species are basses, sunfish, catfish, and minnows. Warmwater The commercial raising of stock that thrives in warm often turbid freshwater Warmwater aquaculture is the commercial raising of stock that thrives in warm, often turbid, freshwater with temps. exceeding 70 degrees warmwater generally, fish that spawn at temp. exceeding 70. Warmwater fish that spawn at temperatures exceeding 70 degrees Farenheit Warmwater fish that spawn at temperatures exceeding 70 degrees. the chief cultured warm water species are basses, sunfish, catfish, and minnows Warmwater COMMERCIAL RAISING OF STOCK THE STRIVES IN WARM OFTEN TURBID WATER WITH TEMPERATURES 70 DEGREES Aquifier Abilities or capabilities of employees competencies a standardized requirement for an individual to properly perform a specific job. Creative thinking Ability to generate new ideas by making nonlinear or unusual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities; using imagination freely, combining ideas and information creative thinking ability to generate new ideas by making non linear or unusual connections Creative Thinking Ability to generate new ideas by making nonlinear or unusual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities; using imagination freely, combining ideas and information in new ways. Creative thinking Ability to generate new ideas by making nonlinear or ususual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities. Creative thinking ability to generate new ideas by making nonlinear or unusual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities; using imagination freely, combining ideas and info in new ways Creative thinking Ability to generate new ideas by making non linear or unusual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities creative thinking ability to generate new ideas by making nonlinear or unusual connections or by changing or reshaping goals to imagine new possibilities creative thinking refers to thephenomenon whereby aperson createssomething new (aproduct, a solution, awork of art, a novel, ajoke, etc.) creative thinking ability to generate new ideas Cultural diversity Term used to describe the American workplace representing people from different backgrounds cultural diversity having different cultures respect each othersdifferences. cultural diversity the american workplace representing people from different backgrounds Curricular Having to do with a course of study curricular having to do with a coarse of study. curricular the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college. Data sheet Similar to resume; contains pertinent information about potential employee data sheet contains pertinent information about a potential employee Data sheet Similar to a resume, contains pertinent info about potential employee DATA SHEET SIMILAR TO RESUM'E CONTAINS PERTINENT INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL EMPLOYEES data sheet similar to a resume; contains pertiment information about potential employee data sheet is a documentsummarizing the performance and other technical characteristics of a product, machine, component (e.g. an electronic component), material, a subsystem (e.g. a power supply) or software in sufficient detail to be used by a design engineer to integrate thecomponent into a system. data sheet of or relating to relationships or communication between people. Letter of application Sent with resume or data sheet when applying for a job LETTER OF APPLICATION SENT WITH RESUM'E OR DATA SHEET WHEN APPLYING FOR A JOB letter of application Person-to-business letters are letters that individuals send to businesses or institutions on that deal with matters related to some t Letter of inquiry Sent to potential employer requesting possibility of employment letter of inquiry is a letter written in formal language,usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. Resources Available meas of property; a supply that can be drawn out Resources Available mean or property a supply that can be drawn. resources available means or property; a supply that can be drawn on resources available means or property. Resources one's personal attributes and capabilities regarded as able to help or sustain one in adverse circumstances Resumé A summary of an individual's employment record Sociability The quality or character of being agreeable in company sociability willing to talk and engage in activities with other people; friendly. Sociability the quality of being agreeable in company Systems Orderly combinations or arrangements of parts, elements, and like, into a whole, especially such combinations according to some rational principle SYSTEMS ORDERLY COMBINATIONS OR ARRANGEMENTS OF PARTS ELEMENTS AND THE LIKE INTO A WHOLE ESPECIALLY SUCH COMBINATIONS ACCORDING TO SOME RATIONAL PRINCIBLE systems a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular. systems the quality or character of being agreeable in company RESUM'E A SUMMARY OF AN INDIVIDUALS EMPLOYMENT RECORD VISULAIZATION BEING ABLE TO SEE THINGS IN THE MINDS EYE Adductor Term used to describe muscle that draws toward the axis. Adductor used to describe muscle that draws toward the axis Adductor Term used to describe muscle that draws toward Adductor A muscle whose contraction moves a limb or other part of the body toward the midline of the body or toward another part. Antennae Paired, lateral, moveable, jointed appendages on the head of crustaceans. antennae paired, lateral, movable, jointed appendages on the head of crustaceans Antennae Any part joined to or diverging from the main body Antennae Either of a pair of long, thin sensory appendages on the heads of insects, crustaceans, and some other arthropods. Antennae Paired, literal, moveable, jointed appendages on the head of crustaceans. Appendages Any part joined to or diverging from the main body. appendages any part jointed to or diverging from the main body Appendages Part that is added or attached to body Appendages Part that is added or attached to body Definition Reproductions without eggs and sperm. Assimilation The transformation of digested foods into an integral and homogeneous part of the solids or fluids of the organism. Assimilation The transformation of digested foods into an intregal and homogeneous part of the solids or fluids of the organism. Assimilation The transformation of digested foods in to a intregal and homogenous Assimilation The transformation of digested into an intergal homogenous part of the solids or fluids of the organism Bivalve Animals with two sides of a shell hinged together. Bloom Used to describe flourishing algae in a pond. Calcareous Composed of, containing, or like limestone or calcium carbonate. Calcareous Composed of, containing, or like limestone Calcareous Composed of, containing, or like limestone or calcium Carnivores Animals feeding or preying on animals, eating only food. carnivores animals feeding or preying on animals , eating only animals for food carnivores meat eaters, animals feeding or preying on animals Carnivores animal that hunts and eats only meat Chlorophyll Green pigment essential to photosynthesis in plants. Chlorophyll Green pigment essential to photosynthesis Decapods An animal with ten legs, such as a crawfish. decapods an animal with 10 legs, such as a crawfish Diffusion The spreading out of molecules in a given space. Fusiform Long and tapered toward the ends like a torpedo. fusiform long and tapered toward the end like a torpedo Gametes Sexual cells; eggs and sperm. gametes Marine, freshwater, and land mollusks with one shell. Herbivores Animals that subsist primarily on the available vegetation and decayed organic material in the environment. herbivores animals that prey on vegetation, not animals Herbivores Animals that eat the plants and decayed organic material in the environment Herbivores Animals that subsist primarily on the available vegetation and decayed organic material in the enviroment Herbivores Animals that subsist primarly on the avaialble vegetation and decayed organic meterial in the environment Herbivores animals that eat only plants Herbivores Animals that subsist primarily on the available vegetation and decayed organic material in the evnironment.. HERBIVORES ANIMALS THAT EAT VEGETABLES AND DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER Hermaphroditic Possesses gonads, testes and ovaries, for both sexes and can release eggs and sperm. hermaphroditic possess's female and male reproductive units hermaphroditic possesses gonads, testes and ovaries, for both sexies and can release egss sperm Heterocercal Not characterized by life processes; not containing carbon. inorganic not characterized by life process Inorganic Not characterized bu life processes; not containing carbon Inorganic Not characterized by life processes; not cont assimilitation the transformation of digested foods into an intregal and homogenous part of the solids or fluids of the organism Macrophytes Vascular plants with true roots, stems, and leaves. macrophytes vascular plants with true roots Mantle Soft covering over the organs of a mollusk. mantle soft coverings over a mollusk Molting The shedding of the exoskeleton . molting the shedding of the exoskeleton of a crustacean molting For crustaceans, the shedding of the exoskeleton. occurs at intervals of life and allows for expansion in size Molting For crustaceans the shedding of the exoskeleton molting occurs at intervals during a crustaceans life and allow for expansion in size. molting for crustaceans, the shedding of the exoskeleton; molting occurs at intervals during a crustaceans like and allows for expansion in size Molting For crustaceans, the shedding of there exoskeleton; molting occurs at intervals during a crustacean's life and allows for expansion Omnivores Eating both vegetable and animal food. omnivores gelatin-like substance obtained from sea weed Phytoplankton Minute plants suspended in water with little or no capability for controlling their position in the water mass, referred to as algae. phytoplankton minute plants suspended in water with little or no capability for controlling their position in the water mass; frequently referred to as algae Phytoplankton Minute plants suspended in water with little or no capability for controlling their position in the water mass. phytoplankton minute plants suspended in water with little control phytoplankton Minute plants suspended in water with little or no capacity for controlling their position int he water mass; frequently referred to as algae Phytoplankton Plankton consisting of microscopic plants Polysaccharide Class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of three or more monosaccharide molecules, (sugar). polysaccharide class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of 3 or more monosaccharide molecules. Ex. starch Polysaccharide Class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of three or more monosaccharide molecules (sugar) Examples include starch cellulose dextrin and glycogen. polysaccharide class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of three or more monosaccharide molecules (sugar) .. starch, dextrin etc polysaccharide class of carbohydrates of high molecule weight Polysaccharide A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. Polysaccharide Gelatin like substance obtained from seaweed Polysaccharide Class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of three or more monosaccharide molecules (sugar). Ex. starch, cellulose, dextrin, and glycogen. Protandrous Changing sex one or more times during life. Regeneration Regrowing a lost body part, such as a claw. regeneration regrowing a lost body part Regeneration the ability to regrow lost members Rotifers Many-celled, microscopic aquatic organisms having rings or cilia that in motion resemble revolving wheels. Rotifers minute aquatic multicellular organisms having a ciliated wheel-like organ for feeding and locomotion; constituents of freshwater plankton Rotifers Many-celled, mircoscopic aquatic orgaanisms having rings of cilia that in motion resemble revolving wheels. Semipermeable Permeable to different substances to different degrees. semipermeable Of, on, or relating to the earth: "terrestrial ecosystems". Terrestrial class of carbohydrates of high molecular weight formed by the union of three or more monosaccharide molecules (sugar) Zooplankton Minute animals in water, chiefly rotifers and crustaceans, that depend upon water movement to carry them about, having only weak capabilities for movement; important prey young fish. zooplankton minute animals in water, chiefly rotifers and crustacean, that depend upon water movement to carry them about, having only weak capabilities for movement ; important for young fish zooplankton minute animals in water Zooplankton Minute animals in water chiefly rotifers and crustaceans that depend upon water movement important prey for young fish Zooplankton Plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals. Zooplankton Minute animals in water, chiefly rotifers and crustaceans, that depend upon water movement to carry them about, important prey for young fish. Zygote Cell formed by the union of the male and female gametes -the sperm and the egg- and the individual developing from this cell. zygote cell formed by eggs and sperm and the individual developing from this cell zygote cell formed by the union of the male and female gametes Zygote Plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals. Zygote Cell formed by the union of the male and female gametes- the sperm and egg-- and the indvidual developing form this cell. ChlorophyII Green pigment essential to photosynthesis in plants. Phycoclloid Gelatin like substance obtained from seaweed. Zooplakton Minute animals in water chiefly rotifers and crustaceans that depend upon water movement to carry them about having only weak capabilities for movement important prey for young fish. rotihers Migration of fish from sea to fresh water to spawn. Anadromous a fish that does not spend its entire life in one water; it migrates from salt water to fresh water at least once in its life. Benthic Living on or in the bottom sediment of a pond. Benthic Living on or in the bottom sedient of a pond Benthic relating to or happening on the bottom under a body of water Catadromous Fish that leave freshwater and migrate to the sea to spawn. Catadromous Fish that leave feshwater and migrate to the sea to spawn Catadromous Fish that leave freshwater and go to the sea to spawn Catadromous (of a fish such as the eel) Migrating down rivers to the sea to spawn. Clarification Process of removing impurities or making clear. Clarification Process of removing purities or marking clear Clarification To make clear by removing impurities or solid matter Crossbreeding The mating of unrelated strains of the same species to avoid inbreeding. Crossbreeding The mating of unrelated strains of the same species to avoid interbreeding Crossbreeding hybridization: (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids. Density Index The relationship of fish size to the water volume of a rearing unit. density index the relationship of fish size to the water volume of a rearing unit; calculated by the formula: Density index= (weight of fish)/ (fish length x volume of rearing unit) Density Index The relationship of fish size to the water volume of a rearing unite...Density index=(weight of fish) Density Index The relationship of fish size to the water volume. Density Index a means of quantifying the amount of particulate contamination in a water source Detritus Debris from plants and animals. Detritus waste or debris of any kind, Eyed Stage Egg in which two black spots----the developing eyes of the embryo----can easily be seen. Eyed stage Egg in which two black spots Eyed stage eggs in which the eyes of the embryo can be seen Eyed stage a stage which is over halfway through the incubation period. Farming The science or practice of agriculture; the business of operating a farm. Farming The science or practice of agriculture Farming the activity or business of growing crops raising livestock. Farming The activity or business of growing aquacultural crops Feeding chart Guidelines provided by feed manufacturer. Feeding chart a chart used to measure the amount of food given to your fish. Genes The unit of inheritance. Genes are located at fixed loci in chromosomes and can exist in a series of alternative forms called alleles. Genes GENES THE UNIT OF INHERITANCE THE GENES ARE LOCATED AT FIXED LOCI IN THE CHROMOSOMES AND CAN EXIST IN A SERIES OF ALTERNATIVE FORMS CALLEDALLELES Genes unit of inheritance that is located in the chromosome Genes The unit of inheritance. Genes a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring. Hormones A chemical product of endocrine gland cells affecting organs that do not secrete it. Hormones Hormones a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. Hybrid vigor Condition in which the offspring perform better than the parents. Sometimes called heterosis. hybrid vigor condition in which the offspring preform better than the parents. sometimes called heterosis Hybrid vigor CONDITION IN WHICH THE OFFSPRING CAN PREFORM BETTER THEN THE PARENTS Hybrid vigor Condition in which the offspring perform better than the parents.(heterosis) Hybrid vigor the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents. Hybrid vigor the tendency of a crossbred organism to have qualities superior to those of either parent Hybridization The crossing of different species. Hybrids Crossbreeding fish of different varieties, races, or species. Hybridization The offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties Hybridization the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids. Inbreeding Breed from closely related animals, esp. over many generations. Inventory The value of goods or stock of a business. Inventory Inventory A complete list of items such as property, goods in stock, or the contents of a building. Metabolites A product of the biochemical process of living organisms; a product of metabolism. Metabolites A product of the biochemical process of living organisms. Metabolites Vital processes involed in the release of body energy, the buliding and repair of cody tissue, and the excretion of waste materials; combination of anabolism and catabolism. Metabolites A substance formed in or necessary for metabolism Microsporidean a small pore producing organism Microsporidean The microsporidia constitute a phylum of spore-forming unicellular parasites. They were once thought to be protists but are now known to be fungi. Loosely 1500 of the probably more than one million species are named Milt Secretion that contains sperm produced by a male fish. Milt A sperm-filled reproductive gland of a male fish Mouthbrooders Fish that hold young or eggs in the mouth. Mouthbrooders Ponds or tanks for newly hatched fry. Nursery a pond in which fry are reared Phenotypes Appearance of an individual as contrasted with its genetic makeup or genotype. Also used to designate a group of individuals with similar appearance but not necessarily identical genotypes. Phenotypes Appearance of an individual as contrasted with its genetic makeup or genotype. Phenotypes Apperarnce of an individual as contrasted with its genetic makeup or genotype. Also used to designate a group of uindividuals with similar appearance but not necessarily ide Phenotypes The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment Photoperiods The number of daylight hours best suited to the growth and maturation of an organism. Photoperiods The period of time each day during which an organism receives illumination; day length. Production Ponds Ponds used for the final growing stages. Production ponds a pond that is used to grow a crop to market size. Ranching Raising an aquaculture crop under expansive (range) conditions, such as in the ocean. ranching raising an aquaculture crop under expansive (range) condtions, such as in the ocean Ranching raising an aquaculture crop under expansive conditions , such as in the ocean Ranching a farm or area devoted to a particular specialty Recruitment Recruitment Recruitment The number of new juvenile fish reaching a size/age where they represent a viable target for the commercial, subsistence or sport fishery for a given species. Rotational line-crossing System for maintaining broodstocks while preventing inbreeding. Rotational line-crossing system for maintaining broodstocks while preventing interbreeding Rotational line-crossing fish that cross the equater Salmonids Refers to trout and salmon. Salmonids A fish of the salmon family (Salmonidae) Sexing determining the sex of a fish male or female Standing Crop All of the fish in a pond or raceway. Standing crop how many fish that you have that will be ready to sell Stocking Rate The number of fish per unit of water. Stocking rate the number of fish in a certain tank or pond Substrate An underlying substance on which something takes hold or takes root. substrate an underlaying substance on which something takes hold or takes root Substrate Substrate The surface or material on or from which an organism lives, grows, or obtains its nourishment Volumetric Measurement of substances by comparison of volume. Volumetric Of or relating to the measurement of volume. biofilters a water filtration device that uses bacteria to convert harmful substances such as ammonia into harmless substances Biofilters A water filtarion device that uses bacteria to convert harmful substances such as ammonia into harmless substances. biological filtration removal of ammonia from recirculating system borings soil samples taken by drilling cage encloses fish in a container or basket that allows water to pass freely between the fish and the water source CAGE ENCLOSES THE FISH IN A CONTAINER OR BASKET THAT ALLOWS WATER TO APSS FREELY BETWEEN THE FISH AND THE WATER SOURCE feeding ring part of a cage that keeps feed from floating out of the ring. Feeding ring Part of a cage that keeps feed from floating out of the cage. flow index the relationship of fish sizes to water inflow of a rearing uni Flow index The relationship of fish size to water inflow of a rearing unit. Flow index The relationship of fish size to water inflow flow rate of rearing unit. FLOW INDEX THE RELATIONSHIP OFFISH SIZE TO WATER OF A REARING UNIT CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA Flow index The relationship of fish size to water inflow of a rearing unit; calculated by the formula: fish weight / fish length * water inflow freeboard distance between pond surface and top of levees or dam-- generally between 1 to 2 feet. Freeboard Distance between pond surface and top of levees or dam. Freeboard Distance between pond surface and top of levees or dam generally between 1 and 2 ft. FREEBOARD DISTANCE BETWEEN POND SURFACE AND TOP OF LEVEES OR DAM GENERALLY BETWEEN 1 AND 2 impoundment a dam, dike, floodgate, or other barrier confining a body of water IMPOUNDMENT A DAM,DIKE,FLOODGATE OR OTHER BARRIER CONFIRMING A BODY OF WATER levee earth dike use to enclose water live-cars net- attched to harvesting seine and used to crowd, grade, and hold fish in the pond Live-cars Net attached to harvesting seine and used to crowd, grade, and hold fish in the pond; also called a sock. Live-cars Net attracted to harvesting seine and used to crowd, grade, and hold fish in the pond mud line bottom of a pond seine that keeps fish from escaping from under the seine net pens large cages used for raising fish, for example, salmon. Net pens Large cages used for raising fish. Net pens Large cages used for raising dish, for example salmon paddlewheel Removal of organs from the body by mechanical means. Ablation The surgical removal of body tissue. Byssus A bunch of silky threads secreted by certain mollusks and serving as a means of attachment to an object Byssus a bunch of silky threads secrated by certain mollusks and serving as a means of attachment to an object Byssus A bunch of silkey threads secreted by certain mollusks and serving as a meands of attachment to an object Byssus tuft of tough silky filaments by which mussels and some other bivalves adhere to rocks and other objects Chelator An organic substance that inactivates the metallic ions in solution for example EDTA Chelator An organic substance that inactivates the metallic ions in a solution. Chelator Having chelae or resembling a chela. Clutch A hatch hof eggs the number of eggs produced or incubated at one time Clutch A hatch of eggs; the number of eggs produced or incubated at one time. Clutch A large powerful scoop or suction apparatus for removing mud and gravel Dredges A powerful scoop or suction apparatus for removing mud or gravel Dredges Clean out the bed of (a harbor, river, or other area of water) by scooping out mud, weeds, and rubbish with a dredge. Hydrological Flow of water between the atmosphere and the Earth precipitation, runoff, groundwater, evaporation and transporation. Hydrological Circular flow of water between the atmosphere and the Earth; precipitation, runoff, surface water, groundwater, evaporation, and transpiration. Hydrological circular flow of water between the atmosphere and the earth hydrological circular of water between the atmosphere and the earth HYDROLOGICAL CIRCULAR FLOW OF WATER BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE EARTH PRECIPITATION RUNOFF SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER EVAPORATION AND TRANSPORTATION Hydrological the properties, distribution, and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. Metamorphosis Change from one form to another, as from a tadpole to a frog Metamorphosis Change from one form to another. METAMORPHOSIS CHANGE FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER FORM AS FROM A TADPOLE TO A FROG Metamorphosis The process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages. Mysis Developmental stage in life cycle of a shrimp or prawn MYSIS developmental stage in the life cycle of a shrimp Mysis type genus of the family Mysidae Nauplius Larval form in many crustaceans with three pairs of appendges and a single median eye Nauplius Larval form in many crustaceans, with three pairs of appendages and single median eye. nauplius larval form in many crustaceans, with three pairs of appendages and a single medium eye Nauplius larval form in many crustaceans , with 3 pair of appendages Nauplius Larval form in manu crustaceans with 3 pairs of appendages and single median eye Nauplius The first larval stage of many crustaceans, having an unsegmented body and a single eye. Selective breeding Selection of mates in a breeding program to produce offspring possessing certain defined characteristics selective breeding selection of mates in a breeding to produce offspring processing certain defined charactersitics selective breeding selection of mates in a breeding program to mate Selective Breeding Selective breeding is the process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits. Spat Spawn of the oyster a young oyster Spat The spawn or larvae of shellfish, esp. oysters. Zoeal Developmental stage in the life cycle of a shrimp or prawn occurs between naplius an mysis Zoeal Developmental stage in the life cycle of a shrimp or pawn; occurs between naplius and mysis. Zoeal developmntal stage in the life cycles of a shrimp or prawn zoeal developmental stage in the life cycle of a shrimp or prawn; occurs between napilus and mysis Zoeal Developmental stage in the life cycle of a shrimp or prawn. zoeal developmental stage in the life cycle of shrimp or spawn Zoeal A larval form of crabs and other decapod crustaceans, characterized by one or more spines on the carapace and rudimentary limbs Matamorphosis change from one form to another , as from a tadpole to a frog Amphibian any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class amphibia, including frogs, and salamanders Amphibian Any cold blooded vertebrate of the class Amphibia (example frogs) Amphibian Any cold-blooed vertebrate of the class Amphibia, including frogs, and salamanders; having an aquatic, gill-breathing tadpole stage and later developing lungs. Amphibian Any cold-blooded vertabrate of the class Amphibia, including frogs, and salamanders; having an aquatic, gill-breathing tadpole stage and later developing lungs amphibian any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Amphibia, including frogs and salamanders; having an aquatic, gill-breathing tadpole stage and later developing lungs Amphibian A cold blooded vertabrate that spends part of Bermed soil formed into a dike or ridge Bermed A flat strip of land, raised bank, or terrace bordering a river or canal. Caiman any of several tropical American crocodilians of the genus caiman Caiman Anu of several tropical American crocodilians of genis Caiman. Caiman similar to the alligator but with a heavily armored belly, native to tropical America Carrion feed for reptiles like alligators ; carcass of a dead animal Carrion dead and putrefying flesh; also : flesh unfit for food Carrion the decaying flesh of dead animals. Carrion dead and rotting meat like a old deer kill Fertility ability to produce viable offspring Fertility the ability to have healthy capable babys Fertilization The union of sperm and egg, addition of nurtients to a pond to stimulate natural food production, fertilization The union of sperm and egg; addition of nutrients to a pond to stimulate natural food production. fertilization the union of sperm and egg Fertilization Addition of nutrients to a pond to stimulate natural food production. Fertilization The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Hatchling LARVAL FROM IN MANY CRUSTACEANS WITH THREE PAIRS OF APPENDAGES AND A SINGLE MEDIAN EYE Absorption The process by which water and dissolved substances pass into the cells. Amino Acid A building block for proteins. Amino Acids The acid that starts the building process of proteins amino acid a building block of proteins; an organic acid containing one or more amino groups and at least one carboxylic acid group Anemia A condition characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, or erythrocytes. Anemia A condition characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin packed cell volume or erythrocytes (red blood cells). Anemia There is an iron deffcentsy in that animal or person. anemia a condition characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, or erythrocytes. anemias in fish include normacytic anemia, microcytic anemia, and macrocytic anemia Anemia A condition chrarcterized by a deficiency by hemoglobin, packed cel volume, or erythrocytes (red blood cells). Anti nutrients Substances that occur naturally in plant or animal feedstuffs that adversely affect the performance of the animal. Anti-nutrients Substances animal feeds that adversely affect the performance and growth of the animal. Antioxidants A substance that chemically protects other compounds against oxidation. Antioxidants A substance that chemically protects other compounds against oxidation for example ethoxyquin BHT BHA and propyl gallate prevent oxidation and rancidity of fats. Antioxidants A substance that chemically protects other compounds agaist oxidation. antioxidants a substance that inhibits oxidation, esp. one used to counteract thedeterioration of stored food products. Binders A substance promoting the cohesion of particles. Binders a substance that promotes chemical or cellular bonding Breakdown Metabolic oxidation into component parts. Breakdown Metabolic oxidation into component parts so the body can use it. breakdown meatbolic oxidation into compoment parts Breakdown Metabolic oxidation into compounds parts Carbohydrates Any of the various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, such as starches, sugars, and celluloses, most of which can be used as an energy source by animals. Carbohydrates Any of the varioius neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, sush as sugars, starches, and celluloses, most of which can be used as and energy source by animals. carbohydrates any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods andliving tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water CARBOHYDRATES ANY OF VARIOUS NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS OF CARBON HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN SUCH AS SUGARS STARCHES AND CELLULOSE MOS OF WHICH CAN BE USED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE BY ANIMALS Carbohydrates Any of the various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carotenoids A form of vitamin A responsible for coloration of flesh in fish. carotenoids any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments,including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves Coenzymes A molecule that provides the transfer site for biochemical reactions catalyzed by an enzyme. Coenzymes a molecule that assists an enzyme or becomes part of one. Coenzymes A molecule that provides the transger site for biochemical reactions catalyzed by an enzyme. Connective tissue Type of tissue that lies between groups of nerve, gland, and muscle cells and beneath the skin cells. Connective Tissue Tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells Diet Food regularly provided and consumed. Diet The kinds of food that a fish habitually eats. Diet Food regulary provided and consumed. Digestion The breakdown of foods in the digestive tract to simple substances that may be absorbed by the body. Digestion The process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the stomach and intestines into substances that can be used digestion the breakdown of foods in the digestive tract to simple substances that may be absorbed that may be absorbed by the body DIGESTION THE BREAKDOWN OF FOODS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT Dry feed A diet prepared from air-dried ingredients, formed into distinct particles and fed to fish. Dry Feed Feeds that are around 90% Dry Matter. Enzyme A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions in living organisms. Enzyme A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction Enzyme A protein that catalyes biochemical reactions in living organisms. Essential amino acids Those amino acids that must be supplied by the diet and cannot be synthesized within the body. Essential Amino Acids an amino acid that is required by animals but that they cannot synthesize; must be supplied in the diet. ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ACIDS THAT MUST BE SUPPLIED BY THE DIET AND CANNOT BE SYNTHESIZED WITHIN THE BODY Essential fatty acids A fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet. Essential fatty acids A fatty acid that must be supplied by the diet; linoleic acid or linolenic acid. Essential Fatty Acids Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest for good health because the body requires them Fines The internal organ containing bile. Gastrointestinal Referring to stomach and intestines, the digestive system. Gastrointestinal Of or relating to the stomach and the intestines. GASTROINTESTINAL INFLAMMATION OF THE MUCOSA OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES Grazers Animals that eat continuously in well - defined bites. Grazers a fish that generally uses a type of predation in which a herbivore feeds on plants Heme The iron-beating constituent of hemoglobin. Heme The iron-bearing constituent of hemoglobin. Heme An iron-containing compound of the porphyrin class that forms the nonprotein part of hemoglobin and some other biological molecules. Intestine The lower part of the alimentary tract from the phyloric end of the stomach to the anus. Intestine The lower part of the alimentary tract from the pyloric end of the stomach to the anus. Intestine The whole alimentary canal from the mouth downward. intestine the lower part of the alimentary tract from the pyloric end of the stomach tot he anus INTESTINE SECRETES ENZYMES FOR DIGESTION Intestine The lower part of the alimentary tract from the plyoric end of the stomach to the anus Lipids Any of a group of organic compounds consisting of the fats and other substances of similar properties. Lipids Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents lipids any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or theirderivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. LIPIDS GROUP OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONSISTING OF THE FATS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES OF FAMILIAR PROPERTIES Lipids A large, reddish brown, glandular organ in vertebrates, located in the abdominal cavity. Liver A large reddish brown glandular organ in vertebrates located ing the abdominal cavity it functions in the secretion of bile and in essential metabolic processes. Liver large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in processing digestive products liver a large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates, involved in many metabolic processes. LIVER LARGE REDDISH BROWN GLANDULAR ORGAN IN VERTEBRATES Liver Minerals in the body in large quantities. Macrominerals Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen present in common organic molecules MACROMINERALS MINERALS IN THE BODY IN LARGE QUANITIES Macrominerals Metabolic rate The amount of oxygen used for total metabolism per unit of time per unit of body weight. Metabolic Rate ate of metabolism; the amount of energy expended in a give period Metabolic rate the amount of oxygen used for total metabloism per unit of time per unit of body weight. Metabolic rate Minerals in the body in small quantities. Microminerals Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen present in common organic molecules MICROMINERALS MINERALS IN THE BODY IN SMALL QUANITIES Microminerals All of the processes in which an animal takes in and uses food. Nutrition The process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. Nutrition Osmoregulation The process by which organisms maintain stable osmotic pressures in their blood, tissues, and cells in the face of differing chemical properties among tissues and cells, and between the organism and the external environments. Osmoregulation The maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of an organism by the control of water and salt concentrations. Osmoregulation organsims maintain stable osmotic pressures in their blood, tissues, and cells in the face of differing chemical properties among tisses, an cells OSMOREGULATION PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANS MAINTAIN STABLE OSMOTIC PRESSURES IN THEIR BLOOD AND TISSUES AND CELLS Osmoregulation Combination with oxygen; removal of electrons to increase positive charge. Oxidation The process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized Oxidation Oxidation Parasites An organism that lives in or on another organism (the host) and that depends on the host for its food, has a higher reproductive potential than the host, and may harm the host when present in large numbers. Parasites An organism that lives in or on another organism (host) and that depends of on the host for its food. Parasites An organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense Parasites an organism that lives in or on another organism and that depends on the host for its food. PARASITES ORGANISM THAT LIVES IN OR ON ANOTHER ORGANISM Parasites Chemical connection between amino acids when forming proteins. Peptide Bonds he primary linkage of all protein structures; the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites... Peptide bond Containing oxygen. Peroxide A compound containing two oxygen atoms bonded together in its molecule or as the anion O22−. Peroxide The cavity between the mouth and esophagus. Pharynx The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. pharynx teh cavity between the mouth and esophogus Pharynx Phytin A form of phosphorous in seeds in which the availability phosphorous to the animal is low. Phytin A form of phosphorus in seeds in which the availability of phosphorus to the animal is low. Phytin complex organic phosphate containing both calcium and magnesium. Phytin Animal that preys on, destroys, or eats other animals. Predators An animal that naturally preys on others Predators destroys or eats other animals. predators animal that preys on other animals Predators Protein Any of the numerous naturally occurring complex combination's of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and occasionally sulfur, phosphorous, or other elements. Protein Any of the numerous naturally occurring complex combinations of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen oxygen and occasionally sulfur phosphorus of other elements. Protein Any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids Protein any of the numerous naturally occuring complex comnbinations of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen nitrogen oxygen. protein any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, esp. as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies. PROTEIN ANY OF NUMEROUS NATURALLY OCCURRING COMPLEX COMBINATIONS Protein Opening between the stomach and the start of the intestine in most vertebrates. Pylorus The opening from the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine) PYLORUS OPENING BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE START OF THE INTESTINE Pylorus Saturated Containing the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved under given conditions; thoroughly soaked with moisture, Saturated Containing the maximum amount of solute capable of being dissolved under given conditions. Saturated Containing the largest possible amount of a particular solute. Saturated containing the max amount of solute capable of being dissolved under given conditions Saturated Saturation In solutions, the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a liquidwithout it being precipatied or released into the air saturation In solutions, the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a liquid without it being precipitated or released into the air. saturation In solutions, the macimum amount of a substance that can be dissolced in a liquid without it being precipitated or released into the air Saturation In solutions the maximum amount of a substance that can be dissolved in a liquid. Saturation The state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added. Sedentary Remaining in one place; attached of fixed. Sedentary Sedentary Strainers Fish that select food primarily by size rather than by type and strain water through gill rakers to remove food. Strainers gains food by separating mud and food strainers fish that select food by size not type STRAINERS FISH THAT SELECT FOOD PRIMARILY BY SIZE RATHER THEN TYPE Strainers Suckers Fish that feed primarily on the bottom of their habitat - sucking in mud, filtering and extracting digestible material. Suckers gains food by draining it Suckers fish that feed primarily on the bottom of their habitat sucking in mud suckers fish that feed primarily on the bottom SUCKERS FISH THAT PRIMARILY FEED ON THE BOTTOM OF THEIR HABITAT Suckers Assemble parts into a whole. Synthesize Combine (a number of things) into a coherent whole Synthesize asseble parts into a whole Synthesize An organic compound occurring in minute amounts in foods and essential for numerous metabolic reactions. Vitamins Any of a group of organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in small quantities Vitamins Antinutrients Substances that occur naturally in plant or animal feedstuffs that adversely affect the performance of the animal. Mouth-brooders Fish that hold eggs or newly hatched young in their mouths Gallbladder The small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine Caroteniods A form of vitamin A responsible for coloration in a fish Automatic feeder Feeder that i stime controlled providing correct amount of feed at set intervals of the day. Automatic feeder Feeder that is time controlled providing the correct amount of feed at set intervals of the day. AUTOMATIC FEEDER Feeder that is controlled providing the correct amount of feed at set intervals of the day Automatic Feeder a feeder that supplies food without any labor neccasry Coolwater species Generally, fish that spawn in temperatures between 50'F and 65'F (10.0' and 18.3'C). The main cultured coolwater species are northern pike, muskellunge, walleye, sauger, and yellow perch. Coolwater species Generally fish that spawn in temperatures between 50 F and 65 F. COOLWATER SPECIES Generally fish that spawn in water temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees.F the main cool water species are northern pike,muskenllunge,walleye,sauger, and yellow perch coolwater species fish that spawn in temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees Demand feeder Provides feed as animals desire. Demand Feeder feeder that is activated by the fish and is an automatic feeder Extruded Pushed through a die to give a certain shape; method of producing floating fish food Extruded Shape by forcing it through a die. Feed conversion ratios The average number of pounds of feed needed to gain 1 pound in weight. Feed Conversion Ratios how many pounds of weight a fish gains compared to the amount of food it takes. feed conversion ratios the average number of pounds needed to gail 1 pound in weight Humerctants Prevent bacterial growth. Microencapsulation The coating of small feed particles with a substance that is insoluble in water but digestible by the enzymes in the digestive tract of the fish. Microencapsulation the coating of small feed particles with a substand e that is insoluble in water but digestible by the enzymes in the digestive tract of the fish. Micro-encapsulation a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to make small capsules microencapsulation The coating of small feed particles with a substance that is insoluble in water but digestible bu the enzymes in the digestive tract of the fish microencapsulation the coating of small particles with a substance that is soluble that is insoluble in water but digestible by the enzymes in the digestive tract of the fish Mycotoxins toxic substance produced by a fungus Natural foods Plants and animals normally found in a pond or other water source, sometimes their production is enhanced by fertilization. Natural foods Plants and animals normally found in a pond or other source, sometimes their production is enhanced by fertilization. Natural Foods Food that has undergone a minimum of processing or treatment with preservatives. natural foods plants and animals normally founded in a pond or other water source, sometimes their production is enhanced by fertilization Planktonic Describes that total of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water, primarily comprising microscopic algae and protoza. Planktonic Describes the total of passively floating drifting or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water primarily comprising microscopic algae and protozoa. PLANKTONIC Describes the total of passively flouring drifting or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water primarily comprising microscopic algae and protozoa Planktonic of or relating to plankton planktonic describes the total of passively floating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water Premixes Feed additive that contains vitamins and minerals. Premixes A mixture that is provided already mixed ex food mixes premixes Feed addictive that contains vitamins and minerals Proximate composition Analysis of protein, fat, and ash content. Proximate Composition an analysis which determines theproximate principles of any substance Yolk sac Source of nutrition for fish immediately after hatching. Yolk Sac A membranous sac containing yolk attached to the larvae of fish Abosorption The process by which water and dissolved substance pass into the cells. Anitnutrients Substances that occur naturally in plant or animal feedstuffs that adversely affect the performance of the animal. Gastrointestial Referring to stomach and intestines, the digestive system. Macrominreals minerals in the body in large quantities. Pylours opening between the stomach and the start of the intestince in most vertebrates. parsites an organism that lives on or in another organism and depends on the host for its foos Humectants Prevent bacterial growth. Humectants substance, esp. a skin lotion or a food additive, used to reduce the loss of moisture. Abnormalities Any deviation from a standard of from the expected. Abnormalities any deviation from a standard or form the expected abnormalities An abnormal feature, characteristic, or occurrence. Acidosis Metabolic condition caused by low pH Acidosis Metabloic condition caused by low pH. acidosis An excessively acid condition of the body fluids or tissues. Alkalosis Metabolic condition caused by a high pH ALKALOSIS Metabolic condition cause by a high pH alkalosis An excessively alkaline condition of the body fluids or tissues that may cause weakness or cramps Antibiotic A chemical produced by living organisms usually molds or bacteria capable of controlling or inhibiting the growth of other bacteria or microorganisms antibiotic A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms. Antibodies A specific protein produced by an organism in response to a foreign chemical with which it reacts. Antibodies A specfic protein produced by organism in response to a foreign chemical with which it reacts. ANTIBODIES A specific protein produced by an organism in response to a foreign chemical(antigen) with which it reacts Antibodies a specific protein or complex sugar that stimulates the formation of an antibody. Generally, pathogens produce antigens, and the host protects itself producing antibodies Antigen A large protein or complex sugar that stimulates the formation of an antibody. Antigenicity A measure of a substances ability to cause the development of anti-bodies. Antigen A large protein or complex sugar that stimulates the formation of an antibody. Generally, pathogens produce antigens, and the host protects itself by producing anitbodies. Antigenicity A measure of a substance's ablilty to cause the development of anit-bodies. Antigen A large protein or complex sugar that stimulates the formation of an antibody. Generally, pathogens produce antigens, and the host protects itself by producing antibodies. antigenicity a measure of a substances ability to cause the develpment of anti-bodies ANTIGENICITY A measure of substances ability to cause the development of antibodies. antigen A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies antigenicity antigenic) of or relating to antigens. Bacteria One of a large widely distributed group of typically on celled microorganisms often parasitic or pathogenic. Bacteria The presence of living bacteria in the blood with our without significant response by the host. Bacteria member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease bacteria one of a large, widely distributed group of typically one-celled microorganims, often parasitic or pathogenic Bath A solution of therapeutic or prophylactic chemicals in which fish are immersed. Bath A solution of theraperutic or prophylactic chemicals in which fish are immersed. Bath A solution of therapeutic or pophylactic chemicals in which fish are immersed bath An act or process of immersing and washing one's body in a large container of water. Cellular Of pertaining to or like a cell or cells. cellular respiration: the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs Chronic Occurring or recurring over a long time. chronic occurring or recurring over a recurring over a large time chronic Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. Diagnosis The process of recognizing diseases by their characteristic signs. diagnosis the process of recognizing dieases by thier characteristic signs diagnosis The identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms. Dip Brief immersion of fish into a concentrated solution of a treatment usually for one minute or less dip immersion of fish into a concentrated solution of a teatment, usually for one minute or less dip The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad. Flush A short bath in which the flow of water is not stopped but high concentration of chemical is added at the inlet and passed through the system as a pulse. FLUSH A short bath in which the flow of water is not stopped but a high concentration of chemical Flush a short in which the flow of water is not stopped, but a high concentration of chemical is added at the inlet and passed through the system as a pulse flush A reddening of the face or skin that is typically caused by illness or strong emotion. Fungus Any of a group of primitive plants lacking chlorophyll including molds rusts mildews smuts and mushrooms. Fungus Any of a group of primitive plants lacking chlorophyll, including mold, rusts, mildews, smuts, and mushrooms. Some kind are parasitic on fishes. Reproduces by spores. fungus any of a group of primitive plants lacking chlorophyll fungus Any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, Hemoglobin The respiratory pigment of red blood cells that takes up oxygen at the gills or lungs and releases it at the tissues. HEMOGLOBIN The respiratory pigment of blood cells that takes up oxygen at the gills or lungs and releases it at the tissues Hemoglobin The respiratory pigment of red blood cells that takes up oxygen at the fills or lungs and releases it at the tissues hemoglobin A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Hemorrhagic An escape of blood from its vessels through either intact or ruptured walls bleeding. hemorrhagic an escape of blood from its vessles, through either intact or ruptured walls HEMORRHAGIC an escape of blood from its vessels through either intact or ruptured walls hemorrhagic Accompanied by or produced by hemorrhage. Hydrate To combine with water. hydrate A compound, typically a crystalline one, in which water molecules are chemically bound to another compound or an element. Immune Unsusceptible to a disease. IMMUNE To be able not to get sick from disease or not to be able to catch something immune Resistant to a particular infection or toxin owing to the presence of specific antibodies: Infiltration To filter through small gaps or passages. Infiltration To filter through small gaps of the head, opening downward infiltration a process in which individuals (or small groups) penetrate an area Injections Method of introducing a drug or vaccine into the muscle or body cavity. Injections Method of introducing a drug or vaccine into the muscle or body entirely injection An instance of injecting or being injected. Inoculation The introduction of an organism into the tissues of a living organism or into a culture medium. Inoculation The introducing of a organism into the tissues of a living organism or into a cultur medium. INOCULATION The introduction of an organism into the tissues of a living organismor into a culture medium inoculation taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease. Lethargic A state of sluggishness inaction indifference of dullness. LETHARGIC A state of slugishness, inaction, indifference and dullness lethargic Affected by lethargy; sluggish and apathetic: Mortality Death particularly death from disease or on a large scale. mortality death, particularity death from disease or on a large scale MORTALITY Death particulary death from disease or on a large scale mortality The state of being subject to death Mucus A viscid or slimy substance secreted by the mucus glands of fish. mucus A slimy substance, typically not miscible with water, secreted by mucous membranes and glands for lubrication, protection, Prognosis Expected outcome of the disease. prognosis expected outcome of the dieases prognosis The likely course of a disease or ailment. Secondary Secondary Not primary or original. secondary In scholarship, a secondary source is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere Susceptible Having little resistance to disease or to injurious agents. susceptible Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing. Therapeutic A serving to heal or cure. therapeutic Of or relating to the healing of disease: "therapeutic facilities". Transmission The transfer of a disease agent from one individual to another. Vaccine A preparation of nonvirulent disease organisms dead or alive that retains the capacity to stimulate production of antibodies against it. Vaccine A preparation of nonvirulent disease organisms (dead or alive) that retains the capacity to stimulate production of anitbodies against it. VACCINE A preperation of nonvirulent disease organisms that retains the capacity to stimulate production of antibodies against it Vaccine A preparation of nonvirulent disease organisms that retains the capacity to stimulate production of antibodies against it vaccine A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies a Virus Ultramicroscopic infective agent that is capable of multiplying in connection with living cells. Virus Ultramiroscopic infective agent that is capable of multiplying in connection with living cells. Normally, viruses are many times smaller than bacteria. VIRUS Ultramicroscopic infective agent that is capable of multiplying in connection with living cells normally viruses are many times smaller then bacteria virus An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by light microscopy Visceral The internal organs of the body especially of the abdominal cavity. visceral the internal organs of the cody, especially of the abnormal cavity visceral Of or relating to the viscera. Antibodic A chemical produced by living organism, usually molds or bacteria, capable of controlling in inhibiting the growth of other bacteria or microorganisms. Cool water species Generally, fish that spawn in temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees. Cool-water species Generally, fish that spawn in temperatures between 40° and 60° F ANITBIOTIC A chemical produced by living organisms usually molds or bacteria capable of controlling or inhibiting the growth of other bacteria or microorganisms ANITGEN A large protein or complex sugar that stimulates the formation of an antibody. Generally pathogens produce antigens and the host protects itself by producing antibodies Acid A compound that yeilds hydrogen ions when dissolved in an ionizing solvent. acid A compound that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in an ionizing solvent. Acid A chemical substance (typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red. Aeration The mixing of air and water by wind action or by air forced through water; generally refers to a process by which oxygen is added to water. aeration the mixing of air and water by wind action or by air forced through water Aeration he process of exposing to air aeration the mixing of air and water Alkaline Basic, pH greater than 7 Alkaline Having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali; having a pH greater than 7 Anaerobic Referring to a process or organism not rerquiring oxygen. anaerobic Referring to a process or organism not requiring oxygen. Anaerobic Relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen Anions A negatively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Beer's law The light passing through a colored liquid decreases as the concentration of the substance dissolved in the liquid increases. Beer's Law In optics, the Beer–Lambert law, also known as Beer's law or the Lambert–Beer law or the Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law (in fact, most of the permutations of these three names appear somewhere in literature) relates the absorption of light BEER'S LAW` The light passing through a colored liquid decreases as the concentration of the substance dissolved in the liquid decreases Buffers Any substance in a solution that tends to resist pH change by neutralizing any added acid or alkali. A chemical that by taking up or giving up hydrogen ions sustains pH within a narrow range. Buffers Any substance in a solution that tends to resist pH change by neutralizing any added acid or alkali. buffers any substance in a solution that tends to resist pH change by neutralizing any added acid or alkai Buffers A person or thing that prevents incompatible or antagonistic people or things from coming into contact with or harming each other. Cations A positively charged ion, i.e., one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis. Colorimetric Determining the quatity of a substance by the measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by a solution of the substaces. colorimetric Determining the quantity of a substance by the measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by a solution of the substance. colorimetric determining the quanity of a substance by the measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by a solution of the substance Colorimetric of or relating to colorimetry COLORIMETRIC Determining the quanity ofa substance by the measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by a solution of the substance colorimetric determining the quality of a substance by the measurement of the intensity of light transmitted by a solution of the substance Conductance The ablility of a substance to allow the passage of electrical current. conductance The ability of a substance to allow the passage of electrical current. Conductance The degree to which an object conducts electricity, calculated as the ratio of the current that flows to the potential difference Dissloved oxygen The amount of elemental oxygen, O2 in solution under existing atmospheric pressure and temperture. Effluent Water discharge from a rearing facility treatment plant or industry. Effluent Liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea Heat capacity Characteristic of water making it resistant to temperature changes. heat capacity characteristic of water making it resistant to temp. changes Heat Capacity The number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree HEAT CAPACITY Charaecteristic of water making it resistant to temperature changes heat capacity characteristic of water making it resistant to temperature change Heavy metals Mn, Zn, Hg, Ni, Fe, Cr, Cu heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Heavy metals Metals such as cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc, or iron. heavy metals Metals such as cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) or iron (Fe) Heavy Metals A metal of relatively high density, or of high relative atomic weight. HEAVY METALS Metals such as cadmium cobalt chromium copper lead lithium maganese mercury nickel zinc or iron heavy metals metals such as camium, cobalt, chormium, copper, lead, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, zinc, or iron Hydroponics The cultivation of land plants without soil, in a water solution. Hydroponics The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil Ions Electrically charged atom, radical, or molecule. Ions An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Liming used as a disnifectanat for fish holding facilities. liming CaO; used as a disinfectant for fish-holding facilities. Produces heat and extreme alkaline conditions. Liming Used as a disinfectant for fish holding facilities. liming Treat water with lime to reduce acidity and improve fertility or oxygen levels Liming Treat (soil or water) with lime to reduce acidity and improve fertility or oxygen levels. LIMING Used as a disenfectant for fish holding facilities produces heat and extreme alkaline conditions Organic Related to or derived from living organisms organic Related to or derived living organism; contains carbon. organic related to or drived from living organisms; containing carbon Organic Of, relating to, or denoting compounds containing carbon pH An expression of the acid-base relationship pH An expression of the acid-base relationship designated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion activity. pH A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral pH An expression of the acid based realtionship designated as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion activity the value of 7.0 expresses neutral solutions values below 7.0 represent increasing acidity those above 7.0 represent increaseingly basic solutions Salts Compond resulting from an acid and a base, salts Compound resulting from an acid and a base. Salts a white crystalline substance that gives seawater its characteristic taste and is used for seasoning SALTS Compund resulting from and acid and a base Settling pond Area where the solids settle to the bottom and the top water is released into the environment or a stream Settling Pond A settling basin, settling pond or decant pond are devices used to treat turbidity in industrial wastewater SETTLING POND Area where the solids settle to the bottom and the top of the water is released into the enviorment or a stream settling pond a waste-water treatment facility in which solids settle out removing them from the hatchery effluent Solubility The degree to which a substance can be dissloved in a liquid solubility The degree to which a substance can be dissolved in a liquid; usually expressed as milligrams per liter percent. Solubility The degree to which a substance can be dissolved in a liquid. solubility the degree to which a substance can be dissolbed in a liquid; usually expressed as milligrams per liter or percent Solubility the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent Thermal stress Stress caused by rapid temperature change or stress caused by extreme high or low temperature. thermal stress stress caused by rapid temp. change or stress caused by extreme high or low temp. thermal stress stress caused by rapid temperature change or stress caused by extreme high or low temeprature Thermal Stress the stress that changing temperatures put on fish Titrant The reagent or standard solution used in titration. titrant Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant Titrimetic Analyses using a solution of known strength-the titrant--which is added to a known or specific volume of sample in the presence of an indicator. The indicator produces a color change indicating that the titration is complete. Turbidity Presence of suspended or colloidal matter or planktonic organisms that reduces light penetration of water. turbidity presence of suspended or collidal matter or planktonic organisms that reduces light penetration of water turbidity presence of suspended or colloidal matter or planktonic organisms that reduces light penetration Turbidity muddiness created by stirring up sediment or having foreign particles suspended. TURBIDITY Presence of suspended or collodial matter or planktonic organisms that reduces light penetration of water Water hardness Measure of the total concentration of primarily calcium and magnesium expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/l) of equivalent calcium carbonate. (CaCO3) water hardness Measure of the total concentration of primarily calcium and magnesium expressed in milligrams per liter or equivalent calcium carbonate. water hardness measure of the total concentration of primarly calcium and magnesium expressed in milligrams per liter of equivalent calcium carbonate water hardness measure of the total concentration of primarily calcium and magnesium expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/l) of equivalent calcium carbonate Water Hardness Hard water is water that has high mineral content water hardness measure of the total concentration of primarily calcium and magnesium dissolved oxygen The amount of elemental oxygen, O2, in solution under existing atmospheric pressure and temperature. Dissolved oxygen The amount of elemental oxygen in solution under existing atmospheric pressure and temperature. dissolved oxygen the amount of elemental oxygen, in solution under existing atmospheric pressure and temp. Dissolved oxygen The amount of elemental oxygen, O2 in solution under existing atmospheric pressure and temp. Dissolved Oxygen Oxygen saturation or dissolved oxygen (DO) is a relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium DISSOLVED OXYGEN The amount of elemental oxygen in solution under exsisting atmospheric pressure and temperature titrimetric Analyses using a solution of known strength-the titrant-which is added to a known or specific volume of sample in the presence of an indicator. The indicator produces a color change indicating that titration is complete. Titrimetric Analyses using a solution of known strength, the titrant, which is added to a known or specific volume of sample in the presence of an indicator. titrimetric analyses using a solution of known or specfic volume of sample in the presence of an indictator titrimetric analyses using a solution of known strength which is added to a known or specific volume of sample in the presence of an indicator Watershed The whole region from which a river receives its supply of water. WATERSHED THE WHOLE REGION FROM WHICH A RIVER RECIEVES ITS SUPPLY OF WATER Paddle wheel Type of aeration device. Assembling Collecting aquaculture crops from different production sites to a central location so the volume is large enough to efficiently use processing facilities. assembling Gather together in one place for a common purpose. assembling collecting aquaculture crops from different production sites to a central location so the volume is large enough to efficently use processing facilities assembling Refers to unique products often identifying a single producer. Branded Refers to unique products of ten identifying a single producer. branded Mark with a branding iron. Branded The desire to possess a product combined with the ability to purchase. Demand the desire to posses a product combined with the ability to purchase Demand The desire to possess a product cmbined with the ability to purchase demand An insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right. demand the desire to posses a product combined with the ability to produce Demand An agent that sells merchandise. Enrobing Counting fish products with flavors and various toppings such as bread crumbs. Enrobing coating fish products with flavors and various toppings such as bread crumbs Enrobing Boneless sides of fish cut lengthwise away from the backbone. fillets A fleshy boneless piece of meat from near the loins or the ribs of an animal. FILLETS BONELESS SIDES OF FISH CUT LENGTH WISE AWAY FROM THE BACKBONE Fillets Sorting of fish by size, usually by some mechanical device. Grading sorting of fish by size grading ]Arrange in or allocate to grades; class or sort. grading sorting the fish by size, usually by some mechancical devise Grading HACCP Stands for Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Point; a new method for ensuring the safety of food. HACCP stands for hazard analysis and critical control point: ensures food safety HACCP Stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point HACCP a new method for ensuring the safety of food Inputs Contribution of information, ideas, opinions, equipment, materials, and money to the successful operation of a business; Inputs contribution of information, ideas, opinions,equipment, materials, and money to the succesful operation of a busines Inputs Contribution of information, ideas, opinions, equipment, materials, and money to the successful operation of a business; the available data and other resources to solve a problem. inputs contribution of info, ideas, opinions, equipment, materials, and money to the sucessful operation of business inputs Contribution of information, ideas, opinions, equipment, materials, and money to the successful operation of a business; the available data and other resources to solve a proble Inspections Careful or critical examination of a product. Inspections Careful or critical ezamination of a product inspections careful or critical examintion of products Live-haulers Individuals or business who specialize in trucking live fish. live-haulers Marketing The process of getting the product from the producer to the consmer. It is the final step in food production. Marketing the process of getting the product from the producer to the consumer. marketing MARKETING THE PROCESS OF GETTING THE PRODUCT FROM THE PRODUCER TO THE CONSUMER IT IS THE FINAL STEP IN FOOD PRODUCTION Off-flavor Musty or muddy tasting fish flesh. Off-flavor To encourage the growth or development of a business or industry. promotion The total integrated program for assuring reliability of monitoring and measurment data. quality assurance (or control) Length of time a product maintains quality before being sold or used. Shelf life length of time a product can stay on a shelf before it goes bad shelf life To render unconscious or incapable of action; performed on fish before entering processing plant. Stunned to render unconscious or incapable of action stunned STUNNED TO RENDER UNCONSCIOUS OR INCAPABLE OF ACTION THIS IS PREFORMED ON FISH BEFORE ENTERING THE PROCESSING PLANT Suppliers An individual or business that furnishes what is needed. suppliers Trademarks The name or design officially registered and used by a merchant or manufacturer to identify goods and distinguish from those made by others. Trademarks The name or design officially registered and used by a merchant or manufacturer to identify goods and distinguish from those mad by others trademarkers trademarks the name or design offically registered and used by a merchant or manufactor to identify goods and distinguish from those made by others Value-added Further processing to increase the value of a product. value-added an agent that sells merchandise distributors A business authorized to sell the products or services of a parent company. Distributors The action or process of keeping financial accounts. Accounting a system of recording classifying and summarizing commercial transacting in terms of money. accrual accumulation: the act of accumulating. Accrual Expenses are considered expenses when they are accured and income is counted as income when it is earned. Accrual Expenses are considered expenses when they are accrued (or committed) and income is counted as income when it is earned. This includes changes in inventories accrual Expenses are considered expenses when they are accrued (or committed) and income is counted as income when it is earned. ACCRUAL Expenses are considered expenses when they are accrued and income is counted as income when it is earned this includes changes in inventories assets A useful or valuable thing, person, or quality: "quick reflexes were his chief asset". Assets The property or resources owned and controlled by a business. balance sheet A statement of the assets, liabilities, and capital of a business or other organization at a particular point in time, Balance sheet A statement of the assets owned and liabilities owed in dollars; it shows equity or net worth at a specific point in time. balance sheet a statement of the assets owned and liabilities in dollars balance sheet a statement of the assets owned and liabilites own in dollars Balance sheet A statement of the assets owned and liabilities owed in in dollars. break-even analysis The break-even point for a product is the point where total revenue received equals the total costs associated with the sale of the product Break-even- analysis Determining the point where income is equal to the total of the fixed costs and variable costs of doing business. capital An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Capital The amount of money that can be obtained through borrowing or selling of assets capital the amount of money that can be obtained through borrowing or selling of assets that is used to promote the production of other goods cash-basis a method of accounting in which each item is entered as payments are received or made. Cash-basis Income is recorded as income when it is received and expenses are recordid as expenses when they are paid. Cash basis Income is recorded as income when it is received and expenses are recorded as expenses when they are paid cash-basis income is recorded as income when it is recieved, and expenses are recorded as expenses when they are paid cash flow The total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business Cash flow Actual money available in a business to pay salaries, expenses, dividends, purchase new equipment and so on, cash flow actual money available in business to pay salaries, expenses, dividens, purchase new equipment and so on corporations A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Corporations A body of people recognized by law as an individual person, having a name, rights, privileges, and liabilities distinct from the individual. Corporations A body of people recognized by law as an individual person having a name rights privileges and liabilities distinct from the individual members corporations a body of people recognized by law as an individual person, having a name, rights, privelages, and liabilities distinct from the individual members corporations a body of people recognized by law as an individual person, having a name, rights, priveleges, and liabilites distinct from the individual members economics The branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth. Economic Development and management of the material wealth of a government, community or business. enterprise budget Provides a listing of all income and expenses associated with a particular enterprise Enterprise budget A look at the costs and risks involved with producing one commodity or making one product ENTERPRISE BUDGET A look at the cost and risks involved with producing one community or making one product enterprises A project or undertaking, typically one that is difficult or requires effort. enterprises A specific process or activity that requires a certain amount of risk to make a profit equity The quality of being fair and impartial: "equity of treatment". Equity The value remaining in a business in excess of any liability or mortgage.. equity the value remaining in a business in expenses of any liability or mortagae evaluation act of ascertaining or fixing the value or worth of. Evaluation Business costs, such as rent, that are constant whatever the amount of goods produced. Fixed costs Costs that usually do not fluctuate with an increase or decrease in production. fixed costs costs that usually do not flutuate with an increase or decrease in production fixed costs costs that usually do not fluctate with an increase or decrease in production goals The destination of a journey Goals The end objective or terminal points of a business. income a financial statement that gives operating results for a specific period. Income Amount of money received periodically in return for goods, labor, or services. income amount of money received periodically periodically for labor, goods, or services income amount of money recieved periodically in return for gods, labor, or services input costs of direct material , direct labor , and other overhead items devoted to the production of a good or service. Input costs Money required to begin reproduction. Inputcosts Money required to begin producion input costs money required to begin production interest The state of wanting to know or learn about something or someone: "many people lose interest in history Interest Payment for the use of money or credit. interest payment for the use of credit or production net worth In business, net worth (sometimes called net liabilities) is the total assets minus total outside liabilities of an individual or a company Net worth The state of being a partner or partners. Partnerships A form of business organization with multiple owners. PARTNERSHIPS a form of business organizations with multiple business owners profitability profitableness: the quality of affording gain or benefit or profit. Profitability Estimated by subtarcting all costs from the expected revenues. Profitability Estimated by subtracting all costs from the expected revenues risks A situation involving exposure to danger: "flouting the law was too much of a risk". Risks A chance of encoutering harm or loss. Risks A chance of encountering harm or loss shareholders The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all of its liabilities Shareholders Owners of shares of a company or a stockholder Shareholders Owners of shares of a company or a stock holder sole proprietorship A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader or simply a proprietorship is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Sole proprietorship Form of business organization where one individual owns the business solvency the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due. Solvency Having sufficient means to pay all debts. Solvency Having sufficient menas to pay all debts solvency having sufficent means to pay all debts strategic Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. planning The process of making plans for something. variable cost Variable costs are expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business Variable costs costs that increase or decrease in realtion to an increase or decrease in production. Variable costs Costs that increase or decrease in relation to an increase or decrease in production Variable costs costs that increase or decrease in relation to an increase or decrease in population deadheading Complete a trip without paying passengers or freight emrobing Dress in a robe or vestment. quality assurance the total integrated program for assuring reliability of monitoring and measurment data Quality assurance Captial The amount of money that can be obtained through borrowing or selling of assets that is used to promote the production of other goods. Enterprices budget A look at the costs and risks involved with producing one commodity or making one product. Enterprices A specific process or activity that requires a certain amount of risk to make a profit. Sole propreitorship Form of business organization where one individual owns the business. Strategic planning analyzing the business and the environment in which it operates to create a broad plan for the furture. Strategic planning Analyzing the business and the environment in which it operates to create a broad plan for the future evalation determining worth strageic planning analyzing the business and the environment in which it operates to create a broad plan for the future Hemorrohagic An escape of blood from its vessels, through either intact or ruptured walls; bleeding Archiving Place or store (something) in such a collection. Archiving Historical recors. Biocontrol control of pests by hindering their biological status, through the introduction of a natural enemy or a pathogen into the environment biocontrol control of pests by hindering their biological status, through the introduction of a natural enemy or a pathogen into the enviroment BIOCONTROL CONTROL OF PEST BY HINDERING THEIR BIOLOGICAL STATUS THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF A NATURAL ENEMY OR A PATHOGEN INTO THE ENVIORMENT Biocontrol Control of pests by ghindeing their bological sataus through the introduction of a natural enemy or a pathogen into the envrionment. Biologics a drug obtained from animal tissue or some other organic source biologics a drug obtained from animal tissue or some other organic substance biologics pertaining to biology or to life and living things Database computerized collection of info that can be sorted and retrieved for various reports database computerized collection of information that can be sorted and retrieved for various reports database A structured set of data held in a computer, esp. one that is accessible in various ways. Database computerized collection of information that can be sorted and retrieved for various reorts. Accural Expenses are considered expenses when they are accrued (or committed) and income is counted as income when it is earned. Depuration to rinse or wash free of purities depuration to rinise or wash free of impurities Depuration To rinse or wash free of impurities. Discharge to release or remove by unloading discharge officially that they can or must leave, in particular. Estuarine the part of the lower mouth or lower course of a river in which the rivers current meets the salt water of the ocean estuarine the part of the mouth or lower course of a rivers current meets the oceans tides to create a mixing of fresh and salt water Estuarine The part of the mouth or lower course of a river in which the river's current meets the ocean's tide to create a mixing of fresh and salt water. estuarine of or relating to or found in estuaries. Exclusive Economic Zone an area 200 nautical miles off the coast of a country reserved for exploring and exploiting, conserving, and managing the natural resources, wether living or non living Exclusive Economic Zone An area 200 nautical miles off the coast of a country reserved for exploring and exploiting, conserving, and managing the natural resources, whether living or non living. Exclusive Economic Zone An area 200 nautical miles off the coast of a country reserved for expolring and expoliting conserving and managing the natural resources whether living or nonliving. Exports to send merchandise or raw materials to other countries for sale or trade export to send merchandise or raw materials to ther countries for sale or trade export Send (goods or services) to another country for sale. Grants money offered through the process of a proposal to to an organization or a biz grants money offered through the process of a proposal to an organization or a business for research grants Agree to give or allow (something requested) to. Grants Money offered throught the process of a prposal to and organization or a business for research. Import to receive merchandise from other countries import to recieve merchandise or raw materials from other countries for sale or trade Import To receive merchandise or raw materials from other countries for sale or trade. import Bring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale. Import To recieve merchandise or raw materials from other confining a body of water. Maritime pertaining to the sea, its navigation and commerce maritime Connected with the sea, esp. in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity On-line refers to connecting computers to others via the internet on-line refers to connecting computers via telephone lines for the purpose of transferring information on-line Controlled by or connected to another computer or to a network. On-line refers to connecting computers via telephone liners for the purpose of transferring info Pollutant wide variety of toxins released in the environment by humans that effect the environment badly pollutant a term reffering to a wide range of toxic chemicals and organic materials introduced into waterways from industrial plants and sewage wastes Pollutant A term referring to a wide range of toxic chemicals and organic materials introduced into waterways from industrial plants and sewage waters. pollutant waste matter that contaminates the water or air or soil. POLLUTANT A TERM REFERRING TO A WIDE RANGE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS INTRODUCED INTO WATERWAYS FROM INDUSTRIAL PLANTS AND SEWAGE WASTE Treaty agreement between countries ending war or making peace treaty formal agreement or compact duly concluded and ratified between two or more states or countries treaty A formally concluded and ratified agreement between countries. Treaty formal agreement or compact duly concluded and raitfied btw two or more states or countries. Wetlands area covered with water year round and supports great vegetation wetlands area that is covered with standing water or is saturated most of the year and that supports mainly watrer loving plants Wetlands Area that is covered with standing water or is saturated most of the year, and that supports mainly water-loving plants. wetlands Land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land. exclusive economic an area 200 nautical miles off the coast of a country reserved for exploring and exploiting, conserving, and managing the natural resources, whether living or nonkiving exclusive economic Excluding or tending to exclude bio control Biological control of pests in agriculture is a method of controlling pests deputation A group of people appointed to undertake a mission or take part in a formal process on behalf of a larger group. zone An area or stretch of land having a particular characteristic, purpose, or use, or subject to particular restrictions: filets Boneless sides of fish cut lengthwise away from the backbone. AECHIVING ESTAURINE EEZ AN AREA 200 NAUTICAL MILES OFF THE COAST OF A COUNTRY RESERVED FOR EXPLORING AND EXPLOITING CONSERVING AND MANAGING THE NATURAL RESOURCES WHETHER LIVING OR NON LIVING transission	i don't know
Which is the northernmost Scandinavian country?	The Countries of Scandinavia The Countries of Scandinavia Updated August 30, 2016. Where is Scandinavia: Scandinavia is a region in northern Europe . The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in Europe and it extends from above the Arctic Circle to the North and Baltic Seas. Scandinavia is a historical and geographical region covering much of Northern Europe. In the past, Scandinavia has been defined as the three kingdoms that historically shared the Scandinavian Peninsula. Today, most define Scandinavia as a region which includes: Finland and Iceland are generally included. Greenland , however, is rarely included. If you would like to be introduced to the Scandinavian countries and have ever wondered where exactly Scandinavia is, you have come to the right place... Denmark: The southernmost Scandinavian country, Denmark consists of the Jutland peninsula and over 400 islands, some of which are linked to the mainland by bridge. Almost all of Denmark is low and flat, but there are many low hills as well. continue reading below our video Beware! The 5 Most Common Travel Scams Windmills and traditional thatched cottages can be seen everywhere. Note that the Faroe Islands and Greenland both belong to the Kingdom of Denmark. Official language: Danish . Capital: Copenhagen . Norway: Also called "The Land of Vikings, and the Midnight Sun ," Norway is the northernmost country in Europe. Norway has a jagged expanse of islands and fjords. The maritime industry sustains the economy here. Official language: Norwegian . Capital: Oslo . Sweden: Sweden offers numerous lakes and is the largest of the Scandinavian countries - both in land size and population. Volvo and Saab both originated here and are a big part of the Swedish industry. Swedish citizens are independently minded and highly regard their people-oriented social programs, especially in women's rights. Official language: Swedish . Capital: Stockholm . Iceland: With a surprisingly mild climate, Iceland is Europe's westernmost country, the second largest island in the North-Atlantic ocean. Flight time to Iceland is only 3 1/2 hours from the European mainland. Iceland has a strong economy, low unemployment, and low inflation, and its per capita income is among the highest in the world. Official language: Icelandic . Capital: Reykjavik . Finland: Finland is another country where the weather is better than many tourists expect. Finland also has one of the lowest immigration rates in the world. Official language: Finnish (aka Suomi) . Take a look at the weather in Finland , and learn more about the travel destination Finland and its interesting capital Helsinki . Now that you know more about Scandinavia's countries, take a look at the maps of Scandinavia and learn more about the capitals of Scandinavia . About Scandinavia: Scandinavia is considered to be the northern European peninsula that includes the countries of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and several thousands of islands. In modern times, sometimes Finland is considered to belong to this region, if only partially in terms of either culture, travel or political issues at some point. Also, see Scandinavia or Nordic Countries? Be sure to explore the country-specific categories on the left to learn more about the countries of Scandinavia, their capitals, and more travel tips! You can also take a look at the Maps of Scandinavia !	Norway
In the US television series ‘Spin City’, who played Randall Winston, the dim-witted Mayor of New York City?	Norway First Country to End FM Radio in 2017 \| Hollywood Reporter Local fans of Norwegian pop band A-ha will have to go digital to hear them in the future. The Scandinavian country will eliminate the FM band entirely to make way for digital. Steely Dan, the jazz-rockers who scored a hit in 1978 with their single "FM (No Static At All)," would not be pleased. In what will likely be the opening move in a global transition to digital radio, Norway has announced it will shut down its FM band. Norway will start turning off FM radio on Jan. 11, 2017, and plans to stop transmission of the last FM signal to the country's northernmost regions by Dec. 13 of that year. The announcement , made by their Ministry of Culture, makes Norway the first country to do away entirely with FM radio. The move is intended to save money and allow a full transition to digital radio, which Norway argues will give listeners "access to more diverse and pluralistic radio content and enjoy better sound quality and new functionality." In its statement, the Norwegian government said the cost of transmitting national radio channels through the FM network is eight times higher than via the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system, the standard digital radio technology used across Europe. By shutting off FM, Norway's national radio channels will save more than $25 million a year, according to official figures "releasing funds for investment in radio content," argued Minister of Culture Thorhild Widvey. "This is an important day for everyone who loves radio," said Thor Gjermund Eriksen, head of public broadcasting network NRK, in a statement. "The minister's decision allows us to concentrate our resources even more upon what is most important, namely to create high-quality and diverse radio content to our listeners." The DAB system in Norway already offers 22 national channels, compared to just five on the FM band, and has the capacity for 20 more. A recent survey by TNS Gallup found that 55 percent of Norwegian households have at least one DAB-equipped radio. Norway has long been a digital radio pioneer. NRK launched the world's first DAB channel on June 1, 1995. Other Scandinavian countries as well as the U.K. are thought to be considering an FM switch-off by 2022. The digital rollout in other European countries has been slower, with old FM radio still proving more popular in several territories.	i don't know
What is a person who makes and sells ladies hats called?	What Is a Milliner? Do Dictionaries Have it Wrong? \| That Way Hat's Blog That Way Hat's Blog How to Recover Crushed Hats → What Is a Milliner? Do Dictionaries Have it Wrong? The dictionary says that a milliner is a person who makes or sells women’s hats. But many hat makers disagree. Many say that a milliner is a person who is far advanced in the art of fine hat making. Simply selling hats in a hat store or making run of the mill women’s hats would not qualify you to be called a milliner; you would be a shop keeper or a crafts woman who makes hats, but not a milliner. Being called a milliner implies a high degree of Mastery of the Art. “He is not a milliner, just a hat seller” and “She is no milliner, she’s still got a lot to learn before being true master of hat making” are phrases that ring out across the ateliers of hatters. I have heard it said that the dictionary simply needs to update its antiquated notion of what milliner is, since it’s definitions are no longer true. Don’t even ask if you are a hat designer. That is several steps from a milliner. Indeed people who hold this rarefied view of what a milliner is, are gatekeepers who defend the realm of the milliner with so much vigor that few people do dare to call themselves a “milliner” unless they are in fact far advanced in the art of hat making. Those who do may be put on notice that they are violating the spirit of the Art Therefore the following dictionaries are hereby put on notice of the need to update their definitions: Dictionary.com has definitions from Random House and Collins: Random House Dictionary: “A person who designs, makes, or sells hats for women.” Collins English Dictionary: “A person who makes or sells women’s hats.” Merriam Webster has this definition: “A person who designs, makes, trims, or sells women’s hats” American Heritage Dictionary states: “One that makes, trims, designs, or sells hats.” The Concise Oxford English Dictionary has this definition: “A person who makes or sells women’s hats” They were Milanese – The word “milliner” originated in the 16th Century from a word meaning a native of Milan, Italy or dealer of goods from Milan. The Online Etymology Dictionary (quoted in Dictionary.com ) states: mid-15c., vendor of fancy wares, especially those made in Milan, the Italian city famous for straw works, fancy goods, ribbons, bonnets, and cutlery. Meaning of “one who sells women’s hats” may be from 1520s, certainly in use by 18c.	Hatmaking
Almere, Tilburg and Breda are all cities in which European country?	Vintage Fashion Guild : Fashion History : History Of Hats For Women History of Hats for Women \| by admin \| Fashion History \| Garment & Item Specifics , Hats , Fashion Features Is a hat a frivolous accessory or a necessity? When looking into its history it quickly becomes apparent that it has been both. Headwear for women began in earnest during the Middle Ages when the church decreed that their hair must be covered. During the 18th century, milliners took the hat-making art out of the home and established the millinery profession. Today, a ‘milliner’ defines a person associated with the profession of hat making. In the 18th century however, a milliner was more of a stylist. Traditionally a woman’s occupation, the milliner not only created hats or bonnets to go with costumes but also chose the laces, trims and accessories to complete an ensemble. The term ‘milliner’ comes from the Italian city of Milan, where in the 1700’s, the finest straws were braided and the best quality hat forms were made. DOUBLE OR NOTHING 18th century Pancake style ‘shepherdess’ hats were popular throughout most of the 18th century, in varying brim widths. These hats were considered necessary to keep the sun away from fair complexions, especially as the parasol was not a fashionable accessory during this period. In the 1770’s (when huge wigs and hairstyles were fashionable) the ‘calash’ bonnet was worn to protect the high hairstyles from the weather. Collapsible bonnets, they were made of strips of wood or whalebone sewn into channels of a silk hood. A front ribbon allowed the wearer to hold the calash securely over her face while walking in the wind. A taste for simpler fabrics in the 1780’s, anticipated the more democratic styles that followed the French Revolution. Cotton was introduced as a fashion fabric. Simple cotton house bonnets ornamented with a separate ribbon became fashionable for all echelons of society. The elite still wore hats (sometimes atop the bonnet) with tall crowns adorned with wide silk ribbon bows. Hats fell from favour after the French Revolution. They were associated with the upper classes and it was considered stylish to be democratic. Turbans were introduced into English fashions in the 1790’s and remained fashionable until the 1820’s. Style inspiration came from England’s increased trade with India for cotton. This was necessitated by inaccessibility to other cotton markets, namely Napoleon’s Egypt and the United States, with which relations were still poor. BONNET DU JOUR 19th Century – 1800 – 1860 In the 1810’s straw bonnets were de rigueur. Alternatively, inexpensive ‘bonnet board’ was used. It was made of cardboard, then pressed in a roller machine to create a design. Bonnet board was also a response to lack of trade goods from Napoleon’s Italy, the traditional source for quality straw bonnets. Experiments with silk covered buckram proved successful for creating bonnets. It was used briefly in hats of the 1820’s that were decorated with towers of panaches (feather plumes) and silk bows. By 1830 bonnets grew to huge proportions. A large brim framed the wearer’s face from the front but hid her profile from the side. A veil protected her identity and propriety as well as her delicate skin from the sun’s rays. Brim size decreased dramatically in the 1840’s but still covered most of the wearer’s hair and much of her face. From the mid 1850’s the bonnet’s depth reduced to expose more of the face and hair. The ‘Bavolette’ was a ribbon frill at the back of the bonnet. Its purpose was covering the neck, which was considered an erogenous zone in the mid 19th century. Necks were only on view with evening dress! Once again, a brief foray into hats over bonnets occurred in the late 1850’s when the ‘wide-awake’ was introduced. It was a revival of the 18th century shepherdess hat that sported a broad brim and shallow crown. THREE WOMEN IN A BOATER 19th Century – 1860 – 1900 By 1860 parasols had become a fashion staple and bonnets, except for cold weather wear, became purely ornamental. Due to their reduced functionality, bonnets decreased in size throughout the decade. Styles began with the ‘Spoon’ bonnet named for its shallow shape. It had a peaked crown that could be decorated with a nosegay of flowers. The even smaller ‘Fanchon’ was popular in 1865. It was little more than a triangular shaped piece of straw or silk, often with wide ribbons that framed the wearer’s chin. Throughout the 1860’s hats began to be re-introduced into the wardrobe. They included Glengarry highland caps and little circular pork pie hats. Tyrolean style peaked crown hats and little doll hats appeared at the end of the decade. The doll hats were decorated with cockades of feathers. They were worn perched at the front of the head over enormous hairstyles. Throughout the 1870’s and 1880’s, hats and bonnets were on a fashion par. Women who wanted a more modest appearance often preferred bonnets. Sadly for bonnets, this eventually associated them with a matronly appearance. Very tall hats of the mid 1880’s were known as ‘3-story’ or ‘flowerpots’ and for very good reason. They soared atop the hair, appearing as if a roof on the tower of a building. This style originated as a revival of a late 18th century woman’s riding hat. That in turn was a copy of a man’s style of the same period. Masculine styled clothes and hats entered women’s wardrobes in the 1890’s via new forms of sporting and activity clothes. ‘Boaters’ and ‘Trilbys’, previously considered masculine, were now appropriate wear for all but the dressiest of occasions. Hats downsized in the middle of the 1890’s but grew in width again by 1900 OUCH! 20th Century – 1900 – 1920 In the early Edwardian period (1901-1907) it was fashionable for a lady’s silhouette to resemble an S-shape. The hat was an essential element. It was worn on top of piled up hair and positioned to cantilever over the face. This curvaceous form was carried through the bodice that was pouched over the waist and ended in a trained skirt. Also popular in this era was the ‘toque’, the name given to a brimless hat. After 1908 the silhouette became more slender. Conversely the hat became increasingly larger. By 1911 hats were at their largest, often with the brim extending beyond the breadth of the wearer’s shoulders. To secure these huge creations to the head, hat pins – sometimes as long as 18 inches – were skewered through the hair and hat. The hatpin had other advantages too. Any man who attempted an unwanted advance soon discovered that a hatpin was all a frail woman needed to defend herself. During the First World War hairstyles decreased in size so hats gradually began to sit lower on the head and, generally speaking, became quite plain. Large plumes and ornate decorations were frowned on. It was considered unpatriotic because it suggested that the wearer was more concerned with her own appearance than with the war effort. By the end of the war and in honour of the soldier’s girlfriend (the era’s heroine) the fashionable ideal was for a youthful look. Hats slipped down the head, making the wearer appear as if she were dressing-up in her mother’s hat. Conveniently, the deeper crown also provided more security in keeping the hat in place while traveling in an open car. BY GOSH – THE CLOCHE 20th Century – 1920 – 1940 The crown continued to deepen in the 1920’s, eventually covering the entire head in the ‘cloche’ style. Brims were optional but usually utilised only on summer hats, where the brim acted as a visor from the sun’s rays. By the early 1930’s crowns became shallow once again to accommodate the decade’s fuller curled hairstyles. Wide brimmed hats were popular. On hot summer day’s they acted like parasols, which were now out of fashion. Mannish styled ‘fedoras’ were perfectly suited to wear with tailored suits. By the end of the decade, crowns began to grow upward much like the 3-story hats of the 1880’s HALO HALO 20th Century – 1940 – 1965 The wartime 40’s saw a huge variety of hats that were suitable for any face shape, hairstyle or personal preference. Throughout the war and on both sides of the Atlantic, elaborate creations brightened dreary utility fashions, brought about by rationing. In fact the only items not rationed were hat materials. Explosions of feathers, veiling and artificial flowers were popular. They were dubbed in France as ‘piece de resistance’ or ‘resistance piece’ against Nazi occupation. The ‘Doll’ hat, a very small hat that perched on the very front of the forehead, revived Victorian styles. There was also a brief resurgence of the bonnet, as well as turbans and halo hats. The latter sat on the back of the head and framed the face and the fashionable upswept pompadour hairstyles. Post war 1940’s and 1950’s saw many women choosing not to wear hats on a regular basis. To preserve its market, the millinery industry set about creating variety and extravagance. Generally speaking hats remained small and close to the head. They were now touted as the essential accessory to complete the ensemble. Alternatively, ‘pancake’ or ‘cart wheel’ hats sat flat atop the head reviving turn of the century styles. By the late 1950’s the turban returned to fashion. As hairstyles grew in size in the early 1960’s, hat styles had to adapt. In vogue were tiny poufs of veil or pillboxes that perched on the back of the head. UNTIL THE HAT LADY SINGS 20th Century – 1965 – 2000 As fashions of the mid 1960’s were geared for youth, which wore hats sparingly, headwear became an accessory of the past. Even the Catholic Church dropped its dress code, abandoning required head coverings for women in 1967. With the exception of cold weather wear, the fashion hat all but disappeared in the 1970’s. Credit goes to Princess Diana’s influence in the 1980’s that met with some success in bringing hats back into style. More recent attempts to bring back the hat have centered on health in response to holes in the ozone layer. This has given reasons to think about hats once again. In reality, its role as the necessary accessory is long gone. Until the next time! Written by Jonathan Walford/Kickshaw Productions. All Photos Courtesy of Kickshaw Productions.	i don't know
Which US adult film actor is nicknamed ‘The Hedgehog’?	The Hedgehog Images - Ron Jeremy Net Worth The Hedgehog Images Read more... Ron Jeremy Ron Jeremy Net Worth is $5.5 Million. Ron Jeremy was born in Queens, New York and has an estimated net worth of $5.5 million dollars. A hugely successful porn star, Ron Jeremy has appeared in or directed over 2000 porn films and is most widely recogn. Ronald Jeremy Hyatt (born Ma... Ron Jeremy Net Worth is $5.5 Million. Ron Jeremy Net Worth is $5.5 Million. Ron Jeremy was born in Queens, New York and has an estimated net worth of $5.5 million dollars. A hugely successful porn star, Ron Jeremy has appeared in or directed over 2000 porn films and is most widely recogn Ronald Jeremy Hyatt , usually called Ron Jeremy, is an American adult film actor. Nicknamed "The Hedgehog", he was ranked by AVN at number one in their "The 50 Top Porn Stars of All Time" list. Jeremy has also appeared in non-pornographic films, such as The Chase, Orgazmo, They Bite, The Boondock Saints and 54. He is noted for his 9.75 inches penis -and he has gained some notoriety for being capable of autofellatio . Ron Jeremy was born in Queens, New York to a middle-class Jewish family; his father, Arnold, was a physicist and his mother a book editor who served in the O.S.S. during World War II, as she spoke fluent German and French. Jeremy attended Cardozo High School in Bayside, Queens, where former CIA director George Tenet and actor Reginald VelJohnson were his classmates. He earned a bachelor's degree in education and theatre and a master's degree in special education fr...	Ron Jeremy
How many players are on the court in a korfball team?	Ron Jeremy - IMDb IMDb Actor \| Director \| Writer Since the demise of the legendary John Holmes in March 1988, the short, mustachioed, heavyset Ron Jeremy has assumed the mantle as the number one U.S. male star of adult cinema. However, don't confuse Ron with the similar looking mustachioed 1970/'80s adult film star, Harry Reems , who has long since retired from the adult film industry. Portly Ron... See full bio » Born: a list of 22 people created 17 Dec 2011 a list of 21 people created 04 Apr 2013 a list of 21 people created 08 Apr 2013 a list of 21 people created 1 month ago a list of 37 people created 1 month ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Ron Jeremy's work have you seen? User Polls 7 wins & 21 nominations. See more awards » Known For \| Edit Filmography 2016 Ruthless (TV Series) ( pre-production ) Keith Morrission 2016 Hollywood or Bust (TV Series) Casting Director 2013 God Rewards the Fearless (TV Series short) The Governor 2013 Fitz and Slade (TV Movie) Nicky Gaggles 2011 Gold Chain (Video short) Driver 2009 The Lair (TV Series) Delivery Man 2007 The House Webshow (TV Series) The Captain 2005 Alley Dogs (TV Movie) Reggie 2001 Just Shoot Me! (TV Series) Cameraman 2000 Nash Bridges (TV Series) Kevin Cutler 1997 George Wallace (TV Movie) Demonstrator (as Ron Hyatt) 1996 Bone Chillers (TV Series) Blisterface (uncredited) 1995 Mr. Stitch (TV Movie) Lieutenant Periainkle (as Ron Jeremy Hyatt) 1986 Gourmet Quickies 729 (Video short) Rob Kramer (uncredited) 1989 Bi Mistake (as David Elliott) 1989 Blind Date (Video) (as Norm L. Pera) 1989 Hawaii Vice III: Beyond the Badge (Video) (as Nicolas Pera) 1989 Innocent Bi-Standers (Video) (as David Elliot) 1988 Charlie's Girls (Video) (as Nicolas Pera) 1988 Cheek-a-boo (as David Elliott) 1988 Girls of Treasure Island (as Nicolas Pera) 1988 Group Sex (Video) (as Nicolas Pera) 1988 Hawaii Vice (as Ron Gerimiah) 1988 Hot Blondes (Video) (as Bill Blackman) 1988 Party Wives (as Nicholas Pera) 1988 Peepers (Video) (as Bill Blackman) 1988 Pleasure Principle (Video) (as Dave Elliott) 1988 Precious Gems (Video) (as Nicolas Pera) 1987 Backdoor to Hollywood 3 (Video) (as Nicholas Pera) 1987 Bare Essentials (Video) (as Bill Blackman) 1987 Princess of Darkness (Video) (as Bill Blackman) 1987 Sex-Periences! (Video) (as Bill Blackman) 1989 Missy Impossible (Video) (written by) 1988 Blacks Next Door (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1988 Double Black Fantasy (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1988 Hot Blondes (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1988 Magic Pool (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1987 American Dream Girls (story - as David Elliott) 1987 Bare Essentials (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1987 Flesh for Frankenstein (as David Elliott) 1987 Hot Amber Nights (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1987 Princess of Darkness (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1987 Sex-Periences! (Video) (written by - as David Elliott) 1987 Primal Urge (Video) (written by - as David Elliott)	i don't know
The headquarters of the International Ice Hockey Federation is in which European city?	Champions Hockey League Champions Hockey League Past winners Champions Hockey League The Champions Hockey League was introduced for the 2008/2009 season with champions and top teams from seven European countries. The ZSC Lions Zurich (Switzerland) won the first edition in an exciting home-and-away final against Metallurg Magnitogorsk (Russia). Click here for the 2008/2009 season. Due to the global financial crisis the competition was not played after that season but has been reintroduced for the 2014/2015 season under a new structure. The Champions Hockey League is operated by a new shareholder company in Zurich owned by the IIHF, six founding domestic leagues (Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland) and 26 founding clubs from those leagues. Additional teams from these countries as well as from France, Denmark, Great Britain, Italy, Norway and Slovakia participate in the inaugural season that includes 44 teams. The various stakeholders are represented in the CHL Executive Board that includes IIHF Vice President Kalervo Kummola as representative of the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Champions Hockey League uses infrastructural synergies with the International Ice Hockey Federation with its offices located at the headquarters of the IIHF and the use of the IIHF’s statistical system Hydra. The commercial partner of the CHL is Infront Sports & Media. For more information and updates please visit www.championshockeyleague.net .	Zürich
Which English darts player has the nickname ‘Old Stoneface’?	Contact Contact Brandschenkestrasse 50, Postfach 1817, 8027 Zurich, Switzerland Main Telephone Number 10 km from Zurich airport 1.5 km from the main railway station "Zürich HB" 500 m from the regional railway station "Zürich Enge" (train S2 from/to airport) Next tramway stop: Tunnelstrasse (400 m, tramways 6, 7, and 13 from the main railway station)	i don't know
In the children’s book ‘King of the Wind’ by Marguerite henry, what is the name of the little golden Arabian stallion?	King of the Wind by Henry - AbeBooks King of the Wind by Henry You Searched For: Results (1 - 27) of 27 Sort By ISBN 10: 0689714866 ISBN 13: 9780689714863 Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1991. Paperback. Book Condition: Good. No Jacket. 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall. Aladdin Books Good small Trade Paperback. Illustration cover by Steve Brennan with design by Rebecca Tachna. Mild edge-wear to extremities, pages clean and unmarked, Illustrations throughout by Wesley Dennis. A Newberry Medal winner. A golden-red stallion, named Sham was born in the Sultan of Morocco's' stone stables. This is the classic story of Sham and his friend, the stable boy Agba. Filled with adventure and horses. New York: Aladdin Books, 1991. 5in x 7.75in tall; 173pp. Bookseller Inventory # 55242 ISBN 10: 0689714866 ISBN 13: 9780689714863 Used Soft cover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Aladdin Books, New York, New York, U.S.A., 1991. Soft cover. Book Condition: Good+. No Jacket. Wesley Dennis (illustrator). Reprint Edition. 8vo - over 7¾ - 9¾" tall. G+/none, used pb, 174pp. Perfect bound, color illustrated stiff paper wraps with black and orange text on upper and black text on spine; slight edge wear; no chips or tears; not spine creased. Interior pages clean, unmarked; b&w drawings throughout. Winner of the Newberry Medal. Binding is tight. Bookseller Inventory # 017184 More Information About This Seller \| Ask Bookseller a Question 2. Bookseller Image Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: SBS, 1971. Paperback. Book Condition: Good. Set of 4 good condition books. Shelfwear to the slipcase. Good condition is defined as: a copy that has been read but remains in clean condition. All of the pages are intact and the cover is intact and the spine may show signs of wear. The book may have minor markings which are not specifically mentioned. Most items will be dispatched the same or the next working day. Bookseller Inventory # mon0006244320 Published by Armada Lions (1971) Used Softcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Armada Lions, 1971. Softcover. Book Condition: Good. 1971. 170 pages. Good condition paperback; as expected for age. Cards, pages, and binding are presentable with no major defects. Minor issues may exist such as shelf wear, inscriptions, light foxing and tanning. book. Bookseller Inventory # 1476372125CD ISBN 10: 1903252458 ISBN 13: 9781903252451 New Paperback Published by Rand McNally, Chicago (1965) Used Hardcover Published by Rand McNally, Chicago (1963) Used Hardcover Published by Rand, McNally Company, Chicago (1976) Used Paperback Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand, McNally Company, Chicago, 1976. Paperback. Book Condition: Very Good. Sixth Paperback Printing. Oversized illustrated wraps with white lettering. Small dampstain tips the lower margin near the spine throughout entire text. Tips of corners bumped. Minor rubbing to all edges. Text is otherwise clean and bright, no marks. Beautifully illustrated throughout by Wesley Dennis. Bookseller Inventory # A11717 Marguerite Henry / illust.by Wesley Dennis Published by rand mcnally & co (1961) Used Hardcover Marguerite Henry / illust.by Wesley Dennis Published by rand mcnally & co (1965) Used Hardcover Published by Rand McNally & Company, Chicago (1948) Used Hardcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1948. Red Cloth. Book Condition: Very Good+. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good (in mylar). Wesley Dennis (illustrator). Early Reprint. Illustrated endleaves, textblock is exceptionally clean and tight. Vibrant red cloth binding with gilt stamped title and horse illustration on front cover, gilt stamped title/auth/pub on spine, light bumping to head and foot. Faint foxing to fore-edge and bottom edges. 'John Newberry Medal' on front cover, price-clipped dust jacket, wear to edges, minor shelf toning, tears to corners of spine, couple small tears to some of the edges, small chips to corners, mylar sleeved. 175pp. Size: 8vo - over 7¾" - 9¾" tall. Hardcover. Bookseller Inventory # SB9867 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: McNally, 1959. Hardcover. Book Condition: Good. 1959. 173 pages. Blue and brown, pictorial dust jacket over red cloth. Illustrated by Wesley Dennis. Firm binding. Moderate foxing, tanning and handling marks. Moderate bumping, rubbing and scuffing to spine ends and to corners with moderate rubbing, scuffing and wear along edges and over surfaces. Clipped jacket. Chipping and tears to spine ends and along edges with noticeable rubbing and wear over surfaces. book. Bookseller Inventory # 1464260952RF Published by Rand McNally & Co., Chicago (1977) Used Hardcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally & Co., Chicago, 1977. Hard Cover. Book Condition: Very Good. No Jacket. Dennis, Wesley (illustrator). A clean, unmarked book with a tight binding. 176 pages. 7 1/4"w x 9 3/4"h. Black and white illustrations by Wesley Dennis. Slight edge wear to cover. Newbery Award sticker on cover. Bookseller Inventory # 139479 Published by Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, IL (1966) Used Hardcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, IL, 1966. Hardcover. Book Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. Dennis, Wesley (illustrator). dj w/small closed tear, lite chipping, Newberry award sticker, unclipped price; illustrated end papers; 223 clean, unmarked pages Size: 4vo. Bookseller Inventory # 072758 Marguerite Henry / illust.by Wesley Dennis Published by scholastic (1974) Published by Scholastic Book Services, New York (1971) Used Soft cover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Scholastic Book Services, New York, 1971. Soft cover. Book Condition: Good. Dennis, Wesley (illustrator). 19.4 x 13.4 x 1.4 x 0.14 Minor creasing and shelf wear. Previous owner's name in pen and pencil on front end papers. Bookseller Inventory # 004333 Published by Rand McNally, New York (1958) Used Hardcover Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally, New York, 1958. Hard Cover. Book Condition: Very Good -. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good-. Wesley Dennis. (illustrator). Reprint. 173 pp, 9 11/16" H. Pictorial endpapers, b&w and color illustrations. "(The story of) the fiery Arabian stallion of unquenchable spirit who became one of the most famous horses of all time - the almost legendary Godolphin Arabian. He was names 'Sham' for the sun, this golden-red stallion born in the great stone stables of the Sultan of Morocco. Upon his heel was the white spot - symbol of speed; but upon his chest was the mark of the wheat ear - a sign of misfortune. And these two signs seemed to govern his life. Swift he was, swift as the wind, but time after time disaster almost overtook him. Beginning at the Sultan's court, the story sweeps across France and then into England, one exciting incident following fast upon another with the changing fortunes of the royal-blooded horse and the slim brown horseboy who cares for him." "In recognition of its fine qualities (this book) was awarded the Newbery Medal for 1949." Previous owner's name and a gift inscription on free front endpaper, light wear and several tiny dents on board edges, light wrinkling at top/bottom of spine, one tiny corner bump. Dust jacket is price clipped, has moderate wear and tiny chips at top/bottom of spine and flap-folds, very light edge wear/wrinkling, tiny closed perforation on front panel, protected in mylar sleeve. Bookseller Inventory # 27472 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Constable & Co. Ltd. London, 1957. Hardcover. Book Condition: Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Good. 1st Edition. 1st ed. thus hardback book with dust jacket, both in good condition, not ex-library. There are no names, clean cream pages, tight binding and clean red board covers. The clipped dust jacket is in clear plastic which has been pasted to the inside covers. B&W line drawings are unusual as most editions of this book were illustrated Wesley Dennis - just this edition by Constable was by Shelia Rose. The novel is a fictionalised biography of the Godolphin Arabian, and ancestor of the modern thoroughbred. The author is famous for Misty of the Chincoteague. Ignore shipping estimate which is based on a 1kg book, as this weighs less and I will reduce shipping during checkout. Bookseller Inventory # HEN010 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally & Company, 1949. Hardcover. Book Condition: Used: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Very Good. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1948. Second printing. Hardcover. 173 pp. Very good, in very good unclipped jacket. Spine has slight twist. Minor bumping to board corners and front board edges. Light spotting to text block edges and endpapers. Jacket has edge wear with a few closed tears, longest one and a half inches. Faint damp staining to spine and front panel. Some toning to spine and edges of panels and flaps. Awarded the 1949 Newbery Medal for Children's Books. Bookseller Inventory # 049646 Destination, Rates & Speeds Item Description: Rand McNally & Company, 1948. Hard Cover with Dustjacket. Book Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: Good-. First Edition. Hardcover with dustjacket : very good / good minus. Signatures only of both author and illustrator on half-title page. Jacket in new mylar protector; jacket has some nicely backed chips; mild edge wear otherwise; folds are rubbed; spine very slightly discolored; slight rubbing to back; front is clean and bright; a name and an old label on front flap. Book is a red cloth hardcover with gold lettering and illustration to binding; illustrated endpapers; b&w illustrations; 175 pages; very slight softness to spine tips; top back corner of binding is slightly bumped; binding is clean and bright; straight and tight; slight toning to outer edges of text block; name penned on ffep; also a couple of shot scratches on ffep; otherwise interior is fine. First edition : "A" at bottom of copyright page. Size: 8vo - over 7¾ - 9¾" tall. Signed by Author and Artist. Book. Bookseller Inventory # 072799	Sham
Aestas is the Roman goddess of which season?	King of the Wind: The Story of the Godolphin Arabian - Walmart.com King of the Wind: The Story of the Godolphin Arabian Faster shipping options available at checkout Pickup not available We don't recognize that location. Check your information and try again. Type You’ll see exact shipping costs and arrival dates when you check out. Pickup not available Pickup Find We can't find any pickup locations near the location you entered. Check your information and try again. Want to pick up your package for free? Walmart offers free pickup for most orders placed online - for many items as soon as today! Tell us where you are and we'll show you which Walmart stores and partner locations near you are available for package pickup. Add to List Faster shipping options available at checkout Pickup not available Customers also viewed these products $5.99 ShippingPass $20.70 ShippingPass $11.01 Customers also bought these products $14.44 Back to top About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. KING OF THE WIND [9781416927860] About this item Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is recommended that you rely on product packaging or manufacturer information. KING OF THE WIND [9781416927860] He was named "Sham" for the sun, this golden-red stallion born in the Sultan of Morocco's stone stables. Upon his heel was a small white spot, the symbol of speed. But on his chest was the symbol of misfortune. Although he was swift as the desert winds, Sham's pedigree would be scorned all his life by cruel masters and owners. This is the classic story of Sham and his friend, the stable boy Agba. their adventures take them from the sands of the Sahara. to the royal courts of France, and finally to the green pastures and stately homes of England. For Sham was the renowned Godolphin Arabian, whose blood flows through the veins of almost very superior thoroughbred. Sham's speed -- like his story -- has become legendary. Specifications	i don't know
‘When are you gonna come down, When are you going to land’, are the opening lyrics to which Elton John song?	ELTON JOHN LYRICS - Goodbye Yellow Brick Road "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" lyrics ELTON JOHN LYRICS When are you gonna come down When are you going to land I should have stayed on the farm I should have listened to my old man You know you can't hold me forever I didn't sign up with you I'm not a present for your friends to open This boy's too young to be singing the blues So goodbye yellow brick road Where the dogs of society howl You can't plant me in your penthouse I'm going back to my plough Back to the howling old owl in the woods Hunting the horny back toad Oh I've finally decided my future lies Beyond the yellow brick road What do you think you'll do then I bet that'll shoot down your plane It'll take you a couple of vodka and tonics To set you on your feet again Maybe you'll get a replacement There's plenty like me to be found Mongrels who ain't got a penny Sniffing for tidbits like you on the ground So goodbye yellow brick road Where the dogs of society howl You can't plant me in your penthouse I'm going back to my plough Back to the howling old owl in the woods Hunting the horny back toad Oh I've finally decided my future lies Beyond the yellow brick road Visit www.azlyrics.com for these lyrics. Thanks to elmo for correcting these lyrics. Writer(s): Elton John, Bernie Taupin	Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
The Imperial Crown of India was created when which British monarch visited Delhi as Emperor of India?	Elton John — Goodbye Yellow Brick Road — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm rock "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" is a ballad performed by musician Elton John. The song was written by Bernie Taupin and composed by John for his album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road. Its musical style and production is heavily influenced by 1970s soft rock. It was widely praised by critics, and some critics have named it John's best song. The song was released in 1973 as the album's second single, and entered the Top Ten in both the United Kingdom and the… read more Don't want to see ads? Subscribe now Similar Tracks	i don't know
Which bird was depicted on a British pre-decimal farthing?	A 'Robin' Farthing - British Coin Related Discussions & Enquiries - British Coin Forum - Predecimal.com British Coin Related Discussions & Enquiries Not recommended on shared computers Sign in anonymously British Coin Related Discussions & Enquiries A 'Robin' Farthing Rotographic.com Price guide reference book publishers since 1959. Lots of books on coins, banknotes and medals. Please visit and like Rotographic on Facebook for offers and updates. Some of the current Rotographic books on Amazon. Click the Kindle icon above to see the Rotographic range for Kindle. Click the .epub icon to purchase as .epub direct from Rotographic. Predecimal.com . British Numismatic Trade Association Member - One of the most popular websites on British coins, with hundreds of coins for sale, advice for beginners and interesting information. 9 posts in this topic Guest Fenman Hi, I have heard mention today of a farthing with a Robin on the reverse. The guy is adamant that his mother used to keep them as lucky coins. The same fellow also states that they were different to the wren farthing. I cannot find mention of them in Spink or on the net. Was he just mistaken? Proprietor of Predecimal.com and Rotographic Publications Admin Location:Europe Interests:Nummi gratia fori defensor Well obviously British coins. Classic cars (mainly Triumph and other BL masterpieces of the 70s). Heavy old rock music from prog to metal (Pink Floyd, Sabbath, Zep, Rammstein etc etc). I still fancy Kylie Minogue. I think the fellow must be getting his British birds confused, which can be a very dangerous thing to do in some circumstances! I have never heard of a Robin farthing, just the Wren....Which looks very much like a Robin. I think the fellow must be getting his British birds confused, which can be a very dangerous thing to do in some circumstances! I have never heard of a Robin farthing, just the Wren....Which looks very much like a Robin. Yep, as I thought, Chris. It's amazing how hazy people's memories are of yesteryear and how much they convince themselves of a fact that never existed. It's like a discussion I had with a guy the other day who maintained that the Raleigh Chopper bike from the '70s was a rather more comfortable ride than the bikes of today. Not if you slipped 'spuds first' onto the gearshift it wasn't Many thanks for the reply.	Wren
Which northern Spanish city is famous for the ‘Running of the Bulls’?	The Farthing \| derrickjknight derrickjknight by derrickjknight For Jessica’s old friend Mary it was frogs; for Jackie’s sister Helen it is owls; for us it is mugs with birds on them, or in France, chickens. I speak of collections built up by friends. This is how it works. One person presents you with a frog, an owl, or a mug. These are noticed by others who give you another. Before you know where you are you are overrun with them. Sheila observed that a lot of our mugs depicted birds. We identified those on her morning coffee cup as wrens, our smallest common avians. The conversation developed into a discussion about the farthing. Until it was abolished in 1961 this, being our smallest piece of coinage, bore a wren on the reverse side. When we were all children one could buy a pink shrimp sweet, blackjack or fruit salad chew for a farthing each. A pair of shoes was available for £1/19/11¾ (a farthing under £2 in pre-decimal coinage). erratum slip: My friend Geoff Austin informs me he has a Victorian half-farthing. After a shopping trip to New Milton we visited Braxton Gardens near Everton, where the rose garden has now been refurbished. On the way home, Jackie deposited me at Paddy’s Gap Car Park. I walked on, following in yesterday’s footsteps. A brisk sea breeze cooled the cliff top on this muggy, overcast, day. Shorefield Country Park now carries a hoarding explaining why the older chalets were demolished, burnt, and replaced during the winter. A couple were cleaning the outside of their static caravan. ‘You wouldn’t like to come and do ours when you’ve finished, would you?’, I quipped. Quick as a flash, ‘No’, the man replied with jocularity, ‘I’d prefer you to come and do this one’. I responded with ‘I asked for that, didn’t I?’. ‘You did’, laughingly returned the woman. This evening we dined on roast chicken; roast potatoes, peppers, and mushrooms; Yorkshire pudding; sage and onion stuffing; cauliflower, peas, and carrots; followed by lemon cheesecake. I drank more of the malbec. Share this:	i don't know
How many full terms in office did US President F D Roosevelt serve?	Franklin D. Roosevelt \| whitehouse.gov Air Force One Franklin D. Roosevelt Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression as our 32nd President (1933-1945), Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New York--now a national historic site--he attended Harvard University and Columbia Law School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt. Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate in 1910. President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920. In the summer of 1921, when he was 39, disaster hit-he was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as "the Happy Warrior." In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York. He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority. By 1935 the Nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken the Nation off the gold standard and allowed deficits in the budget, and disliked the concessions to labor. Roosevelt responded with a new program of reform: Social Security, heavier taxes on the wealthy, new controls over banks and public utilities, and an enormous work relief program for the unemployed. In 1936 he was re-elected by a top-heavy margin. Feeling he was armed with a popular mandate, he sought legislation to enlarge the Supreme Court, which had been invalidating key New Deal measures. Roosevelt lost the Supreme Court battle, but a revolution in constitutional law took place. Thereafter the Government could legally regulate the economy. Roosevelt had pledged the United States to the "good neighbor" policy, transforming the Monroe Doctrine from a unilateral American manifesto into arrangements for mutual action against aggressors. He also sought through neutrality legislation to keep the United States out of the war in Europe, yet at the same time to strengthen nations threatened or attacked. When France fell and England came under siege in 1940, he began to send Great Britain all possible aid short of actual military involvement. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization of the Nation's manpower and resources for global war. Feeling that the future peace of the world would depend upon relations between the United States and Russia, he devoted much thought to the planning of a United Nations, in which, he hoped, international difficulties could be settled. As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt's health deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. For more information about President Roosevelt, please visit	3
In the human body, Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac are all types of what?	What is the length of a US Senator's term, and how many terms can one serve? - Quora Quora Answer Wiki 2 Answers Bruce A McIntyre , Citizen of the United States for over 70 years, and learning all the time. Written Oct 29, 2015 While Quora User has answered the question about term length, there is no legal limit to the number of terms that a senator can serve. The longest serving time was 51 years, 5 months, 26 days: Length of time Robert Byrd, D-West Virginia, served in the Senate -- January 3, 1959-June 28, 2010. How long is a state senator's term? Related Questions Written Dec 22, 2013 I flew first class for the first time in my adult life on May 19, 2013. The flight was Virgin America VX 2 from Reagan National to SFO. Although I enjoyed every inch of additional leg room - I am 6'7 - I really remember the flight because I got to sit next to this man: Although he was busy editing a presentation on his laptop, I introduced myself to him soon after take-off. He was very frie...	i don't know
In which European country was industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie born in 1835?	Andrew Carnegie Biography (Industrialist/Philanthropist) Birthplace: Dunfermline, Scotland Best known as: Steel tycoon who started over 2,800 libraries Andrew Carnegie was the 19th century steel tycoon who became one of the 20th century's most famous philanthropists. His life story is one of the best-known rags-to-riches accounts in United States history. Born in Scotland, Andrew Carnegie moved to Pennsylvania with his family in 1848 and began working in factories as a teenager. Hard work and a wise investment in a sleeping car company during the 1850s led to Carnegie's early success in the railroad business as well as the financial world. During the Civil War he invested in oil, worked in transportation for the U.S. War Department and became interested in the iron and steel business. After the war Carnegie concentrated on steel, and by 1888 he owned control of the Homestead Steel Works and other manufacturing plants, which he eventually consolidated as the Carnegie Steel Company. With his longtime partner, Henry Clay Frick, Carnegie competed fiercely in business and tried to quash organized labor, in spite of his belief that it was the duty of the wealthy to help society (a belief he outlined in an influential 1889 essay, "The Gospel of Wealth"). In 1901 Carnegie Steel merged with the U.S. Steel Corporation and Carnegie sold out to J.P. Morgan for $480 million, making Carnegie the richest man in the world. After his retirement he became a philanthropist and donated more than $350 million to further public education, build libraries and lobby for international peace. He also created the Carnegie Corporation of New York, endowing it with $125 million to support benefactions after his death. Although he spent much of his later life on his estate in Scotland, during World War I he returned to the U.S., where he died in 1919 at Shadowbrook, his estate in the Berkshire Hills of Massachusetts. Extra credit: During the Civil War, Andrew Carnegie avoided the battlefield by paying a replacement $850… Andrew Carnegie was a distant cousin to Dale Carnegie, whose 1937 bestseller, How to Win Friends and Influence People, made him a celebrity… Andrew Carnegie pronounced his last name “Kar-NAY-gee.” Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.	Scotland
Which planet in our solar system lies between Earth and Mercury?	November 25: Andrew Carnegie » Freethought Almanac Freethought Almanac Andrew Carnegie (1835) Andrew Carnegie It was on this date, November 25, 1835, that industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. Hard times in Scotland forced his family to emigrate to the US in 1848. Andrew naturally entered the textile industry as a bobbin boy in a cotton mill near Allegheny, Pennsylvania. He quickly graduated to the railroad business and developed such an expertise that President Lincoln called on the otherwise scantily educated Carnegie for advice on transporting troops by rail. By the close of the American Civil War, Carnegie had organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which brought the industry to Pittsburgh. By age sixty-five, Carnegie had acquired a great fortune — he was considered the richest man in the country — and sold his steel company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million. Thereafter he devoted his life to philanthropy, although he rejected the label, saying instead that he was “a distributor of wealth for the improvement of mankind.” By the time he died, Carnegie had given away over $350,000,000, a fortune substantially greater in today’s dollars. Carnegie considered philanthropy a moral imperative, and he was one of the first philanthropists to speak in those terms publicly. “The man who dies rich dies disgraced,” he said. And, as he wrote in The Gospel of Wealth (1889), This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: first, to set an example of modest unostentatious living, shunning display; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and, after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds which he is strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community. Believing that “only in popular education can man erect the structure of an enduring civilization,” the Carnegie Corporation of New York[1] was created in 1911 to promote “the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding.” With his goal being “to do real and permanent good in this world,” Carnegie not only supported international peace and security, international development, and the strengthening of US democracy, but founded hundreds of libraries and cultural institutions and gave away millions in grants. What may have seemed like “Christian charity” was decidedly nothing of the kind. Biographer B.J. Hendrick shows that Carnegie was a skeptic from a young age. Once his mother, returning from church, said to Andrew, “You would have enjoyed the sermon today, Andrew; there wasn’t a word of religion in it.”[2] In Carnegie’s own writings he avoided religion as far as possible. But in his Life of James Watt (1905) he speaks of “the mysterious realm which envelopes man” and later makes the Agnostic statement that “we are but young in all this mystery business.”[3] In fact, American author and liberal cleric Moncure Daniel Conway, who knew Carnegie well, says that he always described himself as an Agnostic. Before he died in Lenox, Massachusetts, on 11 August 1919, he made a confession of faith printed in the Truthseeker magazine (August 23, 1919). In it, Carnegie said he abjured “all creeds” and that he was “a disciple of Confucius and Franklin.”[4] A Catholic weekly stated that when Carnegie was challenged about his many gifts of church organs he humorously replied that he did this “in the hope that the organ music would distract the congregation’s attention from the rest of the service.”[5] [1] The Carnegie Corporation can be contacted through its website . In case you were wondering, the last name is stressed on the second syllable: (car NEG ee). [2] Burton Jesse Hendrick, Life of Andrew Carnegie, 2 vol., 1932, repr. 1989. [3] Andrew Carnegie, The Life of James Watt, 1905, pp. 33, 54. [4] Quoted in Joseph McCabe, “Andrew Carnegie” in A Rationalist Encyclopedia: A Book of Reference on Religion, Philosophy, Ethics, and Science, 1948, repr. 1971. [5] Ira D. Cardiff, What Great Men Think of Religion, 1945, repr. 1972. Cardiff reproduces other quotes attributed to Carnegie which may or may not be authentic for the normally reticent industrialist: “I don’t believe in God. My God is patriotism. Teach a man to be a good citizen and you have solved the problem of life.” -…- “I have not bothered Providence with my petitions for about forty years.” -…- “I will give a million dollars for any convincing proof of a future life.” Originally published November 2003. Share this:	i don't know
On a standard dartboard, which number lies between 10 and 13?	The Dartboard Sequence The Dartboard Sequence The arrangement of the numbers around the circumference of a standard dart board is as shown below 20 1 18 4 13 6 10 15 2 17 3 19 7 16 8 11 14 9 12 5 Oddly enough, no one seems to know for sure how this particular arrangement was selected. It evidently dates back at least 100 years. Some say the pattern was devised by a carpenter named Brian Gamlin in 1896, while others attribute it to someone named Thomas William Buckle in 1913, but both of these attributions are relatively recent, and neither can be traced back to a contemporary source. Also, although it's clear that the numbers are ordered to mix the large and small together, and possibly to separate numerically close values as far as possible (e.g., 20 is far from 19), no one seems to know of any simple criterion that uniquely singles out this particular arrangement as the best possible in any quantitative sense. It may be just an accident of history that this particular arrangement has been adopted as the standard dart board format. It's interesting to consider various possible criteria for choosing a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers. In order to get as "flat" a distribution as possible, we might try to minimize the sum of the squares of each k consecutive terms. For example, setting k = 3, the standard dard board sequence gives (20+1+18)^2 + (1+18+4)^2 + (18+4+13)^2 + ... + (5+20+1)^2 = 20478 Apparently the standard board layout described above is called the "London" dart board, and there is another, less common, version called the "Manchester" dart board, which has the sequence 20 1 16 6 17 8 12 9 14 5 19 2 15 3 18 7 11 10 13 4 for which the sum of squares of each set of three consecutive numbers is 20454, just slightly less than the London arrangement. In contrast, if we were to arrange the numbers by just inter-weaving the largest and smallest numbers like this 20 1 19 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 12 9 11 10 the resulting sum of squares of each 3 consecutive elements is 20510, so the standard dart boards are, in this sense, more flat distributions. Needless to say, all of these arrangements are much more flat than the natural monotonic sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 which has a sum of 24350. By the way, note that if the sum of the squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers for a given arrangement is S, then we can form another arrangement with the same sum simply by taking the "21-complement", i.e., subtracting each number from 21. For example, the complement of the standard London arrangement is 1 20 3 17 8 15 11 6 19 4 18 2 14 5 13 10 7 12 9 16 which has the same sum (20478) as the London arrangement. This works because if we begin with an arrangement a,b,c,d,... having the sum S = (a+b+c)^2 + (b+c+d)^2 + (c+d+e)^2 + ... and replace each of the numbers a,b,c,... with 21-a, 21-b, 21-c,... respectively, the sum S' of this complementary arrangement is S' = [(21-a)+(21-b)+(21-c)]^2 + [(21-b)+(21-c)+(21-d)]^2 + ... = [63-(a+b+c)]^2 + [63-(b+c+d)]^2 + ... = S + 20(63)^2 - 2(63)[(a+b+c)+(b+c+d)+...] Each of the numbers from 1 to 20 appears three times in the summation inside the square brackets in the last term, so that summation equals 630, and hence S' = S. (The same identity applies to the N+1 complement for sums of squares of every sum of k consecutive terms of a circular arrangement of the first N integers.) How would we go about finding the circular arrangement of the integers 1 to 20 that gives the smallest sum of squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers? One possible approach would be to begin with the monotonic arrangement and then check each possible transposition of two numbers to see which one gives the lowest result. Then make that change and repeat the process, at each stage always choosing the transposition that gives the steepest reduction in the sum. This "greedy algorithm" produces arrangements with the following sums (of squares of each 3 consecutive terms around the cycle): 24350 21650 20678 20454 20230 20110 19990 19970 19950 19946 19938 19936 19930 19926 19918 Once it reaches the arrangement with the sum 19918, no further transposition of two numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Of course, this doesn't imply that 19918 is the minimum possible sum, it simply means that it is a "local" minimum. We might try to make our search algorithm more robust by considering all possible permutations of THREE numbers at each stage. (This includes permutations of two, since some of the permutations of three numbers leave one of the numbers fixed.) Applying the greedy algorithm to permutations of any three numbers gives dartboard arrangements with the sums 24350 21542 20362 20098 19978 19954 19942 19930 Once we reach 19930, no further permutation of three numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Interestingly, this doesn't even produce as low a result as the simple transpositions, and it illustrates the fact that a local minimum need not be a global minimum. By applying permutations of three elements, the algorithm is too greedy and enters a region of the configuration space that cannot be extended by such permutations, whereas the transpositions follow a less-steep path that leads them ultimately to a lower level. Expanding our algorithm to examine all permutations of FOUR numbers, we get a sequence of dartboard arrangements with the following sums: 24350 20678 20190 19974 19932 19918 19910 19908 19902 19900 19896 19894 Thus we arrive at the lowest sum we've seen so far, but of course this is still just a local minimum, with no guarantee that it is the lowest possible sum. Expanding our algorithm to take the best of all the permutations of FIVE number at each stage, we get the sequence of dartboard arrangements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 2 19 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 17 18 1 20 1 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 10 11 12 4 14 15 3 17 13 1 20 10 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 6 11 15 4 14 13 3 17 12 1 20 These arrangements have the sums 24350, 20406, 19992, and 19874 respectively. By applying various combinations of these algorithms to various initial arrangements, we can often arrive at the ultimate sum 19874, but never to any lower sum. However, there appear to be three distinct arrangements with this sum (up to rotations and reflections). Each of them has 1 adjacent to 20, so to compare the arrangements directly we will rotate and reflect them if necessary so that they begin with 20 and 1. With this convention, the three minimal sequences, labeled (a), (b), and (c), are (a) 20 1 11 19 2 12 16 3 14 13 5 15 10 6 17 7 8 18 4 9 (b) 20 1 11 18 2 13 15 4 14 12 5 16 9 7 17 6 8 19 3 10 (c) 20 1 12 17 3 13 14 4 15 11 6 16 8 7 18 5 9 19 2 10 The differences between the (a) and (b) sequences, and between the (c) and (b) sequences, are shown below: 0 0 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 Interestingly, if we reverse the order of the lower differences and then rotate two places to the right, the result is exactly the negative of the upper differences. This is because the (a) and (c) arrangements are the 21-complements of each other (as defined above). The (b) arrangement is "self-dual", i.e., it is its own complement. We also note that (a) and (b) differ by the transpositions (3,4) (6,7) (9,10) (12,13) (15,16) (18,19) whereas (b) and (c) differ by the transpositions (3,2) (6,5) (9,8) (12,11) (15,14) (18,17) Thus the three minimal sequences differ from each other by permutations of six numbers, and no permutations of just five or fewer numbers can transform one of these to the others using the greedy algorithm, if we require the sum to drop or remain constant on each permutation. But if we allow permutations of six numbers it becomes possible to oscillate between these three arrangements in steps with constant sums. This is an interesting example of "symmetry breaking". At lower "energies" (permutations of fewer terms) every sequence of arrangements progresses to one of several different possible stable limiting arrangements, but at higher "energies" (permutations of more terms) these asymptotic arrangements can transform into each other, so the sequence can oscillate between them. (Of course, if we allow permutations of all 20 terms at once, then any arrangement can be transformed to any other in a single step.) Despite the extensive numerical evidence, and the apparently unique symmetry of the (a), (b), and (c) arrangements, one could still question whether our search algorithm based on permutations of five elements is guaranteed to find the global minimum. To prove that the three arrangements (a),(b),(c) presented above are indeed the absolute minimal solutions, note that the sum of the sums of three consecutive elements must be 630, which is three times the sum of the integers from 1 to 20. If we didn't require integer values, the minimal solution would be given by uniformly distributing this, so each sum of three consecutive terms would be 31.5, but since we require integer values, this is ruled out. We could consider arrangements such that every sum of three consecutive terms is either 31 or 32, but it's easy to see that this cannot lead to an acceptable solution. Notice that the two consecutive 3-sums for the four elements n1,n2,n3,n4 are n1+n2+n3 and n2+n3+n4, so if the two 3-sums are equal, it follows that n4=n1, and hence this is not an acceptable solution (the 20 elements are distinct). Similarly we can show that two 3-sums can't alternate more than twice. Hence the flattest possible arrangements that are not ruled out by these simple considerations must have more than two distinct values for the 3-sums Indeed the solutions with 19874 consist of the 3-sum values 30, 31, 32, and 33 with valences 6,4,4,6 respectively. These 3-sums for the (a), (b) and (c) arrangements are as shown below (a) 32 31 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 (b) 32 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 31 (c) 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 32 31 By examining each sequence of the values 30, 31, 32, and 33, checking to see which ones correspond to 3-sums of the integers 1 to 20, we find that indeed the only viable sequences are those corresponding to the arrangements (a), (b), and (c). Thus these are the circular arrangements of the integers 1 through 20 such that the sum of squares of every 3 consecutive terms has the smallest possible value, namely 19874. (If we evaluate the sum of squares of every three consecutive elements of these 3-sum sequences we find that they yield 178614, 178618, and 178614 respectively.) The (a), (b), and (c) sequences each consist of three interleaved arithmetic progressions. If we designate the position of each number by the integers modulo 20, then the positions of the values are as shown in the table below. positions modulo 20 values (a) (b) (c) 3k+1 -3k-3 6k 6k k = 0 to 6 3k+2 6k 6k+3 -3k-3 k = 0 to 6 3k+3 6k+3 -3k-3 6k+3 k = 0 to 5 By the way, to find the arrangement that maximizes (rather than minimizes) the sum, it's fairly intuitive that we would cluster the largest numbers together as tightly as possible. This leads to the arrangement 20 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 which has the sum 25406. Indeed this is the highest sum I've found using the greedy algorithm with permutations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 elements (selecting the highest rather than the lowest at each stage), although it's interesting that there are many initial arrangements from which this algorithm does not lead to this global maximum. In general if H(n,k) and L(n,k) are the highest and lowest sums of squares of every k consecutive elements in a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers, are the values of H(n,k) and L(n,k) well known and/or easily computed? Another possible way of "optimizing" the arrangement of the numbers 1 through 20 on a dart board would be to minimize the sum of the squares of every sum of TWO (rather than three) consecutive numbers. In general, I think the minimum sum of squares of every sum of two consecutive numbers in a cyclical arrangement of the integers 1 through N is S_min(N) = N^3 + 2N^2 + 2N - j where j is 1 if N is odd, and j is 2 if N is even. For the particular case N=20 this formula gives a minimum sum of 8838. For even N the minimum arrangement has the odd and even numbers restricted to separate halfs of the cycle, as illustrated below for N=20 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 19 17 15 13 11 12 14 16 18 20 For odd N the minimum arrangement is very simple, as shown below for N=19. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 This raises some interesting questions. Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of squares of every sum of two contiguous numbers, and let v(n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all n! possible arrangements. Following is a table of the number of distinct values of v(n) n v(n) ----- --------- 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 3 5 8 6 21 7 43 8 69 9 102 10 145 Hugh Montgomery, A. M. Odlyzko, and Bjorn Poonen developed a very nice approach to this problem, showing that the general term with n>6 is given by / (n^3 - 16n + 27)/6 if n is odd v(n) = ( \ (n^3 - 16n + 30)/6 if n is even A whole family of interesting sequences can be produced by generalizing the definition as follows: Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of the qth powers of every sum of k contiguous numbers. Then let v(q,k,n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all possible arrangements. With this nomenclature, the previous sequence is denoted as v(2,2,n). Of course, we have v(1,k,n) = 1 for all k and n, because the sum of the 1st powers is independent of the arrangement. We also have v(q,1,n) = 1 because the sum of any fixed power of the individual numbers is also independent of the arrangement. Also, for fixed values of q and n, the function v is PERIODIC in k. Another generalization is to add some constant integer j to each of the numbers 0 to n-1. Thus, the general function has four indices, v(q,k,j,n). Notice that v is independent of j for q<3, but for larger values of q, j becomes significant. Can v(q,k,j,n) be expressed in closed form as a function of the indices? Which other integer sequences are contained in this family? Which continuous functions (e.g., sin(x), cos(x), exp(x), etc) can be approximated by sequences of this form?	6
The Obvodny Canal is in which European country?	Public Management Statistics Class 13 Notes Agresti and Finlay, Statistical Methods, Chapter 4, pages 86-99. QUESTION: Based on Agresti and Finlay's problem 4-19 (page 113). "The Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development is a standardized measure used in longitudinal follow-up of high risk infants. It has approximately a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16." What proportion of children have MDI scores of at least 120? AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE: Before answering this question lets review briefly areas under the normal distribution. Area between one and minus one standard deviation. As we saw several times before, the area between 1.0 standard deviation is about 67%. Since the total area equals 1.0, the area above and below 1 standard deviation is 100% - 67% 34% (or in proportions 1.0 - .67 .34.) See the figure in previous notes Area between 2 standard deviations is about 95%, again as seen before. Area between 1.96 standard deviations. As seen in Figure 1 below the area between -1.96 and +1.96 standard deviations is 47.5% + 47.5% 95 percent. That means that about 5% of the area lies below -1.96 and +1.96 standard deviations. Finally, the proportion of the area under the curve between 2.56 standard deviations of the mean is .99, as we have seen before and below in Figure 2. It's natural to ask how one "finds" the area under a normal curve. Note that although there a curve for every choice of and , they share common properties such as shape. Hence, if one knows the areas for one normal distributions, it's easy to find the corresponding areas in another. All that is necessary is to convert from one scale to another. The standard normal distribution. The areas under the curve of a normal distribution having mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1 has been extensively tabulated. Instead of calling the variable scale Y it is labeled z. So the standard normal distribution shows how values of z are related to f(z) and one can determine the area between any two points along the z scale by referring to a table. Computer programs (e.g., SPSS and MINITAB) compute the values directly, but we will use the table for most of our work. Moreover we can convert any Y score to a z score, which means that we can find areas between any two points Y1 and Y2 by converting them to z1 and z2 and looking in the table of the standard normal. STANDARDIZED OR Z SCORES: To use the standard normal distribution we have to change raw data to "standardized" data. Remember the standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.0, but we usually deal with different measurement scales where, for example, the mean might be 500 and the standard deviation 25. Thus, we wouldn't know from the table how much of the area is in the interval from, say, 463 to 589. But we can find out by changing raw data to "standardized" or z scores. To convert the data follow these steps: Find the mean, of Y, the variable of interest. To convert a particular raw score to a standard or z-score use the formula: z is called a standard value, a standardized value or a z score. They are all the same. z is obtained from the original data by subtracting the mean of the original data and dividing by the standard deviation. Examples: Suppose we have a batch of data with a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 10. What is the z score corresponding to a raw score of 100? Suppose now the data are such that the mean is 1053.72 and is 105.69. What is the z score or standardized value corresponding to Y = 1950.18? z scores may be negative as this example illustrates: the mean equals 55.7 and the standard deviation, , is 6.8. What is the z score for a raw value of 46.5? Finally, for the problem mentioned at the outset in which the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 16 we need to find the z score that corresponds to 120. That's because we're going to see how much of the area lies above the point (i.e., z score) that corresponds with Y = 120. THE STANDARD NORMAL TABLE: Now, find the area in the z-table that corresponds to the particular z. (Use a table of the standard normal distribution such as the one handed out in the last class.) Example: Find the row marked "1.2" and the column marked ".05." From the entry in the table we see that the area to the right of 1.25 is .1056. You can determine the meaning of the table entries by looking at the picture at the top. Most tables are organized in a similar fashion. Consequently, about 10.75 percent of the area of the standard normal distribution lies above z = 1.25. (How much lies below.) Moreover, given any normal distribution 10.75 percent of the area will lie above the score that corresponds to 1.25. Thus, in the present case in which the population mean is 100, the standard deviation is 16.0 and the scores are normally distributed, about 10 or 11 percent of the children will have MDI scores of 120 or higher. Note: the phrase is "scores of 120 or higher." . In a sample of 1,000 children we would expect to find about 1,000 X .1056 = 106 OR 107 of them above the 120 mark. MORE EXAMPLES: Suppose Y, IQ, is normally distributed with a mean = 100 and a standard deviation of 10. Find the probability--or if you prefer, the proportion of individuals in a batch--with IQs greater than or equal to 130? Convert 130 to a z score: Find the area in the z-table that corresponds to 3.0 (Use a table of the standard normal distribution.) As before, find the row marked "3.0" and the column marked ".00." The area to the right of 3.00 turns out to be .00135. Thus, if the mean of the population is 100, the standard deviation is 10.0 and the variable is normally distributed, less than 1% of a simple random sample (SRS) will have IQs of 130 or higher. In a sample of 100 people we would expect to find about 100 X .00135 = .135 persons or less than one person per 100 with an IQ greater than or equal to 130. Another example. If a normally distributed variable (say, an attitude scale) has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 3.5, what percent of the population would have scores of 58 or less? Find the z score that corresponds to 58. Look in the standard normal table in the row marked "2.2" and the column ".09." The entry is .0110; this indicates that the proportion of the area lies above 2.29 and thus .5 - .0110 = .4890 of the distribution lies between 0 and 2.29 which is the same as saying 48.9% lie between 50 and 58 on the raw score scale. Taking into account the 50% lying in the lower half of the distribution (see below) that makes a total of 50 + 49.8 = 98.9% of the distribution which lies below 2.29 (or below 58). (See Figure 3.) FINDING SCORES THAT CORRESPOND TO AREAS: In many cases we will want to find a score that corresponds to an area. Example: What is the raw score that corresponds to or defines the 40th percentile of a distribution with mean equal to 50 and standard deviation of 3.5? When in doubt draw a picture: Find the z score associated with .4000. This will be the point that defines the 40% of the area. From the table we see that it is about -.255. Remember: scores below the mean are negative. You have to add the minus sign. Now convert the z score to a raw score. Note that now we have to rearrange the formula After all, we know the z score and need the raw score that corresponds to it. In this example:	i don't know
Thomas Percy, the 7th Earl of Northumberland, 1st Baron Percy, was executed during the reign of which English monarch?	Thomas Percy, 7th earl of Northumberland \| English conspirator \| Britannica.com Thomas Percy, 7th earl of Northumberland English conspirator Thomas Percy, 7th earl of Northumberland English conspirator Saint Wilfrid Thomas Percy, 7th earl of Northumberland, (born 1528—died Aug. 22, 1572, York , Yorkshire, Eng.), English conspirator during the reign of Elizabeth I , seeking the release of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion . His father, Sir Thomas Percy (son of the 5th earl), was attainted and executed at Tyburn for his part in the Yorkshire rebellion of 1536 called the Pilgrimage of Grace . His brother, the 6th earl, fearing the consequences, surrendered his estates, and the title fell into abeyance on his death the following year. In 1557, after faithful military service, Thomas Percy was made 7th earl of Northumberland. Other honours and services followed, but his Catholicism made him an object of suspicion at the Elizabethan court, and he was passed over in various preferments that he thought due him. After Mary, Queen of Scots, crossed into England and was imprisoned, Northumberland sympathized with her misfortune, as the victim of his faith. By 1569 he was in communication with Spanish envoys and, late that year, joined like-minded nobles in issuing proclamations promising the release of Mary and the restoration of the Catholic religion. Within a month (December 1569) the northern rebels were scattered or killed by government forces, and Northumberland escaped to Scotland. At long last, in August 1572, the Scots handed him over to Elizabeth’s officers on payment of £2,000. He was beheaded in the marketplace at York. Learn More in these related articles:	Elizabeth I of England
Which human rights activist delivered a speech in Cleveland, Ohio in April 1964 entitled ‘The Ballot or the Bullet’?	1000+ images about QUEEN ELISABETH 1st.////MEN.... on Pinterest \| Mary boleyn, Mathematicians and Archduke Forward William Cecil Riding a Mule, c. 1570. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (sometimes spelled Burleigh), KG (13 September 1520 – 4 August 1598) was an English statesman, the chief advisor of Queen Elizabeth I for most of her reign, twice Secretary of State (1550–1553 and 1558–1572) and Lord High Treasurer from 1572. He was the founder of the Cecil dynasty which has produced many politicians including two Prime Ministers. See More	i don't know
The ‘Aeneid’, an epic poem in 12 books, is the work of which ancient Roman?	Vergil - Ancient Rome - Classical Literature Back to Top of Page Vergil (or Virgil) was one of ancient Rome's greatest poets. His influence on the world's literature has been immeasurable, and his works (along with those of Seneca , Cicero, Ovid , Aristotle and Plato) have been continuously read throughout the Middle Age and up to the present day. His epic �The Aeneid� is considered his magnum opus, as well as Rome's national epic, and has served as a model of literature ever since, but he also wrote much bucolic and didactic poetry. Biography Back to Top of Page Publius Vergilius Maro (known in the English speaking world as Vergil or Virgil) was born in 70 BCE in the village of Andes, near Mantua, in what was then Cisalpine Gaul and is now northern Italy. From the sparse biographical details we have, it appears that his family was of modest means, but wealthy enough to send the young Vergil away for his education in Cremona and Mediolanum. He later moved to Rome to further his studies in rhetoric, medicine and astronomy, although he soon started to focus more on philosophy (particularly Epicureanism, which he studied under Siro the Epicurean) and to begin writing poetry. After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE by Mark Antony and Octavian, Vergil�s family�s estate near Mantua was expropriated (although he was later able to recover it, through the assistance of two influential friends, Asinius Pollio and Cornelius Gallus). Inspired by the promise of the youthful Octavian, he wrote his �The Bucolics� (also known as the �Eclogues� ), published in 38 BCE and performed with great success on the Roman stage, and Vergil became an overnight celebrity, legendary in his own lifetime. He soon became part of the circle of Gaius Maecenas, Octavian's capable right hand man and an important patron of the arts, and through him gained many connections with other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace and Lucius Varius Rufus. He spent the ensuing years, from about 37 to 29 BCE, working on a longer didactic poem called �The Georgics� , which he dedicated to Maecenas in 29 BCE. When Octavian assumed the honorific title Augustus and established the Roman Empire in 27 BCE, he commissioned Vergil to write an epic poem to glorify Rome and the Roman people, and he worked on the twelve books of �The Aeneid� throughout the last ten years of his life. In 19 BCE, Vergil travelled to Greece and Asia Minor in order to see at first hand some of the settings of his epic. But he caught a fever (or possibly sunstroke) while in the town of Megara, and died in Brundisium, near Naples, at the age of 51, leaving �The Aeneid� unfinished. Writings Back to Top of Page Vergil�s �Bucolics� , also known as the �Eclogues� , are a series of ten short pastoral poems on rural subjects, which he published in 38 BCE (bucolics as a genre had been pioneered by Theocritus in the 3rd Century BCE). The poems were supposedly inspired by the promise of the youthful Octavian, and they were performed with great success on the Roman stage. Their mix of visionary politics and eroticism made Vergil an overnight celebrity, legendary in his own lifetime. �The Georgics� , a longer didactic poem which he dedicated to his patron Maecenas in 29 BCE, contains 2,188 hexametric verses divided into four books. It is strongly influenced by the didactic poetry of Hesiod , and extolls the wonders of agriculture, portraying an idyllic farmer's life and the creation of a golden age through hard work and sweat. It is the original source of the popular expression �tempus fugit� (�time flies�). Vergil was commissioned by the Emperor Augustus to write an epic poem glorifying Rome and the Roman people. He saw the opportunity to fulfill his lifelong ambition to write a Roman epic to challenge Homer , and also to develop a Caesarist mythology, tracing the Julian line back to the Trojan hero Aeneas. He worked on the twelve books of �The Aeneid� during the last ten years of his life, modelling it on Homer 's �Odyssey� and �Iliad� . Legend has it that Vergil wrote only three lines of the poem each day, so intent was he on achieving perfection. Written throughout in dactylic hexameter, Vergil fashioned the disconnected tales of Aeneas' wanderings into a compelling founding myth or nationalist epic, which at once tied Rome to the legends and heroes of Troy, glorified traditional Roman virtues and legitimized the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Despite, Vergil's own wish that the poem be burned, on the grounds that it was still unfinished, Augustus ordered that Vergil's literary executors, Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, publish it with as few editorial changes as possible. This leaves us with the tantalizing possibility that Vergil may well have wished to make radical changes and corrections to the version which has come down to us. However, incomplete or not, �The Aeneid� was immediately recognized as a literary masterpiece and a testament to the grandeur of the Roman Empire. Already the object of great admiration and veneration before his death, in the following centuries Vergil�s name became associated with almost miraculous powers, and his tomb near Naples became the destination of pilgrimages and veneration. It was even suggested by some Medieval Christians that some of his works metaphorically foretold the coming of Christ, hence making him a prophet of sorts. Major Works	Virgil
‘Chien’ is French for which animal?	The Aeneid (a Tale of a Trojan Prince Aeneas), Epic Roman Poetry Audiobook by Publius Vergilius Maro - YouTube Close The Aeneid (a Tale of a Trojan Prince Aeneas), Epic Roman Poetry Audiobook by Publius Vergilius Maro Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 26, 2014 Main text starts at 2:58 mark. The Aeneid (a Tale of a Trojan Prince Aeneas), Epic Roman Poetry Audiobook by Publius Vergilius Maro. Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BC -- September 21, 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. Category	i don't know
Howard Kirk is the fictional university lecturer in which Malcolm Bradbury novel?	MALCOLM BRADBURY writer & critic \| Fiction \| The History Man EATING PEOPLE IS WRONG WELCOME BACK TO THE HISTORY MAN – FIRST COMMISSIONED BY THE SUNDAY TIMES, PUBLISHED IN LIAR'S LANDSCAPE Malcolm Bradbury Just over 30 years ago, I invented, for fictional purposes, a character who quite wonderfully turned into a long-lasting literary figure. His name was Howard Kirk, he was a radical university lecturer, and he appeared in a satirical novel called The History Man (1975). Howard, the 'history man,' then took on a splendid new lease of life when, after Mrs Thatcher had come to power, he was played by a magnetic and Zapata-moustached Anthony Sher in the BBC-TV dramatization of the story. I say I invented Howard Kirk, and yet no character ever came my way more naturally. He was an entirely familiar figure on every modern campus – if, like me, you happened to teach in one of those bright concrete-and-glass new universities that sprang up over the Sixties in Britain, and right across Europe and the USA. Most people then on campus knew a Howard Kirk. He was the easy-going left-wing lecturer from the Swinging Sixties who had seen it happen, seen it fail, and had to live through what came next: the Sagging Seventies. Always radical, always seductive, always seducing, he was eternally on the side of the students against the fascistic institution that paid his salary, and always against those who were over thirty, even if he was himself 35. Howard believed in history, progressive history, and where it was inevitably leading us. As he said, if you wanted to understand, you needed to know a little Marx, a little Freud, and a little history. Yet the subject he taught wasn't history at all, but something vastly more 'trendy' (as everyone said then). Howard taught Sociology. And sociology was the most fashionable, radical and popular of all subjects in the academic canon of the day. In new universities like mine it acquired special place, as one of those inter-locking, inter-disciplinary subjects that allowed us to widen and re-integrate the great map of learning. It united philosophy, political science, anthropology, economics, history, cultural and popular studies, literature and art in a spirit of quasi-scientific objectivity. It was high theory, the most conceptual of subjects – and yet it was data-based, empirical, very hands on. It was a master subject, offering an over-arching account of all social phenomena, entire historical epochs or ideologies – yet it was fascinated by the topical and the ephemeral. It was a 'value-free' approach to the world – yet it was also political. It stood beyond ideology, yet was a super-ideology. Sociology had a glorious heyday in the Sixties and then began to fragment and die -- not as a discipline among others, but as the great discipline, the key to all knowledge. In this process it seems I played a part. In an interesting article in the January issue of Prospect, "Return of Sociology," Ian Christie, deputy director of the think-tank Demos, says the turning point was clear. It was the appearance of The History Man in 1975 that led to the backlash against sociology, when "Bradbury's demolition of his anti-hero's hypocrisies and pretensions was hailed as though he headed up an army relieving a city beseiged by Marxist academics." In fact I had no armies, and even I don't believe novels make that kind of difference. But out went the baby with the bathwater, says Christie, and sociology has not really recovered its authority since. ...... I would naturally be sorry to feel I alone had done such irremediable damage to a subject I respect and consider a major component of learning. Sociology, I would be among the first to say, is a distinguished, historical, and very European form of study, whose origins go back to the Enlightenment – like much else that is good. It was shaped by great thinkers – Rousseau, Hegel, Comte, Mill, Durkheim, Weber – and, for good or ill, has much to do with human progress and social understanding. Over the last two centuries, sociology sought to provide a comprehensive account of society, show models of how institutions work, compare ours and other societies. It studied class, race, gender and ideology. It considered how and under what determining influences people thought (sociology of knowledge) and how they believed (the sociology of religion). It explored suicide, alienation, anomie, sport and advertising. Yet something distinctive did happen to sociology between the 1950s and 1970s. The subject reached its heyday, particularly in Britain and the USA, and then quickly ran off into its decline. What must have become obvious to all parties was this was a sociological phenomenon in itself. Why, then, did sociology achieve such a central role in Britain and the USA in the postwar years, and why did its pretensions collapse later? One explanation of the rise of sociology to its queen-bee role in the postwar map of learning was given by the left-wing American sociologist C. Wright Mills, author of influential books on the Power Elite and the Military-Industrial complex. In his 1959 book The Sociological Imagination, Mills claimed the sociological viewpoint was itself the product of the radical alienation that was one of the consequences of modernity. "Nowadays men often feel that their private lives are a series of traps," the book begins. The modern individual came to see the world as "an outsider, a permanent stranger." Individuals cease in the modern mass to feel like individuals; they feel themselves as part of a process, a mob. They struggle to understand the history in which they're trapped, but it is beyond comprehension: "The history that now affects every man is world history." Mills proposes the 'sociological imagination' as a form of what we would call, in another hideous word culled from the wreckage, 'empowerment.' He was offering, in a sense, a form of Marxism without a manifesto, a social critique in the form of a science, a view of history where history already is powered with a well-guided sense of where it's supposed to go. Mills was right: his age had turned to the sociological viewpoint. It was the time of the embracing cultural analysis, the handy social textbook. Postwar society was different from pre-war, and required new reporting. In Britain, at this time, Richard Hoggart was publishing The Uses of Literacy, Raymond Williams' The Long Revolution, the New Left analyzing such forces of social change as youth culture, sport, pop music. In the Fifties USA popular sociology flourished, as if the New World was being discovered anew. In the early 1950s David Riesman had published his remarkable study The Lonely Crowd, identifying a quite changed American identity in the age of urban mass society. Other key studies – such as Vance Packard's The Hidden Persuaders – portrayed Americans as docile, in the hands of commercial manipulators, deceived by their own leaders, driven to conformity and social consent. The 'sociological' reading of postwar society came after the massive crisis of world war and the growth of a new era of ideological conflict, the Cold War. The mid-century crisis left earlier political thought discredited: Fascism disgraced, Marxist theory in a state of Stalinist stupefaction. Ideology itself was challenged, yet the intellectual apparatus of ideology – the study of society, class and politics – was in demand. All over Europe, old societies were being reconstructed with new political orders. Old balances of power and borders of empire had collapsed. Newly emergent post-colonial societies were multiplying, some fledgling democracies, some various forms of peoples' republic. Above all, a new social order based on commodified mass capitalism was evolving in conflict with an opposite order, and the world was being rapidly transformed by economic and ideological forces that were constantly in conflict. The Sixties Revolution was itself a confused radical paradox: Marxist utopian dreams were somehow to be financed by endless bourgeois wealth. It was never consistent, and both succeeded and failed. The great sociological syntheses of the 1950s and 1960s lost their inclusiveness and certainty. Society ceased to be the great wonderland and became, simply, the mess we're in. Popular radical sociology was an episode. It gave us much, not least the enquiring, relativistic spirit in which we now perceive our 'membership' in society. Despite the many claims it made, it did little to deepen or enrich the sense of society or social existence. The atomized, random, value-free, self-creating, hedonistic self of the Nineties is just as much the product of all that radical sociology as it is of some Thatcherite distrust of the very idea of society. Like most Enlightenment projects, the great enterprise became lost in its own ironies. The idea that our cultural understanding needed to spread democratically from elite to popular culture has turned, in the hands of the media makers and programme controllers, into the great Nineties dumbing down. The ideological scepticism of the 1960s about the institution of the bourgeois family has given us the aimless modern household and the erosion of the ethical and self-responsible individual. In short, the radical, Marxizing, counter-cultural sociology of the 60s has largely provided much of the ideological and moral framework of postmodern consumer capitalism. Ian Christie suggests the time is ripe for a return to sociology, and proposes that the 'defeat' of the 1970s is being reversed. I hope he's right. It is one of the paradoxes of our time that a society that is heavy with social self-description and self-documentation is so bad at defining the larger level of its moral, familial and community dilemmas. In a number of recent books – he mentions Conversations with Anthony Giddens – Christie sees a return to serious debate about the nature and the workings of society. Yet he also notes we do not yet have the enquivalent among contemporary sociologists to a Richard Dawkins or a Stephen Jay Gould, the large thinking figures who construct a significant relationship with theory and practice for an entire discipline. As Christie sees, if sociology is to make its return, it will have to swim outside the think-tanks, and recover some of that grand intellectual energy that delighted us thirty years ago – when the likes of David Riesman, Talcott Parsons, Richard Titmuss and Jurgen Habermass could make us understand the power and wonder of the idea of society, the mysteriousness of history. Howard Kirk was a rogue of rogues, but at least he believed that. No doubt in 1979 he would have voted for Thatcher, and in 1997 for Blair. He would be enjoying his vice-chancellorship at Batley Canalside University, and the life peerage has been a source of the greatest pleasure. But at least Howard believed – even if it was chiefly for his own advantage – in all the things that still do matter. He believed in history, society, philosophy, ideas, human progress, mental discovery, all that's left of the Enlightenment Project. As for his recent books, The Prospects for the ECU, Or How Europe Got Rich has done well this Christmas, and so has his Brief History of Football. The history men are not often sociologists these days. As for me, the ones I read are the Linda Colleys, the Norman Davies, or the new theorists in genetics or earth science. The fact remains that, if Ian Christie can find the published evidence that can persuade me, I shall be as delighted to hail the revival of sociology as I was sad to attend its fall.	The History Man
Which animal is the national symbol of the Netherlands?	MALCOLM BRADBURY writer & critic \| Fiction \| Introductory Essay EATING PEOPLE IS WRONG INTRODUCTORY ESSAY – ORIGINAL VERSION PUBLISHED IN THE BRITISH COUNCIL SERIES, CONTEMPORARY WRITERS, UPDATED 2010 David Lodge Like several English novelists before him, Malcolm Bradbury began his literary career writing humorous and parodic sketches of contemporary life in magazines like Punch. This literary apprenticeship left its mark on his novels and stories, which are notable for their sharp, witty and densely specific observation of contemporary manners and morals, fads and fashions. The fact that most of these fictions are set in the academic world or have academics as their principal characters does not limit their representativeness. Read in chronological sequence, they constitute a satirical social history of post-war Britain. They also reflect developments, seen through British eyes, in the two great empires of the second half of the 20th century, the American and the Soviet Russian, which Bradbury observed on his academic travels. These novels have a dimension of serious - indeed pessimistic - moral and philosophical reflection. Every now and then the brittle, amusing social surface cracks open to reveal dark and disturbing depths: violence, treachery, madness, despair. Bradbury used the conventions of the "campus novel" to develop the combination of comedy of manners and moral seriousness which he found in the modern British novelists he most admired, E.M. Forster and Evelyn Waugh. He also learned from contemporary American writers - not surprisingly, in view of his academic specialization in American Literature. His first novel, Eating People Is Wrong (1959) owed as much to the intellectually sophisticated fiction of Lionel Trilling, Mary McCarthy and Saul Bellow as it did to Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim (1954). Like Amis, however, and other British campus novelists, Bradbury also drew on a native tradition of robust farce that goes back to Fielding, Smollett and Sterne in the eighteenth century. Rather unusually for a young writer's first novel, Eating People Is Wrong has a 40 year-old hero, Professor Treece, Head of English at a provincial redbrick university. This allows Treece to represent a theme that consistently fascinated Bradbury, the liberal's sense of being an impotent spectator of, and at times an involuntary collaborator in, the cultural decline which he observes going on around him. Treece finds the brash, socially mobile Britain of the 1950s, where university teachers vandalise the learned journals in their own common rooms, a distracting and demoralizing climate in which to cultivate beauty and truth, but fails to live up to his own high ideals. Succumbing irresponsibly to the charms of a pretty postgraduate, he drives an unstable but gifted student into madness and is punished by his own comically horrendous hospitalization in the last chapter. In Stepping Westward (1965), Bradbury dispatched a similarly weak liberal hero, a provincial novelist called James Walker, to be writer-in-residence on a campus in the middle of America, where he proves quite incapable of reading the political plot in which he becomes involved. Full of brilliantly epigrammatic dialogue and acute observation of British and American manners, Stepping Westward was an important transitional novel on the way to the masterly The History Man (1975). Bernie Froelich, the sly plotter of Stepping Westward, who manipulates the innocent Walker to further his own interests, is a precursor of Howard Kirk, the machiavellian left-wing sociologist at the new University of Watermouth in the south of England, who finds that the plot of history according to Marx coincides neatly with his own desires for possession and domination of other people. It helps that the cultural and sexual revolution which started in the 1960s is now in full swing, discomposing Howard's accident-prone colleague Henry Beamish, the prim Scottish lecturer Miss Callendar, and the novelist himself, who makes a thinly disguised appearance towards the end of the story. Technically, this novel marked a major innovative development in Bradbury's work. There is no internalization in the treatment of character. The fictional discourse scrupulously restricts itself to the subtly cadenced representation of speech and behaviour, reported in a present tense that renounces any claim to wisdom after the event. The reader is compelled to make his or her own assessment of the ethics and motives of the characters, without having any privileged access to their thoughts or guidance from a reassuring authorial voice. Dr Petworth, the much-travelled linguistics lecturer in Rates of Exchange (1983) resembles the weak liberal heroes of the first two novels. As the beautiful Slakan magic realist novelist Katya Princip tells him, he is not "a character in the world-historical sense". His very name is subject to ludicrous mutation - Petwurt, Prevert, Pervert etc,, -- on the lips of his hosts in the mythical East European Communist state, Slaka. This is a richly imagined synthesis of several Balkan and Slavic countries for which Bradbury invented a whole new language full of delightful verbal humour. Superficially, the fun is at the expense of the Slakans; on closer inspection they emerge with more credit and dignity from the story than their English visitor, who comes to accept that Katya Princip's tale about a young folk hero called Stupid is his own fable of identity. In a political climate where discourse is a matter of life and death, Petworth's professional tinkering with linguistic theory is made to seem dilettante. By the time of Dr Criminale (1992) the Berlin Wall has fallen, Communism is dead, and a more fluid and confusing cultural world has evolved. Bradbury takes as his subject the international intellectual superstar, personified in a fictional character who reminds us of real thinkers like George Lukï¿½cs and Paul de Man. The structure of the novel is picaresque: Francis Jay, a young English arts journalist, is commissioned to research the life of Bazlo Criminale, omnipresent conference keynote speaker and versatile theorist of a multitude of disciplines, for a mooted TV documentary. But the man proves curiously elusive, and the closer Francis gets to his quarry as he pursues him round the globe the more darkly ambiguous Criminale's personal and ideological history, on both sides of the old Iron Curtain, appears. In the end we are invited to admire the dexterity with which he used his intelligence to survive the brutality of 20th century history. Bradbury's last completed novel, To The Hermitage (2000), was a change of direction: a historical novel about the time the French philosophe Denis Diderot spent in Russia at the invitation of Catherine the Great in 1773-4 , spliced with a satirical account of modern academics conducting a floating seminar about Diderot on a cruise ship bound for St Petersberg, narrated by one of them, who is obviously Malcolm Bradbury. Like Diderot, who imitated Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy in his Jacques the Fatalist, the narrator of To the Hermitage teases the reader with witty Shandean digressions and metafictional jokes. Complex, ambitious, and many-layered, To the Hermitage must not be hurried if it is to be enjoyed. The moving description of Diderot's decline and death in this novel acquired an extra poignancy from the circumstance that Malcolm Bradbury died in the year it was published. Among the literary projects he left unfinished was a large fragment of another historical novel about the French Romantic writer Chateaubriand, called Liar's Landscape (it is included in the posthumous collection of his writing published under that title in 2006). To the end of his life Malcolm was fascinated by the relations between fiction and truth, and looking for new ways to explore this theme. In concluding this brief survey, I refer to him finally by his first name alone, to gesture to a personal friendship and professional indebtedness too extensive to describe here. (I have written about it elsewhere, in the Afterword to Liar's Landscape.) © David Lodge	i don't know
Which British city has areas called Anfield and Toxteth?	29 Tips on Liverpool Warnings or Dangers - Stay Safe! Liverpool Do The Double: River Cruise and Open Top City Sightseeing Bus Tour Combination Ticket "Please arrive at least 15 minutes prior to sailing to redeem your ticket as the ferry departs on the hour between 10am – 4pm.On board this 50-minute river cruise visitors will discover the well-loved legacy of Liverpool and the river Mersey with its musical and maritime history. From The Beatles performing on the Riverboat Shuffle cruises in the early 1960s to tales of smuggling this ferry carries a cargo of memories. Just sit back and enjoy the fascinating commentary wonder at the wildlife and absorb the heritage.Departing hourly the 50-minute river experience sails from Liverpool Pier Head calling at Seacombe and Woodside "Liverpool Experience including River Cruise Liverpool Experience"Please arrive at least 15 minutes prior to sailing to redeem your ticket as the ferry departs on the hour between 10am – 4pm.On board this 50-minute river cruise visitors will discover the well-loved legacy of Liverpool and the river Mersey with its musical and maritime history. From The Beatles performing on the Riverboat Shuffle cruises in the early 1960s to tales of smuggling this ferry carries a cargo of memories. Just sit back and enjoy the fascinating commentary wonder at the wildlife and absorb the heritage.Departing hourly the 50-minute river experience sails from Liverpool Pier Head Mersey River Explorer Cruise from Liverpool "Whether you’re looking for a relaxing way to see Liverpool or you want a full day of family-friendly attractions the Mersey River Explorer Cruise with optional upgrades is your ticket to Liverpool fun. The standard Mersey River Explorer Cruise lasts a leisurely 50-minutes with scheduled stops at Seacombe and Birkenhead Woodside ports. Enjoy the cruise as a hop-on hop-off tour to see what interests you most - simply hop off when you want and re-board the boat when you're ready to continue to the next stop.While taking in views of Liverpool's riverside architecture and wildlife you can listen to entertaining audio commentary about the River Mersey's fascinating maritime history. Hear tales of smuggling music and war - three diverse influences that have touched this friendly city over the years and given it a unique charm.Make a full day of it by upgrading your hop-on hop-off cruise to include tickets to the Spaceport attraction at Seacombe. Thi interactive exhibits and audio-visual experiences. Highlights include a ""Wallace and Gromit in Space"" feature - a themed display that showcases the popular main characters from the British animated short films. Alternatively	Liverpool
Osteology is the study of which part of the human body?	The Welsh of Liverpool - Wales Arts Review Written by: Jim Morphy Posted in: Articles , Comment The Welsh of Liverpool ‘Liverpool has always been called the capital of North Wales. For a lot of people there, Cardiff is a foreign city, it was Liverpool that was their city’ – Liverpool-born, Ceredigion-resident Niall Griffiths The fate of the Welsh Streets of Liverpool hangs in the balance. In September, the UK Government ordered a public inquiry into the council’s planned re-development in the Toxteth area. The proposals would see nearly 300 houses demolished, with 150 new ones built and around 40 others renovated. The council say such wholesale change is needed, with many of the existing houses boarded up and others damp and dilapidated. Campaigners argue against demolition and for greater refurbishment. Whatever is needed, one suspects it isn’t the mistitled Secretary of State for Communities Eric Pickles now getting himself involved. The Welsh Streets get their collective nickname – as well as their individual forenames, such as Powis, Madryn, Gwydir, Rhiwlas and Pengwern – as a result of being built by Welsh workers towards the end of the nineteenth century. In fact, right across Liverpool you’ll find streets such as Denbigh Road, Snowdon Lane and Barmouth Way that are a legacy of the Welsh builders who put up much of the city. But the Welsh relationship with Liverpool goes far beyond bricks and mortar. There’s long been a to and a fro between the areas. As far back as the early 1500s, a Welsh mayor, Dafydd ap Gruffydd, ruled over Liverpool. In the late eighteenth century, many North Walians travelled to the expanding Liverpool in search of employment. They would often end up as sailors, dockers or canal-diggers. By 1813, around eight thousand (or ten percent) of Liverpool’s residents were Welsh. The main reason for Liverpool’s growth and its influx of migrants – not just from Wales, but from all quarters – over the centuries is simple: the port. As Paul Du Noyer says in Liverpool: Wondrous Place: ‘Liverpool only exists because it is a seaport. Its virtues and vices, its accent and attitude, its insularity and its open-mindedness, are all derived from that primary fact.’ The port can be traced back to the thirteenth century, being used for journeys to and from Ireland. But the dark practices of ‘Empire’ would bring about the port’s major growth. By 1800, around three-quarters of all European slaving ships left from the city. Overall, Liverpool ships took about half of the three million African people carried across the Atlantic by British slavers. The port’s heavy involvement in the slave-dependent cotton industry became even more integral to its prosperity following Britain’s abolition of slavery in 1807. Timber, tobacco, sugar and grain were other commodities being carried off the boats. It is thought that in the early 19th century, 40% of the world’s trade passed through Liverpool’s docks. Liverpool, melting pot. Liverpool, gateway to the Atlantic. A city looking out as much as it was looking in. The route to and from The New World. Of course, it was this port from which the Mimosa carrying around one hundred and fifty Welsh people set sail for Patagonia in 1865. Huge numbers of Irish people, escaping famine, passed through Liverpool en route to new lives in America. As the port expanded, so did the city and its immigrant numbers. By the mid-nineteenth century, the Irish, Welsh and Scots accounted for around a third of Liverpool’s population. The Irish-born made up about 90,000 of that. Estimates vary on the size of the city’s growing Welsh population, not least due to differing geographical definitions of Liverpool. Official census figures put the Wales-born population in the city to be near twenty two thousand in 1851 and 1871. The actual figure is likely to be higher. Some estimates put the Welsh population at around fifty thousand in the 1870s, and others say it peaked at over seventy thousand as more poured in through the decades. And some suggest that one hundred and twenty thousand people moved from Wales to Liverpool and the surrounding area in the sixty years following 1851. Although, of course, many would have returned to Wales after time. The Welsh migrants created communities in areas such as Vauxhall, Anfield, Everton, Dingle and Wavertree that were, in effect, pockets of Wales. In these parts, Welsh was the dominant language. In fact, there were more Welsh speakers in Liverpool that in any Welsh city. Religion was another key factor in both binding the community together and setting it apart from other groups. At one point, there were over seventy Welsh Methodist chapels in Liverpool. The founder of Plaid Cymru, Saunders Lewis, lived in one such Welsh community on Merseyside. He was born, in 1893, just over the Mersey from Liverpool in Wallasey, Wirral, and educated at Liverpool University. He said: ‘The idea that because I was born in Liverpool I was born an exile from Wales is completely false… I’m pretty sure that there were about a hundred thousand Welsh-speaking people in Liverpool during the period of my boyhood. And I should say that at least half of those were monoglot Welsh speakers who could hardly manage a word of English… I wasn’t born in English England but in a totally Welsh society.’ In his book Our Liverpool, J.P. Dudgeon speaks to a Toxteth resident who grew up in the area in the early twentieth century. She says: ‘the whole street was Welsh, because the chappie who built the houses was Welsh and he only let the houses out to Welsh people. It was really strange. In the mornings everyone in the street was talking in Welsh, and I didn’t know there was another language until I went to school really, because I went to a Welsh chapel and everything was in Welsh there, too.’ The Welsh influence on Merseyside was so strong that the National Eisteddfod was held in Liverpool in 1884, 1900 and 1929 and in Birkenhead in 1917. For the 1900 event, the choirs of the Welsh chapels on Merseyside joined together as one. So was created the Liverpool Welsh Choral Union, which survives to this day, with Karl Jenkins as its patron. Liverpool even had its own Welsh language newspapers. Liverpool’s Welsh influence waned in the twentieth century’s second third. No doubt, this was largely as a result of the city’s declining industrial power and a general downward trend in the city’s number of residents. People were moving out, not in. Liverpool’s population peaked in the 1930s, with nearly eight hundred and fifty thousand people in the city. Numbers have fallen every decade since, with the city’s population now around four hundred and sixy-five thousand. Many Welsh people moved back to the relative safety of rural Wales during wartime. Famously, Welsh-Scouse relations were strained by the flooding of the Meirionnydd village of Capel Celyn in 1965 in order to create the Tryweryn reservoir to supply water to Liverpool. Liverpool City Council’s attempts to take the National Eisteddfod back to the city for its 800th birthday party in 2007 and its Capital of Culture celebrations in 2008 were rebuffed. Those opposed to the idea included the former Archdruid of Wales Dr Robyn Lewis, whose take on the bid was rather extreme: ‘I think it’s a stupid idea… what has Liverpool ever done for us? The last thing it did for us was to drown Tryweryn… It’s certainly not a city where the Eisteddfod would want to leave its Welsh-speaking stamp.’ Even the President of The Welsh Society in Liverpool, Roderick Owen, criticised the idea, if in distinctly more prosaic fashion: ‘health and safety demands and traffic would create a nightmare situation beyond all imagination.’ A golden opportunity to spread the word of Wales on Merseyside and much further afield would seem to have been missed. Even if far from what it was, the Liverpool-Wales relationship is still there. Indeed, a strong Welsh contingent on Merseyside remains. The 2001 Census put the Welsh-born population of Liverpool at a small-sounding 1.17%. But this is a big city. And to include those with Welsh heritage would increase the figure considerably. In Niall Griffiths’s wonderful Real Liverpool, he talks to Reverend D. Ben Rees, author of a number of books on the Welsh influence on Merseyside, who says that the strongest Cymric communities are in Allerton, Mossley Hill, Waterloo, Bootle, Crosby and Litherland, ‘all healthy’. But the modern-day Welsh influence on Liverpool does not solely rely on current residents. Nor does it depend on the continued existence of the Welsh Streets. For evidence, you need only look to the A55. The road has forever been full of hauliers, holidaymakers, daytrippers, shoppers, and football supporters travelling between North Wales and Merseyside. Coastal towns such as Prestatyn, Colwyn Bay and Llandudno, and the Denbighshire country park of Loggerheads, have long been destinations for hoards of holidaying families. Think of Eileen, Micky and Jingles in their summer jobs at a Pwllheli hotel in Terence Davies’s beautiful film of 1940/50s working class life in Liverpool, Distant Voices, Still Lives. And, to be more modern, think of Niall Griffiths’s novels Kelly + Victor, Wreckage and Stump, which all involve the mixing of Welsh and Liverpudlian cultures. You might even think of Anne Robinson, whose reasons for putting ‘the Welsh’ into Room 101 included her childhood memories of weekly trips to North Wales, as well as hearing so much of the Welsh language in her home city when growing up. To come to money, North Wales’s trade route runs across the country from Holyhead to England, rather than through it to the South. Industry does not stop at borders. Nor does healthcare or any number of other public services. Nor do regional accents. And TV aerials around Deeside and Wrexham have long pointed away from Wales in search of local news. Even today, take a ramble around any part of Liverpool and you’ll find imprints of the city’s Welsh stories. For one, have a drink in the student boozer the ‘Augustus John’ (the AJ), named after the Welsh painter who taught at Liverpool University. Or visit the site of Liverpool’s famous former department store, the ‘customer-friendly, working class’ Owen Owen, Clayton Square. The store was a weekly pilgrimage for many Welsh people in the city and from further afield. Owen, from a Montgomeryshire farming family, had opened a draper’s shop on Liverpool’s London Road in 1868, from which his enterprise grew in the city and across the country. Or visit the Bethel, Presbyterian Church of Wales, at Heathfield Road – the new centre having replaced the recently-demolished, larger Welsh Chapel there. Or visit Pall Mall, where a plaque commemorates that that part of the city was once known as Little Wales. Or, of course, follow any number of Welsh football fans and head to Anfield for tales of Toshack, Rush and Owen. Or sit in the Gwladys Street End of Goodison Park and talk of Southall, Ratcliffe and Speed. The Welsh influence, and the wider Celtic influence, on Liverpool also survives in a more intangible way: the essential spirit of this great city. Liverpool, the mongrel city. Liverpool, the outsider. Liverpool, the sparky city of disobedience. Liverpool is not London in the way that Newport is not Cardiff . As David Peace has Bill Shankly say in the magnificent Red or Dead: ‘Anfield is not in England. Anfield is in Liverpool. And Liverpool is not in England. Liverpool is in a different country, John. In a different country’. Or, As Paul Morley says about this wonderful city of contradictions in his The North (And Almost Everything In It): Liverpool is not part of England in the way that New York is not part of America. It is more Welsh, more Irish, more Scottish, more exotically international and defiantly local, a shifty, shifting outpost of defiance, determination and scouring kindness reluctantly connected to the English mainland, more an island set in a sea of dreams and nightmares that’s forever taking shape in the imagination. We’ll have to see what happens to the Welsh Streets of the Toxteth and Dingle area. While all acknowledge that change of some sort is needed, let’s hope all sense of heritage and community isn’t lost to plastic flats in the search for filthy lucre in the way of so many urban developments. But, no matter what, Liverpool’s Welsh influence will always run through the city. For the Welsh influence – and the Irish influence, and the entire world’s influence – runs through the blood and the spirit of the city and its people. The wrecking ball will never get at that. Banner illustration by Dean Lewis SHARE	i don't know
Who play the title roles in the 1989 film ‘Tango and Cash’?	Tango & Cash Movie - The 80s Movies Rewind More from Tango & Cash It's 1989 and Both Kurt Russell and Sylvester Stallone need a hit. Naturally in the decade of big-budget commercial action films, neither the actors nor the studio want to take a risk, so we get "Tango & Cash". This is really quite a charming film. It tells the story of two seperate policemen from two seperate precints Ray Tango (Stallone) & Gabriel Cash (Russell) and how they both play a pivotal role in the lives of each other. Both are from different sides of LA. Disciplined and prisitine Tango wears a three-peice suit to work and is practically a yuppie, spending as much time on the phone to his stockbroker as he works on cases. When his Sarge asks him why he bothers doing the job since he has enough money he simply responds "for the adventure" (or something similar). Meanwhile, Gabriel Cash is a little more un-restrained, thriving in the theatre of blue-collar fly-by-the-seat-of-your-pants policework. Although both have varying approaches to crime fighting, they are the respective "top cops" of their side of the city, making high-profile busts and arrests. In fact they're both so good at what they do, they frequently make the headlines in the papers for their heroic actions on duty, whilst at the same time incurring the ire of criminal bosses. Eventually however, they pick up the same line of investigation on a narcotics case and bump into each other at a warehouse, each going in to make the bust. After accusing each other of being "the /second/ best cop in LA" Tango & Cash hastily break the door down, only to walk into a carefully planned sting. The setup is immaculate, they are caught in a room with a dead body (which looks like it's been shot by Cash's gun), a haul of drugs, and a brief-case full of cash. Arressted at trial they learn the extent of the foul-play as the prosecution plays extremely incriminating audio samples of the suspects. Faced with a mountain of evidence, they consult each other and decide to plea-bargain in the hopes of getting an 18-month sentence at a minimum security jail. Instead they get a far heavier sentence at a maximumm security prison. Naturally being policemen they're not popular with the other inmates and soon realise that whether they stay in Prison or escape they are going to be dead men. However, at least on the outside they have a chance to clear their names, hence they plan an escape... The film itself is an fast-paced work of cinema typical of the decade. Part "buddy" movie, part out & out action flick, Tango & Cash moves along at a good pace and doesn't get too boring. The actors make the most of a decent script and their characters are always quipping at each other. They're competitive but find a respect for each others methods, and personality. Forced to work togather at first, they quickly discover they make an efficient and energetic team, frequently not even needing to verbally communicate, as they operate on the exact same level of professional brilliance that has made them the best of their respective divisions. The Scene where they both realise through different yet equally detailed observations where the criminal is hiding was nicely done, as was typical role 'reversal' that takes place when Tango's sister is kidnapped, and he reacts emotionally, leaving Cash to make the cold and calculating decision. The script is decent, and the storyline entertaining. I would have personally liked to see a Tango & Cash II, but although the film wasn't a flop, it was soon the 90's and this type of movie had run it's course. Tango & Cash is sort of a campy version of Lethal Weapon. Kurt Russell has similar hair and attitude to Mel Gibson but his character is not nearly as engaging and clearly crazy as Gibson's. Sly isn't so bad in this film. He not too serious, and not too flamboyant, and manages to play a strong character without having the luxury of going to extremes. Verdict? Tango & Cash was not as huge as it's Franchise Bretheren, Lethal Weapon, Die Hard, Predator etc. but it is definitely a watachable and enjoyable alternative. Perfect for a night with the guys. Notice any mistakes? Review Strengths: Generally good dialogue, well paced, funny in the right places, nicely acted, decent soundtrack, fun to watch Weaknesses? Lacks the gritty vision of a movie like "Die Hard". It's not inventive in terms of acting, camera angles, effects, maybe just a little too 'light' Our rating: 8.9 out of 10	kurt russell and sylvester stallone
How many fluid ounces in one Imperial pint?	Watch Tango & Cash (1989) Online Free - PrimeWire \| 1Channel Posted by DoctorStrange 11 months ago +2 \| +2 / -0 I enjoyed this. Sly and Kurt worked really well together. The humour was corny at times, but all in all a decent movie. 7/10 Posted by BigBankTheory 3 years, 9 months ago +2 \| +2 / -0 I'm not one to buy DVD's but I just had to get this one! Watch this movie before you die...you will regret it! Posted by doublekk 3 years, 10 months ago ( Edited 3 years, 10 months ago ) +2 \| +2 / -0 This is one of those movies that you wish were given a sequel because it's that awesome! There is a load of great action in this, what else did you expect this is a Sylvester Stallone movie:) 7.3/10 It has some fantastic one liners and some truly great humor. Seriously I laugh my ass off when I watch this!:D Kurt Russell and Sylvester Stallone have brilliant chemistry! I like the bad guys especially James Wong and Jack Palance, also Eddie Bunker and a few other familiar faces make an appearance. It's a great buddy cop movie with a shed load of action and humor, what more does a guy need:D One of Stallone's and Kurt's better movies.	i don't know
Equus Ferus Callabus is the scientific name for which animal?	Equus ferus (Asian Wild Horse, Mongolian Wild Horse, Przewalski's Horse) Geographic Range [top] Range Description: Until the late 18th century, this species ranged from the Russian Steppes east to Kazakhstan, Mongolia and northern China. After this time, the species went into catastrophic decline. The last wild population of Przewalski’s Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) survived until the mid-20th century in southwestern Mongolia and adjacent Gansu, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia (China). Wild horses were last seen in 1969, north of the Tachiin Shaar Nuruu in Dzungarian Gobi Desert in Mongolia (Paklina and Pozdnyakova 1989). All extant wild horses belong to the subspecies Equus ferus przewalskii. The first visual account of Przewalski's-type wild horses date from more than 20,000 years ago. Rock engravings, paintings, and decorated tools dating from the late Gravetian to the late Magdalenian (20,000-9,000 BC), were discovered in caves in Italy, southern France, and northern Spain; 610 of these were horse figures (Leroi-Gourhan 1971). Many cave drawings in France show horses that look like Przewalski’s Horse (Mohr 1971). In prehistoric times, the species probably roamed widely over the steppes of Central Asia, China, and Europe (Ryder 1990), although wild horses in Europe could have been Tarpans (Equus ferus gmelini). The first written accounts of Przewalski's Horse originate from Tibet, recorded by the monk Bodowa, who lived around 900 AD. In the "Secret History of the Mongols", there is also a reference to wild horses that crossed the path of Chinggis Khaan during his campaign against Tangut in 1226, causing his horse to rear and throw him to the ground (Bokonyi 1974). That the wild horse was a prestigious gift, denoting its rarity or that it was difficult to catch, is shown by the presentation of a Przewalski’s Horse to the emperor of Manchuria by Chechen-Khansoloj-Chalkaskyden, an important Mongolian, circa 1630 (Zevegmid and Dawaa 1973). In a Manchurian dictionary of 1771, Przewalski’s Horse is mentioned as "a wild horse from the steppe" (Dovchin 1961). Przewalski's Horse was not described in Linnaeus's "Systema Naturae" (1758) and remained largely unknown in the West until first mentioned by John Bell, a Scottish doctor who travelled in the service of Tsar Peter the Great in 1719-1722 (Mohr 1971). His account of the expedition, "A Journey from St Petersburg to Peking", was published in 1763. Bell and subsequent observers all located horses known at that time within the area of 85-97°E and 43-50°N (Chinese-Mongolian border). Wild horses were reported again from what is now China by Colonel Nikolai Mikailovich Przewalski, an eminent explorer, at the end of the 19th century. He made several expeditions by order of Tsar Alexander the Second of Russia to Central Asia, aiming to reach Tibet. While returning from his second expedition in Central Asia, he was presented with the skull and hide of a horse shot about 80 km north of Gutschen (in present-day China, around 40°N, 90°E). The remains were examined at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Science in St Petersburg by I.S. Poliakov, who concluded that they were a wild horse, which he gave the official name Equus przewalskii (Poliakov 1881). Further reports came from the brothers Grigory and Michael Grum-Grzhimailo, who travelled through western China from 1889-1890. In 1889, they discovered a group in the Gashun area and shot four horses: three stallions and a mare. The four hides and the skulls of the three stallions, together with an incomplete skeleton, were sent back to the Zoological Museum in St. Petersburg. They were able to observe the horses from a short distance and gave the following account: "Wild horses keep in bands of no more than ten, each herd having a dominant stallion. There are other males, too, but they are young and, judging by the hide of the two-year old colt that we killed, the dominant male treats them very cruelly. In fact, the hide showed traces of numerous bites" (Grum-Grzhimailo 1982). After the 'rediscovery' of the Przewalski's Horse for western science, western zoos and wild animal parks became interested in this species for their collections. Several long expeditions were mounted to catch animals. Some expeditions came back empty-handed and some had only seen a glimpse of wild Przewalski's Horses. It proved difficult to catch adult horses, because they were too shy and fast. Capture of foals was considered the best option as when chased they would become exhausted and lag behind their group (Hagenbeck 1909), although this may have involved killing adult harem members in the process (Bouman and Bouman 1994). Four expeditions that managed to catch live foals took place between 1897 and 1902. Fifty-three of these foals reached the west alive. Between the 1930s and the 1940s only a few Przewalski's Horses were caught and most died. One mare (Orlitza III) was caught as a foal in 1947 and was the last wild mare to contribute to the Przewalski's Horse gene pool in Europe. In Mongolia several Przewalski's Horses were captured and crossbred with domestic horses by the Mongolian War Ministry (Bouman and Bouman 1994). In subsequent years the captive population increased, and since the 1990s reintroduction efforts have started in Mongolia and China; Mongolia was the first country where truly wild reintroduced populations existed within the historic range. Reintroductions in Mongolia began in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area in the Dzungarian Basin (9,000 km2) and Hustai National Park in Mongol Daguur Steppe (570 km2) in 1994 (King and Gurnell 2005). A third reintroduction site, Khomintal, (2,500 km2), in the Great Lakes Depression, was established in 2004, as a buffer zone to the Khar Us Nuur National Park in Valley of the Lakes (C. Feh pers. comm.). Releases began in the Kalamaili Nature Reserve (17,330 km2), Xinjiang Province, China in 2001 and in the Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve (6,600 km2), Gansu Province, China in 2010 (Liu et al. 2014), although almost all of these animals are corralled and fed in winter (Qing Cao pers. comm.). Further reintroduction sites are planned in Kazakhstan and Russia (W. Zimmerman pers. comm.). Countries occurrence: Population [top] Population: The history of population estimates and trends in the Przewalski's Horse has been described by Wakefield et al. (2002). Small groups of horses were reported through the 1940s and 1950s in an area between the Baitag-Bogdo ridge and the ridge of the Takhin-Shaar Nuruu (which translated from Mongolian, means 'Yellow Mountain of the Wild Horse'), but numbers appeared to decline dramatically after World War II. The last confirmed sighting in the wild was made in 1969 by the Mongolian scientist N. Dovchin. He saw a stallion near a spring called Gun Tamga, north of the Takhin-Shaar Nuruu, in the Dzungarian Gobi (Paklina and Pozdnyakova 1989). Subsequent annual investigations by the Joint Mongolian-Soviet Expedition failed to find conclusive evidence for their survival in the wild (Ryder 1990). Chinese biologists conducted a survey in northeastern Xinjiang from 1980 to 1982 (covering the area of 88-90°E and 41°31'-47°10'N) without finding any horses (Gao and Gu 1989). The last native wild populations had disappeared. Of the 53 animals recorded in the Studbook as having been brought into zoological collections in the west, fewer than 25% contributed any genes to the current living population. All Przewalski's Horses alive today are descended from 12 wild-caught individuals, and as many as four domestic horse founders described below, which were the nucleus of the captive breeding programme (Bowling and Ryder 1987). Eleven of the wild-caught individuals were brought into captivity between 1899 and 1902 with the last of them dying in 1939. The twelfth founder (Orlitza III) was captured as a foal in 1947. A thirteenth founder was born in 1906 in Halle (Germany) to a wild-caught stallion and a domestic Mongolian mare, and a fourteenth founder is a female born in Askania Nova (Ukraine) to a Przewalski's Horse stallion and a domestic female of a Tarpan type. In spite of the introgression of domestic horse blood, the current population is genetically very close to the original wild horses (Bowling et al. 2003). As of 1 January 2014, the number of living captive and reintroduced animals in the International Studbook was 1,988 (883 males.1101 females.4 sex unknown). In addition to animals held in captivity and those already re-introduced, there have been a number of animals released into very large enclosures (reserves): Le Villaret, France (~4 km2; 2013: 18.18), Askania Nova, Ukraine (30 km2; 2014: 24.46), and Hortobágy National Park, Hungary (700 km2; 2014: 125.129). Bukhara, Uzbekistan (51 km2) had 19.17.1 horses in 2008 (W. Zimmermann pers. comm.) and 24 horses by 2013 (O. Pereladova pers. comm.). The unfenced Chernobyl exclusion zone (2,600 km2) in Ukraine contained 32.36 horses in 2008 (W. Zimmermann pers. comm.), and approximately 60 horses in early 2014 (T. Mousseau pers. comm.). There are now approximately 387 free-ranging reintroduced and native-born Przewalski's Horses in Mongolia at three reintroduction sites (Zimmerman 2014). Between 1992 and 2004, 90 captive-born horses were transported to the Takhin Tal acclimatization site, from where they were released into the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area (SPA) (ITG International Takhi Group, Zimmermann 2008). A further three males were translocated from Hustai National Park to Takhin Tal in 2007 (Zimmermann 2008). In 2008 there were approximately 111 free-ranging horses in this subpopulation (Zimmerman 2008, Kaczensky and Walzer 2004). By December 2009 there were 138 individuals, but due to an extremely harsh winter (dzud) in 2009/2010 the population suffered extreme mortality: in April 2010 only 49 individuals remained (Kaczensky et al. 2011). By 2012 the population had increased to 71. By the end of 2013 there were 90 horses forming six harems and several bachelor groups. Sixteen foals were born in 2013; three of these foals died, and one adult male disappeared and is presumed dead (P. Kaczensky pers. comm.). From 1992 to 2000, 84 horses were brought to Hustai National Park (NP) by the Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse and Mongolian Association for Conservation of Nature and the Environment (MACNE) from reserves in Europe (King and Gurnell 2005). As of the middle of 2012 this population had approximately 275 individuals (Zimmerman 2014). By the end of 2013, there were 297 horses, of which 228 were members of 29 harems and the rest were bachelors. Sixty-four foals were born in 2013, with a 61% survival rate by year’s end: 25 foals, four yearlings, and seven adults died during 2013 (Usukhjargal 2013). A third reintroduction site was started in 2004 at Seriin Nuruu in the Khomiin Tal buffer zone of the Khar Us Nuur National Park in western Mongolia (Association pour le Cheval de Przewalski: TAKH). Twenty-two individuals consisting of four pre-established families and one male bachelor group were brought from the reserve at Le Villaret, France between 2004 and 2005, and four horses from Prague Zoo were added in 2011 (Association TAKH, Zimmermann 2008). By the end of 2013 this population had 40 horses; eight foals were born in 2013 and 3threeof these died, as did two adult stallions (C. Feh pers. comm.). In previous assessments of the reintroduced population in Mongolia, mature individuals were considered to be those that were born in the wild and five years of age. Individuals born in captivity were not counted as mature until they had reproduced in the wild, and produced offspring that were at least five years old (so potentially reproductive). The population grew from 55 mature individuals in the wild in 2006 (52: 26.26 in Hustai NP, 3: 1.2 in Gobi NP), to 79 in 2007 (Hustai NP: 33.35; Great Gobi B SPA: 3.8), 104 in 2008 (Hustai NP: 39.51; Great Gobi B SPA: 7.7), and 151 in 2009 (Hustai NP: 52.66; Great Gobi B SPA: 15.18). The winter of 2009/2010 was very severe and there was high mortality of Przewalski's Horses, particularly in the Gobi. In 2010, Hustai NP's mature population was 117 (53.64) and Great Gobi B SPA's number of mature individuals was reduced to 17 (8.9), giving a total population of 134 mature individuals. In 2012 the criterion for captive-born horses to be included as mature individuals was tightened to require them to have produced reproductively viable offspring (i.e., the reintroduced animal reproduced, and at least one of its offspring also reproduced); mature (≥5 years old) wild-born individuals continued to be included. Under these criteria, there were 178 mature individuals in the wild at the end of 2012: 153 (65.88) in Hustai NP, 23 (5.18) in Great Gobi B SPA, and 2 (1.1) in Khomiin Tal. Hence for a period of seven years, the mature population of Przewalski's Horses in Mongolia has been more than 50 individuals. Although this means that the Przewalski's Horse qualifies as Endangered (EN) it should be borne in mind that most of these individuals are from one reintroduction site and climatic perturbations like the extremely harsh winter in 2009/2010 can have very negative effects on small populations (Kaczensky et al. 2011). In China, the Wild Horse Breeding Centre (WHBC) in Xinjiang Province has established a large captive population of Przewalski's Horses (Liu et al. 2014). Since 2001 horses have been released into the nearby Kalamaili Nature Reserve (KNR), which had a population of 99 in 2012 and 121 in 2013. One harem group is roaming free on the Chinese side of the Dzungarian Gobi (Xinjiang); another 102 horses are roaming free during summer time but are returned to the acclimatization pen during the winter (Zimmermann et al. 2008; Qing Cao pers. comm.). The Gansu Endangered Species Research Center (GESRC) also has a captive breeding programme and has released at least seven horses into the Dunhuang Xihu National Nature Reserve (DXNNR) in 2010 and 2012 (Liu et al. 2014); all of these horses are fed in winter. A total of 59 foals have been born in the wild in China since 2009, with an estimated 19 individuals surviving in 2013 (Qing Cao pers. comm.). Until better data are available these animals are not known for sure to meet the criterion of mature individuals for a reintroduced species so have not been included in the species population size for this assessment. Current Population Trend: Habitat and Ecology [top] Habitat and Ecology: Przewalski’s Horses exhibit a harem defense polygyny (Van Dierendonck et al. 1996). After dispersing from their natal band at approximately 2 years of age, males enter bachelor groups consisting of other young males and unsuccessful older stallions. When they are five years of age or older, stallions attempt to form harems of semi-permanent membership that are held year-round. They take over already-established harems, steal mares from rivals, or are joined by females dispersing from their natal harem at approximately two to three years of age (L. Boyd pers. comm.; Zimmermann et al. 2009). Przewalski's Horse formerly inhabited steppe and semi-desert habitats. As most of this range became converted to agriculture, degraded or was increasingly occupied by livestock, the species became restricted to semi-desert habitats with limited water resources (Van Dierendonck and de Vries 1996). Lowland steppe vegetation was preferentially selected by horses at Hustai National Park and seasonal movements were affected by the availability of the most nutritious vegetation (King and Gurnell 2005). The breadth of species consumed and dietary overlap with other ungulates increased in winter, compared to summer, although forage did not appear to be limiting (Siestes et al. 2009). In the Gobi the Przewalski's Horses also selected for the most productive plant communities (Kaczensky et al. 2008). The species is not territorial; home range sizes in Hustai NP varied from 120 to 2,400 ha and, in addition to grazing sites, included a permanent water source, patches of forest, and ridges with rocky outcrops (King and Gurnell 2005). In Great Gobi B SPA, home ranges of 150 to 825 km2 were reported (Kaczensky et al. 2008). Because the historic range is not precisely known, there has been much debate about the areas in which Przewalski's Horses were last seen: was it merely a refuge or was it representative of the typical/preferred habitat? The Mongolia Takhi Strategy and Plan Work Group (MTSPWG 1993) concluded that the historic range may have been wider but that the Dzungarian Gobi, where they were last seen, was not a marginal site to which the species retreated as they had access to the rich habitats of mountain valleys and more oases than in the present time (Sokolov et al. 1990), due to these areas being occupied by herders and their livestock. Although grass and water are more available in other parts of Mongolia, these areas often have harsher winters. Subsequently, others provided evidence that the Gobi is an edge habitat, rather than an optimal habitat for Przewalski's Horses (Kaczensky et al. 2008), and certainly also subject to severe winters with devastating consequences for the population (Kaczensky et al. 2011). Studies of feral horses have shown that they are able to live and reproduce in semi-desert habitats but their survival and reproductive success is clearly sub-optimal compared to feral horses on more mesic grassland (Berger 1986). Van Dierendonck and de Vries (1996) suggest that the wild horse is primarily a steppe herbivore that can survive under arid conditions when there is access to waterholes. Systems: Use and Trade [top] Use and Trade: There is currently no use or trade in Przewalski's Horses. Hunting is not currently a threat to the species, though this needs to be monitored. It is believed that capture of animals for cross-breeding as racehorses is a potential future use, and threat. Threats [top] Major Threat(s): A number of causes have been cited for the final extinction of Przewalski's Horses in Mongolia and China. Among these are significant cultural and political changes (Bouman and Bouman 1994), hunting (Zhao and Liang 1992, Bouman and Bouman 1994), military activities (Ryder 1993), climatic change (Sokolov et al. 1992), and competition with livestock and increasing land use pressure (Sokolov et al. 1992, Ryder 1993, Bouman and Bouman 1994). Capture expeditions probably diminished the remaining Przewalski's Horse populations by killing and dispersing the adults (Van Dierendonck and de Vries 1996). The harsh winters of 1945, 1948, and 1956 probably had an additional impact on the small population (Bouman and Bouman 1994). Increased pressure on, and rarity of waterholes in their last refuge should also be considered as a significant factor contributing to their extinction (Van Dierendonck and de Vries 1996). For the reintroduced populations, small population size and limited spatial distribution is the primary threat, followed by potential hybridization with domestic horses and competition for resources with domestic horses and other livestock. Wherever Przewalski's Horses come into contact with domestic horses, there is the risk of hybridization and transmission of diseases. Recently, illegal mining in the protected areas is an additional threat to their viability. In Hustai NP it has been noted that overgrazing of the buffer-zone and continued pressure on the reserve are possible consequences of the enhanced economic activity in this area (Bouman 1998); however, the second phase of the project (1998-2003) paid much more attention to sustainable development of the buffer-zone. In the western section of the Great Gobi B SPA livestock grazing by nomads and military personnel continues, particularly in fall, winter and spring; however, the core zone is largely free from human influence all year round. Infectious diseases transmitted from domestic horses and their parasites, notably Babesia equi, B. caballi and strangles (infection by Streptococcus equi), are a major threat to small reintroduced populations originating from zoos (Roberts et al. 2005, King and Gurnell 2005). As was observed during 2009/2010, severe winters can result in significant mortality. While predation occurs naturally as for any wild ungulate, if excessive there could be impacts on this small population. There is concern over loss of genetic diversity after being reduced to a very small population and maintained in captivity for several generations. Sixty per cent of the unique genes of the studbook population have been lost (Ryder 1994). Loss of founder genes is irretrievable and further losses must be minimized through close genetic management. Furthermore, inbreeding depression could become a population-wide concern as the population inevitably becomes increasingly inbred (Ballou 1994). However, correct management of the population can slow these losses significantly, as has been achieved since the organization of the regional captive-breeding programs. Fortunately, Przewalski's Horses have been shown to have both higher nuclear and mitochondrial nucleotide diversity than many domestic horse breeds in spite of the population bottlenecks they have experienced (Goto et al. 2011). At the ‘Endangered Wild Equid Workshop’ held in Ulaanbataar in 2010 the following threats were identified:Loss of population due to stochastic events (i.e. severe winter); Limited habitat and resources (pasture and water); Domestic horses (hybridization, disease, social stress); Lack of information, appreciation / awareness, lack of knowledge; and Exploitation of resources (i.e. mining). Specific actions needed for each threat category were identified and described. Conservation Actions [top] Conservation Actions: Przewalski's Horse is legally protected in Mongolia. It is protected as Very Rare under part 7.1 of the Law of the Mongolian Animal Kingdom (2000). Hunting has been prohibited since 1930, and the species is listed as Very Rare under the 1995 Mongolian Hunting Law (MNE 1996). It is listed as Critically Endangered in both the 1987 and 1997 Mongolian Red Books (Shagdarsuren et al. 1987, MNE 1997), and in the Regional Red List for Mongolia (Clark et al. 2006). The taxon's re-introduced range in Mongolia is almost entirely within protected areas. It is listed on CITES Appendix I (as Equus przewalskii). The following conservation actions are in place: An International Studbook was produced in 1959, followed in the 1970s by establishment of the North American Breeders Group, which developed into the Species Survival Plan for the Przewalski's Horse. The European Endangered Species Programme for this species was accepted in 1986. Many countries now cooperate in these programmes to minimize inbreeding and retain genetic diversity in their horse populations. There are three reintroduction sites in Mongolia, plus two in China. The Status and Action Plan for the Przewalski's Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) was produced in 2002 (Wakefield et al. 2002), and provides a more detailed account of the history and ongoing conservation efforts surrounding the species. All three Mongolian reintroduction sites are monitoring their populations and are integrating community livelihood support into their projects (Ulambayar 2004). There have been several workshops of stakeholders involved in the reintroduction of Przewalski's Horse to Mongolia (Boyd 2009). Conservation actions required: The health of wild and domestic horses should be monitored for disease (Roberts et al. 2005). Standardized techniques should be used to monitor health, fecundity, mortality, habitat utilization and social organization of all populations (Wakefield et al. 2002). Contact between Przewalski's Horses and domestic horses should be kept to a minimum. A single population management approach should be developed. Mongolia currently has the only sizeable wild population and an action plan is needed for the country. The genealogy of all horses in Mongolia should be established based on individual genotypes from micro-satellite data to monitor inbreeding levels, identify hybrids and plan for necessary movements of horses between reintroduction centres to maximize genetic diversity. An authoritative government protocol for hybrids should be developed, to be established before hybridization occurs, and to be made available in each re-introduction centre and to local people (King and Gurnell 2005). Further communication and cooperation between all re-introduction centres would be beneficial. Further training and post-graduate education of staff and biologists involved with this conservation work would be beneficial. Websites for the reintroduction sites in Mongolia with further details and ways of supporting them are: Great Gobi B SPA: www.savethewildhorse.org	Horse
A sovereign is a British gold coin worth how much in sterling?	ITIS Standard Report Page: Equus caballus Comment: Comments: Reviewed by Bennett and Hoffman (1999, Mammalian Species, 628). Recent caballine horses have been assigned to two different species, E. caballus (or ferus) and E. przewalskii, but many authors now include przewalskii in caballus; see Corbet (1978c:194), Groves (1974a), Bennett (1980), and Bennett and Hoffman (1999). Gromov and Baranova (1981:333-334) continued to recognize two species, gmelini (= ferus) and przewalskii. Groves (1971b) and Corbet (1978c:194) proposed that ferus (the Tarpan) ... See Groves & Grubb (2011: 8 & 13). The diverse origins of domestic horses are discussed, the scientific name applicable to the domestic horses, as a species, is provided, and it is noted that it is believed to be derived from Equus ferus Go to Advanced Search and Report Disclaimer: ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up-to-date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the United States is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the Federal Register. For further information on U.S. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.	i don't know
How many points are scored for a converted try in Rugby Union?	How Players Can Score in Rugby - dummies How Players Can Score in Rugby How Players Can Score in Rugby How Players Can Score in Rugby Part of Rugby Union For Dummies Cheat Sheet (Australia/New Zealand Edition) While the basic aim of rugby is to score a try, players can get points on the board in many different ways. You can score points as follows: A try is worth five points, which is the most number of points you can score at once. A penalty try is worth exactly the same as a normal try — five points. A converted try is worth seven points: Five points are awarded for the initial try and two more are awarded when the goal kicker kicks the ball over the crossbar. A field goal earns the goal kicker’s team three points. A penalty goal is worth three points.	7
How many bronze lions are at the base of Nelson’s Column in London?	Six Nations 2015, England v France: as it happened - Telegraph Six Nations Six Nations 2015, England v France: as it happened Full coverage of every game on Six Nations Super Saturday including Wales's 61-20 win in Italy, Scotland v Ireland (2.30pm) and England v France (5pm) Photo: 2015 Getty Images 7:02PM GMT 21 Mar 2015 Latest FULL TIME: ENGLAND 55 FRANCE 35 England head coach Stuart Lancaster on his side's display against France at Twickenham... I'm gutted really. It was one of the most courageous performances I've seen from a team. It was an unbelievable game of rugby." Ireland celebrate with the Six Nations trophy at Murrayfield Ireland coach Joe Schmidt on his side's dramatic Championship triumph... Day's like today build coronaries for coaches. But it also builds character. We're delighted and relieved. I'm delighted on behalf of the team but I spare a thought for England, they were superb today and probably deserved a share of the spoils." Ireland fans watched the England game on big screens at Murrayfield after their side's win over Scotland It was a heartbreaking day for the England players at Twickenham England scrum-half and Man of the Match Ben Youngs reflects on a roller coaster day of Six Nations rugby... I don't really know what to say. I'm devastated. First of all congratulations to Ireland. From our point of view, we're devastated. We gave it a crack, but you can't let them get back in the game." &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matt Wilkinson - I have NEVER seen this many tries. This is Incredible &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23bbc6nations" target="_blank"&gt;#bbc6nations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Telegraph Sport - What a game &amp;ndash; so close for &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23IBMTryTracker" target="_blank"&gt;#IBMTryTracker&lt;/a&gt; reckons &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/benyoungs09" target="_blank"&gt;@benyoungs09&lt;/a&gt; was Key Influencer &amp;ndash; agree? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/QZjTimCym9" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/QZjTimCym9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; Jack Nowell's second try at HQ was not enough to steer England to the Six Nations title &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Neil Wallington - Joy. Disappointment. Elation. Despair. Still, that's &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23BirlingDay" target="_blank"&gt;#BirlingDay&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/TaliskerWhisky" target="_blank"&gt;@TaliskerWhisky&lt;/a&gt;, anyone? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23bbc6nations" target="_blank"&gt;#bbc6nations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; Ireland are the Six Nations champions, beating England on points difference. It was an incredible effort by the Red Rose at Twickenham but not quite enough to dethrone Joe Schmidt's side as champions. 80 min Penalty to France and IT'S ALL OVER!!!!!!! 79 min England penalty for collapsing. Ford goes for touch, into the last minute... 78 min Clock stopped. France scrum. England desperately need to pinch the ball... 78 min More England pressure and phases but Cipriani bundled into touch on the French 22. 77 min Lineout won, ball goes wide... 76 min England penalty. Ford kicks and the Red Rose move forward... 74 min. ENGLAND TRY! England 55 France 35. Ford slips in Nowell for his second and England still have time! Ford converts and England need a converted try to be crowned champions... 73 min England scrum six metres short of the France line... 72 min Dusautoir knocks on and England snaffle the ball. Possession turns to a penalty as France are caught offside and Ford belts it down into the 22. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Shauna Dunleavy - These next 10 minutes will kill me &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 70 min England probe but France hold firm and a grubber kick comes to nothing, allowing Les Bleus to gather possession and kick clear. 68 min England back up to a full compliment of 15 men and have 12 minutes to pull this one out of the fire. 13 points - two converted tries - needed... 66 min. FRANCE TRY! England 48 France 35. It's raining tries - 11 in total now - as Kayser burrows over after a bullying drive from the French pack. The conversion is wide. 63 min. ENGLAND TRY! England 48 France 30. Vunipola powers over close range, Ford adds the extras and England are dreaming again! 59 min. FRANCE TRY! England 41 France 30. A devestating break out from Nakaitaci shreds the England defence and prop Debaty is on hand t take the pass and rumble his way over for a brilliant score. Kockott misses the conversion. 58 min Muscular run from Vunipola has the crowd on its feet but France manage to hold him up and the attack ends in a drop out to the visitors. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: John Quinn - &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23France" target="_blank"&gt;#France&lt;/a&gt; look to have collapsed. I fear it's only a matter of time until &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23England" target="_blank"&gt;#England&lt;/a&gt; get the points difference they need. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236Nations" target="_blank"&gt;#6Nations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 56 min TMO looking at a potential trip by Haskell. It's pretty clear cut and the blindside flanker is off to the bin. England need to find 10 more points but will have to do so with 14 men for the next 10 minutes. 54 min. ENGLAND TRY! England 41 France 25. Quick hands from Youngs and Ford on the blindside creates space for Nowell and the Exeter wing is able to wriggle over in the corner. Ford adds a sublime touchline conversion and hope springs eternal once again. 52 min. FRANCE PENALTY! England 34 France 25. An errant England hand in the ruck gives France a penalty and substitute Kockott accpets the three points on offer. 50 min France beginning to ring the predictable changes from the bench and we have half an hour left at Twickenham. Based on what we've seen throughout today in the Championship, who knows what might happen? 48 min Sweet Low, Sweet Chariot ringing around Twickenham and the England fans starting to believe a miracle could still be on the cards. 46 min. ENGLAND TRY! England 34 France 22. Another dazzling break from Youngs around the fringes sends the scrum-half scampering behind the French line and Ford is on hand to take the scoring pass. The fly-half adds the conversion. Can England really do this? &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matthew - Looks like this trophy is heading to Dublin for the second successive year. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SCOvIRE" target="_blank"&gt;#SCOvIRE&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236nations2015" target="_blank"&gt;#6nations2015&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/A0gBCarUwy" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/A0gBCarUwy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 42 min. FRANCE TRY! England 27 France 22. A great offload from Guirado sends Mermoz crashing over under the posts and England have made the worst possible start to the half. Plisson adds the conversion and the Red Rose's task has just got significantly larger. 42 min First mistake of the half as Ford goes for touch but it goes out on the full and France move into England territory. 41 min 40 minutes to play and 14 points required as Ford kicks and the second half starts... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Telegraph Sport - What a half! It's now 27-15 to &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt; &amp;ndash; see how the home side have turned the momentum around. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23IBMTryTracker" target="_blank"&gt;#IBMTryTracker&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/UC4miiYkW5" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/UC4miiYkW5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; Ben Youngs scored twice for England in the first half at Twickenham What a crazy 40 minutes of Test rugby. England exploded into the match, the French surged back and then just as it seemed the title dream was dead and buried, the home side scored two late tries and they are back in genuine contention. 40 min. ENGLAND PENALTY! England 27 France 15. Ford nails it and England have 12 of the 26 points they require. Half way there... 40 min TMO consulted to see whether Mermoz interfered with Joseph off the ball. Penalty to England and the clock is red. Ford going for goal... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matt Dickinson - I have no more nails left &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236nations2015" target="_blank"&gt;#6nations2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 38 min England kick clear and both sets of players look happy to catch their breath for a second! 35 min ENGLAND TRY! England 24 France 15. An incredible break from Joseph from his own 22 takes England into the French 22. The penalty goes to the Red Rose, Brown taps and goes and Youngs is there to burst through the line and score. Ford slots the extras and this game is proving just as the dramatic as the two which preceded it. 33 min The try seems to have steadied English nerves and with the target of 24 more points to overhaul Ireland, things are looking marginally rosier for the home side. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Rob Heaton - Try! &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt; TMO correctly spots ball comes of leg. Gr8 conversion kick George Ford &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; 17-15 &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 29 min ENGLAND TRY! England 17 France 15. England think they've scored through Watson after a great break from Youngs. After a prolonged period of consultation looking for phantom offsides and knock ons, the TMO decides the try is legitimate. Ford adds another brilliant conversion and England are back in the lead. 28 min. Stupid from England as Cole is pinged for playing the ball off his feet and just moments after dragging themselves into contention, they present France with a penalty opportunity. Luckily for them, Plisson is off target. Very welcome points for the home side as Ford slots the penalty. 25 min After it all settles down after the TMO rules that Lawes wasn't late on Plisson, England get the nudge at the scrum and win a penalty. Ford lining up the posts... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Adam Robert Langford - That was a proper tackle that. Love Courtney Lawes &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 25 min A minor fight erupts as France take exception to a huge hit, perhaps late, from Lawes on Plisson which rattle the fly-half to his bones. 23 min More inaccuracy from England with a forward offload in the French 22 and the chance to build pressure disappears. At the moment, the Red Rose have frozen in the headlights while France are playing out of their collective skins. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Jack Gavigan - 20 minutes ago, we were wondering whether England will beat France by 26 pts. Now we're wondering whether England can beat France! &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 21 min. More misery for England as Cole is penalised for pulling down the scrum but Plisson spurns the easy three points on offer with a howling miss. 20 min Nine missed tackles by England already this afternoon - Lancaster looks a picture of calm but will be secretly fuming. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Freddie Keighley - No way that's a try that 4th official is clueless &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; Foot placed outside and ball dropped &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23muppet" target="_blank"&gt;#muppet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 17 min FRANCE TRY! England 7 France 15. England's title hopes are going up in smoke as wing Nakaitaci scores a controversial try for Les Bleus. Owens asks the TMO to have a look at it and despite replays suggesting he's lost control of it in the process of grounding, the TMO thinks otherwise and the score stands. Plisson adds the extras. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Catherine Maryon - What went wrong there? France go for a walk and score a try while England stand and watch &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23rugby" target="_blank"&gt;#rugby&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 13 min FRANCE TRY! England 7 France 8. Lawes can't gather Youngs pass and from inside his own half Tillous-Borde is able to sprint clear and score a breakaway try. Plisson cannot add the conversion however. 12 min Marler charges down Plisson's clearing kick but Spedding is alert and tidies up the loose ball in the French 22. Ben Youngs gave England a dream start against the French at Twickenham 10 min. FRANCE PENALTY! England 7 France 3. Ford gets isolated and is pinged for not releasing in the tackle. Plisson knocks over the ensuing penalty and France have a foothold in the match. 8 min Fickou and Mermoz threaten down the left wing but Engand turn them over and kick long. For a second it looks like Ford has successfully collected and is en route to the line but he knocks on and the chance evaporates. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Duncan Metcalfe - Good to see the best ref in northern hemisphere is in charge. Or best in the world? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 5 min Ford off traget with his long range effort but it's still exactly the start England were dreaming of. 19 more unanswered points required. 4 min Penalty to England after Owens pings France for wheeling the scrum. Robshaw instructs Ford to kick for the three points... 2 min ENGLAND TRY! England 7 France 0. England come rushing through on France, steal the ball and break. Joseph, Brown and Ford are all involved and it's Ben Youngs who swivels out of the tackle to score. What a start from England and Ford then lifts the roof with a superb touchline conversion. 1 min Early break from Burrell but he spills the ball in the tackle and France have the scrum on the England 10 metre line. 1 min Referee Nigel Owens blows his whistle, Plisson kicks-off and 'Le Crunch' begins... 16.58 Anthems completed, the players shed their training tops and battle at HQ will be joined shortly... 16.56 France out on the pitch, England keep them waiting for a minute or two...emerging eventually behind Dan Cole, who's afforded the honour of leading them out to mark his 50th cap. Saint-Andre is under intense pressure after a mediocre Six Nations for France 16.53 France have won just 15 of 36 Tests since Philippe Saint-Andre was appointed but the head coach once again insisted this week that quitting simply wasn’t an option... True, the record is not good, there are some reasons, some excuses, but still this is a job I love. And let us remember that so many people go to work just to pay bills and survive. Don’t talk either about players having fear on the field. Rugby is not scary. Fighting a war is scary.” 16.50 The head coach makes what for him is a modest two changes to his starting XV today. At fly-half Jules Plisson is recalled in place of the injured Camille Lopez while Vincent Debaty starts at loose-head at the expense of Eddy Ben Arous. Saint-Andre has also swapped two on the bench with prop Uini Atonio coming in for Thomas Domingo and Remi Tales taking Lopez's spot as the back-up number 10. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: angus blair - This game is crying out for Cipriani to come on in the last 25 minutes and open up the game &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 16.47 France eased some of the pressure on the beleaguered Saint-Andre last week with their 29-0 success against Italy in the Stadio Olimpico but the result has far from papered over all the cracks – or indeed convinced a sceptical media or frustrated rugby public. 16.45 England narrowly missed out on last season’s title on points difference to Ireland despite thumping Italy 52-11 in Rome in their final game of the tournament and skipper Chris Robshaw is understandably eager to avoid another near miss... All the guys are extremely excited and desperate to get that bit of silverware at the end, that significant trophy that we haven't managed to get yet. Having gone so close in recent years has been tough for myself and the other guys involved. As a player you want to be picking up silverware. Unfortunately that's eluded us a couple of times.” Dan Cole reaches a half century of Test match appearances for the Red Rose today at Twickenham 16.41 It’s a big day for Leicester prop Dan Cole, who wins his 50th cap for England following his Test debut against Wales at Twickenham five years ago. The Tiger also played in all three Tests for the Lions against the Wallabies in 2013. 16.40 Your teams for today are: ENGLAND: Mike Brown; Anthony Watson, Jonathan Joseph, Luther Burrell, Jack Nowell; George Ford, Ben Youngs; Joe Marler, Dylan Hartley, Dan Cole, Geoff Parling, Courtney Lawes, James Haskell, Chris Robshaw (captain), Billy Vunipola. Replacements: Tom Youngs, Mako Vunipola, Kieran Brookes, Nick Easter, Tom Wood, Richard Wigglesworth, Danny Cipriani, Billy Twelvetrees. FRANCE: Scott Spedding; Yoann Huget, Gael Fickou, Maxime Mermoz, Noa Nakaitaci; Jules Plisson, Sebastien Tillous-Borde; Vincent Debaty, Guilhem Guirado, Nicolas Mas, Alexandre Flanquart, Yoann Maestri, Thierry Dusautoir (captain), Bernard LeRoux, Loann Goujon. Replacements: Benjamin Kayser, Rabah Slimani, Uini Atonio, Romain Taofifenua, Damien Chouly, Rory Kockott, Remi Tales, Mathieu Bastareaud. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Donna Traynor - Joe Schmidt says he won't watch the &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; He's going for his dinner!!! How can he eat at a time like this? &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/IrishRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@IrishRugby&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 16.38 Lancaster has made just the one change from the team which made such heavy work of despatching Scotland at Twickenham seven days ago, recalling second row Geoff Parling at the expense of Dave Attwood. On the bench, Parling’s place among the substitutes is taken by Nick Easter. 16.36 The last time England faced France they were ambushed in Paris courtesy of a late try from substitute Gael Fickou. The two teams have followed distinctly different arcs since that clash with England making progress under Stuart Lancaster while France have seemingly lurched from one crisis to another under Saint-Andre’s troubled reign as head coach. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Aidan Buckley - Alright France, I know we've had our issues in the past but do us a solid here pls &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 16.31 The French have not won at HQ since they were 21-15 victors in London back in 2007. James Haskell, who starts against Les Bleus today, is the lone survivor from that England team beaten eight years ago while Nicolas Mas was on the bench for the French. The Montpellier prop starts for Philippe Saint-Andre’s team this afternoon. The England team arrives at Twickenham for their crunch encounter with the French 16.28 Before we go any further, I have a public service announcement for all those who might be experiencing withdrawal symptoms at the end of the 80 minutes at Twickenham - BBC Two are screening The Six Nations Greatest Moments at 7pm on Sunday, featuring classic archive footage and untold stories from such luminaries as Jonny Wilkinson, Brian O’Driscoll, Sir Clive Woodward, Will Carling, Matt Dawson and Martin Johnson. 16.27 So England need to beat France at Twickenham and they need to do it by 26 points? However erratic and wayward Les Bleus have been in this year's Championship, that's a big ask in anyone's book. FULL-TIME: SCOTLAND 10 IRELAND 40 80 min Madigan misses penalty with the final kick of the match but Ireland have absolutely thumped Scotland by a record scoreline. It all means England must beat France at Twickenham by 26 points if they are to deny the defending champions back-to-bac to titles. Wales are definitely out of contention and all eyes switch to London for the 5pm kick-off. Stick with us for all the action... 77 min Three minutes to play and Ireland have a 26-point cushion over England should there be no further scores at Murrayfield... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matt Wilkinson - I have NEVER seen this many tries. This is Incredible &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23bbc6nations" target="_blank"&gt;#bbc6nations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 75min Hogg seemed to have scored but replays show he dropped the ball over the line under pressure from Heaslip and the cheers from Dublin are deafening. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Telegraph Sport - What a game &amp;ndash; so close for &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23IBMTryTracker" target="_blank"&gt;#IBMTryTracker&lt;/a&gt; reckons &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/benyoungs09" target="_blank"&gt;@benyoungs09&lt;/a&gt; was Key Influencer &amp;ndash; agree? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/QZjTimCym9" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/QZjTimCym9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 72 min IRELAND TRY! Scotland 10 Ireland 40. Ireland absolutely pumme the Scotland line and the overlap they create is massive - O'Brien man who eventually reaches out a long arm to stretch over the line. Madigan bangs over the conversion and Ireland are the red hot favourites for the Championship now. 70 min As things stand, England will need a 19 point winning margin against France... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Neil Wallington - Joy. Disappointment. Elation. Despair. Still, that's &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23BirlingDay" target="_blank"&gt;#BirlingDay&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/TaliskerWhisky" target="_blank"&gt;@TaliskerWhisky&lt;/a&gt;, anyone? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23bbc6nations" target="_blank"&gt;#bbc6nations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 67 min Interesting now - if Ireland stick rather than twist, they'll head Wales but still have to worry about England. Should Ireland be ambitious and look for more, they could set the English an even more daunting task. 66 min Murray earns Ireland a little breathing space with a hacked clearance which finds no-one at home for Scotland and the visitors move gratefully out of their own half. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Shauna Dunleavy - These next 10 minutes will kill me &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 63 min Ireland have some defending to do now as Scotland move into their 22. It's going to be a nervy final 15 minutes whatever happens... 61 min. IRELAND PENALTY! Scotland 10 Ireland 33. Sexton holds his nerve to land what could be a pivotal penalty, knocking it over from 30 metres. Ireland are clear of Wales as things stand with England still to play... Jared payne scored Ireland's third try at Murrayfield 56 min No! Sexton off target again, albeit from long range, and the Principality breathes another sigh of relief! 55 min Yellow card for Geoff Cross for playing the ball off his feet. Scotland down to 14 men and Sexton has a penalty chance and a shot at redemption... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: John Quinn - &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23France" target="_blank"&gt;#France&lt;/a&gt; look to have collapsed. I fear it's only a matter of time until &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23England" target="_blank"&gt;#England&lt;/a&gt; get the points difference they need. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236Nations" target="_blank"&gt;#6Nations&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 52 min. Sextom misses a sitter of a penalty chance and for now Wales are still in pole position! The fly-half will be praying that's not a miss that denies Ireland the title! 49 min IRELAND TRY! Scotland 10 Ireland 30. Henshaw's midfield partner - Jared Payne - succeeds where his mate couldn't, blasting his way through the Scottish midfield from close range. Sexton has no problem with the conversion and Ireland are up to 30 points. 48 min Scotland so far this half struggling to get out of their own half as Ireland turn the screw and Henshaw almost bursts through the midfield tacklers but he is finally felled. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matthew - Looks like this trophy is heading to Dublin for the second successive year. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SCOvIRE" target="_blank"&gt;#SCOvIRE&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236nations2015" target="_blank"&gt;#6nations2015&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/A0gBCarUwy" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/A0gBCarUwy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 44 min. IRELAND PENALTY! Scotland 10 Ireland 23. The fly-half is target and slowly but for the moment surely, Ireland have Wales in their sights. Eight points the deficit now... 43 min Another drive from O'Mahony and then Best and the Scotland defence is creaking. The inevitable penalty follows and Sexton this time opts for a shot at the sticks. 42 min Ireland probe through the tireless O'Mahony early in the half but Scotland manage to snaffle possession and kick clear from their own 22. ireland take a quick lineout and win a penalty when Denton fails to release. Sexton goes for touch... 41 min Sexton gets the second half underway and Ireland are 40 minutes away from either glory or bitter disappointment... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Telegraph Sport - What a half! It's now 27-15 to &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt; &amp;ndash; see how the home side have turned the momentum around. &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23IBMTryTracker" target="_blank"&gt;#IBMTryTracker&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://t.co/UC4miiYkW5" target="_blank"&gt;http://t.co/UC4miiYkW5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; Finn Russell first-half try gave Scotland hope against Ireland at Murrayfield &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Matt Dickinson - I have no more nails left &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%236nations2015" target="_blank"&gt;#6nations2015&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; A blistering start from Ireland but a respectable rearguard from Scotland and the outcome of the match - let along the destination of the title - remains in the balance. Ireand need to score 11 unanswered points in the second half to edge out Wales but Scotland have shown their attacking credentials and could yet disappoint the defending champions. 38 min Defensive scrum to Ireland but Scotland cannot pinch possesson against the head and the visitors clear. That feed was about as straight as a boomerang! Sean O'Brien scored a second first-half try for Ireland in Edinburgh 34 min Scotland now fully entering into the increasingly cavalier spirit of this game as both side go hunting tries. It's not a faultless game but it's an entertaining one. 33 min. IRELAND PENALTY! Scotland 10 Ireland 20. The Scots are penalised for collasping the scrum and Sexton launches his penalty attempt high and handsome and through the posts. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Rob Heaton - Try! &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/EnglandRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@EnglandRugby&lt;/a&gt; TMO correctly spots ball comes of leg. Gr8 conversion kick George Ford &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; 17-15 &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 24 min SCOTLAND TRY! Scotland 10 Ireland 17. Seymour takes Hogg's deft offload in the Ireland 22 but the wing is hauled down. Scotland recycle quickly and Russell sneaks over in the left corner for Scotland's first try. Laidlaw's ugly penalty is at least on target and Scotland are back in contention. 28 min Ireland six adrift of Wales in terms of points difference but with a vastly inferior number of tries score, you can effectively call that seven. Still, it's hardly a yawning chasm, is it? Ireland go long at the lineout and find Toner, who slips the ball to O'Brien and the flanker is able power through some disappointing tackling for Ireland's second try. Sexton accpets the two extra points on offer and Schmidt's side are 14 points clear and have Wales firmly in their sights. 22 min Fitzgerald and Henshaw combine beautifully down the left wing but hero Hogg is once again up to the defensive attack and frustrates the Ireland pair. 19 min Payne lucky there not to get a yellow card for seemingly tackling Ashe in the air but Garces deems a penalty punishment enough. 18 min. SCOTLAND PENALTY! Scotland 3 Ireland 10. The Irish are caught coming in from the wrong side at the breakdown and Laidlaw slots the simplest of penalties to get his side on the board. 16 min First real threat from Scotland as Scott is dragged down inside the 22 but just as the Ireland defence seems to be stretched, the visitors snaffle the ball at the breakdown and kick clear. 14 min Murray off for Scotland with a broken nose. Ouch! Skipper Paul O'Connell gave Ireland a dream start at Murrayfield with an early try. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Adam Robert Langford - That was a proper tackle that. Love Courtney Lawes &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 11 min Ireland are already within 10 of Wales in terms of points difference with just less than 70 minutes to play. Absolutely no need to panic yet... 9 min. IRELAND PENALTY! Scotland 0 Ireland 10. The fly-half bisects the uprights and Ireland are motoring along nicely. 8 min Massive bomb from Sexton but Hogg stands firm under pressure from Kearney to take the ball. It is however a penalty to Ireland for an earlier infringement and Sexton steps forward... 7 min Scotland pinged for obstruction on Fitzgerald and Ireland kick deep into enemy territory. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Jack Gavigan - 20 minutes ago, we were wondering whether England will beat France by 26 pts. Now we're wondering whether England can beat France! &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; Ireland need a big win in Edinburgh against Scotland Ireland do get their early score - O'Connell powering over from short range for his seventh try in his 101th Test for his country. Exactly the start Joe Schmidt's side wanted, especially as Sexton knocks over the conversion, albeit off the post. 3 min Ireland nearly score as Henshaw races through the midfield but he's hauled down a metre short when he probably should have passed to Fitzgerald outside. 2 min First scrum to Ireland after Scotland fumble but the home side have made a bright start with ball in hand, running at the Irish defence. 1 min Russell kicks and the second Championship match of the day is alive and kicking. 14.27 Anthems in full swing and we're a couple of minutes from kick-off in Edinburgh. SCOTLAND: Stuart Hogg; Dougie Fife, Mark Bennett, Matt Scott, Tommy Seymour; Finn Russell, Greig Laidlaw (captain); Ryan Grant, Ross Ford, Euan Murray, Jim Hamilton, Jonny Gray, Adam Ashe, Blair Cowan, David Denton. Replacements: Fraser Brown, Alasdair Dickinson, Geoff Cross, Tim Swinson, Rob Harley, Sam Hidalgo-Clyne, Greig Tonks, Tim Visser. IRELAND: Rob Kearney; Tommy Bowe, Jared Payne, Robbie Henshaw, Luke Fitzgerald; Jonathan Sexton, Conor Murray; Cian Healy, Rory Best, Mike Ross, Devin Toner, Paul O’Connell (captain), Peter O’Mahony, Sean O’Brien, Jamie Heaslip. Replacements: Sean Cronin, Jack McGrath, Martin Moore, Iain Henderson, Jordi Murphy, Eoin Reddan, Ian Madigan, Felix Jones. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Freddie Keighley - No way that's a try that 4th official is clueless &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; Foot placed outside and ball dropped &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23muppet" target="_blank"&gt;#muppet&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 14.25 Ireland have also made just two changes to their side for today’s game following last week’s defeat to Wales in Cardiff – the result which abruptly ended their dreams of the Grand Slam. Leinster wing Luke Fitzgerald is recalled for his first cap since featuring against the All Blacks two years ago at the expense of Simon Zebo while prop Cian Healy starts in the front row in place Jack McGrath. 14.23 For winless Scotland, victory would ensure they avoid the ignominy of losing all five of their Six Nations fixtures. This season’s form book suggests an Irish victory but they’ve lost on their last two visits to Edinburgh, going down 12-8 in 2013 courtesy of four penalties from Scotland skipper Greig Laidlaw. The last time the two sides met last year however, Ireland gave the Scots a bit of a chasing with a 28-6 win in Dublin. Scotland may have lost to England last time out but Vern Cotter’s side did show glimpses at Twickenham of their potential and the Kiwi coach has kept the personnel changes to his starting XV for today to a minimum. Those changes both come in the pack. Glasgow flanker Adam Ashe is recalled on the blindside at the expense of Rob Harley while his Warriors team-mate Ryan Grant replaces Alasdair Dickinson at loose head prop. The pair’s inclusion means Scotland start today with eight Glasgow players in their line-up. 14.20 Wow! Wales amazing victory over Italy has put the cat among the pigeons, hasn't it? Ireland need a winning margin of 21 points a Murrayfield this afternoon to edge in front of the Welsh. FULL-TIME: ITALY 20 WALES 61 Incredible stuff in Rome. Wales are now in pole position and as things stand Ireland need to beat Scotland by 21 points and England must overcme France by 17 points if they are deny Gatland's side the title. Yes, an Italy try! Sarto finshes off a stunning counter attack in the dying seconds and that's put a dent in Wales's points difference. The conversion from Orquera is on target and there's a glimmer of hope for Ireland and England... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Catherine Maryon - What went wrong there? France go for a walk and score a try while England stand and watch &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23rugby" target="_blank"&gt;#rugby&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 77 min That was nearly yet another Wales try - Gareth Davies spilling the ball with the line at his mercy! &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Duncan Metcalfe - Good to see the best ref in northern hemisphere is in charge. Or best in the world? &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 73 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 61. Yes, another try - this time Scott Williams is the man to touch down - one of four Welshman lining up to score that one - as Wales go almost the length of the pitch. Biggar adds two more points. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: angus blair - This game is crying out for Cipriani to come on in the last 25 minutes and open up the game &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 68 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 54. This is truly unbelievable. This time it's Warburton who is the beneficiary of some abject Italian tackling, galloping over from the 22. Biggar adds the easy converison and Wales have surged past the half century mark. 66 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 47. Webb breaks from the base of a maul and despite the attentions of Sarto, he wriggles through the tackle to score. Biggar for once is off target with the conversion. 65 min No try! Italy manage to get hands under the ball and they're reprieved for the moment. 65 min The referee has gone to the TMO to see whether Wyn Jones has been able to ground the ball over the line after a fine drive from the forwards... 64 min Another sin bin for Italy as Geldenhuys is sent from the pitch for coming in at the wrong side... 63 min Masi is back on the pitch but the momentum of the match feels all in Wales' favour now. The penalties are all ging Wales' way - that's the 15th Italy have conceded - and the Azzurri just want to hear the final whistle as soon as possible. &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Donna Traynor - Joe Schmidt says he won't watch the &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; He's going for his dinner!!! How can he eat at a time like this? &lt;a href="http://www.twitter.com/IrishRugby" target="_blank"&gt;@IrishRugby&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; A hat-trick for North, who muscles his way through some suspect Italian tackling and it's now merely a case of how many the visitors can amass. Biggar knocks over the conversion in double quick time and the Azzurri are in complete disarray. Liam Williams sparked the Wales second-half try salvo in Rome 54 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 35. Wales take full advantage of their numerical superiority, making space on the left for North who easily fends off Sarto to score his second of the match. Biggar lands a sublime touchline conversion and Wales are flying... 54 min More bad news for Italy, Masi is off for 10 minutes after being shown a yellow card for a tackle off the ball. Wales are on the charge now. 52 min More on the Leigh Halfpenny injury scare ... &lt;noframe&gt;Twitter: Aidan Buckley - Alright France, I know we've had our issues in the past but do us a solid here pls &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23ENGvFRA" target="_blank"&gt;#ENGvFRA&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/search?src=hash&amp;q=%23SixNations" target="_blank"&gt;#SixNations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/noframe&gt; 49 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 28. Williams goes from finisher to creater, catching an Italian chip, counter attacking and then putting North clean through for an unmolested canter over the line. Biggar adds another conversion and suddenly they;re streets ahead. That score leaves Wales 10 points shy of England in terms of points difference! 47 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 21. Wales string together the phases and Italy eventually concede the penalty. Webb takes a quick tap, darts forward and Williams appears on his shoulder like a runaway train to slice through the Italians for the score. Biggar adds the extras. 44 min Wales try the rolling maul with initial success in Italian territory but Bergmasco strips the ball and Italy are able to clear. Leigh Halfpenny was forced from the field with a serious head injury 42 min They cope well - winning clean scrum ball which goes wide and Scott Wlliams finds space on the right wing but his offload inside to Webb goes forward. 42 min Early advantage to Wales as Italy knock on in their own half. Scrum time... how will Wales fare up front in this half? 41 min Biggar kicks to restart the game in Rome and the it's confirmed that Halfpenny will play no further part in this match after that shuddering blow to the head. Giovanbattista Venditti scored a first-half try for the Italians in the Stadio Olimpico. 40 min. WALES PENALTY! Italy 13 Wales 14. The Azzurri are caught offSIde and this time Wales go for the points, Biggar knocking over the penalty with the last kick of the half. Wales have a slender advatnage but need more if they're to worry Ireland and England in terms of the battle for the title. 38 min Wales win a penalty but elect for touch and the catch and drive raher than the possible three points... 37 min Wales on the attack in the Italian 22 but their defence around the fringes is ferocious and Wales try the Roberts crash ball in midfield. He makes a couple of metres but no more. 35 min Italy make mincemeat of the Wales scrum again to win the penalty and the referee makes it crystal clear to Rob Evans that he's on a last warning! 33 min Scott Williams on for a clearly dazed Halfpenny. Not sure whether it's a temporary substitution or not... 33 min Barnstorming break by the big Italy eight Vunisa and it takes a brave tackle by Halfpenny to stop the charge. Unfortunately the Wales 15 has taken a heavy knee to the head in the process and isn't looking good... 32 min North briefly threatens to escape down the right touchline but Bergamasco gets across in time to drag the wing down and avert the danger. Jamie Roberts scored Wales' opening try agianst Italy in Rome 29 min Another penalty to Italy at the scrum and there's no doubt Wales are in trouble at the set piece at the moment. 24 min WALES TRY! Italy 13 Wales 11. Huge pressure on Wales as Italy battter the defensive line and as the gaps begin to appear it's Venditti who crashes through Roberts' tackle to give the home side a try. Orquera slots the easy penalty chance and Italy surge back into the lead. 23 min Italy get the penalty after Wales are adjudged to have collapsed a scrum and for the first time in the game the Azzurri show signs of getting the edge up front. 19 min WALES TRY! Italy 6 Wales 11. Halfpenny's intelligent kick turns the Italian defence and Jamie Roberts is quickest tot the bouncing ball to touch down in the left corner. Halfpenny however is off target with the conversion but the try is enough to put the visitors in front for the first time. Haimona opened the scoring for Itlay before going off with an arm injury 15 min Scrappy start so far but Italy are definitely up for this one and have already showed more attacking intent in the opening 15 minutes than they mustered in 80 against France. 12 min. WALES PENALTY! Italy 6 Wales 6. Penalty ping pong at the moment. Bergamasco is penalised for blocking from the kick-off and Halfpenny makes no mistake with the resutling penalty. All square again in the Stadio Olimpico. 10 min. ITALY PENALTY! Italy 6 Wales 3. Charteris is pinged for taking the jumper out in the air at the lineout and substitute fly-half Orquera is on target with the conversion to restore the Azzurri's advantage. 7 min. WALES PENALTY! Italy 3 Wales 3. Halfpenny draws Wales level with the penalty and it's all square in Rome for the moment. 6 min A couple of darts from Webb gets Wales going forward and it's a penalty to the visitord as Italy stray offside. 5 min Long break in play as Haimona receievs treatment. Looks like the fly-half's match is over already with an arm injury. Orquera comes on for Italy. 4 min First Wales spill possession and then Italy knock on and the end result is a scrum to Wales outside the opposition 22. 3 min Penalty to Wales after Williams is challenged illegally in the air but it's out of range for Halfpenny and he goes for touch. 2 min. ITALY PENALTY! Italy 3 Wales 0. The Welsh concede an instant penalty from the kick-off for blocking and Haimona steps up and knocks it over for the perfect start for the home side. 1 min Our referee, New Zealander Chris Pollock, whistles, Haimona kicks and we're up and running in Rome. 12.27 Both anthems are done and dusted and the wait is nearly over. Can Wales win? Can they win by enough to put pressure on Ireland and England? Or can the Italians bounce back from last week's mauling by France? 12.23 Wales march up the steps from the bowels of the Stadio Olimpico and Gatland's side are out on the pitch. Italy follow seconds later and we're just over five minutes from kick-off in Rome. 12.22 The memories of their woeful display against the French are still fresh but head coach Jacques Brunel insists Italy will be a different animal in Rome today... We wanted to build on the victory [against Scotland] in Edinburgh but we did not succeed. I expect a tough game on Saturday but I expect that we will give a different picture from the one seen last Sunday. Wales will try to impose its own rhythm, its intensity, its power. They are a team that has confidence in its game and we expect a Welsh XV that will have the ability to apply pressure with ball in hand and with the boot.” 12.15 Former Tigers front rower Martin Castrogiovanni also returns to the fray after coming off worse in an argument with a friend’s dog while prop Michele Rizzo replaces the injured Matias Aguero. In the backs, Zebre fly-half Kelly Haimona returns to the starting XV after missing the France game through injury. 12.11 Elsewhere, Jacques Brunel has recalled veteran flanker Mauro Bergamasco on the openside while Leicester hooker Leonardo Ghiraldini takes over the captaincy reins while Parisse puts his feet up. Italy captain Sergio Parisse will be conspicious by his absence in Rome today through injury. 12.08 The bad news for the Azzurri is talismanic skipper Sergio Parisse is ruled out by the foot ligament injury he sustained against Les Bleus in Rome six days ago. Zebre number eight Samuela Vunisa is handed the unenviable task of filling the void created by the loss of the Italy captain. 12.05 There is also the small matter of avoiding the Wooden Spoon. Their last-gasp victory over Scotland in Edinburgh last month was only their second ever Six Nations victory away from home but they could yet finish bottom of the table again this year if they lose today and Scotland overcome Ireland at Murrayfield. 12.00 For their part Italy really should not be lacking motivation this afternoon. Their performance in last weekend’s 29-0 defeat to France was, to be polite, abject in all departments and they owe their supporters a vastly improved display after the way they rolled over against the French. 11.57 According to Warren Gatland, the danger for Wales this afternoon is the temptation to chase the deluge of points they require before the match is actually won... The challenge to us is to go to Italy and win, and try and win by a significant margin but we know that’s an extremely tough ask and the first job will be to simply get the result.” 11.50 Which leaves the two teams in Rome today looking like this... ITALY: Luke McLean; Leonardo Sarto, Luca Morisi, Andrea Masi, Giovanbattista Venditti; Kelly Haimona, Edoardo Gori; Michele Rizzo, Leonardo Ghiraldini (captain), Martin Castrogiovanni, George Biagi, Josh Furno, Francesco Minto, Mauro Bergamasco, Samuela Vunisa. Replacements: Andrea Manici, Alberto De Marchi, Dario Chistolini, Quintin Geldenhuys, Robert Barbieri, Guglielmo Palazzani, Luciano Orquera, Enrico Bacchin. WALES: Leigh Halfpenny; George North, Jonathan Davies, Jamie Roberts, Liam Williams; Dan Biggar, Rhys Webb; Rob Evans, Scott Baldwin, Aaron Jarvis, Luke Charteris, Alun Wyn Jones, Dan Lydiate, Sam Warburton (captain), Taulupe Faletau. Replacements: Ken Owens, Rhys Gill, Scott Andrews, Jake Ball, Justin Tipuric, Gareth Davies, Rhys Priestland, Scott Williams. 11.46 Gatland has made two enforced changes to his starting XV for today’s game with props Aaron Jarvis and Rob Evans replacing the injured pair of Samson Lee and Gethin Jenkins. There are four changes on the bench, with Rhys Gill, Ken Owens and Scott Andrews coming in as front row cover with hooker Richard Hibbard ruled out. Scarlets scrum-half Gareth Davies comes in for Mike Phillips. 11.40 Wales have won seven on the bounce against the Italians but they were beaten 23-20 in Rome in 2007 and the last time the two sides met 12 months ago in the Millennium Stadium the Azzurri got within five points of Gatland’s team with 10 minutes to go before a Leigh Halfpenny penalty wrapped up a nervy 23-15 victory. 11.36 Warren Gatland’s side blew the Six Nations wide open last weekend with their 23-16 victory over Ireland in Cardiff and should the boys in red register a big win in Rome today, they could yet be crowned champions for the fourth time in eight years. Warren Gatland's team retain hopes of lifting the Six Nations trophy if they can beay Italy in Rome today 11.33 Four teams remain tantalisingly in contention for the title and the first to press their claim for the 2015 Championship are Wales, the guests of Italy at the Stadio Olimpico today. 11.30 Hello and welcome to our live coverage of what promises to be an intriguing and very probably dramatic climax of this year’s Six Nations, a tournament which even in the shadow of the approaching World Cup has provided a captivating spectacle and will only be decided by seven o’clock this evening. Not since 2007 have all three final Six Nations matches had a bearing on the winner. England , Ireland and Wales , are all level on six points. After Saturday's win in the Calcutta Cup , England are top because of a positive points difference of 37, Ireland second on +33 and Wales' third +12. The first game of the day kicks off in Rome with Wales needing victory by 26 points to top the table with Ireland and England yet to play. Ireland start next at Murrayfield needing to win by at least five points to overtake England and perhaps more to jump ahead of Wales. England then run out at Twickenham last with the enormous adavantage, just like Ireland in Paris last year, of knowing precisely what they have to do to end the day above Ireland and Wales. A victory for France over England by at least eight points would be good enough for the fourth-placed side to win the title if both Wales and Ireland lose.	i don't know
Who was the first person to commit murder in the Bible?	Cain And Abel, The First Murder. Bible Stories In Simple English Favorite Bible Stories In Simple English Cain and Able, First Murder Edited and Adapted From Antique Book in His Library © By James Dearmore, July, 1999 What a sad story the Bible tells us in the fourth chapter of Genesis! Cain and Abel were brothers, the sons of Adam and Eve. How they should have loved each other! Yet we find that Cain killed Abel. Why did he do this? Well, Cain was a husbandman, that is, a man who tilled the ground; Abel was a shepherd, who kept sheep. One day each offered a sacrifice to God. Cain brought the fruit of the ground, and Abel brought a perfect lamb. This perfect lamb was a type, or "picture", of the perfect Lamb of God, Jesus, Who was to come and sacrifice Himself to cover the sins of the world, and make it possible for man to again be in fellowship with God. God accepted Abel's offering, but not Cain's. Why? Well, I am quite sure that it was because Abel offered his sacrifice according as God had commanded, and had faith in the promised Saviour; but Cain simply acknowledged God's goodness in giving him the fruits of the earth. Cain's produce was not according to God's command, and was the work of his own hands. While the accepted sacrifice of Abel was according to God's plan, and pictured the coming Redeemer, Jesus, to die for our sins. God had no doubt told them, too, that when they came to worship Him, they were to bring a lamb or a kid as a sacrifice for their sins; this Abel had done, but Cain had not. So Cain was angry because God had accepted Abel's offering and not his; and now he hated his brother Abel. God knew the evil thoughts which Cain had towards his brother, and asked him, "Why art thou wroth?" (That means, "Why are you so angry?") and said, "If thou doest well, shalt thou not be accepted?" But then Cain did still more wickedly. When they were out in the field, just the two of them alone, he killed his brother. Was it not a cruel deed? They were alone when this murder was committed, yet one eye saw it all. God's eye sees everything! God saw it, and said to Cain: "Where is Abel, thy brother?" This true story from the Bible teaches us that we cannot sin without God knowing about it! Cain then told God a lie. He answered, "I know not." But, of course, he really did know. God was angry with Cain for his sin, and sent him as a fugitive and vagabond to wander on the earth.	Cain and Abel
In 2000, who became the first British rower to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games?	The Death of Cain. The World's First Murder, Epilogue The Death of Cain. The World's First Murder, Epilogue Does the one who brings death into the world deserve protection from God? by Rabbi David Fohrman How did Cain die? We don't know for sure. The Bible doesn't tell us. But the sages of the Midrash had something to say about the matter. Working with various clues from the Biblical text, they patched together an account of how the man who committed the first murder met his own demise. The story they tell is bizarre and haunting. At face value, it borders on the absurd. But Midrashic stories are not necessarily meant to be interpreted at face value. They often use the language of allegory to point to deeper, underlying currents in a story. For all its improbability, then, the story the Midrash tells about Cain's death may be quite "truthful" indeed. Let's begin our look at the Midrashic elaboration with an eye towards the Biblical clues that it is based upon. As near as I can figure it, these are some of the issues that nudged the sages towards their view of how Cain died: An Unexplained Fear The Torah records that after Cain killed Abel, the Lord imposed a number of punishments upon Cain. In response, Cain turned to God and expressed his concern that his own demise will not be long in coming: And Cain said to God, "My sin is greater than I can bear... anyone who finds me will kill me." God replied to him, "Therefore -- anyone who kills Cain will be avenged seven-fold," and God placed a mark upon Cain, so that all who find him would not kill him. (Genesis 4:13-15) The Lord has not posted any "Cain: Wanted, Dead or Alive" signs around the neighborhood. So why is Cain so worried? We might ask: Why, exactly, does Cain feel so vulnerable? It is true that God has imposed a number of punishments on him, from difficulty farming to exile, but He has not decreed that Cain deserves to be killed. The Lord has not posted any "Cain: Wanted, Dead or Alive" signs around the local neighborhood. Why, then, is Cain so worried? Moreover, who exactly are these other people that Cain fears will do him in? The world's aggregate population was pretty tiny at the time. Besides his parents and Mrs. Cain, there weren't too many others around. Who, really, is Cain afraid of? Rashi, grandfather of the medieval commentators, is bothered by this question. His answer, which originates in the Midrash, is that the killers Cain feared were not men but animals. That is, Cain was worried that, in the wake of his act of murder, a beast might devour him. Does Rashi solve the problem? Well, perhaps he explains who might kill him, but he doesn't seem to explain why. Why would Cain all of a sudden worry that animals would kill him? God didn't command animals to avenge Abel's blood. What's more, if Cain had the means to defend himself adequately against the animal world before he killed Abel, he presumably had these same capabilities afterwards, too. Why, all of a sudden, does he become afraid? The Mystery of "Seven-Fold Vengeance" So Cain's fear of death is one oddity -- but it is not the only one. Another strange thing is God's response to this fear, his promise to Cain that whoever kills him will suffer sevenfold vengeance. Why, for starters, would God want to promise such a thing to Cain? It is one thing to soothe Cain by telling him that he will be protected from would-be-killers -- but why extend to Cain, a murderer, the assurance that one who kills him will be punished seven times more severely than the crime warrants? God didn't extend this courtesy to Abel, the innocent victim of murder. Why extend it to Cain, Abel's killer? And there's another problem, too: What exactly does "seven-fold vengeance" really mean? Presumably, the worst thing God could do to a killer of Cain, by way of vengeance, would be to kill that person himself. But that's not sevenfold vengeance -- that's just plain vanilla vengeance -- a simple tit-for-tat. Where does the "seven" part fit in? A New Theory A strange verse, tucked away at the end of the story of Cain and Abel, may hold the key to answering these questions. Just after the Torah tells us of Cain's punishments, it goes on to give a long list of genealogical tables. We hear all about Cain's descendants -- who gave birth to who, and how long they lived. Many might wonder why the Bible felt it necessary to include all this apparently trivial information. But if you stop and actually read these genealogical tables, you will find something curious: The Torah goes into a great amount of detail about one particular family, a family which appears at the very end of the chain of descendants. We are told the names and professions of each child, and then, strangely enough, the text quotes, verbatim, a short and cryptic declaration made by the father of these children. In that speech, the father speaks about having killed a man. And he also speaks of the "sevenfold vengeance" of Cain, as well as vengeance that will be exacted against him, this latter-day killer. And what's more, if we bother to count all the "who-begat-who's" in between, we will find that this mysterious mention of murder occurs precisely at -- wouldn't you know it -- the seventh generation removed from Cain. An interesting possibility begins to unfold. Maybe these verses are describing, somehow, the carrying out of the mysterious vengeance of Cain. Maybe the phrase "sevenfold" didn't refer to the severity of the vengeance (that someone would be killed seven times over) but to the time at which it occurs. Maybe the promised vengeance would take place after a seven-fold lapse in generations, and maybe this is precisely what we are reading about at the very end of Cain's genealogical table. Such a possibility bears, at least, further exploration. So let's take a closer look at these strange events that occur seven generations removed from Cain. What, in fact, happened at that promised "seventh generation?" The Lemech Connection Only a few details are clear. We are introduced to a man named Lemech, and we are told that he has two wives and four children -- three boys and a girl. We know their names. The three boys are Yaval, Yuval and Tuval-Kayin, and the girl is named Na'ama. Yaval becomes "the father of all shepherds and tent-dwellers." Yuval becomes the "father of harps and cymbals" -- i.e. the inventor of the first musical instruments. And Tuval-Kayin is the inventor of ironworks, the first to fashion metal weaponry. The Torah then tells us that one day, Lemech convened his two wives, and made a strange speech to them: Listen to my voice; wives of Lemech, hearken to my words: For I have killed a man to my injury, and a child to my wound. Yes, sevenfold was the vengeance of Cain; and Lemech, seventy-seven. (4:23-24) Lemech's declaration is difficult to decipher, to say the least. He talks about having killed a man and a child, and refers, strangely, to the promise of his ancestor's sevenfold vengeance. What does he mean to say? The Sages Parable The sages of the Midrash gathered the various puzzle pieces of this story, and constructed a parable that seeks, I think, to give meaning to it all. And it is here that the Midrash tells us how it thinks Cain died. According to the Midrash, here is what happened: Lemech was a seventh generation descendant of Cain. He was blind, and he would go out hunting with his son, [Tuval-Kayin]. [His son] would lead him by the hand, and when he would see an animal, he would inform his father, [who would proceed to hunt it]. One day, [Tuval Kayin] cried out to his father: "I see something like an animal over there." Lemech pulled back on his bow and shot. ... The child peered from afar at the dead body... and said to Lemech: "What we killed bears the figure of a man, but it has a horn protruding from its forehead." Lemech then exclaimed in anguish: "Woe unto me! It is my ancestor, Cain!" and he clapped his hands together in grief. In doing so, though, he unintentionally struck Tuval-Kayin and killed him, too. (Tanchuma to Genesis, 11) What exactly was Cain doing parading around the forest in a unicorn costume? What a strange story. We hear of a hunt gone awry, with a blind Lemech shooting arrows at the beck and call of his over-eager son, little Tuval-Kayin. We hear of an elderly Cain being mistaken for an animal, walking around with a strange horn protruding from his head. What exactly was Cain doing parading around the forest in a unicorn costume? One thing seems clear, though. According to the sages, the "man" Lemech killed "to [his] injury" was none other than Cain, and the "child" he struck "to his wound" was his own son, Tuval-Kayin. If we put two and two together, the Midrash seems to be saying that when God talked about "sevenfold vengeance" for Cain, He wasn't talking about punishing Cain's murderer. Instead, God was talking about punishing Cain himself. He was promising that Cain himself would be killed in vengeance for Abel's murder -- but that this would occur only after a sevenfold lapse in generations.1 The Advent of the Unicorn So where did Cain get that unicorn costume from? Why did he have a horn, of all things, sticking out of his forehead? It is time to revisit, one last time, the story of Adam and Eve in Eden -- the story where the cascade leading to Cain and Abel first begins. We noticed a while back that the Cain and Abel narrative is speckled with connections between it and the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden. A triad of consequences -- exile, difficulty farming, hiding from God -- beset mankind after they eat from the Tree, and these same consequences reappear, only more intensely, after Cain kills Abel. The Torah, as we noted, seems to be saying that the Cain and Abel episode is a further chapter in the story of the Tree of Knowledge; that Cain's act of murder was fundamentally similar to Adam and Eve's eating from the Tree. It was just another chapter in the same saga. If we had to boil down that saga to just a single, simple sentence -- what would we say that these two, linked stories, are about? They are about, we might say, what it really means to be a human being and not an animal. In Eden, humanity was accosted by the primal serpent -- an animal that walked, talked and was apparently an intelligent being. The snake was very nearly human, and earlier, we argued that the challenge the snake proffers to humanity touches on how we define ourselves in relation to him -- that is, "what makes us human and him a snake." The snake begins his words with: Even if God said don't eat from the tree, [so what?]. God may have told you not to eat of the tree, but those words are belied by your desires. Do you want to eat? If so, God is talking to you through that desire. He put those instincts inside you, and you obey God by following them. Animals follow God's will by obeying their passions, their instincts -- the "voice of God inside of them." In making this argument, the snake was faithfully representing the perspective of the animal world. The dividing line between man and animal, we argued, lies in how one perceives that God "speaks" to him. Does God speak to you in the form of commands, or in the form of desire? Animals, such as snakes, follow God's will not by listening to God's words, His verbal commands, but by obeying their passions, their instincts -- the "voice of God inside of them." The snake, quite innocently, holds out the possibility that perhaps man should adopt the same approach. The voice of desire, for an animal, always reigns supreme. In the act of reaching for the forbidden fruit, Adam and Eve succumbed to the snake's argument. In buying the argument that, for man too, one's internal desire could be the final arbiter of God's Will, mankind lost a little bit of who he was, and became a little more snake-like. In the wake of that failure, God punishes all the relevant parties. The snake's "punishment," though, is particularly interesting. He is told that from then on, he will eat dust, will crawl on his belly, and that hatred and strife will henceforth reign in the relationship between his progeny and the children of Eve. The common denominator in these three punishments of the snake seems evident: The snake will become more obviously different -- a being that crawls rather than walks, a being that subsists on food that men would never touch; and a being whose sight and presence registers instinctive alarm and enmity in the collective psyche of humanity. The snake will become more obviously animal-like, more clearly removed from the realm of man. Having failed once to distinguish himself from the animal world, mankind will no longer be faced with as subtle and dangerous a temptation. But man's struggle to define himself in relation to the animal world is not yet over. The story of Cain and Abel was a further battle in the same war -- a war centered on how man is meant to relate to the passions, the creative will, that surges inside of him. Cain became enamored with his ability to create in partnership with God, and became entranced by the products of that enterprise. In the end, he sacrificed everything -- his relationship with God, and the life of his own brother -- on that altar. As the verse suggests, he had in effect used Abel's blood as fertilizer for the ground. The life of a brother had become a regrettable but acceptable casualty of Cain's continuing, intoxicating quest to bring forth life from the ground. Blind desire had once again had its way. In the wake of that basic failure, Cain intuited a self-evident truth: He would now fear the world of beasts. Not because beasts would be interested in avenging Abel. But simply because they would perceive that Cain really was not all that different from them. The days of comfortable distance from the world of the jungle were now behind him. Cain pleads to the Almighty for protection from these newfound threats. And the Lord accedes to the request, giving to Cain a mark that will protect him from those that would molest him. We wondered earlier why it is "fair" that Cain, a murderer, would merit special protection from death at the hands of others. But that mark, the Midrash is saying, was not some "supernatural" sign promising heavenly retribution to anyone who would harm Cain, nor was it some artificial device that would convince the animals that Cain really was a human to be feared after all. Instead, the sign, as the Midrash tells it, was a simple animal's horn. Having become vulnerable to his new compatriots in the world of the jungle, it is only fair that Cain be given a horn, the same means of defense available to any other beast. In a savage twist of irony, it is precisely the horn given to Cain for protection that does him in. In a savage twist of irony, though, in the end it is precisely the horn given to Cain for protection that does him in. Little Tuval-Kayin sees Cain's horn and immediately assumes that he has sighted a beast. Upon closer examination, though, the boy isn't so sure. The body of the figure is man-like and he can't figure out whether the being he killed is man or beast. He can't tell, perhaps, not because he can't see well -- that's his father's problem, not his -- but because the identity of his prey really is uncertain: Cain has crossed into the no-man's land between man and animal. Cain, the person who feared he would be killed by an animal, is killed because a person couldn't tell whether he was, in fact, man or animal. The Child and the Blind Hunter The story the Midrash tells is interesting not only for the way it portrays Cain, but for its view of Cain's killer as well. The image of Tuval Kayin and Lemech, the child and the blind hunter, is a memorable one. To fully understand its significance, I propose we take a quick look at the larger, extended family. Tuval Kayin, the child weapon-maker, has two brothers -- men by the names Yuval and Yaval. If you replay the names of these three siblings over in your mind, they should sound vaguely familiar. Yuval, Yaval, and Tuval Kayin. What do they remind you of? Well, to tell the truth, if you are used to reading the Bible in English, they may not remind you of much. But if you switch to Hebrew, the resonance in these names is unmistakable. The Hebrew original for the word "Cain" is Kayin -- a word that reappears in the appellation given his descendant, Tuval-Kayin. Likewise, the Hebrew name for "Abel" is Hevel or Haval, which sounds suspiciously similar to "Yaval," the brother of Tuval-Kayin. The resemblance goes beyond names, too. Just as we are told the professions of Cain and Abel, we are told the professions of Tuval-Kayin and Yaval, too. And wouldn't you know it -- the professions adopted by these seventh-generation descendants bear an eerie similarity to the arts practiced by their forebears. Cain/Kayin was the word's first killer -- and Tuval-Kayin, his namesake-descendant, makes weaponry. Abel/Haval is the first shepherd in history, and his namesake-descendant in the seventh generation, Yaval, is the "father" of traveling herdsmen. These connections did not go unnoticed by the sages of the Midrash. The rabbis commented about Tuval-Kayin, for example, that his name signifies that "he perfected [metavel (1)] the arts of Kayin." Cain killed without benefit of tools; Tuval-Kayin comes along and, by forging weaponry, gives the art of killing a technological boost. One can argue that Yaval, the seventh-generation heir to Haval/Abel, does likewise: He "perfects" the art of Abel. Abel, the ancestor, grazed his flocks, but Yaval pushed the envelope further. As Rashi puts it, he -- the "father of herdsmen" -- constantly moved his tents, transporting flocks from pasture to pasture, to ensure a virtually never ending supply of grassland. (2) These "great leaps forward" all take place in the seventh generation from Cain and Abel. Seven, in the Torah, is a number laden with symbolic significance. It often signifies completion -- the bringing of a process to its culmination. God finished Creation in "seven" days, bringing the Universe to its finished state of being. After forty nine years -- seven times seven -- we celebrate Yovel, the Jubilee year, in which "freedom is proclaimed throughout the land." Everything attains a new homeostasis, everything achieves a new balance: Debts are forgiven and slaves are released from servitude. Here too, at the end of seven generations, the lines of Cain and Abel reach their "perfection," their final fruition. In the case of Cain, that destiny bears ominous overtones. His seventh-generation descendant, Tuval-Kayin, the metalworker, takes the art of killing to new and more powerful levels -- levels that would have been unimaginable to Cain himself, the ancestor of it all. But such is the way of things. We don't always have control over forces we put in motion. Cain is powerless to stem the lethal forces he has begun to unleash -- forces that culminate in the personage of Tuval Kayin. But ironically, Tuval Kayin and Lemech -- the new killers -- are, in their own ways, just as powerless as well... The image of a child weapon-maker leading around his blind father on hunting expeditions is comedic but chilling. When you get right down to thinking about it, the partnership of Tuval-Kayin and Lemech has to be the craziest hunting duo one can possibly imagine. Tuval-Kayin spots a leopard at a hundred paces, and calls out the coordinates to his father. Lemech, who can't see a blasted thing, wheels around sixty degrees to his left, takes a moment to calculate range and trajectory, then lets his arrows fly. The image of a child weapon-maker leading around his blind father on hunting expeditions is comedic but chilling. Neither the father nor the child is in control. Neither is quite aware at the awesome power they so irresponsibly wield. Both are powerful engines -- but nothing of consequence guides either of them. Three Blind Men A quick survey of blind men in the Bible turns up an interesting pattern. Lemech, according to the Sages, was blind. Isaac, towards the end of his life, suffered from failing eyesight. And so did Eli, the high priest mentioned at the beginning of I Samuel. Sensing a commonality here, the sages of the Midrash commented: Anyone who raises a wicked son or trains a wicked disciple, is destined to eventually lose his eyesight... The sages are not doctors, and the observation they are making, arguably, is not medical in nature, but spiritual. Why would a father who raises wicked children eventually become blind? Perhaps the sages are not talking about the physical inability to see, but an emotional blindness -- a deep-seated unwillingness to see. Isaac can't bring himself to face the true nature of Esau, and Eli can't bear to face the sins his sons commit. These otherwise prescient fathers are blind to what is obvious to all others around them. When reality is too cruel to see, the best among us can easily make ourselves blind to its horror. In the view of the Midrash, Lemech -- like Isaac and Eli -- is blind. It is not so much that his son is evil -- after all, Tuval-Kayin is but a child -- but the dangers of his craft are entirely lost on the oblivious father. There is a kid out there making sawed-off shotguns, and instead of restraining him, Lemech invites little Tuval out for hunting parties. Lemech can easily rationalize the deadly arts of his son -- after all, it is not guns that kill people, but people that kill people -- and if all my kid does is make the swords that others use... well, that's a good, clean living, isn't it? The mandate of parents is to guide their children, but in this case, it is little Tuval-Kayin who is the leader, guiding -- with devastating inaccuracy -- the arrows of his blind father. The seventh generation is the apogee -- and the generations of Cain are slowly spinning out of control. Tuval-Kayin really is, "Cain Perfected." Cain failed to rule over the raging passions that beset his soul, and Lemech failed to rule over the raging power of his young son's killing machines. Seven generations from Cain, nothing has changed; it is just the stakes that have gotten higher. The legacy of the forbidden fruit is alive and well. Mankind becomes ever more snake-like, as raw power, left to its own devices, consistently overwhelms its bearer. The Second Lemech and the Wife of Noah The children of Lemech are the last descendants of Cain that the world will ever know. The great flood -- the ultimate destruction of humanity -- is right around the corner. A glimmer of hope, though, beckons to humanity. Right after the Torah finishes telling us of Cain's seven generations of descendants -- indeed, immediately after Lemech's disastrous pronouncement of "seventy-seven times vengeance" -- the Torah tells us something fascinating. We hear of a second chain of generations, which begins with the birth of a child named Shet (see Genesis 4:25). Shet was a third son born to Eve, a son born after Cain killed Abel, and the text tells us that Shet, in Eve's mind, constituted a replacement of sorts for her murdered son, Abel (see 4:25). Interestingly, the list of Shet's descendants is introduced with the words: These are the generations of Adam -- as if to say, somehow, that these are the real generations of Adam. And they really are. After all, Abel was murdered and had no children. Cain's children are wiped out after seven generations in the great flood. It is really only this last child, Shet, who allows the generations of Adam to continue in perpetuity. For, as the verses go on to tell us, Noah -- the saving remnant of humanity -- is a descendant of Shet. Strangely, as you begin to go through them, the descendants of Shet sound a lot like the descendants of Cain. For example, Cain has a descendant named Metushael, and Shet has a descendant named Metushelech. Cain has a child by the name of Chanoch; and Shet has a descendant by the same name. Curiously, Shet's immediate offspring is a child named "Enosh," a word which has come to mean "man," and the child of Enosh is Keinan -- a word which seems a variation on Kayin/Cain. It is as if Shet's own line of heirs contains a mirror of Adam himself, and a mirror of Adam's son, Cain. Well, it can't come as too much of a surprise that, seven generations after Enosh, this second Adam -- we are greeted with the birth of a child named... you guessed it, Lemech. (3) In case you missed the point, this second Lemech just happens to live to the ripe old age of -- seven hundred and seventy-seven years. So, when all is said and done, at seven generations, each line -- the line of Adam I and Adam II -- come to their apex. But whereas the first Lemech gives birth to Tuval Kayin, a son who becomes a partner in the destruction of life, the second Lemech gives birth to a son who will allow for the perpetuation of life. The child of Lemech II is a man by the name of Noah. While the three sons of Lemech I die in a flood, the child of Lemech II builds an ark. And yet, while the children of Lemech I perish in that flood, the legacy of Lemech I is not erased entirely. One of his children, according to the sages, survives. According to the Midrash, Na'amah -- the sister of Tuval-Kayin -- becomes the wife of Noah. So a daughter of Lemech I survives by marrying the son of Lemech II. In that union, humanity comes full circle. The doomed line of Cain merges with a spark of life from Shet -- the man who, according to Eve, was a replacement for Abel. At long last, the legacies of Cain and "replacement Abel" have come together, as a father from one line and a mother from the other unite to create Noah. When we look back on Cain and his legacy, it is easy to disregard him; to feel that mankind is better off without having to deal with the wickedness he manifests. But evidently, Abel -- or his replacement -- is not enough of a foundation upon which to build a New World. Cain, for all the danger he brings to the table, is a necessary partner. Somehow, mankind needs the energies of both Cain and Abel -- ground, coupled with nothingness; possession, bound together with breath -- to move on, to build itself in perpetuity. And so it is that -- in the personhood of Noah and Naama -- under the life-saving roof of an ark, a fragmented humanity finally gains a semblance of unity, just as the storm-clouds of apocalypse gather on the horizon. (1) In Hebrew, "metavel," or "one who perfects," is the verb form of the word "Tuval." (2)The middle brother, Yuval, seemingly has no analogue in the Cain and Abel saga, in which there were only two brothers. We might speculate, though, that his name -- Yuval -- seems to be a cross between Tuval-Kayin and Yaval. Indeed, his craft -- the making of musical instruments, might be seen as a cross between the pastoral profession of shepherding, and the technological innovations of metallurgy and practical tool-making. (3)In elaborating this point, Rashi notes a grammatical oddity in the verse in question and suggests that the phrase "whoever kills Cain / sevenfold he will be avenged" should actually be read as two entirely separate statements, one referring to avenging Cain -- the other, to avenging Abel. First, God states "whoever kills Cain...," and the rest of the thought is left unsaid, implying an unspoken threat: "Whoever kills Cain ... well, we won't even talk about what happens to him." As for the rest of the phrase, "sevenfold will he be avenged," Rashi suggests that this refers to the way Abel's killer will be avenged. That is, the verse is telling us that Cain will eventually have to pay with his life for killing Abel -- but that he has a seven-generation grace period before vengeance will do its ugly work. (16) Mordechai Edel, August 10, 2016 9:40 PM Absolutely stunned ! I simply googled "consequences of Cain's murder of Abel " Absolutely stunned ! Thank you Rabbi Fohrman . I simply googled "consequences of Cain's murder of Abel " because of the following bio As an 8 year old child of holocaust refugees Mordechai Edel won an art competition for his painting of Dr. Jekyll beating up Mr. Hyde. That painting reminds us of Cain’s murder of Abel and man’s consequent elusive search for Shalom . As an “ Artidote “, Mordechai's paintings invite us to Illuminate darkness, defeat evil and enjoy victorious simcha over sadness . His idealistic painting of Eishes Chayil , a Women of Valour for all seasons , reflects both the Queen of one’s home and the musical Majesty of perfect Shabbat harmony .It invites us to ask , “ Can you imagine if both Mozart and Mordechai painted a joyous symphony just for you ?” www.edelartist.com	i don't know
Farrokh Bulsara was the lead singer in which British band?	Farrokh Bulsara Ethnicity - Freddie Mercury Net Worth Farrokh Bulsara Ethnicity Read more... Freddie Mercury Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit. Freddie Mercury (born Farrok... Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit Freddie Mercury , 5 September 1946 - 24 November 1991) was a British musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, and also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease. Mercury was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens. He has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2002, Mercury was placed ...	queen freddie mercury
Aberdeen’s Bridge of Dee has how many arches?	Who Is Farrokh Bulsara - Freddie Mercury Net Worth Who Is Farrokh Bulsara Read more... Freddie Mercury Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit. Freddie Mercury (born Farrok... Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit Freddie Mercury , 5 September 1946 - 24 November 1991) was a British musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, and also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease. Mercury was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens. He has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2002, Mercury was placed ...	i don't know
The San Siro football stadium is in which European city?	Stadium Guide: San Siro, Milan Stadium Guide Milan is one of 175 soccer cities featured in Libero , the digital travel guide for football fans. Regularly refreshed with new destinations and travelogues, Libero is a one-click treasure trove of football trip tips, tales and trivia. See www.liberoguide.com/milan/ Stadio San Siro, Atletico Madrid-Real Madrid, Champions League Final 2016. Saturday May 28. Arguably European football’s most revered arena, Milan’s San Siro is to host the final of Europe’s premier club trophy for the fourth time of asking. It may well continue to stage more – but in terms of its equally celebrated shared-stadium cross-city derby, the days for this event are numbered. When Milan leave the San Siro for their own new-build arena in nearby Portello as planned in 2020, they will close the door on seven decades of a city rivalry based at the largest football stadium in Italy. It was Milan, in fact, in the shape of their then president Piero Pirelli, who built the San Siro in the first place, in 1926. Designed specifically for football, it also became the home of their city rivals Internazionale in 1947. With no running track and with four stands making a rectangular shape around the pitch, despite three major overhauls, the San Siro has not lost its shape, its style or its staying power. Tyre magnate Pirelli had taken over the Rossoneri of Milan in 1909. As opposed to the other stadia being built across Mussolini’s Italy, Pirelli’s San Siro was laid out like the traditional grounds in England, with the crowd up close – perhaps the influence of Pirelli’s formative years in regular contact with the English founders of his Milan club in 1899. The rivalry with Inter dates back to 1908. Italian and Swiss members of the Milan club, unhappy with its British influence, broke away to form Internazionale. The fixture between the two become known as the Derby della Madonnina, in reference to the statue atop the landmark Duomo cathedral that dominates the city centre. Unlike Rome’s Olimpico, with its running track, which city rivals Roma and Lazio currently share, the San Siro is the perfect stage for the big occasion. Supporters hang over the pitch in steep-sided tiers – you can smell the turf near the touchline. Across town, families, friends and colleagues part ways for match day – the local fan base is a geographic mix. Milan’s cocktail-drinking image later gave way to a working-class one – their blue-collar followers became known as ‘cacciavite’ or screwdrivers. Inter attracted high society once oil magnate president Angelo Moratti took over after the war. The San Siro was expanded to accommodate both clubs, the crowd enjoying the legendary 6-5 derby of 1949, the first that Angelo’s son Massimo was taken to. In 1955, the stadium was revamped, given another tier and its distinctive candy-twist appearance around the outside. Capacity touched six figures, such as the 100,000 squeezed in for the visit – and Italy’s victory over – Brazil in 1956. By the early 1960s, the San Siro was in its pomp. With Moratti and mercurial coach Helenio Herrera at the helm, Inter matched Milan’s European Cup win of 1963. The Inter icon was Sandro Mazzola, Milan’s Gianna Rivera, and high society gathered for all the big matches. The next golden age came in the run-up to the 1990 World Cup. With Ruud Gullit and key Dutch stars winning European Cups for Berlusconi’s Milan, and soon-to-be world champion Lothar Matthaus leading title-winning Inter, Milan was the centre of the football universe, confirmed by its hosting of the curtain-raiser for Italia ’90. For the tournament, a plexiglass roof with distinctive red girders was added, as well as a third ring. An all-seated capacity of just over 80,000 remains to this day. After these two periods of joint Milanese success at home and abroad, Inter’s star faded and an incoming Massimo Moratti, son of Angelo, presided over a decade of humiliation. Silvio Berlusconi’s Milan remained dominant. When Inter’s chance came to match Milan, the Champions League semi-final of 2003, Inter lost on ‘away’ goals. Tempers frayed amid Interisti in the Curva Nord while Milan’s Curva Sud, the Lion’s Den, celebrated in style. Two years later, the same clash at the same stage ended violently when Milan goalkeeper Dida was felled by a fan’s firework, Milan leading 3-0 on aggregate. Today, despite the downfall of Berlusconi and Moratti’s sale of Inter to an Indonesian magnate, Milan and the San Siro remain one of Europe’s most alluring football hubs. Until 2020 and almost certainly beyond. On the ground The San Siro now has its own stop on the M5 line, opened for the Expo of 2015. First take M1 metro to Lotto, direct from focal Duomo on the branch that terminates at RHO Fiera – make sure it’s not going to Bisceglie – then change onto the M5 that terminates at San Siro Stadio. The Biglietteria Nord row of ticket offices faces gate 1. The circular building housing the Biglietteria Sud is near gate 14. There’s another biglietteria by gate 7. To buy tickets, you must show ID. Inter and Milan also have their own separate ticket arrangements. Tickets and merchandise are available at the Solo Inter store at downtown via Berchet 1A (daily 10.30am-7.30pm). On match days, there’s an Inter souvenir outlet facing gate 7 at the stadium. Tickets are not available at Milan stores in town, rather via a number of banks in the Banco Intesa Sanpaolo group, including the Banco di Napoli and Banco di Credito Sardo. The San Siro is comprised of three rings, 1 anello being closest to the pitch and therefore priciest, 3 anello highest and cheapest. The four sides of the San Siro are colour-coded, blue (blu, AC) and green (verde, Inter) behind each goal, red (rosso) and orange (arancio) along the sidelines. There, a decent seat in the second row is about €40-€50. Pricier Fascia A games are for derbies and Juve visits. Prime spots are €100 and more, rising to €200, even €300. Stadium tours in English and Italian (€12.50, 6-17s €10, free under 6s) run every 30 mins (daily 10am-5pm, variations on match days) from gate 14. Around the stadium, the best bar option is the Baretto 1957 Milano, popular enough pre-game to sell its own logo’d T-shirts. On the south side, by the round ticket hut, chalet-like Bar-Ristorante Trotto comprises a terrace under a green awning, and a large interior divided bar/restaurant, with Champions League souvenirs. Free Newsletter	Milan
Named after his eight year old daughter, Dave Thomas founded which chain of US restaurants in 1969?	San Siro Stadium, Milan - Map, Facts, Locations, Information, Guide San Siro Stadium San Siro Stadium PDF Stadio San Siro – one of the Premier Football Stadiums in Milan Stadio San Siro also known as the Meazza San Siro Stadium is one of the most premier football stadiums in Milan. The prestigious stadium is the hub of two of the three most successful Italian Football League clubs: A.C. Milan and F.C. Internazionale. This reputed stadium has been officially renamed to pay a tribute to the legendary player, Giuseppe Meazza, the Inter and Milan player of the 1930s and 1940s. The concept to construct a stadium in the same district of the horse racing track belongs to the man who was the then president of A.C. Milan, Piero Pirelli and his name will always be remembered with great honor in the history of world football for this remarkable stadium which has earned rave reviews for its classic ambiance. The ground of the Meazza San Siro Stadium was originally the home and property of AC Milan, but later on International hired the grounds of this stadium and the two have shared the ground ever since. Although the world famous Italian player, Giuseppe Meazza played for both Internazionale and AC Milan, but he received more success at Inter and is thereby more favored by the supporters of Inter. Fox Soccer Channel has frequently referred to the stadium as Stadio Giuseppe Meazza di San Siro while featuring replays of past Milan home matches. Apart from being frequently used by the Milan and Inter, Stadio San Siro also hosted matches by the Italian national football team. The stadium was also used for UEFA Cup finals, and it underwent considerable renovations for the 1990 World Cup to upgrade its general standard. As an integral part of the renovations, the stadium became all seated, and an extra tier was added to 3 sides of the stadium and 11 concrete towers were constructed outside the stadium. San Siro Stadium Map Location Map of San Siro Stadium Facts about San Siro Stadium The construction of the stadium began in 1925 in the San Siro district of Milan. The architects designed the Stadio San Siro stadium only for football Its inauguration was held on September 19, 1926. More than 35,000 spectators gathered to watch the inaugural match where Inter defeat Milan by 6-3. Where is San Siro Stadium? Stadio San Siro is located in Milan. It takes around half-an-hour to reach the stadium from the Milan Linate Airport. Best time to visit San Siro Stadium Visit Milan during April through May or September-end through October as the weather is pleasant. More on San Siro Stadium Nearby Attractions: Museo Cenacolo Vinciano, Sforzesco Castle, Brera Art Gallery, Teatro alla Scala, Monumental Cemetery, and Santa Maria delle Grazie. Last updated : Tuesday, November 17, 2015 Related	i don't know
Which US President is depicted crossing the Delaware River in the 1851 painting by Emanuel Leutze?	Did You Know?: 'Washington Crossing the Delaware' painting - Purdue University Did You Know?: 'Washington Crossing the Delaware' painting February 13, 2014 An authorized copy of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" hangs in Purdue's Class of 1950 Lecture Hall. Its installation will be celebrated during a Presidents Day event on Feb. 17. (Photo courtesy of the Washington Crossing Foundation) Download Photo "Washington Crossing the Delaware," the famous painting at the center of a Presidents Day celebration Monday (Feb. 17) on Purdue's West Lafayette campus, has a history nearly as fascinating as the event it depicts. The oil-on-canvas painting illustrates George Washington, then a general in the American Revolutionary War, crossing the Delaware River with his troops on the night of Dec. 25-26, 1776. The crossing immediately precipitated Washington's surprise attack on the Hessian forces in the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey. An authorized copy of the painting arrived at Purdue in January. A Presidents Day event, scheduled for 5 p.m. in the Class of 1950 Lecture Hall, will celebrate its installation there. Although the painting depicts a scene from the American Revolutionary War, the original was actually painted in 1851 in Germany -- 75 years after the Battle of Trenton, says David Parrish, professor of art history. German-born artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, who was born 40 years after the battle, painted "Washington Crossing the Delaware" in Düsseldorf. Leutze grew up in America but returned to Germany as an adult. He hoped the painting, and therefore the American Revolution, would inspire liberal reformers during the European Revolutions of 1848. Due to the time that had elapsed after the titular event, the painting contains a few historical inaccuracies, Parrish says. For instance, the flag depicted was not created until about a year after the battle, and the soldiers used a different type of boat to cross the river. Additionally, Washington appears to be much older than he was during the battle -- the general was 44 at the time -- and he wouldn't have been standing lest the boat capsize. However, some of the painting's details, such as the soldiers' uniforms, are historically accurate. And the composition of the painting as well as some of its details, including the fact that the rowers shown represent a cross-section of the American colonies, invoke a deep sense of national pride, Parrish says. "It's fascinating to place this painting in the artist's personal context and in the time in which he was living," Parrish says. "He certainly wasn't working in a vacuum. In fact, he was hoping to hold the American Revolution up as a shining example of a battle for freedom. When you see the original, which is so large that the figures are almost life-size, you get a real sense of the courage and determination it inspires." Leutze finished the first version of the painting in 1850, but a fire in his studio damaged it shortly thereafter. After the painting was restored, the Kunsthalle Bremen art museum in Bremen, Germany, acquired the painting. However, in 1942, during World War II, a British bombing raid destroyed it. Leutze created a full-size replica of the painting shortly after completing the original. It was placed on exhibition in New York in October 1851. After changing ownership several times, the painting in 1897 was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it still hangs today. The painting's popularity led to several more historical commissions for Leutze, who was primarily known for portraiture, Parrish says. Several authorized copies of "Washington Crossing the Delaware" exist, including one that hangs in the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D.C., and the one at Purdue. Ann Hawkes Hutton, the author and civic activist who founded the Washington Crossing Foundation, commissioned the copy that hangs at Purdue in 1969. Hutton commissioned the painting in honor of her husband, Leon John Hutton, who was a 1929 graduate of Purdue's College of Science. The Washington Crossing Foundation owns the painting and has lent it to the University. During the Presidents Day event, Parrish and Franklin Lambert, professor of history, will discuss George Washington's contributions to the nation's founding, the historical context of the event depicted in the painting and a historical perspective on the painting as a work of art and a portrait of military history. President Mitch Daniels also will deliver remarks at the event. Writer: Amanda Hamon, 49-61325, [email protected]	George Washington
What is the official language of Venezuela?	Washington Crossing Historic Park Menu Join us for a historical adventure Washington Crossing Historic Park offers more than 500 acres of American history, natural beauty and family fun. The park preserves the site where George Washington crossed the Delaware River and turned the tide of the Revolutionary War. There is always something happening at Washington Crossing Historic Park. Please join us for one of our many special events. Learn More There is always something going on here... FEB 19	i don't know
Captain Morgan is a brand of which type of alcoholic drink?	Captain Morgan Rum Drinks \| Captain Morgan Recipes \| thebar.com 64 Recipes Captain Morgan™ White Rum Captain Morgan™ White Rum is 5x distilled along the stunning shores of St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands for a remarkably crisp and great-tasting white rum. 13 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Black Spiced Rum Introducing a darker, bolder spiced rum, crafted with blackstrap rum for a deliciously smooth finish. Try it on the rocks or in one of our many classic cocktails. 12 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Black Cask™ 100 Proof Spiced Rum This blend of Caribbean rums and select spices brings out the intensity of rum in full flavor. A firm favorite, it’s specially crafted to taste great with Cola or as a shot. 0 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Lime Bite™ Spiced Rum A silver lime-spiked spiced rum formulated to taste great with beer or lemon-lime soda. Captain Morgan Lime Bite also tastes great with juice, Cola or energy drinks. 6 Recipes Captain Morgan Private Stock™ Rum Made from the finest of our reserves and married with mellow island spices. It’s perfect for sipping on the rocks with a twist of lime. 2 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Long Island Iced Tea A legendary mix of rum, vodka, whiskey, gin and triple sec liqueur with a refreshing taste only the Captain could deliver—simply pour over ice and party! 1 Recipe Captain Morgan™ Silver Spiced Rum A distinctive blend of rich white rum and tropical spice. It has a smooth, well-rounded taste with sweet vanilla character that is lighter and dryer than our original blend. Captain Morgan™ Tattoo™ Spiced Rum Captain Morgan Tattoo is a mysterious spiced rum with a touch of Caribbean heat in the finish. 2 Recipes Captain Morgan™ 1671 Commemorative Blend Spiced Rum A fine distinctive Caribbean rum blended with a unique blend of spices with notes of dried fruit, vanilla, caramel and oak. Finished with Spanish oak to deliver a smooth and refined drinking experience. 0 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Coconut Rum Sweet, delicate and creamy taste of fresh coconut with a background of citrus and tropical fruit balanced with notes of molasses. Sweet full bodied finish. 1 Recipe Captain Morgan™ Grapefruit Rum Ripe, juicy and sulphury ruby red grapefruit profile balanced with background notes of molasses, fusel oil and tropical fruit. Slightly tart with a full bodied finish. 0 Recipes Captain Morgan™ Pineapple Rum Very fragrant fresh pineapple aroma, with a ripe & juicy pineapple taste profile. Slight notes of molasses and fusel oil. Sweet full bodied finish.	Rum
In which year was Marie Antoinette, queen of France, executed?	Captain Morgan® Rum Drinks \| Rum Cocktails & Drinks Recipes Captain Morgan® Rum Drinks \| Rum Cocktails & Drinks Recipes Captain Morgan® Rum Drinks & Cocktail Recipes THE DRINK BEHIND THE LEGEND. PLAY VIDEO READY TO UNLEASH YOUR INNER CAPTAIN? PLAY VIDEO Check out my Captain spirits. My crewmate, you’ve arrived! If you’re looking to make your night legendary, live as I do, with a fun-loving crew by your side. The best place to start is with my famous rums-- perfect for creating delicious mixed drinks and cocktails. Like a crew-pleasing Captain & Cola; a tavern-rocking Captain & Ginger; the tropical Captain’s Iced Tea; or my tongue-tingling Captain Morgan® White Rum Mojito. Now, my friend, it’s time for you to UNLEASH your inner Captain.	i don't know
Bogus, Cachet, Phosphor and Albino are all terms used in which hobby?	Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms American Association of Philatelic Exhibitors. AEF American Expeditionary Forces (WWI term). AFDCS American First Day Cover Society. AP American Philatelist, publication of the American Philatelic Society. APO Army Post Office used by U.S. military personnel stationed abroad. ASCAT Association of Stamp Catalogue Publishers. ASDA Air Transport Label Catalog. abnormal Refers to stamps produced by De La Rue for Great Britain, 1862-80, from plates that were not put into production. Acknowledgement of Receipt stamp A stamp issued to pay the fee for post office notification that a mail piece was delivered. accessories Refers to items used by most stamp collectors such as albums, catalogs, hinges, magnifiers, mounts, perforation gauges, tongs, etc. accumulation A large collection of stamps that has not been arranged in any particular order. acid Refers to paper having a high enough acidic level to eventually affect stamps and covers attached to the page. adhesive Usually refers to the sticky substance that is used to fix a stamp to an envelop. It may be either pressure-sensitive or activated by water. admirals A nickname for three British Commonwealth definitive series of stamps which feature King George V of Great Britain in naval uniform. advertisement pane A booklet or sheet of stamps with one or more stamp spaces used for a commercial ad. aerogram A postage-paid airletter sheet with gummed flaps that is written on and then folded to form an envelope. aerophilately Branch of collecting that deals with airmail stamps and covers and their usage. agency An organization authorized to publicize or sell new issues of stamps on behalf of a stamp-issuing entity. air labels See etiquettes. airmail The carriage of mail by air. The first regular airmail service began in 1870 in Paris when mail was delivered by hot air balloons. airmail border Red and blue markings on border cover indicating airmail service. albino A rare error in stamp production where an uninked impression is made by a printing plate. album A book designed to hold stamps or covers. album weeds Early series of books on forged stamps by Rev. R. Brisco Earee. alteration Attempt to change a stamp's identity by adding or removing a design or perforation or by changing the characteristics of the paper. aniline ink Water-soluble ink with a dye base that runs when wet. annule French word for "cancelled." approvals Priced selections of stamps or covers sent to collectors by mail. The collector keeps the items he chooses and the remaining material (along with a payment) is returned to the approval dealer. arrow Arrowlike markings used as guides for cutting sheets of stamps. arms types Stamp bearing coat of arms or heraldic devices. as is A term included in transactions to indicate that an item or lot is sold without guarantee or return privilege, usually used for stamps that are damaged or suspect. auction abbreviations Terms used in auctions: box with X = cover, circle with dot = used; four small squares = block; square = piece or part of cover; star = mint. authentication mark A marking, such as initials, placed on the reverse of a stamp examined and certified to be genuine by an expert. Such markings do not detract from the value of the stamps when they represent the endorsement of recognized authorities. average (AVG) B B E P Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Washington, DC, where all U.S. currency and almost all U.S. postage stamps have been produced since 1894. B P O back of the book (BOB) Refers to information appearing in the back of specialized stamp catalogs. backprint Various information printed on the reverse of a stamp. backstamp Postmark applied to back of incoming mail to show date and time of receipt at the receiving post office. balloon mail Mail carried by balloon in Paris during the War of 1870. Such mail was called "balloon monte." balloon monte Stamps inscribed in two languages (such as Canadian). bipartite stamps Stamps printed in two parts with one part meant to be used as postage and the other as a receipt of mailing. bisect A stamp cut or perforated into two parts, each half representing half the face value of the original stamp. Bishop mark The earliest postmark, introduced by Henry Bishop in England circa 1661. black jack The nickname of the United States 2 cent black Andrew Jackson stamp. bleached Use of a chemical agent to lighten or remove a discoloration or foreign substance from a stamp. bleeding Refers either to ink that runs when wet or to print that overlaps onto the margin or next attached stamp. blind perforation Perforation holes that have been lightly impressed into the stamps, leaving the paper intact. block A unit of four or more uncut stamps (at least two stamps wide and two stamps high). Board of Governors Supervising body of the U.S. Postal Service that elects the postmaster general. boardwalk margins Stamps with wide margins; also called jumbo stamps. bogus Fake labels created for sale to collectors, such as "stamps" for imaginary countries. booklet One or more small blocks (known as booklet panes) attached between thin card covers. bourse A meeting of stamp collectors and/or dealers, where stamps and covers are sold or exchanged. burelage A design of intricate lines used in printing to prevent counterfeiting or reuse of a stamp. burele Caplike flaws on the "2" on the U.S. 2 cent Washington issue of 1890-1893. captions All inscriptions featured on a stamp. caritas Charity stamps. carrier stamps Stamps used for delivery of mail by private carrier from a post office to the addressee in the early days. When the postal service was first organized, letters were carried from post office to post office since there was no delivery to addressee. catalog number Number assigned by a catalog publisher to each individual stamp of a country. catalog value Stamp values established by reputable catalogs, used as pricing guides. censored mail A cover with a hand-stamp or label indicating that the contents have been opened and censored. centering Location of the stamp design on the piece of paper it is printed on. If it is exactly in the center, it is called a "perfectly centered stamp." center line block A block of stamps from actual center of a sheet of stamps. On early U.S. issues, the center block is considered the most valuable block on a sheet of stamps. ceremony program Card or folder detailing program at first day or stamp unveiling ceremony. certificate If issued by acknowledged experts, a stamp's evidence of authenticity and condition. chalky paper Stamp paper which has a coating of chalk or clay on the surface. Champion of Champions An annual competition of grand award winners from APS national stamp shows. changeling An ink color change typically caused by exposure to light, fumes or heat. charity labels Nonpostal stamp facsimiles used by charities as a fund-raiser. chop Japanese characters overprinted on stamps of territories occupied by Japanese troops during WWII. Christmas Seals Postage stamps issued for use on mail during Christmas season. circuit book Book with stamps or covers offered for sale. Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee (CSAC) Persons appointed by the U.S. Postmaster General to review suggestions for stamp subjects. classic A stamp that is highly desirable because of its beauty, rarity or age. cleaning Removal of foreign substance from a stamp. cliché The final result of the process of applying a design into metal. click stamp Postage imprint produced by Pitney Bowes machines. club covers Covers produced by stamp clubs. coarse perforation Large holes, widely and irregularly spaced. coated paper Paper with a slick, hard surface. coil line pair Pair of stamps showing a colored line caused by a gap where the curved printing plate is joined. coils Stamps produced in rolls of 100-500 stamps for use in various postal machines. collage cachet A cohesive cachet made by gluing various items together. collateral material Background information that accompanies a stamp display. college stamps Stamps issued by certain colleges for intercollegiate messenger services. collodian stains Paper stains caused by collodian, a chemical used for rejoining perforations. color A variable that may cause stamps technically having the same color to look different. colored cancellation A cancel mark in any color but black. color error A stamp that is missing a color or which has been printed with the wrong color. color shift Misalignment of colors within a multicolored issue. column A single-stamp width multiple of stamps. combination cover An envelope or card affixed with one or more stamps of the same theme. commemorative stamps (comm) Stamps issued to honor some person, anniversary or historical event. commercial cover Refers to a nonphilatelic cover. composite proof A printer's proof showing two or more different designs. composite sheet Stamp sheets consisting of different values, types or designs. compound perforations When there are two different sizes of perforations. computer-generated postage The use of Internet connections and laser printers to print postage. computer vended Value of the stamp printed by a computer as the stamp is issued. condition The quality of a stamp regarding color, centering, cancellation, and gum, if mint, all go into making up the term "condition." Typical condition descriptions are Superb, Very Fine, Fine, Good, Average, or Poor. contingency stamp Stamp printed at time of a rate change when current issues may not meet postal needs. control marks Marks placed on stamp or in margin by postal authorities for accounting purposes. copyright Standard inscription placed in the sheet margin to protect design. cordial stamps Tax stamps used on bottles or cases of cordials. cork cancels The printed portion of a stamp, as opposed to the surrounding, blank margin. die The original engraving of a stamp design, usually recess-engraved in reverse on a small flat piece of soft steel. die cut A form of separation usually used on self-adhesive stamps. directory markings Postal indication of failed delivery attempt, stating the reason for failure. double transfer A stamp printed in error with more than a single design imprint. dumb cancellation A postmark without a date or place of cancellation. dummy stamp Officially produced imitation stamp used for training or testing purposes. duplex cancel A two-part postal marking consisting of a canceler and a postmark. The canceler voids the stamp so it cannot be reused. duplicate E earliest known use (EKU) The cover or piece that documents the earliest date on which a stamp or postal stationery item is known to be used. early impression A stamp printed during the beginning run of a press that usually has a very sharp image. EFO The process of giving relief to paper by pressing it with a die. encased postage stamp A stamp inserted into a small, transparent, coin-size case originally used as legal coins during coin shortages. entire An intact piece of postal stationery, in contrast to a cutout of the imprinted stamp. error A major mistake in the production of a stamp or postal stationery item such as imperforates, missing or incorrect colors, and design image errors. essay The artwork of a proposed design for a stamp. etiquette A gummed label applied to an envelope to designate a specific mail service. examiner's mark A mark indicating examination by censors. expertization The examination of a stamp or cover by an acknowledged expert to determine if it is genuine. exploded A military post office operating in the field, either on land or at sea. find A new discovery, typically of unknown stamps or covers. first-day cover (FDC) A cover bearing a stamp that includes a cancellation showing the date of its official first day of issue. first day of issue (FDI) The day on which a stamp is first placed on sale. fiscal A revenue stamp or similar label use to show proof that a tax has been paid. flaw A defect in a plate that appears as an identifiable variety in the stamp design. Fleet Post Office See Field Post Office (FPO). foldover Accidental fold made during stamp production. forerunner 1. A stamp or postal stationery item used at a location before regular stamps are available (issued). 2. Describes an earlier stamp that had an influence on the design or purpose of its successor. forgery A completely fraudulent reproduction of a postage stamp meant either to defraud postal authorities or collectors. foxing Tan or brown color appearing on stamps or covers. frama Another name used for an automatic stamp, coming from the Swiss company that produced such stamps. frame The outer portion of a stamp design, often consisting of a line or a group of panels. frank An indication on a cover that postage is prepaid (partially or wholly) or that the letter is to be carried free of postage. freak A design irregularity such as a color shift, streak, smear or double print. front The front of a cover with most or all of the back and side panels torn away or removed. fugitive inks Printing inks used to produce stamps that easily fade or dissolve. Such inks discourage forgery or stamp re-use. Means that a later stamp issue has the same characteristics as a previous issue. illustrated covers A cachet that has words and an illustration printed on it. imperforate An absence of perforations or rouletting between a pane's individual stamps. impression Any printing that is embossed or stamped. imprimatur The first sheets of stamps produced from an approved plate. imprint block A block from part of a sheet where the printer's name or imprint appears on the margin. inclusions Substances included while making paper used in stamp production. india paper A thin, tough opaque printing paper typically used for striking die proofs. indicium The imprint made by a postage meter or found on postal stationery. inland mail stamps Stamps intended specifically for domestic use. inscription Any letters, words and numbers appearing in a stamp's design. intaglio Italian for "in recess." The stamp's image is produced by the recessed portion of a printing plate. interleaves Tissue used between stamp album pages to prevent stamp contact. invert Any stamplike adhesive that is neither a postage stamps nor a revenue stamp. laid paper See batonne. last day cancellation Refers either to the last day of a postmark's use or the cancel made on the last day of a post office's operation. leader strip The unprinted beginning of a coil strip. letterpress Prints made directly from an inked plate having a raised surface. LH Auction term for "lightly hinged," to denote slight disturbance of gum on back of stamp. line block A block of stamps with either a horizontal or vertical printed guide line running between the rows (and columns) of stamps. line pair A pair of coil stamps with a printed line between them. liner Refers to the coated paper backing that accompanies self-adhesive stamps. linerless Self-adhesive coil stamps that dispenses like tape rolls. LKU Latest known use. locals The device that creates meter stamps. microprinting Extremely small captions added as a security measure to the designs of certain U.S. stamps. miniature sheet A smaller-than-normal pane of stamps. mint A stamp that is in perfect condition; as if it were just printed. mirror image An offset negative or reverse impression. mission mixture The lowest grade of stamp mixture containing unsorted but primarily common stamps on paper, as purchased from missions or other institutions. mixed postage A cover containing stamps from two or more stamp-issuing entities. mixture A large group of stamps that generally containing duplicates. Mobile Post Office (MPO) Portable mail-handling equipment and personnel operating from any viable form of transportation. mourning cover A black border surrounds the cover. mourning stamp A stamp issued to mark the death of a president or other VIP. mount Clear acetate holders with adhesive, used for mounting stamps or covers to album or exhibit pages. MUH When one nation operates a post office in another country. official Stamp or stationery issued solely for the use of (civilian) government personnel. official reprint Stamps reprinted at a later date by the original issuing entity from the original plates. off paper Describes a stamp soaked off from paper. offset Where an inked image is first transferred onto a plate or a sheet and then the image is applied to paper. OHMS Stands for On His (or Her) Majesty's Service. omnibus issue A stamp issue using a common theme that is released by several postal entities. on piece A stamp including a portion of the original envelope which shows the cancel mark. ordinary usage Indicates the use of the correct rate of postage. original gum (OG) The adhesive coating on a mint or unused stamp or envelope flap. overprint (OPT or OVPT) A print made over a stamp's original completed design. oxidation A presorted selection of stamps that does NOT contain duplicates. pair Two connected stamps. pane The unit into which a full press sheet is divided before its sale; also, stamps as sold by the post office, typically 50 stamps. par avion French for "By Air," and refers to airmail. parcel post stamps Stamps created specifically for paying parcel post fees. part-perforate A stamp with all perforations missing on one or more sides. paste-up The ends of rolls of coiled stamps joined together with glue or tape. pen canceled Stamps canceled with an ink pen or marker pen. perfins Stamps that an organization perforates through the face in some manner to discourage unauthorized use by their employees. perforation The punching out of holes between stamps to ease separation. permit Franking by the imprint of a number and additional information that identifies a mailer's prepaid postage account. phantasy A bogus stamp with no postal value. phantom philately Hobby of collecting bogus stamps. philatelic cover A combination of a cover, coin and a related stamp. philately The collection and study of postage stamps, postmarks, stamped envelopes, etc. pictorial Stamp bearing a picture, but not a coat of arms or portrait. plate The unit on a press used to produce stamps. plate block (PB) A block of stamps from the corner or side of a pane. plate number Numerals or an alphanumeric combination that identifies the printing plate used to print postage stamps. plate number block Same as plate block, but it includes the number(s) of the plate(s) used to print the sheet. plating Reconstructing a pane by collecting units of stamps representing various positions. plebiscite issue A stamp issue promoting a popular (plebiscite) vote. postal card A government-produced postcard that includes a prepaid postage imprint in its upper right corner. postal history The study of postal-related history, such as rates, markings, processes, etc. postal stationery Forms, including cards, that include imprinted (rather than adhesive) stamps. postally used A stamp or cover that has actually been used to carry a personal or business communication. postcard A card, usually with a picture on one side and a space for a written message on the other, which requires a postage stamp. postmark Any official postal marking, typically referring to cancellations. PM Stamp with a special overprint cancellation allowing it to bypass normal canceling. press sheet A complete unit of stamps as printed (not separated into panes). printer's waste Misprinted, misperforated or misgummed stamps commonly created during stamp production. processing Steps that finish a printed stamp sheet such as perforation, trimming, division into panes, and packaging. proofs Trial impressions from a die or printing plate before actual stamp production. Proofs are made to examine a die or plate for defects or to compare the results of using different inks. provisional A postage stamp issued for temporary use to meet postal demands until new or regular stocks of stamps can be obtained. New stamp issues distributed only in a region where they are expected to be attractive. registered mail Mail with a numbered receipt that is signed by each postal employee as it is handled during processing. registration stamps Stamps issued specifically for paying registration fees. reissue An official reprinting of a previously discontinued stamp. rejoined perforations Perforations that have been reattached, usually with adhesives. release date Formal date as to when a postal authority makes an item available for purchase. re-perforated Stamp that has been perforated again to fool a collector. reply postcards A pair of joined postcards, one for original message and other for reply. reprint Stamps printed (from original plates) after the issue became obsolete or demonetized. retour The printed or unprinted marginal paper on a sheet or pane of stamps. semipostal Stamp sold at greater than its face value and the additional charge used for a designated purpose, usually charitable. series A group of stamps, printed over a period of time and using a similar design or theme. set Stamps with common design elements that are typically issued and collected as a group. se-tenant Two or more stamps that are joined, but which differ by denomination, design or colors. shade Any minor variations in stamp color. sheet (SH or SHT) A complete unit of stamps as printed. Stamps are usually printed in large sheets (often 200 stamps) and are separated into two or more panes before shipment to post offices. shift A mistake due to imperfect contact between a sheet and a transfer roll. short set An incomplete set of stamps. silvering Refers to encased stamps that have a thin silver coating for a coinlike effect. slabbing Placing authenticated and/or graded stamps into containers to discourage tampering. sleeper Stamp or other collectible item that may be underpriced, potentially being a good investment. sleeve A flat, transparent holder used to protect and/or store covers. soaking Removal of stamps from envelope paper. souvenir card A philatelic card which has no postal use and which is usually created for a special event. souvenir page A U.S.P.S. announcement of a new stamp issue. souvenir sheet A small sheet of stamps that has a wide margin, which includes information about a commemorative event. space filler A stamp in poor condition that is used to fill the designated space in an album until a better stamp is acquired. special printing Reissue of a current stamp that features distinctive color, paper or perforations. specialist A stamp collector who focuses on a limited area such as stamps from a certain time period, country, topic, etc. specimen Postal items which have an overprint of the word "Specimen" which is used for identification or publicity. speculative issue Stamp issues released for sale to collectors. stamp An official postage label that signifies that the mail delivery fee has been paid. stock book A book containing rows of pockets on each page for holding stamps. straight edge (SE) Stamps that have no perforations on one or two adjacent sides. strip Three or more intact stamps in a row or column. surcharge An overprint that increases a stamp or postal stationary face value. surtax See semipostal. sweatbox A closed box containing dampened spongelike material and a grill for holding stamps. It is used to separate stamps from other stamps or envelopes. syncopated perforation The protruding points along the outer edge of a separated, perforated stamp. telegraph stamp Label used for paying telegraph fees. tete-beche French term describing two or more intact stamps that are inverted in relation to each other. thematic A collection of stamps featuring a specific topic. tied A stamp that is attached to an envelope and a cancel mark touches both items. tong Tweezers for handling stamps. topical Stamp or cover showing a particular subject, or a stamp collection that features the same topic. transit postmark A postal mark that is made between destination points. transition stamp A strip of stamps showing a change from one design to another. triptych A strip of three related stamps that form a single design. type Issues that have little or no philatelic or monetary value. want list A collector's list of needed stamps or covers that is given to a dealer and typically includes information on desired condition and pricing. war tax stamps Stamps used on mail during wars as a fund-raiser. water-activated adhesive Stamp gum that adheres when it is moistened. watermark A deliberate thinning of paper during its manufacture to produce a semitranslucent pattern. web A continuous roll of paper used in stamp printing. wine stamps Stamps issued by the U.S.Treasury Department for paying taxes on wines. wiping creases Marks on printing plates that are caused by cleaning blades and are transferred to a stamp. wove paper Paper that is made by pressing the pulp against a fine netting, resulting in a finished product with a very uniform texture. wreck cover	Stamp collecting
What is the name of the Gloucestershire home of the Duke of Beaufort?	Glossary of Stamp Collecting Terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z B: 1: precedes the European postal code on addresses in Belgium, such as B-1000 Brussels. 2: semi-postal, Scott catalogue number prefix to identify stamps other than standard postage. 3: symbol for Banknote Corp. of America, which appears before the plate number on coil stamps printed by the firm. 4: abbreviation used as a postmark from Switzerland to the Kingdom of Sardinia. 5: B-blank; error appearing on GB imperforate penny-red stamps of 1841-54 in which the lower right check letter box received no letter (B-A, plate 77 of die I). 6: with eagle and United States of America: South Carolina Custom House revenue seal. 7: (Fr.) beau, good to very good, without apparent faults. 8: auction firm abbreviation for block. 9. overprint, British post office at Bangkok, 1882-85. 10. overprint; Colombia airmail sold in Belgium in early 1920s for mail from Belgium to Colombia via SCADTA air line; Belgian stamps were also required; also Colombia consular overprint; see: SCADTA. 11. overprint, 1904-1912, Nicaragua province of Zelaya; 12: Belgian stamp inscription, or "B" within an oval, with "Chemins de Fer Spoorwegen" Railway Parcel Post, 1940-44 (overprint), 1949- (inscription); 13: overprint; Belgian stamps to indicate railway parcel; 14: overprint on Straits Settlements stamps for Bangkok, 1882-85, see: Bangkok. 15: Antigua, British WW II censor mark for Antigua. 16: Bahia, Brazil; British Postal Agency insufficiently prepaid mark. 17: Berwick or Bristol, British postmark with month and day within the letter B (blank): Great Britain 1d red of 1858-64, variety where "B" is blank on bottom right corner B (in a box): auction abbreviation for booklet pane B4: auction term for block of four B 15: written on early 19th century ail means hat the item was carried by a canal packet boat outside of the U.S. Mails before being brought to a U.S. postal facility BA: Bosnia and Herzegovina, country code as used by UPU B. A.: 1: British Administration overprint on stamps of Great Britain, post World War II, British Offices Abroad, 1950, Jan. 2: Somalia, 1950, Feb. 6-Dec. 1951: Tripolitani, 1950, Feb. 14-Sept. 14, 1952: Eritrea. 3: Baena: occupation of city of Baena, Spain, province of Cordoba, not valid for postage, 1937, July: overprint on stamp by Nationalist and Republican revolutionary forces Babatoland: bogus; British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and Unreal Stickers Babenberg, S.S.: Danube Steam Navigation Co. ship; 1890s: service for the upper Danube lines BAB, BABN: British Bank Note Co., stamp printer for Canada Baby: nickname for Spanish King, 1886-1900: early issues of King Alfonso XIII Baby Zepp: 50¢ US airmail issue as opposed to higher values of regular US Zepp issues Baccarat: local provisional, France, 1944 Bache, Richard: postmaster general of the Continental Post Office, 1776: during period when Benjamin Franklin traveled to France Back: as opposed to the front of a philatelic object; Ruckseite (Ger.), Dos (Fr.), Verso (It.), Dorso (Sp.) Background, design: the lines, shading or other solid feature against which a design is placed Background, inverted: the background is inverted compared to the stamp design Backing: the process of filling the shell with molten metal to form a printing plate Backing paper: liner on self-adhesive coil stamps that stamps are affixed to Back inscription: printing on the back of a stamp; usually describing scene on the front of the stamp Back numbers: numbers appearing on the back of the liner release paper of U.S. coil stamps Back of an envelope: very important for possible philatelic markings Back-of-the-book (BOB): refers to a range of items usually listed in the back of specialized stamp catalogs; postage dues, revenues, postal saving stamps, etc Backprint: an "overprint" applied to the back of a stamp Backstamp: postmark applied on back of incoming mail to show date and time of receipt at the receiving post office; in Britain, a plain diamond shape backstamp for statistical purposes. Ruckseitigerstemple (Ger.), Cachet au Dos (Fr.), Annulato Verso (It.), Marca Postal al Dorso (Sp.) Bacon, Joshua Butters: founder of Perkins Bacon and Co., printer of early postage stamps Bacon, Sir Edward Denny: curator of King George V's collection, 1913-38 Bácska: (Hung.) Megszállas, Bánát-Bácska a Szerb és a Román Helycsere Között Bactria Margiana Archaeology Complex (BMAC): an ancient civilization reported in 2001 that used a unique form of script around 2300 BC Båd: (Dan.) boat Badajoz: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist and Republican forces, 1936-38 Badakhshan: local cinderella, Russian, 1998? Badalona: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces Bade: (Fr.) Baden Både: (Nor.) both Baden: German State; located in southwestern Germany; currency: 60 kreuzer = 1 gulden; stamps of this country can be found in these catalogs: Michel, Scott, Stamps of the Grand Duchy of Baden, Stanley Gibbons, Yvert & Tellier; 1806: first postal markings known when created as a Grand Duchy by Napoleon, 1850, April: postal union formed between Prussia and Austria with Baden included, 1851, May 1: No.1, 1 kreuzer dark buff; first stamps with Baden inscription, 1851-67: used five concentric circles as cancel, 1862: rural delivery, postage due stamp with "Land-Post" inscription issued, 1870: joined the German Empire, 1872, Jan.1: stamps of the German Confederation without inscription, 1905: six official stamps released by Germany in for use in Baden, 1945-46: Zone Francaise inscription, French Occupation issue, 1947: first semipostal stamp issued, French occupation Baden, forged issue: 1862, postage due, Scott LJ1-LJ3 Baden Republic 16: local official, Germany, 1905 Bad Nauheim: local, Germany, 1945-48 Bad. Oe. C: (Ger.) term signifying a reduced postal rate between Austria and Baden Badonviller: local provisional, French, 1944 Bad Saarow: local, Germany, 1945-48 Bad Suderode: local, Germany, 1918-23 B.A.E.: British Army, Egypt, Aug. 1882-Oct. 1882 B A E C: Bavarian Aero Club semi-official flight label used with regular postage; 1912-13: sold by state post office in Munich and Nuremberg B. A. Eritrea: overprint, British Africa Eritrea; Middle East Forces, British Offices Abroad for Offices in Africa, 1950, Feb. 6-Sept. 14, 1952: overprint on stamps of Great Britain Baeza: (Sp.) city in Spain, two-ringed postmark, 1842: named for Juan Baeza, administrator of the Post Office, 1937: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Bagages Reisgoed: (Fr./Flem.) overprint on stamps of Belgium, baggage parcel post revenue Bagdad: local transit label, 1935 Bagel: printers of German stamps after WW II Baghdad, Bagdad: city of Iraq, part of Turkish Empire from 1638-1918; 1863- : Turkish post office operated, 1868-1914: Indian post offices operated, 1917, Sept.: "Baghdad in British Occupation" overprint on stamps of Turkey Bagley & Dunham: private die match proprietary stamps Bagside: (Dan.) reverse side Baha 1943: surcharge; 1943: on Philippine stamps, Japanese occupation Bahai: now Salvador, Brazil Bahama Inseln: (Ger.) Bahamas Bahamaøerne: (Dan.) Bahama Islands Bahamas: island group of British West Indies, British Commonwealth Independent State; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling; 20 shillings = 1 pound, 100 cents = 1 dollar (1966), 1760s: letters known, 1763: became a British colony, 1804: Bahamas straight line cancel used, 1841: "Crown Paid" handstamp initiated by Royal Mail Line, 1858-59, Apr.: stamps of Great Britain used, 1859, June 10: "Interinsular Postage" inter-island mail inscription for first stamps issued since external mails were under control of London until May 1860, 1860: No.1, 1 penny dull lake; first stamp, 1860, May: "Interinsular Postage" inscription removed from stamps, 1863: Bahamas inscription used, 1915-16: Bahamas stamps sold in Canada, 1916: first special delivery stamp, 1917, May 18: first semipostal stamp, 1918, Feb. 21: first War Tax stamp issued, 1964, Jan. 7: internal self-government, 1973, July 10: independence, 1974, April 24: joined UPU. 1983, Oct. 13: first air mail stamp issued Bahamas, forged issue: 1863-65, Queen Victoria, Sc 15, 19 Bahawalpur: former Indian state, now part of Pakistan; 1945, Jan. 1: first official stamps issued, 1947, Dec. 1: declared independence from India, joined Pakistan, 1947, Dec. 1: No.1, ½ anna bright carmine rose/black; first stamps valid within Bahawalpur, 1948-pre: State of India, stamps of India used only valid within Bahawalpur, 1948, Apr. 1-Oct. 10, 1949: stamps valid only for internal use, 1950: stamps of Pakistan used Bahamas: Long Island, world's longest stamp, 70mm; unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Bahia: (Sp.) now Goliath, Texas Bahn: (Ger.) railway, train Bahnhofpostamt: railway station post office Bahnhofspostexpedition: (Ger.) former name for railway station post office Bahnhofsstempel: (Ger.) railway station cancel Bahnpost: (Ger.) railroad mail Bahnpostamt (BPA): (Ger.) railway post office postmark Bahnpoststempel: (Ger.) railroad post cancel Bahnpostwagon: (Ger.) mobile mail railcar Bahrain: independent sheikdom in the Persian Gulf; currency:12 pies = 1 anna; 16 annas= 1 rupee; 100 naye paise = 1 rupee (1957),1,000 fils = 1 dinar (1966) 1861-1971: British Protectorate, 1883, Aug. 1-1933: stamps of India used, distinguishable by named date stamps, 1933, Aug. 10: No.1, 3 pies gray; stamps of India overprinted "BAHRAIN," 1948, April 1: British postal agency opened, stamps of Great Britain overprinted "BAHRAIN," 1953: first stamps for internal use only, 1960: first stamps inscribed Bahrain, 1965, Dec. 31: British postal agency closed, 1966, Jan. 1: Bahrain stamps issued, 1971, Aug. 15: became independent, 1971, Oct. 2: State of Bahrain inscription, 1073, Oct.21: War Tax stamp issued, 1973, Dec. 21: joined the UPU Baijeri: (Fin.) Bavaria Baikal: local, Russian overprint, 1920 Bailen: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Bailey & Cherington's Express: local parcel company serviced Ohio, used a label, year unknown Bailey Mail: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bailiwick of Guernsey: Channel Islands, Guernsey, Great Britain Bairuth: Lebanon, Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, Overseas Offices, 1868-82 Baja California: "Distrito sur de la Baja Cal" (Sp.) A district in Northern Mexico which issued its own set of four stamps during the revolution, 1914 Bajar Porto: inscription on Indonesia stamps for Postage Due Baja, S.S.: Danube Steam Navigation Company steamship; 1850s for the upper Danube lines Bajo: (Sp.) under, below, low or lower Bajos: (Sp.) part of address indicting ground floor Baked, Alaska: joke precancel on U.S. stamps Baker & Penniman's Express: local parcel firm serviced Boston & New York Central Railroad, Norwich & Worchester Railroad; 1854-58 Baker's City Express Post: U.S. local post, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1849 Bakhmut: (now Artemovsk) Russian town in Yekaterinoslat Oblast (now Ukraine) ca. 45 miles N of Donetsk; issued local Rural Post stamps (1901); Zemstvo Baksidan: (Swed.) reverse (side) Bakker Express: local stamps by F. M. Bakker, South Africa; 1887: for mail to Mylstroom, Pretoria, Marabstad and part of Transvaal Bakshi: India States term for paymaster, treasurer Baku: overprint; 1922-24: on stamps of the Transcausasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, 1993: Azerbaijan, local overprint Baky: Azerbaijan, Province of Baku Balek, Balex: overprint on Russian stamp, German occupation; 1941-42: Great Alexandrovka Balashof: (now Balashov) Russian town in Saratof (now Saratov) Oblast ca. 110 miles W of the city of Saratov; issued local Rural Post stamps (1876-1880); Zemstvo Balay: French colonial stamp issue of 1906-12 with portrait of Dr. N. Eugene Balay Balbo Issue: Gen. Italo Balbo; 1933, May 20: Italian issue commemorating mass transatlantic air flight; Rome, Italy to Chicago, USA., overprints exist, including colonies Balcony Falls, Va. Paid 10 C.S.: see: Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals Baldonie: bogus Baldwin's Express: local private post, serviced Southern Louisiana, used a corner card; 1865 Baldwin's Express-NJ: local private parcel post, serviced Newark, N.J. and New York City; used labels; 1848 Baldwin's Railway Postage: bogus Canadian local post Bale: specialized Catalog of Israel Postage Stamps Baleares: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937-38 Balickova posta: (Czech.) parcel post Balija: (Sp.) postman's bag Balíková Pripousteci Známka: (Czech.) License stamp (coupon) for parcels Balkan: bogus issue, not valid for postage Balken: (Ger.) bar used to cancel stamps Balken-abstand: (Ger.) distance between cancel bars Balkenförmiger phosphor: (Ger.) phosphor bars Balkenlänge: (Ger.) length of bars Balkennummernstempel: bars and numeral cancel Balkenstempel: (Ger.): barred cancel (with stripes) Balliana: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-1882 Ballon Monté: 1870-71: inscription for letters via piloted balloon during the Siege of Paris Ballon Non-Monté: 1870-71: inscription for letters dispatched by non-piloted balloon Ballonpost: (Ger.) balloon mail Ballons (poste par): (Fr.) balloon post Balloon flight: flight made by a balloon Balloon mail: first recorded use of letters carried by balloon was in 1784 by Vincent Lunardi at Northaw Common, Hertfordshire, England Balloon mail, official: John Wise carried mail in the balloon Jupiter on Aug. 17, 1859 between Lafayette and Crawfordsville, Indiana Balloon Postage, buffalo: United States semi-official airmail stamp; 1877, June 18: Balloon flight from Nashville to Gallatin, Tenn., balloon named Buffalo Ballycastle Railway: Ireland, local post Balonova posta: (Czech.) balloon mail Balpex: Baltimore Philatelic Society Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Balticum: collector term for Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Baltikum: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) the Baltic States ( Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Baltisk: (Nor.) Baltic Baltiske Lande: (Dan., Nor. Swed.) the Baltic States ( Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Baltimore: Maryland, James M. Buchanan, postmaster; 1845-46: postmaster's stamps and prepaid envelopes, 1850-57: semi-official local carriers' stamps Baltimore & Ohio Express Co.: railroad express company, serviced Baltimore & Ohio system; used stamp booklets; c1886 Baltische staaten: (Ger.) Baltic states Bamber & Co.'s Express: local express serviced Contra Costa and Alameda Counties, Calif; used labels; late 1850s Bamberg: local, Germany, 1896-1900 Bamra: India (Native) Feudatory State; 1888-1894: stamps for internal use only, 1894: stamps of India used Banana Republic: bogus advertising fantasy created by company of same name Banana, Republica de: bogus Donald Evans issue, central Europe Bánát: (Hung.) Megszállas, Bánát-Bácska a Szerb és a Román Helycsere Között.Bancroft's City Express: bogus Canadian local post Bancroft's Express: local parcel express serviced Boston, North Cambridge and Somerville, Mass.; used a label; c1880s Band: 1. (Ger.) volume (book). 2. (Swed.) coil (stamp) Banda: (Sp.) strip (of stamps) Bandaufdruck: (Ger.) ribbon type overprint as used on Germany posthorn issue of 1948 B and C: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 B & D: Blau & Deighton: Graf Zeppelin Orient Flight Bande: (Fr.) strip of two or more imperforate stamps Bande de roulette: (Fr.) coil strip Bandelette: (Fr.) "Do not Deliver on Sunday" label; 1893-1914: attached by perforation to Belgian stamps, when removed, sender indicates Sunday delivery desired, also known as Dominical label or tablet, Sunday delivery labels Bande pour journaux: (Fr.) wrapper Bandera:(Sp.) 1: national colors of the country on banner or flag; 2: flag, as a theme or topic Banderole: (Fr.) tab used as a wine tax paid label in Denmark, ended Oct. 1, 2001 B & ETPO: Bristol & Exeter Traveling Post Office Bandiera: (It.) flag, as a theme or topic Bandjermasin: local overprint, Japanese occupation, Naval Control Area, 1942-45 B & K: Berthold & Kummer: Handbook of Zeppelin Letters, Postal Cards, and Stamps B & L HR/West: Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway Bandmärke(n) : (Swed.) coil stamp(s) B & N (Brockert & Newton): private die match proprietary stamps Bando: 1: (Sp.) postal announcement proclamation or official notice placed on walls or bulletin boards; 2: (Ger.) German World War I prisoner of war camp in Japan, 1918 B & O (Baltimore & Ohio Telegraph Companies): U.S. telegraph stamps issued for use on own firm's telegrams, 1885-87 Band of Good Hope: bogus based on stationery of Cape of Good Hope Band Overprint: continuous overprint of coil and posthorn in center of stamp issue of Germany, 1948 Band phosphorescente: (Fr.) phosphor band B & S Investigations: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bandstempel: (Ger.) machine or hand rolled cancel Band tagging: continuous band of tagging that extends across a pane of stamps Bane: (Nor., slang) railroad, railway; railroad line, railway line; Jernbane, jernbanelinie Baneres: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Banepost: (Nor., slang) railroad post (mail), railway post (mail); Jernbanepost Banghazi: formerly Bengasi, Libya Bangka & Billiton: local overprint, Sumatra, Japanese occupation, 1942-45 Bangkok: city in Siam, now capital of Thailand; currency:100 cents = 1 dollar 1855-July 1, 1885: stamps of Great Britain, 1882-July 1: No.1, 2 cent brown; stamps of Straits Settlements overprinted "B" for use at the British post office, 1885, July 1: Siam joined the UPU and only stamps of Siam used Bangladesh: southern, central Asia, India, then East Pakistan, now independent; currency: 100 paisas = 1 rupee, 100 poishas = 1 taka 1947: British India partition, Moslem portion made up East Pakistan, 1971, Mar. 26-Apr. 30, 1973: stamps of Pakistan handstamped for use in Bangladesh, 1971, July 29: No.1, 10 paisas red, dark purple and lt. blue; "Bangla Desh" inscription. 1973: first official stamp issued. 1973, Feb. 7: joined the UPU Bangsa Moro: bogus, Philippines, Muslim controlled area, handstamp used Bani: currency unit in Moldova Banja Luka: overprint on two Yugoslavian stamps by local partisans, northern Bosnia; WW II Banjul: formerly Bathurst, The Gambia Bank: mechanical meters have value characters called a bank, on the outer rim of wheels that are rotated to show the correct postage Bank & Insurance City Post: inscription on locals by Hussey's Post, New York Bank Holiday Monday Island: unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Bank mixture: assortment of stamps, usually on paper, collected from the incoming mail of financial institutions Bank note: (Eng.) bill (money) Bank Note cancels: postmarks on bank note issues began the system of standardization of cancellations, 1870-79 Bank Note issues: stamps produced by three bank note firms; 1870, April: National Bank Note Company, 1873, May 1: Continental Bank Note Company, 1879, Feb. 4: American Bank Note Company Bank Note Stamps: Latvia used paper for stamps in 1919-21, originally designed for bank notes, bank notes were Bermondt (German) and Bolshevik (Russian) five ruble notes Bank notices: Importers and Traders National Bank, 1874-80, local stamps in the form of postal cards, no postmarks or cancellations were used Banner: aka scroll, contains the country of issue or identifies the subject of the vignette Bannockburn: local, Great Britain strike, Bannockburn Delivery, 1971 Bannock City Pony Express: operated by Davis, Patterson & Co. to connect with Overland Mail Coach at Salt Lake City, 1863 Banos de la Encina: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Banque (de France): (Fr.) Bank of France printings, proofs or reprints Bantams: nickname given to the miniature war-tax stamps of South Africa during World War II, term for SWA overprint: see: S W A Bantayan Islands: bogus, Philippine island northeast of Cebu Banyoltes: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 B.A.O.R.: British Army on the Rhine B. A. P. O.: British Army Post Office Bar: 1: lines used for canceling stamp; 2: part of surcharge which obliterates original value BAR: letter-code within cds (q.v.) assigned to Barrouallie, St. Vincent, BWI (1873-1884), 1871 pop. 1,219 Baranja: bogus, Jugoslavia stamps overprinted for Bosnian Republic Baranow: city in former Austrian-occupied Poland, local post overprint, 1918-20 Baranya: county in S Hungary (cap. Pécs) occupied by Serbian forces in 1919; occupation stamps issued known as "1st" and "2nd-Barancy Issues." Barawe: Somalia inscription Barb: Barbados bisected and surcharged stamp Barbabar: bogus; British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and unreal Stickers Barbade: (Fr.) Barbados Barbados: West Indies islands; official name of postal administration: Barbados Postal Service (BPS). currency: 4 farthings = 1 penny, 12 pence = 1 shilling, 20 shillings = 1 pound, 100 cents = 1 dollar (1950) 1628-1966: British colony, 1663: Great Britain Imperial Post Office established a postal agency, 1760s: first postal marking appeared, 1851: Island Post office authorized, 1852, April 17: No.1, ½ penny deep green; first stamps issued, 1897: first commemorative stamp issued, 1907, Jan. 25: first semipostal stamp issued 1917: first War Tax stamp issued 1934: first postage due stamp, 1966, Nov. 30: became independent state within British Commonwealth, 1966, Dec. 2: first stamps after independence, 1967, Nov. 11: joined the UPU Barbados: inscription, Attack of the Giant Jellyfish; unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Barbados: inscription, Stamford Raffles as Nelson unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Barbar: Sudan, see: Interpostal Seals, 1872-1882 Barbara: 1: Somaliland Protectorate, see: Interpostal seals, 1882; 2: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Barber & Peckham: private die match proprietary stamps Barberia: overprint on stamps of Italy for Italian post offices in Tripoli Barber, Geo. & O.C.: private die match proprietary stamps Barber Match Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Barbero covers: US official covers flown on a Regulus missile, launched from USS Barbero submarine June 8, 1959; first official US Missile Mail Barber pole: nickname for cover with border of red and blue parallelograms Barbuda: island in the West Indies; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling, 100 cents = 1 EC dollar 1862: used stamps of Antigua, 1922, July 13: No.1, ½ penny green; overprint on stamps of Antigua and Leeward Islands, 1968: first stamps, inscribed Barbuda, Antigua, 1982, June 28: first semipostal stamp Barbuda mail: overprint on stamps of Antigua Barca: overprint used on stamps of Mexico for this district during 1856-1883 Bar cancel: cancellation consisting of bars in various configurations Barcelona: 1:Spain,1929-53: local postal tax issue; 2: local, Spanish civil war, Republican,1937 Barcelona Issue: stamp of Spain overprinted "Republica" in Barcelona, 1931 Barcentrum: bogus, Donald Evans issue for Netherlands Barclay's Bank D.C.O.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bar code: pattern of straight lines of varying heights and thickness that permits electronic equipment to read the address Barcode sorter: computerized machine that sorts letter-size mail by using a barcode reader to interpret the imprinted barcode Barcode sticker: a gummed sticker applied to mail by the USPS indicting exact delivery address Bardsey: island off coast of Wales; Great Britain local carriage label Barefoot: British based catalog of British and European revenues Barfrankierung: (Ger.) pre-payment of postage in cash when stamps were unavailable Barfreimachungsstempel: (Ger.) printed matter franking per UPU 1920, to be in red color and include words "Franco" and "Gebühr bezahlt." Barfreimachung: (Ger.) printed matter cancel Barham Pile Cure Co.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Barker's City Post: local handstamp, Boston, Mass., 1853 Barna: (Hung.) brown (color) Bármely címlet: (Hung.) any denomination (of postage stamp). Barna: (Hung.) brown (color). Barnard, Joseph O.: Mauritius engraver of the "Post Office" 1d and 2d stamp designs of 1847 Barnard's Caribou Express: local post; British Columbia, 1858: inscribed "Paid" and "Collect." Barnard's City Letter Express: U.S. local post, Boston, Mass., 1845 Barnard's Pirate P.S.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Barnás: (Hung.) brownish (color) Barnászöld: (Hung.)brown(ish)-olive green, olive-drab (color) Barnes, Demas: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Barnes, D. S.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Barnesville: U.S. local, "F.B.S." Friend's Boarding School, 1877-84 Barnwell C.(Court) H. (House) S.C. 5 Paid: see: Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals Baroda: now Vadodara, India Baronial envelopes: large square shaped envelope, two sizes, introduced in post offices in 1884, discontinued 1920 Bar precancels: earliest form of precancels, consisting of bars, lines, etc., any form that does not include a readable name Barques: (Fr.) boats; French colony revenue inscription Barquitos: (Sp.) term for the first issue of Argentina with design of small barks (ships) Barrado: (Sp.) stamp remainders overprinted with black bars during 1854-82 to deface the design Barranquilla: with "Franqueo Particular" Colombia local post, 1882 Barras: (Sp.) lines or bars used for canceling stamp remainders Barré: (Fr.) stamps overprinted with black bars or rules to deface the design Barred: stamps overprinted with black bars or rules to deface the design Barred cancel: striped cancel, used as a precancel device or an obliteration to void features of the stamp portrait, as when a king is overthrown Barre, Desire Albert: b.1818-73, French engraver of stamps, son of Jean Barre; 1863-pre: 1863: eagle design of the French colonial issue, 1863-70: French stamp issues, Greece Hermes design, Persia first issues Barred diamond: used in Toronto, 1858, complicated design to prevent washing of stamp for reuse Barred oval: a cancel or killer in which the bars increase and then decrease in size to form an oval pattern; British Commonwealth countries use this a lot. Barre, Jean Jacques: b. 1793: engraver for the Paris Mint, 1849-60 Barrel duplex: cancel with barrel-shaped portion in the center Barr's Penny Dispatch: U.S. local post, Lancaster, Pa., 1855 Barrel mail: Galapagos Islands mail container for deposit of mail from passing ships Barrington's P.S.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Barr's Penny Dispatch: Lancaster, Pa. local letter service by Elias Barr Barr, T. H. & Co.: U.S. private die medicine proprietary stamp Barry Dock & Railways: Wales local post Barry Postal Supply Co.: manufacturer of cancelling machines used from the 1890s - 1910s Barry Railway: Wales local post Barry Rapid Canceling Machine: used on U.S. stamps, patented 1897 and 1904 Barry's: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps E. N. Barry's Despatch Post: local handstamp, New York, N.Y., 1852 Bars: printed horizontal dashes used by electric eye machines to center perforations in the stamp manufacturing process Barsinghausen: local, Germany, 1945-48 Bar tagging: phosphorescent tagging where a bar of taggant is applied to the stamps Barton Press: subcontractor to Banknote Corp. of America, printed the 1994 Wonders of the Sea U.S. stamps Barva: (Czech.) color Barwani: India Feudatory State; 1921, April: issued local use stamps, 1948, July 1: separate stamps discontinued, replaced by stamps of the Republic of India Barzahlung: (Ger.) cash payment Basal shift: Term used for early British stamps meaning a double lower frame or partial impression on the lower part of the stamp Base Atlantica: overprint on Italian stamps; 1943-44: for use of military submarine personnel stationed in Bordeaux France Base Depot/ (date)/ Siberia: Canadian Forces in Siberia Basel: city, Switzerland Canton; 1845, July 1-Apr. 5, 1850: issued own stamp issues, 1850: replaced by Swiss federal issues, 1913: local airmail Basel dove: 1845: Swiss Canton's local issue Base plate: stamps put on these varying size plates ready for perforating Base sheet: heavy paper pulled from original or intermediate plate or stone Bashahr: India Feudatory State of Bussahir Bashkiria: local, cinderella, Russian, 1996? Bashkortostan: illegal labels, purporting to be stamps, as per Jan. 14, 2002, Russian Federation report to the UPU; not valid for postage Basic presort: bulk mail presorted to first three digits of USA Zip code, bundled prior to mailing Basic stamp: stamp design before any overprint or surcharges have been added Basle: Basel B. A. Somalia: overprint, British Africa Somalia; Middle East Forces, British Offices Abroad for Offices in Africa, 1950, Jan. 2-1952: overprint on stamps of Great Britain Bassa Vedasca: local, Italian liberation, Allied occupation, 1944 Basso: 1: printing plate formed through baths for strengthening, 2: (It.) bottom, lowest side Basted mills paper: stamps of New Zealand used paper made by the Basted Paper Company, a thin hard paper, with a close weave, and watermarked with double-lined "NZ" and a star Basutoland: South Africa, British protectorate, overprint; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling, 100 cents = 1 rand (1961) 1871: annexed to Cape Colony, 1871-1910: stamps of Cape of Good Hope, identified by date stamp or Cape numeral cancels, 1883: control transferred to British crown, 1910-1933: stamps of Union of South Africa, 1933, Dec. 1: No.1, ½ penny emerald; first postage due stamp issued, 1933, Dec. 1: first inscribed stamps issued, 1934: official stamp issued, 1945, Dec.3: "Basutoland" overprint on stamps of South Africa, 1966, Oct. 4: became independent state of Lesotho, 1966, Oct. 31: all Basutoland stamps withdrawn Basutoland: N'Chacadinga Bridge which was never built, perfin ‘specimen" unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Basutuföld: (Hung.) Basutoland B.A.T.: (abbr.) British Antarctic Territories Båt: (Nor.) boat Bata: (Sp.) overprint of capital of Rio Muni (Spanish Guinea); 1901: on issue of Fernando Poo Bataan & Corregidor: overprint, Philippines, Japanese Occupation, 1942 Bataan War Prisoners Relief: seal issued by private group to raise funds, 1944-45 Batallon: (Sp.) battalion Batavia: Netherlands Indies, postage due; now Jakarta, Indonesia Batchelder's Express: local private baggage express co., serviced stations along Eastern Railroad and the Maine Central Railroad, c1880s, used a label Batchlor's Service: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Batea: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Bateke: bogus for Equatorial Africa, Portuguese territory Batekeland: bogus, 1896 Batello Postale: (It.) mail boat Bates & Co.: local handstamp, New Bedford, Mass. 1845 Bates Personal Service: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bathtubbing: term formerly used by precancel collectors to wash gum off stamps Bathurst: now Banjul, The Gambia Bati Almanya: (Turk.) West Germany Batoeradja: local overprint, Sumatra, Japanese occupation, 1942-45 Batonné: (Fr.) ruled, used in philately as having a watermark of parallel lines about a cm apart Batonne paper: lines, whether wove or laid, are spaced far apart Baton Rouge: Louisiana, a Confederate "Postmasters" issue of 1861 Baton Rouge, La. P.O. Paid 2, 5: see: Confederate Postmaster's Provisionals Batoum: (Fr.) Batum B. A. Tripolitania: overprint, British Africa Tripolitania; Middle East Forces, British Offices Abroad for Offices in Africa, 1950, Feb. 6-Sept. 14, 1952: stamps of Great Britain overprint. 1950, Feb. 6-Dec. 1951: valid only in Tripolitania Batta: India States term for allowance for soldiers of public servants on active duty Battle of Maiwand: cinderella issued by the Baker Street Irregulars for 100 th anniversary of the battle; July 27, 1980 Battleship revenue: name is from stamp design that illustrates the U.S. ship, Maine, 1898: series of documentary and proprietary stamps Battleship revenue plates: design of 1898 were printed on plates of 216 subjects, Internal Revenue objected because of the difficulty of fractional amounts, BEP returned to 200-plate subject Battleships: U.S. documentary and proprietary revenue stamps showing Maine, 1898 Batum: Georgia, Russia port city on Black Sea; currency: 100 kopecks = 1 ruble 1863-64: used stamps of Russia, 1865-77: used stamps of Russian Levant, 1878: annexed by Russia from Turkey, 1878-1918: used stamps of Russia, WW I: occupied by Germans and Turks, 1918, Dec.16- July 7, 1920: "British Occupation" overprint on Russian stamps, 1919: No. 1, 5 kopecks green; used overprint types of Georgia, 1920, July 14: returned to Georgia, 1921: became autonomous republic of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic,1923: Russian stamps used, 1990: stamps of Georgia used, 1994: local post "stamps" issued for Azerbaijan, but have not seen postal use Batum, forged issues: 1919 Aloe Tree, (kopeck) Scott 1-3, Scott 4-6 (ruble) Batumi Post: illegal issue and not valid for postage, UPU letter of Aug. 27, 1997 Bau., Baux.: (Fr.) Bureaux, French offices (abroad) Bauer & Beudel: private die match proprietary stamps Bautenserie: (Ger.) building series of German stamps; popular due to many varieties in issue B. a. V.: (Fr.) "Bateau a Vapeur" steamship postmark Bavaria: German State; located in southern Germany; currency: 60 kreuzer = 1 gulden, 100 pfenning = 1 mark (1874) 1849, Nov.1: No.1, 1 kreuzer black, stamps first issued, member German Confederation, 1850: used "mill wheel" as cancel, 1856: used concentric dashes as cancel, 1862: first postage due stamp issued,1870: became part of the German Empire, 1871-1918: continued use of its own stamps, issued first stamps in the world by the photogravure process depicting King Ludwig III, 1908: first official stamp issued, with "E" overprint for "Eisenbahn" railway official use, 1911: first air mail stamps issued, 1919: "Volksstaat" overprint on stamps of Bavaria, 1919, May 17: " Freistaat Bayern," Free State of Bavaria overprint on stamps of Bavaria, 1919: first semipostal stamp issued, 1920, Feb.14: unoverprinted issue released, 1920, March 31: postal rights transferred to Reichpost, 1920, April 1: "Deutsches Reich" overprint on Bavaria officials, 1920, April 6: "Deutsches Reich" overprint on stamps of Germany, valid in Germany, 1920, June 30: Bavarian stamps no longer valid Bavaria: local, displaced persons camp, 1946 Bavaria Railway: German railway that printed stamps for mail carried on their trains to post offices Baviera: (Sp.) Bavaria Bavure: (Fr.) rough or smudged edge (printing impression) Bayay Porto: Indonesia, postage due Bayern: (Ger., Nor.) inscription used on stamps of Bavaria, 1849-1920 Bayer. Post Taxe: (Ger.) Bavaria postage due Bayer. Staatseisenbahn: (Ger.) Bavaria railway issue Bayley, C.J.: Governor of Bahamas, made sketch of proposed design of 1859 1d stamp Bayonne City Dispatch: U.S. local post, Bayonne City, N.J., 1883 Bayr: (Ger.) inscription used on stamps of Bavaria, 1849-1920 Bayreuth-Leopoldkaserne: local, Displaced Persons Camp, 1948 Bayrisch: (Ger.) Bavarian Baxa: (Sp.) early form of Baja Baza: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Bazen, X.: U.S. private die perfumery proprietary stamp BB: 1. Barbados, country code as used by UPU. 2. British censor marking for St Kitts Nevis B B M: USPS term for bulk business mail BC: British Consulate, Cadiz, 1830-1848 B. C.: 1: Before Christ, used following year dates; see: A.D.; 2: British Columbia, or British Colonies, or British Commonwealth; 3: (Fr.) bien centré, well centered B. C. A. : 1: overprint on stamps of Rhodesia for British Central Africa; 1891-95:; British Central Africa. 2: Banknote Corporation of America BCC: British Civil Censorship; A/Austria; G/Germany; LO/Liaison Officer B. C. G.: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (Anti-Tuberculosis League) inscription on postal tax issue of Dominican Republic B. C. M. : overprint for Madagascar; 1884-86: British Consular Mail B. C. O. F. JAPAN 1946: overprint on Australian stamps;British Commonwealth Occupation Forces,1946-1947 Australian forces stationed in Japan (post WW II) B C P S G: British Caribbean Philatelic Study Group, USA B C S: Bermuda Collectors Society, USA BD: 1: auction abbreviation for bird topic; 2: Bangladesh, country code as used by UPU B. D.: Barracks Department, South Australia official overprint, 1868-74 BDE: Brigade BDE HQPO: Australian Brigade Headquarters Post Office BDPh: (Ger.) see: Bund Deutscher Philatelisten B. Dpto. Zelaya: overprint to prevent currency manipulation; Nicaragua, Province of Zelaya Be., B: (Fr.) abbreviation for bande, strip, wrapper BE: Belgium, country code as used by UPU B. E. A.: British East Africa BEA Airway Letter Service: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Beacon stamp: the U.S. 5¢ Beacon airmail stamps of 1928 Beaconsfield Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Beaded oval: term applied to group of stamps issued for Colony of Victoria, 1860-63 Beamte(r): (Ger.) official Bear's Grease Republic: bogus, country,1977 "Fun and Fact Calendar" by Erbe Publications Bear stamps: refers to St. Louis Provisional, St. Louis Bears Beau: (Fr.) fine, a state of excellence Beaufort house essays: first stamp designs in British competition by Charles Whiting, 1840 B. eau Fr. De Bale: (Fr.) postmark; French Post office, Basel, Switzerland Beaulieu Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Beaumont: Texas city, one of the Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals of 1861 Beaumont, Texas Paid 10 cents: see: Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals Beaux: (Fr.) bureau, post offices Beaver: first Canadian stamps issued in1851, first stamp to feature an animal, the beaver Bebeh: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-84 Bechuanaland: aka British Bechuanaland, former British Crown Colony Bechuanaland, Bechuanaland Protectorate: Southern Africa; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling, 20 shillings = 1 pound, 100 cents = 1 rand (1961) 1885, Sep. 30: Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland established, a larger area north of the Colony named British Protectorate named at the same time, stamps of Cape of Good Hope overprinted "British Bechuanaland," 1885-86: mail was carried by runner or border police, 1886: No.1, 4 pence blue, 1887, Nov. 1: stamp of Great Britain overprinted "British Bechuanaland," 1888, Aug. 7: overprint "Protectorate" on stamps of Bechuanaland, 1889: overprint on stamps of Cape of Good Hope (1886), 1890, June-1897: used stamps of British Bechuanaland, 1891-94: stamps of Great Britain overprinted "British Bechuanaland," 1893-97: stamps of Cape of Good Hope overprinted "British Bechuanaland," 1895, Nov. 16: Bechuanaland annexed by Cape of Good Hope, stamps continued in use in the Protectorate until 1897, 1886-97: Cape of Good Hope became a province in the Union of South Africa, 1890: Protectorate and British Bechuanaland used one postal administration, 1897-1926: "Bechuanaland Protectorate" overprint on stamps of Great Britain, 1899: Boer War, stamps of Colony and Protectorate overprinted for "Mafeking Siege," 1910: stamps of South Africa used in addition to stamps of Cape Colony, 1926: first postage due stamp issued, 1932-38: issued own stamps of Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1935: first pictorial stamp issued, 1937: stamps of Cape Colony no longer valid. 1945: "Bechuanaland" overprint on stamps of South Africa, 1947-66: Bechuanaland Protectorate stamps, 1966, Sept. 30: Bechuanaland Protectorate became Republic of Botswana; Botswana Bechuanaland, British: stamps of Cape of Good Hope (1871-75) ovptd/surcharged "British Bechuanaland,"1887: stamp of Great Britain overprinted "British Bechuanaland,"1887-88: British Bechuanaland, inscription, 1891-94: stamps of Great Britain overprinted "British Bechuanaland," 1893-97: stamps of Cape of Good Hope overprinted "British Bechuanaland." Bechuanaland Protectorate: South Africa, overprint; 1888, Aug. 7-90: overprint "Protectorate" on stamps of Bechuanaland, 1889: overprint on stamps of Cape of Good Hope(1886),1897-1926: overprint on stamps of Great Britain (1881-87), 1910: overprint on stamp of Transvaal (Sc.274), 1945: overprint on stamps of South Africa (Sc.100-102) Bechuanaland Protectorate: Gastric Clinic; unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Beckmann's City Post: Charleston, S.C., see: Carriers' Stamps B. Economique: label; used on mail originating in Europe; means second day domestic delivery. Bedarfsbrief: (Ger.) mail sent for non-philatelic purposes Becsuánaföld: (Hung.) Bechuanaland Becsületes: (Hung.) white (color) (also féher) Bedford & Co.'s Express: private post, serviced coast to coast, with connections to West Indies, Hawaii, some Central and South American ports; mid 1800s, mail, newspaper and package express; used corner cards, embossed envelopes, labels and stamps Bedienen: (Ger.) expedite Bed plate: contains bored holes into which perforating machine pins descend Bedrechein: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-84 Beecher, A. & Son. (A.B.&S): private die match proprietary stamps Beekman's Post: semi-official carrier service, Charleston, S.C., 1860-65, associated with John H. Honour Bee hive: US fancy cancel used in 19th century Beer stamps: tax paid revenue stamps, denominated in barrels & fractions of barrels,1866-1951 Beez: (Est.) beige (color) B. E. F.: British Expeditionary Force overprint Befestigungsleiste: (Ger.) stamp hinge Befeuchten: (Ger.) to moisten, dampen BEFM: British Expeditionary Force Mediterranean Befördert: (Ger.) forwarded Befreit: (Ger.) free frank, postage free Befreiungsmarken: (Ger.) stamps of liberation Begagnat: (Swed.) used Behie: (Turk.) overprint for discount postage to encourage use of Turkish stamps, 1901 Behna: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1864-84 Beige: (Eng., Fr., Ger., Sp.) grayish-tan color Beijing: also known as Peking, formerly Pei-ching, People's Republic of China Beilegen: (Ger.) enclose Beirut: formerly Beyrouth, Lebanon; 1840-1914: French post office, 1857-85: used stamps of France, can be identified by diamond or dots cancels, 1857-Sept. 30, 1914: Russian postal agency, ROPiT, (Russian Company of Trade and Navigation) operated, used stamps of Russia 1870: Egyptian post office opened, 1873-1914: stamps of Great Britain, British Levant, 1873-83: Italian postal administration operating, 1905, Jan.: Beyrouth, French overprint used, 1906, July: British overprint for provisional use, 1909-10: Russia, overprinted stamps for Beirut, Offices in Turkish Empire Beisteuermarke: (Ger.) postal tax stamps required on letters, but not valid for postage; also called Zwangszuschlagsmarke Bej: (Rom.) beige (color) Bejuma: town near Valencia, Venezuela; 1854: postmaster issued local post stamps to deliver mail Bekjentjøre: (Nor.) publish or notify Beklippet: (Nor.) cut into BEL: international postal code for Belarus Belalp: Switzerland hotel post, 1873-83 Belanglos: (Ger.) insignificant, meaningless, unimportant Belarus: aka Byelorussia, Eastern Europe (White Russia); official name of postal administration: Belpochta currency: 100 kopecks = 1 ruble 1920: 5 denominations of a "stamp" may be a propaganda label, WW II-Post: became Belyorussian Soviet Socialist republic, within Soviet Union, 1947, May 13: joined the UPU, 1991, Dec. 26: joined Commonwealth of Independent States of the Soviet Union, 1992, March 20: No. 1, 1 ruble multicolor, first stamp as Belarus. #+9!CIE[: (Cyrllic) Belarus Belastingzegel: (Dut.) fiscal stamp Belebey: Russian town in Ufa Oblast ca. 250 miles of the city of Samara; issued numerous local Rural Post stamps (1890-1908), Zemstvo Belegstück: (Ger.) specimen copy Belfast & County Down Railway: Ireland local post Belfast & Northern Counties Railway: Ireland local post Belg: (Fr.) Belgium postmark Belga-Kongó: (Hung.) Belgian Congo Belgia: (Nor., Pol.) Belgium Belgian Congo: former Belgian colony in Central Africa; currency: 100 centimes = 1 franc 1885: Congo Free State established, 1886: No.1, 5 centimes green, first stamps issued, 1887: first parcel post stamps, 1908: annexed to Belgium, renamed the Belgian Congo, 1918, May 18: first semipostal stamp issued, 1923: first postage due stamp issued, 1920, July 1: first air mail stamp issued, 1960: became independent as the Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo Free State; A. O., Congo Democratic Republic, Zaire Belgian Congo, forged issues: 1: 1894 Port Matadi, Scott 16, 1895. 2: 1895 Stanley Falls, Scott 18. 3: 1894 Inkissi Falls, Scott 20. 4: 1894 M'pozo railroad bridge, Sc 22 Belgian East Africa: see: Ruanda Urundi Belgian Occupation of German East Africa: Belgian Congo stamps overprint; 1916: "Est Africain Allemand Occupation Belge," 1924: became Belgian mandate and renamed Ruanda-Urundi. Belgian Occupation of Germany (part): Eupen, Malmedy stamps; 1919-20: "Allemagne/Duitschland"(Flemish) overprint, 1919-21: Poste Militaire postmark used for Belgian troops Belgica: (Port., Sp.) Belgium Belgicky: (Czech.) Belgian Belgie: 1. (Flem.) Belgium inscription. 2. (Czech.) Belgium Belgien: 1. (Ger.) Belgium, overprint; 1914-18: on stamps of Germany, German Occupation, World War II occupation stamps consisted of surcharge, but no country name. 2. (Dan., Swed) Belgium Belgie posterijen: (Flemish) inscription, 1891-96, Belgium post Belgio: (It.) Belgium Belgische besatzungspost in Deutschland: (Ger.) Belgian occupation of Rhineland Belgisch Congo: inscription 1910-60 Belgisch Kongo: (Ger.) Belgian Congo Belgisk: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) Belgian (adj.) Belgiska Kongo: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) Belgian Congo Belgisk Congo: (Dan.) Belgian Congo Belgium: Western Europe; name came from the Celtic, Belgae; official name of postal administration: La Poste currency: 1833:100 centimes = 1 franc 2002: 100 cents = 1 Euro; stamps of this country may be found in the Belgium Stamp Catalog; 1500s: postal service via Thurn and Taxis, 1701: French postal service replaced Thurn and Taxis, 1725: Thurn and Taxis returned, 1744: French postal service replaced Thurn and Taxis, 1748: Austrian postal service used, 1793-1814: French postal administration used, 1814: Prussian postal service used, 1849, July 1: No.1, 10 centimes brown; first stamps issued without name of country, 1850: used rectangle within lines in a circle as a cancel, 1869: Belgique (Fr.) appeared on stamps, 1870: first postage due stamp issued, 1875, July 1: joined the UPU, 1879: first railway stamp "chemins de fer" 1893: Belgie (Flemish) and Belgique (Fr.) appeared jointly on stamps, 1911, June 1: first semipostal stamp issued, 1914, Oct.1: Germany issued stamps for occupied Belgium, WW II: occupied by Germany, 1928: first newspaper stamp, 1929: first official stamp issued, 1930, April 30: first air mail stamp issued, 1939: first military parcel post stamp issued, 1967: July 17: first military stamp issued, 2002: stamps in Belgian francs change to euros July 1, 2002; Allemagne-Duitschland (Flemish), Ambulant Belgium, Belga: (Hung.) Belgium, Belgian (adj.) Belgium Congo: 1908: annexed to Belgium as a colony, admitted to the UPU, 1923, Aug. 31: Ruanda-Urundi became independent, affiliated with the UPU, 1960, July 1: became the independent Republic of the Congo, Congo Democratic Republic Belgium, forged issues: 1: 1912-15 King Albert I, Scott 102. 2: 1914 Merode Monument, Scott B28-30. 3: 1882-94 parcel post, Scott Q7-Q15 Belgium, German Occupation: 1914-18: surcharge/overprint on stamps of Belgium. Belgian Occupation of German East Africa: Belgian Congo stamps overprint; 1916: "Est Africain Allemand Occupation Belge", 1924: became Belgian mandate and renamed Ruanda-Urundi. Belgian Occupation of Germany (part): Eupen, Malmedy stamps; 1919-20: "Allemagne/Duitschland"(French/Flemish) overprint, 1919-21: Poste Militaire postmark used for Belgian troops, 1920: first postage due stamp issued Belgium, reduced rates: surcharge; 1946: -10% by individual post offices Belice es Nuestro: (Sp.) "Belize is Ours" inscription on stamp of Guatemala as propaganda for territory, 1959 Beliebtes Sammelgebiet: (Ger.) favorite collecting field Belize: Central America; formerly British Honduras; currency: 100 cents = 1 dollar 1866: British colonial stamps issued as British Honduras, 1973, June 11: "Belize" overprint on British Honduras stamps, 1973, June 1: No.1, ½ cent multicolor; 1974, Jan.1: first stamps as Belize, 1976, July 1: first postage due stamp issued, 1981, Sept. 21: became independent, 1982, Oct. 1:joined the UPU, 1982, Dec. 10: first semipostal Belize Relief Fund: overprint on British Honduras semi-postals; for Sept.1931 hurricane relief Belle: (Fr.) nice, fine, good Bellegarde: local provisional, French, 1944 Bellerby Pirate Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bellreguart: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Bell's Dispatch: bogus Canadian local post Bell's Express: local parcel express serviced Boston, Danvers, Danversport, and Danvers centre, Mass; used a label, year unknown Bell's Taxis, Lincoln: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Belmont via Bologne: local Great Britain strike, Osborne's Emergency Service, 1971 Belorusko: (Czech.) Belarus (White Russia) Belorusky: (Czech.), Belarusian (White Russia) Bélyegfüzet: (Hung.) booklet pane Bélyeg Postautalványon: (Hung.) postage stamp on a postal money order Bélyeg Szállítólevélen: (Hung.) postage stamp on a parcel post card Bélyeg Táviraton: (Hung.) postage stamp on a telegram Bélyegtekercs: (Hung.) stamp roll (coil stamps) Bélyegzéssel: (Hung.) cancellation Bélyegzett: (Hung.) used, canceled, használ Bemrose, William and Henry Howe: obtained perforating rotary patent in 1854, US stamps used this device since 1857 Bemutatás: (Hung.) exhibition Benadalid: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benaders: overprint, Persian port; 1911-12: used stamps of Iran, 1921: used at Iranian Persian Gulf ports, 1922: overprint on stamps of Persia. Benadir: on Somali Coast; 1897: controlled by Italy, 1903, Oct. 12: inscription used on first stamps of Italian Somaliland, 1922, April: name changed to Italian Somalia, 1960, July 1: area combined with British Somaliland Protectorate to form Somalia; Afars and Issas, Djibouti, Obock, Oltre Giuba, Italian East Africa, Somaliland, Italian Benadir: on Somali Coast; 1897: controlled by Italy, 1903, Oct. 12: inscription used on first stamps of Italian Somaliland, 1922, April: name changed to Italian Somalia, 1960: area combined with British Somaliland Protectorate to form Somalia Benagalbon: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benaguacil: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Benahavis: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benaholiz: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benalaurin: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benalmadena: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benamargosa: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benämningar: (Swed.) printing terms Benamocarra: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Benaojan: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1938 Benasal: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Benarraba: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Bendel, B. & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Bendel, H.: private die match proprietary stamps Beneficencia: (Sp.) Spain charity labels with no franking value, but permitted for postal use from one postal employee to another, issued by a postal welfare organization Beneficienza (francobollo di): (It.) charity stamps: stamps sold at more than the inscribed face value, with the difference between the face value and the selling price used for charity work; these are often called semi-postal stamps Beneficos: (Sp.) charity stamps Benejana: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Ben Franklin Stamp Clubs: 1980s: USPS sponsored stamp clubs of school children Bengasi: overprint on stamps of Italy; July 1901-11: first stamps issued at Italian post office, Ottoman Empire, 1912: Libyan issues used, now spelled Banghazi, Libya, Italian Offices in Turkish Empire Benicario: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Benifallin: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Benifayo: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Beni-Korrah: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-1882 Beni-Mazar: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-1884 Benin: West Coast of Africa, formerly Dahomey; currency: 100 centimes = 1 CFA franc 1888: first stamps French Colonies General issues at Porto Novo, 1892, Sept.: No.1, 1 centime bluish; overprint "Benin" on stamps of French Colonies, 1893: inscribed "Golfe De Benin" full name Établissements Français du Golfe de Benin, 1894: inscribed "Benin," 1894: first postage due stamp issued, "Benin" handstamp on stamps of French Colonies, 1895: French possessions incorporated into Dahomey, 1899: Dahomey used "Dahomey Et Dependances," 1944-60: Dahomey used stamps of French West Africa, 1961, April 27: joined the UPU, 1975, Nov.: became People's Republic of Benin, including Dahomey, with inscription "Republique Populaire Du Benin" 1976: first air mail stamps issued, 1976, April 30: first stamps as Republic, 1978: postage due stamp issued as Republic; Dahomey, République Populaire Du Bénin. 1989: first parcel post stamp issued Benipeixcar: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Benisouef: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1868-80 Benjamin & Sarpy: Alfred Benjamin and Julian Sarpy were dealers in faked and forged stamps in late 1880s, careers ended in 1892 when sentenced to jail in London Ben Kulen: local overprint, Sumatra, Japanese occupation, 1942-45 Bennett, D.M.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Bent & Lee: private die match proprietary stamps Bentley's Dispatch: US local post, New York, N.Y., 1856(?) Bentz, H & M: private die match proprietary stamps Benzine: used to identify watermarks, but highly volatile Benzyna(y): (Pol.) watermark detection fluid(s), e.g. benzine Beograd: also known as Belgrade, Yugoslavia BEP: see: Bureau of Engraving and Printing Bepaald: (Dut.) definitive Beppu: Japan (only English word inscription on stamp) B.E.P.T.O.M.: (Fr.) Bureau d'etude des postes et telecommunications d'outre-mer; Department of Research for Overseas Posts and Telecommunications BEQ: letter-code within cds (q.v.) assigned to Bequia, St. Vincent, BWI (1894-1908), 1871 pop. 969 Bequia Island: Grenadines of St. Vincent island, stamps first issued in 1976 Berdyansk: (formerly Osipenko) Russian town in Tavric Oblast (now Ukraine) ca. 45 miles SW of Mariapol; issued over 80 different local Rural Post stamps (1870-1882), Zemstvo Berford & Co.'s Express: U.S. local post, 1851 for mail from New York to Panama and then to west coast ports of North and South America Berg.: (Ger.) mountain, as a theme or topic Berga: local, Spanish civil war, 1937 Bergbau.: (Ger.) mining, as a theme or topic Bergedorf: German State; 1861, Nov. 1: issued its own stamps, 1867: purchased by Hamburg, 1868: stamps of the North German Confederation Bergdorf: local, Germany, Brief-Beförderungs-Gesellschaft, 1887-88 Bergen: Seaport city and seat of Hordaland county in SW Norway ca. 220 miles W of Oslo. Local post established, with first "Bergens / By-Post" lithographed 2 Skilling imperforate dark brown on wove paper local stamp issued in 1865, and a second samedesign 2 Skilling imperforate brown on greyish wove paper issued in 1866 Bergen bypost: Norway local post, 1865-69 Bergen - F. Schroeter Local Post: Local post re-organized by F. Schroeter as the successor company to the Norshuss & F. Schroeter Local Post (q.v.) company. Red (shades) "Bypost / 2 / Bergen // 2 Skilling" local stamp issued in 1869 Berg. Gladbach: local, Germany, 1918-23 Bergqvist Lokala Expressposten: Hälsingborg - A. Bergqvist Lokala Expressposten Bergen - Norshuss & F. Schroeter Local Post: Local post established by Messrs. Norshuss and F. Schroeter, with a 2 Skilling imperforate black on lilac-rose paper "By-Post / 2 / Bergen" local stamp being issued 1 July 1868. Identical stamps in different colors are proofs Berlin: Germany: overprint in Russian Zone of Occupation, post WW II; 1945, June: Berlin-Brandenburg; OPD Berlin, Russian Zone post WW II, O.P.D. 1946, Feb.: Soviet, American and British Zones used combined issue, 1946, June 24: Russia issued their own stamps with "O.P.D." overprint, 1948, July 1: Russians withdrew from four-power control of city, 1948, July 3: Sowjetische Besatzungs Zone; Soviet Zone overprint, 1948, Sept. 1: Allied occupation stamps "Berlin" overprinted diagonally in black for use in American, British and French occupation zone of Berlin, 1949, Jan.: overprint in red for revised currency, 1949, Oct. 9: new stamps for East and West Berlin, 1990, Sept. 27: last issue, stamps of West Berlin discontinued, 1991, Dec. 31: reunion of the two Germany's Berlin-Brandenberg: Soviet Occupation, 1945: Issued "Berlin Bear" stamp Berlinerblå: (Swed.) Prussian blue (color) Berlin Germany: overprint in Russian Zone of Occupation, post WW II; 1945, June: Berlin-Brandenburg; OPD Berlin, Russian Zone post WW II, see: O.P.D. 1946, Feb.: Soviet, American and British Zones used combined issue, 1946, June 24: Russia issued their own stamps with "O.P.D." overprint, 1948, July 3: "Sowjetische Besatzungs Zone" Russian Zone overprint, 1948, Sept. 1: Allied occupation stamps overprinted in black for use in Western zone of Berlin, 1949, Jan.: overprint in red for revised currency, 1949, Oct. 9: new stamps for East and West Berlin, 1990: stamps of West Berlin discontinued, 1991, Dec. 31: reunion of the two Germanys Berliner Ausgabe: (Ger.) Berlin issue, stamps of German colonies and offices Berlinerbla: (Dan., Swed.) Prussian blue (color) Berlinikék: (Hung.) Prussian blue (color) Berlino: (It.) Berlin Bermellon: (Sp.) vermillion (color) Bermuda: island in the Atlantic off the coast of the U.S.; official name of postal administration: Bermuda Post Office currency: 4 farthings = 1 penny, 12 pence = 1 shilling, 20 shillings = 1 pound, 100 cents = 1 dollar (1970) 1609: became British colony, 1784-1812: Bermuda Gazette operated a domestic postal service, 1820-1859: external mails handled by London packet agent, 1848-54: Hamilton Postmaster William B. Perot produced stamps, 1865, Sept. 13: No.1, 1 penny rose red, stamps of Bermuda issued, 1918: first War Tax stamp issued, 1936: postal-fiscal stamp issued, used for revenue and postage, 1968, July 1: first stamps as a self-government Bermuda: inscription, Six Shillings, unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Bermuda: inscription, Devil's Triangle, unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Bermuda, forged issue: 1865-89 Queen's head, Scott 1, 19 Bermudák: (Hung.) the Bermuda Islands Bermudes: (Fr.) Bermuda Berne: local airmail, Switzerland, 1913 Bernera: island off coast of Scotland, Great Britain local carriage label Berner ausgabe: (Ger.) Bern issue, some UPU stamps overprinted "Specimen." Bernsteingelb: (Ger.) amber (color) Berühmte: (Ger.) famous men, as a theme or topic Berührt: (Ger.) touched, adjoined, border on Besa: "Genuine" overprint, 1921-22: Albania validity control Besættelse: (Dan.) occupation Besættelse, Allieret: (Dan.) Allied Forces occupation Besættelse, Allieret - i Azerbaidjan: (Dan.) WWI Allied Forces occupation of Azerbaijan Besættelse, Allieret - i Trakien: (Dan.) WWI Allied Forces occupation of Thrace Besættelse, Albansk: (Dan.) Albanian occupation Besættelse, Amerikansk: (Dan.) American occupation, United States occupation Besættelse, Amerikansk - i Tyskland: (Dan.) American occupation of Germany, United States occupation of Germany Besættelse, Australsk: (Dan.) Australian occupation Besættelse, Australsk - i Japan: (Dan.) Australian occupation of Japan Besættelse, Belgisk: (Dan.) Belgian occupation Besættelse, Belgisk - i Tyskland: (Dan.) Belgian occupation of Germany Besættelse, Belgisk - i Tysk Øsrafrika: (Dan.) Belgian occupation of German East Afrika Besættelse, Bolivisk: (Dan.) Bolivian occupation Besættelse, Britisk: (Dan.) British occupation Besættelse, Britisk - i Batum: (Dan.) British occupation of Batum Besættelse, Britisk - i Bushire: (Dan.) British occupation of Bushire Besættelse, Britisk - i Irak: (Dan.) British occupation of Iraq Besættelse, Britisk - i Kamerun: (Dan.) British occupation of Cameroun Besættelse, Britisk - i Kreta: (Dan.) British occupation of Crete Besættelse, Britisk - i Mesopotamien: (Dan.) British occupation of Mesopotamia Besættelse, Britisk - i Orangeåen Kolonie: (Dan.) British occupation of Orange River Colony Besættelse, Britisk - i Palestinien: (Dan.) British occupation of Palestine Besættelse, Britisk - i Persien: (Dan.) British occupation of Persia Besættelse, Britisk - i Togo: (Dan.) British occupation of Togo Besættelse, Britisk - i Tysk Østrafrika: (Dan.) British occupation of German East Africa Besættelse, Bulgarsk: (Dan.) Bulgarian occupation Besættelse, Bulgarsk - i Rumænien: (Dan.) Bulgarian occupation of Romania Besættelse, Dansk: (Dan.) Danish occupation Besættelse, Finsk: (Dan.) Finnish occupation Besættelse, Finsk - i Rusland: (Dan.) Finnish occupation of Russia Besættelse, Fransk: (Dan.) French occupation Besættelse, Fransk - i Cilicien: (Dan.) French occupation of Cilicia Besættelse, Fransk - i Kamerun: (Dan.) French occupation of Cameroun Besættelse, Fransk - i Kastellorizo: (Dan.) French occupation of Castellorizo Besættelse, Fransk - i Kreta: (Dan.) French occupation of Crete Besættelse, Fransk - i Rumænien: (Dan.) French occupation of Romania Besættelse, Fransk - i Syrien: (Dan.) French occupation of Syria Besættelse, Fransk - i Togo: (Dan.) French occupation of Togo Besættelse, Fransk - i Tyskland: (Dan.) French occupation of Germany Besættelse, Fransk - i Ungarn: (Dan.) French occupation of Hungary Besættelse, Graesk: (Dan.) Greek occupation Besættelse, Graesk - i Æægiske øer: (Dan.) Greek occupation of the Aegean Islands Besættelse, Graesk - i Epirus: (Dan.) Greek occupation of Epirus Besættelse, Graesk - i Trakien: (Dan.) Greek occupation of Thrace Besættelse, Graesk - i Tyrkiet: (Dan.) Greek occupation of Turkey Besættelse, Graesk - i Vesttrakien: (Dan.) Greek occupation of Western Thrace Besættelse, Hollandnsk: (Dan.) Dutch occupation Besættelse, Italiensk: (Dan.) Italian occupation Besættelse, Italiensk - i Æægiske øer: (Dan.) Italian occupation of the Aegean Islands Besættelse, Italiensk - i Abyssinia: (Dan.) Italian occupation of Abysinia ( Ethiopia) Besættelse, Italiensk - i Dalmatien: (Dan.) Italian occupation of Dalmatia Besættelse, Italiensk - i Korfu: (Dan.) Italian occupation of Corfu Besættelse, Italiensk - i Kreta: (Dan.) Italian occupation of Crete Besættelse, Italiensk - i Østrig: (Dan.) Italian occupation Austria Besættelse, Japansk - i Hollandsk Indies: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of the Dutch (East) Indies Besættelse, Litauensk - i Memelområdet: (Dan.) Lithuanian occupation Memel Besættelse, Japansk: (Dan.) Japanese occupation Besættelse, Japansk - i Hollandsk Indies: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of the Dutch (East) Indies Besættelse, Japansk - i Kina: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of China Besættelse, Japansk - i Korea: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of Korea Besættelse, Japansk - i Malay: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of Malaya Besættelse, Japansk - i Manchuriet: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of Manchuria Besættelse, Japansk - i Philippinerne: (Dan.) Japanese occupation of the Philippines Besættelse, Kinesisk: (Dan.) Chinese occupation Besættelse, Kroatiensk: (Dan.) Croatian occupation Besættelse, Østrigsk: (Dan.) Austrian occupation Besættelse, Østrigsk - i Italien: (Dan.) Austrian occupation of Italy Besættelse, Østrigsk - i Montenegro: (Dan.) Austrian occupation of Montenegro Besættelse, Østrigsk - i Rumænien: (Dan.) Austrian occupation of Romania Besættelse, Østrigsk - i Serbien: (Dan.) Austrian occupation of Serbia Besættelse, Portugisisk: (Dan.) Portuguese occupation Besættelse, Rumæniensk: (Dan.) Romanian occupation Besættelse, Rumæniensk - i Ungarn: (Dan.) Romanian occupation of Hungary Besættelse, Rumæniensk - i Vestukraine: (Dan.) Romanian occupation of Western Ukraine Besættelse, Russisk: (Dan.) Russian occupation Besættelse, Russisk - i Kreta: (Dan.) Russian occupation of Crete Besættelse, Russisk - i Letland: (Dan.) Russian occupation of Latvia Besættelse, Russisk - i Litauen: (Dan.) Russian occupation of Lithuania Besættelse, Russisk - i Tyskland: (Dan.) Russian occupation of Germany Besættelse, Serbienisk - i Ungarn: (Dan.) Serbian occupation of Hungary Besættelse, Spansk: (Dan.) Spanish occupation Besættelse, Svensk: (Dan.) Swedish occupation Besættelse, Tyrkisk: (Dan.) Turkish occupation Besættelse, Tysk: (Dan.) German occupation Besættelse, Tysk - i Belgien: (Dan.) German occupation of Belgium Besættelse, Tysk - i Estland: (Dan.) German occupation of Estonia Besættelse, Tysk - i Frankrig: (Dan.) German occupation of France Besættelse, Tysk - i Letland: (Dan.) German occupation of Latvia Besættelse, Tysk - i Litauen: (Dan.) German occupation of Lithuania Besættelse, Tysk - i Luxemburg: (Dan.) German occupation of Luxembourg Besættelse, Tysk - i Polen: (Dan.) German occupation of Poland Besættelse, Tysk - i Rumænien: (Dan.) German occupation of Romania Besættelse, Tysk - i Rusland: (Dan.) German occupation of Russia Besættelse, Ungarnsk: (Dan.) Hungarian occupation Besatzungsausgabe: (Ger.) occupation issue Beschnitten: (Ger.) close cut (margins) Beschreibung: (Ger.) description Beschriftung: (Ger.) inscription Besetztes gebiet NordFrankreich: (Ger.) overprint handstamp; 1940:on French definitives used by German troops after the British evacuation of Dunkerque Besetzung: (Ger.) occupation Besetzung, Albanische: (Ger.) Albanian occupation Besetzung, Albanische: (Ger.) Albanian occupation Besetzung, Alliierte: (Ger.) WWII Allied occupation Besetzung, Amerikanische: (Ger.) United States occupation Besetzung, Australische: (Ger.) Australian occupation Besetzung, Belgische: (Ger.) Belgian occupation Besetzung, Britische: (Ger.) British occupation Besetzung, Bulgarische: (Ger.) Bulgarian occupation Besetzung, Chinesische: (Ger.) Chinese occupation Besetzung, Dänische: (Ger.) Danish occupation Besetzung, Deutsche: (Ger.) German occupation Besetzung, Finnische: (Ger.) Finnish occupation Besetzung, Französisische: (Ger.) French occupation Besetzung, Griechische: (Ger.) Greek occupation Besetzung, Indische: (Ger.) Indian occupation Besetzung, Italianische: (Ger.) Italian occupation Besetzung, Japanische: (Ger.) Japanese occupation Besetzung, Jordannische: (Ger.) Jordanian occupation Besetzung, Litauische: (Ger.) Lithuanian occupation Besetzung, Österreiche: (Ger.) Austrian occupation Besetzung, Peruanische: (Ger.) Peruvian occupation Besetzung, Polnische: (Ger.) Polish occupation Besetzung, Russische: (Ger.) Russian occupation Besetzung, Rumänische: (Ger.) Romanian occupation Besetzung, Serbische: (Ger.) Serbian occupation Besetzung, Sowjetische: (Ger.) Soviet (USSR) occupation Besetzung, Spanische: (Ger.) Spanish occupation Besetzung, Syrische: (Ger.) Syrian occupation Besetzung, Thailändische: (Ger.) Thai occupation Besetzung, Tschechoslowakische: V Czechoslovakian occupation Besetzung, Türkische: V Turkish occupation Besetzung, Ungarische: V Hungarian occupation Beskadiget: (Dan., Nor.) damaged Beskåret: (Dan., Nor.) cut close to stamp design Beskåret høyre side: (Nor.) cut close on right hand side of stamp design Beskåret høyre og øvre side: (Nor.) cut close on right hand and top sides of stamp design Beskåret høyre og nedre side: (Nor.) cut close on right hand and bottom sides of stamp design Beskåret nedre side: (Nor.) cut close at bottom side of stamp design Beskåret øvre side: (Nor.) cut close at top side of stamp design Beskåret venstre side: (Nor.) cut close on left hand side of stamp design Beskåret venstre og nedre side: (Nor.) cut close on left hand and bottom sides of stamp design Beskåret venstre og øvre side: (Nor.) cut close on left hand and top sides of stamp design Beskjeftigelse: (Nor.) occupation Beskjeftigelse, Allierad: (Nor.) Allied Forces occupation Beskjeftigelse, Allierad - på Azerbaidjan: (Nor.) WWI Allied Forces occupation of Azerbaijan Beskjeftigelse, Allierad - på Trakien: (Nor.) WWI Allied Forces occupation of Thrace Beskjeftigelse, Albansk: (Nor.) Albanian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Amerikansk: (Nor.) American occupation, United States occupation Beskjeftigelse, Amerikansk - av Tyskland: (Nor.) American occupation of Germany, United States occupation of Germany Beskjeftigelse, Australisk: (Nor.) Australian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Australisk - av Japan: (Nor.) Australian occupation of Japan Beskjeftigelse, Belgisk: (Nor.) Belgian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Belgisk - i Tyskland: (Nor.) Belgian occupation of Germany Beskjeftigelse, Belgisk - i Tysk Østafrika: (Nor.) Belgian occupation of German East Africa Beskjeftigelse, Bolivisk: (Nor.) Bolivian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Britisk: (Nor.) British occupation Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Batum: (Nor n.) British occupation of Batum Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Bushire: (Nor.) British occupation of Bushire Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Irak: (Nor.) British occupation of Iraq Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Kamerun: (Nor.) British occupation of Cameroun Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Kreta: (Nor.) British occupation of Crete Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Mesopotamien: (Nor.) British occupation of Mesopotamia Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Oransje Elv Kolonie: (Nor.) British occupation of Orange River Colony Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Palestinien: (Nor.) British occupation of Palestine Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Persien: (Nor.) British occupation of Persia Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Togo: (Nor.) British occupation of Togo Beskjeftigelse, Britisk - av Tysk Østrafrika: (Dan.) British occupation of German East Africa Beskjeftigelse, Bulgarisk: (Nor.) Bulgarian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Bulgarisk - av Rumanien: (Nor.) Bulgarian occupation of Romania Beskjeftigelse, Dansk: (Nor.) Danish occupation Beskjeftigelse, Finsk: (Nor.) Finnish occupation Beskjeftigelse, Finsk - av Russland: (Nor.) Finnish occupation of Russia Beskjeftigelse, Fransk: (Nor.) French occupation Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Cilicien: (Nor.) French occupation of Cilicia Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Kamerun: (Nor.) French occupation of Cameroun Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Kastellorizo: (Nor.) French occupation of Castellorizo Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Kreta: (Nor.) French occupation of Crete Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Rumania: (Nor.) French occupation of Romania Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Syrien: (Nor.) French occupation of Syria Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Togo: (Nor.) French occupation of Togo Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Tyskland: (Nor.) French occupation of Germany Beskjeftigelse, Fransk - av Ungarn: (Nor.) French occupation of Hungary Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk: (Nor.) Greek occupation Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk - av Æægiske øy : (Nor.) Greek occupation of the Aegean Islands Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk - av Epirus: (Nor.) Greek occupation of Epirus Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk - av Trakien: (Nor.) Greek occupation of Thrace Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk - av Tyrkia: (Nor.) Greek occupation of Turkey Beskjeftigelse, Grekisk - av Vesttrakien: (Nor.) Greek occupation of Western Thrace Beskjeftigelse, Hollandsk: (Nor.) Dutch occupation Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk: (Nor.) Italian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Æægiske øy: (Nor.) Italian occupation of the Aegean Islands Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Abyssinia: (Nor.) Italian occupation of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Dalmatia: (Nor.) Italian occupation of Dalmatia Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Korfu: (Nor.) Italian occupation of Corfu Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Kreta: (Nor.) Italian occupation of Crete Beskjeftigelse, Italiensk - av Østerrike: (Nor.) Italian occupation Austria Beskjeftigelse, Japansk: (Nor.) Japanese occupation Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Filippinerna: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of the Philippines Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Hollandsk Indien: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of the Dutch (East) Indies Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Kina: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of China Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Korea: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of Korea Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Malaj: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of Malaya Beskjeftigelse, Japansk - av Manchuriet: (Nor.) Japanese occupation of Manchuria Beskjeftigelse, Kinesisk: (Nor.) Chinese occupation Beskjeftigelse, Kroatisk: (Nor.) Croatian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Litauisk - av Memelområdet: (Nor.) Lithuanian occupation Memel Beskjeftigelse, Østerrikisk: (Nor.) Austrian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Østerrikisk - av Italia: (Nor.) Austrian occupation of Italy Beskjeftigelse, Østerrikisk - av Montenegro: (Nor.) Austrian occupation of Montenegro Beskjeftigelse, Østerrikisk - av Rumania: (Nor.) Austrian occupation of Romania Beskjeftigelse, Østerrikisk - av Serbien: (Nor.) Austrian occupation of Serbia Beskjeftigelse, Portugisisk: (Nor.) Portuguese occupation Beskjeftigelse, Rumænsk: (Nor.) Romanian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Rumænsk - av Ungarn: (Nor.) Romanian occupation of Hungary Beskjeftigelse, Rumænsk - av Vestukraine: (Nor.) Romanian occupation of Western Ukraine Beskjeftigelse, Russisk: (Nor.) Russian occupation Beskjeftigelse, Russisk - av Kreta: (Nor.) Russian occupation of Crete Beskjeftigelse, Russisk - av Lettland: (Nor.) Russian occupation of Latvia Beskjeftigelse, Russisk - av Litauen: (Nor.) Russian occupation of Lithuania Beskjeftigelse, Russisk - av Tyskland: (Nor.) Russian occupation of Germany Beskjeftigelse, Serbisk - av Ungarn: (Nor.) Serbian occupation of Hungary Beskjeftigelse, Spansk: (Nor.) Spanish occupation Beskjeftigelse, Svensk: (Nor.) Swedish occupation Beskjeftigelse, Tyrkisk: (Nor.) Turkish occupation Beskjeftigelse, Tysk: (Nor.) German occupation Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Belgia: (Nor.) German occupation of Belgium Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Estland: (Nor.) German occupation of Estonia Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Frankrike: (Nor.) German occupation of France Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Letland: (Nor.) German occupation of Latvia Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Litauen: (Nor.) German occupation of Lithuania Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Luxemburg: (Nor.) German occupation of Luxembourg Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Polen: (Nor.) German occupation of Poland Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Rumania: (Nor.) German occupation of Romania Beskjeftigelse, Tysk - av Russland: (Nor.) German occupation of Russia Beskjeftigelse, Ungersk: (Nor.) Hungarian occupation Besondere: (Ger.) special Besser: (Ger.) better grade Bestand: (Ger.) stock Bestätigungsstempel: (Ger.) cancel confirming mode of transportation and/or postal performance; such as per airmail, or flight delayed Bestemmende: (Nor.) definitive Bestruket Papper: (Swed.) coated paper Beta: Denmark; 1870-85: name given to flaws in bicolored stamps Betera: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Betrag: (Ger.) amount Bewerten: (Ger.) to estimate, to price Bexar: (Sp.) now San Antonio, Texas Bexhill Delivery: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Beyrouth: overprint for Beirut, Offices in Turkey; 1873-1914: stamps of Great Britain postmarked, 1905: French Levant overprint stamp plus surcharge, 1909: overprint on stamps of Russia, Levant, Offices in the Turkish Empire, now Beirut, Lebanon Bez: (Pol.) without Béz: (Hung.) beige (color), drapp Bezahlt: (Ger.) paid Bezirksaufdruck: (Ger.) district, local overprint Bezirksgericht: (Ger.) Austrian court fee revenue stamp Bezirkshandstempel: (Ger.) local hand surcharge Bezirksmarke (HOPS): (Ger.) hand overprinted stamp cancelled for Russian occupation zone Bezirkspostamt: (Ger.) district post office Bez kleju: (Pol.) ungummed Bez lepu: (Czech.) 1. unused, no gum. 2. regummed Bézovy: (Czech.) beige (color) Bez podlepki: (Pol.) never hinged BF: 1:Belgian franc, currency; 2: Burkina Faso, country code as used by UPU B. F.: (Fr.) French Post Office postmark BFAL Fireside Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 B.F.K. watermark seen on French-area artist's die proofs BFM: British Fleet Mail BFMO: British Fleet Mail Office B.F.P.O.: British Forces Post Office BFPS: British Forces Postal Service BG: Benjamin Goldsworthy, BEP employee initials, 1906-1928; Plate Finisher, Siderographer B.G.: 1: Botanical Garden, South Australia official overprint, 1868-74; 2: (It.) inscription, Bollo Gazzatte, newspaper tax stamps for Modena. 3. precedes the European postal code on addresses in Bulgaria, such as BG-1000 Sofia B-Gate: Bishopsgate Receiving House, London Penny Post B G D: (Bureau Grand Ducal) Duchy of Berg, Lubeck, postmark, 1806-Aug. 1808 B Grill: grill used on US stamps in the 19th century B. Guiana: inscription on stamps for British Guiana BH: international postal code for Bosnia-Hercegovina Bhangies: Indian States term for parcel post service B. H. M. A. V. : Mongolia Bhopal: Feudatory State in India; 1876: No.1, 1/4 anna black; issued local use stamps, 1903-pre: inscription: H. H. Nawab Shah Jahan Begam, 1903: separate stamps discontinued, 1908, July 1: first official stamp issued, 1950, Apr. 1: official stamps replaced by stamps of the Republic of India Bhor: India Feudatory State, Bombay, British India; 1879: No.1, ½ anna carmine; first stamps, 1895: state post offices closed, 1901: stamps supplied to collectors as mint or used, 1902: used stamps of India Bhoutan: (Fr.) Bhutan bHP: (Cyrillic) cinderella, Belarusian National Rada (council) Bhutan: kingdom in the Eastern Himalayas; currency: 100 chetrum = 1 ngultrum 1910: became British protectorate, 1949: became independent, 1955, Jan. 1: first stamps were fiscals, but validated for internal postal use, stamps of India required for external mailings, 1962, May: first stamps, covers usually also bore stamps of India, Tibet or China for external use, 1962, Oct.10: No.1 2 chetrun red/gray; first stamp issued, Bhutan stamps valid for international mail, 1964, Mar.: first semipostal stamp issued, 1967, Jan. 10: first air mail stamp issued, 1969, March 7: joined the UPU, 1973: issued the famous phonograph record stamps, and stamps with a scent B. I.: British India BI: 1: auction abbreviation for bisect topic or theme; 2: Burundi, country code as used by UPU. 3. letter-code within cds (q.v.) assigned to Biabou, St. Vincent, BWI (1873-1883), 1871 pop.56 B I A: Bureau Issues Association, USA, see: USSS Biafra: overprint, part of Nigeria; 1967, May 30: proclaimed independent Republic of Biafra during civil war, 1968, Feb. 5: first internal stamps of revolutionary forces, later on external mail via air from Libreville, 1968: first semipostal stamps issued, 1970, Jan. 9: Nigerian stamps used, revolution over Bialy(o), Bialawy(o): (Pol.) white, whitish (color) Bialystok: province in northern Poland; 1916: German military commander issued local stamps Bianco: (It.) white (color) Bible Cover: Iceland cover with 22 Official 8-skilling stamps (20 in one block) from 1873 found in a bible Bíbor: (Hung.) purple (color) Bicentenaire de Port-au-Prince: (Fr.) Haiti bicentenary Bicentenario de Talco: (Sp.) Chile, Talco postal tax Bicentennial: two hundredth anniversary; 1976: America celebrated its 200th birthday Bicester Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bicolor: a stamp printed or otherwise produced in two colors Bicolored envelope: Nesbitt envelopes printed in two colors for USPO requirements, 1861 Bicolored postmarks: Millpoint, N.Y, inking pad was divided half red, half violet, with dividing line, 1885 Bicycle mail: operated with local stamps by themselves or with stamp of the country; 1890s: Western Australia as the Coolgardie Cycle Express, 1909: Mafeking, Boer War, 1918: South Africa. 1945: Amiens, France: Vaduz, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, 1953: Northern Italy Bicycle Mail Route: U. S. local post; 1894, between Fresno and San Francisco, Calif Bicycle posts: postal service operated by means of bicycle delivery Bid (opening): first, or opening bid at an auction; Ausgebot, Angebot (Ger.), Enchere (Debut) (Fr.), Offerta (Iniziale) (It.), Oferta (inicial) (Sp.) Bid book: auction house data book composed of bids submitted by absentee bidders on the lots offered at auction, with the bid book being maintained manually or by electronic means Bidding against the ceiling, curtains: practice designed to artificially create higher realization for an auction lot by "accepting" bids from non-existent bidders Bidding circle: a group composed of two or more participants agreeing either not to bid against each other during a public auction, or to keep bids below a certain pre-agreed amount; also known as crossing off Bidding increments: series of regular increasing currency intervals called by the auctioneer during the bidding process for a lot Bidding paddle: card or similar item with a number assigned specifically for the bidder registered with the auctioneer, and used during the auction to denote active participation in the bidding procedures during the sale; permits early recording by an auctioneer of winning bidder Bid rigging: collusion among two or more dealers to withhold bids and permit one of their group to big for group and obtain material at a lower price, then the material is resold among the group's members Bid sheet: mail order form with bids for a upcoming auction Bid shielding: a situation where two bidders collude where one buyer bids low, the other buyer bids very high to scare off other potential bidders; seconds before the Internet auction ends, the high bid is withdrawn, and the partner wins the lot by default B I E: vertical overprint; 1946: Bureau International d'Education, Switzerland Bieden: (Dut.) to bid (at an auction) Biedformulier: (Dut.) bid sheet Bielozersk: Russian town in Novgorod Oblast; issued numerous local Rural Post stamps (1868-1918), Zemstvo Bien centré: (Fr.) well-centered Bienenkorbstempel: (Ger.) beehive cancel Bienfaisance (timbre de): (Fr.) charity stamps: stamps sold at more than the inscribed face value, with the difference between the face value and the selling price used for charity work; these are often called semi-postal stamps Bietempfehlung: (Ger.) suggested bid Bieten: (Ger.) to bid (at an auction) Bieter: (Ger.) bidder Bigello: (It.) beige, grayish-tan color Bigelow's Express: private mail serviced Boston to Canada; used a corner card, and labels; 1846-53 Biggin Hill Free Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Big Head: current name: Black Jack Big Mail: until 1772, Austrian postal system term for incoming foreign mail Bijawar: India Feudatory State; 1935: issued local use stamps, 1939: separate stamps discontinued, replaced by stamps of India Bijzonderevluchten: (Dut.) inscription; 1933: airmail issue Bilateral Treaty: postal treaty between two nations on international mail Bilá, Bíly: (Czech.) white (color) Bilbao: local overprint, Spanish civil war, Nationalist and Republican forces, 1937 Bilbes: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1867-1880 Bildfrei gestempelt: (Ger.) cancelled not to touch stamp design as requested by topicalists Bild: (Ger.) image (printed area of a stamp) Bildgrösse: (Ger.) size of design Bildnis: (Ger.) portrait, illustration Bildpostkarte: (Ger.) picture postal card Bildpostkarte mit Eingedruckter Marke: (Ger.) picture postal card with imprinted stamp Bildseite: (Ger.) face or picture of stamp Bilhete: (Port.) postal card Billet de Banque: (Fr.) Bank note, paper money Bilingual: two languages on the same stamp Bilingual pairs: pair of stamps on which the inscription is in one language on one of the stamps, and in another language on the other stamp; common with stamps of South Africa Bilingue: (Fr., It.) bilingual, two languages on the same stamp Bilingüe: (Sp.) bilingual, two languages on the same stamp Billets de port payé: (Fr.) slips (of paper) for postage paid, sold in monasteries, courthouses, colleges and prisons in Paris, France, 1653 by Renouard de Villayer, who used an adhesive postage stamp for prepaid postage, and had street corner posting-boxes service ended due to vandalism to the boxes Billigst: (Ger.) cheapest Bill Nyans: (Swed.) cheapest shade (color) Bilpostur: (Ice.) bus transport Binit Bicska: overprint on stamps of Hungary for Banat, district of Hungary; 1919: stamps of Hungary for Serbian Occupation, 1919, July: Serbian troops withdrew, area divided between Romania and Yugoslavia B. I. O. T. : British Indian Ocean Territory; 1968: overprint on stamps of Seychelles Bipaket: (Swed.) parcel post Bipartido: (Port.) bisected Bipartite stamps: stamps printed in two parts with one part meant to be used as postage and the other as a receipt of mailing Bird: Czechoslovakia newspaper stamps, spread wing bird design Birket-el-Sabh: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1864-1884 Birlesik Kirallik: (Turk.) Great Britain Birks Circular Dist.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Birmania: (Sp.) Burma Birmingham City Centre: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Birmingham Private Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Birobidzhan: cinderella local, former Soviet-Jewish republic in Southern Siberia, 1993 Birthday cover: covers or postcards postmarked on the date of a birthday "Birth Prince Henry": 1984 surcharge on stamps of Aitutaki Bis: (Sp.) used in addresses where two houses have the same address to alert mailman to check name of recipient Bisagra: (Sp.) stamp hinge or mount Bisbal del Panades: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Biscay: Spanish Basque province; 1873: Carlist stamps, with Don Carlos' portrait Biseccionado: (Sp.) bisected Bisect: stamp cut in half which has been used to pay the postage at half the face value of the original stamp; the bisect should becollected on the original cover with the postmark or cancellation covering the cut Bisectado, partido en dos: (Sp.) see: Bisect Bisecto: (Sp.) bisected stamp Bishop, Henry: appointed British postmaster general by Oliver Cromwell, 1660-63, and continued in that position during the Restoration and the accession of Charles II Bishop Mark: first dated postmark of Great Britain indicating day and month; 1661, about: Henry Bishop initiated form of a circle divided horizontally by a line with the month abbreviated to two letters in top half and day of the month in the lower half Bishop's City Post: U. S. local post, Cleveland, Ohio, 1848-51, see: Carriers' Stamps Bishop's Stortford: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bisseto: (Port.) bisect Bisseção, Bissetor: (Port.) bisect, bisecting Bister: (Eng., Ger.) dark brown, yellow brown (color) Bistra-Post: Romania - Bistra Local Post Bistre: (Fr., Sp.) dark brown bister, yellow brown (color) Bistro: (It.) dark brown (color) Bistru: (Rom.) bistre, yellowish-brown (color), Brun-galbui Bistru-oliv: (Rom.) bistre-olive, yellowish-brown olive (color) Bit: name of part that is affixed to a roller impressing into the newly formed paper, making the watermark Bite: the impression of design lines into the paper B. I. T.-OCT. 1930: Bureau International du Travail overprint;1: 1930: Belgium, International Labor Bureau; 2: 1938: Switzerland Bitola: formerly Monastir, Yugoslavia Bixcaia: (Sp.) early form of "Vizcaya" one of the Basque Provinces Bizonals: stamps issued in the Anglo-American zones of occupied Germany, 1945-49 Bizone, Bizonia: American and British Zones of Occupation BJ: Benin, country code as used by UPU Bjælkenummerstempel: (Dan.) numerical oblit cancellation with bars B. J. & Co., (Barber, Jones & Co.): private die match proprietary stamps BJ de F: (Bureau Imperial de France) Duchy of Berg, Lubeck, postmark, c1806-Aug. 180 Bjorneborg: now Pori, Finland Bjorn oya: bogus Bear Island local post Bjuda: (Swed.) to bid (at an auction) BK: booklet, Scott Catalogue number prefix B K C: airmail booklets, Scott Catalogue number prefix Bklt: abbreviation for booklet BKM: auction term abbreviation for Brookman Catalog Bkstp(d): abbreviation for backstamp(ed); see: Backstamp Bl: (Ger.) catalog abbreviation for blue (blau) overprint or surcharge BL: abbreviation for Bolaffi, Italian catalogue firm Blå: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) blue (color) Blaa: (Dan.) blue (color) Blåakt Grå: (Swed.) bluish-grey (color) Blåakt Grön: (Swed.) bluish-green (color) Blåaktig grønngrå: (Dan., Nor.) bluish green-grey (color) Blåakt Lila: (Swed.) bluish-lilac (color) Blåakt Mörkgrön-grön: (Swed.) bluish dark green-green (color) Blåakt purpur: (Swed.) bluish-purple (color) Blåakt violett: (Swed.) bluish-violet (color) Black: the darkest color Bläck: (Swed.) ink Black bar: marking printed next to the arrows on sheets of British stamps with phosphor bands to help in checking supplies Black Blot: American Philatelic Society program; 1962-79: offered guidance on the world's new stamp issues as to what issues they considered as unnecessary Black border: on the King Alexander memorial issue of Yugoslavia, 1934 Black Flag Republic: Formosa, Japanese seceding state, 1895 Black Hardings: nickname for the mourning stamps issued in 1923 for the death of President William Harding Black Heritage: U.S. stamps honoring Black Americans, started in 1978 Black Honduras: black overprint and surcharge for newly established airmail route; 1915-16: Honduras, only two copies known to exist Black Jack: nickname given to the US 2c issue of 1863 showing Andrew Jackson's head, printed in black Bläckmakulerad: (Swed.) pen canceled Black on color: used to describe an issue printed in black on colored paper with the actual color indicated being the color of the paper Black-out cancel: Canadian censored postmark used in port cities during WW II Black plates: plates originally used for the 1840 Penny Black, later used for the 1d red stamps Blackpool and Fylde: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Black print: 1: proofs of stamps pulled in black, not color of the issued stamp, from the actual printing plates: used for press releases. 2: Greenland: stamp-like labels, engraved by Slania and Rosing, sold by postal authorities to raise money for stamp shows Blackwell-Weilandy Book & Stationary Co.: private merchandise delivery serviced St.Louis, MO., used a label, year unknown Blad, Bledy: (Pol.) error, errors Blad (bledy) Pozorne: (Pol.) apparent color error(s) on a postage stamp that can be easily tampered with (e.g., missing silver color), to be purchased only with an expert's guarantee Blæk: (Dan.) ink Blå-ljusblå: (Swed.) blue-light blue (color) Blanc: (Fr.) white (color) Blanca: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Blanco: (Port., Sp.) white (color) Blanco Karte: (Ger.) blank cover, with stamp affixed, to be postmarked for special occassions Blanc type: French stamp design in 1900, named after designer, Joseph Blanc Blandad: (Swed.) mixed Blanefield Strike Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Blanes: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Blånet: (Dan.) blued (color) Blank (envelope): individual sheet of paper cut from the sheet by the knife in the envelope manufacturing stage; also known as shape Blanket: 1: papermaking term for the belt that carries newly formed paper; 2: rubber sheet used on offset presses to transfer the impression from the plate to paper Blase im Gummi: (Ger.) bubble in gum Blåskifer: (Dan.) blue-slate (color) Blason: (Fr.) stamp with arms design Blåsort: (Dan.) blue-black (color) Blattalbum: (Ger.) page for album Blattpapier: (Ger.) sheet Blått påtryck: (Swed.) blue surcharge Blau, bl.: (Ger.) blue (color) Blaue Karte: (Ger.) blue card from United Nations-Geneva; UN-Vienna has a white card; UN-New York has a green card Blaugel: (Ger.) commercial product to prevent stamps from adhering to album pages due to moisture absorption Blå-ultramarin: (Swed.) blue-ultramarine (color) Blåviolett: (Swed.) blue-violet (color) Blazon: (Rom.) coat-of-arms B L C I: Urdu language inscription on corners of stamps; 1800s-1900s: Feudatory State of Bhopal, India B.L. Co.: Ben Levy, US cancel or revenue stamp overprint for face powder product, 1914-16 BLDG: USPS abbreviation for building Bleached: use of a chemical agent to lighten or remove a discoloration or foreign substance from a stamp Bleacher: U.S. Navy code name during WW II for Tonga Blechdosepost: (Ger.) Tin Can Mail Bledny: (Pol.) faulty Bledy: (Czech.) pale (stamp color) Bleeding: color that runs when immersed in water: also printing of design that overlaps onto the margin or next attached stamp Bleg: (Dan.) pale (as referencing the color of a postage stamp) Blegblå: (Dan.) pale blue, light blue (color) Blegbrun: (Dan.) pale brown, light brown (color) Bleggrå: (Dan.) light gray (color) Bleggrøn: (Dan.) pale green, light green (color) Bleggul: (Dan.) pale yellow, light yellow (color) Bleglila: (Dan.) pale lilac, light lilac(color) Blegorange: (Dan.) pale orange, light orange (color) Blegpurpur: (Dan.) pale purple, light purple (color) Blegrød: (Dan.) pale red, light red (color) Blegrosa: (Dan.) pale rose, light rose (color) Blegrosarød: (Dan.) pale rose-red, light rose-red (color) Blegviolet: (Dan.) pale violet, light violet (color) Blek: 1. (Dan.) ink. 2. (Nor., Swed.) pale (as referencing the color of a postage stamp) Blekblå: (Nor., Swed.) pale blue (color) Blek blåakt grön: (Swed.) pale bluish-green (color) Blek blåliggrønn: (Nor.) pale bluish-green, light bluish-green (color) Blek blågrön: (Swed.) pale blue-green (color) Blekbrun: (Nor., Swed.) pale brown, light brown (color) Bleket: (Nor.) faded Blekfiolett: (Nor.) pale violet, light violet (color) Blekgrå: (Nor., Swed.) pale grey, light grey (color) Blekgrønn: (Nor.) pale green, light bgreen (color) Blekgrön: (Swed.) pale green (color) Blekgul: (Nor., Swed.) pale yellow, light yellow (color) Blekitney(o): (Pol.) sky blue (color) Blekk: (Nor.) ink Bleklila: (Swed.) pale lilac (color) Bleklilla: (Nor.) pale lilac, light lilac (color) Blekmosegrønn: (Nor.) pale moss-green (color) Blekolivengrønn: (Nor.) pale olive-green, light olive-green (color) Blekorange: (Swed.) pale orange (color) Blekröd: (Swed.) pale red (color) Blekrosa: (Nor., Swed.) pale rose, light rose (color) Blekorange: (Swed.) pale orange (color) Blekorangeröd: (Swed.) pale orange-red (color) Blekoransje: (Nor.) pale orange, light orange (color) Blekpurpur (Nor., Swed.) pale purple, light purple (color) Blekpurpurpurrød (Nor., Swed.) pale purple-red (color) Blekrød: (Nor.) pale red, light red (color) Blekröd: (Swed.) pale red (color) Blekrosa: (Nor, Swed.) pale rose, light rose (color) Blekrosarød: (Nor.) pale rose-red, light rose-red (color) Blekrosaröd: (Swed.) pale rose-red, light rose-red (color) Blekviolett: (Swed.) pale violet (color) Bleu: (Fr.) blue (color) Bleues: (Fr.) "blues" stamps of classic France Bleu-foncé: (Fr.) dark blue Bleuté: (Fr.) paper that has unintentionally turned blue; found on early British issues Blinddruck: (Ger.) albino, print with no ink Blind perforation: perforation holes that have been lightly impressed into the stamps, leaving the paper intact, but considered as cut Blind stamp: a stamp with no mention of its country of origin; many revenue stamps fall into this category Blindtakking : (Nor.) blind perforations (perforator impressing but not penetrating paper) Blindtakning: (Dan.) blind perforations Blindtryk: (Dan.) albino printing (printed without designated inking) Blindtrykk : (Nor.) albino printing (printed without designated inking) Blindzähnung: (Ger.) perforation that was not punched out completely Blister, gum: may be caused by excessive heat in gumming process, leaves areas of ungummed paper Blister, photographic: flaw from a defect in the photographic plate or film resulting in trapping of air or fluid Blitz perforation: perforations changed from De La Rue to Waterlows; 1936-43: New Zealand stamp series; due to the Blitzkrieg air raids on London Blizzard mail: U.S. local post, New York, N.Y., March 12-16, 1888, operated during blizzard Bljesak: bogus labels for Jugoslavia Blk: abbreviation for block of stamps, quantity in block should be quoted Bloating: an early philatelic term used for exhibitors who display several copies of the same stamp because it is rare Bloc: (Fr.) block, souvenir sheet (of stamps) Bloc avec numero de planche: (Fr.) plate block Blocco: (It.) block, souvenir sheet (of stamps) Blocco con numero di lastra: (It.) plate block Blocco di quattro: (It.) an unseparated group, or block, of four stamps Bloc commémoratif: (Fr.) souvenir sheet Bloc de patru marci: (Rom.) block-of-4 postage stamps Bloc de quatre: (Fr.) an unseparated group of four stamps Bloc-feuillet: (Fr.) sheet of a stamp or stamps, surrounded with a paper margin issued for a specific event or purpose, souvenir sheet Bloch, Herbert J.: (1907-87) received every top philatelic honor, best known for his ability as an expert Block: 1: (Ger.) block, souvenir sheet (of stamps); 2: an unseparated group of stamps; if the block is larger than four stamps, it is referred to as a block of six, block of eight, etc. 3: Michel 2001 catalogue considers blocks (souvenir sheets/miniature sheets) and sheetlets as items containing one, two or three stamps; four to six stamp are blocks, provided three of the stamps are different; items with the same four stamps are blocks when said stamp also appears at the same time in a sheet. 4. (Swed.) miniature sheet Blockade-run mail: US Civil War postal route between Europe and the Confederate States Block, arrow: block with attached margin with arrow; see: arrow block Blockausgabe: (Ger.) miniature sheet or sheetlet issue Blockbusting: breaking stamp multiples to yield singles that are well-centered or have full never-hinged gum Block, center gutter: block including two wide spaces separating the printed sheet into panes Block, center line: block with center lines and point of crossing Block, corner: one of four corners, usually with plate number where the margin is attached to the stamps, on rotary press, not flat plate in the U.S Blocked value: one value in each set of stamps issued by the German Democratic Republic; 1955-1982: the sale of which was restricted to control the philatelic traffic in these stamps, prevent speculation and and maintain a high sales value Blockform: (Ger.) miniature sheet format Block, irregular: block, not square, but description must contain number of stamps in block Block, line: contains either vertical or horizontal guide lines Bloco Comemorativo: (Port.) souvenir sheet Block of four, imperforate within: blocks that are perforated on all outside edges, but are missing perforations within the block, sometimes done intentionally Bloc report: (Fr.) block of stamp clichés from a small plate or stone, used to replicate a full plate (Bordeaux issue) Block tagged: tagging applied on a stamp in a rectangle that does not touch the perforations Block, traffic lights: block with attached margin showing color checks Block type: a plain squared type without ornament Bloco: (Port.) block Bloco comemorativo: (Port.) souvenir sheet Bloco do quatro: (Port.) an unseparated group of four stamps Blocque con numero de plancha: (Sp.) plate block Bloc Report: (Fr.) block of clichés of stamps from a small plate or stone, used to replicate a full plate (Bordeaux issue) Blodrød: (Dan., Nor.) blood red (color) Blog: a web site made up of a personal journal characterized by a conversational writing style Blok: (Dan., Dut., Pol.) block (of stamps) Blokados Fondui: (Lith.) Blockade Fund semiofficial label issued by Lithuania post office Blokk: 1. (Nor.) block (of stamps). 2. (Hung.) souvenir sheet Blokken van 4(vier) Zegels: (Neth.) block-of-4 postage stamps Blomme: (Dan.) plum (color) Blonie: city in German-occupied Russian Poland, local post overprint, 1918-20 Blood's Penny Post: U. S. local post, Philadelphia Despatch Post, Philadelphia, Pa. 1843: operated by Robertson & Co., predecessor of D.O. Blood & Co Blood's Penny Post: U. S. local post, D.O. Blood & Co. Despatch Post, Phil., Pa., 1845-54; formed by Daniel Otis Blood and Walter H. Blood, successor to Philadelphia Despatch Post. Blood's Penny Post: U. S. local post, Philadelphia, Pa., 1855-60: acquired by Blood's Penny Post general manager, Charles Kochersperger, when Daniel O. Blood died B. L. P.: (It.) overprint semi-postal with advertisements sold to benefit invalids; 1901-22: Buste Lettere Postali, Italy Bloque: (Sp.) block, souvenir sheet (of stamps) Bloque de cuatro: (Sp.) an unseparated group of four stamps Blow, W.T.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Blu: (Sp.) blue (color) Blu-chiaro: (It.) light blue (color) Blu di Prussia: (It.) Prussian blue (color) Blu Savoia: (It.) royal blue (color) Blu Scuro: (It.) dark blue (color) Blue: having the color of a clear sky, or the deep sea Bluebell Railway: British railway that printed stamps for mail carried on their trains to post offices Blue Boy: Alexandria, Virginia, postmaster's provisional 5¢ black on blue paper; nickname taken from Thomas Gainsborough's portrait of Thomas Buttall, wearing a blue suit Blue Cross: drawn or preprinted across the entire front of an envelope indicates that piece of mail is registered; mainly used in the British Empire Blued: British stamps printed by De Le Rue on paper showing usually faint blue color, caused by reaction between the ink and chemicals in the paper; pre 1884: see: Ivory Head; Bluefields: Nicaragua issue, 1904-11 Blue Helmets: term used for United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, color of their helmets Blue Mauritius: unissued German 1980 Olympic stamp all used by the family of the then Minister of Posts Bluenose: 1929 50¢ stamp considered the most beautiful Canadian stamp, depicting schooner Bluenose in full sail Blue Plaques: British term for stamp designs that relate to London plaques that recognize famous people and events Blue Post Horn: imprinted on back of Swedish stamp paper as a "control print," 1886 Blueprint paper: paper made sensitive to light by treatment with a solution of yellow prussiate of potash and peroxide of iron Blue Rag Paper: used experimentally to produce U.S. stamps in 1909 Blue Safety Paper: prussiate of potash added during paper manufacture to prevent the printing ink from penetrating deeply into the paper thus preventing the removal of the postmark by chemical means; created a blue appearance in British stamps of 1855-56; see: Ivory Head Blue savoia: (It.) royal blue (color) Bluffton, So. Ca Paid 5: see: Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals Bluish paper: a grayish blue colored paper used for the Washington-Franklin series of 1909; made on 35% rag paper stock, instead of the usual wood pulp paper, to if excess paper shrinkage could be reduced; also known as Blue Paper Blukubade te Sarof: bogus label Blume: (Ger.) flower, as a theme or topic Blurred impression: if the printing plate strikes the paper in the printing process with a jarring motion, a blurred impression will be produced Blyszczacy(o): glossy (as referencing the color of a postage stamp) B. M.: 1: Bench of Magistrates, South Australia official overprint, 1868-74; 2: see: Boite mobile, also British Administration BM: Bermuda, country code as used by UPU B. M.: Bench of Magistrates, South Australia official overprint, 1868-74 B. M. A.: British Military Administration B. M. A. Burma: on stamps of Burma; 1945-51: British Military Administration B. M. A. Eritrea: overprint on stamps of Great Britain, Offices in Africa; 1948-49: British Military Administration B. M. A. Malaya: overprint on Straits Settlements;1945-51: British Military Administration B. M. A. North Borneo: overprint North Borneo; 1945-51: British Military Administration B. M. A. Sarawak: overprint Sarawak; 1945-51: British Military Administration B. M. A. Somalia: overprint Great Britain, Offices in Africa;1948-49: British Military Adm B. M. A. Tripolitania: overprint on stamps of Great Britain, Offices in Africa; 1948, July 1-49: British Military Administration, 1950, Feb. 6-Dec. 1951: used in Tripolitania only BMC: Bernard M. Connelly, BEP employee initials, 1906-1928; Plate Finisher, Siderographer BMEF: British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force BMM: British Military Mission, Indian Army, 1984 BN: 1: auction abbreviation for topical or thematic subject balloons; 2: Brunei Darussalam, country code as used by UPU B N A: British North America (Canada, Newfoundland, etc.) BNA: British North Africa, WWII BNAF: British North Africa Force BNAPS: British North America Philatelic Society B. N. F. Castellorizo: Base Navale Francaise overprint on stamps of French Levant; 1920: French occupation of Turkey, Offices in Turkey B.N.R.: cinderella, Belarusian National Rada, White Russia, 1920 B O: 1: consular overprint, SCADTA stamps of Colombia, sold in Bolivia, 1920s; 2: Bolivia, country code as used by UPU BOAC: British Overseas Airways Corp Board of Education: overprint; 1902-04: Great Britain Official Board of Governors: governing body of the US Postal Service: includes nine governors who are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The nine then elect a Postmaster General, who becomes a member of the Board. Those ten elect a Deputy Postmaster General who also serves on the Board; review the policies and practices of the Postal Service Boardwalk margins: stamps with wide margins: also referred to as Jumbo Stamps Boating stamp: US revenue stamp; 1960: required on certificate applications for motorboats of more than 10 horsepower B O B: see: Back of the Book Bobcat: U.S. Navy code name during WW II for Bora, Bora Bobina: (It., Sp.) coil (of stamps) Bobina de Sêlo: (Port.) Coil stamp Bobrof: Russian town in Voronezh Oblast; issued over 150 different local Rural Post stamps (1872-1896, the local post being suppressed at the end of the year 1896), Zemstvo B. O. C.: (Ger.) Bayerische-Osterreichisch Correspondenz postmark; 1840s: Austrian-Bavarian postal treaty offered reduced rates Bocairente: local, Spanish civil war, 1937 Bocas del Toro: Panama; 1903-04: overprint "R de Panama" used in City of Bocas del Toro Bochnia: city in former Austrian-occupied Poland, local post overprint, 1918-20 Bochum: locals, Germany, 1: Express Packet Verkehr Brief, 1886-91; 2: Privat Stadtbrief & Packetbeförderungsanstalt, 1897 Bockenheim: local, Germany 1890-1900 Bock, Schneider & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Bod: (Czech.) 1. Dot. 2. Stop. 3. Period. 4. (Dut.) auction (bid) Bodensee Schiffspost: (Ger.) Lake Constance ship mail Body bags: USPS printed plastic envelope whose purpose is to explain why the enclosed mail piece was damaged or delayed Boekdruk: (Dut.) typography Boers: stamps for use in Pietersburg, South Africa, captured by the British April 9, 1901 Bogen: (Ger.) sheet (of stamps) Bogenabklatsch: (Ger.) sheet offset Bogenecke: (Ger.) corner of sheet (pane) Bogenfeld: (Ger.) position of a stamp in a sheet Bogenförmig: (Ger.) name given to Canadian set of King George V of 1930-31 to differentiate them from previous series; also arched Bogenlage: (Ger.) plate position Bogenlochung: (Ger.) harrow perforation, full sheet perforated in one operation Bogenmitte: (Ger.) center of sheet Bogenpack: (Ger.) pack of sheets Bogen rand: (Ger.) sheet margin Bogensammlung: (Ger.) collection of complete sheets Bogensignatur: (Ger.) number in sheet margin Bogenwasserzeichen: (Ger.) sheet watermark Bogenzähler: (Ger.) sheet serial number Bogenzähnung: (Ger.) sheet perforation Bogert & Durbin: stamp dealers, issued priced catalogues, New York, 1886 Boghuchary: Russian town in Voronezh Oblast; issued several local Rural Post stamps (1872-1880, these local post sendings being free from 1873), Zemstvo Bogorodsk: (now Noginsk) Russian town in Moscow Oblast ca. 35 miles E of the city ofMoscow; issued a large number of local Rural Post stamps (1871-1896, the local post being suppressed at the end of the year 1896), Zemstvo Bogota, City of: local stamps, 1889-03, Colombia Bogtryk: (Dan.) Tryk - Bog Bogus stamp: make-believe stamps from real places, usually made to defraud; Falschung (Ger.), Emission Faux (Fr.), Emissione Falso (It.), Emision Fantasi (Sp.); Fantasy stamps, Cinderellas Bohemia and Moravia: Czechoslovakia; 1939: Czech provinces declared German protectorate, used overprinted Czech stamps, then stamps inscribed Böhmen and Mähren, 1942-1945: Deutsches Reich and Grossdeutsches Reich issues Bohcme et Moravie: (Fr.) Bohemia and Moravia Bohemia y Moravia: (Sp.) Bohemia and Moravia Bøhmen og Mæhren: (Dan.) Bohemia and Moravia Böhmen und Mähren: (Ger.) inscription for Czechoslovakia, Bohemia and Moravia B O I C: British Occupation of the Italian Colonies Boite aux Lettres: (Fr.) letter box Boite Mobile: (Fr.) movable mail box at dockside or aboard ship; mid-1800s-World War II: used by ships crossing the English Channel Boite Postale: (Fr.) post-office box Bøjning: (Dan.) slight crease Boju ofu: bogus issue from Burma Boka Kotarska (Cataro): Yugoslav province, overprints in Italian and German currency, 1944 Bokhara: bogus labels for vassal state in Russia, issued in 1886 Boktryck: (Swed.) letterpress Boktrykk: (also Trykking) (Nor.) typography Boktrykker: (also Trykker) (Nor.) printer Boktrykkeri: (also Trykkeri) (Nor.) printery, printing plant Bolaffi (BOL): Bolaffi Specialized Postage Stamp Catalog, Italy and Colonies Boletin: (Sp.) magazine, bulletin Bolivar: former state of the United States of Colombia; 1863-1904: a department of Colombia Bolivar, Sucre Miranda-decreto: overprint of Escuelas Venezuela stamps as validation of non-postage school stamps Bolivia: Central South America; currency: 100 centavos = 1 peso boliviano (1963), 100 centavos = 1 boliviano (1987) 1825: became independent, 1863, Mar. 18-Apr. 29, 1863: Sr. Justiniano Garcia carried mails, 1867: No.1, 10 centavos green, first stamps issued, revenues, provisionals and postage dues used as postage, 1886, April 1: joined the UPU, 1924, Dec.: first air mail stamp issued, 1931: first postage due stamp issued, 1939: first semipostal stamp issued Bolivia, forged issues: 1: 1868-69 Coat of Arms, Scott 10-14. 2: 1897 Coat of Arms, Scott 54 Bolivie: (Fr.) Bolivia Bolivien: (Dan., Ger.) Bolivia Bolivisk: (Dan.) Bolivian Bolla Della Posta di Sicilia: (It.) stamp of the Post of Sicily; Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Italian States, first stamp, Jan. 1, 1859 Bolladore: local, Italian liberation, "Co. Nazional di Liberazione," 1944 Bollo Postale: (It.) San Marino Bolla Della Posta Napolitana: (It.) stamp of the Napolitan Post, Kingdom of Two Sicilies, Jan. 1,1858 Bollawollabongo: bogus labels, no information on source available Bolletta: (It.) San Marino parcel post Bollo: (It.) postmark Bollo di Ferrovia: (It.) railway postmark Bollo di Franchigia: (It.) franchise stamp Bollo Straordinaria per le Poste: (It.) extraordinary stamp for the post; Italian State, Tuscany, newspaper tax stamp for foreign publications Bollullos del Condado: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces,1936-38 Bologna Vallescura: (Esperanto) Red Cross cinderella Bolschaya Alexandrovka: local, Soviet, German occupation, 1941-42 Bomba Heads: King Ferdinand II, known as "King Bomba"; 1859: stamps for Kingdom of Two Sicilies featuring King's portrait with instructions that his royal image could not be marred in any way; a frame-shaped cancel devised to grant his wish Bonn: 1: local, Germany, Express-Packet-Verkehr, 1887; 2: Private-Brief-Beförderung Rhenania, 1896-1900 Bon(ne): (Fr.) good Bon(s): (Fr.) coupon(s), ticket(s) B.O.N.C.: Barred Oval Numerical Canceller, the term for describing the numerical oblits on the postage stamps of the Cape of Good Hope Bonde: (Fr.) wrapper Bond paper: a thin crisp high quality paper with a hard surface; 1862-71: used for early US revenue stamps, proofs and essays Bond, Wm. & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Bone: now Annaba, Algeria Bonelli's: stamp of British private telegraph company Bongonga: bogus, spoof stamps created for 1936 stamp exhibition Bonito: (Sp.) used to describe a stamp in nice condition Bon marché: (Fr.) cheap Bonny River: Royal Niger Company rubber stamp cancel, on stamps of 1892 Great Britain. Booby head: first Plimpton die (1874) of 10¢ Washington head, which is extremely large Book bid: bids entrusted by an absentee bidder to an auctioneer; bids to be executed on behalf of an absentee bidder during the course of the public auction Bookgirl, Republic of: product of Artistamp, private label manufacturer Booklet: stamp book that contains one or more panes of unused stamps; Markenheftchen (Ger.), Carnet de Timbres (Fr.), Libretto di Francobolli (It.), Cuadernillo de Sellos (Sp.) Booklet leaf: term for a booklet pane, a page from a booklet containing stamps Booklet number singles: booklets with plate numbers on the stamp itself, 1997 Booklet pane: uncut block of stamps especially printed and cut for use in booklets; 1895: first booklets in Luxembourg Bookmark postcards: a narrow postcard, measuring 2 5/8 by 5 5/8, that can also be used as a bookmark Boonie Islands: bogus, remote nonexistent place Bootheel Postmark: Barbados oval marking, 1863-82, name derives from marks resembling metal studs on men's shoes Bootleg mail: letter carried outside of the normal mail stream; term may have originated when travelers carried letters illegally in their riding boots; carried from overseas, often for missionaries, then franked and deposited in local mail, avoiding the high international rates in the pre-UPU period Bophuthatswana: South Africa Homeland State; 1977, Dec. 6: first stamps issued after given autonomy, 1994, Apr. 27: Bophuthatswana ceased to exist Bord, an: (Ger.) (on) board Bordbriefkasten: (Ger.) paquebot Bord: (Fr.) margin, selvage, or border around stamps Bord cancel: (Fr.) cachet applied on board (spacecraft, ship, etc.) Bord de Feuille, BdeF: (Fr.) sheet margin Borde: (Sp.) margin, selvage, or border around stamps Bordeaux: (Fr.) maroon (color) Bordeaux issue: Third Republic of France; 1870: provisional government issue of provisional stamps used during Siege of Paris due to lack of supplies from Paris; local, liberation, 1944 Bordein: Egypt, see: Interpostal seals, 1879-1884 Bordentown & New York Stage: handstamp used in 1786 on stage mail route between New York and Philadelphia Border: the frame or edge of a stamp design Border and G'way: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bordo di foglio: (It.) selvage Bordo de hoja: (Sp.) selvage Bordpost: (Ger.) ship mail Bordpoststempel: (Ger.) cancel on board ship, Zeppelin, etc., pacquebot cancel Bordsiegel: (Ger.) cachet on board (spacecraft) BordSt.: an on-board Zeppelin marking Bordure: (Fr.) margin, boder, selvage, gutter Boreas, S.S.: Danube Steam Navigation Co. steamship; 1850s: for the lower Danube lines Borgå: (Fin.) local post via steamship, Finland late 1890s Borge: local, Spanish civil war, Nationalist forces, 1937 Borisoglyebsk: (now Borisoglebsk) Russian town in Tambov Oblast ca. 260 miles SE of Moscow; issued numerous local Rural Post stamps (1871-1896, the local post being suppressed in 1882), Zemstvo Borneo, North: northeast part of Borneo island, Malay Archipelago, Malaysia; currency: 100 cents = 1 dollar 1881: British North Borneo Company administered country, 1883, June: first stamps issued, 1892: stamps canceled with bars were remaindered in huge quantities, 1895: first postage due stamp, 1912: "British protectorate" overprint on stamps of North Borneo, 1916: first semipostal stamp, 1940: became a British colony along with Labuan, 1942, June: overprinted stamps issued as Japanese Occupation of British Borneo, 1943-44: stamps of Japan issued for use in Borneo, 1945, Dec. 17: first stamps of North Borneo overprinted B.M.A. 1963, Sept. 6: part of Federation of Malaysia, changed name to Sabah Borongós: (Hung.) grey (color) Borovichy: (now Borovichi) Russian town in Novgorod Oblast ca. 160 miles SE of St. Petersburg; issued several local Rural Post stamps (1869-1912), Zemstvo Borresen Local Post: Drammen - Borresen Local Post Borroso: (Sp.) blurred, roughly printed Börse: (Ger.) bourse; such as a stamp show, where stamps are bought, sold or exchanged Boscawen: New Hampshire, Postmaster's issue, 1846 Bosna: (Czech.) Bosnia Bosna-Hercegovina: (Czech.) Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosna i Hercegovina: Jugoslavia overprint on stamps of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ottoman Empire provinces; Dalmatia/Serbia, formerly Yugoslavia; currency: 100 novcica (neukreuzer) = 1 florin (gulder), 100 heller = 1 krone (1900) 1850s: postal service operated using Turkish stamps, 1878: military posts operated in area, Austrian protection, 1879, Jan.: civilian postal service started, with stamps of Austria and Hungary, 1879, July 1: No.1 ½ novcica black; first stamps issued, 1892, July 1: joined the UPU, 1904: first postage due stamp issued, 1908: Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1910, Oct. 18: first stamps under regime of Austria-Hungary issued, 1914, June 28: Austria-Hungary Archduke Ferdinand assassinated, 1914: first semipostal stamp issued, 1917: became part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1918, Nov.: provincial stamps issued, 1941: stamps issued by occupying powers, Germany and Italy, 1992, Oct. 26: stamps of Yugoslavia surcharged, 1992: Proclamation of Independence, with Serb administration, currency: 100 paras = 1 dinar, 100 pfennig = 1 mark (1996) 1993-post: Croat and Serb administration, 1993, Jan. 26: rejoined the UPU, 1993-95: "Republika Bosna I Hercegovina" inscription for Muslim government in Sarajevo, 1995: Dayton Peace Accord divided nation between Croats, Muslims and the Serbs, 1997, Sep. 14: first postal tax stamp Bosnia and Herzegovina, forged issues: 1: 1900 Coat of Arms, Scott 11-21. 2: 1900 Coat of Arms, Scott 22-24. 3: 1906 Emperor Franz Josef, Scott 45. 4: 1912 Jaice, Scott 62. 5: 1912 Konjica, Scott 63. 6: 1912 Vishegrad, Scott 64. 7: 1913 girl, newspaper stamps, Scott P1-P4 Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herceg Bosna): Croat Administration in Mostar: currency: 100 paras = 1 dinar (1993), 100 lipa = 1 kuna (1994), 100 pfennig = 1 mark (1998) 1993, May 12: first stamp, 1999, Nov. 22: last issue Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska): Serb Administration in Banja Luca currency: 100 paras = 1 dinar, 100 pfenning = 1 mark (1998) 1992, Oct. 26: first stamps Bosnia Erzegovina: (It.) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnie et Herzégovine: (Fr.) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnien: (Dan.) Bosnia Bosnien-Hercegovina: overprint on stamps of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, 1918 Bosnien i Herzegowina: inscriptions on Bosnia and Herzegovina stamp, 1906-12 Bosnien und Herzegowina: (Ger.) Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniensk: (Dan.) Bosnian Bostgebiet: Lithuania overprint on stamps of Germany, German occupation, 1916-17 Boston: Mass.: 1849-51: semi-official local carriers' stamps; see: Carriers' stamps Boston & Albany R.R. Co.: private parcel delivery serviced Boston & Albany Railroad Co., used stamps, 1880s Boston & Bangor Express Co.: private parcel firm serviced Boston, Mass and various towns in Maine; used labels; c1885 Boston & Gardner Express: private parcel firm serviced Boston, Mass and Gardner, Mass, used a label, year unknown Boston & Providence Despatch Express Co.: private parcel firm serviced Mass., Conn., and Rhode Island.; used a label Boston counterfeit: the US 2¢ stamp of the 1922 series, look for a large and out-of-proportion "S" in Washington, plus variations in the perforations Boston Hartford & Erie R.R. Express: private express serviced stations on the Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, used a label; mid-1860 Boston Hotels Coach Co's Baggage Express: local baggage firm serviced Boston, Mass.; used a label, year unknown Boston Independent Express Cop.: serviced, Boston, Mass., used a label, year unknown Boston island: bogus label from American Journal of Philately Boston, Lowell & Nadhua Railroad Co.'s Express Department: railroad station package delivery serviced the railroad; used a label, year unknown Boston Parcel Delivery Co.: private parcel delivery firm serviced Boston, Mass.; used labels, year unknown Boston Parcel Post: parcel delivery firm serviced Boston, Mass., used a label; 1848 Boston Shoe Fair: poster stamp promoting a show in 1939 Boston Street Car R.P.O.: consisted of seven circuits, 1896 Boston Tea Party Stamps: nickname for the 1765 Stamp Act stamps even though these stamps had nothing to do with the Boston Tea Party Boten: 1: local stamps of Hamburg, term taken from inscription Hamburger Boten, 1861; 2: (Ger.) messenger (postman) Botenbrief: (Ger.) private courier letter Botenmeister: (Ger.) messenger (postmen) supervisor Botenordnung: (Ger.) regulations for messengers (postmen) Botschaft: (Ger.) message Botswana: formerly British Bechuanaland Protectorate - Southern Africa; currency: 100 cents = 1 rand, 100 thebe = 1 pula (1976) 1888: overprint on Cape of Good Hope stamps, followed by overprints on British stamps, 1966, Sept. 30-67: "Republic of Botswana" overprint on stamps of Bechuanaland Protectorate; 1966, Sept. 30: No.1 2 ½ cent multicolor; first stamp issued, 1967, Mar.1: first postage due stamp issued, 1968, Jan. 12: joined the UPU; Bechuanaland Protectorate Bottle Mail: first tested by Theophrastus, Greek philosopher, about 300 BC who launched bottles with messages and determined that the Mediterranean Seas's water came from the Atlantic Ocean Bottom: lowest side of anything Bouah: Egypt: see: Interpostal seals, 1879-84 Bou Armado: (Sp.) civil war naval marking for armed trawler Bouchir: (Fr.) Bushire Boughies: (Fr.) candles; French Colony revenue inscription Bought in: auction term for a lot where seller literally bought the lot back against the book and/or floor bidder; an unsold lot Boughton's Express: freight and baggage firm serviced Brooklyn and New York City; used a label, year unknown Bousfield & Poole: private die match proprietary stamps Boulak: see: Interpostal seals, 1879-84 Boule de Moulins: sealed zinc balls to carry mail; 1870-71: French attempt to use the River Seine to carry mail in boules from Moulin to Paris when Paris was under siege. Bounce back: commercial mailers term for undeliverable mail; padding. commercial mailers term for undeliverable mail; padding Bourg d'Orsans: local provisional, France, 1944 Bourgueil: local provisional, France, 1944 Bournemouth and District: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bournemouth Life Guard: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bourse: a market place, such as a stamp show, where stamps are bought, sold or exchanged Bourse aux Timbres: (Fr.) stamp market Boutell & Maynard: private die match proprietary stamps Bouton's Manhattan Express: S. Allan Taylor label Bouton's Manhattan Express: local post serviced Manhattan, N.Y.; used a stamp, year unknown Bouton's Post, Franklin City Despatch Post: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1847 Bouton's Post, Manhattan Express: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1847 Bouton's Post, City Dispatch Post: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1848 Bouvenkant: (Dut.) top Bouvet-märkena (Norge): (Swed.) Bouvet stamps (Norway) Bouvet Øya: Norway handstamp, about 1970s, as overprint for Bouvet Island, commemorates the visit of British Vice-Admiral Evans to the island in 1934, repudiated by Norwegian government; in 1955 and 1960-70s, South Africa had a survey team land on the island; in 1958, Italian expedition landed on island; covers and cachets exists for all these expeditions Bowers & Dunham: private die match proprietary stamps Bowery Post-Office: S. Allan Taylor label Bowlsby Coupon Essay: stamp with a coupon attached that was to be detached by the postmaster when the stamp was sold; to prevent reuse of stamp; original patent called for tearing away part of the stamps; used on a variation of the 1¢ 1861 Franklin stamp; invented by G. W. Bowlsby Boxborough-Oxford: bogus local post, U.S Box Cancel: marking within a frame, usually contains a city and date of application Boxed marking: marking that is set within a frame, may be handstamp or printed marking in margin of sheet of postage stamps Boxer labels: 23 engraved privately printed labels, depicting heavyweight champions of the world; drawn by well-known stamp artist Czeslaw Slania; forgeries exist Boxers: a Chinese anti-foreign secret society Boxer Uprising, China: China, Boxer Uprising Boxlink: New Zealand Post express delivery Bøy: (Nor.) fold Boyaca: department of Colombia; 1750-post: Spanish handstamps in use, 1834: forwarding agents cachets known, 1847:US Mail Despatch Agency used stamps of USA with red grid cancel, 1899: first provincial stamps, 1902-04: stamps of Colombia Boyce's City Express Post: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1852 Boycott British Goods: inscription on propaganda labels, India Boyd's City Express: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1844-67 Boyd's City Dispatch: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y. 1874-77, change in name Boyd's Dispatch: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y. 1878-82, change in name Boyd's City Post: U. S. local post, New York, N.Y. envelopes, 1864-78 Boy Scout issue: Boy Scout Association national and international jamboree commemoration of event by host nation, also used to commemorate the boy scouts Boys in Blue: inscription on Hawaiian post cards; used for prestamped cards given to servicemen leaving for the Spanish- American War zone Bozze: (It.) proof Bozzetto: (It.) design, artwork printed portion of a stamp, as distinguished from the surrounding margin of blank paper B P: 1: booklet pane; 2: Bundespost (Germany Federal Post) B P A: 1: British Philatelic Association; 2: Bahnpostamt (Ger.) railway post office B P C: Belgian military postmark, Bureau de Poste de Campagne BPCV.P.K.: (Fr./Flem.) Belgian military postmark, Bureau de Poste de Campagne, veld Post Kantoor "B" Perforator: purchased May 28, 1862, used for stamp sheets too narrow for the "A" perforator, used for small stamp sheets since the line of holes was only 12 inches long B P F: British Philatelic Federation, Great Britain "Bpitish": overprint variety on British East Africa overprints B P O: 1: British Post Office. 2: Base Army Post office, military postal facility to separate bulk mail B press: a three-color Intaglio Giori webfed combination press used by the BEP starting about 1976; officially called Press 701 Br, br'n: (Ger.) catalog abbreviation for brown (braun) overprint or surcharge BR: Brazil, country code as used by UPU B R: overprint, indicating consular stamp sold in Brazil, 1920s: on SCADTA Colombia stamps B. R. A.: overprint, British Railway Administration late letter fee; 1901: on stamps of China during Boxer rebellion BRA: international postal code for Brazil Brac, Brac Franco: island in the Adriatic Sea; stamps of Jugoslavia overprint; 1943: stamps of Yugoslavia unauthorized overprint by Germany, 1944, May: charity stamps printed when occupied by Germany, never issued Bradbury, Wilkinson & Co. Ltd.: British stamp printing firm Bradbury Wilkinson Co.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bradford & Co.'s Express: local parcel firm serviced Boston and Plymouth, Mass., used labels; c 1880s Bradford Insurance Co.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bradway's Despatch: U.S. local post, Millville, N.J., between Philadelphia and Millville, 1857 Brady & Co. : U.S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1857 Brady & Co. Chicago Penny Post: U.S. local post, Chicago, Ill., about 1860 Braekstad & Co.: private local post at Trondhejm (Drontheim), Norway, Nov. 1865 Brainard & Co.: U.S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1844 Brake Shoe: a variety found on the 11¢ Caboose stamp of the Transportation coil series; appears as a semi-circular line that follows the outside curve of the front wheel Branca Bros. (Fernet Branca): inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Branch: name given to a post office that is a subsidiary of the main post office Branch Post Office: 1: local handstamp, New York, N.Y., 1847. 2: In U.S. a subsidiary postal station located outside corporate limits of the city to which attached Branco: (Port.) white (color) Branded stamps: another term for perfins, stamps perforated with initials or designs Brandenburg: local, Germany, Stadtbrief-Beförderung Courier, 1896-1900 Brandkastzegels: (Neth.) Marine Insurance stamps Brandreth, B.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Branford Wool: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Brasil: (Nor., Port., Sp.) Brazil Brasile: (It.) Brazil Brasshat: U.S. Navy code name during WW II for Amphibious Training Group, SW Pacific Bratislava: formerly Pressburg, Czechoslovakia Brattleboro: Vermont, US postmaster's provisional stamps, 1846 Braun: (Ger.) brown, coffee or chocolate (color) Braunschweig: (Ger.) Brunswick, German State, also known as Brunswick Brazil: North and East Coast, South America; official name of postal administration: Empresa Brasileira de Correios e Telégrafos currency: 100 centavos = 1 cruzeiro (1942), 100 centavos = 1 cruzado (1986), 100 centavos = 1 cruzeiro (1990) 1798, Jan. 20: Royal postal service started between Portugal and Brazil, 1822: Empire of Brazil declared independence, 1843, Aug. 1: No.1, 30 reis black; first stamps, the "Bull's Eye" issue, 1851: British Royal Mail took over control, British and French markings used, 1860: stamps of France used with anchor cancel, 1866-74: stamps of Britain used at ports, 1877, July 1: joined the UPU, 1889: first postage due, newspaper stamp issued, 1890: issues of the Republic of Brazil, 1900: first commemorative stamp issued, 1906: first official stamp issued, 1927, Dec. 8: first air mail stamp, 1928: first air mail stamp issued, 1934, Sept. 16: first semipostal stamp issued Brazil: 1: local airmail, ETA, 1920s; 2: Colombian Airline Postal Service, SCADTA, 1921-23. 3: local airmail, Syndicato Condor, 1927; 4: local airmail, Varig, 1920s. 5: (Hung.) Brazil Brazil, forged issues: 1: 1894-97 Sugarloaf Mountain, Scott 112. 2: 1889 postage due, Scott J4 Brazília: (Hung.) Brazilian Brazilien: (Dan.) Brazil Brazilik: (Dan.) Brazilian Brazil Mail Steamship Company: started service Jan. 1866, subsidized by the American government which required it to carry mail Brazilsk: (Dan.) Brazilian Brazowy(o), Brazowawy(o): (Pol.) bronze, bronzish (color) Brazza: see: Brac Breakdown die proofs: see: Schernikow die proofs Breast cancer: US non-denominated semi-postal stamp, value 32, 33, 34¢, July 29, 1998 Brechou, Brecqhou: island off coast of Sark, Great Britain local carriage label, 1969 Brecon & Merthyr Railway: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Breedgerand, Breedrandig: (Neth.) large margins Bree's Express: private mail and parcel firm serviced routes of the Morris and Essex Railroad and Sussex Railroad to northern N.J. and New York City; used a label; 1950s Bréfhiršing: (Ice.) general name for smallest Iceland post offices Breit: (Ger.) wide, large Brefmärke: (Fin.) "letter stamp" used on steamships, carrying mail, local post serving Finnish cities, late 1800s Breitemarke: (Ger.) oversized, wide stamp Breitenausdehnung: (Ger.) with wide (broad) margins Breitrandig: (Ger.) wide margins Breiz: bogus labels for French province Brekk: (Nor.) crease Breme: (Fr.) Bremen Bremen: German State; located in northwestern Germany; 1784: Thurn and Taxis had office in Bremen, 1810: Bremen annexed to French Empire, 1813: Bremen became a Free City again, 1855, Apr. 10: No.1, 3 grote blue; first stamps, 1868, Jan. 1: stamps of the German Confederation, 1870: became part of the German Empire, 1872, Jan.: German stamps issued Bremen: locals Germany, 1: Briefbeförderung Hammonia, 1886-87; 2: Packetfahrt Bremen, 1900; 3; Privat-Briefbeförderungs-Anstalt, 1896-1900 Brésil: (Fr.) Brazil Bresil Calais: (Fr.) border entry date stamp from Brazil to Calais, France Bresilien: (Ger.) Brazil Breslau: now known as Wroclaw, Poland Breslau: locals, Germany; 1: Breslauer Packetfahrt Gesellschaft, 1896-1906; 2: Breslauer Stadtpost Courier, 1896-1900; 3; Breslauer Transport-Bureau, 1890-94; 4: Briefbeförderung Hammonia, 1886-87; 5: Dientsmanns-Institut, 1867; 6: Hansa-Zeitungsspedition und Incasso, 1900; 7: Neue Breslauer Expres-Packet-Brieförderung, 1886-87; 8: Privat-Stadtbrief-Brieförderung Hansa, 1893-1900; 9: Stadtbriefbeförderung-Neue Stadtpost, 1896-1900 Bretagne: bogus issue Brev: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) postage stamp on cover Brevbärare: (Swed.) mail man, mail carrier, post man Brevbudsauktion: (Dan.) mail bid sale Brevframsida: (Swed.) cover front (only) Brevklip: (Dan.) postage stamp(s) on a piece of paper or envelope Brevklipp: (Swed.) postage stamp(s) on paper clipping Brevkort: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) postal card Brevkort, Dubbelt (med Betalt Svar): (Swed.) doubled PostalCard (with the "Reply Paid" portion) Brevkort dubbla: (Dan. Nor., Swed.) doubled postcard Brevlåda: (Swed.) letter box, mail box, mail drop, post box; Postbox Brev med innehål: (Swed.) cover with enclosure Brevsamlingar: (Swed.) cover collections Brevstykke: (Dan., Nor.) postage stamp(s) on a piece of paper or envelope Brevstycke: (Swed.) postage stamp(s) on a piece of paper or envelope Brev till Utlandet: (Swed.) covers addressed to foreign destinations Brewer & Co.'s Express: local parcel firm serviced Boston and Charlestown, Mass, used a label; 1800s Brezen: (Czech.) March (month) Brf: brief, envelope, cover Br. Fr.: (Fr.) Brigades Frontieres; inscription on Swiss soldier stamp from a French-speaking unit Brick's Express: local parcel firm serviced Boston, Mass. and part of Maine; used a label, year unknown Bridge: the tiny piece of paper that holds stamp together in a perforated multiple before they are torn apart Bridge perforation: the portion of paper between perforation holes that extends between adjoining stamps Bridge postmark: circular postmark with two lines across the center containing date, known as a "bridge." Bridgeville, Al. Paid 5: see: Confederate Postmasters' Provisionals Bridgeville: US Alabama, Confederate postmaster's provisional, 1861 Brief: 1. (Dut., Ger.) letter, envelope, cover. 2. (Neth.) cover Briefbeförderung Deutscher Herold: local post, Frankfurt am Oder, Germany, 1886-1900 Briefbestellung: local, Duisberg, Germany, 1896-1900 Briefbestellung Kraus: local, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1895-1900 Briefbewertung: (Ger.) cover pricing Briefdatum: (Ger.) date of letter Briefgebühr: (Ger.) letter postage Briefmarken auf Briefm.: (Ger.) stamp on stamps thematic Briefmarkenauktion: (Ger.) stamp auction Briefmarkenausstellung: (Ger.) postage stamp exhibition Briefmarkenbörse: (Ger.) postage stamp bourse Briefmarkengeld: (Ger.) encased postage stamp used by Austria in July 1923 Briefmarkenhändler: (Ger.) stamp dealer Briefmarkenkunde: (Ger.) knowledge of stamps Briefmarkenkünstler: (Ger.) designer or engraver of postage stamps Briefmarkenpaket: (Ger.) package of stamps Briefmarkenprüfer: (Ger.) stamp expert Briefmarkensammler: (Ger.) stamp collector Briefmarkensammlung: (Ger.) collection lot; an auction lot comprising of a mounted or unmounted country, topical, etc. collection, which normally is viewed previous to bidding Briefomslag: (Dut.) envelope Briefpreis: (Ger.) price of cover Briefrückseite: (Ger.) back of cover Briefsammlung: (Ger.) collection of covers Briefstück: (Ger.) cut square of cover or post card, on piece Briefstuk: (Neth.) postage stamp(s) on a piece of paper or envelope Brieftaubepost: (Ger.) pigeon mail Briefumschlag: (Ger.) envelope or cover Briefvoorzijde: (Neth.) cover front Brigata Garibaldi: local, Italian liberation, 1944 Brigg's Despatch: U.S. local post, Philadelphia, Pa., 1847-48 Brighton Private P.S.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Brillante: (Sp.) shiny, glossy, surfaced paper BRINDIV: British Indian Division, Indian Army, 1984 Brink's Chicago City Express: local parcel express firm serviced Chicago area; used a corner card and stamps; 1859-1929 Brinkerhoff: Brinkerhoff Vending Machine Co.: sold stamps in imperforate condition and also added private perforation to fit their machine Brinkerhoff Company: Brinkerhoff Company: Sedalia, Mo., Clinton, Iowa manufacturers of stamp vending machines, 1906-12, distinct perforation Brique: (Fr.) brick red (color) Brisé: (Fr.) broken Bristol Emergency Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bristol Omnibus Co.: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Brisure: (Fr.) break Britain Strike Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971. Brittania Letter Service: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Britannia type: name given to stamp design showing the full face of Britannia: used for early stamps of Barbados, Mauritius and Trinidad, 1851-83 Britannien: (Ger.) Britain Brit Észak-Borneo: (Hung.) British North Borneo Brit Guyana: (Hung.) British Guiana (Guyana) Brit Honduras: (Hung.) British Honduras (Belize) Brit Indiai Óceáni Területek : (Hung.) British Indian Ocean Territories Britisch Guiana: (Ger.) British Guiana Britisch Honduras: (Ger.) British Honduras Britisch Kolumbia undae Vancouverinsel: (Ger.) British Columbia and Vancouver Island Britische Marken im Ausland Verwendet: (Ger.) British stamps used abroad Britisch Ostafrika: (Ger.) British East Africa Britische Post auf den Bahamas: (Ger.) British post office in the Bahamas Britische Post auf den Insel Ionische: (Ger.) British post office in the Ionian Islands Britische Post auf den Seychellen: (Ger.) British post office in the Seychelles Britische Post in Ägypten: (Ger.) British post office in Egypt Britische Post in Bermudainseln:/ (Ger.) British post office in Bermuda Britische Post in Hongkong: (Ger.) British post office in Hong Kong Britische Post in Japan: (Ger.) British post office in Japan Britische Post in Jamaika: (Ger.) British post office in the Jamaica Britische Post in Kanada: (Ger.) British post office in Canada Britische Post in Neufundland: (Ger.) British post office in Newfoundland Britische Post in Neuseeländ: (Ger.) British post office in New Zealand Britische Post in Südafrika: (Ger.) British post office in South Africa Britische Post in Zypern: (Ger.) British post office in Cyprus Britische Salomoninseln: (Ger.) British Solomon Islands Britisches Weltreich: (Ger.) British Empire British: overprint variety (should be British) on British East Africa overprints British Air Ferries: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 British American Bank Note Company: stamp printers of Canadian stamps 1868-97, 1930-34 British and American Express Company: private mail and parcel firm serviced northeastern U.S. and Canadian border towns; used a label; 1850s British & Irish Magnetic Telegraph Co.: stamp of British private telegraph company British Antarctic Territory: formerly part of Falkland Island Dependency; 1962: became separate colony, 1963, Feb.1: first stamps as part of British Commonwealth omnibus issues British Australian Colonies: 1891, Oct.1: became affiliated with the UPU, 1907, Oct.1: changed UPU affiliation to British Colonies and Possessions British Bechuanaland: Bechuanaland, British British Central Africa (B.C.A.): former British territory in Africa; 1891-95: stamps of Rhodesia overprinted "B.C.A," 1895-1907: inscription of British Central Africa Protectorate, 1908: name changed and stamps used of Nyasaland Protectorate, which became independent as the Republic of Malawi British Central Africa (B.C.A.): 1891-95: stamps of Rhodesia overprinted "B.C.A," 1895-1907: inscription of British Central Africa Protectorate British Central Africa Protectorate: see: British Central Africa British closed mail: prepaid mail for foreign countries sent through the British postal system, 1849 British colonial (stamp): term used for issues of Great Britain, Dominions, Colonies, Protectorates and Mandated territories of Great Britain British Colonies and Possessions, Oriental Africa: 1895, Dec.1: joined the UPU, 1901, Apr.1: changed UPU affiliation to Oriental Africa and Uganda British Columbia: Pacific coast of Canada; 1860: first stamp as British crown colony, 1865, Nov.1: first separate stamps when united with Vancouver Island as British Columbia, 1866, Nov.19: some stamps surcharged as British Columbia, 1871, July 20: became a Canadian province, see: Canada British Columbia: local, Canada; Dietz and Nelson Express, 1862-71 British Columbia and Vancouver Island: Canadian province; 1847: first post office at Victoria, 1860: external communications were via U.S. expresses, such as Wells Fargo, US stamps sold, 1865: superseded by separate issues, 1866; united as part of Canadian Confederation, 1871, July 20: became a Canadian province as part of British Columbia, see: Canada British Consular Mail: stamps issued 1884-87 for consular postal service; see: Madagascar, Great Britain Consulate British Durduras: bogus, British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and Unreal Stickers British East Africa: part of East Africa, currently Kenya; currency: 16 annas = 1 rupee 1888: firm received charter as Imperial British East Africa Company, 1890, May 23: No.1, ½ anna lilac; "British East Africa Company" overprint on stamps of Britain, 1890, Oct.: stamps inscribed and handstamp of "British East Africa Company," 1895: under direct control of British administration, 1895-97: overprint on stamps of India, 1896-1903: stamps inscribed "British East Africa Protectorate," 1895-97: overprint "British East Africa" on stamps of Zanzibar, 1903: area changed and stamps inscribed "East Africa and Uganda Protectorate," 1903: East Africa and Uganda stamps used, 1963, Dec. 12: named Kenya British East Africa Company: 1890-94: overprint on stamps of Great Britain British East Africa, forged issue: 1890-94 light and liberty, Scott 29 British East Africa Protectorate: 1896-1903: inscription on stamps of Great Britain British European Airways: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 British Flying Post Office: label from Argentina for Rowland Hill centenary British Forces, Egypt: effective 1932-1941; 1932, Nov.1-Feb. 29, 1936: seals valid as stamps issued to British forces and their families with a special postage rate for mail to Great Britain, applied to the back of mail, 1936-Apr.1943: Army Post inscription used British Guiagu: bogus, British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and Unreal Stickers British Guiana: Central America, on northeast coast of South America; currency: 100 cents = 1 dollar 1850, July 1: first stamps as British Crown Colony, called "cotton reels," 1851: No.1, 2 cents pale blue, 1856: crowned circle "PAID" mark used, 1858-60: stamps of Britain used on mail to Britain, 1875: first official stamp issued, 1918: first semipostal, War Tax stamps issued, 1940: first postage due stamp issued, 1966, May 26: became an independent republic and renamed Guyana British Guiana 1¢ magenta: term used for the unique 1856 1¢ magenta stamp, also known as The Penny Magenta British Honduras: now Belize - Central America; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling, 100 cents = 1 dollar (1888) 1786: letters from Jamaica known, 1798: under British authority, 1800: "Belize" handstamp used on foreign mail, 1857: London branch Post office opened, 1858-60: stamps of Great Britain used, 1862: British colony administered from Jamaica, 1866, Jan.: No.1, 1 penny blue; first definitive issue, 1871: declared Crown Colony, 1884: became independent colony, 1866, Jan.: first stamps, 1923: first postage due stamp issued, 1932: first War Tax stamp issued, 1939: Guatemala claimed area in its map issue (Sc.296), 1960: became a Crown Colony, 1973: changed name to Belize, 1984, Jan. 1: became self-governing British Honduras: inscription, Deafforestation, unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 British Honduras: local; Caye Service, 1895 British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT): British-owned islands in the Indian Ocean; currency: 100 cents = 1 rupee, 100 pence = 1 pound (1990) 1965, Nov. 8: established as a Crown Colony, 1968-pre: stamps of Mauritius or Seychelles valid, 1968, Jan. 17: first stamps issued, 1968: No.1, 5 cent multicolor; stamps of Seychelles overprinted B.I.O.T, 1969: mails have been carried by m.v. Nordvaer, with a temporary post office, 1976: mail is entirely military, 1976, June 23: islands Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches islands transferred to Seychelles and Seychelles stamps used, 1980: name changed to Zil Eloigne Sesel then to Zil Elevagne Sesel British Inland Mail: stamps issued at Antananarivo (Madagascar); 1895, Jan.-Sept.: French fleet blockade; mail carried by runner to Vatomandry British Levant: British post offices in the Turkish Empire; 1832: British embassy mail started, 1854, Nov.: Constantinople opened an Army post office, 1854: British stamps used, 1885, Apr. 1: first British stamps issued with surcharge, 1905: stamps of Great Britain overprinted "Levant," 1914, Sept. 30: post offices closed, 1916: Levant stamps for Salonica, 1918-20: British Army post office in Constantinople opened, 1921: stamp issued British occupation of part of the old Ottoman Empire, 1920-23: overprinted stamps used British Military Administration of Malaya: 1945, Oct. 19: first stamps issued, 1945-48: Straits Settlements stamps overprinted BMA Malaya used, 1948-post: states issued their own stamps, but BMA overprint was used to 1951 British Military Administration of North Borneo: 1945, Dec. 17: first stamps of North Borneo overprinted B.M.A British Monmon Islands: bogus, British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and Unreal Stickers British Naiana: bogus, British Colonial Royal Wedding frames from book Surreal Stamps and Unreal Stickers British New Guinea: former name for Papua; 1883, Apr. 4: annexed by Queensland, 1888, Sep. 4: post offices opened at Port Moresby and Samarai, 1888: cancels were barred ovals with letters NG or BNG, along with a dated stamp, 1901, July 1-05: first stamps issued, 1902: transferred to Australia, 1906, Sep. 1: name changed to Territory of Papua, 1907: definitive issue, 1949: Papua and New Guinea, 1972: Papua New Guinea, 1975: independence British Occupation: 1918, Dec. - July 1920: overprint on stamps of Russia, "Batum" overprint, occupied by British Forces British Occupation of Batum: overprint on stamps of Batum; Batum British Occupation of Italian East Africa: 1941, Jan.: British forces invaded former Italian colony, along with Eritrea, Somalia and most of Ethiopia; used regular British stamps, 1942, Mar. 2: British stamps overprinted "M.E.F." (Middle East Forces) used in Eritrea, 1942, Mar. 23: Ethiopian postal services resumed operations, 1942, Apr. 13: British stamps overprinted "E.A.F. (East African Forces) used in Somalia, 1948, May 27: British stamps overprinted "B.M.A. Eritrea and "B.M.A. Somalia" (British Military Administration), 1950, Jan-Feb.: Military administration ended; new stamps overprinted "B.A. Eritrea" and "B.A. Somalia" issued, 1950, Mar. 31: Somalia turned over to a United Nations Trusteeship, stamps demonetized, 1952, Sep. 15: Eritrea annexed to Ethiopia British Occupation of Libya: 1943: British forces occupied Cyrenaica and Tripolitania; stamps of Britain overprinted "M.E.F." (Middle East Forces), 1948, July 1: British stamps overprinted "B.M.A. Tripolitania" (British Military Administration), 1949, June 1: Cyrenaica established as an autonomous station, 1950, Jan. 16: New stamps depicting King Idris, 1950, Feb. 6: Military Administration ended; new stamps overprinted "B.A. Tripolitania," 1951, Dec. 24: Kingdom of Libya formed, included Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan-Ghadames British Offices in Beirut: 1873-1914: stamps of Great Britain, British Levant, 1906, July 2: provisional issued British Offices in China; various cities; 1844: consular treaty port post offices opened, 1862-post: all mail canceled B62 in Hong Kong, 1862-1917: first stamps, Hong Kong, 1917: first overprinted stamps of Hong Kong, "China," 1922, Nov. 30: all offices were closed except for Wei-hai-wei, 1930, Oct. 1: stamps withdrawn, handed back to China. British Offices in Crete: British zone of joint administration includes France, Italy, Russia; 1898-1900: stamps issued until establishment of autonomous government British Offices in Eastern Arabia: 1963, Mar.30: first British agency post office opened, 1963, Mar.30-March 29, 1964: used stamps of British postal administration in Eastern Arabia, 1967, Jan.1: local service starts British Offices in Japan: 1859-Dec.1879: Yokohama, used stamps of Hong Kong from 1864, 1860-Dec.1879: Nagasaki, used stamps of Hong Kong from 1866, 1869-Dec.: (Hyogo), used stamps of Hong Kong from 1876 British Offices in Morocco: 1857-86: used stamps of Great Britain, postmarked at Gibraltar, 1886-1907: placed under control of Gibraltar, 1898-1906: used stamps of Gibraltar, and Great Britain, 1907-56: used stamps of Great Britain, overprinted, currency surcharge in Spanish, plus separate issues used in Spanish Zone, French Zone and Tangier, 1917-Jan. 8, 1938: used stamps of Great Britain surcharged in French, 1927-pre: Tangier used stamps of Great Britain without overprints British Offices in the Turkish Empire: 1885-pre: British stamps used, 1885: British stamps overprinted "Levant" or surcharged in Turkish currency, 1914, Oct. 1: British post offices closed, 1919, Mar.: British post offices reopened, 1923, Sep. 27: British post offices closed. see: British Levant British Philatelic Federation: formed 1976 as umbrella federation for British philatelic societies, closed 1993; Association of British Philatelic Societies British postal administration in Eastern Arabia: stamps of Great Britain surcharged in Indian currency, 1948, Apr.1-Jan. 6, 1961: Dubai, 1948, Apr.1-April 29, 1966: Muscat, 1950-57: Qatar, 1960, Dec.-March 29, 1964: Abu Dhabi, 1951, 1953: Kuwait, Bahrain. British postal strike: started Jan. 20, 1971, ended March 8, 1971: involved 220,000 postal employees: it was legal for private firms to deliver mail and many made their own stamp labels for the occasion British Postal Strike: On Jan. 20, 1971, British postal workers started a seven-week strike; private delivery services created for local delivery to bringing mail to Europe for remailing, strike ended Mar. 8, 1971 British Post Office: British government took over the American colonial postal system, 1707 British Post Office Act of 1657: listed international towns of commercial importance British Post Offices in Morocco: currency: 40 paras = 1 piaster, 12 pence = 1 shilling (1905) 1857-86: used stamps of Great Britain, postmarked at Gibraltar, 1886-1907: placed under control of Gibraltar, 1898: No.1, 5 centimos green;(Spanish currency) used stamps of Gibraltar, and Great Britain, 1907: stamps of Great Britain in British currency, 1907-56: used stamps of Great Britain, overprinted, currency surcharge in Spanish, plus separate issues used in Spanish Zone, French Zone and Tangier, 1917-Jan. 8, 1938: used stamps of Great Britain surcharged in French, 1927-pre: Tangier used stamps of Great Britain without overprints British Post Offices in the Turkish Empire: currency: 40 paras = 1 piaster, 12 pence = 1 shilling (1905) 1854, Nov: British Army P.O. as sorting and forwarding office for forces in Crimea, 1885, April 1: No. 1, 40 paras lilac; British stamps overprinted "Levant" or surcharged in Turkish currency, 1919, Mar.-1922: Smyrna post office reopened with unoverprinted stamps, 1923, Sep. 27: British post offices closed. British Levant British Protectorate Oil Rivers: Niger Coast Protectorate; 1892-93: overprint on stamps of Great Britain British Rail Parcels LS: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 British railway letter stamps: used from 1891-1941; in 1920, rate increased from 2d to 3d bringing causing surcharges on current inventory British Solomon Islands: British protectorate in the West Pacific Ocean; 1893: southern islands, British territory, 1896: New South Wales first stamps, postmarked Sydney, 1907, Feb. 14: first stamps as British Protectorate, postage to Australia and then stamps of New South Wales necessary, 1907, Sept. 3: joined the UPU, 1940, Sept.1: first postage due stamp issued, 1942: Japanese invasion, post offices closed, 1943, July: post office opened on Guadalcanal, 1946: Guadalcanal closed, replaced by Honiara, 1975: name changed from British Solomon Islands to Solomon Islands, 1978, July 7: became independent, 1982, May 3: first semipostal stamp issued, British Somaliland: 1903: overprint on stamps of India; see: Somaliland Protectorate British South Africa Company: Rhodesia; currency: 12 pence = 1 shilling, 20 shillings = 1 pound 1841-53: Livingston sent mail to Great Britain, via casual caravans or ships, 1875-76: mail send from Transvaal, 1888-92: stamps of British Bechuanaland used, 1888, Aug.: mail sent from Tati in Bechuanaland Protectorate, 1890, Jan. 2: first stamps for British South Africa Company, 1890: horse post established, 1898: railway from Beira to Umtali, 1889: administered by the British South Africa Company, 1909, Apr. 15: first stamps overprinted with name "Rhodesia," 1923: area divided and portion became British Crown Colony of Rhodesia. 1924: remaining territory formed Protectorate of Northen Rhodesia, 1924: remainders of issues 1892-1910 sold to stamp dealers, 1953, Sep.3: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Rhodesia, Rhodesia and Nyasaland British Telegraph Co.: stamp of British private telegraph company British Vice Consulate Antananarivo: 1884-86: Madagascar; see: British Consular Mail British Virgin Islands: islands in the West Indies, southeast of Puerto Rico; currency: 12 pence = 1 dollar, 20 shillings = 1 pound, 100 cents = 1 U.S. dollar (1951), 100 cents = 1 dollar (1962) 1666-pre: under Dutch control, then to Britain, 1858: British stamps used at Tortola on overseas mail, 1866: Virgin Islands stamps issued under British control, 1890-1956: Leeward Island stamps used with those of BVI, 1916: War Tax stamp issued, 1917-pre: western portion under Danish rule, then U.S. rule, 1917: first semipostal stamp issued, 1935: first pictorial stamp issued, 1956: became a separate Crown Colony, 1967: new constitution, became an Associated State under Britain, 1968, Jan. 2: first "British Virgin Islands" stamp issued to avoid confusion with US Virgin Islands British Zone: plus American and Russian occupying powers; 1946-48: one issue, overprinted with pattern of posthorns, for occupation of Germany, 1948-49: "Deutsche Post" inscription used Britisk: (Dan., Nor.) British, Storbritannien Britská Guyana: (Czech.) British Guiana (Guyana) Britská Honduras: (Czech.) British Honduras (Belize) Britská Kolumbia: (Czech.) British Columbia Britská Panenské Ostrovy: (Czech.) British Virgin Islands Britisk Centralafrika: (Dan.) British Central Africa Britiske Salomonøer: (Dan.) British Solomon Islands Britiske skibspost: (Dan.) British ship mail (ship post) Britiske skipspost: (Nor.) British ship mail (ship post) Britiske Sone: (Nor.) British Zone Britiske Zone: (Dan.) British Zone Britisk Guiana: (Dan.) British Guiana Britisk Honduras: (Dan.) British Honduras Britisk Jomfruøerne: (Dan.) British Virgin Islands Britisk Jomfruøy : (Nor.) British Virgin Islands Britisk Nordborneo: (Dan.) British North borneo Britisk Nyassaland: (Dan.) British Nyassaland Britisk Østafrika: (Dan.) British East Africa Britisk Post i Afrika: (Dan.) British Post Offices in Africa Britisk Post i Kina: (Dan.) British Post Offices in China Britisk Post i Marokko: (Dan.) British Post Offices in Morocco Britisk Post i Øst Afrika: (Dan.) British Post Offices in East Africa Britisk Post i Tyrkiet: (Dan.) British Post Offices in the Turkish Empire ( Levant) Britisk Post i Udlandet: (Dan.) British Post Offices Abroad Britisk Salomonøer: (Dan.) British Solomon Islands Britisk Somaliland: (Dan.) British Somaliland Britsky: (Czech.) British Brit Szomália: (Hung.) British Somaliland Brittin's Express: local parcel firm serviced Newark, N.J. and New York City; used labels; 1850s Brittisk: (Swed.) British (adj.), Storbritannien Brittiska Burma: (Swed.) British Burma Brittiska Centralafrika: (Swed.) British Central Africa Brittiska Columbia: (Swed.) British Columbia Brittiska Guyana: (Swed.) British Guiana (Guyana) Brittiska Honduras: (Swed.) British Honduras Brittiska Jungfruöarna: (Swed.) British Virgin Islands Brittiska Militära Flygpoststämplar (Island): (Swed.) WWII British military Royal Air Force cancellations (Iceland) Brittiska Nordborneo: (Swed.) British North Borneo Brittiska Nyasaland: (Swed.) British Nyasaland Brittiska Salomonöarna: (Swed.) British Solomon Islands Brittiska Västindien: (Swed.) British West Indies Brittiske skeppspost: (Swed.) British ship mail (ship post) Brittiske Zon: (Swed.) British Zone Brittisk militärpost: (Swed.) British field post offices Brittisk Militärpost (Island): (Swed.) WWII British military mail (Iceland) Brittisk Post på Afrika: (Swed.) British Post Offices in Africa Brititsk Post på Kina: (Swed.) British Post Offices in China Brittisk Post på Marocko: (Swed.) British Post Offices in Morocco Brittisk Post på Østafrika: (Swed.) British Post Offices in East Africa Brittisk Post på Tyrkiet: (Swed.) British Post Offices in the Turkish Empire (Levant) Brittisk Post på Udlandet: (Swed.) British Post Offices Abroad Brittisk Salomonöer: (Swed.) British Solomon Islands B R M: USPS term for business reply mail Brno: formerly known as Brunn, Czechoslovakia Broadway Postal Service: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Broadway Post Office: U.S. local post, New York, NY, 1848 Broken circle: printing variety in which a circle that appears on the stamp is defective Broken (fractured) gum: final appearance of gum caused by application while paper passes through the gum-fracturing machine, which is used to counteract paper curl Broken hat: variety seen on the 2¢ 1893 Columbian issue found in the hat of the knight standing to the left of Columbus. The lines in the hat brim are broken Broken Hill: now known as Kabwe, Zambia Broken letters: malformed letters in the stamp inscription caused by damage or deterioration in the printing plate or cylinder Broken set: an incomplete set of stamps that doesn't contain all the values Broken type: letter in an overprint or surcharge where the face is damaged so that there is no complete impression Bromberg: local, Germany, Stadtpost Hansa, 1896-1900; now known as Bydgoszcz, Poland Bromide: photo of the artwork reduced to the actual size of the stamp printed on bromide paper Bronce: (Sp.) bronze (color) Bronnytzy: (now Bronnitsy) Russian town in Moscow Oblast ca. 32 miles SW of the city of Moscow; issued several local Rural Post stamps (1868-1905, the local post being suppressed in 1905), Zemstvo Brons: (Swed.) bronze (metallic color) Bronse: (Nor.) bronze (metallic color) Bronsefarget: (Nor.) bronze (color) Bronsgroen: (Neth.) bronze-green (metallic color) Bronsgrön: (Swed.) bronze-green (metallic color) Bronsegrønn: (Nor.) bronze-green (metallic color) Bronson & Forbes City Express Post: U.S. local post, Chicago, Ill. 1855 Bronz: (Rom.) bronze (metallic color) Bronzegrøn: (Dan.) bronze-green (metallic color) Bronzen: (Ger.) bronze (color) Brooklyn City Express Post: U.S. local post, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1855-64 Brooklyn Independent Carriers: local post of Brooklyn, N.Y., 1846-55 Brookman: United States based stamp catalogs of U.S., U.N., and Canada Brook's Express: local parcel firm serviced Kingston, Mt. Auburn and Boston, Mass.; used a label; late 1800s Brotkartenpapier: (Ger.) bread ration ticket paper, used for printing 1919 stamps of Lithuania Brown: coffee or chocolate (color) Brown (E) & Co. : U.S. local post, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1852-65 Brown & Durling: inscription on Match stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Brown & McGill's U.S.P.O. Despatch: 1858, Louisville, Ky; see: Carriers' Stamps Brown, C.F.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Browne's Easton Despatch Post: U.S. local post, Easton, Pa., 1876 established for philatelic purposes by stamp dealer William P. Browne Brownout-franking: 1845-March 1847; U.S. department term for signatures required on mail sent by employees of their department to use the franking privilege Brown, Fred Co.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Brown, John I. & Son: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Brown's City Post: U.S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1876 BRU: international postal code for Brunei Darussalam Bruch (Spur): (Ger.) crease Bruchdruck: (Ger.) surface printing, typography Brücke: 1: (Ger.) gutter between two stamps; 2: (Ger.) bridges, as a theme or topic Bruges: also known as Brugge, Belgium Brugparen: (Neth.) interpanneaux pair Brun: (Dan., Fr., Nor., Rom., Swed.) brown, coffee or chocolate (color) Brunakt grå: (Swed.) brownish-grey (color) Brunakt grå-lila grå: (Swed.) brownish - grey-lilac grey (color) Brunakt lila: (Swed.) brownish-lilac (color) Brunakt Mörklila: (Swed.) brownish dark violet (color) Brunakt Olivgrå: (Swed.) brownish olive-grey (color) Brunakt orange: (Swed.) brownish-orange (color) Brunakt orangeröd: (Swed.) brownish orange-red (color) Brunakt röd: (Swed.) brownish red (color) Brunakt violett: (Swed.) brownish-violet (color) Brunatny(o): (Pol.) brown (color) Brun-carmine: (Rom.) carmine-brown (color) Brun-cenusiu: (Rom.) grey-brown (color) Brunei: Sultanate of North Borneo under British protection; official name of postal administration: Postal Services Department, Ministry of Communications currency: 100 cents (sen) = 1 Malayan dollar 1888: under British protection, 1895: local post stamps issued for mail to and from Labuan, 1906, Oct.11: No.1, 1 cent violet and black; first stamps were overprints on stamps of Labuan, 1907: Brunei stamps issued, 1942-44: stamps overprinted in Japanese characters during occupation, 1945: British occupation, stamps of North Borneo and Sarawak overprinted B.M.A., 1947: Brunei stamps reappeared, 1971: became a self-government, 1984: became fully independent, 1985, Jan.15: joined the UPU Brunei Darussalam: Brunei Brunpurper: (Dan., Nor.) brown-purple (color) Brunrød: (Dan., Nor.) brown-red (color) Brun-roscat: (Rom.) red-brown (color) Brun rouille: (Fr.) rust (color) Brunsort: (Dan.) brown-black (color) Brunsvart: (Nor., Swed.) brown-black (color) Brunsvil: (Czech.) Brunswick Brunswick: German State, also known as Braunschweig; located in Northern Germany; currency: 12 pfennings = 1 gutesgroschen, 30 silber groschen = 24 gutesgroschen = 1 thaler 1852, Jan. 1: first stamps depicting a "Leaping Saxon" horse, 1856: used diamond shape as cancel, 1868, Jan. 1: stamps of the North German Confederation, 1870: became part of the German Empire, 1872, Jan.: German stamps issued Brunswick printing: AMG (AM Post) stamps of Germany printed by Westermann of Braunschweig, Germany Brunswick Star: name given to a duplex cancel used at Edinburgh, Scotland in 1863-73, name taken from the breast-star in the Hanoverian Order of Brunswick Brunviolet: (Dan.) brown-violet (color) Brussels, Bruxelles: Belgium precancel; local Courier Provisoire, 1914 Bruten hörntand: (Swed.) bent (stamp) corner Bruttokatalog: (Ger.) priced catalog, subject to discount Bruun Local Post: Christianssund - J. C. Bruun Local Post Bruxelles: surcharge precancel, 1929; also known as Brussels, Belgium Bryant & Co.s Express: local package delivery firm serviced Boston, Mass and Bangor, Maine; used labels, 1849 Bryant & Manning's Express: local post firm serviced Boston, Mass and Bangor, Maine; used a label, 1854 Bryant & Spear's Express: local post firm serviced Boston, Mass and Bangor, Maine; used labels, 1850 Bryant's Express: local post firm serviced Boston, Mass and Bangor, and Penobscot, Maine; used labels, 1850 Bryssel: (Fin., Nor.) Brussels, Bruxelles Brzeg: (Pol.) selvedge Brzeziny: city in German-occupied Russian Poland, local post overprint, 1918-20 BS: 1: auction abbreviation for boy/girl scout theme; 2: Bahamas, country code as used by UPU B/s: auction abbreviation term for Backstamp, Backstamp BSA: British South Africa B.S. & Co.: bogus college stamp, S. Allan Taylor BSIP: British Solomon Islands Protectorate BSMT: USPS abbreviation for basement Bst.: Zeppelin confirmation marking that the mail piece was carried Bstmp: abbreviation for backstamp, see: Backstamp B. T.: Board of Trade, perfins, or punch perforated on stamps of Great Britain, with a crown BT: Bhutan, country code as used by UPU Btlln: (Sp.) abbreviation for military force, battalion Btonn: paper watermarked with straight parallel lines BU: letter-code within cds (q.v.) assigned to Buccament, St.Vincent, BWI (1874-1882), 1871 pop. 88) Bubble pack: container used for the over-the-counter retail sale of coils of 100 stamps Buccleuch find: rare British 1840 stamps found in 1946 in a desk belonging to the Fifth Duke of Buccleuch Buchanan: city in Liberia, registration inscription, 1893-1924 Bucharest: also known as Bucuresti, Romania Buchdruck: (Ger.) typography, letterpress Buck, L. W. & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Buck's Express: local post serviced Newark, N.J and New York City, used labels, 1861 Buck's Richmond Express: fantasy stamps printed during Civil War period, large range of stamps Bucles: (Sp.) curls, used to describe the 1855 watermark instead of lazos Bucureste: also known as Bucharest, Romania Bud: (Dan., Nor.) bid (at an auction) Budcentralens Expresspost Hälsingborg: Hälsingborg - A. Thene Budcentralens Expresspost Budliste: (Dan.) bid sheet Budweis: now known as Ceske Budejovice, Czechoslovakia Buegig: (Ger.) creased Buenos Aires: province in Argentina; currency: 8 reales = 1 peso 1771: earliest known postmarks, 1814: independent posts established, 1858, Apr. 29: No.1,1 peso light brown; issued own stamps as part of Argentine Confederation, 1860-73: stamps of Great Britain used, 1860-78: stamps of France used, 1862, Oct. 4: last issue of own stamps, became a province of Argentina Buffalo Balloon: see: Balloon Postage, Buffalo Buffer: an alkaline reserve added to paper Bug: (Ger.) crease Buggy whip: plate crack that appears on the 4.9c Transportation coil series stamp Bugulma: Russian town in Samara Oblast ca. 160 miles SE of Kazan (now capital of Tatarstan); issued over 20 different local Rural Post stamps (1882-1915), Zemstvo Buguruslan: Russian town in Samara Oblast (now Orenburg Oblast) ca. 95 miles NE of the city of Samara; issued numerous local Rural Post stamps (1879-1915), Zemstvo Buildings Study Group: study of the postal history and stamps of the emergency German 1948 building sets, Germany Philatelic Society, USA Buiten Bezit: Dutch Indies overprint for Java and Madura, 1908: outer possessions, to check the use of mail Buitos postales: (Sp.) inscription for parcel stamps of Mexico Bukovina: local overprint, bogus, Ukrainain, 1993 Bulgar: (Rom) Bulgarian (adj.) Bulgár: (Hung.) Bulgarian Bulgaria: former Turkish republic in the Balkans, Southeastern Europe; official name of postal administration: Bulgarian Posts currency: 100 stotinki = 1 lev, 100 centimes = 1 franc 1850s: used stamps of Turkey, 1878: "Greater Bulgaria" established, 1879, May 1: No.1, 5 cent black/yellow; first stamps issued, 1879, July 1: joined the UPU, 1884: first postage due stamp issued, 1885: absorbed Eastern Rumelia under rule of the Sultan of Turkey, 1908: independence from Turkey formalized, 1920, June 20: first semipostal stamp issued, 1917: Macedonia issue, but not used until1921, 1918-39: King Boris III, royal issues, 1925: Sunday delivery stamps, first postal tax stamp issued, 1927: first air mail stamp issued, 1942: first official stamp issued, 1946, Sept. 15: stamps of People's Republic issued; AEB, AEBA Bulgária: (Hung.) Bulgaria Bulgaria, forged issues: 1: 1901 War of Independence, Scott 53-54. 2: 1902, Battle of Shipka Pass, Scott 70-72 Bulgarian Occupation of Romania: an ally of Austria and Germany, 1916: overprint on stamps of Bulgaria for use in occupation of Romania Bulgarie: (Bul.) Bulgaria Bulgarien: (Dan., Ger., Nor., Swed.) Bulgaria Bulgarisk: (Dan., Nor., Swed.) Bulgarian Bulgarska carska pochta: bogus, Bulgarian Royal Posts, 1964 Bulharsko: (Czech.) Bulgaria Bulharsky: (Czech.)Bulgarian Bulk mail: mail that is rated for postage partly by weight and partly by the number of pieces in the mailing; USPS term Bulk e-mail: direct mail advertising to large numbers of addresses via e-mail Bulk rate: low denomination stamps for use bulk mail Bulk rate USA: 1. eagle/shield design, US non-denominated postage stamp, value 10¢, 1991. 2. auto design, US non-denominated stamp, value 10¢, issued March 10, 1995 Bulldog Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Bulle: (Fr.) manila (color) Bulletin d'expedition: (Fr.) a parcel card that could be delivered to the addressee as a notice of a package's arrival, upon receipt of the parcel, the recipient signed the parcel card, which was kept by the post office Bull, John, Dr.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Bullock Mail: bullock carts carried mail between Allahabad and Delhi, India, between 1846 and 1904 Bull's eye: Aug. 1, 1843: first issue of Brazil consisting of an intricate circular design Bull's eye cancellation: postmark in which the city, state and dates have been placed directly on the center of a stamp or block of stamps; also known as socked on the nose (SON) Bumbunga Province: bogus Australian secessionist state three hectares north of Adelaide Bumper: post office term for cancellation on second, third and fourth class matter Bund: (Ger.) federation, federal Bund Deutscher Philatelisten (BDPh): (Ger.) Association of German Philatelists Bundesmarke: (Ger.) German Federal Republic postage stamp Bundespost: (Ger.) German Post Office Bundesprüfer: (Ger.) a competent authority recognized as being qualified to certify the identification, authenticity or other status of philatelic materials; now just called Prüfer Bundesdruckerei: (Ger.) Berlin, Germany security printer Bundesrepublik Deutschland: (Ger.) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) Bundi: India Feudatory State; 1894, May-1902: first stamps, 1902-15: stamps of India used, 1915-48: used own stamps, 1939: separate stamps discontinued, 1948-50: used stamps of Rajasthan, 1950, Apr. 1: replaced by stamps of the Republic of India Bundi service: India, Bundi officials, 1919 Bundleware: old time stock of stamps that were bundled and tied together with string Bundt: (Dan.) bundle Buntfrankatur: (Ger.)a coverwith at least three stamps of different colors Bunol: local, Spanish civil war, 1937 Buque: (Sp.) ship, used in ship markings, thematic Buque Minador: (Sp.) civil war naval marking for minelayer Buque Prision: (Sp.) prison ship, may be seen in an address Bur.: abbreviation for bureau Burdsal, J.S. & Co.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Bureau: (Fr.) office(s), postoffice(s) Bureau a l'étranger: (Fr.) post office abroad Bureau aux Armées: (Fr.) field post office Bureau de Départ: (Fr.) post office of origin Bureau de Destination: (Fr.) post office of delivery Bureau de Poste: (Fr.) post office Bureau de Poste Central: (Fr.) main or head post office Bureau d'Ambulants: (Fr.) mobile post office Bureau Inexistant: (Fr.) postal term for "No Such Post Office" return to sender Bureau International d'Education: Switzerland overprint for International Board of Education Bureau International du Travail: Switzerland; 1923-1950: official overprint for International Labor Bureau Bureau issues: stamps produced by theUS Bureau of Engraving and Printing Bureau Issues Association (BIA): now called the United States Stamp Society Bureau Militaire: (Fr.) army post office Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP): official US printer of currency; 1862, Aug. 29: started by overprinting the Treasury Seal and Treasury Notes; 1894, July 1: started producing US postage stamps Bureau precancels: stamps that are precanceled at the B.E.P. in Washington, D.C Bureau postal maritime: (Fr.) packet-letter post office Bureau print: precancellation applied by the BEP during the production of the stamp for use by post offices that required a large number of precancel stamps Bureaux Allemands: (Fr.) German Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Américain: (Fr.) United States Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Autrichien: (Fr.) Austrian Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Britannique: (Fr.) British Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Chinois: (Fr.) Chinese Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Espagnols: (Fr.) Spanish Offices (Abroad) Bureaux étranger: (Fr.) overseas post offices Bureaux Français: (Fr.) French Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Grec: (Fr.) Greek Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Hongrois: (Fr.) Hungarian Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Indien: (Fr.) Indian Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Italiens: (Fr.) Italian Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Japonais: (Fr.) Japanese Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Polonais: (Fr.) Polish Offices (Abroad) Bureaux Russes: (Fr.) Russian Offices (Abroad) Burelado: (Sp.) see: Burelage Burelage, Burelé, Burlage: (Fr., Sp.) a fine overall network of dots or lines printed on the surface of stamps in addition to the stamps design; was usually done to discourage counterfeiting. Burg: (Ger.) castle, as a theme or topic Burelering: (Nor.) see: Burelage Burgdorf: local airmail, Switzerland, 1913 Burgenland: 1945: German stamps overprinted diagonally "Osterreich" for use in Burgenland Burgos: Spanish province; local overprint, Nationalist and Republican forces, 1936-37 Burhans, D. & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Buriatia: bogus Russian Federation Republic; local overprint and stamps, 1996? Burilagem: (Port.) see: Burelage Burin: tool used by stamp engravers to engrave in steel Burjasot: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Burkina Faso: formerly French colony of Upper Volta, Northwestern Africa; currency: 100 centimes = 1 franc 1919: French territory of Upper Volta made a separate colony, 1920: No.1, 1 centime brown-violet; first stamps were Upper Senegal and Niger overprinted Haute-Volta (Upper Volta); first postage due stamp issued, 1928: issued own stamps, 1933: divided among French Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Niger Territory, 1958, Dec.11: named Upper Volta, 1959: stamps issued as Republic of Haute-Volta, 1963, Feb.1: first official stamp, 1961, Mar. 4: first air mail stamp, 1961, Apr. 7: first semipostal stamp, 1963, March 29: joined the UPU, 1984, May 23: first air mail stamps with new name, 1984, Aug. 4: name changed to Burkino Faso, "country of incorruptible men", 1984, Nov. 21: first regular issue stamps issued as Burkino Faso Burma: southeast Asia, south of China, part of British Indian Empire; now named Myanmar; currency: 12 pies = 1 anna, 100 pyas = 1 kyat (1953), 16 annas = 1 rupee 1826-Apr.1, 1937: part of British India, 1854, Oct.: stamps of India used for first time, 1887: river steamer temporary post offices established, 1937, April 1: No.1, 3 pies slate; stamps of India (1926-36) overprinted "Burma" when it became part of the British Commonwealth, 1937: first official stamps issued, 1938: Burma stamps, British Administration, 1943-45: Japanese occupation overprints and issues, 1942, May: Burmese emblem, the peacock, used as overprint during Japanese occupation, 1941-45: Stamps of India used by Imperial troops, 1947, Oct.: interim government overprint, 1948, Jan. 4: became Union of Burma as an independent nation, 1989: name changed to Myanmar, 1990: first stamps issued as Myanmar Burma, Japanese Occupation: Burma Burma, Japanese Occupation, forged issues: 1: 1943 farmer plowing, Scott 2N30-2N37. 2: 1943 water carrier, Scott 2N41-2N43. 3: 1943 Elephant with log, Scott 2N44-2N48. 4: 1943 Mandalay Watchtower, Scott 2N49-2N50 Burnett, Joseph & Co.: inscription on Medicine stamp; Private die proprietary stamps Burnishing: removal of portion of an engraved design from a die, plate, or transfer roll; usually done to remove imperfections or re-work a design Burnham Post: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Burnley Chamber of Commerce: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Burr: uneven raised edge of surplus metal from engraver's tool, prints as a flaw Burriana: local, Spanish civil war, Republican forces, 1937 Burritt, Elihu: (1810-1879) proponent of Ocean Penny Postage as a drastic reduction in an established set of postal rates in use by many different nations Burrus, Maurice: stamp collector who is depicted on a set of Liechtenstein 1968 stamps Burse Express Co.: local parcel firm serviced Brooklyn, N. Y. and New York City Bursztynowy: (Pol.) amber (color) Burundi: UN Trusteeship territory (Ruanda-Urundi) administered by Belgium, Central Africa; currency: 100 centimes = 1 franc 1899-1914: as Urundi, part of German East Africa, 1914-62: administered by Belgium under a United Nations mandate, 1953: overprint "Royaume du Burundi" on Ruanda-Urundi (1959-61), 1962, July 1: No.1, 25 centimes green/orange; became independent nation, 1962, Sep.27: Burundi stamps issued, 1963, Feb.15: first semipostal stamp issued, 1963, April 6: joined the UPU, 1964, July 2: first air mail stamp issued, 1966, Nov. 28: military coup overthrew monarchy, declared a republic, 1967: "Republique du Burundi" overprinted on Royaume du Burundi issues (Scott 111, 113, 116, 118-25, 141-52, 154-56), 1967: first stamp with inscription of Republique du Burundi Burutu: city in Southern Nigeria; 1896-1899: Royal Niger Company handstamp used on stamps of Great Britain Buryatia, Republic of: illegal labels, purporting to be stamps, as per Jan. 14, 2002, Russian Federation report to the UPU; not valid for postage Bury's City Post: U.S. local post, New York, N.Y., 1857 Busch, Charles: private die match proprietary stamps Bushehr: formerly Bushire, Iran Bushire: Persian Gulf port; 1915, Aug. 8-Oct. 16: British occupation now known as Bushehr, Iran "Bushire under British Occupation": overprint on stamps of Iran (1911-13). 1914-15: "Bushire under British Occupation" Persian stamps overprint Bush's Brooklyn City Express: U.S. local post, Brooklyn, N.Y., 1848 (?) Business Facilities: United Kingdom strike local post, 1971 Business Reply Mail (BRM): specially printed postcards, envelopes and labels that may be mailed without postage prepayment; postage and fees are collected when the mail is delivered back to the original sender; usually a license and deposit are required Business school stamps used by business colleges in their courses to demonstrate business practices Bus parcel stamps: private labels issued by bus firms to prepay freight charges on parcels carried on their routes Bussahir: India Feudatory State, Punjab; 1895, June 20: first local stamps, 1901, Mar.31: cancelled obsolete stamps (Rampur 19 MA 1900) sold to stamp trade, 1901, Mar.31: stamps of British India used. 1950, Apr. 1: replaced by stamps of the Republic of India Bussfraktmärken (Soumi): (Swed.) bus parcel stamps (Finland) Busspaket: (Fin.) Finland parcel post Busta: (It.) cover, an envelope or a postally used envelope or one with a postal cancellation Busta primo giorno di emissione: (It.) first day of emission Bustees: India States term for hamlets Butler & Carpenter: engraver and printer of US revenue stamps Butlin's Holidays For a King: inscription, unissued Great Britain cinderella by David Horry, 2001 Butterfield Overland Mail: service began Sept. 15, 1858, between St. Louis and San Francisco, taken over by Wells Fargo Butterflies of Victoria: butterfly-like cancel; 1850-52: used for the first issues of Victoria Button: U.S. Navy code name during WW II for Espritu Santo Island, New Hebrides Islands Buu-chinh, Buu-Chinn: Vietnam Buy bid: practice whereby a bidder instructs an auctioneer or auction agent to purchase a lot regardless of the ultimate hammer or final price; rarely accepted by auction houses since two "buy bids" on same lot would create chaos Buyer's premium: auction term for percentage premium added to the final price of a lot, and retained by the auctioneer as part of the commission for selling the lot; also known as buyer's fee or the tip Buy prices: price a buyer is willing to pay for certain stamps or other philatelic items Büyük Britanya: (Turk.) Great Britain Buzon: (Sp.) posting or mail box Buzones columnas: (Sp.) pillar, or mailing boxes in streets, as opposed to those in post offices Buzones tranvias: (Sp.) posting boxes on Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao tramcars Buzones vapores: (Sp.) posting boxes on ships in regular service between the Spanish mainland and the Balearic Islands of Ceuta, Melilla, and the Canary Islands Buzulul: Russian town in Samara Oblast (now Orenburg Oblast) ca. 90 miles ESE of the city of Samara; issued over 20 different local Rural Post stamps (1876-1915), Zemstvo B V C C A R I: overprint; 1918: naval victory commemorated on Fiume stamps B. V. I.: British Virgin Islands BW: 1: abbreviation for "bankwissel" bank draft revenue overprint of Orange Free State; 2: Botswana, country code as used by UPU B.W.: Bahnoff Warschau (Ger.) Warsaw railway station B. W. & Co.: Bradbury, Wilkinson, stamp printers, Great Britain B. W. A.: British West Africa B W I: British West Indies B W I S C: British West Indies Study Circle, Great Britain B.X.Y. Express Co.: Brigham Young and Hiram Kimball received a mail contract with stations from Independence, Mo. to Salt Lake City, 1857; no notations are known from this mail service By: (Nor.) 1. to bid (at an auction). 2. town, city BY: Belarus, country code as used by UPU Byam, Carlton & Co.: private die match proprietary stamps Byde: (Dan.) to bid Bydgoszcz: formerly Bromberg, Poland Byezhetsk: Russian town in Twer (Russ. Tver) Oblast; issued over 30 different local Rural Post stamps (1872-1894, the local post being suppressed in 1896), Zemstvo Byelorussia: Belarus Bypass mail: mail that does not require postal preparation before outgoing distribution Bypost: (Dan., Nor.) local post By Post letters: mail picked up by post riders on the London-Edinburgh post route in the 1630s; see:Allen, Ralph By Post stamps: local stamps issued by Danish and Norwegian towns in the 19th century Byrd: Richard E. Byrd Antarctic Exploration, 1933US stamp commemorates his flights over South Polar regions Bytown: now known as Ottawa, Canada Bz: (Ger.) catalogue abbreviation for bronze overprint or surcharge BZ: Belize, country code as used by UPU.	i don't know
Sargassum is what type of plant?	What is Sargassum? Ocean Exploration Facts \| Diversity of Life and Ecosystems Sargassum is a genus of large brown seaweed (a type of algae) that floats in island-like masses. Pelagic brown algae in the genus Sargassum. The berry-like structures are gas-filled bladders known as pneumatocysts, which provide buoyancy to the plant. Image courtesy of H. Scott Meister, SCDNR. Did You Know? In 2005 , scientists in the Gulf of Mexico used a type of net called a neuston net to sample surface waters. In towing the net for just one 15-minute period within Sargassum habitat, they collected over 3,000 fish in 82 kilograms (180 pounds) of Sargassum! By collecting samples throughout the water column (surface, middle, and bottom), scientists were trying to understand how communities at different water depths are connected. Sargassum is abundant in the ocean. Upon close inspection, it is easy to see the many leafy appendages, branches, and round, berry-like structures that make up the plant. These “berries” are actually gas-filled structures, called pneumatocysts, which are filled mostly with oxygen. Pneumatocysts add buoyancy to the plant structure and allow it to float on the surface. Floating rafts of Sargassum can stretch for miles across the ocean. This floating habitat provides food, refuge, and breeding grounds for an array of critters such as fishes, sea turtles, marine birds, crabs, shrimp, and more. Some animals, like the Sargassum fish (in the frogfish family), live their whole lives only in this habitat. Sargassum serves as a primary nursery area for a variety of commercially important fishes such as mahi mahi, jacks, and amberjacks. When Sargassum loses its buoyancy, it sinks to the seafloor, providing energy in the form of carbon to fishes and invertebrates in the deep sea. Sargassum may also provide an important addition to the food sources available in the deep sea. Because of its ecological importance, Sargassum has been designated as Essential Fish Habitat, which affords these areas special protection. However, Sargassum habitat has been poorly studied because it is so difficult to sample. Further research is needed to understand, protect, and best conserve this natural resource.	Seaweed
Which British designer made the miniskirt popular in the 1960’s?	Marine Algae Marine Algae Marine Algae - Sargassum Algae - Marine algae are among the most ancient members of the plant kingdom, and vital components of the ecosystem of marine life. These plants are abundant in coastal areas, usually anchoring themselves to a hard surface using specialized “holdfast” structures. These structures are not true roots, and there are also no true shoots, leaves, seeds, water-conducting tissues, or flowers. Species can range in size from very small (3 -10 microns) to very large (over 200 feet long) and some can grow more than 10 inches per day. The three best known types of marine algae are red algae (Rhodophyta), green algae (Chlorophyta and others) and brown algae (Phaeophyceae). In the Gulf of Mexico, marine algae play an irreplaceable role in maintaining marine life and habitats. In reef environments, some species of red algae “exceed corals in importance as reef building organisms.” [1] Hence, the term “tropical reef” is sometimes used instead of "coral reef" to reflect this diversity. - Zooxanthellae - Marine algae often live alongside seagrasses , which have flattened leaves that allow easy attachment for the algae. These two types of plants combine to create diverse ecosystems. Marine animals use these mats of algae and seagrass to rest, spawn, feed, and hide from predators. Examples of such animals are pipefish and snapper, shrimps and crabs, and tiny snails and clams. A common species of brown algae in the Gulf of Mexico is Sargassum. This brown alga lends its name to the Sargasso Sea, a region in the North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Africa where large mats of Sargassum are concentrated. Some Sargassum species, like that in the Sargasso Sea, never anchor; other species attach to hard surfaces in shallow waters, near coral reefs and in mangrove thickets. Sargassum can be considered a habitat in addition to a species because fish and other animals use it as a refuge, as is true for other marine plants. There are actually several species of animals – crabs, shrimps, snails, and even a nudibranch – that live no where else. Since the oil spill, oily patches of Sargassum have been reported washing ashore on Gulf coastlines. The animals that take refuge in these plants will likely die from either the physical effects of the oil or from ingesting the oily residue that clings to the algae. Some marine algae are necessary for coral growth. Many reef-building coral species have algal cells called zooxanthellae that live within its tissues in a symbiotic relationship. The zooxanthellae photosynthesize and provide supplemental energy to the coral. "Bleached" corals that have lost their zooxanthellae (through disease or stress) often die as a result. Algae can also be detrimental to coral growth. If marine algae are allowed to physically overgrow the coral, shading it from sunlight, the zooxanthellae can die or leave the coral, in turn putting the coral at risk. Overgrowth of algae can be caused by increased nutrients in the water or by decreased populations of animals (such as sea urchins) that normally graze upon the algae. Resources for marine algae	i don't know
Iva Toguri D’Aquino, a US citizen who participated in propaganda broadcasts to allied soldiers during World War II, was better known by what name?	President Ford Pardons Iva Toguri d'Aquino, Better Known as "Tokyo Rose" \| The American Legion's BurnPit President Ford Pardons Iva Toguri d'Aquino, Better Known as "Tokyo Rose" January 20th, 2015 by Siggurdsson Iva Toguri, aka "Tokyo Rose" mugshot, 1946 Photo courtesty of pingnews service via National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (Unless otherwise indicated, all illustrations are courtesy of Wikipedia) Today in Military History: January 19, 1977 Today's stroll through history involves one of the minor civilian characters whose actions penetrated into American culture. She found herself on the wrong side of the conflict between her native United States and her ancestral home of Japan; the rest, as they say, is history… Background Iva Toguri was born in Los Angeles on July 4, 1916. Iva was a Girl Scout as a child, and was raised as a Methodist. She attended grammar schools in Mexico and San Diego before returning with her family to Los Angeles. There she finished grammar school, attended high school, and graduated from the UCLA, with a degree in zooology. She then went to work in her parents' shop. On July 5, 1941, Toguri sailed for Japan to visit an ailing relative and to possibly study medicine. The U.S. State Department issued her a Certificate of Identification; she did not have a passport. In September, Toguri applied to the U.S. Vice Consul in Japan for a passport, stating she wished to return to her home in the U.S. Her request was forwarded to the State Department, but the answer had not returned by the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) and she was stranded in Japan. "Tokyo Rose" aka "Orphan Ann" Toguri was pressured by the Japanese government to renounce her American citizenship, which she refused to do. She was initially declared an enemy alien and refused a war ration card. To support herself, Toguri found a job as a typist at a Japanese news agency, later taking a similar job with Radio Tokyo. In November 1943, Allied POWs forced to broadcast propaganda selected her to host portions of the one-hour radio show The Zero Hour. After she refused to broadcast anti-American propaganda, Toguri was assured by her producers that they would not write scripts having her say anything against the U.S. True to their word, no such propaganda was found in her broadcasts. Toguri hosted a total of 340 broadcasts of The Zero Hour. Toguri performed in comedy sketches and introduced recorded music, but never participated in any actual newscasts, with on-air speaking time of generally about 20 minutes. Though earning only 150 yen – about $7 – per month, she used some of her earnings to feed POWs, smuggling food in as she did before. Toguri aimed most of her comments toward her fellow Americans ("my fellow orphans"), using American slang and playing American music. She routinely referred to American and allied troops in the Pacific theater as "boneheads." In one of the few surviving recordings of her show, she refers to herself as "your 'Number One' enemy." [At no time did Toguri call herself "Tokyo Rose" during the war, and in fact there was no evidence that any other broadcaster had done so. The name was a catch-all used by Allied forces for all of the women who were heard on Japanese propaganda radio.] Post-War At war's end, reporters visiting Japan went on the hunt for Tokyo Rose. Unfortunately, as the reporters soon discovered, several women broadcast over Radio Tokyo and none used the name Tokyo Rose. Unwilling to puncture a balloon that now had grown to a gigantic size, the reporters promised $2,000 to Iva Toguri to say that she was Tokyo Rose. Toguri, who'd been stranded in Japan by the war and provided for herself by getting a job as a DJ, signed a statement claiming to be Tokyo Rose, though she had no idea that this figure had been implicated in treason. The army conducted an investigation and cleared her, as the New York Times reported in August 1945."There is no Tokyo Rose," the U.S. Office of War Information revealed,"the name is strictly a G.I. invention.... Government monitors listening in twenty-four hours a day have never heard the word 'Tokyo Rose' over a Japanese-controlled Far Eastern radio." Three years later Assistant Attorney General Theron L. Caudle confirmed that Toguri was innocent."Her activity," he wrote," consisted of nothing more than the announcing of music selections." No matter. The media, led by journalist/broadcaster Walter Winchell, went on a witch hunt. In 1948 the government of President Harry Truman, then in the political race of his life, pressed charges against Toguri, indicting her on eight counts for treason and trying her in federal court in San Francisco. It was a frame-up from the start. The key witnesses who testified against her during the trial, claiming she had broadcast propaganda over the radio, subsequently admitted they had lied."We had no choice," said one of the witnesses, a Japanese businessman. "U.S. Occupation police came and told me I had no choice but to testify against Iva, or else." He and others flown in from Japan for the trial "were told what to say and what not to say for two hours every morning for a month before the trial started." The judge in the trial was convinced that Toguri was guilty and privately confessed that he was shocked that his son – a veteran who had been stationed in the Pacific – felt no animosity to her."I can't understand it," the judge confessed. In his instructions to the jury he excluded virtually all of the arguments Toguri's lawyers had raised in her defense. The jury foreman afterward said,"If it had been possible under the judge's instructions" to acquit her, the jury would have. One September 29, 1948 Toguri was found guilty of only one of the eight counts, fined $10,000 and sentenced to 10 years in prison. She was sent to the Federal Reformatory for Women in Alderson, WV. After spending six years and two months in prison, Iva Toguri was paroled and released on January 28, 1956. She moved to Chicago, where she spent the remainder of her life. Nearly 20 years after her release from prison, an investigation by Chicago Tribune reporter Ron Yates discovered that Kenkichi Oki and George Mitsushio, two prosecution witnesses who had given the most damaging testimony at Toguri's trial, had perjured themselves. They stated that FBI and U.S. occupation police had coached them for over two months about what they were to say on the stand, and had been threatened with treason trials themselves if they didn't cooperate.[Both of these men had renounced their American citizenship to work for Radio Tokyo.] This was followed up by a Morley Safer report on the television news program 60 Minutes. Iva Toguri D'Aquino on 60 Minutes, 1976 Image courtesy of http://www.earthstation1.com/Tokyo_Rose.html Aftermath As a result of the 60 Minutes piece, President Gerald Ford issued a full and unconditional Presidential pardon to D'Aquino on his last day in office, January 19, 1977. [Toguri had married Felipe D'Aquino in 1945 a Portuguese citizen of Portuguese-Japanese heritage. She did not, however, choose to take his Portuguese citizenship.] Footnote #1: On January 15, 2006, the World War II Veterans Committee (sponsors of the Memorial Day Parade in Washington DC and the National World War II), citing "her indomitable spirit, love of country, and the example of courage she has given her fellow Americans", awarded Toguri its annual Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award. According to one biographer, Toguri found it the most memorable day of her life. Footnote #2: On September 26, 2006, at the age of 90, Toguri died in a Chicago hospital of natural causes. Posted in top stories \| 0 comments	Tokyo Rose
Wicca is the religion or practice of what?	The Volokh Conspiracy - Al-Qaeda Adam, Axis Sally, and Tokyo Rose: [Eugene Volokh, October 12, 2006 at 1:00pm ] Trackbacks Al-Qaeda Adam, Axis Sally, and Tokyo Rose: Adam Gadahn, who has become a propagandist for al-Qaeda, is being indicted for treason (as well as for providing material support for terrorist organizations). News accounts that I've heard suggests that the indictment is based precisely on what he's said, not on any physical assistance that he's provided. If he acted with the intent of helping al-Qaeda in its war against us, and if his overt acts can be proven with the testimony of two witnesses (or an in-court confession), then his actions would be treason. But what about the First Amendment? Interestingly, the closest analogy here seems to be the post-World War II prosecutions of Axis Sally and Tokyo Rose, who were U.S. citizens who acted as propagandists for the Nazis and the Japanese. (As I understand it, Tokyo Rose was eventually exonerated on the grounds that she acted under duress, but that's not important to the legal analysis here.) Consider the Axis Sally case, Gillars v. United States, 182 F.2d 962 (D.C. Cir. 1950). Mildred Gillars recorded this "Vision of Invasion" broadcast while working for the Nazis: This program was a radio play of an hour's length broadcast in the month before the Allied invasion of Europe. The scenes alternated between soldiers on a ship in the invasion and the home of an American soldier. The ship is sunk, the soldier is killed and he appears in a dream of his mother. The general theme is expressed in the following colloquy between the American mother and father: "Mother: But everyone says the invasion is suicide. The simplest person knows that. Between seventy and ninety percent of the boys will be killed or crippled for the rest of their lives. "Father: What can we do about it? "Mother: Bah. We could have done a lot about it. Have we got a government by the people or not? Roosevelt had no right to go to war." Witnesses who participated in the broadcast testified that the purpose was to prevent the invasion of Europe by telling the American people and soldiers that an attempted invasion would be risky with respect to the lives of the soldiers. The court of appeals upheld Gillars' conviction, including against a First Amendment objection; the Supreme Court did not review the case. It seems to me there are several possible First Amendment rules that could be applicable to this sort of case: Speech is unprotected whenever the speaker knows that it's likely to aid the enemy. (Not all such speech is punishable under treason law, which requires a purpose of helping the enemy, but perhaps the speech could be punished under some other statute.) I think this would be an awful test, because it would punish a lot of important, valuable, and eminently legitimate speech that criticizes the war. As I've argued here , "During war as during peace, Americans have a right and responsibility to evaluate their government's actions, and decide whether the actions — or the administration — need changing. To make these decisions we need to hear various views on whether the war is going well, whether we're morally in the right in our actions, and so on. An American during the Vietnam War, for instance, should have had the right to argue to his fellow citizens that the war was unwinnable, that the U.S. should pull out, and that voters should support an antiwar candidate. His arguments and others like his might well have helped the enemy, if they weakened U.S. resolve, made it more likely that the U.S. would indeed withdraw, or emboldened the Viet Cong." Notheless, his speech should have been protected. Speech is unprotected whenever the speaker has the purpose of aiding the enemy (and perhaps there's some evidence that the speech is indeed likely to provide some at least modest aid). This exception would justify punishing any speech that falls within the statutory and constitutional definition of "treason." I think this too is probably too broad. Perhaps the speaker's intentions made him morally culpable and thus theoretically deserving of punishment. But prohibiting all speech that intentionally helps the enemy risks punishing or deterring even speakers who intend only to protect American interests, but whose intentions are mistaken by prosecutors and juries — a serious risk, especially in wartime. On the other hand, I suspect that quite a few judges would take the view that treason by speech that is intended to help the enemy should be treated the same as treason by action that is intended to help the enemy. Speech is unprotected only when the speaker has the purpose of aiding the enemy, and is paid for such speech. This, though, would be an odd distinction in U.S. constitutional law, given that speech is routinely protected despite being done for money. Most writers, filmmakers, journalists, and other speakers are paid for their speech. Speech is unprotected only when the speaker has the purpose of aiding the enemy, and is coordinating his speech with the enemy. As I've written here , I think this is probably the best test, and it would cover Gadahn — but I'm not positive it. Speech is unprotected only when the speaker has the purpose of aiding the enemy, and is actually employed by the enemy. My friend and fellow lawprof Tom Bell takes this view. This test would probably cover Gadahn as well, given that it sounds like al-Qaeda is likely providing his room and board, such as it is, and on a pretty full-time basis. Speech is protected regardless of the speaker's purpose of aiding the enemy or coordination with the enemy. Under this approach, Axis Sally, Tokyo Rose, any other American equivalent of the British Lord Haw-Haw, and others would be constitutionally immune from punishment. The Conclusion of Tom Bell's article suggests that this might be the right test, though it also endorses an employed-by-the-enemy test. I've also written briefly about this before, in this article [PDF pp. 4, 13, 65-66], and on the blog here and here . Tom Bell also has a post on the Gadahn case today . I'm at a conference starting a minute from now, and won't be blogging until a good deal later, but these are some tentative thoughts on the subject for now. curious ( mail ): if they catch him, i wonder if it'll be criminal prosecution for treason where the terminological slip that has yielded the phrase "war on terror" might finally be brought short. 10.12.2006 2:23pm FantasiaWHT: Can someone explain the distinction between rules 3 and 5? They seem semantically the same to me. 10.12.2006 2:25pm Fingerprint File ( mail ): I guess that in 3, the speaker is paid for the specific speech, even if they are not an employee, whereas in 5, the speaker was not paid specifically for that speech but is otherwise employed by the enemy. 10.12.2006 2:31pm RMCACE ( mail ): Why is no one talking about the constitutional problems with the treason. Art. III Sec. 3: "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court." There may be other crimes in his speech. But as I understand it, he has not actually fired a gun or levied war against the US. Maybe there is an argument he is aiding and comforting the enemy with his speech. I am just assuming that the video create more than two witnesses to his acts. I just don't think the constitutionality of the treason charge is an open and shut case. Then again, I have no case law to back up any of my assertions. 10.12.2006 2:50pm Kim Scarborough ( mail ) ( www ): Did "Aid and Comfort" have a more specific meaning in 1789, or was it as vague as it is today? 10.12.2006 3:04pm Henry679 ( mail ): I guess we are just supposed to assume that the Constitutional meaning of "war" really is a dead letter, huh? I eagerly await the "strict constructionist" Scotus opinion burying it. 10.12.2006 3:05pm JosephSlater ( mail ): Options 1-3 would be radical and wrong, in that they would seem to leave unprotected core political speech opposing any ongoing war. If the test is "purpose to aid the enemy," couldn't it be argued that speech saying, "this war is a bad idea, we should stop prosecuting it" has, as its purpose, a goal that would "aid the enemy," in some objective sense? And the "being paid for it" criteria of #3 doesn't seem to matter much. If I'm a pundit being paid to give a speech by some school, think tank, or private organization, I should still have the right to speak on political topics. There is a long tradition of opposing wars in this country from political right and left, from religious groups, from various ethnic groups, from folks of various moral persuasions ... all that could be caught by those definitions. As to #4, what does "coordinating" mean, in this context? Getting some information from the enemy? Planning speeches at particular times? Seems troublingly overbroad. Heck, Bill O'Reilly is suggesting that the ongoing uptick in attacks in Iraq is "timed" for our elections. I need to think whether I would prefer 5 or 6. 10.12.2006 3:09pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): The offense "adhering to their enemies" seems broad enough to include mutual promulgation of enemy propaganda alongside Zawaheri dressed in the garb of the enemy. A video film witnessed by two or more individuals with them sitting side by side spouting their venomous screeds against the "great satan" USA seems to me to be prima facie evidence that the Defendant "adhered" within the meaning of Article III Sec. 3 of the Constitution. 10.12.2006 3:13pm ( link ) Visitor Again: (As I understand it, Tokyo Rose was eventually exonerated on the grounds that she acted under duress, but that's not important to the legal analysis here.) For the sake of posterity, this recent obituary from the L.A. Times, which I reproduce since it is about to disappear from the content freely available to the public, is a more accurate account of why the woman convicted as Tokyo Rose was pardoned. IVA TOGURI / 1916-2006 Convicted as 'Tokyo Rose,' She Later Received Honors By Valerie J. Nelson, Times Staff Writer September 28, 2006 Trapped while visiting Japan at the start of World War II, U.S. citizen Iva Toguri became known to millions by a radio handle she never used: Tokyo Rose, the "siren of the Pacific" whose broadcasts were meant to demoralize American servicemen fighting in the Pacific theater. But there was one problem: A single Tokyo Rose didn't exist. U.S. servicemen branded any English-speaking female radio broadcaster of Japanese propaganda with the name, and there were at least a dozen. ADVERTISEMENT Forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur's command and the U.S. Justice Department independently concluded that Toguri had committed no crime. Yet the Los Angeles native was the only Tokyo Rose to be prosecuted. She was convicted of treason in 1949 and served more than six years in prison. Two decades later, journalists revisited her story and helped clear her name, painting her as a victim of racism and wartime hysteria. "They wound up prosecuting the myth instead of the person," said Bill Kurtis, the broadcast journalist whose 1969 documentary for CBS, "The Story of Tokyo Rose," first told Toguri's side of the story. Toguri, who received a presidential pardon in 1977, died Tuesday of complications of old age at Advocate Illinois Masonic Hospital in Chicago, said Barbara Trembley, a family spokeswoman. She was 90. She had lived to see herself hailed as a hero by former servicemen who wanted to right "a grotesque miscarriage of justice," said James Roberts, president of the World War II Veterans Committee. At a private ceremony in January in Chicago, Toguri wept when she received the veterans' Edward J. Herlihy Citizenship Award — named for the radio broadcaster known for narrating World War II newsreels. She called it "the most memorable day of my life." Those who tell her story like to point out that she was born on the Fourth of July, 1916. Raised by Japanese immigrants in a predominantly white neighborhood in Compton, she spoke almost no Japanese. She attended a Methodist church, was a Girl Scout, loved big bands and hated sushi. A month after graduating from UCLA with a degree in zoology in June 1941, she was sent to Japan to care for her mother's dying sister. Her mother, who was too ill to travel, died the next year on her way to a Japanese American internment camp. Near the end of Toguri's planned six-month stay, Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Stranded, and classified as an enemy alien, Toguri was constantly harassed by the Japanese government. Taunted by neighbors for harboring an enemy, her relatives asked her to leave. She asked Japanese authorities to imprison her with other American nationals, but she was eventually forced to work on the English-language "Zero Hour," a Radio Tokyo show staffed by Allied prisoners that aired from 1943 to 1945. "It was not propaganda, so to speak. It was produced by POWs for POWs and their parents," Kurtis said. "Her voice sounded like an American teenager, and that's what they wanted." The only radio alias Toguri used was "Orphan Ann" because she often said during her broadcasts that she was an announcer who had been orphaned in Tokyo by the war. She performed comedy skits and introduced newscasts. Three POWs with previous broadcast experience were her co-workers, and they promised to try to avoid spreading propaganda by delivering the broadcasts in such a farcical way that they wouldn't be believed. As they became friends, she risked her welfare for them, purchasing food and medicine. As the war went on, she married a Portuguese national, Felipe d'Aquino, who worked at another radio station. After Japan's surrender in August 1945, the American press descended on Tokyo, intending to find Tokyo Rose. Two American journalists offered $250 to anyone who could identify the radio broadcaster, and a former employee of Radio Tokyo pointed to Toguri. American military police arrested her, but an investigation found no grounds for the charges of treason and aiding the enemy. After a year, Toguri was released and she petitioned to return to the United States. Back home, a myth of war had gone Hollywood. The 1946 movie "Tokyo Rose" presented the title character as a sultry, malevolent traitor who taunted American soldiers. Commentator Walter Winchell crusaded to have Toguri rearrested, unleashing a series of radio broadcasts attacking the attorney general for "laxness" in dealing with the case. Pressure steadily built on the administration of President Truman to "make an example of somebody" in 1948. As Toguri said in 1976 of her role as a postwar scapegoat, "It was eenie, meenie, minie … and I was moe." Secretly arrested in Japan, she was sent to San Francisco and tried on eight counts. The 13-week trial cost $750,000, which was then reported to be the most expensive trial in U.S. history. After she was convicted on one count of treason, jury foreman John Mann said he would regret the verdict for the rest of his life. Her offense boiled down to two sentences that she allegedly uttered on the radio: "Orphans of the Pacific, you are really orphans now. How will you get home now that your ships are sunk?" Her attorneys argued that the statement was not intended seriously and could not possibly have been taken that way, since the Allies had just won a major sea victory. Journalists have questioned whether she ever uttered the words. Sentenced to 10 years, Toguri served six years and two months in a West Virginia federal prison. After her release in 1956, she was fined $10,000. Her husband, who had come to San Francisco for the trial, was forced to sign a statement that he would never try to reenter the U.S. He divorced her in 1980. After moving to Chicago, where relatives had resettled, she worked in the imported Japanese goods store her father had opened after the war. She maintained a Greta Garbo-like silence about her past until she was contacted by Kurtis, then a young reporter at a local CBS affiliate. Her first post-prison interview became "The Story of Tokyo Rose." "When you separate out fact from myth, why, their case falls apart," Kurtis said. "In this great admiration we have for the greatest generation, Iva Toguri should be included in those patriots loyal to America." Asked about patriotism in the face of such adversity, Toguri often quoted her father's admonition: "A tiger doesn't change his stripes." Another journalist, Ron Yates, became intrigued by the story while serving as Tokyo bureau chief for the Chicago Tribune. During a golf game, he asked a friend who had worked for Radio Tokyo about Tokyo Rose. "He said, 'She was convicted on really bad testimony.' I said, 'What do you mean?' " Yates told The Times on Wednesday. His friend handed him the phone numbers for the two witnesses whose testimony had led to Toguri's conviction. "They said, 'I think it's time for us to come clean,' " Yates said. "They said they were coached for two months every day before the trial began. That kind of blew me away." The two former Radio Tokyo employees admitted they had perjured themselves under heavy pressure. Yates wrote a series of articles in 1976 that made a powerful case for Toguri's innocence. A "60 Minutes" broadcast on the case, reported by Morley Safer, was shown in early 1977. In one of his last official acts in office, President Ford pardoned Toguri and restored her citizenship. Several years ago, Toguri invited Yates to dinner. "She sat across from me and said, 'I always wanted to meet you and thank you. If it wasn't for you I'd still be a criminal,' " Yates recalled Toguri saying. "It was journalists who got you into trouble," he replied. "And a journalist who kind of got you out." 10.12.2006 3:16pm ( link ) Steve: Any minute now, the segment of the commentariat who believe that #1 doesn't go far enough will show up. 10.12.2006 3:16pm ( link ) Master Shake: (As I understand it, Tokyo Rose was eventually exonerated on the grounds that she acted under duress, but that's not important to the legal analysis here.) My understanding is that it had more to do with her conviction being based on perjured testimony, and that there was no actual evidence (or likelihood) that she had engaged in treason. She died being considered somewhat of a heroine. 10.12.2006 3:16pm ( link ) Jiffy: Why not take speech out of it by concluding that it is treason to be employed by an enemy during wartime (ie., "adhering to")? Seems like that would include anyone in category 5 but potentially avoid the free speech issue. 10.12.2006 3:18pm Steph ( mail ): Did "Aid and Comfort" have a more specific meaning in 1789, or was it as vague as it is today? Actualy as vague as it was in 1351. The constitutional limits on treason come from the british statue on treason of that year. (25 Edw. III St. 5 c. 2). Though of course it is translated from the norman french. The link to my post is here here 10.12.2006 3:20pm Under most of these 'rules' Jimmy Carter is in big trouble. No he wouldn't. Treason is a specific intent crime. At best, one might argue that Carter, or others in hypo #1, are merely negligent or recklessly indifferent to the fact that their speech or other actions might give aid and comfort to the enemy, but this is not treason. RMCACE cited the relevant text but misstated the law. "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort." The two offenses are (i) levying war against the United States and (ii) adhering to the enemies of the United States. Apropos of Kim Scarborough's question, it is "adhering" to the enemy that has alaways been vague in the caselaw. Adhering generally means taking up the enemy's cause, even if you don't actually join the fight by levying war. Throughout history, the most common ways to adhere to the enemy have involved providing material support, performing espionage and propagandizing on the enemy's behalf. This is what is meant by "giving them aid and comfort" and in the caselaw is sometimes analogized to conspiracy law as requiring an overt act. That is, the government must prove specific intent to adhere to the enemy and an act demonstrating that the accused actually gave aid and comfort. The witness/confession requirement is an added mechanism to mitigate against false convictions. As far as I know, there is no First Amendment defense to treason. Treason is a Constitutional crime, not a statutory one, so the First Amendment does not trump it. So if the elements are proven: adherence to the enemy, that is a specific intent to join the enemy's cause, and an overt act giving aid and comfort to the enemy for which two witnesses testify or to which the defendant confesses, then it does not matter if the overt act is "political speech". In this case it appears that #2 is closest to correct. 10.12.2006 3:48pm ( link ) Visitor Again: I don't think speech, even if accompanied by employment, payment or other benefit, should ever constitute the basis of a treason charge. It's highly doubtful it does any actual harm. Traitors like Lord Haw-Haw were widely ridiculed during the Second World War. The U.K. hanged him, but if anything, his broadcasts gave a laugh and a rallying boost to our troops. So what you end up doing is prosecuting and punishing people for bad words, bad thoughts. Treason charges are highly susceptible to being brought for political reasons. They are sometimes brought during times of hysteria. They are adjudicated against an emotion-laden backdrop at the very least. The dangers to free speech are plain. For these reasons alone, I would require some sort of physical aid and comfort to the enemy for a treason charge. Speech, however, might be used as evidence of a defendant's intent in providing this physical aid and comfort. Treason charges based on expression were much discussed following Jane Fonda's visit to Hanoi in 1972. Those who favored prosecuting her were largely proponents of the War in Viet Nam; those who opposed it were largely against the war. Any trial would have been a political circus. And it would have revealed all sorts of governmental misconduct, much like the Pentagon Papers trial of Dan Ellsberg and Tony Russo did. 10.12.2006 3:49pm Colin ( mail ): Visitor Again, Thanks for the repost. NPR's On the Media aired an interview with Kurtis last week or the week before, and included some snippets of Toguri's broadcasts. I think it's worth pulling down the podcast just for that. I meant to see if there were longer recordings available online, but forgot to search. I hate to do it from work; does anyone know if there are easily availble samples? 10.12.2006 4:11pm Justin ( mail ): #6 is the only one I'm truly comfortable with, but I can see how 5 is appropriate. Tom Bell, RCACE, and JosephSlater have accurately summed up why. 10.12.2006 4:16pm It's difficult to imagine how to prove that Jane Fonda had the purpose of aiding the enemy, though it sure looks like she did . Under EV's preferred test, # 4, she would've been guilty of treason. (What is that statute of limitations? None? Beware, Jane!) 10.12.2006 4:24pm Justin ( mail ): BTW, a serious question for Professor Volokh: If you employ test 4, does the portion "coordinating his speech with the enemy" require specific intent? To put it another way, if he thought he was coordinating with an anti-war group who turned out to be a front for Al Queda, would he be guilty of treason? (I presume that it is a specific intent crime, and thus my hypo defendant would be not guilty even if he spoke only out of love for Al Queda). A more interesting question would be how one defines enemy. There's no actual declaration of war, and though there was an authorization of military force that was presumably directed against both the Taliban and the Baathist regime, Adam did not coordinate with either. If one reads Al Queda into the mix of "enemies", then that counts. What about another paramilitary organization operating in Iraq? Does it matter whether they've taken up arms against the US or not? The Iraqi government but not US forces? Just civilians? US allies? And on a related note, what if a defendant coordinated speech with an organization that was sufficiently an "enemy", but while the defendant knew that organization was hostile to the US, didn't have the requisite factual knowledge to realize it was legally an enemy under the law? This pandora's box gives me some serious concern about (though surely does not effectively defeat) the #4 position. 10.12.2006 4:25pm "adhering to their enemies" Adhering is a vague term, but so is "enemies." What, exactly constitutes an enemy? Obviously, a sovereign state against whom Congress has declared war is an enemy by any definition. How far beyond that can the Constitutional provision stretch? Does it have to be a sovereign state? Any organization? How about organized crime -- is that an "enemy?" Why is Al Qaeda an enemy but the Mafia not? And how adversarial does it have to be? Did the communist states, against whom we had an adversarial relationship during the Cold War, but with whom we still maintained formal relations, qualify? What about political rivals? Is France today our enemy? Russia? China? Iran? Food for thought. jgshapiro ( mail ): Fantasia: I don't think Fingerprint File is right. I don't think it matters for purpose of the distinction whether the speaker is paid by the enemy for the speech in particular or is paid by the enemy as an employee in general. Either requirement would ensure that you don't accidentally snare someone making a public statement against the war, or a journalist. I think the difference between #3 and #5 is that #3 does not require that the speaker be paid by the enemy, only that he/she be paid by a third party, rather than making the speech for free. #5 implies that the speaker is being paid by the enemy, and is therefore an agent of the enemy in all respects. (Note: If I am correct, I assume that the word "employee" in #5 would also include independent contractors, so long as they were being paid by the enemy or an affiliate, rather than an unaffiliated third party.) So, for example, if Sean Penn went to Iraq on behalf of the San Francisco Chronicle and, while there, made a number of statements supporting al Qaeda and opposing the U.S. operation in Iraq, he might fit under #3 because he was paid, but not under #5, because he was not paid by al Qaeda or one of its affiliates. But if he accepted money from al Qaeda or one of its affiliates - whether or not for the purpose of making the statement - he would fit under #5. Perhaps Professor Volokh could clear this up. 10.12.2006 4:42pm Mark Field ( mail ): I think that in order to answer the question, we need to start at the beginning: Aside from its historical roots, why is treason a separate crime? That is, what behavior does it penalize which couldn't be reached by other means? I honestly can't think of any. If a US citizen actually fights for the other side, s/he becomes subject to the laws of war. Same if s/he provides material aid; doing that probably also violates some "trading with the enemy" act. The dispute centers really centers on whether we should interpret the phrase "aid and comfort" to include non-material behavior -- in essence, speech. It's not at all clear to me that we want to re-create the Vallandigham case every time we have an enemy. Number 6 seems right. 10.12.2006 4:54pm ( link ) J. F. Thomas ( mail ): You're on a real slippery slope when a terrorist organization becomes an "enemy" under the constitution. Does that make the KKK or Christian Identity groups or any far right groups that claim the government is a "Zionist Occupying Government" an enemy of the United States and therefore subject to be charged with treason? By that measure could we have charged Timothy McVeigh with treason? The FBI claims enviroterrorists are the greatest domestic terrorist threat. As ludicrous as this is, does that mean that we are going to charge EDF members with treason? To charge this rather misguided and ridiculous person with treason for doing nothing more than making a few videos is truly frightening. This administration is truly out of control. 10.12.2006 4:55pm Bored Lawyer: "Aside from its historical roots, why is treason a separate crime?" I thought the whole point of the constitutional provision was to limit the definition of treason so that it would not encompass political dissent and criticism. 10.12.2006 5:01pm ( link ) J. F. Thomas ( mail ): I think that in order to answer the question, we need to start at the beginning: Aside from its historical roots, why is treason a separate crime? That is, what behavior does it penalize which couldn't be reached by other means? If you look at the history of the founders and their experience with treason prosecutions, the reason it is the only crime that has explicit elements and evidentiary requirements in the Constitution is because they deliberately wanted to set a very high bar for treason prosecutions. They saw how the British abused treason and sedition laws and didn't want the U.S. to make treason easy to prosecute in this country. Treason has rarely been prosecuted in this country and for very good reason. Except for the most extraordinary circumstances, it is the tool of a tyrant. 10.12.2006 5:02pm jgshapiro ( mail ): As far as I know, there is no First Amendment defense to treason. Treason is a Constitutional crime, not a statutory one, so the First Amendment does not trump it. I don't think that is true; the Constitution restricts the definition of treason under statute to prevent its abuse, but the crime is still defined by statute. See 18 U.S.C. 2381 . So Congress cannot expand the definition of treason in a way that conflicts with the Constitution, but the statutory definition is still the crime that a person under which a person would be prosecuted. Not to mention the fact that later-passed constitutional restrictions, like the First Amendment, could also restrict the definition of treason. 10.12.2006 5:07pm Anderson, Well, I have reason to believe it took you 8 minutes to think of... In any case, when we're talking about exceptions to the free speech clause in the first place, I'm not sure the fact that it amended the Constitution answers the question. Maybe I'm being dense, but I still don't quite see the point of searching for a good exception to free speech that's a little bigger than treason so that we can fit treason into the exception. Definitely free speech is an important consideration, but it stills seems the main question is what's treason. Or maybe I'm wrong. 10.12.2006 5:21pm ( link ) ringo: a) the First Amendment says "Congress shall pass no law..." It doesn't say anything about the Constitutional sanctioning of punishing treason, even if that treason is speech (if such exists). So the First Amendment and the freedom-of-speech sacred cow isn't dispositive is it? (or does Congress have to implement the punishment for treason via a statute?) b) to those who are fairly absolutist on free speech issues, isn't revealing to the bad guys American troop locations and movements nothing more than speech and yet likely treasonous, regardless of whether you are paid or employed by the bad guys? 10.12.2006 5:21pm ( link ) ringo: perhaps a discussion of jurisprudence re: advocacy of violent overthrow of the government would inform a discussion of the extent of free speech protection to treasonous speech? 10.12.2006 5:27pm abb3w: Option 5 might also need to be qualified as "knowingly" employed. Suppose Bin Laden owns (via deeply concealed shell cut-outs) "The Topeka Terrorist Gazette, Inc.", publisher of the epinonymous newspaper. Suppose that J. Quisling Bluecoat, a TTG columnist, writes a column on how President Bush is a doodyhead. Prosecutors claim his intent was to aid the enemy, and can convince a jury of this. They also show Bin Laden's ownership of the company. However, it is provable that discovering such ownership would require an examination of the company records by an expert-witness grade forensic accountant -- which our Bluecoat did not have access to or ability for. I would also hope that an exception would be carved out by the courts for any speech that could reasonably be construed as in defense of the Constitution. I don't care if the idiot is screaming about "HABEAS CORPUS!!!" because he thinks it will help Al'Qaeda or because he thinks its right; he should be allowed to scream regardless. Any error of action will do more harm to the country than an error of inaction in such case. I think a more narrow version of test 2 might be better: Speech is unprotected whenever the speaker has the purpose of aiding the enemy and no other primary intent protected by the First Amendment could have been reasonably associated with that speech. Oh and Anderson: The First Amendment, duh, amended the Constitution. Including the Treason Clause? However, the first Amendment starts "Congress shall make no law...". It's easily arguable that the treason clause, by defining VERY specifically the nature of the offense, is the law (per Article VI), and that for Congress to merely "declare the punishment of treason" is not thereby abridging freedom of speech. 10.12.2006 5:32pm John Herbison ( mail ): What about the "clear and present danger" test? As Judge Learned Hand, and later the Supreme Court, opined in Dennis v. United States, the court would need to determine the gravity of the threatened harm, discounted by the improbability of its actual occurrence, in order to determine whether the speech at issue is or is not protected. One additional aspect of this situation: according to Professor Bell's post, Gadahn urged viewers to convert to Islam. I seems to me that imposition of criminal punishment for this expression would pose problems under the free exercise clause as well. 10.12.2006 5:36pm ( link ) Just an Observer: While it is interesting to discuss the legal merits of the treason charge against this defendant, remember that he is a fugitive apparently far beyond the reach of U.S. justice right now. It's easier to bring a headline-grabbing indictment when there is no court to make DOJ lawyers prove it. Perhaps they can. Perhaps not. Notably, they have not made this charge against any other citizens allegedly aiding Al Qaeda (Lindh, Hamdi, Padilla) when they actually were in custody. Padilla was held as a military prisoner for 3 1/2 years without being charged at all. More realistically, throwing "treason" into this indictment and announcing it now has more to do with firing up "the base" in the upcoming elections than it does with a real court case in the foreseeable future. This administration prefers making its "legal" arguments to the peanut gallery rather than to a judge. 10.12.2006 5:36pm Dick King: "Treason is a Constitutional crime, not a statutory one, so the First Amendment does not trump it." Really? Amendments to the constitution don't trump the clauses in the constitution that they contradict? So even though they ratified the twelfth amendment we're still following Article 2 Section 1 and we would continue to do so if, say, they ratify another amendment for election of the president by popular vote? -dk CLS ( www ): The story of "Tokyo Rose" is rather complicated but she was a hero. She worked with US prisoners of war who were the actual producers of the show. They picked her because they needed an announcer they could trust. They intentionally used the show to send messages with double meaning to soldiers. They testified on her behalf while the US prosecuters used perjured testimony against her and paid people for testifying against her only. The whole story can be found here. 10.12.2006 5:50pm CatoRenasci ( mail ): 'Hanoi Jane' Fonda should have been prosecuted for treason, and probably so should Lieut. John Kerry USNR. Both would likely have been convicted. The post-war writings of the Vietnamese enemy made it very clear that they were giving aid and comfort to the enemy, they are even honored today as friends of the revolution. Even though there are political risks, I am much less tolerant of treasonous speech than many here: I would adopt test #2 -- if the speaker intends to help the enemy, the speech should be punishable. The problem is with "intention" -- would the usual criminal law means of inferring intent suffice? As Chief Justice Bryan put it in the Middle Ages around the time the treason statute was first adopted (but not in this context): "the mind of man shall not be tried, for the Devil himself knoweth not the thought of Man" (the quote is in a footnote in Pollack &Maitland) The coordination test fails: assume a person comes into possession of troop movement information in time of war, and, intending to help the enemy, but without any coordination whatsoever or direct contact with the enemy, publishes the information such that it becomes available to the enemy. I think that's treason and any definition, such as Prof. Volkh's that would exclude that as protected speech is inadequate. 10.12.2006 5:59pm CatoRenasci ( mail ): 'Hanoi Jane' Fonda should have been prosecuted for treason, and probably so should Lieut. John Kerry USNR. Both would likely have been convicted. The post-war writings of the Vietnamese enemy made it very clear that they were giving aid and comfort to the enemy, they are even honored today as friends of the revolution. Even though there are political risks, I am much less tolerant of treasonous speech than many here: I would adopt test #2 -- if the speaker intends to help the enemy, the speech should be punishable. The problem is with "intention" -- would the usual criminal law means of inferring intent suffice? As Chief Justice Bryan put it in the Middle Ages around the time the treason statute was first adopted (but not in this context): "the mind of man shall not be tried, for the Devil himself knoweth not the thought of Man" (the quote is in a footnote in Pollack &Maitland) The coordination test fails: assume a person comes into possession of troop movement information in time of war, and, intending to help the enemy, but without any coordination whatsoever or direct contact with the enemy, publishes the information such that it becomes available to the enemy. I think that's treason and any definition, such as Prof. Volkh's that would exclude that as protected speech is inadequate. 10.12.2006 6:01pm ( link ) Dave (in NYC): If someone were solely charged under 18 U.S. Code § 2381 or another statute, there might be a constitutional argument, as the First Amendment says "Congress shall make no law...". But Congress did not make Article III, section 3; the People did. All Congress legislated in § 2381, subject to clause 2 of Art. III, section 3, was the punishment. It would be difficult to argue that Amendment I was intended to amend Article III, section 3. I suppose one could; the effect of later amendments that don't specifically address the subject matter of a prior constitutional provision is a topic of constitutional interpretation on which I plead a degree of ignorance. Clearly Amendment XXI by its specific terms repealed Amendment XVIII. Amendment XVI, by its terms, necessarily amended clause 4 of Article I, section 9, though there are still people out there who try to argue otherwise and evade income taxes. But those are cases where the text repealed the prior text or created a clear conflict, and there was contemporaneous evidence of an intent to repeal. Am. Jur. 2d notes that "An amendment repeals or displaces a prior constitutional provision insofar as it expressly abrogates, or is irreconcilably in conflict with, the former provision. Constitutional amendments, if possible, should be harmonized with other provisions of the constitution, and effect given to the whole instrument and to every section and clause wherever possible, but where a new amendment is irreconcilably in conflict with a part of the constitution adopted earlier, the new amendment prevails and supersedes it." Given the lack of an express abrogation or irreconcilable conflict, as in my examples above or Dick King's snarkier Amendment XII example, and given a rule of construction that favors harmonization of amendments with prior provisions, I see no strong case that the First Amendment amended the Treason Clause. 10.12.2006 6:03pm ( link ) J. F. Thomas ( mail ): More realistically, throwing "treason" into this indictment and announcing it now has more to do with firing up "the base" in the upcoming elections than it does with a real court case in the foreseeable future. This administration prefers making its "legal" arguments to the peanut gallery rather than to a judge. Which is despicable and shows this administration's utter disdain for the law and the Constitution. 10.12.2006 6:03pm Justin ( mail ): Treason isn't a "constitutional crime" "Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. It does two things - it gives Congress the power to criminalize treason (subject to those limitations required by the Constitution). This is much like a very limited Commerce Clause. The second thing it does is put a limit on that power by giving rights to individuals - very specific substantive and due process rights. Treason is a statutory crime, and Congress is constitutionally prohibited from making the crime include acts other than 1) levying war against the United States 2) giving enemies of the United States aid and comfort in adherence to them. and requires prosecutors to prsent, in order to secure a conviction, 1) the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or 2) confession in open court 10.12.2006 6:15pm Justin ( mail ): "Which is despicable and shows this administration's utter disdain for the law and the Constitution." Also, the sky is blue. Anyone who has the power to muster outrage at this administration's utter lack of respect for the office, the government, the nation, or the Constitution, is either a person of absolutely remarkable passion and will, or simply has not been paying attention. 10.12.2006 6:18pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): JFT: What part of the Constitution did this administration utterly disdain in indicting a person who appears alongside the main spokesman of al Queda and joins with him in delivering a message encouraging the killing of US citizens. It cannot be reasonably disputed that this multi-national organization has by word and deed declared war on the United States. It also cannot be reasonably disputed that the now Defendant has joined with i.e. "adhered to" that enemy, and given it "aid and comfort". This does not seem to me to be such a strain that it could accurately be characterized as showing "utter disdain" for the plain language of the Constitution. Were that the case, Harry Truman's administration exhibited the same "utter disdain" when it caused Axis Sally and Tokyo Rose to be indicted and, indeed, convicted. I believe the Truman administration made the right decision, and showed true appreciation for the spirit and letter of the Constitution in so deciding. 10.12.2006 6:28pm Justin ( mail ): Jim, I think the argument was that the deciding factor as to whether to prosecute him under the Treason statute or not (ignoring other ways to prosecute him) was not the situation internally, nor the administration's political or jurisprudential views, but political expediency. In doing so, the argument goes, they completely ignore the costs of their actions, and in fact could undermine serious treason cases but bringing an absurd case that pushes the judiciary to create holdings which make it harder to commence treason when actual circumstances so call. Whether one could make a principled case for treason in this instance or not is irrelevant, as the poster was responding to the alleged (and in my view, and in the view of 99% of rational people, clearly correct) actual motivation of the Administration, which is different from the motivation you proffer. 10.12.2006 6:38pm ( link ) J. F. Thomas ( mail ): It cannot be reasonably disputed that this multi-national organization has by word and deed declared war on the United States. As much as Al Qaeda may hate the U.S. and wish us harm the idea that it can "declare war" on us in a legal or Constitutional sense (anymore than we can "declare war" on Al Qaeda) is a rather a ridiculous concept. War (in the legal and constitutional meaning of the word) occurs between two sovereigns, not between a country and a international band of ideological terrorists. As noted above, none of the other U.S. citizens who have actually been accused of bearing arms or plotting actual attacks for Al Qaeda have been accused of treason. What has this guy done that has made him so much worse than Padilla or John Lindh. 10.12.2006 6:45pm Seamus ( mail ): So even though they ratified the twelfth amendment we're still following Article 2 Section 1 and we would continue to do so if, say, they ratify another amendment for election of the president by popular vote? Anderson ( mail ) ( www ): and probably so should Lieut. John Kerry USNR See, this is the kind of thing that makes people verrrrry uneasy about prosecuting speech as "treason." It becomes a partisan tool very quickly. "Hey, Howard Dean said we shouldn't be in Iraq! That aids and comforts the insurgents! Arrest him!" Also, re: the comment above, I think it should be reasonably possible to distinguish relaying classified data from "speech." 10.12.2006 6:56pm KeithK ( mail ): So many things to respond to... I don't think this issue is question of free speech at all. [Pauses while people scream in disbelief]. The crime here is not that he's saying these things. Sure those statements are "treasonous", but only in the colloquial sense. If he was just some idiot student speaking at Columbia I'd say we should ignore him. The crime is that he is actively working with the enemy to produce propaganda videos. In my mind this is clearly adhering to the enemy and providing aid and comfort. It will have to be proven in court according to the high standards that the Constitution sets, but if the Justice Dept. can (and they seem confident of this according to news reports) then I'm fine with a treason prosecution. Several people have brought up the "not a declared war" argument. Leaving aside the numerous arguments about whether we ever need a formal declaration of war (Eugene has posted about this before), the Constitution does not require a formal state of war to be in existance for someone to be convicted of treason. Nor should it, since it is clear that someone can commit treason during a time of peace and that nations can have enemies even in the absence of a state of war. That Al Quaida is an "enemy" of the USA is clear from their statements and acts of Congress. So these arguments fall flat in my eyes. Certanily the First Amendment could trump Article III, Section 3. But Dave in NYC has it right IMO - there's no reason to think that the First was intended in any way to amend the treason clause, except insofar as it outlaws labelling political speech treasonous. As I said before, that's niot what Gadahnis engaging in here. 10.12.2006 6:59pm dejapooh ( mail ): Greetings. You can call me ignorant (in fact, I would probably call myself that), but are we at war? The President declared we were at war with terrorism, but he doesn't have the power under the constitution. Congress gave the President permission to use force, but did not issue a formal declaration of war. Doesn't treason rely on being "at war?" Doesn't holding POW's require a War? What are the international laws? If we in fact are not at war, how does that change the interpretation of our domestic laws. 10.12.2006 6:59pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): I respectfully disagree, Justin. JFThomas's point was that the indictment was in "utter disregard" of the Constitution. I don't think the evidence supports that point because I believe the indictment is arguably well-founded. I also believe that someone like the accused is every bit as deserving of indictment as those who have been convicted of like crimes in the past. Whether or not the indictment is politically motivated seems to me irrelevant if the accused deserves accusing. I don't see the costs of the action outweighing the benefit of discouraging other fools from imitating this despicable character. If I were a US Attorney, I would be happy to prosecute this clown whatever the "administration" said. I haven't seen a sound argument here why he should not be prosecuted, but I would like to see one. But then, maybe I'm just one of the hopeless, irrational one percent:>). 10.12.2006 7:02pm KeithK ( mail ): Whether one could make a principled case for treason in this instance or not is irrelevant, as the poster was responding to the alleged (and in my view, and in the view of 99% of rational people, clearly correct) actual motivation of the Administration, which is different from the motivation you proffer. Any time you find yourself convinced that "99% of rational people" must agree with you on any political question it's best to go back and reconsider your position. You're probably so caught up in your own preconceptions that you're not analyzing the situation clearly. 10.12.2006 7:05pm Dave Hardy ( mail ) ( www ): Without trying to define the outer limits of treason-- It does seem to me that making a video, for distribution by people who are shooting at US troops (whether or not they have a nation state on which we could declare war -- assuming that bin Laden's statements do not amount to such a declaration against us), in which the speaker exhorts their fellows to physically attack the US, fits nicely within whatever treason might be. Is al-Qaeda an enemy? Constitution doesn't require declaration of war for enemy status. A group that calls for destruction of the US and is actively shooting and blowing up American troops, and has killed 2500 American civilians, certainly seems an enemy. Did he adhere to them? Sure, he joined them. Did he give them aid and comfort? Sure, he's out there trying to whip up the troops, recruit more, and exhort them to kill Americans. What more could be do? Send them $25? 10.12.2006 7:08pm ( link ) steveh2: In response to the yahoo suggesting that John Kerry could be charged with treason for opposing the Vietnam War, one could make the argument that by opposing the war, he was actually working in the best interests of the USA, and against the interests of our enemies. In the present day, the argument can certainly be made that the invasion and occupation of Iraq is in fact giving aid and comfort to our enemy Al Qaeda, and that it is President Bush and his defenders, and not Howard Dean, who should be considered as possible treason defendants. 10.12.2006 7:13pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): As to a declaration of war, that is not necessary by the language of the Constitution. Nor is "nationhood" a prerequisite to "levying war" within the meaning of Article III. Otherwise, we could only indict nations for "levying war against" the United States. That, of course, makes no sense. There is no question that al Queda, like, e.g. the Barbary Pirates back in the early ninteenth century, is and has been "levying war" against the U.S.at least since 1993. 10.12.2006 7:40pm Visitor Again, Thank you for this very informative comment, I just learned something. Good stuff. Glad to pass it along. I was interested in the Tokyo Rose piece not only because her story is a fascinating one in its own right but also because I did quite a bit of research on the history and law of treason in 1972, when it looked like Jane Fonda could be charged. Unfortunately I don't have that research at hand, but I do remember that what struck me was the extent to which treason charges had been brought for questionable ends throughout history and--probably one of the reasons for that--that there appears to be no principled, objective or neutral way of determining when expression constitutes treason and when it constitutes merely criticism or opinion. I take the view that expression may be constitutionally prohibited, if at all, only on the basis of the harm it produces or the danger it presents. Whether or not the speaker is paid by someone, whether or not he is employed by someone, makes not the slightest difference in this regard. A particular piece of speech produces precisely the same harm, poses precisely the same danger, whether or not the speaker is paid, employed or otherwise benefitted. Make employment or payment by the enemy an offense if you want, but leave expression out of it. Bringing treason charges on the basis of expression is an effort to punish people for having bad thoughts and for expressing those bad thoughts. That is not to say expression may not be used as evidence of intent in a treason prosecution based on material aid and comfort to the enemy; my objection is to charging expression as the offense. Contrary to Professor Volokh, I believe the reasons for the eventual exoneration of "Tokyo Rose" are entirely relevant to the legal analysis here. Her story is another example of how treason charges have been manipulated for political ends in an atmosphere of hysteria and serves as a warning of what we should be on guard against in determining the proper scope of the treason offense. Why look at things in the abstract when there is history and experience at hand? As Justice Holmes said, a page of history is often worth a volume of logic. The Tokyo Rose story is part of that history to which we ought to pay attention. 10.12.2006 7:44pm Mark Field ( mail ): Constitution doesn't require declaration of war for enemy status. Several people have asserted this. Do any of you have any evidence, whether case law or historical, to support this for purposes of a treason charge? 10.12.2006 7:45pm Jim Carlile ( mail ): If he has renounced his citizenship already, how would he be subject to any constitutional charge of treason? I agree that treason charges based solely on speech are troubling. This particular charge looks like a pretextual attempt to punish a foe for thoughts and words. And if waging "war" is a necessary basis for the claim, when did al'Qaeda declare war on the United States? They're not even a cohesive entity. This all comes off like an ominously dangerous PR stunt. 10.12.2006 7:54pm What allegiance does Dadahn owe to the U.S. that would render his actions treasonous? 10.12.2006 8:06pm KeithK ( mail ): Several people have asserted this. Do any of you have any evidence, whether case law or historical, to support this for purposes of a treason charge? Using the always 100% reliable internet source Wikipedia (snicker) I quickly came up with several cases where someone was indicted for treason when the nation was not at war. (Entry of Treason , scroll down for USA). The entry says that Aaron Burr was indicted but acquitted in 1807 ( link ) and several Americans were convicted during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 (though later pardoned). Take the Wiki entry with the usual skepticism, of course. 10.12.2006 8:12pm KeithK ( mail ): In response to the yahoo suggesting that John Kerry could be charged with treason for opposing the Vietnam War, one could make the argument that by opposing the war, he was actually working in the best interests of the USA, and against the interests of our enemies. I completely reject the suggestion that Kerry's actions were in the best interests of the US. But to claim they were treasonous in a legal sense is silly. I think there has to be an element of intent here. Kerry presumably didn't testify before Congress, etc. with the intention of aiding the North Vietnamese. Whether or not he ended up doing so is not only a subjective judgement but beside the point. 10.12.2006 8:16pm A Zarkov ( mail ): Let’s not forget that Mildred Gillars’ prosecutors alleged that she signed an oath of allegiance to the Third Reich, and posed as an International Red Cross worker to record messages from American solders to use as propaganda. If true she went beyond mere speech. 10.12.2006 8:27pm Just thought I'd add this passage from Blackstone to the mix: "But now it seems clearly to be agreed, that, by the common law and the statute of Edward III, words spoken amount only to a high misdemeanor, and no treason. For they may be spoken in heat, without any intention, or be mistaken, perverted, or mis-remembered by the hearers; their meaning depends always on their connexion with other words, and things; they may signify differently even according to the tone of voice, with which they are delivered; and sometimes silence itself is more expressive than any discourse. As therefore there can be nothing more equivocal and ambiguous than words, it would indeed by unreasonable to make them amount to high treason." I quickly came up with several cases where someone was indicted for treason when the nation was not at war. (Entry of Treason, scroll down for USA). The entry says that Aaron Burr was indicted but acquitted in 1807 (link) and several Americans were convicted during the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 (though later pardoned). Yeah, but both of those cases involved the "levying war" clause. Burr was accused of assembling a force for the purpose of detaching some western states from the US and creating a new entity out of them and some portions of Spanish territory. The Whiskey Rebels did take up arms and prevented the courts and sheriffs/marshalls from operating (still a dubious case of treason, but not a "peaceful" event either). The best case I can think of at the moment was Fries Rebellion [sic] , but that was widely seen at the time as an abuse of power. Plus, there was at least a quasi-war with France going on. 10.12.2006 8:31pm Mark Field ( mail ): Ok, I have some evidence to support those who claim that war is not essential to treason. Again from Blackstone, same link as above: "If a man be adherent to the king's enemies in his realm, giving to them aid and comfort in the realm, or elsewhere, he is also declared guilty of high treason. This must likewise be proved by some overt act, as by giving them intelligence, by sending them provisions, by selling them arms, by treacherously surrendering a fortress, or the like. By enemies are here understood the subjects of foreign powers with whom we are at open war. As to foreign pirates or robbers, who may happen to invade our coasts, without any open hostilities between their nation and our own, and without any commission from any prince or state at enmity with the crown of Great Britain, the giving the many assistance is also clearly treason; either in the light of adhering to the public enemies of the king and kingdom, or else in that of levying war against his majesty." I don't think this is definitive for two reasons. First, the example he uses involves "pirates or robbers" in the case of an actual invasion. Second, the English law of treason was very broad and US law was specifically intended to narrow it. The key question, then, is exactly what ways it would be narrowed. Also, note that the examples used seem to rule out speech as a form of "aid and comfort". 10.12.2006 9:06pm AST ( mail ): When the Constitution was drafted there was no mass media in today's sense. We now recognize that part of waging war is propaganda, and we've seen how it can affect the morale of our troops as well as the public's support for, and the success of a war. I don't agree with the argument than speech by itself cannot fit the definition because it isn't levying war. Also, I don't understand why the terrorist threat is not equivalent to war. Terrorism is a tactic of war and the operations by Al Qaeda would be acts of war if carried out by nations. The fact that you claim to represent Islam, but have little or no political authority is no longer a distinction that matters, given events like 9/11, the Cole bombing and the demolition of our embassies. We haven't yet come up with a means to fight enemies like this except through long and patient hunting and destroying them, but that doesn't make it any less war. I think Eugene has it right with his analysis. I thought that Jane Fonda was guilty of treason when she went to North Vietnam. People have the right to oppose a war, speak against it, and drum up support against it, but when they join the enemy and contribute to their efforts against our country and our troops, it's treason. If it isn't, we ought to just abolish the term. The idea that freedom of speech is absolute has never made sense to me. It reminds me of the "it's just sex" argument during the Clinton impeachments. Irresponsible sex and irresponsible speech have done a lot of harm to societies, destroyed peace and lives and caused violence and death. 10.12.2006 9:12pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): Mark: Don't you see at least a plausible relationship between "pirates" or "robbers" invading the English coast (on the one hand) and the several bands of al Queda operatives illegally entering the US and while there concocting and executing a plot to hijack US planes and crash them into landmarks densely populated by civilian and military personnel (on the other)? If Blackstone, I believe rightly, includes the former within the concept of enemy, on what legal principle should the latter not be so included? 10.12.2006 9:38pm Mark Field ( mail ): Ok, a little more authority: "The term ‘enemies,’ as used in the second clause, according to its settled meaning, at the time the constitution was adopted, applies only to the subjects of a foreign power in a state of open hostility with us." US v. Greathouse, 26 F. Cas. 18, 22 (1863) (Field, J. [no relation]). Again, this is not completely definitive because the distinction being made was between citizens of the US in rebellion and foreign powers. Still, it does suggest that everybody had in mind actual foreign nations. 10.12.2006 9:42pm Mark Field ( mail ): Don't you see at least a plausible relationship between "pirates" or "robbers" invading the English coast (on the one hand) and the several bands of al Queda operatives illegally entering the US and while there concocting and executing a plot to hijack US planes and crash them into landmarks densely populated by civilian and military personnel (on the other)? Absolutely. That's why I quoted the passage. And if a US citizen had participated in 9/11, I have no doubt that would be treason. The harder question is what to do with someone who joins the "pirates" after the actual "invasion" or who joined before but was not in any way involved in the "invasion". Blackstone used a qualifying phrase -- "who may happen to invade our coasts" -- and I'm wondering whether that's a limitation. I'm inclined to believe it is because otherwise every pirate would have been a traitor. I see no evidence that the common law ever treated them that way. 10.12.2006 9:48pm Jim Rhoads ( mail ): What if: A. The pirates having happened to invade once are planning other invasions and calling on British citizens to join them and help them to invade; and B. Citizen X heeds their call and actively works with the pirates to recruit his fellow citizens to the pirate cause. Is Citizen X a traitor? 10.12.2006 10:12pm ( link ) Fred the Fourth ( mail ): I would not regard Kerry's testimony in the Winter Soldier matter as treasonous (perjurious, maybe). However, is it not the case that he met with the leaders of the North Vietnamese delegation to (one of) the Paris peace conference(s), while nominally in uniform, and without orders from his command? Soldiers of that period have specifically mentioned that incident to me, in discussions about why they would never vote for Kerry. 10.12.2006 10:30pm Mark Field ( mail ): What if: A. The pirates having happened to invade once are planning other invasions and calling on British citizens to join them and help them to invade; and B. Citizen X heeds their call and actively works with the pirates to recruit his fellow citizens to the pirate cause. Is Citizen X a traitor? Well that's the issue, isn't it? I don't think we've answered the questions: 1. Did US law incorporate Blackstone's reference to non-governmental actors such as "pirates"? 2. Assuming it did, is speech alone either (a) itself "levying war" or (b) the overt act necessary for "aid and comfort"? My preliminary view, in the absence of other authority (since I can hardly claim to have researched this thoroughly) is that we should apply some sort of quasi-Brandenburg test in dealing with #2: the recruiting must be likely to have an immediate effect. I'm really just thinking out loud here, but it makes sense to me. As I said above, it's not clear to me that treason should even exist as a separate and distinct crime. It has obvious potential for abuse and a long, sordid history of abuse. No one has yet given an example of conduct which treason captures but is not otherwise illegal, except speech, which is exactly the cause for concern. 10.12.2006 10:48pm Marcus1 ( mail ) ( www ): It seems the lurking issue here is the fact that the crime of treason itself conflicts with a lot of general principles of freedom, like speech, association, etc. Plus, it's hard for me at least intuitively to figure out why an America who joins Al Qaeda should be treated categorically differently than someone from another country. I doubt this guy is really any more of an a-hole than Bin Laden or the rest of them, after all. Plus, you try to extend it logically, but then you think, well, what if the U.S. actually were the bad guys in some struggle at some point? Does being born in the U.S. really commit you to absolutely anything the U.S. does, to the death? I guess that's the theory, but it seems kind of hard to put it up against standard rights or morality based analysis. It almost makes the whole idea of treason seem outdated. Fundamentally, treason seems like a crime with extreme ties to practicality, almost like the president declaring martial law: a clear evil, necessary only in the most extreme instances. If so, that might make it hard to totally square with other parts of the Constitution. 10.12.2006 10:54pm jgshapiro ( mail ): Jim: What if: A. The pirates having happened to invade once are planning other invasions and calling on British citizens to join them and help them to invade; and B. Citizen X heeds their call and actively works with the pirates to recruit his fellow citizens to the pirate cause. Is Citizen X a traitor? Of Course, under test #4 or even test #5. But what if citizen X denounces the government's actions in combatting the pirates on the ground that it is having the unintended effect of recruiting more pirates, or that the cure is worse than the disease, or that the measures being used to defeat the pirates are imperiling our other non-pirate-fighting interests? What if these denunciations happen through media that could be viewed as propaganda, such as a film like Farenheit 9/11? Would that make the denunciations treason? Obviously no, but nevertheless: they would be likely to help the pirates (test #1) and might have been made for money like Farenheit 9/11 (test #3); the motivations of the denouncers would be hard to prove but could be mistakenly inferred to be helping the pirates (test #2). The denunciations would not be coordinated with the pirates efforts (test #4), nor would the denouncers be employed by the pirates (test #5). Coordination seems to be the best test. The idea that someone joining in after the most brutal act (be it the Barbary invasion or 9/11) is exempt from treason charges makes as much sense as saying that an accessory after the fact of a felony is not guilty of a crime. Sure they are. They may not get as harsh a sentence as a principal participating in the actual crime, but they are still an accessory and they may be prosecuted as such. 10.12.2006 11:02pm Carlton Larson ( mail ): For what it's worth, I try to work through a number of these issues in my article, "The Forgotten Constitutional Law of Treason and the Enemy Combatant Problem," published in the April issue of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and available on SSRN at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=885584. (Apologies for being unable to figure out how to create a pass-through link.) 10.12.2006 11:07pm jgshapiro ( mail ): It almost makes the whole idea of treason seem outdated. This is the interesting question here: do people that objct to treason charges object because they think the crime should be more narrowly defined, or because they object to the very concept of prosecuting someone for treason? Has the concept of national loyalty (even in time of war) become outdated? Put another way, if Jane Fonda did not commit treason, what else would she have had to do to qualify? What about John Lindh? Was Benedict Arnold not really a traitor, but just someone with a different perspective on the Revolutionary War? 10.12.2006 11:08pm Evan ( mail ) ( www ): A quick note on Tokyo Rose, she's not the best example to have cited. From Wikipedia : The name [Tokyo Rose] is associated with Iva Toguri D'Aquino (born Ikuko Toguri, July 4, 1916, Los Angeles, California - died September 26, 2006, Chicago, Illinois), a U.S. citizen visiting relatives in Japan at the start of the war. Unable to leave Japan after the start of hostilities, she took work at the Japanese radio show The Zero Hour.[1] After the war, she was investigated and released when the FBI and the U.S. Army's Counter Intelligence Corps found no evidence against her, but influential gossip columnist Walter Winchell lobbied against her. She was brought to the U.S., where she was charged and subsequently convicted of treason. . . She was given a sentence of 10 years and a $10,000 fine. [Ron]Yates [reporter]later went on to discover Kenkichi Oki and George Mitsushio, who delivered the most damaging testimony, lied under oath.[2] They stated they had been threatened by the FBI and U.S. occupation police and told what to say and what not to say just hours before the trial.[2] On January 19, 1977, she was pardoned by U.S. President Gerald Ford, who also restored her citizenship. 10.12.2006 11:09pm ( link ) The Drill SGT ( mail ): Visitor Again, Though Toguri was likely convicted based on false testimony, there is another potential skeleton in her closet hat could have been treasonous. Below is an excerpt from her NYT Obit. In 1942, she obtained a job with Japan's Domei news agency, monitoring American military broadcasts, and late in 1943 she became an announcer and disc jockey for Radio Tokyo's propaganda broadcasts, playing American musical recordings on the ''Zero Hour'' program beamed to American servicemen. OK, let's look at what we know. 1. She was a US citizen, not a dual national. 2. she was visiting Japan. So were maybe thousands of other US Citizens. I don't know if they were repatriated, or put into camps, But Ms Toguri clearly in my mind was treated differently than the rest. 3. She first went to work in wartime doing a job that would in today's world be located at NSA. She was monitoring US military broadcasts for intelligence purposes. 4. Domei was an arm of the Japanese government. Responsible for internal and external propganda and intelligence gathering via the news service. 5. Toguri didn't speak Japanese to start with. She did however speak idiomatic American dialect in common with US military personnel. 6. She "monitored US military broadcasts". To what end. She couldn't translate to Japanese well. She could not type in Japanese. What she could do is serve as an intelligence analyst and assist in the analysis of idiomatic American spoken by 20 y/o sailors into more common English for subsequent translation into Japanese. 7. She was what today at NSA would be called a Voice Intercept Analyst. 8. She worked indirectly for the Japanese military. There was no value of the intercept of US Military radio traffic to a legitimate japanese civilian news service. 9. She was an Enemy National, free to move about a country at war, work and get married. She clearly reached an accommodation with the Japanese military that allowed her tremendous privilege. 10.12.2006 11:15pm Archon ( mail ): Whatever happened to "no law..." I'm all for an originalist reading of the Constitution, but that would also mean "no law", not "well generally no law, but some narrow laws are OK". (Note: I think speech also quite literally meant speech and not other forms of symbolic speech. I also think the First Amendment was clearly meant to apply only to Congress. Almost all state constitutions have some freedom of speech clause, and their courts are free to determine the meaning of those. Also, if Congress would like to restrict the actions of the other branches concerning speech, it can do so by statute.) 10.12.2006 11:35pm Bleepless ( mail ): In WWII, Fascists within the US were prosecuted by the Feds under the sedition section of the Espionage Act of 1917. Foreign-born ones, primarily German-American Bundists, also were denaturalized, then jailed for the duration. There were quite a few draft evasion cases. This was before the Steve Nelson case, so State governments early on got into the act, notably California. There also was an Army battalion in Arkansas composed of Bundists, Silvershirts, NSDAP members and so on. There were other screw-tightenings, too. 10.13.2006 12:02am jgs: I think you are on to something here, especially with your point about Benedict Arnold. There is definitely a strain of thought expressed in this thread that neither nationality nor "national interest" as expressed by elected representatives should be relevant to any assessment of criminality. 10.13.2006 12:11am ( link ) ReaderY: I believe Proffessor Volokh is missing a potentially crucial distinction -- whether the accused actually collaborated and worked with the enemy. I believe this is an important distinction, because it clarifies whether the aid and comfort given the enemy is direct or indirect. The act of collaboration is an action independent of speech. One works with the enemy to perform an action that aids the enemy's cause, and is what constitutes the gravamen of treason. Once this established, the fact that the action happens to consist of speech raises no First Amendment concerns, even though the same words, said from home with no collaboration with the enemy, might be constitutionally protected. In all the treason cases involving speech cited, there was actual collaboration with the enemy, not mere speech. 10.13.2006 12:45am ( link ) First time poster, not a legal eagle: (as the name says, first time poster and certainly not up to the same level of thought as most...) Treason is a very strange crime to my thinking. The factor that distinguishes it from some other crime is that the individual commiting the crime is an American citizen. If I were to give secret information to an enemy and I am an American then it's treason. If I am a citizen of Denmark then it is espionage. Since we cannot discriminate on the basis of nationality when hiring someone or renting an apartment to someone, it seems quite strange that there is a law that discriminates on that particular basis. 10.13.2006 12:50am Collaboration gives substance to "adhering", so that adherence involves action, not just a state of mind. 10.13.2006 1:00am Henry679 ( mail ): You know, there is an (almost) charming naivete on display here. Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, North Vietnam--these were definite and fixed things (in each case, sovereign nations). There is no definite thing as "Al Qaeda", or not much of one any more. Consider the the 7/7 bombers in London--were they members of "Al Qaeda"? Only if you define "Al Qaeda" to mean "Muslims who commit terrorism against the West", or some other definition that suits your aims. Because in a formal sense, they were no more memebers of the organization personally centered around Osama Bin Laden than George Bush is. The very fuzziness of these rhetorical constructs should give intelligent people pause about employing concepts like "a member of Al Qaeda" or "aiding Al Qaeda" or such. Yet most people here just toss around such ideas as if Al Qaeda is something as precise and definable as a physical border. So we have a "war" with "Al Qaeda" (or worse, "on terror") and now were supposed to haul out Blackstone to tell us who is committing "treason". The dangers of this enterprise so clearly outweigh any benefits that whole freaking project should be scrapped. I think the United States government has a sufficeint panoply of charges it can toss at anyone actually committing or assisting genuine terrorists that there is no legitimate need to break out the ax of "treason". 10.13.2006 1:11am Evan ( mail ) ( www ): The Drill Sgt, I take my response from The American Inquisition by Dr. Stanley I. Kutler, copyright 1982, fifth edition. The book won the 1983 Silver Gavel Award from the ABA. I typed this out myself, all errors mine. From page 5, from a chapter entitled “Forging a Legend”, “The suspect [Iva Toguri d'Aquino] identified two allied prisoners of war who had recruited her for broadcasting: Major Charles Hughes Cousens, an Australian captured at Singapore, and Major Wallace E. (Ted) Ince, an American, captured at Corregidor. Both had prior radio experience. In affidavits given to army investigators in late 1945 and early 1946, both men testified that the Japanese Army had ordered them to work for Radio Tokyo, that the Japanese Army had ultimate command at the station, that they had enlisted d’Aquino, and that they had done so largely to undermine the effectiveness of the propaganda broadcasts. He [Cousens] denied that certain incriminating statements allegedly broadcast by “Tokyo Rose” had ever been given on d’Aquino’s program. . . Both Cousens and Ince testified that d’Aquino had smuggled gifts of food and supplies to Allied prisoners, along with truthful war news D’Aquino’s statements were meticulously pursued and checked by army investigators. . . with the final report from the legal section of army counterintelligence, no significant factual discrepancies appear.” From pp 6 and 7, “her purpose in participating, she insisted, ‘was to give the program a double meaning and thus reduce its effectiveness as a propaganda medium.’ The statement was forwarded to Washington, where Theron L. Caudle, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division, turned it over to Nathan T. Elliff, Chief of the Internal Security Section, for evaluation and recommendation. Elliff’s response in May 1946 was prompt and straightforward: prosecution for treason was ‘not warranted.’ Elliff’s memorandum at the outset attempted to destroy an important misconception. There was no ‘Tokyo Rose,’ he said. The name had never been used by Radio Tokyo or the Japanese.” From pp 32: “Mrs. D’Aquino was an isolated, relatively insignificant individual who classically confronted political justice. . . [S]he served the professional and political needs of a few relentless lay persecutors who successfully mounted enough pressure to enlist the cooperation of both ambitious and timid bureaucrats.” Se non e vero e ben trovato 10.13.2006 1:32am Jim Rhoads ( mail ): Well Henry, Blackstone did not have much trouble with pirates. Why should we have trouble with al Qaeda which I believe has shown at least as much cohesiveness as those running under the flag of the skull and crossbones. Especially since the accused in this case was sitting next to Zawahiri (who most rational persons will agree is a spokesman for al Qaeda) and the two of them were singing a close harmony duet. Fuzzy rhetorical construct? That sounds naive to me. But not particularly charming under the circumstances extant since at least since September 11, 2001. Let's leave it at this; you and I see the world differently. 10.13.2006 1:33am ( link ) Bob from Ohio ( mail ): When a family member (a brother say)robs you, you take much more offense than if a mere stranger does it. When a fellow American joins the group that killed 3,000 of his brothers and sisters, that is far more serious to me than if some Saudi is involved. That is the real reason for treason as a crime. 10.13.2006 2:09am Steph ( mail ): Re Al Qaeda not being a nation. I think of then as being kind of like the the knights templar or knight of St. John. Not that they are moraly equivilent, but they are similar quasi sovergn entities. 10.13.2006 2:57am First Time Poster: I don't think you understand the crime. Espionage is espionage, regardless of whether you are a U.S. citizen. If you give our secret information to an enemy (or even to an ally that is not authorized to receive it), you have committed espionage. It doesn't matter if you are a citizen. Chinese spies that stole secrets from the U.S. were and are imprisoned for it. Compare: If you recruit terrorists for al Qaeda and are Chinese, you are just an enemy combatant or a collaborator. You can be held for the duration of the war as such, but just helping the enemy is not a war crime if you are a foreigner. You can't be jailed for it after the war. If, on the other hand, you are an American citizen and you help the enemy, then you can be charged with treason and jailed for life or even executed. As for why, see Bob's post above. 10.13.2006 4:48am Marcus1 ( mail ) ( www ): Bob, I agree with your reasoning on the purpose for treason. I think there's also a practical difference, relating to the fact that a traitor can be particularly damaging, thus requiring harsher punishment. Unfortunately, though, the moral clarity is still pretty evasive. With murder, for instance, the morality is extremely clear: you shouldn't kill people, no matter what. I think we can all justify that on a pretty abstract basis, without having to invoke any good guys or bad guys. With treason, though, it seems much more along the lines of you picked the wrong side. Or that people don't have the right to pick sides in the first place, which isn't much more satisfying. It's easy to justify by invoking Al Qaeda and what it represents, but in the abstract, it still seems kind of weird. I really don't know much about it, but I'd think a "traitor" could probably be treated the same as an upper level enemy. I guess I believe more in the "I was just drafted and serving in my native army" defense than I believe in the "traitor" aggravating factor, although they may have the same effect. 10.13.2006 10:39am I guess I'm thinking of civilians though. If you're in the military or in the government, then it seems much easier to justify. 10.13.2006 10:44am rosignol ( mail ): Yep. The point of having a criminal act called 'treason' that is only applicable to a particular group is not to punish acts that are otherwise illegal. As others have noted, there are plenty of laws for that. The point of making treason illegal is to punish betrayal, above and beyond whatever is an appropriate penalty for the act itself. I am astounded that so many people do not seem to understand this. 10.13.2006 11:23am Bored Lawyer: Rosignol: I too find that astounding. I thought it was obvious that a citizen of a nation owes that nation a duty of loyatly, and that treason, however defined, is a betrayal of that. That's what make spying by a citizen worse than spying by a foreigner. 10.13.2006 11:52am Bart ( mail ): Professor Volkh: I would disagree with the use of the extent of the defendant's corroboration with the enemy to determine whether the speech itself is protected under the 1st Amendment. Rather, the questions of fact of whether the defendant intended to provide aid and comfort to the enemy and whether the speech in fact provided such aid and comfort should be left to the jury in a treason trial. I would suggest that the 1st Amendment should treat propaganda like slander or libel. If the defendant broadcasted a statement of fact (not an opinion) which he or she knew was false to a third party, the speech should fall outside the First Amendment. Under this construct, treason would include an American citizen who intentionally broadcasted to two witnesses a statement of fact which he or she knew was false and which he or she knew provided aid and comfort to the enemy. In sum, this would be a limited version of your Category 2 and would include American citizens providing aid and comfort to the enemy on their own initiative. As to the actual damage done by the treason, I do not see the effective difference between the identical enemy propaganda broadcasted by an American citizen on his or her own initiative or in coordination with the enemy. American citizens spreading lies with the intent to destroy the war effort and give victory to the enemy in a war are traitors. 10.13.2006 12:49pm ( link ) Jiffy: Taking up arms against the United States is not (and should not) be a crime for a foreign national whose country is at war with us. Taking up arms against the United States is and should be a crime for a U.S. citizen. Call it "treason." The problem with treason seems to be that, if treason prosecutions can be based on speech, treason laws are suceptible to being used to supress criticism of the government. It seems to me that it is unnecessary to define treason in a manner that makes it subject to abuse. Contrary to Prof. Volokh's assertion in point 6, Axis Sally, Tokyo Rose and Lord Haw Haw could all have been prosecuted for treason under definitions that have nothing to do with speech--namely, accepting employment by an enemy during wartime. 10.13.2006 12:58pm Mark Field ( mail ): The point of making treason illegal is to punish betrayal, above and beyond whatever is an appropriate penalty for the act itself. Aliens can be guilty of treason. 1 Op. AG 84 (1798). The reason given is the temporary allegiance they owe while they're here. That strikes me as carrying the "betrayal" point a little so far as to undercut it. I'm not convinced that the "sense of betrayal" constitutes an actual harm which ought to be punished as criminal. I'd hate to see adultery make a comeback as a crime. Taking up arms against the United States is and should be a crime for a U.S. citizen. Call it "treason." I don't have a real problem with this, though the laws of war deal with the situation already. In fact, the AG Opinion I cited above notes that if the alien acts under the command of a foreign government, then the case is no longer treason but under the law of war. I see no reason why that shouldn't be true for citizens as well under the "levying war" clause, but it's not a big issue. The real problem is with the "aid and comfort" clause. 10.13.2006 2:35pm ( link ) Josh Jasper: None of this is really surprising to me. A large amount, possibly a majority, of conservative pundits (the paid talk-how wing of the republican party) have been slinging the word "Treason" around constantly, and know exactly what it means to prosecute someone for treason - it means executing them. The term treason is applied to everyone who speaks out against the war, including many current US representatives, and even some self titled conservative pundits. All of them are guilty of treason, according to intellectual types like Ramesh Ponnru, middle-class types like Limbaugh, and lowbrow psychopaths like Savage. The point is, these pundits are pushing slowly towards the execution of dissidents to supress political opponents of the Republican party. It's certain they will ramp up efforts based on this trial. 10.13.2006 2:46pm KeithK ( mail ): The real problem is with the "aid and comfort" clause. Providing "aid and comfort" to an enemy is just as treasonous as levying war. It means you are an accomplice. Hypothetical: Britain attacks the US hoping to regain it's lost colony. Person A, a US citizen, takes up arms and fights on behalf of the British against US troops. Clearly a traitor. Person B, also a citizen, doesn't carry a weapon but he willingly provides intelligence, supplies and communciations for the invaders. He hasn't necessarily "levied war" but his actions are (in my mind) clearly just as treasonous as Person A. The question, of course, is what constitutes "aid and comfort". I'd say working with the enemy to achieve his goals satisfies this. I would clearly include producing propaganda videos, though of course you might disagree. 10.13.2006 3:48pm KeithK ( mail ): The point is, these pundits are pushing slowly towards the execution of dissidents to supress political opponents of the Republican party. It's certain they will ramp up efforts based on this trial. Do you really believe this? Do you really think the evil right wing conspiracy is coming to get you? Must be a scary Halloween season for you. Yes, I'm sure Rush and the others mostly know the legal definition of treason. But when they toss around the word "traitor" and "treasonous" they are using it in the legal sense that is punishable by death. It's meant in a more colloquial sense that just means "against what I believe America stands for". Is it responsible to throw this word around? No. But it's no more or less reprehensible than those on the left who toss the word "facist" around. 10.13.2006 3:54pm ( link ) Joshua: Taking up arms against the United States is and should be a crime for a U.S. citizen. Call it "treason." Shouldn't that be amended to "Taking up arms against the United States on behalf of a foreign enemy..."? Unless I'm mistaken, going to war against the United States on your own behalf is a different animal - sedition or rebellion, perhaps, but not treason. 10.13.2006 5:37pm ( link ) Jiffy: Shouldn't that be amended to "Taking up arms against the United States on behalf of a foreign enemy..."? Probably. To Mark Field and Keith K: I'm not saying that taking up arms is the only activity that should be considered treason--on the contrary, I suggested that "accepting employment by an enemy during wartime" could be treason (as "aid and comfort" or "adhering"). I am saying that given the potential for abuse, definitions of treason should not include references to speech and that they really don't need to. 10.13.2006 5:50pm Providing "aid and comfort" to an enemy is just as treasonous as levying war. I agree that it certainly can be. The question, of course, is what constitutes "aid and comfort". I'd say working with the enemy to achieve his goals satisfies this. I would clearly include producing propaganda videos, though of course you might disagree. My concern is that "aid and comfort" be construed narrowly, so that we don't end up with treason prosecutions for the exercise of political speech. But if we adopt an appropriately narrow definition, then what we're doing is punishing conduct which is most likely already prohibited (or could be) under other laws. 10.13.2006 5:51pm Mark Field ( mail ): I am saying that given the potential for abuse, definitions of treason should not include references to speech and that they really don't need to. I think we agree here -- see my post above at 4:51. 10.13.2006 5:53pm Jiffy: I think we agree here -- see my post above at 4:51. Not exactly. While I agree that treason should be defined by conduct only, I think treason can still have an element distinct from other crimes—the notion of disloyalty to one's country (especially in time of war or other conflict)—that makes it a unique offense applicable only to US citizens (or residents, if you like). This allows criminization of conduct by US citizens (like accepting employment with the German government during WWII) that would not in and of itself be criminal for a non-American (e.g., a German citizen). In short, limiting treason to conduct doesn't necessarily make it redundant. 10.13.2006 9:22pm Josh_Jasper ( mail ): Do you really believe this? I can document it. Use of language suggestive of the need ofr violence or executiona gainst liberal dissidents is on the rise. Yes, I'm sure Rush and the others mostly know the legal definition of treason. But when they toss around the word "traitor" and "treasonous" they are using it in the legal sense that is punishable by death. It's meant in a more colloquial sense that just means "against what I believe America stands for". Is it responsible to throw this word around? No. But it's no more or less reprehensible than those on the left who toss the word "facist" around. Fascism is not a crime punishable by death. The intent is clear. As susual, the conservative response is something along the lines of "ha ha, when we said "attack liberals with baseball bats" we were just kidding". Bullshit. Rich Rostrom ( mail ): Let's try a hypothetical, based on a true incident. During the Civil War, gold speculators got a New York paper to publish a faked Presidential statement calling for 400,000 more Union troops. So, today: Iranian agents dressed as Americans murder some Iraqi Shi'a elders that Iran doesn't like anyway. They videotape the crime, and deliver the tape to ABCNNBCBSCorp, whose owner has agreed to broadcast it. The report triggers attacks on U.S. troops and a spike in oil prices. ABCNNBCBSCorp's owner makes a wad on oil futures. Now, has he committed treason? Or is his action covered by the First Amendment? 10.15.2006 12:55am Jim Carlile ( mail ): The fact that there is such a difference of opinion on this issue shows that we're dealing with some really untrammeled ground when it comes to the levying of treason charges. It's so rarely done, and that's what troubles me about this administration, the whole enterprise seems suspect. I am also troubled by Blackstone's broad definition of treason. By that test, wouldn't assisting, say, Mexican national drug dealers in a large scale criminal operation within our borders be considered treasonous? Of course we're talking about our own Constitution, but I see little precedent for such charges based solely upon speech issues that involve an individual who has already both renounced his native country and lived abroad for a number of years. Add to that the clear fact that the allegations involve giving aid and comfort to an amorphous enemy without clear borders or organizational structure, I'm not convinced that an adequate defense is impossible, at least with a reasonable, thoughtful jury. 10.16.2006 7:13am	i don't know
What is a female crab called?	What is a female crab called? What is a female crab called? What do you call a female crab? You probably know that a female human is called a woman, but do you know what a female crab is called? Here, we answer one simple question: What is a female crab called? A female crab is called: hen jenny So next time you see a female crab, don't call her a woman! Although people would understand what you mean, it would be more correct to call her a hen.	Hen
Who plays Cinna in the 2012 film ‘The Hunger Games’?	BLUECRAB.INFO - Blue Crab Identification Blue Crab Identification Claw Color Here's an easy way to tell the difference between a male and female blue crab. Males have blue claws, and, like most humans, female blue crabs "paint their fingernails" (i.e., the tips of their claws are "painted" red!) Abdomen In addition to the claws, there are other (better) ways to determine the gender of a blue crab. But first, a little science. The Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is a member of the Brachyura - an order of crustaceans having a reduced abdomen, or "apron," folded against the ventral surface (or belly) of the animal. An easy way to think about this concept is to make a crab out of a lobster. You take a lobster, shorten up its tail and fold it up under its body between the legs, then press the tail up into its bottom shell until it's flush. Voilï¿½! You now have a crab... well, sort of! This should help illustrate how a crab evolved to its current form. As you will see in the following images, the male and female crab have entirely different shaped aprons which makes determining gender very easy. And, the apron is yet again very different for adolescent and adult females making it easy to determine the female's sexual maturity (determining the male's maturity is a bit trickier.) Blue Crab Abdomens As you can see highlighted in red, the aprons allow you to quickly determine the gender and maturity of the blue crab. Sexual Maturity "Jimmy" A male blue crab, known as a "Jimmy" to watermen, has a long, narrow, inverted "T" shaped apron and blue-tipped claws. Unlike female blue crabs, there is no easy way to distinguish the sexual maturity of the male. However, upon close inspection, you will note that the apron of the adolescent male is tightly sealed to his body whereas the adult male is free to open his apron (like the mature female, the male opens his apron in order to mate.) The adult male has locking spines adjacent to the fifth thoracic segment which hold his apron shut. "Sally" A immature (adolescent) female blue crab, known as a "Sally" or "She-Crab" to watermen, is easily identified as having an inverted "V" or triangular shaped apron and red-tipped claws. Her apron is tightly sealed to her body and does not open since she cannot mate or carry eggs. "Sook" A mature (adult) female blue crab, known as a "Sook" to watermen, is identified as having an inverted "U" or bell-shaped apron and red-tipped claws. Her broadly rounded abdomen is free to open and is not sealed shut as before. She must open her apron in order to mate and to carry eggs (see "Sponge Crab.") Egg-Bearing Female Blue Crab "Sponge Crab" "Pregnant" female blue crabs carry fertilized eggs under their abdomen. From a distance these eggs resemble a sponge, hence the term "sponge" crab. It takes about two weeks for the eggs to "ripen" and be released into the water to hatch. It is illegal in many states to possess sponge crabs. Please note that there is a lot of misinformation being circulated about the female blue crab and whether she has ever released eggs. Some people wrongly believe that sooks taken from the brackish waters of the mid to upper Chesapeake Bay have released eggs (spawned) and are therefore fair game. This is probably not true. When the female is about to become sexually mature, she molts and then mates with a male. During this mating, the male's sperm is transferred to special sacs inside the female for use at a later time... much later! Here's where we clear up the confusion: Mated, Yes. Spawned, No. There's a big difference between the two! After mating, and toward the end of the season, the "impregnated" sooks will migrate south toward the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. It is here, in the high-salinity waters of the extreme lower Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic ocean, where she actually fertilizes her eggs and spawns. What does this mean in plain English? It means that the bulk of the sooks taken from Maryland and Virginia waters are females that have probably never released any eggs. Think about this fact the next time you take a sook from these waters. Please see Mating and Spawning for more detailed information.	i don't know
A ‘What’…..boom’ is an explosive noise caused by the shock wave of an aircraft travelling faster than the speed of sound?	Sonic Boom \| jet fighter - YouTube Sonic Boom \| jet fighter Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 29, 2015 a loud explosive noise caused by the shock wave from an aircraft or other object travelling faster than the speed of sound. Category	Sonic
Which English football club play their home games at The King Poer Stadium?	Sonic boom \| Article about sonic boom by The Free Dictionary Sonic boom \| Article about sonic boom by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/sonic+boom shock wave shock wave, wave formed of a zone of extremely high pressure within a fluid, especially the atmosphere, that propagates through the fluid at a speed in excess of the speed of sound. ..... Click the link for more information. produced by an object moving through the air at supersonic speed, i.e., faster than the speed of sound. Since sound is a mechanical disturbance that propagates through the air, there is a limit to its speed. An object such as an airplane, moving through the air, generates sound. When the speed of the object reaches or exceeds the speed of sound, the object catches up with its own noise; at higher speeds, it forces the sound ahead of itself faster than the noise would ordinarily travel. The piled-up sound takes the form of a violent shock wave called a sonic boom propagating behind the object. Sonic booms occasionally have mechanically destructive effects in addition to their role as noise pollutants. Sonic boom An audible sound wave generated by an object that moves faster than the speed of sound (supersonic object). The sonic boom forms because the air is pushed away faster than the air molecules can move. The displaced air becomes highly compressed and creates a very strong sound wave, referred to as a compressional head shock or bow shock. At the back of the supersonic object the air has to fill the void left as the object moves forward; in this case, the gas becomes rarefied and a rarefractional tail shock develops. These shock waves are the main components of a sonic boom, and they are generated the entire time that an object flies faster than the speed of sound, not just when it breaks the sonic barrier. See Shock wave Sonic booms may be natural or generated by human activity. A natural sonic boom is thunder, created when lightning ionizes air, which expands supersonically. Meteors can create sonic booms if they enter the atmosphere at supersonic speeds. Human sources of sonic booms include aircraft, rockets, the space shuttle during reentry, and bullets. Sonic booms are commonly associated with supersonic aircraft. The shock waves associated with sonic booms propagate away from the aircraft in a unique fashion. These waves form a cone, called the Mach cone, that is dragged behind the aircraft. The illustration shows the outline of the Mach cone generated by an F-18 fighter aircraft flying at Mach 1.4. The schlieren photographic technique was used to display the sonic boom, which is normally invisible. The half-angle of the cone is determined solely by the Mach number of the aircraft, Θ = arctan (1/M), 36° for M = 1.4. The shock waves travel along rays that are perpendicular to the Mach cone (see illustration). As the Mach number increases, Θ becomes smaller and the sound travels almost directly downward. See Mach number , Schlieren photography Schlieren image of the shock waves generated by an F-18 aircraft flying at Mach 1 The typical peak pressure amplitude (or overpressure) of a sonic boom on the ground is about 50–100 pascals. A sonic boom with 50 Pa (1 lbf/ft2 or 0.007 psi) overpressure will produce no damage to buildings. Booms in the range of 75–100 Pa are considered disturbing by some people. Occasionally there is minor damage to buildings from sonic booms in the range of 100–250 Pa; however, buildings in good condition will be undamaged by overpressures up to 550 Pa. Very low flying aircraft (30 m or 100 ft) can produce sonic booms of 1000–7000 Pa. These pressures are still about five times less than that needed to injure the human ear, but can lead to damage to buildings, such as the breaking of glass windows and the cracking of plaster. Although sonic booms are not dangerous, they can evoke a strong startle response in people and animals. sonic boom [′sän·ik ′büm] (acoustics) A noise caused by a shock wave that emanates from an aircraft or other object traveling at or above sonic velocity. sonic boom The bangs heard when shock waves generated by a transonic or supersonic aircraft strike the ears of an observer on the ground. When an aircraft is flying at a speed faster than the speed of sound, shock waves form on the aircraft. These shock waves radiate out from the aircraft in the form of a cone. When the cone passes over the ground, the pressure difference between the pressure inside the shock wave and the pressure of the surrounding air causes the explosion-like sound. sonic boom	i don't know
Which was the first British football club to win the European Cup?	BBC - A Sporting Nation - Celtic win European Cup 1967 Celtic win European Cup 1967 © SCRAN On Thursday 25 May 1967, Scottish Football reached a pinnacle of success in Europe which has yet to be surpassed in the modern era, when Glasgow Celtic Football Club, under the leadership of manager Jock Stein defeated Internacionale of Milan 2-1 at the Estadio Nacionale in Lisbon to win the European Cup. Less than 24 hours earlier, Kilmarnock FC exited the semi-finals of the Uefa Cup (known then as the Fair Cities Cup), when Leeds United defeated them 4-2 at Rugby Park, with both sides having played out a goalless encounter in the first leg at Elland Road on Wednesday 19 May. Despite the disappointment of failing to become the first Scottish side to reach the final of a major European trophy, Malky McDonald's Killie managed to defeat Royal Antwerp of Belgium 8-2 on aggregate and La Gantoise of Ghent 3-1 along the way, before Don Revie's men booked their ultimately doomed place in the finals against Dynamo Zagreb. Six days later, on Wednesday 31 May, Rangers failed to overcome Bayern Munich in the final of the European Cup Winners Cup in Nuremberg, with the Franz Roth notching up the only goal of a dull match during extra-time. 1967 was indeed an exciting time for Scottish football, but it was Celtic who eventually lasted the distance in Europe, when an officially-recorded crowd of over 45,000 crammed into the Portuguese national stadium to witness the famous Glasgow side wrestle the greatest prize in club football from the preserve of Europe's Latin sides, for the first time in the history of the tournament. Before kick-off, few neutrals believed Celtic were capable of overcoming the negative defensive tactics of Helenio Hererra's outfit, who had successfully dismissed such giants as CSKA Sofia, Real Madrid and Torpedo Moscow en route to the final. But Stein's side were galvanised by an overwhelming self-belief in their own invincibility, and their football was both exciting and attack-based, drawing from the great Hungarian sides of the 1960s and pioneering the concept of 'total football', many years in advance of the Dutch masters. © SNSpix According to the Celtic players, Stein's instructions ahead of the game were simple: go out enjoy yourself; but his plan almost went off the rails in the opening moments when Jim Craig felled Cappellini and Mazolla netted the resulting penalty, sending Ronnie Simpson the wrong way with barely eight minutes on the clock and giving Milan a vital early lead. The opener seemed nothing more than a minor diversion for the Glasgow side, as Stein pressed for his players to attack and lay siege to the Italian goalmouth. Milan reverted to their famous defensive pattern and successfully thwarted Celtic's every effort on goal, but not without the help of some miraculous saves from goalkeeper Sarti and a fair amount of good fortune from the woodwork. When half-time arrived, the scoreline remained 1-0 in favour of Inter, but Stein knew that Celtic were capable of scoring from any position on the pitch, and shortly after the break their much-needed equaliser arrived - from the boot of Celtic's full-back, Tommy Gemmell. On 65 minutes, the adventurous defender linked up with Jim Craig and Bobby Murdoch to send home an unstoppable shot and level the score. Almost an hour had passed since Mazolla had handed Inter the lead, but Celtic had finally found the inspiration they needed to take full control of the game and press on for victory. It didn't stop there; the Italians soon found themselves repeatedly pinned down by a Celtic side who simply outclassed them in every aspect of the game, and on every area of the pitch, but it seemed for an eternity that Celtic's winner would never arrive, and the game looked destined for a replay, were it not for the relentless attacks on the Italian goalmouth by Jock Stein's men. In truth, it was only a matter of time, and as the minutes ticked out to the end of the game, Bobby Murdoch led yet another blistering attack when he sent in a powerful shot on goal from distance, which Stevie Chalmers deflected into the net to give Celtic a 2-1 lead. © SNSpix When the German referee Kurt Techenscher sounded the whistle for full-time, all Hell broke loose as the Celtic players became engulfed in a pitch invasion, with euphoric fans spilling on to the pitch in large numbers to congratulate their heroes. Initially, the Portuguese police feared that the crowd could get out of control, but the celebrations were entirely good-natured, and a sensible measure of restraint was displayed by the hosts - even if some of the players lost their jerseys during the melee as fans tried to take away souveniers of the occasion. The chaos inside the stadium meant that the Celtic players could not be presented with the trophy out on the pitch, so club captain Billy McNeill was ushered around the outside of the stadium under armed escort, then climbed the stairs to the presentation podium, where he was handed the large-handled trophy and held it aloft for the ecstatic crowd to behold. Celtic's historic victory in Europe should never be understated, and can certainly never be taken from them; not only were they the first British side to win the trophy, but the achievement of both reaching the final and winning the European Cup with a team comprised entirely of home-grown, local players (they were all born within a 30-mile radius of Celtic Park), has never been repeated in European football. © SNSpix Even Matt Busby's Manchester United, who became the second British club to win the trophy the following year, included players from Scotland, England and Northern Ireland – and more importantly, Celtic won the trophy at their first attempt. The achievement is now widely recognised to be the greatest in the history of Celtic Football Club, and is undoubtedly one of the greatest triumphs of the modern era. The 11 Celtic players who took to the field on that sunny May afternoon in Lisbon subsequently became known as The Lisbon Lions, and their story is the stuff of modern-day football legends. Quote from Stein at the final whistle: "There is not a prouder man on God's Earth than me at this moment. Winning was important, aye, but it was the way that we won that has filled me with satisfaction. We did it by playing football; pure, beautiful, inventive football. There was not a negative thought in our heads. Inter played right into our hands; it's so sad to see such gifted players shackled by a system that restricts their freedom to think and to act. Our fans would never accept that sort of sterile approach. Our objective is always to try to win with style."	Celtic F.C.
What was late US actor/comedian Oliver Hardy’s first name?	BBC - A Sporting Nation - Celtic win European Cup 1967 Celtic win European Cup 1967 © SCRAN On Thursday 25 May 1967, Scottish Football reached a pinnacle of success in Europe which has yet to be surpassed in the modern era, when Glasgow Celtic Football Club, under the leadership of manager Jock Stein defeated Internacionale of Milan 2-1 at the Estadio Nacionale in Lisbon to win the European Cup. Less than 24 hours earlier, Kilmarnock FC exited the semi-finals of the Uefa Cup (known then as the Fair Cities Cup), when Leeds United defeated them 4-2 at Rugby Park, with both sides having played out a goalless encounter in the first leg at Elland Road on Wednesday 19 May. Despite the disappointment of failing to become the first Scottish side to reach the final of a major European trophy, Malky McDonald's Killie managed to defeat Royal Antwerp of Belgium 8-2 on aggregate and La Gantoise of Ghent 3-1 along the way, before Don Revie's men booked their ultimately doomed place in the finals against Dynamo Zagreb. Six days later, on Wednesday 31 May, Rangers failed to overcome Bayern Munich in the final of the European Cup Winners Cup in Nuremberg, with the Franz Roth notching up the only goal of a dull match during extra-time. 1967 was indeed an exciting time for Scottish football, but it was Celtic who eventually lasted the distance in Europe, when an officially-recorded crowd of over 45,000 crammed into the Portuguese national stadium to witness the famous Glasgow side wrestle the greatest prize in club football from the preserve of Europe's Latin sides, for the first time in the history of the tournament. Before kick-off, few neutrals believed Celtic were capable of overcoming the negative defensive tactics of Helenio Hererra's outfit, who had successfully dismissed such giants as CSKA Sofia, Real Madrid and Torpedo Moscow en route to the final. But Stein's side were galvanised by an overwhelming self-belief in their own invincibility, and their football was both exciting and attack-based, drawing from the great Hungarian sides of the 1960s and pioneering the concept of 'total football', many years in advance of the Dutch masters. © SNSpix According to the Celtic players, Stein's instructions ahead of the game were simple: go out enjoy yourself; but his plan almost went off the rails in the opening moments when Jim Craig felled Cappellini and Mazolla netted the resulting penalty, sending Ronnie Simpson the wrong way with barely eight minutes on the clock and giving Milan a vital early lead. The opener seemed nothing more than a minor diversion for the Glasgow side, as Stein pressed for his players to attack and lay siege to the Italian goalmouth. Milan reverted to their famous defensive pattern and successfully thwarted Celtic's every effort on goal, but not without the help of some miraculous saves from goalkeeper Sarti and a fair amount of good fortune from the woodwork. When half-time arrived, the scoreline remained 1-0 in favour of Inter, but Stein knew that Celtic were capable of scoring from any position on the pitch, and shortly after the break their much-needed equaliser arrived - from the boot of Celtic's full-back, Tommy Gemmell. On 65 minutes, the adventurous defender linked up with Jim Craig and Bobby Murdoch to send home an unstoppable shot and level the score. Almost an hour had passed since Mazolla had handed Inter the lead, but Celtic had finally found the inspiration they needed to take full control of the game and press on for victory. It didn't stop there; the Italians soon found themselves repeatedly pinned down by a Celtic side who simply outclassed them in every aspect of the game, and on every area of the pitch, but it seemed for an eternity that Celtic's winner would never arrive, and the game looked destined for a replay, were it not for the relentless attacks on the Italian goalmouth by Jock Stein's men. In truth, it was only a matter of time, and as the minutes ticked out to the end of the game, Bobby Murdoch led yet another blistering attack when he sent in a powerful shot on goal from distance, which Stevie Chalmers deflected into the net to give Celtic a 2-1 lead. © SNSpix When the German referee Kurt Techenscher sounded the whistle for full-time, all Hell broke loose as the Celtic players became engulfed in a pitch invasion, with euphoric fans spilling on to the pitch in large numbers to congratulate their heroes. Initially, the Portuguese police feared that the crowd could get out of control, but the celebrations were entirely good-natured, and a sensible measure of restraint was displayed by the hosts - even if some of the players lost their jerseys during the melee as fans tried to take away souveniers of the occasion. The chaos inside the stadium meant that the Celtic players could not be presented with the trophy out on the pitch, so club captain Billy McNeill was ushered around the outside of the stadium under armed escort, then climbed the stairs to the presentation podium, where he was handed the large-handled trophy and held it aloft for the ecstatic crowd to behold. Celtic's historic victory in Europe should never be understated, and can certainly never be taken from them; not only were they the first British side to win the trophy, but the achievement of both reaching the final and winning the European Cup with a team comprised entirely of home-grown, local players (they were all born within a 30-mile radius of Celtic Park), has never been repeated in European football. © SNSpix Even Matt Busby's Manchester United, who became the second British club to win the trophy the following year, included players from Scotland, England and Northern Ireland – and more importantly, Celtic won the trophy at their first attempt. The achievement is now widely recognised to be the greatest in the history of Celtic Football Club, and is undoubtedly one of the greatest triumphs of the modern era. The 11 Celtic players who took to the field on that sunny May afternoon in Lisbon subsequently became known as The Lisbon Lions, and their story is the stuff of modern-day football legends. Quote from Stein at the final whistle: "There is not a prouder man on God's Earth than me at this moment. Winning was important, aye, but it was the way that we won that has filled me with satisfaction. We did it by playing football; pure, beautiful, inventive football. There was not a negative thought in our heads. Inter played right into our hands; it's so sad to see such gifted players shackled by a system that restricts their freedom to think and to act. Our fans would never accept that sort of sterile approach. Our objective is always to try to win with style."	i don't know
Which British composer based an opera on Henry James novella ‘The Turn of the Screw’?	The Turn of the Screw - Israel Opera More Photos » The Turn of the Screw - Israel Opera A new production of this mesmerizing opera by 20th century British composer Benjamin Britten, based on a novella by Henry James, about two children growing up in a picturesque British manor house haunted by ghosts. Date & Time:	Benjamin Britten
Who plays Mrs Kay Miniver in the 1942 film ‘Mrs Miniver’?	The Turn of the Screw The Turn of the Screw An Opera by Benjamin Britten The ceremony of innocence is drowned. W. B. Yeats. The Second Coming About The Turn of the Screw is a disturbing work, a novelty in the opera world for being something of a horror story with genuine chills. Based on Henry James's novel of the same name, it's an old fashioned ghost story that touches on issues of a very contemporary nature. The Haunted House by William Miller after Birket Foster Musically it is one of Britten's most interesting. The narrative is divided into a prologue and 16 scenes that are fairly episodic in nature. However they are connected together by variations of the "Screw" theme, built around the twelve note row. The sequence ascends in the first Act and descends in the second. options font-size=14 width=600 space=20 player=true tempo=80 accidentals=standard tabstave notation=true tablature=false notes :q A-D-B-E/4 C#/5 F#/4 D#/5 G#/4 F/5 B@/4 G/5 C/5 \| A/5 The notes of the screw theme The prologue begins with just a piano accompaniment and the ensemble is a mere 13 players, yet the soundworld evoked feels far more substantial. Characters Formerly a valet at Bly, deceased. Prologue Tenor A narrator of sorts who opens the evening. Usually sung by the same singer as Peter Quint. Synopsis Prologue - Running Time: 10 mins A male figure tells the audience of "a curious story, written in faded ink": a Governess who cared for two young children at Bly. She was hired by their guardian, an uncle living in London with no interest in caring for them himself. He instructed her to follow three rules: never write to him about the children, never ask about the history of Bly house and never abandon the children. Richard Greager sings the prologue Act I - Running Time: 45 mins Theme - The Journey The Governess travels to Bly Variation I - The Welcome The Governess is nervous of her new position but is warmly greeted by Mrs Grose, the housekeeper, and the two children Flora and Miles. She feels a strange connection to Miles but is led off by Mrs Grose on a tour of the grounds around Bly. Variation II - The Letter Her fears depart her but she is soon brought back to earth when a letter from Miles's school arrives informing her that Miles has been expelled. No reason is given and she is convinced Miles is too innocent to have been expelled and it must be a mistake, she decides to ignore the letter. Variation III - The Tower Wandering the grounds one evening, the Governess sees a strange man on the tower. She doesn't recognise him and is unsettled by the whole experience. Sara Hershkowitz sing's 'How beautiful it is', otherwise known as the 'Governess's Aria' Variation IV - The Window The children play indoors, the Governess watching over them spots the same unknown figure at the window. She is concerned and describing him to Mrs Grose learns that he appears to be Peter Quint, the former valet. Mrs Grose explains that Quint had an illicit relationship with the last Governess, Miss Jessel specifically that he "made free" with her. They have both since died: Jessel away from the house, Quint falling on an icy road. Terrified the Governess fears he has return for Miles and swears to protect the children. He liked them pretty, I can tell you, Miss, and he had his will morning and night Mrs Grose Variation V - The Lesson Miles is reciting Latin with help from Flora and the Governess. Praising him, the Governess asks if you knows any other rhymes. Miles then produces quite one of the creepiest arias in all of opera 'Malo' David Hemmings sings Malo Variation VI - The Lake By the side of lake at Bly, the Governess sits reading whilst Flora sings to her doll. Across the lake the Governess catches sight of a woman all in black, who disappears as mysteriously as she appeared. The Governess believes Miss Jessel has returned as well and as Flora did not see her she becomes convinced that the children are lost. Variation VII - At Night Quint calls out to Miles, tempting him from his bed with exotic and desirable visions, Miles is utterly taken. Miss Jessel appears, attracting Flora, she laments her fate begging Flora to comfort her. Together they try, successfully, to convince the children to find them. Mrs Grose and the Governess entered terrified by the children's apparent vanishing. The Governess scolds Miles. You see, I am bad, aren't I? Miles Act II - Running Time: 50 mins Variation VIII - Colloquy and Soliloquy Quint and Jessel flesh out their motives and backstory. They argue over their past and declare their determination to capture Miles and Flora. Separately the Governess despairs at the evil she feels, unable to decide how to act. Variation IX - The Bells The family head to church, the children singing a gently mocking variation of the 'Benedicite'. Mrs Grose remains unaware of the subtext thinks it sweet until the Governess informs her of the children's bizarre behaviour. Mrs Grose suggests the Governess simply write to the guardian, which she unhappily declines. Miles creepily informs the Governess of his own awareness of the Ghosts leading her to contemplate fleeing... Flora (Lauren Worsham) and Miles (Benjamin P. Wenzelberg) on their way to Church, Richard Termine/NYCO Variation X - Miss Jessel Returning to the house, the Governess finds Miss Jessel in the schoolroom bemoaning her fate. Confronting her - Jessel vanishes. Believing the ghosts might not yet have the upperhand, the Governess writes to the guardian. Variation XI - The Bedroom Later that night the Governess goes to Miles's bedroom, coaxing him to tell her about what happened at his school. She tells him of the letter to his guardian but he barely responds as the voice of Quint intervenes, she leaves despondent. Variation XII - Quint Seduced by Quint, Miles steals the letter from the schoolroom. Variation XIII - The Piano Miles is showing off at the piano. Flora sings, lulling Mrs Grose to slip before slipping out. Noticing Flora's absence the Governess panicked awakens Mrs Grose. They hurry off to find her while Miles continues at the Piano. Variation XIV - Flora They find Flora by the lake, Mrs Grose tries to comfort her but the Governess seeing Miss Jessel aggressively tries to make Flora admit that she too can see Jessel. Flora madly accuses the Governess of cruelty and leaves with Mrs Grose. The Governess realizes she has lost Flora. Flora (Nazan Fikret) shouts at The Governess (Rebecca Evans), Clive Barda/ENO Variation XV - Miles The next morning Mrs Grose informs the Governess that having spent the night with Flora she is convinced that Flora is possessed by evil. They agree that Mrs Grose will take Flora to London leaving Miles with the Governess. She presses him to confess, whilst Quint savagely demands Miles not betray him. Miles admits to stealing the letter but will not name Quint. Finally he cries out, 'Peter Quint -- you devil' and dies. Quint disappears. The Governess weeps, holding the dead Miles. What have we done between us? The Governess Governess Where & When Screw takes place entirely at Bly: a large, imposing country mansion and estate in Essex, England. It's a period piece set around the 1840s. The atmospheric setting strongly imitates the narrative, so much so that Britten almost called his opera: "The Tower and the Lake" (along with the male/female sexuality that such a title evokes). The period is important because some of the plot elements might seem odd to modern audiences. To begin with the strange, absent guardian was not altogether unusual even amongst more loving families. The industrial revolution was driving much of the wealth away from rural areas towards major cities. The breadwinner (always the man) might well work in London leaving his country estate in the hands of others, and whilst transportation was fast improving regular commuting was not yet feasible. A Victorian governess teaching Governesses were also a curious species in the Victorian era. Both servant and lady, in a strongly hierarchical society they were an anomaly. The Governess was considered a moral conservator of sorts, bound to bring up children as good and proper. Our Governess seems to see herself in this image. Conversely Quint as the Valet dresses much like his master but is entirely a servant. Yet Quint has his own power, using his gender to seduce Miss Jessel, the last Governess, corrupting her in the eyes of society. James was far from the only one to use this social limbo that Governesses occupied in Victorian life for fertile drama (often with transgressive romantic themes). Think Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Brontë's Jane Eyre and Austen's Emma amongst many others. History Listen to wireless … a wonderful, impressive but terribly eerie & scarey play 'The Turn of the Screw' by Henry James. Britten in his Diary, 1st June 1932 Screw was Britten's final chamber opera. It was commissioned in 1952 for the Venice Biennale. Myfanwy Piper had years earlier suggested James's The Turn of the Screw as a potential subject for a television opera and encouraged by Peter Pears, Britten asked her to put together an outline for how it might be adapted into an opera. He was at this time working on Gloriana which had been commissioned for the upcoming coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. As a result it wasn't until autumn of 1953 that serious work could begin. However Britten was suffering badly from acute bursitis in his right shoulder and could barely work. Piper began sending draft copies of the libretto in early 1954 and by this time Britten was reduced to writing letters to her with his left hand. He had minor surgery in March and with the opera's premiere set for September he was faced with an extremely tight schedule. He wrote the score in a little over 4 months from the end of March to August 1954. The premiere was so close that Imogen Holst, Britten's amanuensis, would make a vocal score of each scene as it was completed so that the singers could begin preparing whilst the opera was still being written. David Hemmings as Miles Britten wanted children to play the children but found it impossible to cast a suitable girl for the role of Flora so the part was given to an adult, Olive Dyer. Miles on the other hand went to a 12 year old David Hemmings (who went on to be an extremely successful actor). He would form a strong relationship with Britten - whose relationships with young boys has been the subject of much discussion - at least until his voice broke in 1956 during a performance of Screw in Paris. The opera was rehearsed in England with the entire team travelling to Venice for the premiere. The day of the premiere was a stressful one. The Italian stage crew threatened to go on strike and then, with the audience seated and ready to go, the performance had to be delayed because it was being transmitted live on the radio and an earlier broadcast had run over. The reception, from a huge mix of international press, was fairly positive and fascinatingly a French newspaper referred to 'the composer's customary intense preoccupation with homosexual love', which is very possibly the first unambiguous reference to Britten and homosexuality in the press. The same team would present the opera at Sadler's Wells and it was swiftly recorded (in part because of fears Hemmings's voice would break) by Decca becoming the first complete record of a Britten opera. The opera would receive performances around the world over the next few years and has been a fairly solid part of the repertory ever since. Fun Facts "Whom do you mean by 'he'?" "Peter Quint — you devil!" Rarely have dashes been quite so picked over. To whom does Miles actually refer, Peter Quint or the Governess? If you lean towards believing Miles being genuinely possessed then it is probably Quint, however if you're more toward the Governess being insane then he could well be suggesting that it is the Governess that has led him to his demise. Who is the true villain? In the original novel there is of course no easy answer, we have nothing to go on but the text. Britten and Piper decided to leave it just as ambiguous. The practicalities of the stage however mean any production has to make something of a decision, we've seen it go both ways! Copyright Getting permission to use Henry James's novella proved difficult, a matter not helped by the fact Britten had written most of the opera before even asking, something that may have perturbed the James Estate. Curiously part of the problem stemmed from the very thing that had drawn Britten to the work, the sexual ambiguity, James's family still deeply concerned with the rumours around his sexuality. After some years of back and forth, and the granting of limited rights solely for the Venice performances, Britten's solicitor cunningly worked out that if the opera was based not on the novella but on the serialization that had been earlier published (and it was impossible to prove it wasn't!), James's Estate had no control over the work. James in Opera Henry James's work has found a considerable afterlife in operatic treatments. Britten adapted not just Screw but later also Owen Wingrave (1971). James's Washington Square has been adapted three times by Jean-Michel Damase (1974), Thomas Pasatieri (1976) and Donald Hollier (1988) and his "The Aspern Papers" twice by Philip Hagemann and Dominick Argento (both 1988). Pretty good going for an author who once turned down the opportunity to meet Richard Wagner, in April 1880 when both were in Posilipo, Italy, on the grounds that he didn't speak German (he had perhaps more substantial reasons he didn't elucidate). Composer 1988 Dirty Latin One can read too much into anything, and perhaps Valentine Cunningham does in her Guardian essay but it's hard to avoid that the Latin that Piper and Britten inserted into the text (none of it originating in James' novella) has secondary meanings. Sexual slang, mostly for male body parts, can be found throughout the childrens' Latin lesson and the strange benedicite sung by Miles is riddled with innuendo, blasphemous by any standards and indicative of the wider ambiguous sexuality of Miles's relationships with the adults in his life. Broadcast In 1959 the opera was shown as the first full length opera to be broadcast on British independent television. The two acts were shown on different nights, Act I on the 25th of October and Act II on the 28th. If a copy of this still exists we haven't been able to find it. This would not be the last television adaptation, the BBC produced a very fine version in 1982 that is rather more accessible, as you can find the whole thing in fairly low quality of youtube. The BBC's 1982 Version Adaptations The Turn of the Screw has been adapted and referenced across so many works of art since its publication we couldn't nearly mention them all here. One of the earliest adaptations was "The Innocents" a 1950 Broadway play that later became a movie. More recently "The Others" starring Nicole Kidman took yet another stab at reinventing similar themes, with a rather cunning twist added. The rather less substantial "Insidious 2" features a child reading a copy of the novel and somewhat satirically a ghost later unscrews a chandelier. There have been endless television adaptations and perhaps most bizarrely a Star Trek episode entitled "Sub Rosa" featuring a Ned Quint and a Jessel Howard Popularity Britten's The Turn of the Screw had a successful premiere and was fairly quickly performed around the world. It's popularity ever since is easy to underestimate: it may come as some surprise that from from 2009 to 2014 Screw was the second most performed opera in English (only Dido and Aeneas was performed more). In Brief	i don't know
In which English county did the 1963 Great Train Robbery take place?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 8 \| 1963: Train robbers make off with millions 1963: Train robbers make off with millions Thieves have ambushed the Glasgow to Euston mail train and stolen thousands of pounds. Banks estimate they have lost over £2m in used, untraceable banknotes in the biggest ever raid on a British train. The Post Office train - known as the Up Special - had run every night, without interference, for 125 years until it was brought to a halt by a red light at 0315 GMT in Buckinghamshire. This was obviously a brilliantly planned operation<br> Det Supt Buckinghamshire CID<br> Driver Jack Mills, 58, has been detained in hospital in Aylesbury with head injuries after being coshed by the raiders, who police believe were masked and armed with sticks and iron bars. But most of the 75 mail sorters working on the train were unaware of the 20 minute incident as the thieves uncoupled the engine and front two carriages of the train and drove them up to Bridego Bridge a mile away. There they broke into the second carriage - restraining the four postal workers inside - and loaded 120 mail and money bags into a lorry waiting on the road beneath. Investigators - including Buckinghamshire Police, the British Transport Police and the Post Office - were on the scene, near Cheddington, in the early hours of the morning and found signals had been tampered with and telephone wires cut. The Detective Superintendent of Buckinghamshire CID said: "This was obviously a brilliantly planned operation." Rewards totalling a record £260,000 have already been offered by insurers, banks and the Post Office for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the gang and return of the money. The Postmaster-General Mr Bevins explained the robbery may have been an "inside job" and has called for a "full and urgent" inquiry into security on Royal Mail trains. He was concerned the money on board had not been defaced, since much of it was en route to be destroyed. Labour MP for Burnley Dan Jones proposed a bill to improve security on mail trains two years ago and in the House of Commons today expressed outrage that the matter had still not been addressed. In Context The total amount stolen was put at £2.6m in a heist that became known as the Great Train Robbery. <br> After a massive police operation the gang's abandoned hideout was found at Leatherslade Farm in Bedfordshire. <br> Just over six months later 12 - of a gang of 15 - thieves were sentenced to jail-terms totalling more than 300 years. <br> The robbery's mastermind, Bruce Reynolds, evaded capture until 1969, when he was given a 10 year sentence. <br> In the meantime two of his accomplices - Charlie Wilson and Ronnie Biggs - escaped. <br> Biggs only returned to the UK in 2001 for medical treatment and was imprisoned to serve the remainder of his 28 year sentence. He was released in August 2009 on compassionate grounds after suffering several strokes.<br> Jack Mills never worked again and died in 1970. <br>	Buckinghamshire
How many prisoners were locked in the Bastille in Paris when it was stormed by the people in 1789?	Model railway club recreates the Great Train Robbery \| Daily Mail Online comments Model railway enthusiasts have recreated the Great Train Robbery in a small scale depiction of the infamous crime. Volunteers from Luton Model Railway Club spent over a year carefully building the replica train, robbers and money bags from the heist. Their diorama shows the night in August 1963 when a gang of robbers stole £2.6million from a mail train in Buckinghamshire. Small train, big money: Enthusiasts from Luton have painstakingly recreated the night in 1963 when thieves made off with £2.6million Getaway: The overnight train was brought to a standstill by the gang as it travelled through Buckinghamshire Detail: The model train fans made the diorama after being inspired by coverage of the robbery;s 50th anniversary During the incident driver of the train Jack Mills, was hit over the head with an iron bar suffering serious head injuries. He recovered but still suffered from severe headaches, and although he returned to work, he retired in 1967. He died in 1970 aged 64 from an illness unrelated to the robbery but his family maintains the trauma never left him. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share The scale model includes mini bags of cash being unloaded from a carriage and the robbers making off with their haul. The club said they were inspired by last year’s 50th anniversary of the robbery. Nigel Adams, 54, project manager at an electronics company, said: 'We do not condone the actions of the event, but it is a fact that the Great Train Robbery has become a part of the national consciousness for many people over a certain age. 'National consciousness': A spokesman for the group said they wanted to mark the event because of its historical importance Heist: Seven of the robbers, including Ronnie Biggs, were given lengthy jail sentences after they were caught 'We have tried to portray this event in a sensitive way, taking due regard for the injuries sustained by the locomotive crew on the night.' The diorama is an O gauge 7mm finescale and measures in at three metres wide, with light and sound helping to portray what happened that night. The exhibition is currently insured at a value of £8,000 including operating stock and requires two people and two cars to transport it to exhibitions. Aftermath: These images show the looted train after the robbery had taken place Embankment: This is the grassy bank where the robber would have made off with their stolen cash Victim: Train driver Jack Mills was hit over the head with an iron bar during the Great Train Robbery and suffered severe headaches in the years after before he died in 1970 Mr Adams added: 'There are 15 figures on the display, although we have taken care to present them as just that - figures on a model. 'We do not identify any personalities due to the sensitive nature of the subject.' The Great Train Robbery saw Ronnie Biggs make off with the stolen money but he escaped from prison and eventually fled to Brazil. He returned to the UK in 2001. Another seven men involved received huge jail sentences. The reconstruction, which includes a commentary, will be on display at the National Festival of Railway Modelling in Peterborough in October. Bags of loot: Above the is BBC's 2013 recreation of the moment the train was looted Rolling in it: The BBC's recreation of the event (pictured) drew public attention to the anniversary	i don't know
In medicine, septicaemia is more commonly known by what name?	Septicaemia (sepsis) Septicaemia (sepsis) How is it treated? What is septicaemia? Septicaemia, also known as sepsis, is a potentially life-threatening infection in which large amounts of bacteria are present in the blood. It is commonly referred to as blood poisoning. What causes it? Septicaemia usually arises as a result of localised infection in the body. The primary site of infection may occur in the respiratory system, the skin, the gastrointestinal system or the genitourinary system. It may coincide with very aggressive infections such as meningitis. Bacteria usually spill over from the primary infection site into the blood and are carried throughout the body thereby spreading infection to various systems of the body. Infection spreads throughout the body via the blood stream. What are the symptoms? The affected person may have symptoms of the associated condition that triggered the septicaemia such as symptoms of pneumonia or severe urinary infection. The condition usually begins with fever and chills. Drenching sweats may occur. The heart rate and respiratory rate (number of breaths per minute) rise in association with the rising fever. The affected individual will feel very ill indeed with profound feelings of weakness. As the condition evolves the person may begin to feel very cold and clammy. The blood pressure starts to fall and the person may lapse into unconsciousness. The skin becomes very pale and the person may exhibit petechiae. Petechiae are tiny spots on the skin, which do not blanch when a glass tumbler is applied to the skin. How is it diagnosed? Septicaemia requires admission to an acute general hospital and may necessitate admission to an intensive care unit. The definitive test for diagnosing the condition is called a blood culture. This involves the taking of a small sample of blood and incubating it in the laboratory. If septicaemia is present bacteria will be detected and these can be studied further to establish which antibiotics will be effective against them. How is it treated? Septicaemia is a rapidly progressive condition and the sufferer usually looks very ill even to the non-medical person. If the person does not receive urgent medical care the condition can evolve very rapidly into irreversible toxic shock. Septicaemia usually requires intravenous treatment. This facilitates the speedy administration of antibiotics and other drugs. Intravenous fluids also help to maintain the blood pressure. It is necessary to begin antibiotic treatment while waiting for the blood culture results. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are usually used, which are antibiotics that are effective against a wide variety of bacteria. Once the results of the blood culture are available the antibiotic being prescribed may be changed to one more specific for the particular bacteria causing the septicaemia.	Sepsis
Samwise Gamgee, Peregrin Took and Meriadoc Brandybuck are all types of which fictional characters?	Septicaemia Misdiagnosis - Claim Through Graysons Solicitors What is your question?* Septicaemia Misdiagnosis Claims Septicaemia and meningitis are very serious infections that, if not diagnosed or misdiagnosed, can have potentially life threatening consequences. Septicaemia is a bacterial infection of the blood, commonly known as blood poisoning. The bacteria that cause septicaemia can live harmlessly in around one in ten people; however it can sometimes pass into the bloodstream causing the infection. Septicaemia can also be a complication of another infection, such as of the lungs or kidneys, and occurs when the bacteria escape that part of the body and get into the bloodstream. The bacteria can also come from burns, infected wounds, boils and tooth abscesses. Septicaemia can be treated effectively with antibiotics if diagnosed in time. Medical negligence claims usually relate to misdiagnosis or late diagnosis of the symptoms, leading to the infection being more difficult to treat and undue suffering. The symptoms of septicaemia can be any of the following: High fever	i don't know
How many Euro coin denominations are there?	How many different Euro coin denominations are there? \| Reference.com How many different Euro coin denominations are there? A: Quick Answer There are eight denominations of euro coins. The largest are the €1 and €2 coins, followed by 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 cent coins. One side of each coin depicts its value while the other carries a unique design from the issuing country. Full Answer Some countries, such as Ireland, choose to have the same design on the national side of all their coins. Others, such as Italy, have different designs for each denomination. The value side of each denomination of a euro coin remains the same, regardless of where in the eurozone the coin was originally issued. Despite the many variations, any euro coin may be used to pay for goods and services wherever the euro is used as currency.	8
Which vegetable is served in a dish described as ‘a la Florentine’?	Denominations denominations Page Content What denominations of currency are in circulation today? Will any new denominations be produced? The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today. What was the largest currency denomination ever produced? The largest denomination of currency ever printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) was the $100,000 Series 1934 Gold Certificate featuring the portrait of President Wilson. These notes were printed from December 18, 1934 through January 9, 1935 and were issued by the Treasurer of the United States to Federal Reserve Banks only against an equal amount of gold bullion held by the Treasury Department. The notes were used only for official transactions between Federal Reserve Banks and were not circulated among the general public. What denominations of currency notes is the Treasury Department no longer printing? On July 14, 1969, David M. Kennedy , the 60th Secretary of the Treasury, and officials at the Federal Reserve Board announced that they would immediately stop distributing currency in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000. Production of these denominations stopped during World War II. Their main purpose was for bank transfer payments. With the arrival of more secure transfer technologies, however, they were no longer needed for that purpose. While these notes are legal tender and may still be found in circulation today, the Federal Reserve Banks remove them from circulation and destroy them as they are received. Did the Treasury Department ever produce a $1 million currency note? I have one that I want to know about. We receive many inquiries asking if the Treasury Department ever produced a $1 million currency note. People have sent in copies of these notes. We have found that they are nonnegotiable platinum certificates known as a "One Million Dollar Special Issue." These notes were from a special limited copyrighted art series originally sold by a Canadian firm for $1.00 each as a collectible item. They are not official United States currency notes manufactured by our Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP). As such, they are not redeemable by the Department of the Treasury. You may be interested to know that the BEP learned of these certificates in the spring of 1982. All related correspondence was forwarded to the United States Secret Service to decide if there were any violations of Federal currency laws. The Secret Service subsequently advised, however, that these certificates did not violate any United States law. Why did the Treasury Department remove the $2 bill from circulation? The $2 bill has not been removed from circulation and is still a circulating denomination of United States paper currency. The Federal Reserve System does not, however, request the printing of that denomination as often as the others. The Series 2003 $2 bill was the last printed and bears the names of former Secretary of the Treasury John W. Snow and Treasurer Rosario Marin. As of April 30, 2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide. The key for successfully circulating the $2 bill is for retailers to use them just like any other denomination in their daily operations. In addition, most commercial banks will readily supply their retail customers with these bills if their customers request them in sufficient volume to justify stocking them in their vaults. However, neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System can force the distribution or use of any denomination of currency on banks, businesses or individuals. Page Image Last Updated: 7/8/2014 12:02 PM <div class="UserGeneric">The current browser does not support Web pages that contain the IFRAME element. To use this Web Part, you must use a browser that supports this element, such as Internet Explorer 7.0 or later.</div>	i don't know

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