Datasets:

charris

/

wikipedia-filtered-first-last-name-fullsearch

like 0

444345

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Morris

Michael Morris

Michael Morris may refer to: Arts Michael Morris (artist) (born 1942), visual artist Michael Morris (director) (born 1974), American television director and producer Michael Morris (screenwriter) (1918–2003), Ukraine born American television and film screenwriter MickDeth (Mick Richard Morris, 1978–2013), American musician Politics Michael Morris, Baron Morris (1826–1901), Irish lawyer and political figure, became the first Lord Killanin in 1900 Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin (1914–1999), Irish former head of the International Olympic Committee Michael Morris, Baron Naseby (born 1936), British Conservative politician, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons 1992–1997 Science and industry Michael G. Morris (born 1947), president, chief executive officer, and chairman of American Electric Power G. Michael Morris, scientist, past president of the Optical Society of America Michael Morris (oceanographer), scientist and entrepreneur, founder of Ocean Optics, Inc. Sports Mick Morris (footballer, born 1943) (1943–2020), English footballer Mick Morris (Australian footballer) (1882–1959), Australian rules footballer Mick Morris (Gaelic footballer) (born 1944), former Irish sportsperson Mouse Morris (Michael Morris, born 1951), Irish racehorse trainer Michael Armstrong (boxer) (born 1968), British boxer, born Michael Morris See also Mike Morris (disambiguation)

446793

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Leko

Peter Leko

Peter Leko (; born September 8, 1979) is a Hungarian chess player. He became the world's youngest grandmaster in 1994. He narrowly missed winning the Classical World Chess Championship 2004: the match was drawn 7–7 and so Vladimir Kramnik retained the title. He also came fifth in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 and fourth in the World Chess Championship 2007. Leko has achieved victories in many major chess tournaments, including the annual tournaments at Dortmund, Linares, Wijk aan Zee and the Tal Memorial in Moscow. He won two team silver medals and an individual gold medal representing Hungary at eight Chess Olympiads as well as team bronze and silver and an individual silver medal at three European Team Championships. Leko has been ranked as high as fourth in the FIDE world rankings, which he first achieved in April 2003. Early years Peter Leko was born into an ethnic Hungarian family in the city of Subotica, Yugoslavia but moved to Szeged when he was one year old. He was taught chess by his father shortly before he turned seven and took part in tournaments from the age of nine. His first coach Tibor Károlyi began work with him in 1989, ending three months before Leko became a grandmaster. They later reunited in 1998 until the end of 2000. Leko also worked with International Master Gaspar Mathe when he was ten years old. As a junior player, Leko competed in several age categories in the World Youth Chess Championship, winning bronze in the under-10 section in 1989, bronze in the under-12 in 1990, fourth place in the under-14 in 1992, silver in the under-14 in 1993 and gold in the under-16 in 1994. Leko earned the International Master title in 1992. In 1994 he became a Grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 4 months and 22 days, at the time the youngest to have done so, breaking the record previously held by Judit Polgár. His norms came at a First Saturday tournament in Budapest and Leon (sharing third place with Anatoly Karpov and Veselin Topalov) in 1993, and shared third place at Hoogovens in 1994. Rising to the top Leko showed his class in winning at Copenhagen in 1995 with 8 points out of 11 games. Soon after, Leko competed at Dortmund where he shared third place (5 points out of 9 games) with Vassily Ivanchuk, backing up his new world ranking, placing him 55th with 2605 Elo. At Belgrade, a last round loss to Ivanchuk pushed him down to eighth place. He slipped to last place in Dortmund in 1996 but recovered with fourth place in Vienna (5/9). In 1997, Leko won in Cienfuegos (5/9) and Yopal (6½/9) and took fourth place at the traditional Tilburg chess tournament (7/11) establishing him as a rising star, climbing to 16th in the world rankings in the January 1998 list. Leko continued his rise up the rankings with second place (7/11) behind Viswanathan Anand at Tilburg in 1998, fourth place (5/9) in Dortmund and fourth place (6½/14) at Linares in early 1999. Leko's run of form culminated in achieving his first major tournament win (5/7) at Dortmund, half a point ahead of Vladimir Kramnik. It was at this tournament that he met his future wife, Sofia. He made his first entry into World Championship tournaments at the FIDE World Chess Championship 1999 held in Las Vegas, defeating Christian Bauer 1½-½ but losing to eventual quarter-finalist Sergei Movsesian after rapid tiebreaks 2½-1½. In January 2000, Leko faced the winner, FIDE World Champion Alexander Khalifman in a six-game match held in Budapest, which he won 4½-1½. Leko followed up his victory by sharing second place (8/13) with Kramnik and Anand at Corus behind a dominant Garry Kasparov, sharing last place (4½/10) at Linares and sharing second place (5/8) with Kramnik at Dortmund. At the FIDE World Chess Championship 2000 held in New Delhi (rounds 1-6) and Tehran (final), Leko was knocked out in the third round by Khalifman (4½-3½) after "sudden death" tiebreaks. In 2001, Leko posted solid results in Corus (6½/13), Linares (4½/10), third place in Dortmund (5½/10) and winning an eight-game Chess 960 (Fischer Random Chess) match against Michael Adams at Mainz. The year was rounded off with an early exit in the second round of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2002, held in Moscow, at the hands of Ashot Anastasian (2½-1½) after rapid tiebreaks. Leko started 2002 solidly with a sixth-place finish (7/13) at Corus, sharing third place (4½/9) in the NAO Masters held in Cannes and second place (7/9) at Essen behind Vadim Zvjaginsev. Classical World Championship Challenger Under the terms of the Prague Agreement signed in May 2002, "The Dortmund winner will play the Classical World Chess Champion Vladimir Kramnik and the present FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov will play Garry Kasparov, the current World's number one rated player". The Dortmund Chess Meeting was held in June 2002 with the format a two-stage event, with two-four player groups played as double round robins, with the two top players from each group progressing to a knockout stage determining the winner. Leko qualified comfortably from the B Group in second place to Evgeny Bareev and faced Alexei Shirov in a four-game match. This ended early with the score 2½-½ in Leko's favour. In the final of the Tournament Leko met Veselin Topalov, who had been in good form in the run up to the tournament but had a draining match which had gone to tiebreaks against Bareev in the semi-finals. The match was won by Leko 2½-1½, ensuring he became the official challenger to Vladimir Kramnik for the Classical World Chess Championship 2004. His Candidates triumph was followed up by leading the Hungarian team on board one to team silver in the 35th Chess Olympiad with an unbeaten run, along with sharing first (7/12) at Linares in early 2003 with Kramnik, half a point ahead of Anand and Kasparov, notably ending a ten super-tournament winning streak by Kasparov. This was shortly followed up by second place at the 12th Amber Melody tournament (Blind 6/11, Rapid 7½/11) a point behind Anand, and a solid result (5/9) in Budapest. At Dortmund, Leko disappointed with 4/10, considered to be due to the difficulties regarding the organising of the match with Kramnik. 2004 started brightly for Leko with shared second place (8/13) with Adams in Corus, half a point behind Anand and sharing second place (6½/12) with Kasparov in Linares, half a point behind Kramnik. He competed as part of an Armenia vs Rest of the World match, scoring 4/6 and finished in fourth place in Dortmund (held in the same format as the Candidates Tournament in 2002 but with play-offs for final positions). Classical World Championship Match After several delays due to the collapse of the Einstein Group, who were originally to have organised the match, Leko contested the Classical World Chess Championship 2004 held from September 25 to October 18, 2004, in Brissago, Switzerland. Leko was helped by Vladimir Akopian, Arshak Petrosian and Vladislav Tkachiev. In a match containing six games agreed as drawn before 25 moves, Leko lost the first game in dramatic fashion despite placing Kramnik's Petroff Defence under pressure after making a blunder in an unbalanced endgame where his Queen was slowly outmanoeuvred by Kramnik's pair of Rooks. Then followed two short draws and a hard-fought draw in Game 4 where Leko over-pressed with Black in a Ruy Lopez opening but Kramnik failed to take advantage of an extra pawn in the rook endgame. Leko equalised the match score in Game 5 after switching his White opening from 1.e4 to 1.d4 playing a Queen's Gambit Declined line that Kramnik was familiar with. Kramnik allowed himself to enter a Rook and Bishop endgame a pawn down but with the likely result a draw. Leko used his pawns to press through the centre. Kramnik believed he could construct a fortress and save a draw but Leko managed to find a way to convert the win. In game six, a short draw was agreed after Kramnik declined a pawn sacrifice. In game seven, Leko was surprised by an unusual move order in the opening and simplified the position leading to a draw soon after, closing out the first half of the match with the score 3½–3½. In Game 8, Leko scored an important win, taking the match lead for the first time. For the first time Kramnik allowed Leko to play the aggressive Marshall Attack variation of the Ruy Lopez. Kramnik played a queen sacrifice and continuation which his team had believed via computer analysis to be fine for him. However, Leko exploited a hole in the preparation and by sacrificing material created a decisive advantage. Between two short draws in Game 9 and 11, notable for Kramnik's change of opening with Black to Queen's Indian Defence, Game 10 saw Leko eventually finding a successful defence to Kramnik's opening advantage. That was enough to persuade Leko to change his opening with Black to the Caro-Kann for Game 12. Kramnik pressed but Leko found enough counterplay to repel him and secure a draw. In the penultimate Game 13, in search of a win, Kramnik switched opening again with Black to the dynamic Benoni Defence and launched a kingside attack in the middlegame while Leko's pieces were on the queenside. Leko managed to liquidate the position to a tense Rook and pawn endgame where Leko's precise defence nullified Kramnik's advantage, leading to a draw. In a dramatic final game, with Leko needing only a draw to secure the Championship, Kramnik chose the Advance variation against Leko's Caro-Kann and placed immediate pressure on Leko using a line played during the Tal–Botvinnik World Championship Match of 1961. Leko's plan to exchange off White's pieces and form a fortress did not work and Kramnik was able to break through the Black position. Leko resigned when checkmate was threatened. Under the rules of the match, with the score tied 7–7, Kramnik retained his title as "Classical" World Champion and would move on to an eventual reunification match against Veselin Topalov in 2006. By virtue of a draw, Leko became vice-champion. Career after Brissago Despite the drawn match, Leko maintained a high level in 2005, winning the Corus tournament with 8½/13. and finishing fourth at Linares (6/12). After taking a break, Leko attended the first Miskolc Rapid match against World No.7 Michael Adams in which Leko lost the first three games, won the next three and drew out the remaining two, ending the match 4-4. A 4/9 at Dortmund was followed by competing for the FIDE World Chess Championship title in San Luis, Argentina having qualified as most recent "Classical" challenger, finishing fifth with 6½/14. For more information, see FIDE World Chess Championship 2005. In 2006, Leko scored solid results at Corus (tied 7th, 6½/14), Morelia-Linares (fifth, 7½/14), a 4½-3½ win in the Miskolc Rapid match against Anatoly Karpov, Dortmund (tied third, 4/7) and in sharing first place with 5½/9 at the inaugural Tal Memorial, he completed a career "Grand Slam" of major tournament victories at Dortmund, Linares, Corus and Tal Memorial. The next year, Leko struggled at Morelia-Linares tying for last place and lost the Miskolc Rapid match 4½-3½ against Vladimir Kramnik soon after. Leko regained his form for the Candidates Matches held between 26 May and 13 June, held to select 4 players for the World Chess Championship 2007. The format was held as a 16-player two-round knockout tournament with each match best of six games. He comfortably won his matches against Mikhail Gurevich (+3−0=1) and Evgeny Bareev (+2−0=3), to qualify for the eight-player championship tournament. A few months later, he won the ACP World Rapid Chess Cup. Shortly after the World Chess Championship 2007 was held in Mexico City from 12–30 September as an 8-player double round robin. Leko finished in fourth place with 7/14 and rounded off the year tying for third place (4½/9) at the Tal Memorial. In 2008, Leko tied for fifth in a strong field at Corus with 7/13 but tied for last place in Morelia-Linares with 5½/14 and lost a Miskolc Rapid match 3½-4½ against 17-year-old Magnus Carlsen, but rebounded 4 months later with his third victory at Dortmund (after 1999 and 2002) with 4½/7, sixth place (4½/9) in a tough field at the Tal Memorial and securing individual gold on board 1 at the 38th Chess Olympiad held in Dresden. Leko took part in the FIDE Grand Prix 2008-2010 which selected two players for the 2011 Candidates Tournament, electing to play in the four later tournaments in the 6-tournament cycle. In Elista, Russia, he shared fifth place with 6½/13, in Nalchik shared second with 7½/13, shared fourth at Jermuk with 7½/13 and shared seventh place at Astrakhan with 6½/13. With his weakest result at Astrakhan not counting towards his points tally, he finished in seventh place overall with 320 points, the highest final placing of a player who did not win an event. As he did not take part in the World Cup held in 2011, Leko did not progress to the Candidates Tournament. Aside from the FIDE Grand Prix cycle, 2009 saw Leko lose a Miskolc Rapid match 3-5 against Viswanathan Anand, tie for second place with Magnus Carlsen and Dmitry Jakovenko with 5½/10 in a very strong Dortmund and finished in fourth place in Nanjing, China. He struggled at the Tal Memorial of 2009 scoring 3/9, broke even at Corus 2010 with 6½/13, lost what would be the final Miskolc Rapid match 3½-4½ against Boris Gelfand and came bottom of the Dortmund field with 4/10. After representing Hungary in the 39th Chess Olympiad in September he took several months away from chess. He made his return to chess at the World Team Chess Championship held in Ningbo, China in July 2011 with an undefeated 5½/9 on board 1. This was followed up by a shock first round exit from the Chess World Cup 2011 against Sam Shankland and a third-place finish at the Saratov Governor's Cup. The year was rounded off with 5½/9 at the European Team Championships held in Halkidiki, Greece. In April 2012, Leko scored 4/6 for Moscow's SHSM-64 team at the Russian Team Championships then came second with 5/7 at Sigeman & Co Tournament, half a point behind Fabiano Caruana. At Dortmund, Leko shared third place with Kramnik, Naiditsch and Ruslan Ponomariov, scoring 5½/9 and narrowly missed a win against tournament winner Caruana, followed up by scoring 5½/10 at the 40th Chess Olympiad, held in Istanbul. In September 2012 he entered the FIDE Grand Prix 2012-13 as a nominee of AGON, who owned the rights to the World Championship cycle. At the first event, held in London, he finished in fifth place with an undefeated 6/11 and at the Tashkent event tied for seventh with a solid 5½/11 a month later. In April 2013 at the Zug event, he shared seventh place with Sergey Karjakin and Anish Giri scoring 5/11. After skipping the event held in Thessaloniki during the next month, he tied for third place with eventual series winner Veselin Topalov at the fifth event held in Beijing, scoring 6/11. Having completed his four tournaments in the cycle, Leko did not take part in the sixth and final event and finished the Grand Prix cycle in 13th place with 230 points (the result in Zug not counting towards his points tally). Outside of the Grand Prix cycle, Leko helped the SHSM team secure third place at the European Chess Club Cup held in Eliat, Israel in October 2012, with a score of 3/6. Leko also took part in the World Mind Games finishing seventh with 3½/7 in the Rapid section and 6½/15 in the Blitz. He placed a strong fifth place at the Tata Steel Chess (formerly Corus) event in January 2013 with 7½/13. In April, he scored 3/6 for Ugra in the Russian Team Championships and in July, shared third with 4½/9 at Dortmund with Naiditsch. Leko tied for third with 5/9 at the Sherbank Rapid held in Kyiv in June. In August 2013, Leko was knocked out of the FIDE World Cup 2013 in the second round ½-1½ by Julio Granda, followed by scoring 4½/7 for sixth-placed Ugra at the European Club Cup held in Rhodes in October. Leko finished the year at the World Mind Games with tied first in the Rapid section (losing out on head-to-head tiebreak) but tired with a 16th placed 11/30 in the Blitz section. In April 2014, Leko played in the Russian Team Championships for Malachite scoring 5/7, in July tied for second with 4/7 at Dortmund with Georg Meier and contributed to a team silver medal at the 41st Chess Olympiad with 5/10. In August 2015, he played a 6-game match with Chinese Grandmaster Li Chao in the city of Szeged in Hungary. He lost the match +0-2=4. Since November 2017, he has been coaching the German prodigy Vincent Keymer. Team chess results Leko first represented Hungary aged 15 years and two months at the 31st Chess Olympiad, going on to make seven more appearances at the Chess Olympiad, winning two team silvers and an individual gold, as follows: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |- ! Olympiad ! Individual result ! Team result |- |Moscow 1994 || 6½/10 (11th) || 8th |- |Yerevan 1996 || 7/12 (33rd) || 18th |- |Istanbul 2000 || 7½/12 (20th) || 4th |- |Bled 2002 || 6/11 (48th) || Silver |- |Dresden 2008 || 7½/10 (Gold) || 8th |- |Khanty-Mansiysk 2010 || 4½/10 (23rd) || 4th |- |Istanbul 2012 || 5½/10 (17th) || 9th |- |Tromso 2014 || 5/10 || Silver |} Leko also took part in numerous Team Chess Championships, both at World and European level (notably debuting at Debrecen in 1992 at the age of 13 years 2 months), with results as follows: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" |- ! Event ! Individual result ! Team result |- | 10th ETCC, Debrecen 1992 || 5/9 (13th) || 5th |- | 12th ETCC, Batumi 1999 || 6/9 (Silver) || Silver |- | 5th WTCC, Yerevan 2001 || 3/7 (7th) || 5th |- | 18th ETCC, Halkidiki 2011 || 5½/9 (10th) || Bronze |- | 8th WTCC, Ningbo 2011 || 5½/9 (5th) || 5th |} Playing style Peter Leko is known for playing in a solid and steady manner, avoiding risks. In his words, "I like to play in a “clean and clear” way, and I am definitely not the type of guy who takes unnecessary risks. I believe much more in the logic of our game rather than gambling on your opponent's nerves." Jacob Aagaard commented, "Peter Leko has three essential qualities (that I know about). He has a great opening repertoire, he is a greatly gifted technical player and a very nice guy. If he had a good understanding of dynamics as well, he would have been one of the greatest players of our time (rather than just one game away from being World Champion!)." Despite criticism that his style leads to drawish chess, his consistent style has seen him remain in the elite since he was a teenager and win multiple elite-level tournaments. Leko has acted as a second in World Championship matches (for Anand vs Karpov in Lausanne 1997, for Kramnik vs Anand in Bonn 2008, for Anand vs Carlsen in Chennai 2013) due to his theoretical understanding in the openings phase of the game. Sample game On the way to winning the prestigious Corus chess tournament in 2005, Leko defeated Viswanathan Anand with the black pieces. The moves were: 1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. d4 cxd4 4. Nxd4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e5 6. Ndb5 d6 7. Bg5 a6 8. Na3 b5 9. Bxf6 gxf6 10. Nd5 f5 11. c3 Bg7 12. exf5 Bxf5 13. Nc2 0-0 14. Nce3 Be6 15. Bd3 f5 16. 0-0 Ra7 17. a4 Ne7 18. Nxe7+ Rxe7 19. axb5 axb5 20. Bxb5 d5 21. Ra6 f4 22. Nc2 Bc8 23. Ra8 Qd6 24. Nb4 Bb7 25. Ra7 d4 26. Ba6? (see diagram) Better was 26.Bc6 Bxc6 27.Rxe7 Qxe7 28.Nxc6 with approximate equality. 26... Bxg2! 27. Bc4+ Kh8 28. Ra6 Qc5 29. Kxg2 f3+ 30. Kh1 Qxc4 31. Rc6 Qb5 32. Rd6 e4 33. Rxd4 Bxd4 34. Qxd4+ Qe5 35. Qxe5+ Rxe5 36. Nc2 Rb8 37. Ne3 Rc5 38. h3 Rxb2 39. c4 Rg5 40. Kh2 Kg8 41. h4 Rg6 42. Kh3 Kf7 43. Nf5 Rc2 44. Ne3 Rd2 45. c5 Ke6 46. c6 Rg8 47. c7 Rc8 48. Kg3 Rxc7 49. Kf4 Rd4 50. Ra1 Rf7+ 51. Kg3 Rd8 52. Ra6+ Ke5 53. Ng4+ Kd5 54. Nf6+ Rxf6 55. Rxf6 Ke5 56. Rh6 Rg8+ 57. Kh3 e3 0–1 Personal life Leko is married to Sofia Petrosian, daughter of Armenian grandmaster Arshak Petrosian, who is also his trainer. References External links Interview ahead of the 2005 [Championship] Portrait of a chessplayer - PETER LEKO part 1 Portrait of a chessplayer - PETER LEKO part 2 1979 births Living people Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Hungarian chess players Sportspeople from Subotica Hungarians in Vojvodina World Youth Chess Champions

447816

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Smith%20%28mathematician%29

Robert Smith (mathematician)

Robert Smith (c. 16 October 1689 – 2 February 1768) was an English mathematician. Life Smith was probably born at Lea near Gainsborough, the son of John Smith, the rector of Gate Burton, Lincolnshire and his wife Hannah Cotes. After attending Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough (now Queen Elizabeth's High School) he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1708, and becoming minor fellow in 1714, major fellow in 1715 and senior fellow in 1739, was chosen Master in 1742, in succession to Richard Bentley. From 1716 to 1760 he was Plumian Professor of Astronomy, and he died in the Master's Lodge at Trinity. In February 1719 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. Besides editing two works by his cousin, Roger Cotes, who was his predecessor in the Plumian chair, he published A Compleat System of Opticks in 1738, which gained him the sobriquet of Old Focus, and Harmonics, or the Philosophy of Musical Sounds in 1749. Smith never married but lived with his unmarried sister Elzimar (1683–1758) in the lodge at Trinity College. Although he is often portrayed as a rather reclusive character, John Byrom's journal shows that in the 1720s and 1730s Smith could be quite sociable. Yet ill health, particularly gout, took its toll and severely inhibited his academic work and social activities. He died at the lodge on 2 February 1768, and on 8 February he was buried in Trinity College Chapel, the funeral oration being delivered by Thomas Zouch. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Smith helped to spread Isaac Newton's ideas in Europe and "Newton's successes in optics and mechanics dominated Smith's scientific career". The Smith Fund In his will Smith left £3500 South Sea stock to the University of Cambridge. The net income on the fund is annually divided equally between the Smith's Prize and the stipend of the Plumian Professor. Books Robert Smith, Harmonics, or, The Philosophy of Musical Sounds, Printed by J. Bentham, and sold by W. Thurlbourn, 1749. References The Master of Trinity at Trinity College, Cambridge External links "Robert Smith, author of 'A Compleat System of Opticks', 1738." Peter Abrahams, ed. The history of the telescope & the binocular (2005) OR4-A1765.43: Enharmonic chamber organ, Thomas Parker. London, c.1765. Russell Collection of Early Keyboard Instruments, University of Edinburgh. "Robert Smith's 'Equal Harmony' and the harpsichord built for it by Jacob Kirckman." Grant O'Brien. Conference on the Historical Background to the New "Handel" Organ in St Cecilia's Hall. Russell Collection of Early Keyboard Instruments, University of Edinburgh. (1998) Dr. Robert Smith's comments on John Harrison's musical tuning ideas, from Harmonics (1749) Robert Smith's (1778) The elementary parts of Dr. Smith's compleat system of opticks – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library 18th-century English mathematicians English music theorists Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge Fellows of the Royal Society 1689 births 1768 deaths People educated at Queen Elizabeth's High School Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge

450030

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Martin

James Martin

James, Jim, or Jimmy Martin may refer to: Academics James Cullen Martin (1928–1999), American chemist James E. Martin (1932–2017), university president at the University of Arkansas and Auburn University James Kirby Martin (born 1943), American historian Actors, musicians, and other performers Jimmy Martin (1927–2005), American bluegrass musician James Martin (Scottish actor) (born 1931), Scottish actor on Still Game James R. Martin (born 1951), American producer and director of documentaries Wrapped In Steel and Fired-up! Jim Martin (musician) (born 1961), American guitarist formerly with Faith No More Jim Martin (puppeteer) (born 1960), American puppeteer on Sesame Street James and Tom Martin (born 1977), English twin musicians Judges and lawyers James Loren Martin (1846–1915), U.S. federal judge James Robert Martin Jr. (1909–1984), U.S. federal judge James Martin (attorney), U.S. Attorney in Missouri Military figures James Green Martin (1819–1878), Civil War Confederate brigadier general James Martin II (1826–1918), American Medal of Honor recipient James Fitzgerald Martin (1876–1958), officer of the British Army Jim Martin (Australian soldier) (1901–1915), youngest Anzac to serve at Gallipoli James Stewart Martin (author), Chief of the Decartelization Branch for Military Government in Germany after World War II Politicians James Martin (1738–1810), British banker and politician who sat in the House of Commons for 31 years from 1776 to 1807 James Martin (1807–1878), British Liberal Party politician and banker James Martin (Australian politician) (1820–1886), Premier of New South Wales James Martin (South Australian politician) (1821–1899), engineer and politician of Gawler, South Australia James Stewart Martin (congressman) (1826–1907), U.S. Representative from Illinois Jimmy Martin (politician) (1938–2019), American politician from Alabama James Morris Martin (1845–1902), Canadian politician James Martin (New South Wales politician) (1850–1898), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for South Sydney and Sydney-Bligh James Martin (trade unionist) (1850–1933), British trade unionist and politician James Martin (Irish politician) (1905–1969), Fianna Fáil Senator from 1965 to 1969 James D. Martin (1918–2017), U.S. Representative from Alabama Jimmy Leawood Martin (born 1934), American politician in South Carolina James G. Martin (born 1935), North Carolina governor Jim Martin (Georgia politician) (born 1945), Member of the Georgia House of Representatives James Martin (Maine politician) (born 1965), member of the Maine House of Representatives James Martin (mayor), Republican mayor of Ansonia, Connecticut, 1969–1971 James Martin (South Carolina politician) (died 1868), member of the South Carolina House of Representatives James Martin (Queensland politician) (born 1981), Queensland politician (elected 2021) Clergy James S. Martin (evangelical minister) (fl. 1913–1914), American anti-Mormon preacher James Martin (priest, born 1960), American Jesuit priest and writer James A. Martin (1902–2007), American Jesuit priest Sportspeople James Martin (cricketer) (1851–1930), Australian cricketer Jim Martin (Australian footballer) (1884–1940), Australian rules player at multiple clubs James Martin (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1940), Scottish footballer James Martin (footballer, born 1898) (1898–1969), English footballer Jimmy Martin (golfer) (1924–2000), Irish golfer Jim Martin (American football) (1924–2002), College Football Hall of Fame member James Martin (American football) (born 1944), head college football coach at Tuskegee University Jimmy Martin (American football) (born 1982), National Football League guard James Marten (born 1984), American football player James Martin (rugby league) (born 1987), British rugby player James Martin (footballer, born 1994) (born 1994), Scottish footballer James Martin (footballer, born 1998), English footballer Jimmy Martin (judo), American judoka Writers James Martin (philosopher) (fl. 1577), Scottish writer James Martin (convict) (c. 1760–?), convict transported to New South Wales, author of the only extant First Fleet convict account of life in the colony James J. Martin (1916–2004), American historian, wrote on anarchism James Martin (author) (1933–2013), computer systems design author, writer James Conroyd Martin (fl. 2006–2016), historical fiction writer Other James Ranald Martin (1796–1874), surgeon in India Sir James Martin (engineer) (1893–1981), inventor of the modern aircraft ejection seat James Slattin Martin Jr. (1920–2002), project manager for the Viking program James Martin (chef) (born 1972), British celebrity chef James Martin (photographer), American photojournalist James Purdon Martin (1893–1984), British neurologist Jim Martin (ombudsman), Scottish civil servant Spider Martin (1939–2003), American photographer James Martin & Co, Australian engineering firm James Henry Martin (1835-1909), British shipowner and entrepreneur James David Martin (born 1971), American serial killer See also James Edgar Martine (1850–1925), U.S. Senator from New Jersey Jamie Martin (disambiguation) James Martin House (disambiguation) James S. Martin (disambiguation) Martin High School (Arlington, Texas), also known as James Martin High School Martin, James

452210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Clark%20%28British%20politician%29

Michael Clark (British politician)

Dr Michael Clark (born 8 August 1935) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. Early life He was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, East Retford and King's College London, where he graduated with a BSc (1st class Hons) in Chemistry in 1956, and subsequently studied at the University of Minnesota on a Fulbright Scholarship, before completing a PhD in Chemistry at St John's College, Cambridge in 1960. He worked for some years with ICI Plastics Division, initially as a Research Scientist, but subsequently as a Factory Manager. Later, he joined the motor industry, introducing plastics into the manufacture of cars and commercial vehicles. In 1969, he became a manufacturing consultant with the PA Consulting Group in London, and was a Trustee from 1994 to 2000. Political career Dr Clark held office at constituency level in Cambridgeshire between 1969 and 1983 being County Treasurer 1975–78, and Chairman 1980–83. He first stood, unsuccessfully, at Ilkeston in 1979, being defeated by the Labour incumbent Ray Fletcher. He served as Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Rochford from 1983 until 1997, then, with its abolition, for the new constituency of Rayleigh from 1997 until he stood down at the 2001 general election. In Parliament he was active in all matters involving science and technology joining, in 1983, the Energy Select Committee, becoming Chairman 1989–92. With the demise of that Committee he was elected Chairman of the All-Party Group for Energy Studies. From 1992 to 1994 he served on the Trade and Industry Select Committee, then in the Labour Government of 1997 until his retirement he was Chairman of the Science and Technology Select Committee. From 1985 to 1988 he was Hon Secretary of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee then Founding Treasurer and later Chairman ( 1993–97) of the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, (P.O.S.T.). Clark was Chairman of the British Russian Parliamentary Group 1994-2001 and British Venezuelan Parliamentary Group 1995–2001, having previously been Hon Secretary of the Nepalese and Malawi Parliamentary Groups. He was an Executive Member of the Inter Parliamentary Union, IPU, from 1987 to 1994, being Chairman 1990–93. He was invited to join the Speaker's Panel of Chairmen in 1997 chairing the House at the Committee stage of the Budget in 2001 just before retiring. He was elected to the Executive of the 1922 Committee in 1997. he also served (1995-2001) on the Advisory Panel of the Conservation Foundation and the advisory board of the Fulbright Commission. He was a national vice-president of the UN50 celebrations in 1995. In 1994 he introduced as a Private Member's Bill the Road Traffic (New Drivers) Bill to make specific penalties for newly qualified drivers who commit offences, including re-testing their competence to drive. Locally, he was President of many organisations including Arthritis Care, Ashingdon Carnival, Chelmsford Industrial Museum, Hawkwell Boys Football Club, Hockley and Hawkwell Old People's Welfare, Leigh Orpheus Male Voice Choir, Mayday Mobile, Rayleigh Brass, Rochford Civic Aid, Rochford District Mencap, South East Essex Youth Symphony Orchestra and the Rayleigh St. John Ambulance Cadets. He is a Fellow of his alma mater, King's College London, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and a Companion of the Institute of Energy. In 1992 he gave the Alf Robens Memorial lecture at the Royal Institution and was awarded the BCURA gold medal. The former Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow MP, began his Parliamentary career working as a researcher for Michael Clark. References 1935 births Living people Alumni of King's College London Fellows of King's College London University of Minnesota alumni Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies UK MPs 1983–1987 UK MPs 1987–1992 UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001 People educated at King Edward VI Grammar School, Retford

452212

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Clarke%20%28politician%29

Eric Clarke (politician)

Eric Lionel Clarke (born 9 April 1933) is a politician in the United Kingdom. He served as Labour Member of Parliament for Midlothian from 1992 until he stepped down at the 2001 general election. He had been an opposition whip from 1994 to 1997. He served as General Secretary of the Scottish National Union of Mineworkers during the 1980s Miner's Strike and took a proactive role in the care of members' families. References External links 1933 births Living people National Union of Mineworkers-sponsored MPs Scottish Labour MPs UK MPs 1992–1997 UK MPs 1997–2001

461408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Jackson%20%28television%20executive%29

Michael Jackson (television executive)

Michael Richard Jackson (born 11 February 1958) is a British television producer and executive. He was one of only three people to have been Controller of both BBC1 and BBC2, the main television channels of the British Broadcasting Corporation, and for being the first media studies graduate to reach a senior level in the British media. He was also the Chief Executive of British television station, Channel 4, between 1997 and 2001. In 2018, he co-founded Two Cities TV, with Wall to Wall Media founder and ex-CEO Alex Graham Early life and career Born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, Jackson was the son of Ernest Jackson, a baker, and his wife Margaret. He was educated at The King's School, at the time a direct-grant grammar school, and now an independent school in Macclesfield, Cheshire and his sister, Hilary, later claimed in a newspaper feature that he was already focused on a media career by the age of twelve. Following school, Jackson studied at the Polytechnic of Central London (renamed the University of Westminster in 1992), from which he graduated with a First Class Honours BA in Media Studies in 1979. The media studies degree at the Polytechnic of Central London had been launched by David Cardiff in 1969, when the institution was still known by its former title of Regent Street Polytechnic, and was the first such degree course ever to have been established in the United Kingdom. Immediately after graduating, Jackson became the organiser of "The Channel Four Group", having written his final year dissertation at college on the prospect of a fourth national television channel in Britain. The Channel Four Group was a collective of television producers lobbying the British Government to establish a new independent television channel outside of the BBC / ITV duopoly, to act as a "publisher" of programmes produced by independent production companies rather than using the almost exclusively in-house production methods the existing channels then employed. This channel, named Channel 4, was eventually launched in 1982, and Jackson was the producer of one of its first major documentary series, The Sixties, screened that year. The following year he joined the staff of the independent production company Beat Productions Ltd, where he continued to make programmes for Channel 4. Two of the programmes he worked on for the channel during the 1980s were Open the Box, which looked at the way television programmes were both produced and viewed and the attitudes held towards them, and The Media Show, of which he was founding editor when it launched in 1987. The Media Show was described by Waldemar Januszczak in The Guardian newspaper in 1997 as "one of the defining television programmes of the 1980s... In Michael Jackson, its first producer, it gave us a media-genius." Despite his success in the independent sector however, in 1988 Jackson was persuaded by Alan Yentob, the then Controller of BBC Two, to join the staff of the BBC. Jackson came to be seen as something of a protégé of Yentob's during his time at the corporation, both coming from a background in arts and media programming, and Yentob immediately installed Jackson as the founding editor of the new late-night BBC 2 arts magazine series The Late Show. BBC Prior to the launch of The Late Show in January 1989, there was some scepticism as to whether or not the programme, running four nights per week on BBC 2 in a late night slot after Newsnight, would be a success. In a feature for The Times newspaper on television arts coverage, published two months prior to the show's launch, Bryan Appleyard wrote that: "the real tension is building up around The Late Show and its young creator, Michael Jackson." Appleyard pointed out that: "the investment financial, intellectual and egotistical in the programme is enormous... Yentob is determined to put his own cultural stamp on BBC2 and Jackson has everything to prove." However, the programme went on to be a success, running for six years. Looking back at The Late Show and other television arts programming in a feature for The Guardian in 2003, David Herman felt that the programme represented the last great era of television arts coverage. "The Late Show cast its net wider in terms of formats... What drove it was the enthusiasm and passions of its presenters, producers and editors, and this built a certain eclecticism and unashamed highbrowness into its agenda... It could be argued that the real high point of intellectual life on British television was not the 1960s or the 1970s, but the decade between the beginning of Channel 4 and the end of The Late Show in 1995." Jackson remained as editor of The Late Show for the next two years, until in 1991 he was promoted to become BBC television's Head of Music and Arts. At the age of thirty-three, he was the youngest Head of Department in the history of the BBC. In 1993, at the age of thirty-five, he became the second youngest Channel Controller in the BBC's history when he was promoted to succeed Yentob, who had been promoted to Controller of BBC 1, as Controller of BBC 2. Jackson's time at BBC 2 was generally seen as a great success — he was described by The Guardian in 1996 as "one of the best controllers BBC2 has ever had." During his time in charge of the channel it increased its average audience share from 10% to 11%, and was the only channel during that period to increase its audience share in households which had cable or satellite television. Jackson enjoyed particular success with drama at BBC 2, finally commissioning the production of Peter Flannery's serial Our Friends in the North (1996) in 1994 after the drama had spent a decade in development and been commissioned and then cancelled on two previous occasions. Its £7 million budget was a record for BBC 2, but the serial was a great success, garnering huge critical acclaim and many accolades at the British Academy Television Awards (BAFTAs), Royal Television Society Awards and others. Other drama successes came with This Life (1996–97) and the American import The X-Files (1994–96; its ratings success on BBC 2 saw it transferred to BBC 1). Other successes Jackson oversaw at the channel included the documentary series The Death of Yugoslavia (1995) and The House (1996), the daytime television series Ready Steady Cook (1994–2010) and Esther (1996–98) and the comedies The Day Today (1994), Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge (1994) and The Fast Show (1994–2000). However, he also took the decision to cancel The Late Show, the series he himself had initiated, in 1995. "I think it simply boils down to Michael not wanting to spend that much money that late," was how one "insider" described the decision to The Sunday Times newspaper. He also delayed the transmission of the second series of the sitcom Joking Apart; this has been seen as ruining the momentum that the series needed to become established. Jackson's next move came somewhat unexpectedly in the summer of 1996, when the Director-General of the BBC, John Birt, unveiled a series of major — and controversial — changes to the structure of the corporation. The administration of the BBC was to be split into two main divisions; BBC Broadcast, responsible for the commissioning of programmes and the running of the channels, and BBC Production, responsible for producing in-house programme content. Some of these changes were made very suddenly — Alan Yentob was informed that he was to be moved on from his post as Controller of BBC 1, and allegedly given just forty-eight hours to decide whether he wanted to run BBC Broadcast as Director of Television or BBC Production as Director of Programmes. Yentob chose the latter, which although technically a promotion was interpreted by some as him having effectively been sidelined. In his place, Jackson was promoted to a dual role as both Controller of BBC 1 and Director of Television, responsible overall for all BBC television broadcasting as well as the implementation of planned future services on the new digital television platforms. The Guardian suggested, in reference to Jackson's replacement of Yentob at BBC 1, that "in the end Yentob was eclipsed by his protege." Jackson had little time to make a significant impact in his new senior role at BBC One, however. He did commission a new range of idents for the channel, keeping the traditional "globe" theme used since 1963, but now based around the globe in the form of a roaming hot air balloon. But in May 1997, after less than a year in his new post and in what The Guardian described as "a hammer blow" to the BBC, Jackson was tempted away from the corporation to succeed Michael Grade as the Chief Executive of Channel 4. He took up the post at the end of June. Channel 4 At Channel 4, Jackson enjoyed several successes. In 1998 the channel won the rights to broadcast the England cricket team's home Test matches in a £103 million deal, for the first time in history taking the coverage away from the BBC, which had broadcast television coverage of such matches since 1938. Channel 4's coverage of the sport went on to win a British Academy Television Award (BAFTA) for Best Sports Coverage in 2000. The channel's comedy output enjoyed particular success under Jackson's aegis, with the sitcoms Spaced (1999–2001) and Black Books (2000–04), sketch show Smack the Pony (1999–2003) and the more generally comic Da Ali G Show (2000) and So Graham Norton (1998–2002) all proving to be popular successes. However, it was the launch of the British version of Big Brother (2000–2018) that proved to be his longest-lasting legacy, with the reality television series becoming an immediate popular culture event and proving to be a returning mainstay of the Channel 4 schedules. Jackson is often cited as the reason for the channel's once flagship soap opera Brookside being removed from primetime in 2002 before finally being axed in 2003 after 21 years, so much so that the main antagonist in the soap's final few episodes was named Jack Michaelson, a drug dealer who was hated by the residents of the Close and eventually hanged from a bedroom window in the final episode. In drama, Jackson was at times criticised for relying more on US imports than home-grown material, with Ally McBeal, The West Wing and Sex and the City all arriving at the broadcaster during his time there. In 1999, he also spent £100 million reacquiring the rights to the US drama series ER — in a joint deal which also included the sitcom Friends — which Channel 4 had lost first-run rights for to rival broadcaster Sky1 in 1996. Home-grown drama successes were rarer, as he himself admitted in a 2001 interview with The Guardian. He did, however, point to significant British drama successes with Queer as Folk (1999–2000) and Teachers (2001–04), describing the former as one of the "signature shows" of his time at the channel. The high spending on imported shows, however, contributed to a financial shortfall at Channel 4 that saw the channel negotiating a £55 million overdraft in his final year in charge, and by October that year having already used up most of a £49 million reserve it had set aside for the year. Jackson also later admitted that he had made a mistake in setting up the channel's independent film production company FilmFour Limited in 1998. Channel 4 had participated in feature film production ever since its launch in 1982, backing successful films such as Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), but FilmFour Limited was an attempt to set up a full-blown rival to Hollywood studio productions. The studio saw several of its big-budget films flop, and was eventually closed down in 2002, with the channel going back to its original more modest film backing strategy. More successful spin-offs from the main channel under Jackson's control were the establishment of the offshoot digital television channels E4 and Film4, which continued to grow successfully. In 2001 Channel 4 won eleven BAFTAs, but on 23 July that year Jackson shocked many in the British television industry when he announced that he had decided to leave the channel to work for Barry Diller's USA Entertainment company. Jackson had first been approached by Diller in 2000, but had declined his initial offer as he had wanted to remain at Channel 4 to oversee the launch of the E4 digital channel. The reaction to Jackson's departure was similar to that which had greeted his equally unexpected move from the BBC four years previously. One producer for Channel 4 told The Independent the week that his decision was announced that: "We are devastated." America Jackson's initial role in the US was as President and Chief Executive of USA Entertainment. In this role he was responsible for overseeing the cable television networks USA Network and Sci-Fi, as well as the feature film production company USA Films. After various mergers, his job became Chairman of Universal Television, and in this role he commissioned the successful drama series Monk (2002–2009) and The Dead Zone (2002–2007) and Battlestar Galactica (2004-2009) In January 2006, he was made President of Programming of Barry Diller's IAC/InterActiveCorp internet business responsible for developing and acquiring content-based web businesses.   While at IAC he acquired majority control of Connected Ventures, comprising Collegehumor.com and Vimeo.com for a reported $25M. In 2021 Vimeo was spun out of IAC with a market capitalisation of $8B. Since his move to the US, Jackson has been linked at various times with a return to a senior media position in the United Kingdom. In 2006, he was offered the role of CEO of ITV as a part of a proposed merger between the NTL cable company (now Virgin Media) and ITV plc, however BSkyB effectively blocked the merger by controversially buying a 17.9% stake in ITV plc. Independent Producer & Board Member Since 2010, Jackson has been an active producer while also sitting on a number of boards. He has executive produced factual programmes including: Arena: Flames of Passion (BBC, 2007, 1x90m) about the under-appreciated parts of British cinema; The Genius of Photography (BBC, 2007, 6x1hr), the first television history of photography; America: The Story of US (The History Channel, 2011, 9x1hr); Civilisations (BBC, 2018, 9x1hr); and Creativity [Working Title] (BBC, 2022, 6x1hr). Board positions during his career have included EMI Group plc (1999-2002); Nutopia (2008-2016); Scottish Television plc (2009-2018); DIC Entertainment 2006-2009), Peters Fraser and Dunlop 2015-2020).  He was Chairman of the leading UK photography non-profit The Photographers Gallery between 1998 and 2001 Two Cities Television Ltd In 2018, Jackson Executive Produced his first drama series – Patrick Melrose, starring Benedict Cumberbatch (Sky Atlantic/Showtime, 2018, 5x1hr). The series was nominated for four Emmy awards including Best Drama Series and won four BAFTA's including Best mini-series. Patrick Melrose was produced by Two Cities TV, Sunnymarch, Rachael Horotvitz’ company West Fourth Films, and Little Island. Two Cities TV was founded in 2018 by Jackson, Stephen Wright and Alex Graham with funding from BBC Studios, based in Belfast, London, and New York. In 2020, Scottish Television became Two Cities’ backer and Graham left the company. Also in 2020, Two Cities was commissioned by BBC One to make the Belfast set police drama Blue Lights (6x1hr). Jackson is a Fellow of the Royal Television Society (1997) and holds an Honorary DLitt from the University of Westminster (1995). References External links 1958 births People from Macclesfield Living people BBC executives BBC Two controllers BBC One controllers Alumni of the University of Westminster People educated at The King's School, Macclesfield

461621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hamilton%20Gray%20%28Prince%20Edward%20Island%20politician%29

John Hamilton Gray (Prince Edward Island politician)

John Hamilton Gray (14 June 1811 – 13 August 1887) was Premier of Prince Edward Island from 1863 – 1865 and one of the Fathers of Confederation. Gray began his political career in 1862 when he was elected to the provincial assembly as a reformer, despite his conservative roots. He became a leading member of the opposition, with a reputation even among his opponents as a great orator. He impressed the governor so much that he was invited to become a member of the Executive Council. However, his acceptance of the position drew criticism from his reform colleagues, and gained him a reputation for vacillation that followed him for the rest of his career. Gray became the Tory leader in the assembly, but when the Liberals won a majority in 1854, he was once again relegated to the opposition. Two years later, in 1856, the provincial governor dismissed the Liberal Executive Council and replaced them with a government led by Gray. Gray was born in 1811, the son of Robert Gray, a United Empire Loyalist from Virginia. The elder Gray held a number of important administrative appointments in the early colonial government. John Hamilton Gray was educated in Charlottetown. He chose a military career, trained in England and was commissioned into the 15th Foot in 1831. He transferred to the 13th Light Dragoons later the same year, the 15th Light Dragoons in 1839, the 1st Dragoon Guards in 1840, the 14th Light Dragoons in 1841, and the 7th Dragoon Guards in 1844. It was not long before he was asked to participate in the political life of the colony. In 1858 he was elected to represent the district of 4th Queens in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island as a Conservative. He was re-elected in 1863. Gray was Premier of Prince Edward Island from 1863 to 1865 and during that time he attempted to alleviate the problems of the tenants by passing the fifteen-year purchase act, but the final solution of this question had to await Confederation. Gray was chairman of the 1864 Charlottetown Conference, which laid the groundwork for the British North America Act of 1867. He supported the entry of the Island into Confederation but when the Island rejected the scheme he left politics, turning the government over to James Colledge Pope. He then returned to his first interest, the military. He was appointed adjutant-general of the PEI military in 1867 with the rank of colonel. He continued to be an administrator of military affairs until after the eventual Confederation of Prince Edward Island with Canada in 1873. In 1887 John Hamilton Gray died at Inkerman House in Charlottetown. The name of the estate is in reference to the Battle of Inkerman where his father-in-law Sir John Pennyfeather, had lost honours to an older man. Inkerman Drive which once led to the house, is lined with trees planted by Gray and replacements of the same species, to represent the sides in the Battle. Linden on one side (Russian) and a mixture of white birch, beech, mountain ash and poplar on the other (French and English). Recognition and legacy Colonel Gray Sr. High School, a public secondary school in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island that opened in 1966 is named in his honour. In 1968, a CN automobile/passenger/railcar ferry entered service carrying the name MV John Hamilton Gray, honouring both Fathers of Confederation. References External links Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online 1811 births 1887 deaths Fathers of Confederation Premiers of Prince Edward Island British Militia officers East Yorkshire Regiment officers 13th Hussars officers 15th The King's Hussars officers 1st King's Dragoon Guards officers 14th King's Hussars officers 7th Dragoon Guards officers Colony of Prince Edward Island people People of United Empire Loyalist descent Canadian people of Scottish descent People from Charlottetown Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island leaders Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island MLAs

467496

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Byrd

James Byrd

James Byrd may refer to: James W. Byrd (born 1954), American Wyoming State Representative James Byrd Jr. (1949–1998), African-American murder victim Sgt. James Byrd, a fictional playable character in Spyro: Year of the Dragon See also James Bird (disambiguation)

484364

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Arnold

David Arnold

David Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is an English film composer whose credits include scoring five James Bond films, as well as Stargate (1994), Independence Day (1996), Godzilla (1998) and the television series Little Britain and Sherlock. For Independence Day he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television and for Sherlock he, and co-composer Michael Price, won a Creative Arts Emmy for the score of "His Last Vow", the final episode in the third series. Arnold scored the BBC / Amazon Prime series Good Omens (2019) adapted by Neil Gaiman from his book Good Omens, written with Terry Pratchett. Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors. Career While attending a Sixth Form College in Luton, Arnold became friends with director Danny Cannon. Cannon initially created short films for which Arnold was asked to write the music. The two made their respective major film debuts with The Young Americans. "Play Dead", a song from the film with singer Björk, charted No. 12 in the UK. The following year he scored Stargate and Last of the Dogmen, with excerpts from the former ranking third in the most commonly used soundtrack cues for film trailers. Arnold then composed music for Stargate director Roland Emmerich's next two movies, Independence Day and Godzilla, as well as four movies for director John Singleton. In addition, he has scored various comedies, dramas, and nineteenth-century period pieces, as well as providing music for several British television shows including the 2000 remake of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) and Little Britain. During film production, his compositions are conducted by Nicholas Dodd. In 2010, he composed the music for Come Fly With Me, a British television series from the producers of Little Britain. He is a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA). On Thursday 29 November 2012, Arnold received an honorary degree from University of West London. Now a university honorary, he will work closely with the University in particular London College of Music, a faculty within the institute. In 2014, he appeared as himself in The Life of Rock with Brian Pern. Film music concerts Arnold performed his debut orchestral concert, showcasing his film and television music, on Sunday 6 July 2014 at London's Royal Festival Hall. The line-up featured Nicholas Dodd conducting, David McAlmont as surprise guest vocalist ("My secret weapon!" said Arnold) and the Urban Voices Collective choir, plus Mark Gatiss and Amanda Abbington introducing the suite of Sherlock music, for which Arnold's collaborator on the project, Michael Price, replaced Dodd. He performed his music in a series of orchestral concerts in 2015: Dublin) in January (with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra); Manchester (with the Manchester Camerata) in April; and London (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), Birmingham and Nottingham (with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO)) in June 2015. He was also the special guest at 'The music of David Arnold', a concert in Lucerne in October 2015, with Ludwig Wicki conducting the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. On 5 June 2016 Film Music Prague performed a concert of his work, with Arnold in attendance (and performing) as special guest. In February 2016 the Royal Albert Hall announced the premiere of Independence Day Live on 22 September 2016. This celebrated the 20th anniversary of the film's release with a live orchestral performance. David Arnold gave a pre-show talk about his work and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra and Maida Vale Singers (conducted by Gavin Greenaway) performed the original music while the film screened. The Upcoming magazine gave the event a five star review noting that "with unrivalled acoustics and a ceiling filled with floating UFO-shaped objects, the Hall set the ideal scene for the audience and the musicians alike" and that the production "kept the audience on the edge of their seats as if the film had just been released for the first time." Arnold hosted another two concerts of his music in Dublin, at the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre on 19 and 20 May 2017, with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. The first concert showcased his career in writing music for film and television, the second was Independence Day Live with the film screened as the orchestra played the score alongside. The first James Bond film ever to be screened with a live orchestra was Casino Royale in Concert which took place at the Royal Albert Hall on Saturday 30 September 2017; David Arnold held a pre-concert question and answer session. James Bond Arnold was a Bond fan from an early age and also a fan of Bond composer John Barry. In 1997, Arnold produced Shaken and Stirred: The David Arnold James Bond Project, an album featuring new versions of the themes from various James Bond films. The album featured a variety of contemporary artists including Jarvis Cocker, Chrissie Hynde, David McAlmont, Propellerheads and Iggy Pop; a version of You Only Live Twice by Björk was recorded but not included on the album. John Barry, the composer of many of the themes on the album, was complimentary about Arnold's interpretation of his work; "He was very faithful to the melodic and harmonic content, but he's added a whole other rhythmic freshness and some interesting casting in terms of the artists chosen to do the songs. I think it's a terrific album. I'm very flattered." Barry contacted Barbara Broccoli, producer of the then-upcoming Tomorrow Never Dies, to recommend Arnold as the film's composer. Arnold was hired to score the instalment and, returning the compliment to the man he refers to as "The guvnor", included musical references to Barry's score for From Russia with Love, as well as, of course, the James Bond Theme composed by Monty Norman with Barry's arrangement. Arnold scored the four subsequent Bond films: The World Is Not Enough, Die Another Day (in which he included references to John Barry's score for On Her Majesty's Secret Service), Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Arnold did not score the 23rd James Bond film, Skyfall, with Thomas Newman taking his place. Arnold commented that Newman had been selected by the film's director, Sam Mendes, because of their history of working together, rather than because of Arnold's commitment to working with director Danny Boyle as composer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. However, a part of Arnold's composition work on Casino Royale was reused, with a credit, in Skyfall and again in SPECTRE. Arnold also co-wrote the main theme songs for The World Is Not Enough ("The World Is Not Enough" by Garbage) and Casino Royale ("You Know My Name" by Chris Cornell), as well as "Surrender" by k.d. lang which appears during the end credits of Tomorrow Never Dies having been originally proposed as the opening theme. Arnold also contributed the main themes to Kevin Kiner's score for Activision's GoldenEye 007, the remake of the 1997 game of the same name. In 2017, a part of a track entitled "Vesper" from Arnold's composition work on the Casino Royale soundtrack was reused in a Sherlock episode entitled "The Final Problem", the third episode of the fourth series, in a track entitled "Pick Up" composed by Arnold himself and Michael Price. Other work Arnold has collaborated with such musical acts as Cast, Kaiser Chiefs, Massive Attack, and Pulp, and solo artists Natasha Bedingfield, Melanie C, Björk, Chris Cornell, Shirley Manson, Mark Morriss, Nina Persson and in 2009 produced Shirley Bassey's album The Performance. In 2001, he provided a new arrangement of Ron Grainer's Doctor Who theme music for the Eighth Doctor audio dramas from Big Finish Productions. His version was used as the Eighth Doctor theme starting with 2001's Storm Warning until 2008, when it was replaced with a new version arranged by Nicholas Briggs starting with Dead London. Arnold's theme returned to the Eighth Doctor releases with the 2012 box set, Dark Eyes. Arnold is the second cousin of Irish singer-songwriter Damien Rice, and is an ambassador for aid agency CARE International in the UK. He has made minor appearances in two different episodes of Little Britain as separate characters. In February 2011, it was announced that he had been appointed Musical Director for the 2012 Olympic Games and the 2012 Paralympic Games in London. In May 2011, he was part of the United Kingdom's jury for the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Arnold took part in a tribute to John Barry on 20 June 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall in London, singing a song that was composed by Barry and playing the guitar part of the James Bond theme. In 2014, Arnold teamed up with Richard Thomas, to write the music and lyrics for the new West End musical Made in Dagenham. In October 2015 he collaborated with Lethal Bizzle and Sinead Harnett to create a song combining orchestral, grime and soul elements. The song, 'Come This Far', was performed live at a special event at One Mayfair, as part of Bulmers Cider's LiveColourful LIVE promotion, and made available as a free download from Bulmers' website. He and Sherlock co-composer Michael Price also composed the music for ITV's Jekyll and Hyde television series which premiered in October 2015. In September 2016 the Royal Albert Hall hosted an orchestral performance of Independence Day with the score performed live to picture, David Arnold gave a pre-show talk. In 2019, David Arnold provided additional production for Sophie Ellis-Bextor's orchestral album, The Song Diaries. Later in 2020, he co-produced an orchestral cover of 'My Favourite Things' (from The Sound of Music) along with Richard Jones (of The Feeling) for Sophie's 2020 compilation album Songs From The Kitchen Disco. Acting filmography Discography Films Television Video games Web series Singles in charts Awards Won: Grammy Award – Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television – Independence Day Won: Ivor Novello Awards – Best International Film Score for The World Is Not Enough Won: Ivor Novello Awards – BASCA Fellowship (2005) Nominated: BAFTA Award – Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music – Casino Royale Nominated: Grammy Award – Best Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media – You Know My Name from Casino Royale (songwriter) Won: BBC Radio Awards – Best music production – The Sound of Cinema with David Arnold Won: (with Michael Price) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special – Sherlock ("His Last Vow") References External links David Arnold Twitter feed David Arnold Interview at www.reviewgraveyard.com BAFTA Video Masterclass with David Arnold 1962 births British classical composers British contemporary classical composers British film score composers British male classical composers British television composers English classical composers English film score composers English male classical composers English male film score composers English television composers Grammy Award winners Ivor Novello Award winners La-La Land Records artists Living people Male television composers People from Luton RCA Victor artists Varèse Sarabande Records artists

491981

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Marshall%20Harlan

John Marshall Harlan

John Marshall Harlan (June 1, 1833 – October 14, 1911) was an American lawyer and politician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1877 until his death in 1911. He is often called "The Great Dissenter" due to his many dissents in cases that restricted civil liberties, including the Civil Rights Cases and Plessy v. Ferguson. Many of Harlan's views expressed in his notable dissents would become the official view of the Supreme Court starting from the 1950s Warren Court and onward. His grandson John Marshall Harlan II was also a Supreme Court justice. Born into a prominent, slave-holding family in Frankfort, Kentucky, Harlan experienced a quick rise to political prominence. When the American Civil War broke out, Harlan strongly supported the Union and recruited the 10th Kentucky Infantry. Despite his opposition to the Emancipation Proclamation, he served in the war until 1863, when he won election as Attorney General of Kentucky. Harlan lost his re-election bid in 1867 and joined the Republican Party in the following year, quickly emerging as the leader of the Kentucky Republican Party. After the 1876 presidential election, newly-inaugurated President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Harlan to the Supreme Court. Harlan's jurisprudence was marked by his life-long belief in a strong national government, his sympathy for the economically disadvantaged, and his view that the Reconstruction Amendments had fundamentally transformed the relationship between the federal government and the state governments. He dissented in both the Civil Rights Cases (1883) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which permitted state and private actors to engage in segregation. He also wrote dissents in major cases such as Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which struck down a federal income tax; United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895), which severely limited the power of the federal government to pursue antitrust actions; Lochner v. New York (1905), which invalidated a state law setting maximum working hours on the basis of substantive due process; and Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911), which established the rule of reason. He was the first Supreme Court justice to advocate the incorporation of the Bill of Rights, and his majority opinion in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago (1897) incorporated the Takings Clause. Harlan was largely forgotten in the decades after his death, but many scholars now consider him to be one of the greatest Supreme Court justices of his era. Early life and education Harlan was born in 1833 at Harlan's Station, 5 miles (8.0 km) west of Danville, Kentucky, on Salt River Road. He was born into a prominent slaveholding family whose earliest members had settled in the region in 1779. Harlan's father was James Harlan, a lawyer and prominent Whig politician who represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State of Kentucky. Harlan's mother, Elizabeth, née Davenport, was the daughter of a pioneer from Virginia. Harlan grew up on the family estate near Frankfort, Kentucky. He was named after Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall, whom his father admired. John had several older brothers, including a mixed-race half-brother, Robert James Harlan, born in 1816 into slavery, and whom his father raised in his own household and had tutored by Richard and James Harlan, two of John Marshall Harlan's older brothers. According to historian Allyson Hobbs, Robert became highly successful, making a fortune in the California Gold Rush before returning east and settling in Cincinnati, Ohio. He "remained close to the other Harlans"; she suggests this might have influenced his half-brother John Marshall Harlan, "who argued on behalf of equal rights under the law in Plessy v. Ferguson." After attending school in Frankfort, John Harlan enrolled at Centre College. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi and graduated with honors. Though his mother wanted Harlan to become a merchant, James insisted that his son follow him into the legal profession, and Harlan joined his father's law practice in 1852. While James Harlan could have trained his son in the office, as was the norm of "reading the law" in that era, he sent John to attend law school at Transylvania University in 1850, where George Robertson and Thomas Alexander Marshall were among his instructors. Harlan finished his legal education in his father's law office and was admitted to the Kentucky Bar in 1853. Politician and lawyer Rise: 1851–1863 A member of the Whig Party like his father, Harlan got an early start in politics when, in 1851, he was offered the post of adjutant general of the state by governor John L. Helm. He served in the post for the next eight years, which gave him a statewide presence and familiarity with many of Kentucky's leading political figures. With the Whig Party's dissolution in the early 1850s, Harlan shifted his affiliation to the Know Nothings, despite his discomfort with their opposition to Catholicism. Harlan's personal popularity within the state was such that he was able to survive the decline of the Know Nothing movement in the late 1850s, winning election in 1858 as the county judge for Franklin County, Kentucky. The following year, he renounced his allegiance to the Know Nothings and joined the state's Opposition Party, serving as their candidate in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat Democrat William E. Simms for the seat in Kentucky's 8th congressional district. Throughout the 1850s, Harlan criticized both abolitionists and pro-slavery radicals. Like many other anti-secession Southerners, he supported the Constitutional Union ticket of John Bell and Edward Everett in the 1860 presidential election. Harlan agreed to serve as a presidential elector for Bell, and he delivered speeches on behalf of the party throughout Kentucky during the campaign. In the secession crisis that followed Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's victory in the 1860 election, Harlan sought to prevent Kentucky from seceding. He wrote several pro-Union editorials, represented the Union in state court, and joined a militia known as the Crittenden Union Zouaves. After the state legislature voted to expel all Confederate forces from the state, Harlan recruited a company that was mustered into the service as the 10th Kentucky Infantry. Harlan served in the Western Theater of the American Civil War until the death of his father James in February 1863. At that time, Harlan resigned his commission as colonel and returned to Frankfort to support his family. Party leader: 1863–1877 Weeks after leaving the army, Harlan was nominated by the Union Party to run for Attorney General of Kentucky. Campaigning on a platform of vigorous prosecution of the war, he won the election by a considerable margin. As attorney general for the state, Harlan issued legal opinions and advocated for the state in a number of court cases. Party politics, however, occupied much of his time. Though still a committed unionist, he opposed Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and supported Democratic candidate George B. McClellan's unsuccessful campaign in the 1864 presidential election. Harlan also opposed ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, attacking it as a "direct interference, by a portion of the states, with the local concerns of other states." After the end of the Civil War in 1865, Harlan initially refused to join either the Democratic Party, which he viewed as too accepting of former rebels, or the Republican Party, whose Reconstruction policies he opposed. He sought re-election in 1867 on a third party ticket, but lost his office in a Democratic sweep of the state. In the aftermath of his defeat, Harlan joined the Republican Party, and he supported Ulysses S. Grant's candidacy in the 1868 presidential election. Moving to Louisville, Harlan formed a successful partnership with John E. Newman, a former circuit court judge, and like Harlan, a Unionist turned Republican. In 1870, Harlan and Newman briefly took on a new partner, Benjamin Bristow, but President Grant appointed Bristow as U.S. solicitor general later that year. While growing his legal practice, Harlan also worked to build up the Republican Party organization in the state. He served as the Republican nominee for governor of Kentucky in 1871; though he finished a distant second to incumbent Democratic Governor Preston Leslie, Harlan nonetheless established himself as the leader of the Kentucky Republican Party during the campaign. Harlan's views on Reconstruction shifted in the early 1870s, and he came to support Reconstruction measures such as the Enforcement Act of 1870, though he still opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as a federal overreach. Harlan reluctantly accepted the party's gubernatorial nomination in 1875, and he once again lost by a substantial margin, this time to Democrat James B. McCreary. The following year, Harlan worked to nominate Bristow at the 1876 Republican National Convention, seeking to position Bristow as a more electable alternative to Republican front-runner James G. Blaine. When Rutherford B. Hayes instead emerged as the compromise candidate, Harlan switched his delegation's votes and subsequently campaigned on Hayes' behalf in the 1876 election. Supreme Court Justice Nomination Though Harlan was considered for several positions in the new administration, most notably Attorney General, initially the only job he was offered was as a member of a commission sent to Louisiana to resolve disputed statewide elections there. Justice David Davis, however, had resigned from the Supreme Court in January 1877 after being elected to the Senate by the Illinois General Assembly. Seeking to appoint a Southerner to the Supreme Court in the aftermath of the acrimonious and disputed 1876 presidential election, Hayes settled on Harlan. Though Harlan's nomination prompted some criticism from Republican Stalwarts, he was confirmed unanimously by the Senate on November 29, 1877, and took the judicial oath of office on December 10, 1877. Life on the Court Harlan greatly enjoyed his time as a justice, serving until his death in 1911. From the start, he established good relationships with his fellow justices and he was close friends with a number of them. Though Harlan often disagreed with the other justices, occasionally quite vociferously, he was able to separate differences over legal matters from personal relationship. During his tenure, money problems continually plagued him, particularly as he began to put his three sons through college. Debt was a constant concern, and in the early 1880s, he considered resigning from the Court and returning to private practice. He ultimately decided to remain on the Court, but supplemented his income by teaching constitutional law at the Columbian Law School, which later became the George Washington University Law School. When Harlan began his service, the Supreme Court faced a heavy workload that consisted primarily of diversity and removal cases, with only a few constitutional issues. Justices also rode circuit in the various federal judicial circuits; though these usually corresponded to the region from which the justice was appointed, due to his junior status, Harlan was assigned the Seventh Circuit based in Chicago. Harlan rode the Seventh Circuit until 1896, when he switched to his home circuit, the Sixth, upon the death of its previous holder, Justice Howell Edmunds Jackson. Harlan became the senior associate justice on the Court following the retirement of Stephen Johnson Field in 1897, and he served as acting chief justice after the death of Melville Fuller in 1910. Jurisprudence During Harlan's tenure on the Supreme Court, major Supreme Court decisions tended to address issues arising from industrialization and the Reconstruction Amendments. Beginning in the 1880s, the Supreme Court increasingly began to adopt a laissez-faire philosophy, striking down economic regulations while at the same time allowing states to curtail the rights of African Americans. Harlan differed from many of his colleagues, often voting to uphold federal regulations and to protect the civil rights of African Americans. His judicial opinions were influenced by his life-long belief in a strong national government, his sympathy for the economically disadvantaged, and his view that the Reconstruction Amendments had fundamentally transformed the relationship between the federal government and the state governments. Though Harlan believed the Court had the power to review state and federal actions on a broad array of topics, he tended to oppose judicial activism in favor of deference to legislatures. Earlier cases, 1877–1896 Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in the waning days of Reconstruction, outlawing segregation in public accommodations such as railroads. The Supreme Court did not rule on the Civil Rights Act of 1875 until 1883, when it struck down the law in Civil Rights Cases. In his majority opinion, Justice Joseph P. Bradley held that the Thirteenth Amendment "simply abolished slavery," and that the Fourteenth Amendment did not authorize Congress to bar racial discrimination by private actors. Only Harlan dissented, vigorously, charging that the majority had subverted the Reconstruction Amendments: "The substance and spirit of the recent amendments of the constitution have been sacrificed by a subtle and ingenious verbal criticism." Harlan argued that the Fourteenth Amendment gave Congress the authority to regulate public accommodations, and further argued that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to "eradicate" the vestiges of slavery, such as restrictions on freedom of movement. Harlan joined the Court's unanimous decision in Pace v. Alabama (1883), which ruled that anti-miscegenation laws were constitutional. Harlan was the first justice to argue that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights (making rights guarantees applicable to the individual states), in Hurtado v. California (1884). Harlan was one of four justices to file a dissenting opinion in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which struck down a federal income tax levied by the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act of 1894. Harlan described the majority opinion as a "disaster to the country" because it "impairs and cripples the just powers of the national government." He was the sole dissenter in another 1895 case, United States v. E. C. Knight Co., in which the Court severely curtailed the power of the federal government to pursue antitrust actions under the Sherman Antitrust Act. In his dissent, he wrote that "the common government of all the people is the only one that can adequately deal with a matter which directly and injuriously affects the entire commerce of the country." During the 1890s, he also wrote several dissents in cases where Court decisions curtailed the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Plessy v. Ferguson In 1896, Associate Justice Henry Billings Brown delivered the majority decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, which established the doctrine of "separate but equal." Whereas the Civil Rights Cases had struck down a federal law barring segregation by private actors, the Court's opinion in Plessy allowed state governments to engage in segregation. Rejecting the argument that segregation violated the Thirteenth Amendment, Brown wrote that "a statute which implies merely a legal distinction between the white and colored races has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races, or reestablish a state of involuntary servitude." In response to the plaintiff's claims regarding the Fourteenth Amendment, Brown wrote that the Fourteenth Amendment was designed to "enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law," but added that the amendment "could not have been intended to abolish distinction based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either." Harlan, the lone dissenting justice, strongly disapproved of the majority opinion, writing that "the judgement this day rendered, will, in time, prove to be quite as pernicious as the decision made by this tribunal in the Dred Scott Case." He accepted the appellant's argument that the Thirteenth Amendment barred segregation in public accommodations, as he believed that segregation imposed "badges of slavery or servitude" upon African Americans. He also accepted the appellant's argument that the segregation in public accommodations violated the Fourteenth Amendment on the basis that these accommodations constituted "public highway[s]." He further wrote that "our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." Harlan rejected the idea that the law in question was race-neutral, writing that "everyone knows that the statute in question [was intended] to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons," adding that the law was "cunningly devised" to overturn the results of the Civil War. Later cases, 1897–1911 Harlan did not embrace the idea of full social racial equality. While he had appeared to advocate for equality among those of different races and for a color-blind Constitution, in his Plessy dissent, he also stated "[t]here is a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States.... I allude to the Chinese race." In United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898), Harlan joined Chief Justice Fuller's dissent proclaiming the dangers of having large numbers of Chinese immigrants in the United States. The Court's holding was that persons of Chinese descent born in the United States were citizens by birth. Fuller and Harlan argued that the principle of jus sanguinis (that is, the concept of a child inheriting his or her father's citizenship by descent regardless of birthplace) had been more pervasive in U.S. legal history since independence. In the view of the minority, excessive reliance on jus soli (birthplace) as the principal determiner of citizenship would lead to an untenable state of affairs in which "the children of foreigners, happening to be born to them while passing through the country, whether of royal parentage or not, or whether of the Mongolian, Malay or other race, were eligible to the presidency, while children of our citizens, born abroad, were not". Harlan was also the most stridently anti-imperialist justice of the Supreme Court, arguing consistently in the Insular Cases (from 1901 to 1905) that the Constitution did not permit the demarcation of different rights between citizens of the states and the residents of newly acquired territories in the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, and Puerto Rico, a view that was consistently in the minority. In Hawaii v. Mankichi (1903) his opinion stated: "If the principles now announced should become firmly established, the time may not be far distant when, under the exactions of trade and commerce, and to gratify an ambition to become the dominant power in all the earth, the United States will acquire territories in every direction... whose inhabitants will be regarded as 'subjects' or 'dependent peoples,' to be controlled as Congress may see fit... which will engraft on our republican institutions a colonial system entirely foreign to the genius of our Government and abhorrent to the principles that underlie and pervade our Constitution." Harlan delivered the majority opinion in Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago (1897), holding that due process required fair compensation to be given for any private property seized by the state. The decision incorporated the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause, representing the first time that part of the Bill of Rights was applied to state governments. The Court would not incorporate another provision of the Bill of Rights until Gitlow v. New York (1925). Harlan wrote the majority opinion in Northern Securities Co. v. United States, the first time the Court upheld the use of the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up a large corporation. Harlan also wrote the majority opinion in Adair v. United States (1908), holding that Congress did not have the power to ban "yellow-dog contracts". During his final years on the Court, Harlan continued to write dissents in major cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), a case challenging the use of grandfather clauses to restrict voting rolls and de facto exclude blacks. He also dissented in Lochner v. New York (1905), but he agreed with the majority "that there is a liberty of contract which cannot be violated even under the sanction of direct legislative enactment." In his dissent in Hodges v. United States (1906), Harlan reiterated his belief that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to protect African Americans from discrimination and violence. He was the lone dissenter in Ex parte Young (1908), arguing that the Eleventh Amendment prevented suits against state officials acting on behalf of the state. In his partial dissent in the 1911 case of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States, Harlan argued against the Court's establishment of the rule of reason, which held that in some extenuating circumstances a trust should not be broken up even if it has a monopoly. In both Standard Oil and United States v. American Tobacco Co. (1911), Harlan strongly criticized the majority opinion for adopting the rule of reason; as the rule was not present in the original legislation, he believed that the Court was usurping Congress's legislative prerogatives. Death Harlan died on October 14, 1911, after 33 years serving on the Supreme Court, the third-longest tenure on the court up to that time and sixth-longest ever. He was the last veteran of the Waite Court to remain on the bench. He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C., where his body resides along with those of three other justices. Harlan, who suffered from financial problems throughout his tenure on the Court, left minimal assets for the support of his widow, Malvina Shanklin Harlan, and two unmarried daughters. In the months following Harlan's death, leading members of the Supreme Court Bar established a fund for the benefit of the Harlan survivors. Personal life Family In December 1856, Harlan married Malvina French Shanklin, the daughter of an Indiana businessman. According to friends and Shanklin's memoirs, theirs was a happy marriage, which lasted until Harlan's death. They had six children, three sons and three daughters. Their eldest son, Richard, became a Presbyterian minister and served as president of Lake Forest College. Their second son, James S. Harlan, practiced in Chicago and served as attorney general of Puerto Rico and chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Their youngest son, John Maynard Harlan, also practiced in Chicago and served as an alderman. John Maynard's son, John Marshall Harlan II, served as a Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1955 until 1971. Religious beliefs Harlan was fervently religious, and legal scholar James W. Gordon argued that his faith ”was the most important lens through which he viewed the people and events of his life”. A conservative Presbyterian, he favored the Old School branch of that denomination, opposed higher criticism, and stridently adhered to Calvinism. During his tenure as a justice, he was an elder at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., and there he taught a Sunday school class of middle-aged men from 1896 until his death in 1911. Legacy Harlan was largely forgotten in the decades after his death, but his reputation began to improve in the mid-twentieth century, and many scholars now consider him to be one of the greatest Supreme Court justices of his era. He is most known for his reputation as the "Great Dissenter," and he is especially remembered for his dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson. Historian D. Grier Stephenson writes that "more than any justice with whom he served, Harlan understood the Reconstruction Amendments to establish a nationally protected right against racial discrimination, although it is a measure of the Court that he frequently articulated those promises in dissent." Legal scholar Bernard Schwartz writes that "Harlan's key dissents have generally been affirmed in the court of history. A century later, his rejection of the narrow view toward civil rights adopted by the Court majority has been generally approved." Harlan's view that the Fourteenth Amendment made the provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states has also largely been adopted by the Supreme Court. Harlan is commemorated by John Marshall Harlan Community Academy High School, a Chicago public high school, as well as by John Marshall Harlan High School in Texas. During World War II the Liberty ship was built and named in his honor. Centre College, Harlan's alma mater, instituted the John Marshall Harlan Professorship in Government in 1994 in honor of Harlan's reputation as one of the Supreme Court's greatest justices. Named for Justice Harlan, the "Harlan Scholars" of the University of Louisville/Louis D. Brandeis School of Law is an undergraduate organization for students interested in attending law school. Collections of Harlan's papers are at the University of Louisville and at the Library of Congress in Washington. Other papers are collected at many other libraries. On March 12, 1906, Harlan donated a King James Version Bible to the Supreme Court. This Bible had become known as the "Harlan Bible", and as of 2015, has been signed by every succeeding Supreme Court justice after taking the oath of office. See also List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8) List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Fuller Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Waite Court United States Supreme Court cases during the White Court Notes References Citations Works cited Further reading ; online review External links Oyez Project, U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia – John M. Harlan. John Marshall Harlan, Bibliography, Biography and location of papers, Sixth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals. Centre's John Marshall Harlan praised as civil rights pioneer (March 5, 2009) at Centre College. |- 1833 births 1911 deaths 19th-century American judges 19th-century American politicians 20th-century American judges American people of Scotch-Irish descent American Presbyterians American prosecutors Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery Centre College alumni County judges in Kentucky George Washington University faculty Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Kentucky Attorneys General Kentucky Know Nothings Kentucky Oppositionists Kentucky Republicans Kentucky Unionists Kentucky Whigs People from Boyle County, Kentucky People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky Transylvania University alumni Union Army officers United States federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes Harlan family

492022

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28bishop%20of%20Lincoln%29

John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln)

John Taylor (c. 1503 – 1554) was an English churchman and academic, Bishop of Lincoln from 1552 to 1554. Life Taylor served as bursar then proctor of Queens' College, Cambridge from 1523 to 1537, and master of St John's College, Cambridge from 1538 to 1546. He was rector of St Peter upon Cornhill, London, of Tatenhill, Staffordshire, Dean of Lincoln Cathedral, a Reformer and Commissioner for the first Prayer Book. According to John Foxe's Acts and Monuments, John Taylor walked out of mass celebrated at the commencement of the 1553 parliament. He was discharged from parliament and convocation on 5 October 1553, In 1553 Taylor was sent by Mary to the Tower for his action and that he died soon after. In later editions Foxe corrected this, asserting Taylor was commanded to attend and died shortly afterwards at Ankerwyke House at Wraysbury in Buckinghamshire. Notes References External links John Foxe's Book of Martyrs - page with John Taylor 1500s births 1554 deaths Fellows of Queens' College, Cambridge Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Masters of St John's College, Cambridge Bishops of Lincoln 16th-century Church of England bishops Deans of Lincoln 1503 births

492096

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28Baptist%20preacher%29

John Taylor (Baptist preacher)

John Taylor (1752–1833) was a pioneer Baptist preacher, religious writer, frontier historian and planter in north and central Kentucky. His two histories of early Baptist churches in Kentucky provide insight into the frontier society of the early decades of the 19th century. His 1820 pamphlet entitled "Thoughts on Missions" put him at the center of the controversy within frontier Baptist congregations about supporting mission societies. In buying and selling land on the frontier, Taylor acquired and 20 African-American slaves by the end of the first decade of the 19th century, thus entering the planter class. Early life and education Taylor was born in 1752 in Fauquier County, Virginia to a farming family. He was taught at home to read, write and do his numbers. Although christened in the Church of England, he was strongly influenced by the preaching of the Baptist William Marshall, whom he first heard at age 17. Taylor united with the Baptists when he was 20 years old and began preaching on the frontier while living in Virginia. In his History of Clear Creek Church: and Campbellism Exposed (1830), Taylor provided material about his origins: At my birth, and in the early part of my life, my lot was cast in the backwoods of Virginia, where Indians often killed people, not far from where I was. My parents, who were of the church of England, told me, I had been christened when young. Being taught in all the rules of the old prayer book, I had my partialities that way; but we lived so frontier, I never heard any man preach, till about 17 years old; this was a baptist, (William Marshall). My awakening that day, was so striking, that I was won over to Marshall, and the religion he taught. A little more than two years after this, by the conviction I had from the New Testament, I was baptised [sic], and became a baptist from principle. To this way, and cause, I have had warm and decided attachments ever since. I would not be hard or unfriendly to other christian societies; but I am a decided, full bred baptist. ... Marriage and family Taylor married Elizabeth Cavanaugh, daughter of Philemon and Nancy (Cave) Kavanaugh. They had several children together. Their son Ben was born a month after their arrival in Kentucky in December 1783, after a difficult three-month trip from Virginia through the mountains. Their daughter Jane married Jeconiah Singleton, another early Baptist pioneer and son of Manoah and Sally (Craig) Singleton, members of the early Forks of Elkhorn Church. The Singletons had migrated to Kentucky in 1781 with The Travelling Church, led by Sally's brother, the Rev. Lewis Craig, pastor of the notable congregation. Career While Taylor was in his 20s, he organized and served churches in the Virginia frontier settlements. At age 29, he took his young family to Kentucky in late 1783, two years after the historic migration of "The Traveling Church" of Baptists from Spotsylvania County, Virginia. Later he wrote about the trip: "... We arrived at Craig's Station, a little before Christmas (1783), and about three months after our start from Virginia. Through all this rugged travel my wife was in a very helpless state; about one month after our arrival, my son Ben was born." He was soon called as the first pastor in Clear Creek Baptist Church, Woodford County, Kentucky. In 1795 Taylor moved with his family to Boone County, where he was the stated preacher at Bullittsburg Baptist Church (1795–1802), the first church in northern Kentucky. Seven of his slaves were also members of the church. He was ministering there when the church experienced a revival in 1800–01 (during the period referred to in the South as the "Second Great Awakening"). A total of 113 people converted and were baptized into Taylor's church. Never financially supported by a church, he pursued independent farming and other vocations, as did most frontier preachers. In addition to acting as a pastor, Taylor was part of organizing local Baptist associations in Kentucky. In 1785 Taylor attended the organizing conference of the Elkhorn Baptist Association (Lexington, Kentucky area). He also was part of organizing the Long Run Baptist Association (Louisville, Kentucky area) in 1803. There he preached the Introductory Sermon and was on the committee of organization. He became one of the early leaders of that association. In 1802 he moved his family to Gallatin County (a portion now in Trimble County) near Mount Byrd along the Ohio River, where he had already bought nearly of land in various tracts. There he entered the planter class, for he eventually held 20 enslaved African Americans and owned , selling some of his former land to other settlers to create a community. Historians of the antebellum South define planters as those people who held 20 or more slaves to work their land. While not all Baptists held as many slaves as Taylor, by this time most members had accommodated to the Southern institution and stopped calling for its abolition. "Far more than their Northern counterparts, Southern evangelical Protestants stressed the importance of individual piety rather than social regeneration." Ministering in Gallatin County for 13 years, Taylor also stayed in contact with the churches and pastors of the Boone County area. He attended a total of 25 North Bend Association meetings from 1805 through 1834. He was invited to preach virtually each time he attended. Fourteen of the visits were at Boone County churches, which hosted the association meetings. In 1815 Taylor moved his family and slaves to Franklin County to be further from the free state of Indiana, which proximity across the Ohio River from Gallatin County he had believed threatened his slave holdings. The missionary James E. Welch, who knew him, wrote a biography of the preacher, saying Taylor had left Gallatin because of differences with his congregation. He helped found a Baptist church in Frankfort. Next he helped establish one at Buck Run in 1818, where he was invited to pastor. Instead, he chose to preach there regularly for several years. Many religious historians have identified Taylor's leading role in the disputes over the Missionary/Anti-missionary movement that arose among Protestant churches in the United States in the 1820s. In his booklet, "Thoughts on Missions" (1820), Taylor criticized mission societies and their methods of soliciting money from frontier churches. Later in life, he expressed regret over writing the 36-page pamphlet. The historian Larry D. Smith noted that Taylor was opposed only to "mission societies;" he was never opposed to missions. Most of Taylor's ministry preceded the controversy associated with the anti-missionary movement among Baptists, and he did not appear to have "divided" with his brethren over the issue. In 1820 Taylor gave a copy of his "Missions" pamphlet to the local (North Bend) Association, but they made no comment on it. He was still invited to preach for the association that year and at later times when he attended their meetings. In 1820 the Elkhorn Association reported, "Bro. John Taylor presented to the Association a pamphlet, written by himself, on the subject of missions, which was referred to the committee on arrangement." At a later session of the body, "after much discussion it was agreed to strike out that item from the arrangement, and return the pamphlet to the author." Similarly, Taylor gave the booklet to the Long Run Association; there was no surviving record of any response. He was honored by being one of two preachers asked to conduct the funeral of Absalom Graves, who was then the leading advocate of missions in the northern part of the state. Though not formally educated, Taylor was an expressive writer with strong opinions. His A History of Ten Churches was first printed in 1823, and A History of Clear Creek Church: and Campbellism Exposed in 1830. He also wrote several brief biographies, as well as many articles that were published in religious periodicals. The Concise Dictionary of American Biography describes A History of Ten Baptist Churches as "a fine picture of religion on the frontier." When asked to tell about Taylor's life, James E. Welch, a frontier Baptist missionary, wrote: I saw this aged brother at the meeting of the Elkhorn Association, at the Big Spring Church, near Frankfort, in 1832. He was a member of the Body; and yet he took his place on the front seat of the gallery. The Moderator, observing him, said, — 'Come down, Brother Taylor, and sit with us;' but he promptly replied, — 'I am a free man, Brother Moderator,' and kept his seat. (The gallery was a balcony where the slave members and attendees of the church were seated during worship services.) He was low of stature, muscular, had broad shoulders and a broad face, high cheek bones and heavy eyebrows, over-hanging a pair of light and small, but expressive, eyes. He was plain, and by no means particular, in his apparel, and rather reserved in conversation, though, at times, he seemed to enjoy a dry joke upon his brethren. Taylor died in 1833 in Franklin County, Kentucky near Forks of Elkhorn Creek, the year of a major cholera epidemic in the region. Welch wrote: "His death was peaceful and tranquil, and he has left behind him a name worthy of enduring remembrance." The 19th-century historian William Cathcart wrote, "He [Taylor] traveled and preached extensively and probably performed more labor, and was more successful than any other pioneer Baptist preacher in Kentucky." Works A History of Ten Baptist Churches, Frankfort, KY: (np), 1823; reprint, Cincinnati, OH: Art Guild Reprints, Inc., 1968; reprint with ed. Chester R. Young, Macon, GA: Mercer University Press: 1995, as Baptist Churches on the American Frontier. A History of Clear Creek Church: and Campbellism Exposed, Frankfort, KY, Printed by A. G. Hodges, Commentator Office, 1830 References Further reading Dorothy Brown Thompson, "John Taylor of the Ten Churches," The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Vol. 46, No. 156, July, 1948, pp. 239–25. Thompson is a descendant of Taylor. , "John Taylor and the Day of Controversy," The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Vol. 53, No. 184, July, 1955, pp. 196–233. , "Additional Notes on the John Taylor Family," The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Vol. 53, No. 185, October, 1955, pp. 348–354. External links , 1823 , 1830 1752 births 1833 deaths American religious leaders People from Fauquier County, Virginia People from Franklin County, Kentucky American male writers

492109

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28Taylor%20Ham%29

John Taylor (Taylor Ham)

John Taylor (October 6, 1836 – February 10, 1909) was an American businessman and politician who served in the New Jersey Senate. He created pork roll in 1856 and formed Taylor Provisions Company in 1888, establishing the brand "Taylor's Prepared Ham", sometimes called Taylor Ham. He also founded the Taylor Opera House in Trenton, New Jersey. Taylor Street in Trenton is also named for him. Taylor was born in Hamilton Square, New Jersey, in 1836. His father James F. Taylor, owner of a brick yard, died when John was fourteen. Taylor entered the grocery business as a store clerk at seventeen. He quickly earned an interest with his company but left after a year to form his own partnership with James Ronan, which lasted for two years before Taylor bought Ronan's share. From 1860 through 1870, he worked in the wholesale grocery business in association with D.P. Forst. Shortly thereafter, Taylor began working in the pork and cattle packaging industry. This enterprise was organized into the Taylor Provision Company in 1888. Taylor was a Republican active in Trenton's City Council, where he served as chairman of the finance committee. He was elected state senator for Mercer County, serving from 1880 to 1883. He declined a second term. He helped to abolish the street markets of New Jersey, and organized the Inter-State Fair in 1888. In 1860, he married Catherine Rowley who later bore him two sons: Harry C., born in September 1864, and William T., October 1869. He is buried in Riverview Cemetery in Trenton. See also Taylor Pork Roll Pork roll References American food company founders 1837 births 1909 deaths New Jersey state senators Businesspeople in the meat packing industry 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American businesspeople People from Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey

492151

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28Master%20of%20the%20Rolls%29

John Taylor (Master of the Rolls)

John Taylor (c. 1480 – 1534) was Master of the Rolls of the Court of Chancery from 1527 to 1534, following a successful career as a priest and civil servant. Taylor would have been notable just for the circumstances of his birth: he was the firstborn of healthy triplets who all survived to adulthood, which was virtually unheard of in the 15th century. He was awarded doctor of decrees and of the sacred canons beyond sea at the University of Cambridge in 1520;<ref>Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, John Venn/John Archibald Venn Cambridge University Press [https://archive.org/details/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft/page/204/mode/2up > (10 volumes 1922 to 1953) Part II. 1752–1900 Vol. iv. Saal – Zuinglius, (1927) p204 ]</ref> and incorporated at Oxford in 1552. King Henry VII met John and his brothers Rowland and Nathaniel in their childhood and undertook responsibility to educate the three boys if they came to manhood; this informal act and others like it later inspired Queen Victoria's Royal Bounty for Triplets, which continued until the reign of Elizabeth II. There is note in the Royal Privy Purse expenses of 1498 "for the wages of the King’s Scoler John Taillor at Oxenford." During his lifetime, Taylor donated money towards the building of St. James Church in Barton-under-Needwood, Staffordshire, the village where he grew up. Construction began in 1517 and was completed in 1533. The John Taylor High School, a specialty science school founded in Barton-under-Needwood in 1957, was named in his honor. Career In 1503, Taylor was ordained Rector at Bishop's Hatfield, and then became Rector of Sutton Coldfield in 1504. He served as one of the Royal Chaplains at Henry VII's funeral, 21 April 1509, and was afterwards appointed by King Henry VIII as the King's Clerk and Chaplain—he was later one of the commissioners to decide if Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was valid. In 1511, he was made Clerk of the Parliament. Taylor was appointed as Archdeacon of Derby in 1515, then as Royal Ambassador to Burgundy and France and Prolocutor of Convocation. In 1516, he was appointed Archdeacon of Buckingham, and was conferred the degrees of Doctor of Civil Law and Doctor of Canon Law at Cambridge in 1520. He was one of ten chaplains present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. In 1528 he became Archdeacon of Halifax. From 1527 to 1534 he was Master of the Rolls of the Court of Chancery. This position was the third most senior judicial position in England (after Lord Chancellor and Lord Chief Justice). Death and burial According to John Stow's Survey of London'' (1598), he was buried in St. Anthony's Hospital, St Benet Fink, in the City of London. References 1480s births 1534 deaths 16th-century English clergy 16th-century English Roman Catholic priests Archdeacons of Buckingham Archdeacons of Derby 16th-century English diplomats English judges Masters of the Rolls 15th-century English people 16th-century English judges Triplets People from Barton-under-Needwood Clerks of the Parliaments

492180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28American%20football%29

John Taylor (American football)

John Gregory Taylor (born March 31, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver and kick returner with the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Pennsauken High School and was one of six NFL players to come from PHS during the 1980s. Taylor attended Delaware State College and was a member of their football team, the Hornets. He was a member of the 49ers teams that won Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX. College career Taylor unsuccessfully attempted to walk-on at Johnson C. Smith University in Charlotte, North Carolina. He transferred to Delaware State the following year and was able to make the team. Taylor totaled 42 touchdowns (33 receiving) over the course of his career at Delaware State, including 15 (13 receiving) his senior season (in only 10 games—they only played 10 games/season during that time period), both conference records. He caught 10 touchdown passes in both his sophomore and junior seasons. He is tied with kicker David Parkinson for most career points (254) in the conference. His 223 receiving yards in one game is also a conference record, and he has the two longest receptions in conference history, 97 and 93 yards. His 24.3 yards/catch average was the NCAA record until Jerome Mathis eclipsed it recently with 26.4. One player has since slightly eclipsed his record in career receiving yardage (Albert Horsey with 2,491 to Taylor's 2,426), but he remains the most dominant and famous player to ever come out of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). He was named MEAC Offensive Player of the Year in 1985 and All-MEAC first team in 1984 and 1985. NFL career Taylor was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the third round of the 1986 NFL draft with the 76th overall pick. This was ranked by ESPN as the 25th Greatest NFL Draft Steal of all time. Taylor played for the 49ers from 1987 to 1995 and was an exceptional counterpart to Hall of Fame teammate Jerry Rice during that time. He led the National Football League in punt return yards (556) in 1988, and he may be best known for catching the winning 10-yard touchdown pass from Joe Montana during the final seconds of Super Bowl XXIII in 1989. He also set Super Bowl records in the game for the most punt return yards (56) and highest punt return average (18.7 yards per return). Taylor also held the record for the longest punt return in Super Bowl history, with a 45-yard return in Super Bowl XXIII, until Denver Broncos' return specialist Jordan Norwood broke that record with a 61-yard return in Super Bowl 50. By the conclusion of the 1988 season, which ended with his famous touchdown catch in the Super Bowl, Taylor had caught just 23 passes in his two years with the 49ers and was mainly used as punt and kick returner. But in the season after his Super Bowl-winning touchdown reception, Taylor established himself as one of the top receivers in the NFL. Despite not being the #1 receiver on his team, Taylor finished the 1989 season with 60 receptions for 1,077 yards and ten touchdowns (the fourth most touchdown receptions by a player in the NFL that year). In December 1989, on nationally televised Monday Night Football against the Los Angeles Rams, Taylor scored touchdowns on two receptions of over 90 yards (92 and 96), an NFL first. He also set a record for most receiving yards in back-to-back games with a total of 448, a record he held until November 2006 when Chad Johnson of the Cincinnati Bengals broke it with 450 receiving yards. He reached the 1,000 receiving yard milestone again in the 1991 season with 64 receptions for 1,011 yards and nine touchdowns (ranking him seventh in the NFL). In his nine NFL seasons, Taylor recorded 347 receptions for 5,589 yards (an average of 16.1 yards per catch) and 43 touchdowns. He also gained 1,517 yards and two touchdowns returning punts, and added another 276 yards returning kickoffs. He was selected to play in the NFL Pro Bowl twice, in 1988 and 1989. He also won three Super Bowl rings in his career with the 49ers, in 1988, 1989, and 1994. His combined total of 94 punt return yards in those three games are the most by any player in Super Bowl history, and his average of 15.7 yards per return is also the highest. Life after football At one time, Taylor owned a trucking company but still drives a truck and leads a quiet life off the field. His only moments in any sort of spotlight come when he's participating in celebrity golf events, such as ones sponsored by his Alma mater, Delaware State. In 2005, he was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame. He also worked in San Jose juvenile detention, as a staff member in unit B-4. Hall of Fame nomination Taylor was a nominee for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018, but did not make it to the list of finalists. References External links 1962 births Living people American football return specialists American football wide receivers Delaware State Hornets football players San Francisco 49ers players National Conference Pro Bowl players Pennsauken High School alumni People from Pennsauken Township, New Jersey Players of American football from New Jersey Sportspeople from the Delaware Valley Sportspeople from Clovis, California

493256

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Murray%20Forbes

John Murray Forbes

John Murray Forbes (February 23, 1813 – October 12, 1898) was an American railroad magnate, merchant, philanthropist and abolitionist. He was president of both the Michigan Central railroad and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad in the 1850s. He kept doing business with Russell & Company. Early life Forbes was born on February 23, 1813, in Bordeaux, France. His father, Ralph Bennett Forbes, was a member of the Forbes family, descended from Scottish immigrants who attempted unsuccessfully to start a trade from Bordeaux. His mother, Margaret Perkins, was a member of the Boston Brahmin Perkins family merchant dynasty involved in the China trade. Among his siblings was older brother was Robert Bennet Forbes, sea captain and China merchant. His paternal uncle was John Murray Forbes, lawyer and diplomat, and his maternal uncle was merchant Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Among his cousins was the botanist Francis Blackwell Forbes. In 1814, his parents moved back to the Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House in Milton, Massachusetts. Forbes attended school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, then at Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts, from 1823 to 1828. Career Forbes was one of three brothers sent by their uncle to Canton, China, and achieved some financial success during a short time spent trading in Canton trading in opium. However, unlike his brother Robert, who devoted himself to the China trade, Forbes returned to Boston and became an early railroad investor and landowner. As with Jay Gould and E. H. Harriman, Forbes was an important figure in the building of America's railroad system. From March 28, 1846, through 1855, he was president of Michigan Central Railroad, and he was a director and president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, he helped with the growth of the American Middle West. In addition, he founded J.M. Forbes & Co., an investment firm in Boston in 1838. In 1860, he was an elector for Abraham Lincoln. He served as the Chairman of the Republican National Committee during the administration of President Abraham Lincoln. Staunchly pro-Union, he is given credit for founding the New England Loyal Publication Society in early 1863 (Smith 1948). After the Civil War, Forbes was elected as a 3rd Class (honorary) Companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Forbes was a delegate to the Republican conventions of 1876, 1880 and 1884, he eventually became displeased with the Republican party and worked successfully to get Democrat Grover Cleveland elected president. Philanthropy He supplied money and weapons to New Englanders to fight slavery in Kansas and in 1859 entertained John Brown. Forbes's many philanthropic activities included the re-establishment of Milton Academy, a preparatory school south of Boston, Massachusetts in 1884. Personal life Forbes married Sarah Swain Hathaway (1813–1900). They resided in Milton, Massachusetts, and summered on Naushon Island in Dukes County, Massachusetts. They had two sons and four daughters: Ellen Randolph Forbes (1838–1860). Alice Hathaway Forbes (1838–1917), who married Edward Montague Cary (1828–1888) in 1875. William Hathaway Forbes (1840–1897), who married Edith Emerson (1841–1929), the daughter of poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. William became the first president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and father of William Cameron Forbes. Mary Hathaway Forbes (1844–1916), who married Henry Sturgis Russell (1838–1905) in 1863. John Malcolm Forbes (1847–1904), the yachtsman and horseman who married Sarah Coffin Jones (1852–1891) in 1873. Sarah Forbes (1853–1917), who married William Hastings Hughes (1833–1909) in 1887. Forbes died of pneumonia on October 12, 1898, in Milton, Massachusetts. Descendants His cousin Francis Blackwell Forbes (1839–1908) is the great-grandfather of 2004 U.S. Democratic presidential candidate John Forbes Kerry. His 4x great-grandson is Jonathan Meath, a renowned Emmy award-winning television producer. Legacy In the September 1899 issue of "Atlantic" magazine, Edward Waldo Emerson (Ralph Waldo Emerson's son), published Forbes' biography. The Emerson and Forbes families were close as Forbes' son, William, married Ralph's daughter, Edith Emerson. In Letters and Social Aims, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote of Forbes: "Never was such force, good meaning, good sense, good action, combined with such domestic lovely behavior, such modesty and persistent preference for others. Wherever he moved he was the benefactor... How little this man suspects, with his sympathy for men and his respect for lettered and scientific people, that he is not likely, in any company, to meet a man superior to himself," and "I think this is a good country that can bear such a creature as he." The small community of Forbes, Missouri, is named for him. References External links Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography: John Murray Forbes Old Plank Road Trail history and development. Retrieved October 2, 2013. 1813 births 1898 deaths People from Milton, Massachusetts People from Dukes County, Massachusetts Phillips Academy alumni Businesspeople from Boston 19th-century American railroad executives Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad people Massachusetts Republicans Massachusetts Democrats American philanthropists Founders of schools in the United States American abolitionists American Unitarians American expatriates in France American expatriates in China John Murray People from Bordeaux

495399

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Smith%20House%20%28Southwark%29

John Smith House (Southwark)

John Smith House is the former Labour Party headquarters at 144–152 Walworth Road in south London. The party first occupied the building in 1980, vacating its former headquarters at Transport House. It was renamed after John Smith, a former leader of the Labour Party who died in office in 1994. History Between 1995 and 1997 the Labour Party moved most of its functions from John Smith House to Millbank Tower, which became its official HQ at the end of 1997. In 1990 The Labour Party Archive and Library moved from Walworth Road to join the People's History Museum. John Smith House was formerly used by Southwark Local education authority. In October 2010, planning permission was granted to turn into a Safestay budget hotel. The hotel opened in July 2012. Surrounds Next door to John Smith House was the Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions. References External links Local government buildings in London Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Southwark Labour Party (UK) facilities Headquarters of political parties John Smith (Labour Party leader)

498190

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey%20Joe%20Williams

Smokey Joe Williams

Joseph Williams (April 6, 1886 – February 25, 1951), nicknamed "Cyclone Joe" and "Smokey Joe", was an American right-handed pitcher in Negro league baseball. He is considered one of the greatest pitchers of all-time and was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999. Baseball career Williams was born in Seguin, Texas. One of his parents was African American, and the other was a Comanche Native American. Williams grew up to become an outstanding pitcher, but as his path to the major leagues was barred by the color line, he spent his entire 27-year career (1905–1932) pitching in the Negro leagues, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Williams entered professional baseball in 1905 with the San Antonio Black Bronchos and was an immediate star, posting records of 28-4, 15-9, 20-8, 20-2, and 32-8. After that, the Chicago Giants, a team higher in the pecking order of black baseball, acquired him. In 1910, the Giants owner Frank Leland pronounced him the best pitcher in baseball, in any league. In 1911, Williams joined the Lincoln Giants of New York, helping that club become one of the premier African-American teams of the era. In 1913, he took part in a "Championship Series" that matched up them against the team considered the best of the West in the Chicago American Giants. From July 18 to August 13, the two teams played fourteen games with each other. He had a decision in Games 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, winning five of the eight appearances as the Lincoln Giants won eight of fourteen games in the Series. In Game 5, he hit a home run. When manager John Henry Lloyd departed in 1914, Williams took over as player-manager, a post he held through the 1923 season. After the Lincolns finished an ignominious fifth (out of six teams) in the Eastern Colored League's inaugural season, Williams was released in the spring of 1924. Williams joined the Brooklyn Royal Giants for a season, then signed with the independent Homestead Grays, where, except for a brief turn with the Detroit Wolves in 1932, he spent the rest of his career in top-level black baseball. In 1929, playing for the Grays in the American Negro League at the age of 43, Williams won 12 games and lost seven. On August 2, 1930, at age 44, Williams struck out 27 Kansas City Monarchs in a 1–0, 12-inning, one-hit night game victory. His mound opponent, Chet Brewer, struck out 19 men. That same year, he beat a younger Negro league star who was just bursting into superstardom, Satchel Paige, also by 1–0, in their only meeting against each other. Williams retired from baseball two years later. Although barred from the major leagues, Williams pitched many games against major league stars in postseason barnstorming exhibitions. He proved to be as tough against them as he was against the Negro leaguers, posting a 20-7 record in these games. Among his victims were Hall of Famers Grover Cleveland Alexander, Walter Johnson, Chief Bender, Rube Marquard, and Waite Hoyt. Three different times, he faced the eventual National League champions. He won two of those games and lost the third, 1-0 to the 1917 New York Giants despite throwing a no-hitter. During Williams' years in New York, he acquired the nickname "Cyclone Joe", or simply "Cyclone", frequently being listed in box scores solely by that name. After joining the Homestead Grays in the late 1920s, his nickname became "Smokey Joe", and the older "Cyclone" appellation was rarely used after that. Legacy In 1950, there was a "Smokey Joe Williams Day" at the Polo Grounds. The following year, Williams died at age 64 in New York City. Considerable debate existed and still exists over whether Williams or Paige was the greatest of the Negro league pitchers. Most modern sources lean toward Paige, but in 1952, a poll taken by the Pittsburgh Courier named Williams the greatest pitcher in Negro league history. In 1999, after extensive research on the early years of black baseball revealed his outstanding record, Williams was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In the 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, writer Bill James ranked Williams as the 52nd greatest player in baseball history, behind Sandy Koufax and ahead of Roy Campanella. This would rank Williams as the 12th greatest pitcher, behind Koufax and ahead of Bob Feller. Further reading (Riley.) "Smokey Joe" Williams, Personal profiles at Negro Leagues Baseball Museum. – identical to Riley (confirmed 2010-04-16) References External links Find a Grave bio 1886 births 1951 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Baseball pitchers Bacharach Giants players Brooklyn Royal Giants players Chicago American Giants players Chicago Giants players Detroit Wolves players Hilldale Club players Homestead Grays players Lincoln Giants players San Antonio Black Bronchos players Schenectady Mohawk Giants players Club Fé players Habana players People from Seguin, Texas Baseball players from San Antonio American expatriate baseball players in Cuba

499272

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%20Jiangchuan

Ye Jiangchuan

Ye Jiangchuan (born November 20, 1960) is a Chinese chess player. He is the second Chinese player, after Ye Rongguang, to achieve the title of Grandmaster, which FIDE awarded him in 1993. On 1 January 2000, he became the first ever Chinese player to cross the 2600 elo rating mark. Career Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, Ye learned chess when he was 17 years old of age, and at 20 he became national champion of China. He has altogether won the Chinese Chess Championship seven times (1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1994, 1996). Ye has represented his country at numerous Chess Olympiads and Asian Team Chess Championships. He has been four times member of the Asia Team champions, a 12 times Olympiad participant. In his first appearance, in 1982, Ye won the individual silver medal on board four. His best team result in an Olympiad was in 1998 in Elista, where he was on the first board as the national team finished in fifth place. Ye was 1995 and 1999 Champion of Dato' Tan Chin Nam Cup, and 2001 co-champion of same cup. He reached the 4th round (9–16th place) in the 2001 FIDE World Championship, where he was eliminated by Vassily Ivanchuk by ½–1½. He also reached the quarter-finals in the 2000 and 2002 FIDE World Cup. Ye has played less frequently after becoming the chief coach of the Chinese national teams (men and women) in 2000. He was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer in 2005. Ye's highest world ranking was 17th in October 2000 and he had been consistently in the top 25 from 2000–04. China Chess League Ye Jiangchuan plays for Beijing chess club in the China Chess League (CCL). References External links 1960 births Living people Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Chess players from Jiangsu Chess coaches National team coaches Sportspeople from Wuxi

499883

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20III

John III

John III may refer to: People John III (bishop of Jerusalem) in 516–524 Pope John III, Pope from 561 to his death in 574 John Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople from 565 to his death in 577 John III Rizocopo, Exarch of Ravenna from 710 to 711 John III of the Sedre, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch from 631 to his death in 648 John III of Naples, Duke from 928 to his death in 968 John III of Gaeta, Duke from 984 to his death in 1008 John III of Amalfi, Duke in 1073 John III Doukas Vatatzes (c. 1192 – 1254), Emperor of Nicaea John III Comyn of Badenoch (died 1306) John III, Duke of Brittany (1286–1341) John III, Duke of Brabant (1300–1355) John III Megas Komnenos (c. 1321 – 1362), Emperor of Trebizond John III of Montferrat (c. 1362 – 1381) John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (c. 1369 – 1420) John III, Count of Auvergne (1467–1501) Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Grand Duke of Russia since 1462 John III of Navarre (1469–1516) John III Crispo, Duke of the Archipelago (1480–1494) John III, Duke of Cleves (1490–1539) John III of Portugal (1502–1557), King of Portugal and of the Algarves John III of Sweden (1537–1592) John III Sobieski (1629–1696), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Yohannes III of Ethiopia (c. 1824 – c. 1873), Emperor several times between 1840 and 1851 Prince Jean, Duke of Guise, pretended to the title John III, King of the French, 1926–1940 Biblical John 3, the third chapter of the Gospel of John Third Epistle of John or 3 John Ioannes III (disambiguation) John 03

502142

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Richards

Richard Richards

Richard Richards may refer to: Sir Richard Richards (1752–1823), British judge and MP for Helston Richard Richards (1787–1860) (1787–1860), British MP for Merioneth Richard Meredyth Richards (1821–?), justice of the peace, and high sheriff for the county of Merionethshire Sir Richard Richards (Australian politician) (1863–1920), Lord Mayor of Sydney Richard W. Richards (1893–1985), Australian explorer with Ross Sea Party 1914–17, awarded the Albert Medal Richard Richards (Utah politician) (1932–2015), Republican candidate for US Representative from Utah; Chairman of Republican National Committee Richard N. Richards (born 1946), NASA astronaut Richard Richards (agronomist), winner of 2014 Rank Prize in Nutrition Rick Richards, guitarist See also Dick Richards (disambiguation)

502641

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%2C%20Baron%20Taylor%20of%20Warwick

John Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick

John David Beckett Taylor, Baron Taylor of Warwick (born 21 September 1952) is a member of the House of Lords in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. His full title is "The Lord Taylor of Warwick". In 1996, at the age of 44, he became one of the youngest people in the upper house. He is the third person of Afro-Caribbean origin to enter the House of Lords. Taylor initially practised as a barrister, and served as a part-time deputy district judge (magistrates' courts). Following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal he was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, relating to £11,277 in falsely claimed expenses, and was subsequently disbarred. He has also been a company director and television and radio presenter. He is a Christian, who devotes time and resources to charities, namely Kidscape, Parents for Children, SCAR (Sickle Cell Anemia Relief), Variety Club Children's Charity of Great Britain, Warwick Leadership Foundation and WISCA (West Indian Senior Citizens' Association). Early life Born in 1952, Taylor was the son of Jamaican immigrants in Birmingham. His father, Derief Taylor, was a professional cricketer and coach for Warwickshire, and his mother, Enid, was a nurse. Taylor attended Moseley Grammar School in Birmingham where he was head boy, and later attended Keele University, where he studied English Literature and Law, followed by the Inns of Court School of Law in London. Career Legal Taylor was called to the bar in 1978, by Gray's Inn, where he was also awarded the Gray's Inn Advocacy Award, and Norman Tapp Memorial Prize for excellence in mooting. Taylor undertook his pupillage at 1 Dr Johnson's Buildings, and then joined the same chambers as the future Justice Secretary, Ken Clarke. Taylor practised from there on the Midland & Oxford Circuit. In 1997, Taylor was appointed as a part-time district judge (Magistrates' Court). He was disbarred after his conviction and imprisonment related to the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal. Political In the 1980s, Taylor turned to local politics and was elected to Solihull Council for the safe Conservative ward of St Alphege at a by-election in 1985 and was re-elected for a 4 year term in May 1988. He contested Birmingham Perry Barr for the Conservative Party at the 1987 general election, losing by 6,933 votes. He was selected by Conservative Party's Central Office to become the Conservative candidate for Cheltenham at the 1992 general election. The campaign was seen as having been influenced by race, with Taylor's Caribbean background reportedly causing concern to some members of the local Conservative Party constituency association, which was completely split by the issue. Conservative Central Office expelled association members over the issue. John Major, then Prime Minister, campaigned for Taylor in Cheltenham, but he lost the seat to Nigel Jones of the Liberal Democrats by 1,668 votes, the first time since 1950 Cheltenham had not voted for a Conservative candidate and the first time since December 1910 it had voted for a Liberal-aligned candidate. Taylor was made a life peer as Baron Taylor of Warwick, of Warwick in the County of Warwickshire on 2 October 1996, on the recommendation of Prime Minister John Major. At 44, he became one of the youngest life peers to sit in the House of Lords at the time. Other activities In 2016, he appeared on the Fox News channel to discuss the potential impact of Britain leaving the European Union (Brexit). Other positions he has held include: Television Presenter, Crime Stalker (Carlton Television); Talk About (BBC One); Powerhouse (Channel 4) Non-executive Director, Currencies Direct Ltd (resigned July 2010); Mottram Holdings PLC Consultant, Kleinwort Benson Bank Chancellor, Bournemouth University, 2001–2006. Vice President, National Small Business Bureau; British Board of Film Classification, 1998–2008. Member of the International Trade Council. Special Adviser to the Home Secretary and Home Office Ministers, 1990–1991. Founder of the Warwick Leadership Academy (2014 to present) providing services to young people. False accounting convictions In early 2009, a major political scandal was triggered by the leaking and subsequent publication of expense claims made by members of the United Kingdom Parliament. On 16 July 2010, Taylor resigned the Tory Whip after being charged with offences connected with claims totalling £11,277. Several hundred members of the House of Commons and House of Lords were involved in the expenses scandal but only six members of the House of Commons and two, including Taylor, of the Lords, were charged and convicted. Taylor's defence in the Crown Court was that on appointment to the House of Lords he had asked other peers for advice on expenses and allowances and that he was told that the overnight subsistence allowance, the office allowance, and the travel expenses were provided in lieu of a salary, as well as the daily attendance allowance. As a result of claiming for the cost of journeys he had not made, and the cost of accommodation he had not occupied, Taylor was convicted of six counts of false accounting. In his summing up to the jury, Mr Justice Saunders observed that Taylor was a man of good character who had devoted a lot of time to helping others. The judge imposed a sentence of 12 months' imprisonment, relating to £11,277 in falsely claimed expenses; he also said that the expenses scandal had "left an indelible stain on Parliament". About 15 members of the House of Lords refused to give evidence to support Taylor's defence. Personal life Taylor married in 1981 and had three children with his wife. They divorced in 2005. The Daily Telegraph reported that Taylor is an evangelical Christian, and in 2009 he married an evangelical Christian from the US. That marriage lasted 24 days and was annulled in 2010. In 2015, Taylor married Laura Colleen Taylor. References External links BBC News profile TheyWorkForYou Profile Guardian Trial Coverage 1952 births Living people Alumni of Keele University Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law Black British politicians Politics of Cheltenham Taylor of Warwick, John Taylor English barristers English people of Jamaican descent People associated with Bournemouth University People from Birmingham, West Midlands People educated at Moseley School English Protestants Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary candidates British politicians convicted of fraud 21st-century British criminals Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales British prisoners and detainees

504917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Smith

Robert Smith

Robert Smith or Bob Smith, or similar, may refer to: Business Robert MacKay Smith (1802–1888), Scottish businessman, meteorologist and philanthropist Robert Barr Smith (1824–1915), Australian businessman and philanthropist Robert Hall Smith (1888–1960), president of the Norfolk and Western Railway, 1946–1958 Robert H. Smith (philanthropist) (1928–2009), American builder and developer Robert P. Smith (philanthropist) (1940–2019), financial pioneer, philanthropist and author Robert F. Smith (investor) (born 1962), founder, chairman, and CEO of Vista Equity Partners Entertainment Acting Robert Wilton Smith (1881–1957), known as Robb Wilton, English comedian and comic actor Robert Smith (American actor) (1912–2001), American actor Robert Grant Smith (1914–2001), actor after whom the R.G. Smith Award is named Robert O. Smith (1942–2010), American voice actor Robert Smith (Canadian actor) (1966–2020), Canadian actor and voice actor Music Robert Archibald Smith (1780–1829), Scottish composer, known for his collection Scotish [sic] Minstrel, a selection from the vocal melodies of Scotland ancient and modern Robert Bache Smith (1875–1951), American librettist and lyricist Robert Curtis Smith (1930–2010), Piedmont blues singer, guitarist and songwriter Bobby Smith (rhythm and blues singer) (1936–2013), lead singer of the (Detroit) Spinners Robert Weston Smith (1938–1995), known as Wolfman Jack, American disc jockey famous for his gravelly voice Bob Smith (1942–1991), founder, singer, keyboards and drums for Cat Mother & the All Night Newsboys Robert Dean Smith (born 1956), American operatic tenor Robert W. Smith (musician) (born 1958), American composer Robert Smith (musician) (born 1959), lead singer and guitarist of The Cure Robert L. Smith (recording engineer) (born 1965), recording engineer and record producer in New York City Rob Smith (Irish musician) (born 1982), Irish singer and songwriter Rob Smith (British musician), contemporary DJ, musician, and remixer Rob Sonic, American rapper and record producer Writing Robert Paul Smith (1915–1977), American writer Robert W. Smith (writer) (1926–2011), American martial artist and historian Robert Kimmel Smith (1930–2020), American children's author Bob Smith (born 1941), American author (Hamlet's Dresser) Robert Rowland Smith (born 1965), British lecturer and writer on philosophy, literature, and psychoanalysis Rob Magnuson Smith, British-American novelist, short story writer, and university lecturer Other entertainment Buffalo Bob Smith (1917–1998), host of TV show Howdy Doody Bob Smith (comics) (born 1951), American comic book inker Bob Smith (comedian) (1958–2018), American comedian and author Normal Bob Smith (born 1969), American graphic artist, writer, and atheist activist Robert Farrell Smith (born 1970), American humorist, who writes children's books under the name Obert Skye Bob Smith (Atari), video game programmer Bob Smith (Wordsmith), host of the television show Wordsmith Military Robert Smith (Medal of Honor) (1847–1930), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient Robert Smith (Australian Army officer) (1881–1928), Australian wool merchant and army officer Robert H. Smith (naval officer) (1898–1943), submariner in the United States Navy Robert T. Smith (1918–1995), American World War II flying ace Politics Australia Robert Murray Smith (1831–1921), politician in colonial Victoria and Agent-General for Victoria (Australia) Robert Burdett Smith (1837–1895), solicitor and politician in colonial New South Wales Robert Harrison Smith (1848–1911), member of both the Queensland Legislative Council and the Queensland Legislative Assembly Bob Rowland Smith (1925–2012), National member of the New South Wales Legislative Council Bob Smith (Australian politician) (born 1948), Labor member of the Victorian Legislative Council Canada Robert Smith (Ontario politician) (1819–1900), Canadian Member of Parliament for Peel, Ontario Robert Smith (judge) (1858–1942), Canadian Member of Parliament for Stormont, Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada Robert Smith (Newfoundland politician) (1879–1972), Newfoundland politician and merchant Robert Smith (British Columbia politician), Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Canadian province of British Columbia, 1871–1878 Robert Black Smith (1872–1931), member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick Robert Knowlton Smith (1887–1973), Canadian Member of Parliament, 1925–1935 Robert Melville Smith (1887–1950), deputy minister of the Department of Highways of Ontario, 1934–1943 Robert Smith, political party secretary who was convicted (c. 1985) for promoting hatred in activities of the Nationalist Party of Canada United Kingdom Robert Smith (MP for Wycombe), Member of Parliament (MP) for Wycombe Robert Smith (MP for Derby) in 1420 and 1421, MP for Derby Robert Smith (MP for Devizes) (fl. 1414–1421), English politician Robert Smith (fl. 1545), MP for Carlisle Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington (1752–1838), MP for Nottingham 1779–1796 Robert Percy Smith (1770–1845), British lawyer and Member of Parliament Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden (1800–1873), known as Robert Vernon Smith until 1859, British Liberal Party politician Sir Robert Smith, 1st Baronet (1880–1957), Scottish Unionist politician, MP 1924–1945 Sir Robert Smith, 3rd Baronet (born 1958), Liberal Democrat politician from Scotland, MP 1997–2005 United States Robert Smith (Cabinet member) (1757–1842), Secretary of State and of the Navy Robert Barnwell Smith (1800–1876), known as Robert Barnwell Rhett, U.S. Senator and Representative from South Carolina Robert Smith (Illinois politician) (1802–1867), U.S. Representative from Illinois Robert Hardy Smith (1813–1878), Alabama politician Robert Burns Smith (1854–1908), governor of Montana Robert Lloyd Smith (1861–1942), educator, businessman, and politician in the Texas Legislature Robert B. Smith (Virginia mayor), mayor of Newport News, Virginia, 1956–1958 Robert Freeman Smith (1931–2020), U.S. Representative from Oregon Robert L. Smith (politician) (born 1931), Republican politician from Idaho Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician) (born 1941), U.S. Senator from New Hampshire Bob Smith (New Jersey politician) (born 1947), New Jersey state senator Robert J. Smith II (born 1963), New Jersey state legislator Religion Robert Smith (bishop) (1732–1801), the first American Episcopal bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina Robert Payne Smith (1818–1895), Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford and Dean of Canterbury Robert Pearsall Smith (1827–1899), lay leader in the Holiness movement and the Higher Life movement Robert H. Smith (theologian) (1932–2006), Lutheran clergyman, theologian, author and lecturer Robert Smith (priest) (1932–2010), American Catholic priest, author, and educator Science Robert William Smith (surgeon) (1807–1873), Irish surgeon and pathologist Robert Angus Smith (1817–1884), Scottish chemist, discoverer of acid rain Robert Murdoch Smith (1835–1900), Scottish engineer, archaeologist and diplomat Robert Smith (surgeon) (1840–1885), Sierra Leonean medical doctor Bob Smith (doctor) (1879–1950), founder of Alcoholics Anonymous Robert Allan Smith (1909–1980), Scottish physicist Robert Smith (aerospace engineer), American business executive and aerospace engineer Sports American football Bob Smith (defensive back, born 1925) (1925–2002), American football defensive back Bob Smith (fullback) (1929–2005), American football fullback Bob Smith (halfback) (born 1933), American football halfback Bobby Smith (safety) (born 1938), American football defensive back Bob Smith (American football coach) (born 1940), college football coach Bobby Smith (running back) (born 1942), American football running back Bob Smith (defensive back, born 1945), American football defensive back Rob Smith (American football, born 1957), college football coach Rob Smith (Canadian football) (born 1958), Canadian football offensive lineman Robert Smith (defensive end) (born 1962), gridiron football defensive end Robert Smith (running back) (born 1972), American football running back Rob Smith (American football, born 1984), American football player Robert Smith (safety) (born 1992), American football safety Association football Robert Smith (footballer, born 1848) (1848–1914), Scottish international footballer Robert Smith (Darwen footballer), English footballer for Darwen in the 1890s Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1870), played one game for Stoke City F.C. Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1900s), Scottish footballer Robert Smith (footballer, born 1912), English football player and manager of Ajax Amsterdam Bob Smith (footballer) (born 1923), English professional footballer Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2010), English footballer for Tottenham Hotspur Bobby Smith (Irish footballer) (1922–1992), football player for Bohemians Bobby Smith (Canadian soccer) (born 1940), Canadian soccer player Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1941) (1941–2019), English footballer for Barnsley F.C. and Chelmsford City F.C. Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1944), English footballer and manager Rob Smith (footballer, born 1950), English footballer Bobby Smith (American soccer) (born 1951), American soccer player Bobby Smith (footballer, born 1953) (1953–2010), Scottish footballer for Hibernian and Leicester City Rob Smith (soccer) (born 1973), American soccer player who was a member of the U.S. soccer team at the 1996 Summer Olympics Australian rules football Bob Smith (Australian footballer, born 1877) (1877–1939), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy Bob Smith (Australian footballer, born 1906) (1906–1987), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne Rob Smith (Australian footballer) (1951–2013), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne Baseball Bob Smith (catcher) (born 1907), Negro league baseball player Bob Smith (infielder) (born 1974), infielder for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1890) (1890–1965), Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher for the White Sox, 1913–1915 Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1895) (1895–1987), MLB pitcher for the Braves, Cubs, and Reds, 1923–1937 Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1928) (1928–2003), MLB pitcher for the Red Sox, Cubs, and Indians, 1958–1959 Bob Smith (pitcher, born 1931) (1931–2013), MLB pitcher for the Red Sox, Cardinals, Pirates, and Tigers, 1955–1959 Bobby Smith (baseball) (1934–2015), MLB outfielder, 1957–1965 Robert Smith (baseball) (1936–2021), International Baseball Federation president; instrumental in baseball becoming an Olympic sport Rob Smith (baseball), American college baseball coach Basketball Bobby Smith (basketball) (1937–2020), American basketball player Bingo Smith (born 1946), American basketball player Robert Smith (basketball) (born 1955), American basketball player, NBA Cricket Robert Smith (Australian cricketer) (1868–1927), Australian cricketer; played one first-class cricket match for Victoria in 1890 Robert Smith (Derbyshire cricketer) (1848–1899), English cricketer; played first class cricket for Derbyshire 1871–84, captain 1876–83 Robert Smith (South African cricketer) (1923–2001), South African cricketer Robert Smith (Wellington cricketer) (born 1946), New Zealand cricketer Robert Smith (Otago cricketer) (born 1974), Australian cricketer who played in New Zealand Robert Smith (Cumberland cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer, played for Cumberland in 2001 Other sports Robert Smith (boxer) (1908–?), South African Olympic boxer Bob Smith (rower) (1909–1993), New Zealand rower Bob Smith (1912–1994), American football, basketball, and baseball coach Robert Smith (canoeist) (1929–2001), Canadian sprint canoer who competed in the late 1950s Bob Smith (ice hockey) (born 1946), Canadian minor pro hockey player Bobby Smith (ice hockey) (born 1958), all-star NHL hockey player Rob Smith (field hockey) (born 1961), Canadian field hockey Olympian Robert Smith (equestrian) (born 1961), British Olympic equestrian Robert Smith (bowler) (born 1974), American professional bowler Bobby Smith (javelin thrower) (born 1982), American javelin thrower Rob Smith (racing driver) (born 1992), British racing driver Robby Smith (born 1987), American Greco-Roman wrestler Robert J. Smith (sailor) in 1973 Star World Championships Robert Smith (sport shooter), English sport shooter Robert Augustus Smith (1869–1942), American racehorse trainer Others Robert Smith (mathematician) (1689–1768), English mathematician and music theorist Robert Smith (architect) (1722–1777), American architect Robert Cross Smith (1795–1832), English astrologer Robert Smith (trade unionist) (1862–1934), general secretary of the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers Robert William Smith (politician) (1871–1958), New Zealand politician Robert Smith (colonial administrator) (1887–1959), British governor of North Borneo Robert Emmet Smith (1914–1988), American art director Robert L. Smith (judge) (1918–1999), Nebraska Supreme Court judge Robert Smith (professor) (1919–2009), expert on the history of the Yoruba people of Nigeria Robert Solwin Smith (1924–2013), American ambassador to the Côte d'Ivoire Robert J. Smith (anthropologist) (1927–2016), Cornell University anthropologist, president of Association for Asian Studies Robert P. Smith (ambassador) (1929–2012), American diplomat Robert H. T. Smith (born 1935), president of the University of British Columbia Robert Ellis Smith (1940–2018), American attorney and author Robert S. Smith (born 1944), New York State Court of Appeals associate judge Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin (born 1944), governor of the BBC Robert Bruce Smith IV (1945–2014), American music and history expert Robert C. Smith (political scientist) (born 1947), political science professor at San Francisco State University Robert J. A. Smith (born 1951), chairman of the Richmond Local History Society in Richmond, London Robert W. Smith (chess player) (born 1956), New Zealand chess FIDE Master Robert Smith (journalist) (born 1967), correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR) Bobby Smith (activist) (born 1982), political and fathers' rights activist Robert W. Smith (historian), scholar of history and the classics at the University of Alberta Rob Smith (journalist), BBC South East TV presenter See also Robert Smyth (disambiguation) Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland business school Robert Smit (died 1977), murdered South African politician Roberts-Smith (disambiguation)

504931

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Smith%20%28Cabinet%20member%29

Robert Smith (Cabinet member)

Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith. Early life Smith was born in Lancaster in the Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, he fought in the Continental Army and participated in the Battle of Brandywine. He graduated from Princeton in 1781 and began to practice law in Maryland. Career Smith was selected as an elector to the Electoral College representing Maryland during the 1788–89 United States presidential election. He was then elected to the Maryland State Senate from 1793 to 1795 and to the Maryland House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Secretary of the Navy in July 1801 after William Jones declined the position. On March 2, 1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy. However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy. Eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy. Smith left the office of Secretary of the Navy at the end of President Jefferson's administration on March 4, 1809. President James Madison appointed Smith to serve as Secretary of State on March 6, 1809, and he served in this position until his forced resignation on April 1, 1811. Policies Smith was closely allied with his brother, Maryland Senator Samuel Smith. He bitterly opposed Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin. Madison thought he could be his own Secretary of State, but Smith so often pursued opposite policies that Madison finally demanded his resignation. In Madison's April 1811 "Memorandum on Robert Smith" the president offered a laundry list of Smith's shortcomings: he questioned Smith's loyalty; he found Smith's diplomatic correspondence wanting; he had been indiscreet in conversations with the British; and he had opposed the Administration's efforts to secure concessions from Britain and France by limiting trade. Apparently Smith was bewildered by these and other charges leveled by Madison and published an exoneration of himself, "Robert Smith's Address to the People of the United States," an attack on Madison's foreign policy. Madison offered Smith the post of Minister to Russia, then currently held by John Quincy Adams. Smith considered the offer, but in the end, he refused the post. Personal life Smith became the president of the not-yet-fully-organized American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818, he became the founding president of the Maryland Agriculture Society and afterwards retired to a more private life where he enjoyed his wealth. Robert Smith died in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 26, 1842, aged 85. Legacy The was named for him. References Clifford Egan, "Robert Smith" in Edward S. Mihalkanin, ed. American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell, Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 478–83. External links Robert Smith at the Naval Historical Center Robert Smith at the United States Department of State Robert Smith at the Hall of the Secretaries of State |- |- 1757 births 1842 deaths American people of the War of 1812 Burials at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground Continental Army soldiers Jefferson administration cabinet members Maryland state senators Members of the Maryland House of Delegates Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania People of Maryland in the American Revolution Princeton University alumni United States Secretaries of the Navy United States Secretaries of State Madison administration cabinet members 19th-century American politicians American slave owners

507293

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Murphy

Frank Murphy

William Francis Murphy (April 13, 1890July 19, 1949) was an American Democratic politician and jurist from Michigan. He was named to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1940 after a political career that included serving as United States Attorney General, Governor of Michigan and Mayor of Detroit. He also served as the last Governor General of the Philippine Islands and the first High Commissioner of the Philippines. Born in "The Thumb" region of Michigan, Murphy graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1914. After serving in the United States Army during World War I, he served as a federal attorney and trial judge. He served as Mayor of Detroit from 1930 to 1933 before accepting appointment as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands. He defeated incumbent Republican Governor Frank Fitzgerald in Michigan's 1936 gubernatorial election and served a single term as Governor of Michigan. Murphy lost re-election to Fitzgerald in 1938 and accepted appointment as the United States Attorney General the following year. In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Murphy to the Supreme Court to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler. Murphy served on the Court from 1940 until his death in 1949, and was succeeded by Tom C. Clark. Murphy wrote the Court's majority opinion in SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., and wrote a dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States. Early life Murphy was born in Harbor Beach (then called Sand Beach), Michigan, in 1890. Both his parents, John T. Murphy and Mary Brennan, were Irish immigrants and raised him as a devout Catholic. He followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a lawyer. He attended the University of Michigan Law School, and graduated with a BA in 1912 and an LLB in 1914. He was a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity and the senior society Michigamua. Murphy was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan in 1914, after which he clerked with a Detroit law firm for three years. He then served with the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I, achieving the rank of captain with the occupation army in Germany before leaving the service in 1919. He remained abroad afterward to pursue graduate studies. He did his graduate work at Lincoln's Inn in London and Trinity College, Dublin, which was said to be formative for his judicial philosophy. He developed a need to decide cases based on his more holistic notions of justice, eschewing technical legal arguments. As one commentator quipped of his later Supreme Court service, he "tempered justice with Murphy." Career 1919–1922: U.S. Attorney, Eastern District of Michigan Murphy was appointed, and took the oath of office as, first Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan on August 9, 1919. He was one of three assistant attorneys in the office. When Murphy began his career as a federal attorney, the workload of the attorney's office was increasing at a rapid rate, mainly because of the number of prosecutions resulting from the enforcement of national prohibition. The government's excellent record in winning convictions in the Eastern District was partially due to Murphy's record of winning all but one of the cases he prosecuted. He practiced law privately to a limited extent while still a federal attorney, and resigned his position as a United States attorney on March 1, 1922. He had several offers to join private practices, but decided to go it alone and formed a partnership with Edward G. Kemp in Detroit. 1923–1930: Recorder's Court Murphy ran unsuccessfully as a Democrat for the United States Congress in 1920, when national and state Republicans swept Michigan, but used his legal reputation and growing political connections to win a seat on the Recorder's Court, Detroit's criminal court. In 1923, he was elected judge of the Recorder's Court on a non-partisan ticket by one of the largest majorities ever cast for a judge in Detroit, took office on January 1, 1924, and served seven years during the Prohibition era. While on Recorder's Court, he established a reputation as a trial judge. He was a presiding judge in the famous murder trials of Dr. Ossian Sweet and his brother, Henry Sweet, in 1925 and 1926. Clarence Darrow, then one of the most prominent trial lawyers in the country, was lead counsel for the defense. After an initial mistrial of all of the black defendants, Henry Sweet—who admitted that he fired the weapon which killed a member of the mob surrounding Dr. Sweet's home and was retried separately—was acquitted by an all-white jury on grounds of the right of self-defense. The prosecution then elected to not prosecute any of the remaining defendants. Murphy's rulings were material to the outcome of the case. 1930–1933: Mayor of Detroit In 1930, Murphy ran as a Democrat and was elected Mayor of Detroit. He served from 1930 to 1933, during the first years of the Great Depression. He presided over an epidemic of urban unemployment, a crisis in which 100,000 were unemployed in the summer of 1931. He named an unemployment committee of private citizens from businesses, churches, and labor and social service organizations to identify all residents who were unemployed and not receiving welfare benefits. The Mayor's Unemployment Committee raised funds for its relief effort and worked to distribute food and clothing to the needy, and a Legal Aid Subcommittee volunteered to assist with the legal problems of needy clients. In 1933, Murphy convened in Detroit and organized the first convention of the United States Conference of Mayors. They met and conferred with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Murphy was elected its first president. Murphy was an early and enthusiastic supporter of Roosevelt and the New Deal, helping Roosevelt to become the first Democratic presidential candidate to win the state of Michigan since Franklin Pierce in 1852 before the Republican Party was founded. Melvin G. Holli rated Murphy an exemplary mayor and a highly effective leader. 1933–1935: Governor-General of the Philippine Islands By 1933, after Murphy's second mayoral term, the reward of a big government job was waiting. Roosevelt appointed Murphy as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands. He was sympathetic to the plight of ordinary Filipinos, especially for the land-hungry and oppressed tenant farmers, and emphasized the need for social justice. 1935–36: High Commissioner to the Philippines When his position as Governor-General was abolished in 1935, he stayed on as United States High Commissioner until 1936. That year, he was a delegate from the Philippine Islands to the Democratic National Convention. High Commissioner to the Philippines was the title of the personal representative of the President of the United States to the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the period 1935–46. The office was created by the Tydings–McDuffie Act of 1934, which provided for a period of transition from direct American rule to the complete independence of the islands on July 4, 1946. 1937–1939: Governor of Michigan Murphy was elected the 35th Governor of Michigan on November 3, 1936, defeating Republican incumbent Frank Fitzgerald, and served one two-year term. During his two years in office, an unemployment compensation system was instituted and mental health programs were improved. The United Automobile Workers engaged in an historic sit-down strike at General Motors' Flint plant. The Flint Sit-Down Strike was a turning point in national collective bargaining and labor policy. After 27 people were injured in a battle between the workers and the police, including 13 strikers with gunshot wounds, Murphy sent the National Guard to protect the workers, failed to follow a court order that requested him to expel the strikers, and refused to order the Guard's troops to suppress the strike. He successfully mediated an agreement and end to the confrontation, and G.M. recognized the U.A.W. as bargaining agent under the newly adopted National Labor Relations Act. This recognition had a significant effect on the growth of organized labor unions. In the next year, the UAW saw its membership grow from 30,000 to 500,000 members. As later noted by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), this strike was "the strike heard round the world." In 1938 Murphy was defeated by his predecessor, Fitzgerald, who became the only governor of Michigan to precede, and then succeed, the same person. 1939–40: Attorney General of the United States In 1939, Roosevelt appointed Murphy the 56th Attorney General of the United States. He established a Civil Liberties Unit in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice, designed to centralize enforcement responsibility for the Bill of Rights and civil rights statutes. 1940–1949: Supreme Court One year after becoming Attorney General, on January 4, 1940, Murphy was nominated by President Roosevelt as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Pierce Butler the previous November. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 16, and sworn in on February 5, 1940. The timing of the appointment put Murphy on the cusp of the Charles Evans Hughes and the Harlan Fiske Stone courts. On the death of Chief Justice Stone, Murphy served in the court led by Frederick Moore Vinson, who was confirmed in 1946. Murphy took an expansive view of individual liberties, and the limitations on government he found in the Bill of Rights. He authored 199 opinions: 131 for the majority, 68 in dissent. One of the important opinions authored by Justice Murphy was Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co. (1946), in which the Court defined the term "investment contract" under the Securities Act of 1933, thus giving content to the most important concept of what makes something a security in American law. Opinions differ about him and his jurisprudential philosophy. He has been acclaimed as a legal scholar and a champion of the common man, but Justice Felix Frankfurter disparagingly nicknamed Murphy "the Saint", criticizing his decisions as being rooted more in passion than reason. It has been said he was "neither legal scholar nor craftsman", and he was criticized "for relying on heart over head, results over legal reasoning, clerks over hard work, and emotional solos over team play." Murphy's support of African Americans, aliens, criminals, dissenters, Jehovah's Witnesses, Native Americans, women, workers and other "outsiders" evoked a pun: "tempering justice with Murphy." As he wrote in Falbo v. United States (1944), "The law knows no finer hour than when it cuts through formal concepts and transitory emotions to protect unpopular citizens against discrimination and persecution." (p. 561) According to Frankfurter, Murphy was part of the more liberal "axis" of justices on the Court along with justices Wiley B. Rutledge, William O. Douglas and Hugo L. Black; the group would for years oppose Frankfurter's "judicially restrained" conservative ideology. Douglas, Murphy and then Rutledge were the first justices to agree with Black's notion that the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Bill of Rights' protection in it; this view would later become law. Murphy is perhaps best known for his vehement dissent from the court's ruling in Korematsu v. United States (1944), which upheld the constitutionality of the government's internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. He sharply criticized the majority ruling as "legalization of racism." This was the first time the word "racism" found its way into a Supreme Court opinion (Murphy had previously used the term twice in a concurring opinion in Steele v. Louisville & Nashville Railway Co. (1944) issued that same day). He would use that word again in five separate opinions before the word "racism" disappeared from Murphy's and the High Court's other opinions for almost two decades, not reappearing until the landmark decision of Loving v. Virginia (1967), which struck down as unconstitutional the Virginia anti-miscegenation statute. (See also Jim Crow laws.) Although Murphy was serving on the Supreme Court during World War II, he still longed to be part of the war effort; and so during Court recesses he served at Fort Benning, Georgia as an infantry officer. On January 30, 1944, almost exactly one year before Soviet liberation of the Auschwitz death camp on January 27, 1945, Justice Murphy unveiled the formation of the National Committee Against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews. Serving as committee chair, he declared that it was created to combat Nazi propaganda "breeding the germs of hatred against Jews." This announcement was made on the 11th anniversary of Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany. The eleven committee members included U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace, 1940 Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie and Henry St. George Tucker, Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Murphy was among 12 nominated at the 1944 Democratic National Convention to serve as Roosevelt's running mate in the presidential election that year. He acted as chairman of the National Committee against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of the Jews and of the Philippine War Relief Committee. The first committee was established in early 1944 to promote rescue of European Jews, and to combat antisemitism in the United States. Death and memory Murphy died in his sleep at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit on July 19, 1949, of a coronary thrombosis at the age of 59. Over 10,000 people attended his funeral in Detroit. He is buried in Our Lady of Lake Huron Catholic Cemetery in Sand Beach Township, Michigan, near Harbor Beach. The Frank Murphy Hall of Justice was home to Detroit's Recorder's Court and now houses part of Michigan's Third Judicial Circuit Court. There is a plaque in his honor on the first floor, which is recognized as a Michigan Legal Milestone. Outside the Hall of Justice is Carl Milles's statue "The Hand of God". This rendition was cast in honor of Murphy and financed by the United Automobile Workers. It features a nude figure emerging from the left hand of God. Although commissioned in 1949 and completed by 1953, the work, partly because of the male nudity involved, was kept in storage for a decade and a half. The work was chosen in tribute to Murphy by Walter P. Reuther and Ira W. Jayne. It was placed on a pedestal in 1970 with the help of sculptor Marshall Fredericks, who was a Milles student. Murphy is also honored with a museum in his home town, Harbor Beach, Michigan. Housed at his former residence, it contains numerous personal artifacts from his life and career, most notably from the Philippines. The Murphy Museum is open during the summer months, by appointment. Murphy's personal and official files are archived at the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and are open for research. This also includes an oral history project about Murphy. His correspondence and other official documents are deposited in libraries around the country. In memory of Murphy, one of three University of Michigan Law School alumni to become a U.S. Supreme Court justice, Washington, D.C.-based attorney John H. Pickering, who was a law clerk for Murphy, donated a large sum of money to the law school as a remembrance, establishing the Frank Murphy Seminar Room. Murphy was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Law degree by the University of Michigan in 1939. The University of Detroit has a Frank Murphy Honor Society. The Sweet Trials: Malice Aforethought is a play written by Arthur Beer, based on the trials of Ossian and Henry Sweet, and derived from Kevin Boyle's Arc of Justice. The Detroit Public Schools named Frank Murphy Elementary in his honor. Personal life Justice Murphy was the subject of "[r]umors of homosexuality [...] all his adult life". According to Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court: [a] gay reading of [biographies of Murphy] suggests that Murphy's homosexuality was hiding in plain sight. For more than 40 years, Edward G. Kemp was Frank Murphy's devoted, trusted companion. Like Murphy, Kemp was a lifelong bachelor. From college until Murphy's death, the pair found creative ways to work and live together. [...] When Murphy appeared to have the better future in politics, Kemp stepped into a supportive, secondary role, much as Hillary Clinton would later do for Bill Clinton. As well as Murphy's close relationship with Kemp, Murphy's biographer, historian Sidney Fine, found in Murphy's personal papers a letter that "if the words mean what they say, refers to a homosexual encounter some years earlier between Murphy and the writer." The writer of the letter implied that he and Murphy had become lovers while Murphy was governor-general and congratulated Murphy on his appointment to the Supreme Court. Murphy did have at least two female companions of note. Ann Parker was frequently seen horseback riding with Murphy in Washington during his tenure as U.S. attorney general, leading to speculation of a romance in the press. At the time of his death, Murphy was engaged to Joan Cuddihy; the wedding was scheduled for the following month. See also Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States Ford Hunger March List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office List of University of Michigan law and government alumni United States Supreme Court cases during the Hughes Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Stone Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Vinson Court Bibliography General Howard, J. Woodford, Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968). Footnotes Notes Further reading Frank Murphy, American National Biography. Ariens, Michael, Supreme Court Justices, Frank Murphy (1890–1949). Arnold, Thurman Wesley. "Mr. Justice Murphy." 63 Harvard Law Review 289 (1949). Bak, Richard, "(Frank) Murphy's Law", Hour Detroit, September 2008. Baulch, Vivian M. and Zacharias, Patricia, Rearview Mirror, "The Historic 1936–37 Flint Auto Plant Strike", The Detroit News. Barnet, Vincent M., Jr. "Mr. Justice Murphy, Civil Liberties and the Holmes' Tradition." 32 Cornell Law Quarterly 177 (1946). Bibliography and Biography, William Francis "Frank" Murphy, 6th Circuit United States Court of Appeals. Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary. Detroit: Gale Research, 1976. Black, Hugo L., "Mr. Justice Murphy." 48 Michigan Law Review 739 (1950). "Frank Murphy, Dictionary of American Biography. Fine, Sidney, Frank Murphy, Michigan's 35th Governor, Archives of Michigan. Fine, Sidney, Frank Murphy in World War I (Ann Arbor: Michigan Historical Collections, 1968), photos, 44 pp. Friend, Theodore, Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 1929–1946 (1965). Hall, Kermit L. (2005) "Murphy, Frank." The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press 1150 pp. ; . Howard, J. Woodford, Jr., Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press: 1968). Lopez, Ian F. Haney, "A nation of minorities: race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness" , Stanford Law Review, February 1, 2007. Lunt, Richard D., The High Ministry of Government: The Political Career of Frank Murphy (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1965) (PhD diss. University of New Mexico). Marshall, Thurgood. "Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights." 48 Michigan Law Review 745 (1950). Maveal, Gary, "Michigan Lawyers in History – Justice Frank Murphy, Michigan's Leading Citizen", 79 Michigan Bar Journal 368 (March 2000). Nawrocki, Dennis Alan, Art in Detroit Public Places (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980), p. 63, biographical material on Frank Murphy. Norris, Harold, Mr. Justice Murphy and the Bill of Rights (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1965). Ossian Sweet Murder Trial Scrapbook, 1925. Scrapbook and photocopy of the November 1925 murder trial of Ossian Sweet. Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Roche, John P. "Mr. Justice Murphy", Mr. Justice, Dunham, Allison and Kurland, Philip B., eds, 281–317 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956, rev. edn 1964). St. Antoine, Theodore J., "Justice Frank Murphy and American labor law", Michigan Law Review (100 MLR 1900, June 1, 2002). Toms, Robert, Speech on the Sweet murder trials upon retirement of the prosecuting attorney in 1960, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. . . External links Gubernatorial photographic portrait of Frank Murphy, Michigan archives. National Governors Association, Frank Murphy Biography. Photograph, Franklin Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt and Frank Murphy, Virtual Detroit, The Detroit News. The Sweet Trials University of Detroit Mercy. The Sweet Trials home page, Famous American Trials, University of Missouri, Kansas City. Time magazine cover, Frank Murphy, August 28, 1939. United States Conference of Mayors on Frank Murphy United States Department of Justice, Biographies of U.S. Attorneys General, Frank Murphy. |- |- |- |- |- |- 1890 births 1949 deaths 20th-century American judges 20th-century American politicians Alumni of Trinity College Dublin American expatriates in the Philippines American legal scholars United States Army personnel of World War I United States Army personnel of World War II American people of Irish descent Assistant United States Attorneys Burials in Michigan Catholics from Michigan Deaths from coronary thrombosis Democratic Party state governors of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members Governors of Michigan Governors-General of the Philippine Islands High Commissioners to the Philippines Legal history of Michigan Mayors of Detroit Michigan Democrats Michigan lawyers Michigan state court judges People from Harbor Beach, Michigan Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors United States Army officers United States Attorneys General United States federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States University of Detroit Mercy faculty University of Michigan Law School alumni

509131

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carrington

John Carrington

John Carrington may refer to: John Carrington (judge) (1847-1913), British jurist, Solicitor General of Barbados, Chief Justice of St Lucia and Tobago, Attorney General of British Guiana and Chief Justice of Hong Kong John F. Carrington (1914-1985), English missionary and expert on drum language John H. Carrington (born 1934), Republican former member of the North Carolina General Assembly

518755

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Peter%20Lewis

Jon Peter Lewis

Jon Peter Lewis (born November 7, 1979) is an American singer and songwriter, and was one of the finalists on the third season of the reality/talent-search television series American Idol. He was frequently referred to by the judges and Ryan Seacrest as JPL. Lewis later formed a duo titled Midas Whale with a friend Ryan Hayes and appeared on the fourth season of The Voice. Biography Lewis lived in various cities across the United States before leaving home at the age of 18. He graduated from Central High School in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1998. He starred in the lead role of Thorin Oakenshield in a local children theater's production of The Hobbit in the summer of 1997. Lewis performed in other numerous theatrical productions and was a band member of various rock and roll bands throughout his high school and college years. Lewis is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and attended Brigham Young University–Idaho for a time hoping to pursue a career in medicine. American Idol At the age of 23, Lewis cashed in his college loans to audition for the third season of American Idol in Honolulu, Hawaii where he sang '"Crazy Love" by Van Morrison. Praised by Simon Cowell for his "very, very good voice," Lewis went on to display an uninhibited stage personality that won the hearts of millions of Idol fans. Simon Cowell later hailed Jon as "the dark horse to win the competition," and Rolling Stone magazine pegged Jon as a "pick to win," while Elton John praised Lewis's voice for his "excellent pitch and phrasing." Affectionately known as 'JPL' by his fans, Lewis was a member of the third group of semi-finalists and performed the Elton John song "Tiny Dancer". After performing "A Little Less Conversation" in the wild card round, Lewis was put through as a finalist by audience vote, receiving 22% of all votes cast. On April 15, 2004, Lewis was voted off in eighth place after a flashy rendition of "Jailhouse Rock" during movie songs week. During the competition, he had displayed a three-octave vocal range and developed a strong fan following. As part of the Top 10, Lewis participated in the 50-city American Idols Live tour in the summer of 2004. American Idol performances Post-Idol Rather than accepting business offers to use his Idol fame to release a quick pop album, Lewis decided to work on his own musical style and create original music. From late 2004 to 2006, Lewis spent the majority of his time composing original music working closely with music producer Alex Gibson of Henson Recording Studios, among other notable entities in Hollywood. "Turn to Grey" was among the first songs that he wrote; he composed it while on tour with the Idol finalists. Jon recorded part of the song as a homage to Jennifer Hudson after she told him that she loved singing the song around her house. In 2005, he collaborated with Canadian songwriter/actor James Collins to write and record "It's Christmas", which was released by EMI/Universal in Canada as part of the Now Christmas 2 album. The song went to number thirteen on the Canadian radio charts in two weeks. In addition, a second original holiday song "California Christmas" was recorded by Lewis and released in 2006 for the album Breaking for the Holidays by Breaking Records. The upbeat holiday song was called a "Christmas classic" by Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine. In September 2006, Lewis released his second single containing the songs "If I Go Away" and "Man Like Me" through his independent label, Cockaroo Entertainment. His limited release debut album, Stories from Hollywood, was released on his 27th birthday, November 7, 2006, making Jon the first Idol finalist to independently release an album of original songs. The album is a collection of energetic rock and roll and intimate acoustic tracks. Lewis' second full-length album, Break the Silence, debuted July 22, 2008. The album was released through Cockaroo Entertainment in conjunction with Adrenaline Music Group. Chris Garcia, who has worked with Santana and Michelle Branch, Dido and Jewel, produced the album under the guidance of executive producer Don Grierson, a former head of A&R for Capitol and Epic Records. Lewis wrote or co-wrote several tracks for the album, featuring musicians such as guitarist Nick Lashley, drummer Kenny Aronoff and Blake Mills. The CD has received critical praise including a "Critic's Choice" review from Billboard magazine. It was called "one of the best pop/rock CD's of the year" by Monica Rizzo of People magazine and "a much stronger album" by Ken Barnes of USA Today. The title track single hit the top 30 charts on Hot AC radio and in November 2008 was one of only fifty songs pre-programmed into all of the new iPhones on display at Apple Stores and AT&T stores across the country. Lewis went on to release a self-titled EP in February 2010. In 2009, Lewis launched an internet show titled American Nobody. The program takes an inside look at the music business as well as a tongue-in-cheek view of pop culture. The show received early critical praise. American Idol journalist and biographer Richard Rushfield described the show as, "a hilarious romp through Idol land built around the misadventures of a singer who, seven years after Idol, is still searching to find his place in the industry." American Nobody was added to TV Guides "Hot Web List" and the Los Angeles Times called it "the most brilliant and biting satire of Idoldom ever written." Jon Peter Lewis met Ryan Hayes in Rexburg, Idaho and became friends. In 2010, Lewis produced and starred in a rock opera, Deep Love: A Ghostly Folk Opera. The production, co-written by Ryan Hayes and Garrett Sherwood, debuted in Idaho in October 2010 and garnered support, which positioned the show into a multi-city theatrical event. Deep Love was chosen as one of ten shows produced for the New York Musical Theatre Festival in July 2015. In 2015, Lewis released an EP titled Roughcuts. According to Lewis the recordings are in their "roughest and raw forms" and "they are like first drafts from my brain and may end up as Midas Whale songs." Lewis has been a contributor to MTV, Entertainment Weekly, Rolling Stone magazine, Los Angeles Times, and AOL Entertainment. Midas Whale In 2013, Jon Peter Lewis teamed up Ryan Hayes to become Midas Whale (a pun on "might as well"). According to Lewis, he asked Ryan if he wanted to form a band and be on TV and Ryan replied "Might as well", which then became the name of the duo. The Voice In 2013, Jon Peter Lewis and Ryan Hayes auditioned for the fourth season of The Voice as duo Midas Whale. In their audition, which broadcast on March 26, 2013, they performed the Johnny Cash song "Folsom Prison Blues". All four judges pressed their "I Want You" button and turned their chairs. Lewis and Hayes chose to join Adam Levine's team. They were eliminated in the knockout rounds. Post-The Voice As Midas Whale, Jon Peter Lewis released their first full-length album titled Sugar House on February 11, 2014. The album was produced by Stuart Maxfield and funded by fans via Kickstarter where they raised over $30,000. Discography Albums EPs 2010: Jon Peter Lewis (EP) 2015: roughcuts (EP) Singles 2004: "Turn to Grey" download single. Blues-funk. 2005: "Stories from Hollywood" download single. Alternative rock. 2005: "It's Christmas" single. Peaked at number thirteen on Canada's Top 50 Pop Adult BDS chart 2006: "If I Go Away / Man Like Me" double-sided single. Alternative rock and pop. (Cockaroo Entertainment) 2010: "Crazy Love" 2014: "Howling at the Moon" (as Midas Whale)Appearances in 2004: "My Girl" in American Idol Season 3: Greatest Soul Classics". 2004: "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" in Season 3's Finalists' ensemble collective. Trackj also on American Idol Season 3: Greatest Soul Classics2005: "It's Christmas", a track on Now Christmas 2 compilation album. It went up to No. 13 on Canadian radio charts. Album released in Canada. (EMI) 2006: "California Christmas", a track on Breaking for the Holidays''" compilation album. (Breaking Records) References External links Website of Singer/Songwriter Jon Peter Lewis at jonpeterlewis.com. JPL's MySpace JPL's American Nobody show website Records Breaking For the Holiday's page at Breaking Records Reviews of Album at Amazon Jon Peter Lewis discography Jon Peter Lewis on Rithum Jon Peter Lewis's American Nobody podcast 1979 births 21st-century American singers Alternative rock singers American Idol participants American alternative rock musicians American blues singers American folk singers American funk singers American male pop singers American rock singers American performers of Christian music Living people Musicians from Lincoln, Nebraska The Voice (franchise) contestants 21st-century American male singers

520012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Adamson

William Adamson

William Adamson (2 April 1863 – 23 February 1936) was a Scottish trade unionist and Labour politician. He was Leader of the Labour Party from 1917 to 1921 and served as Secretary of State for Scotland in 1924 and during 1929–1931 in the first two Labour ministries headed by Ramsay MacDonald. Background Adamson was born in Dunfermline, Fife, and was educated at a local dame school. He worked as a miner in Fife where he became involved with the National Union of Mineworkers. In 1902–08 he was Assistant Secretary of the Fife and Kinross Miners' Association, and he thereafter served as its General Secretary. Political career Active with the new Labour Party, Adamson was first elected to Parliament for West Fife in the December 1910 general election. His victory was the only Labour gain from the Liberals in that election. Williamson was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party on 24 October 1917, a post he held until 1921. He led the party into the general election of 1918, which saw Labour gain 15 seats and become the largest opposition party in the House of Commons for the first time; however, there remained uncertainty as to whether Adamson or the leader of the independent Liberals, Donald Maclean could claim to be the true leader of the opposition in the Commons. In 1918 he was sworn into the Privy Council. In 1919, Adamson was confident that the experience of the First World War would "produce a different atmosphere and an entirely different relationship amongst all sections of our people" and would act as a watershed in the process of social reform. He served as Secretary for Scotland and Secretary of State for Scotland in 1924 and between 1929 and 1931 in the Labour governments of Ramsay MacDonald. However, he split with MacDonald after the formation of the National Government. Adamson lost his seat in the 1931 election which he contested for Labour against MacDonald's coalition. He stood again in the 1935 election but again failed to take the seat, losing on this occasion to William Gallacher of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Personal life Adamson was married to Christina Myles Marshall (1862–1935), a factory worker, with whom he had two daughters and two sons; one of the latter was killed during the First World War. Adamson died in February 1936, aged 72. He is buried in Dunfermline Cemetery, just north of the roundel at the end of the entrance avenue. References Torrance, David, The Scottish Secretaries (Birlinn 2006) External links 1863 births 1936 deaths Scottish Labour MPs People from Dunfermline British Secretaries of State Leaders of the Labour Party (UK) Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Fife constituencies Miners' Federation of Great Britain-sponsored MPs Scottish Baptists UK MPs 1910–1918 UK MPs 1918–1922 UK MPs 1922–1923 UK MPs 1923–1924 UK MPs 1924–1929 UK MPs 1929–1931 20th-century Scottish politicians

539840

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Johnson%20%28lyricist%29

Howard Johnson (lyricist)

Howard Johnson (June 2, 1887 – May 1, 1941) was a song lyricist. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. Biography Songwriter, author and lyricist, Johnson was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, and died in New York, New York. He was educated in high school and in private music study. Johnson was a pianist in Boston theatres, and then a staff writer for a New York publishing company. During World War I, he served in the United States Navy. Joining the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) in 1917, his chief musical collaborators included Milton Ager, Walter Donaldson, Fred Fisher, George Meyer, Joseph Meyer, Jimmy Monaco, Al Sherman, Harry Warren, Percy Wenrich, Harry M. Woods, David Brockman, Archie Gottler, James Kendis, and W. Edward Breuder. Johnson's most well-known song is "I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream." Some popular-song compositions include: "When the Moon Comes over the Mountain", "M-O-T-H-E-R, A Word That Means the World to Me", "Ireland Must Be Heaven, for My Mother Came from There", "Sweet Lady", "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?", "(What Do You Do on a) Dew-Dew-Dewy Day", "Bring Back My Daddy To Me", "Where Do We Go From Here, Boys?", "There's a Broken Heart for Every Light on Broadway", "I Don't Want to Get Well", "Siam", "Georgia", "Lindbergh (The Eagle of the U.S.A.)", "Feather Your Nest", "Love Me or Leave Me Alone", "Am I Wasting My Time on You?", "Tom, Dick and Harry and Jack (Hurry Back)", and "He May Be Old, But He's Got Young Ideas". He also wrote "I'm Glad My Wife's In Europe" in 1914 with Coleman Goertz, "Everyone Sings Tipperary So Why Not Sing" in 1915 with Jack Glogau, "It's Not Your Nationality (It's Simply You)" in 1916 with Joe McCarthy, "At the Yankee Military Ball" in 1917 with Harry Jentes, Homeward Bound in 1917 with Coleman Goetz, "China We Owe a Lot to You" in 1917 with Milton Ager, I Ain't Got Weary Yet in 1918 with Percy Wenrich, "I'd Like to See the Kaiser with a Lily in His Hand" in 1918 with Henry Lewis & Billy Frisch, "Kicking the Kaiser Around" in 1918 with Harry Jentes, "Navy Will Bring Them Back" in 1918 with Ira Schuster and "Friends" in 1919 with Joseph H. Santly. References External links Sheet Music for "M-O-T-H-E-R: A Word That Means the World to Me"; music by Theodore F. Morse; lyrics by Howard E. Johnson; Leo Feist, Inc., 1915. Howard E. Johnson recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1887 births 1941 deaths

539845

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Johnson

Howard Johnson

Howard Johnson may refer to: Entertainers Music Howard Johnson (lyricist) (1887–1941), American songwriter Howard E. Johnson (1908–1991), American swing alto saxophonist Howie Johnson (drummer) (1932–1987), drummer for American rock band The Ventures Howard Johnson (jazz musician) (1941–2021), American jazz tubist Howard Johnson (soul singer) (born 1956), American R&B singer Other entertainers Howard "Stretch" Johnson (1915–2000), American tap dancer and activist Howard David Johnson (born 1954), American painter Howard A. Johnson, Jr., special effects artist, see Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Sportsmen Howard Johnson (American football) (1916–1945), American football offensive lineman Howard Johnson (footballer) (1925–2015), English footballer Howard Johnson (baseball) (born 1960), American baseball player Howard Johnson (cricketer) (born 1964), American cricketer Howie Johnson (1925–2015), American professional golfer Monk Johnson (Howard Johnson, 1894–1973), American baseball player Other people Howard Deering Johnson (1897–1972), American founder of Howard Johnson's restaurants Howard Hille Johnson (1846–1913), American blind educator and writer Howard Wesley Johnson (1922–2009), American educator; former president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Howard Johnson (electrical engineer) (born 20th century), in signal integrity and high speed electronic circuit design Howard R. Johnson (inventor) (1919–2008), inventor of an alleged perpetual motion device Howard Johnson (politician) (1910–2000), British Conservative politician Howard R. Johnson (1903–1944), commander of the U.S. Army 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment during World War II Howard A. Johnson (1893–1974), Montana Supreme Court justice Other uses Howard Johnson's, a chain of hotels and restaurants See also Howard Johnston (disambiguation)

541569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Williamson

John Williamson

John Williamson may refer to: Music John Finley Williamson (1887–1964), American conductor John Williamson (singer) (born 1945), Australian singer and songwriter John Williamson (musician) (born 1963), bass guitarist in the band McCarthy John Williamson (album), the 1970 debut album by the Australian singer Politics John Williamson (New Zealand politician) (1815–1875), New Zealand politician John H. Williamson (1846–1911), North Carolina politician and newspaper publisher John N. Williamson (1855–1943), U.S. Representative from Oregon John Williamson (communist) (1903–1974), Scottish-born American Communist leader John Williamson (Canadian politician) (born 1970), Canadian politician John C. Williamson, member of the California legislature John Clint Williamson, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues Sports John Williamson (footballer, born 1887) (1887–?), English footballer for Sunderland John Williamson (footballer, born 1893) (1893–?), English footballer for Manchester United and Bury John Williamson (footballer, born 1981), English footballer for Burnley John Williamson (basketball, born 1951) (1951–1996), American pro basketball player, New York Nets John Williamson (basketball, born 1986), American basketball player in Israel Johnny Williamson (1929–2021), English footballer Jack Williamson (footballer) (1907–1965), Australian rules footballer John Gordon Williamson (born 1936), English cricketer J. R. Williamson (born 1942), linebacker for the Oakland Raiders and the New England Patriots Other John Suther Williamson ( – 1836), British military officer John Williamson Nevin (1803–1886), American theologian John Bruce Williamson (1859–1938), British barrister and historian John Ernest Williamson (1881–1966), inventor of the "photosphere" for undersea photography John Williamson (mathematician) (1901–1949), Scottish mathematician John Williamson (geologist) (1907–1958), Canadian geologist Jack Williamson (1908–2006), American science fiction writer John Leon Williamson (1921–1942), Navy Cross recipient John Williamson (economist) (1937–2021), British professor John Williamson (musicologist) (born 1949), Scottish professor John Williamson (), known by the nickname Johnnie Notions, Shetland smallpox inoculator See also Williamson (surname) Williamson (disambiguation) John Williams (disambiguation)

541579

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Williamson%20%28economist%29

John Williamson (economist)

John Harold Williamson (June 7, 1937 – April 11, 2021) was a British-born economist who coined the term Washington Consensus. He served as a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics from 1981 until his retirement in 2012. During that time, he was the project director for the United Nations High-Level Panel on Financing for Development in 2001. He was also on leave as chief economist for South Asia at the World Bank during 1996–99, adviser to the International Monetary Fund from 1972 to 1974, and an economic consultant to the UK Treasury from 1968 to 1970. He was also an economics professor at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (1978–81), University of Warwick (1970–77), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1967, 1980), University of York (1963–68) and Princeton University (1962–63). He is best known for defining the "Washington Consensus" in 1989. He made 10 rules that were imposed by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the US government on developing nations. He came to strongly oppose the way those recommendations were actually imposed and their use by neoliberals. Early life and education John Harold Williamson was born in Hereford in 1937. He graduated from Hereford High School for Boys and had originally planned to study civil engineering. However, his headmaster convinced him to do economics and he decided to attend the London School of Economics. He graduated with a B.Sc. in Economics in 1958. Following graduation, Williamson served two years of compulsory military service in the Royal Air Force. He conducted operations research at the Department of the Scientific Adviser to the Air Ministry in Whitehall. He then attended graduate school at Princeton University, graduating with a Ph.D. in Economics in 1963. He was influenced by courses he took with well known economists, including Oskar Morgenstern, William Baumol, and Richard E. Quandt. His dissertation, entitled “Patent Licensing and Royalty Terms”, explored proposed new theoretical foundations for patent-licensing policy and royalty provisions. Career Williamson's first academic posting was at the University of York, where he taught microeconomics. At the time, there were four other professors on the economics department: Alan T. Peacock, Jack Wiseman, John Hutton, and Douglas Dosser. In his fourth year at York, Williamson became a visiting professor in the department of economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he worked alongside Joseph Stiglitz, Charles Kindleberger, Paul Samuelson, and Tony Atkinson. In October 1968, Williamson was appointed an adviser to the H.M. Treasury. He was in charge of overseeing relations with the European Economic Community, particularly France. He developed new forecasts on how British export markets were predicted to expand following various policy recommendations. There was also a committee, chaired by Sir Douglas Allen, that formed British views on international monetary reform. Exchange rates were the main focus of the Treasury, as the IMF's Special Drawing Rights had recently been introduced. While serving at the Treasury, Williamson was offered chairs in economics from the University of Manchester, University of Nottingham, and the University of Warwick. He ultimately accepted the latter because he was attracted to the theories and research at newer universities. There he became Honorary Professor and taught courses in international economics and macroeconomics. While at Warwick, Williamson took a leave of absence to serve as an adviser to the International Monetary Fund. He replaced Fred Hirsch as senior adviser. After two years, he returned to Warwick where he published The Failure of World Monetary Reform, 1971–74 (1977). In this capacity, he gained an international reputation for his contributions to the field. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Institito Brasilero de Geografia e Estatística) offered him a post to begin its graduate program in economics. He offered insights into the reasons for Brazil's inflationary environment, beginning the country's path to successful stabilization in 1922. After serving as visiting professor of economics at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Williamson joined the-then Institute for International Economics as a Senior Fellow in 1981. There, he further developed research on international monetary cooperation. He also published a textbook, The Exchange-Rate System; The Open Economy and the World Economy (1983). He joined the first cohort of scholars at the Institute, working alongside William Cline and Gary Hufbauer. Research Williamson is the author or editor of over 40 books on international monetary and developing-world debt issues. He has authored/co-authored 56 journal articles, and has been cited around 2,000 times according to Google Scholar. He is ranked by IDEAS RePEc publications monitor in 2019 as among the 2,000 most influential economists of the world of all time. Exchange rates Much of Williamson's early career focused on developing a theory of the crawling peg. He has since stated that his primary contribution to the discipline has been his research on exchange rates. The system entailed gradual devaluations of the currency, changing expectations that the currency will devalue and interest rates would be sufficiently high to compensate bondholders. His proposal contrasted with the existing adjustable peg, in which the rate is pegged in the short run. His theories on the crawling peg were well received among economists. Sir Roy Harrod of Christ Church, Oxford University offered him a prestigious post, which Williamson declined. During the early 1970s, Williamson was involved in working with the Committee of Twenty for devising the IMF's strategy to comprehensive systemic reforms. He has continued to modify his theories of intermediate exchange rates with new proposals on monitoring bands and reference rates. During the 1980s, while working at the Institute for International Economics, Williamson began exploring theories on target zones. He argued that these targets should be based on estimates of the real exchange rate, which would accommodate secular trends in productivity growth, real shocks to the economy, and new information. The main mechanism of adjustment was monetary policy, supported by direct exchange-rate intervention. He worked with Fred Bergsten, then the Institute's Director, on ways of helping Latin American countries stabilize their currencies through this process. He argued that intermediate exchange-rate regimes maintain competitiveness in increasingly globalized economies, while also being politically favorable. Beginning in 1985, Williamson worked with Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Richard Darman to develop a comprehensive system of optimal exchange rates ("target zones"). At the 1987 Louvre Accord, the G-5 industrialized nations adopted a system of reference exchange rates that was influenced by proposals of C. Fred Bergsten and John Williamson for a target zone system. Research has shown that Williamson was largely correct in his assessment of altering expectations through his proposal of post-Louvre target zones. Shortly thereafter, however, the target zones were replaced due to the belief that free-floating exchange rates would have been preferred. Williamson challenged this notion through his theories on intermediate exchange rates. For much of his academic career, he worked on a theory of "intermediate" exchange rates as an intermediate between fixed exchange rates and floating exchange rates. He was a critic of capital liberalization and the bipolar exchange rate. Rüdiger Dornbusch (MIT) summarized this proposal as a "BBC" (band, basket, and crawl). Williamson further coined the concept of “fundamental equilibrium exchange rate” (FEER) in Estimating Equilibrium Exchange Rates (1994) to describe how exchange-rate misalignments resulted in balance-of-payments crises. The IMF began using FEERs as the basis of its exchange-rate policies. There were also adoptions of FEERs in the private sector, most notably the Goldman Sachs desirable effective exchange rates (GSDEERs). In the 1990s, Williamson continued his policy-oriented contributions. In 1996, Williamson became Chief Economist for South Asia, World Bank. He was invited by the United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan to assess policy reform in Latin America. The project, headed by President of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo, involved assessing options for expanding the roles of the World Trade Organization and the International Labour Organization. The findings of the report, the Report of the High-level Panel on Financing for Development (2001) were discussed at a subsequent conference. The panel found that to secure economic growth and equity, developing countries needed to achieve balanced budgets, ensure macroeconomic discipline, and support human capital investments. This Zedillo Report also recommended that the United Nations organize a series of climate-change conferences. In 2018, he stated that climate change was the number one concern facing economics. Following his retirement, Williamson wrote a book on growth-linked securities. It argues that, instead of fixed interest rates, certain securities should bear an interest rate that positively correlated with the growth of a country. Such an instrument would allow investors to have a vested interest in the economic growth. Washington Consensus In 1989, he coined the term "Washington Consensus" to describe policy reforms that the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and U.S. Treasury advocated for emerging-market economies. The term arose from a publication, “What Washington Means by Policy Reform” (1990) that described what countries should do according to the convictions of Washington-based institutions. It became more widely known after a conference at the Institute for International Economics. Many of those who attended, including Allan Meltzer, Richard Feinberg, and Stanley Fischer, were receptive to the idea. The proposal notably received pushback from Rudi Dornbusch, who proclaimed "Williamson surrendered to Washington." The term gained popularity and continues to be used today, both as Williamson described and in its current-day form. Critics of the Washington Consensus argue that it endorses complete free movements of capital. However, Williamson's 1989 conceptualization of the consensus only included foreign direct investment. He connected these policy recommendations to his advocacy of target zones and limited exchange-rate fluctuations. The list of ten policies involved broad policy recommendations for economic stabilization: liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI), legal security for property rights, and trade liberalization, among others. Since the term entered public discourse, it has been misinterpreted and distorted from its original meaning. Williamson claimed that the guidelines were meant to establish economic stability through stable institutions and cooperation. His policies had also been connected to the neoliberal policies of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, whom he disliked. Instead, Williamson argued that these were a series of recommendations—not requirements—for Latin American countries. Some politicians, notably the former finance minister of Brazil Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, recognized that the term had been used outside of the original context. He also felt that advocacy for economic stabilization through his policies were not necessarily neoliberal. He later included an updated set of policy proposals to the Washington Consensus in “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?” (2000). Joseph Stiglitz, former Chief Economist of the World Bank and Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, did not object to the Washington Consensus per se, but to the neoliberal policies that policymakers have adopted. He noted, at the time, that the policies were appropriate for some Latin American countries, but not for many others. More recently, economists have recognized that the term was misconstrued from its original meaning, notably with regard to the opening of the capital account. Williamson et al. argued for prudential capital controls for developing countries through international coordination efforts. As Narcís Serra, Shari Spiegel, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, noted "the Washington Consensus has come to be associated with ‘market fundamentalism,’ the view that markets solve most, if not all, economic problems by themselves—views from which Williamson has carefully distanced himself." In 2012, scholars debated over a new term to describe China's economic growth. Business executive Joshua Cooper Ramo coined the term Beijing Consensus to frame China's economic development as an alternative to the Washington Consensus. The three guidelines he proposed were: 1. a commitment to innovation, 2. emphasis on sustainable growth through measures alongside GDP, and 3. a policy of self-determination. In turn, Williamson argued that the Beijing Consensus comprised five major points: 1. incremental reform, 2. innovation, 3. export-led growth, 4. state capitalism, and 5. authoritarianism. In light of this change, Williamson argued Western countries should modify their policies through export-led growth, prudential capital controls, and fiscal policies. Growth-linked securities In 2006, Williamson published an article describing the benefits of bonds linked to the growth of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). These refer to securities where the issuer (a government) promises to pay the investor returns based on the changes to that country's GDP. In other words, the investor obtains a stake in a country's growth through this "equity-like" feature. Williamson argued that these bonds would help countries obtain stability from capital flight. The idea was also developed by other distinguished economists, including Nobel Prize Laureates Robert Shiller and Joseph Stiglitz. Williamson built on the research conducted by Shiller to discuss how, in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2007–9 and the European debt crisis of 2010, economic stability has become all the more important. Personal life Williamson married Denise Rosemary Rausch (b. 1940), a scholar at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Institito Brasilero de Geografia e Estatística). He has three children: André Williamson (b. 1968), Daniel (b. 1969), and Theresa (b. 1975). In 2012, Williamson retired from the PIIE. His Festschrift, Global Economics in Extraordinary Times: Essays in Honor of John Williamson (2012), was edited by C. Fred Bergsten, former assistant to Henry Kissinger on the U.S. National Security Council and assistant secretary for international affairs at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Williamson resided in Chevy Chase, Maryland. He was fluent in Portuguese. Williamson died from multiple system atrophy at his home in Chevy Chase on April 11, 2021, at age 83. Honors and awards Houblon-Norman Fellowship, Bank of England (2007–08) Publications Growth-Linked Securities (2017) International Monetary Reform: A Specific Set of Proposals (2015) Who Needs to Open the Capital Account, eds. Olivier Jeanne, Arvind Subramanian, John Williamson (2012) Reference Rates and the International Monetary System (2007) Trade Relations Between Colombia and the United States, with Jeffrey J. Schott (2006) Reference Rates and the International Monetary System, Curbing the Boom-Bust Cycle: Stabilizing Capital Flows to Emerging Markets (2005) Dollar Adjustment: How Far? Against What?, edited volume with C. Fred Bergsten (2004) The South Asian Experience with Growth, edited volume with Isher Judge Ahluwalia (2003) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America, with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2003) Delivering on Debt Relief: From IMF Gold to a New Aid Architecture, with Nancy Birdsall (2002) Exchange Rate Regimes for Emerging Markets: Reviving the Intermediate Option, with Theodore H. Moran (2000) A Survey of Financial Liberalization, with Molly Mahar (1998) The Crawling Band as an Exchange Rate Regime (1996) What Role for Currency Boards? (1995) Pension Funds, Capital Controls and Macroeconomic Stability, with Helmut Reisen (1994) Estimating Equilibrium Exchange Rates (edited volume) (1994) The G-7’s Joint-and-Several Blunder, with Beatriz Armendariz de Aghion (1993) The Political Economy of Policy Reform (edited volume) (1993) The Economic Consequences of Soviet Disintegration (edited volume) (1993) Trade and Payments After Soviet Disintegration (1992) From Soviet Disunion to Eastern Economic Community?, with Oleh Havrylyshyn (1991) Currency Convertibility in Eastern Europe (edited volume) (1991) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (1990) Globalization: The Concept, Causes, and Consequences (1989) Voluntary Approaches to Debt Relief (1988) World Economic Problems, edited with Kimberly Ann Elliott (1988) Capital Flight and Third World Debt, with Donald R. Lessard (1987) Targets and Indicators: A Blueprint for the International Coordination of Economic Policy, with Marcus Miller (1987) Political Economy and International Money: Selected Essays of John Williamson, edited by Chris Milner (1987) Adjusting to Success: Balance of Payments Policy in the East Asian NICs, with Bela Balassa (1987) African Debt and Financing, edited with Carol Lancaster (1986) Inflation and Indexation: Argentina, Brazil, and Israel (edited volume) (1985) Bank Lending to Developing Countries: The Policy Alternatives, with C. Fred Bergsten and William R. Cline (1985) A New SDR Allocation? (1984) IMF Conditionality, (edited volume) (1983) The Lending Policies of the International Monetary Fund (1982) Exchange Rate Rules: The Theory, Performance, and Prospects of the Crawling Peg, (edited volume) (1981) The Financing Procedures of British Foreign Trade, with Stephen Carse and Geoffrey E. Wood (1980) The Failure of World Monetary Reform, 1971-74 (1977) The Choice of a Pivot for Parities (1971) How to Stop Stop-Go (1966) The Crawling Peg (1965) References Interviews "The World According to John Williamson: Part I", Peterson Perspectives (2012) Link William Becker, "Transcript of Interview with John Williamson", The World Bank Group Archives: Oral History Program (2006) Link Global Economics in Extraordinary Times: Essays in Honor of John Williamson, eds. John Williamson, C. Fred Bergsten, C. Randall Henning, and Stanley Fischer (2012) Link Kurt Schuler, Theresa Williamson, and Robert Yee, "The Washington Consensus in History: An Interview with John Williamson", Center for Financial Stability: Papers in Financial History (2020) Link Further reading Risen, Clay. "John Williamson, 83, Dies; Economist Defined the ‘Washington Consensus': A careful pragmatist, he regretted the way his term, aimed at developing countries, was misinterpreted by free-market ideologues and anti-globalization activists." New York Times April 15, 2021 External links John Williamson Biography John Williamson's Blog The Zedillo report (UN) Britannica 1937 births 2021 deaths 20th-century Royal Air Force personnel 20th-century economists 21st-century economists Academics of the University of Warwick Academics of the University of York British economists British expatriates in the United States Deaths from multiple system atrophy MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty Neurological disease deaths in Maryland People from Chevy Chase, Maryland People from Hereford Peterson Institute for International Economics Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro faculty Princeton University faculty

542048

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Collins

Eddie Collins

Edward Trowbridge Collins Sr. (May 2, 1887 – March 25, 1951), nicknamed "Cocky", was an American professional baseball player, manager and executive. He played as a second baseman in Major League Baseball from to for the Philadelphia Athletics and Chicago White Sox. A graduate of Columbia University, Collins holds major league career records in several categories and is among the top few players in several other categories. In 1925, Collins became just the sixth person to join the 3,000 hit club – and the last for the next 17 seasons. His 47 career home runs are the fewest of anyone in it. Collins is the only non-Yankee to win five or more World Series titles with the same club as a player. Collins coached and managed in the major leagues after retiring as a player. He also served as general manager of the Boston Red Sox. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939. Early life Born in Millerton, a 384-acre village in Dutchess County, New York, Collins was unique in his time in that he was focused on both his athletic skills and his education and intelligence. He graduated from Columbia University (where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity) at a time when few major league players had attended college. He started his American professional baseball career on September 17, 1906, when he signed with the Philadelphia Athletics at the age of 19. When he signed with the Philadelphia organization, Collins was still a student at Columbia. He played some of his initial minor league games under the last name of Sullivan so that he could protect his collegiate status. Collins had lost his collegiate eligibility when it was discovered he played with Plattsburgh and Rutland in the 1906 Northern Independent League. He then signed with the Athletics and made his debut. Major league career Philadelphia Athletics After spending all but 14 games of the 1907 season in the minor leagues, he played in 102 games in 1908 and by 1909 was a full-time player. That season, he registered a .347 batting average and 67 steals. He would also be named the A's starting second baseman in 1909, a position he would play for the rest of his career, after seeing time at second, third, short, and the outfield the previous two seasons. In 1910, Collins stole a career-high 81 bases, the first American League player to steal 80+ bases in a season, and played on the first of his six World Series championship teams. Collins was renowned for his intelligence, confidence, batting prowess and speed. He is one of only five players to steal six bases in a game, and the only person to do so twice, with both occurrences happening within eleven days, on September 11 and September 22, 1912 respectively. He was part of the Athletics' "$100,000 infield" (and the highest-paid of the quartet) which propelled the team to four American League (AL) pennants and three World Series titles between 1910 and 1914. He earned the league's Chalmers Award (early Most Valuable Player recognition) in . In 1914, the newly formed Federal League disrupted major league contract stability by luring away established stars from the AL and NL with inflated salaries. To retain Collins, Athletics manager Connie Mack offered his second baseman the longest guaranteed contract (five years) that had ever been offered to a player. Collins declined, and after the 1914 season Mack sold Collins to the White Sox for $50,000, the highest price ever paid for a player up to that point and the first of only three times that a reigning MVP was sold or traded (the others being Alex Rodriguez in 2003 and Giancarlo Stanton in 2017, both to the New York Yankees). The Sox paid Collins $15,000 for 1915, making him the third highest paid player in the league, behind Ty Cobb and Tris Speaker. Chicago White Sox In Chicago, Collins continued to post top-ten batting and stolen base numbers, and he helped the Sox capture pennants in 1917 and 1919. He was part of the notorious "Black Sox" team that threw the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds. However Collins was not accused of being part of the conspiracy and was considered to have played honestly, his low .226 batting average notwithstanding. In August , he was named player-manager of the White Sox and held the position through the season, posting a record of 174–160 (.521). HIs two full seasons were the only winning seasons enjoyed by the White Sox from 1921 to 1936. On June 3, 1925, he collected his 3,000th hit of his career to become the sixth player in major league history to join the 3,000 hit club, doing so for the White Sox off pitcher Rip Collins of the Detroit Tigers at Navin Field on a single. Incidentally, this was also the first game in which there were two members of the 3,000 hit club playing in the same game, as Ty Cobb played center field. Return to the Athletics Collins returned to Philadelphia to rejoin the Athletics in as a player-coach. For all intents and purposes, however, his playing career was over; he recorded only 143 games in his last four years, mostly as a pinch hitter. The A's won the World Series in 1929 and 1930, but Collins didn't play in either Series. His last appearance as a player was on August 2, 1930. Collins finished his career with 1,300 runs batted in. To date, Collins is the only MLB player to play for two teams for at least 12 seasons each. Upon his retirement, he ranked second in major league history in career games (2,826), walks (1,499) and stolen bases (744), third in runs scored (1,821), fourth in hits (3,315) and at bats (9,949), sixth in on-base percentage (.424), and eighth in total bases (4,268); he was also fourth in AL history in triples (187). He still holds the major league record of 512 career sacrifice bunts, over 100 more than any other player. He was the first major leaguer in modern history to steal 80 bases in a season, and still shares the major league record of six steals in a game, which he accomplished twice in September 1912. He regularly batted over .320, retiring with a career average of .333. He also holds major league records for career games (2,650), assists (7,630) and total chances (14,591) at second base, and ranks second in putouts (6,526). Collins is one of only 29 players in baseball history to have appeared in major league games in four decades. Front-office career Following the A's 1930 World Series victory, Collins retired as a player and immediately stepped into a full-time position as a coach with the A's. After two seasons as a coach, Collins was hired as vice president and general manager of the Boston Red Sox. The new owner, Tom Yawkey, was a close friend and had bought the Red Sox at Collins' suggestion. He took over a team that had bottomed out from a long decline dating from their sale of Babe Ruth; the 1932 Red Sox finished 43–111, the worst record in franchise history. Collins remained GM through the 1947 season, retiring at age 60 after a period of declining health, thus ending 41 years in baseball. During his 15 years as general manager, Collins helped turn a dreadful team into a contender once again. After two years rebuilding the awful team he'd inherited, Collins managed winning seasons in seven of his final 12 years as general manager. His 1946 team won the Red Sox' first pennant since 1918. In May 2018, shortly after the City of Boston reverted the name of Yawkey Way to its original name of Jersey Street at the Red Sox' request, the Red Sox removed plaques honoring Yawkey and Collins from outside Fenway Park, reportedly due to Collins' refusal to sign black players. Present owner John Henry had made considerable efforts to distance the team from its perceived racist past. Collins' plaque had been in place since 1951. Collins was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939. He struggled with major heart problems for several years at the end of his life. He was admitted to a hospital in Boston on March 10, 1951, and died there due to the heart condition on March 25 at age 63. Managerial record Legacy In 1999, he was ranked number 24 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. He played on a total of six World Series-winning teams (1910, 1911, 1913, 1917, 1929, and 1930), though he did not participate in any of the final two series' games. Under the win shares statistical rating system created by baseball historian and analyst Bill James, Collins was the greatest second baseman of all time. His son, Eddie Jr., was an outfielder who played for Yale University. He briefly saw major league action (in 1939 and 1941–42, all with the A's) and later worked in the Philadelphia Phillies' front office. See also List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders 3,000 hit club List of Major League Baseball stolen base records List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades List of Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball titles leaders References External links Official site biography and SABR bibliography at BaseballLibrary 1887 births 1951 deaths American League stolen base champions Baseball players from New York (state) Boston Red Sox executives Chicago White Sox players Chicago White Sox managers Columbia Lions baseball players Columbia College (New York) alumni Major League Baseball executives Major League Baseball general managers Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball second basemen National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Sailors players People from Millerton, New York Philadelphia Athletics coaches Philadelphia Athletics players Plattsburgh (baseball) players

543169

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jackson%20Palmer

William Jackson Palmer

William Jackson Palmer (September 18, 1836 – March 13, 1909) was an American civil engineer, veteran of the Civil War, industrialist, and philanthropist. During the American Civil War, he was promoted to brevet brigadier general and received a Medal of Honor for his actions. In his early career, Palmer helped develop the expanding railroads of the United States in Pennsylvania; this was interrupted by the American Civil War. He served in colorful fashion as a Union Army cavalry Colonel and was appointed to the brevet grade of Brigadier General. After the war, he contributed financially to educational efforts for the freed former slaves of the South. Heading west in 1867, Palmer helped build the Kansas Pacific Railway. He befriended a young English doctor, Dr. William Abraham Bell, who became his partner in most of his business ventures. Generally Palmer took the role of president with Bell as vice president. The two men are best known as co-founders of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad (Rio Grande). The Rio Grande and its successors eventually operated the largest network of narrow gauge railroad in the United States. They were ultimately absorbed by the 21st century Union Pacific Railroad. Palmer and Bell are notable for helping introduce to the United States the practices of burning coal (rather than wood) for railroad engines and using narrow gauge railways. He helped develop rail-related industries in Colorado, such as a large steel mill near Pueblo. He founded the city of Colorado Springs, in 1871, as well as several other communities. Palmer founded Colorado Springs as a "dry" community, based on his Quaker and temperance beliefs. He funded institutions of higher education and helped found a hospital for tuberculosis, then incurable. Public schools in Colorado Springs were named for both him and his wife, Mary (née Mellen) Palmer, who was known by her nickname of "Queen". A statue of William J. Palmer still stands in downtown Colorado Springs, across from the school named in his honor. Early life William Jackson Palmer was born in 1836 to a Hicksite sect Quaker family on their Kinsdale Farm in 1836, near Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware. His parents were John and Matilda (Jackson) Palmer. When he was five years old, his family moved to Germantown, then an independent city outside Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended the private Friends School, and then public schools: Zane Street School and Boys' Central High School. Pennsylvania railroads In 1851, Palmer went to work at the age of 15 in western Pennsylvania as a clerk for Hempfield Railroad's engineering department. Two years later, at age 17, he worked under chief engineer Charles Ellet, Jr. as a rodman. Palmer became transitman for Hempfield in 1854. Frank H. Jackson, president of Westmoreland Coal Company and Palmer's maternal uncle, encouraged him to go to England to study coal mining and railroads, which he believed were going to be key to United States development. The young Palmer was particularly interested in whether railroad engines could run on anthracite coal rather than wood as fuel. He left in the summer of 1855 for a six-month period, having arranged to write paid articles for Miner's Journal of Pottsville, Pennsylvania to finance the trip abroad. He also borrowed money from his uncle. While in England, Palmer met with noted railroad engineers such as Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Robert Stephenson,—and visited railroads, mills, and coal mines. In 1856, his uncle Jackson hired Palmer to work at Westmoreland Coal Company as the secretary and treasurer. The following year he worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad and became private secretary to President John Edgar Thomson, a successful Quaker businessman. At this time, future industrialist Andrew Carnegie was a peer and secretary to a company vice president. Palmer wrote, Reports of Experiments with Coal Burning Locomotives and learned about running a railroad from Thomson. Palmer began an evaluation of converting steam engines to run on coal, which was more abundant , rather than wood. His findings were key to changing the type of fuel used to fuel the country's locomotives. He began a relationship with Thomas A. Scott at the Pennsylvania Railroad. Scott was later appointed as Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation during the Civil War. Civil War service As the American Civil War began in 1861, although his Quaker upbringing made Palmer abhor violence, his passionate abolitionism compelled him in keeping with the dictates of his conscience to enlist in the Pennsylvania volunteers. Palmer took a commission in the Union Army. He organized the Anderson Troop, an independent company of Pennsylvania cavalry, in the fall of 1861 and was elected its captain. Originally formed to act as a bodyguard for Brig. Gen. Robert Anderson, it instead served as the headquarters cavalry for General Don Carlos Buell, commanding the Army of the Ohio. Impressed with the "elite scouts" that Palmer had assembled, Buell detailed Palmer and 12 of his men to go back to Pennsylvania to recruit more men to form a battalion around the Anderson Troop that would be known as the "1st Anderson Cavalry". In ten days of recruiting, however, Palmer received enough applications for enlistment to form a regiment, which was authorized as the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry. He was appointed the regiment's colonel. Before Palmer was able to organize the regiment at Camp Alabama in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, he and a portion of it were ordered on September 9 to help the Army of the Potomac resist the Confederates invasion of Maryland. For nearly a week Palmer, accompanied by a telegrapher, personally sought information of Lee's movements every night in civilian clothing, and transmitted his findings to General George B. McClellan via telegraph connections. Two days after the Battle of Antietam, Palmer was captured while scouting at the personal direction of McClellan, seeking information on any preparations by Lee's army to cross the Potomac River back into Virginia. He was on the Confederate side of the river, again garbed in civilian clothes and accompanied by a local blacksmith and a parson as his guides, attempting to recross to the Union side after midnight when he was captured by Confederate artillerymen sent to guard the dam he used for the crossing. When questioned, Palmer gave his name as "W.J. Peters," and claimed to be an engineer on an inspection trip. He was interrogated by General William N. Pendleton, who thought he was a spy. He was detained and sent to Richmond, Virginia, with a rambling note from Pendleton that was ignored. Palmer was incarcerated at the notorious Castle Thunder prison on Tobacco Row, Richmond where his true identity was never uncovered. Doubts about his identity were apparently reinforced by publication of a fictitious dispatch in the Philadelphia newspapers that purported that Palmer was in Washington, D.C. after scouting in Virginia. When he was freed after four months of confinement, he found that his guide, the Reverend J.J. Stine, had escaped but been arrested by Union authorities, accused of betraying him to the enemy. Rather than risk Palmer's life by publication of the circumstances in the Northern press, Stine had remained imprisoned in Fort Delaware until Palmer's personal application to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton resulted in his release. Palmer was set free in a prisoner exchange for a prominent Richmond citizen, recuperated two weeks, and rejoined his regiment in February 1863. During his period of imprisonment, the regiment had become mutinous because of a failure to have officers appointed and other enlistment inducements it felt had not been honored. 212 troopers faced court-martial and the possibility of going before a firing squad for refusing to fight in the Battle of Stone's River. Palmer reorganized the regiment, personally appointed officers in whose abilities he had great trust, and had the charges against the confined soldiers dropped on the condition that they behaved going forward. The severely demoralized group of men rallied and distinguished themselves during the 1863 Tullahoma Campaign, the Battle of Chickamauga, the capture of Brig. Gen. Robert B. Vance's raiding cavalry and re-capture of 28 wagons of a foraging train in January 1864, and the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. At Chickamauga, Palmer's regiment was detailed as headquarters guard for the Army of the Cumberland with many troopers doled out to the various corps as couriers and scouts. When Longstreet unexpectedly attacked the union right near Rosecrans' headquarters, Palmer gathered all the men of his regiment available and prepared to counterattack with a saber charge. The Union right flank dissolved, however, and after attempting to rally the panicked infantry, his regiment crossed the battlefield in good order under Confederate artillery fire to protect the Union artillery. During the army's retreat to Chattanooga, the 15th Pennsylvania provided escort for the army's supply train. Not easily impressed, Major General George H. Thomas (the "Rock of Chickamauga") recommended that Palmer receive a brigadier's star for his success at turning a highly demoralized group of men to an effective group of soldiers. Palmer was vigorous in pursuing Confederate General John Bell Hood after the Battle of Nashville in 1864. On March 9, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Palmer for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general of volunteers at the age of 28, with the U.S. Senate confirming the appointment on March 10, 1865. On March 16 he was promoted to command of the 1st Brigade of the Cavalry Division, District of East Tennessee, consisting of the 15th Pennsylvania, the 10th Michigan, and the 12th Ohio Cavalry Regiments. A month later he assumed command of the division after General Alvan C. Gillem was promoted to command of the District of East Tennessee. Palmer was in the vanguard of Union General George Stoneman’s raid into Virginia and North Carolina in the last two months of the Civil War. At Martinsville, Virginia on April 8, 1865 Palmer's cavalry defeated a Confederate force of Cavalry commanded by Colonel James Wheeler, the cousin of Confederate Cavalry commander Fighting Joe Wheeler. If Palmer had pushed on to Danville, only 20 miles to the north, he might very well have captured Jefferson Davis, who up till then had not left the capital of the Confederacy. Davis subsequently left the next day, upon receiving word of Lee's surrender. This was a little-known campaign immortalized in The Band's epic, "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". Palmer commanded the cavalry pursuit of Jefferson Davis following the surrender by General Joseph E. Johnston. Davis was followed through North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia and driven into the hands of General James H. Wilson. During the pursuit, Palmer's former command overtook and captured wagons carrying millions of dollars of specie, bonds, securities, notes, and other Confederate assets, near Covington, Georgia, that had been kept in the Bank of Macon (Georgia). Palmer was mustered out of the Union Army on June 21, 1865. General George Henry Thomas wrote of Palmer: On February 24, 1894, Palmer was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions as colonel leading the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry at Red Hill, Alabama, January 14, 1865 where "with less than 200 men, [he] attacked and defeated a superior force of the enemy, captured their fieldpiece and about 100 prisoners without losing a man." Six former officers of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry had nominated him the previous October to receive the honor, but for the scouting efforts in mufti during the Antietam Campaign that resulted in his capture. The War Department rejected that nomination on the basis that the acts, while valorous, had not been performed of a field of battle. They then submitted a new nomination for the action at Red Hill, which was approved. Western railroads Kansas Pacific Railway After the War, Palmer resumed the railroad career he had started previous to the conflict. In 1867, a very optimistic, eager 30-year-old Palmer, and his 21-year-old chief assistant Edward Hibberd Johnson, headed west from their hometown of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Palmer worked the Kansas Pacific Railway first as secretary and treasurer and then as managing director responsible for extending service through south central Colorado. With Kansas Pacific chief engineer Colonel William Henry Greenwood, Palmer organized a surveying expedition that recommended in 1868 that the route to the coast be diverted at Ellsworth, Kansas to Pueblo, Colorado and through the Royal Gorge to the San Luis Valley where it would turn south to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The route was rejected by the Kansas Pacific's board of directors in favor of a line through Denver, which was completed in 1870. Denver and Rio Grande Railway While in the Colorado Territory, Palmer went to Colorado City (now Old Colorado City) to consider a north-south route from Denver for his own railway. Palmer had a vision to build a railroad south from Denver through New Mexico and El Paso to Mexico City. Palmer founded—with Greenwood, Colonel D.C. Dodge, former Colorado territorial Governor Alexander Cameron Hunt, Charles B. Lambord and others—and was elected president of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1870. The first section of the railway included the first narrow gauge railroad tracks in the West. The line ran south of Denver and across the Palmer Divide, which separates the Platte River and Arkansas River watersheds, and to Colorado Springs by 1871. The line went to Pueblo in 1872, and further south to coal fields beyond Trinidad in April 1876. The railroad had service along the Arkansas River canyon to other coal mining locations, to the metal mining town of Leadville, and the iron mines in Saguache County, Colorado. Palmer stepped down as president in 1883 to focus greater attention on developing the Mexican line. Rio Grande Western Railway Palmer was president of the Rio Grande Western Railway from 1881 or 1883 to 1901. He built lines from the terminus of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railway in Grand Junction to the Utah cities of Ogden and Salt Lake City. This provided direct service from Denver to Utah via narrow-gauge railway. Mexican National Railway In the spring of 1880, Palmer was made president of the Mexican National Railway (now National Railroad of Mexico). He hired Greenwood again as chief engineer in May, only to have Greenwood robbed and murdered on a survey near Mexico City on August 29. Most of the line was completed by 1883 when the railroad reached Mexico City. Colorado Springs and Manitou Springs Palmer came to the Colorado Territory as a surveyor with the Kansas Pacific Railway in search of possible railroad routes. Dr. William Abraham Bell from England was also part of the survey party. On July 31, 1871, Palmer and Bell founded Fountain Colony (later Colorado Springs), downstream of Colorado City, and it was laid out by the Colorado Springs Company that year. It was named for springs found along Monument Creek as early as 1871. Four chalybeate mineral springs were later discovered along Monument Creek in October 1880. He also founded the town of Manitou (later Manitou Springs) as a resort town at the base of Pikes Peak. Palmer spent about $1,000,000 () on the construction of roads and development of parks in Manitou Springs, Old Colorado City, Colorado Springs, and Manitou Park. In Colorado Springs, Palmer provided funding for Colorado College and within two years, Colorado Springs the town had 1,500 residents, schools, churches, banks, and a newspaper. Palmer donated land to establish the first city park, Acacia, and additional parks: Antlers Park, Monument Valley Park, North Cheyenne Cañon Park, Palmer Park, Pioneer Square Park (South Park), Prospect Lake and Bear Creek Cañon Park. He donated a total of 1,270 acres of land, some of which was also used for scenic drives, tree-lined roadways and foot and bridle paths. Palmer also provided the land and funding for the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, a tuberculosis sanatorium, and multiple libraries. With the land that he gave for parks, churches, libraries, hospitals, and schools, he donated a total of 1,638 acres. Palmer also founded the Colorado Springs Gazette newspaper. In 1883, he built the Antlers Hotel. When it burned down in 1898, he rebuilt the hotel with Italian Renaissance architecture. In 1901 Palmer honored Zebulon Montgomery Pike with a marble statue placed near the main entrance of the hotel. In 1904, Palmer located a mineral spring that had been used by the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad company in 1871, but was covered in sands by flooding along Monument Creek; he next directed engineers to install a concrete vault to maintain the spring water's purity and a hand pump to bring water to the surface. Palmer announced his intention to build a pavilion and to name the spring after Zebulon Pike’s Indian guide, "Rising Moose," who was known by many names including Tahama. Other towns were founded by Palmer along his railroad lines, include Salida, Alamosa, and Durango. Colorado Coal and Iron Company Palmer envisioned "an integrated industrial complex based on steel manufacturing" in which all necessary resources were controlled by one company. In 1880, Palmer constructed Colorado Coal and Iron Company's (CC&I) steel mill south of Pueblo and laid out the town of Bessemer (now incorporated in Pueblo). The Minnequa plant became one of the greatest iron and steel plants in the country. His dream became a reality for his successors when, in 1892, CC&I merged with the Colorado Fuel Company to form Colorado Fuel and Iron. Personal life Over the course of his life, Palmer was a member of the Denver Club, Colorado Springs Country Club, El Paso Country Club, City Midday Club (New York), and the Metropolitan Club (New York). Marriage Palmer met Mary Lincoln (Queen) Mellen in April 1869 while she and her father, William Proctor Mellen, were on a train returning from a trip to see the West. They were married November 7, 1870 in Flushing, New York where the Mellen family lived at the time. They spent their honeymoon in Europe. They had three daughters, Elsie, Dorothy, and Marjory. Palmer built a house that would eventually become Glen Eyrie Castle, Scottish for "Valley of the Eagle's Nest," in 1871 near Colorado Springs, as a home for his wife and family. While they lived there, Queen taught at Colorado Springs' first school. Palmer had apartments in London and New York, a castle near Mexico City, and property throughout Colorado. The Palmers traveled frequently with their children and governesses to New York and London for William's business and lived part-time at Glen Eyrie in Colorado. Queen was of frail health, possibly aggravated by living at high altitude. While pregnant with their middle daughter Dorothy in 1880, Queen suffered a heart attack in Leadville during a vacation. Dorothy was born a few weeks later at Glen Eyrie. Then, their third daughter, Marjorie, was born in England. Two maids and a doctor had accompanied them on the trip. Over the next four years, Queen often lived on the East Coast or England, with visits by Palmer. In 1885, she left Glen Eyrie permanently, due to ongoing health concerns, and needing to live at a lower altitude, she returned to her home in England. In about 1887, Queen began renting Ightham Mote in Kent, where she lived for 3 years. William and Queen vacationed in France and Italy in the spring of 1889. Following other heart attacks which prevented any return to Colorado, Queen died in England on December 27, 1894, at the age of 44. Retirement When Palmer retired from business, he devoted himself to philanthropic endeavors, giving away $4 million (). In the autumn of 1906, Palmer suffered a fall from a horse and was partially paralyzed. Left with a broken spine, Palmer was thereafter confined to a wheelchair. Palmer sustained a C6 incomplete spinal cord injury, which would have paralyzed him from the neck down, making him a quadrapalegic. Unable to travel, Palmer hosted the veterans of his 15th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment troopers for their annual reunion in August 1907 at Glen Eyrie. He provided a special train and paid the travel expenses for 208 of about 260 surviving veterans. Mrs. J.A. Hayes, the wife of a prominent Colorado Springs banker and daughter of Jefferson Davis, was an honored guest at the reunion. William Jackson Palmer died on March 13, 1909 at the age of 72. On the day of his death schools, businesses, and trains stopped and flags flew at half mast in Colorado Springs. The mayor said Palmer was "the soldier, the builder of an empire, the philanthropist, the friend of the people, whose life was a blessing." Gazette journalist Dave Philipps said that he was "an ardent pacifist, humanitarian and champion of preserving wildlands at a time when conservation was almost unheard of." His and Queen's ashes are buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Legacy Palmer made significant donations to the Hampton University in Virginia, a university built after the end of the Civil War for African-Americans, and Palmer Hall was named in his honor. Palmer was the land-grantor of several institutions in Colorado Springs, including the (International Typographical Union's) Union Printer's Home, the Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, several churches in central Colorado Springs, and Cragmor Sanatorium, a tuberculosis sanitarium which later was re-founded in 1965 as the University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS). He provided land and funding for the creation of Colorado College and was one of its founding trustees. Palmer Hall, the main social science building on the Colorado College campus, is named for the General. Queen Palmer Elementary School in Colorado Springs is named in honor of Palmer's wife, Mary (Queen) Mellen Palmer; General William J. Palmer High School in downtown Colorado Springs and Lewis-Palmer High School in nearby Monument are named for the general himself. Palmer Divide, a geographic feature north of Colorado Springs, and the community of Palmer Lake, Colorado, are named after him, as is Palmer Park in Colorado Springs. In 1952 Paramount Pictures released the film Denver and Rio Grande, a fictional dramatization of the building of the railroad during the "Royal Gorge War", using research material provided by the railroad. Palmer is flatteringly portrayed by Dean Jagger. Palmer founded the General Palmer Hotel in 1898, originally the Palace Hotel, in Durango Colorado, where it is still in operation. In 1962, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Medal of Honor citation Colonel William J. Palmer of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry received the Medal of Honor on February 24, 1894 for his service on Red Hill, Alabama on January 14, 1865: "With less than 200 men, attacked and defeated a superior force of the enemy, capturing their fieldpiece and about 100 prisoners without losing a man." The medal is on permanent display at the Colorado Springs Pioneer Museum. See also List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union) Notes References Further reading External links 1836 births 1909 deaths Railroad Wars 19th-century American railroad executives American city founders American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor American Quakers Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Colorado Springs, Colorado) Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War People from Kent County, Delaware Businesspeople from Colorado Springs, Colorado Union Army colonels United States Army Medal of Honor recipients People of the American Old West Military personnel from Colorado

544558

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Allen%20Fraser

John Allen Fraser

John Allen Fraser, (born December 15, 1931) is a Canadian retired parliamentarian and former Speaker of the House of Commons. Fraser was born in Yokohama, Japan, where his father was working as a lumber salesman. His parents returned to British Columbia when Fraser was four years old. He grew up and was educated there and graduated from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in Spring 1954. Fraser first won a seat in Parliament in the 1972 general election as a Progressive Conservative from Vancouver. He stood as a candidate at the 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership convention to replace Robert Stanfield, but did poorly. He was re-elected in 1974, 1979, 1980, 1984 and 1988. In 1979, Fraser became Minister of the Environment in the short-lived government of Joe Clark, returning to the Opposition benches in 1980. He returned to the Cabinet in the wake of Brian Mulroney's landslide victory in the 1984 federal election, and became Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. He was forced to resign in 1985 as a result of the "Tainted Tuna" affair. In 1986, he became Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada, the first to be elected by fellow Members of Parliament, and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1993. Honours In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2002, he was the recipient of the Vimy Award, which recognizes a Canadian who has made a significant and outstanding contribution to the defence and security of our nation and the preservation of our democratic values. References External links Speakers of the House of Commons of Canada Postmasters General of Canada Canadian Queen's Counsel Members of the 21st Canadian Ministry Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Lawyers in British Columbia People from Yokohama Politicians from Vancouver Officers of the Order of Canada Members of the Order of British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs Canadian Anglicans 1931 births Living people Peter A. Allard School of Law alumni Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

544893

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Martin%20%28politician%29

Keith Martin (politician)

Keith Martin, is a Canadian politician and physician. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca in British Columbia, Canada from 1993 to 2011. Originally a member of the Reform Party, and then the Canadian Alliance, he did not join the newly formed Conservative Party of Canada post-merger, and became a member of the Liberal Party from 2004 until 2011. He is currently the executive director of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health in Washington, D.C. Early life and career Martin was born in London, UK and grew up in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He attended Neil McNeil High School. He graduated from the University of Toronto with a Doctorate of Medicine and a Bachelor of Science. He practiced emergency and family practice from 1987 to 2005. He also did two terms as a doctor in a rural region of South Africa during the Mozambique war. Martin is a member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons' Advisory Committee on International Initiatives. Federal politics He was first elected in 1993 as a member of the Reform Party of Canada for the riding of Esquimalt-Juan de Fuca. However, unlike most Reformers, he was socially liberal, and he often clashed with Reform's conservative leaders. He is conservative on economic issues but is socially liberal. From 1996 to 2000 he had his own nationally syndicated television program on current events called Beyond Politics. When the Reform Party was folded into the Canadian Alliance, he sought the party leadership, but finished fourth with 2% of the vote. Despite his ideological differences, he did not join the dissidents who briefly left the party in 2001–02 to protest the leadership of Stockwell Day. In both 2009 and 2010, political commentator Rex Murphy, from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's The National, recognized Martin as the most underrated politician in the House of Commons. Martin led many initiatives in the House of Commons, including legislation to ban landmines (1995, 1996), establish an international mechanism to prevent deadly conflict (Responsibility to Protect) 2007, democratize Parliament, support early learning programs (Head Start) 2000, and modernize Canada's healthcare system. Martin has been on diplomatic missions to areas in crisis, including Sudan, the Middle East, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone and the Sahal. He led initiatives to provide emergency relief in times of crisis, e.g., the 2004 tsunami, famine in Niger, North Pakistan, Dem. Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe etc. He also took an international leadership role in global health, including chairing global pre-G8 parliamentary committees in Japan and Rome. He has had experience between 1986–2007 volunteering on conservation programs in Africa, especially on rhino and other large mammals projects. He has been an ardent campaigner against the trafficking of illegal wildlife products, and has strongly supported the integration of conservation into development initiatives. On April 17, 2002, he caused a controversy as he attempted to remove the ceremonial mace from the table of the Clerk of the House to protest an intervention by the government that violated MP's fundamental democratic rights. He was found to be in contempt and not allowed to retake his seat until he had apologized to the House from the Bar. The reason for his actions was as a result of an amendment that would have removed the entire contents of Martin's Private Members' Bill C-344 which violated the spirit and meaning of Private Members Business. Liberal In January 2004, after the Canadian Alliance merged with the centre-right Progressive Conservative Party to form the Conservative Party of Canada, Martin announced he would not join the new party. He sat as an independent for the remainder of the 37th Parliament, but ran as a Liberal in the 2004 election. He was re-elected, and served as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of National Defence. Martin was subsequently re-elected in the 2006 and 2008 federal elections. He has served in many shadow cabinet positions including foreign affairs, health and international development. He has taken leadership roles in many areas including: global health, domestic health, foreign affairs, conservation and the environment and human rights He was appointed in 2004 by Prime Minister Paul Martin to be a member of the Queen's Privy Council. Martin has organized several relief efforts to ship urgent medical supplies to areas in crisis. He is the founder of several global health and conservation initiatives. He is Founder and Chair of the first all Party International Conservation Caucus. In 2010, he founded the International Conservation Forum, a website that increases awareness and facilitates action on key conservation issues through the use of social media and the publication of the online magazine, The Horn. On November 9, 2010, Martin announced that he would not run in the next election, stating that "Canada's institutions need new blood and new ideas." He has been an outspoken critic of the decline in democracy in parliament and the increasing disempowerment of Members of Parliament. Post-politics career In September 2012, Martin was selected to be the Consortium of Universities for Global Health's (CUGH) founding Executive Director. With over 170 academic institutions and a network of 30,000 scientists around the world, CUGH is the world's largest consortium of academic institutions and other related organizations. It works across research, education, advocacy and service, across disciplines, to improve the health of people and the planet. CUGH is particularly focused on improving health and environmental outcomes in low income communities. November 2014, Martin made presentations on the nexus between environmental sustainability, conservation, and human health at the World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia.. He regularly speaks at conferences on a wide range of global health issues (www.cugh.org) covering health, conservation, the environment and politics. He has co-chaired CUGH's last 7 global health conferences that attract over 1800 scientists and students from over 50 nations. (www.cugh.org). He is a member of the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, a member of the editorial Board of the Annals of Global Health www.annalsofglobalhealth.org, a member of the Board of Directors of the Jane Goodall Institute ( www.janegoodall.org) and an adviser to the International Cancer Expert Corps. He currently lives in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. and Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. References External links Keith Martin's Twitter Consortium of Universities for Global Health Canadian Alliance MPs Physicians from British Columbia English emigrants to Canada Liberal Party of Canada MPs Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Politicians from London Politicians from Victoria, British Columbia Reform Party of Canada MPs 21st-century Canadian politicians 1960 births

548282

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Davis%20%28American%20football%29

Stephen Davis (American football)

Stephen Lamont Davis (born March 1, 1974) is a former American football running back who played 11 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Early years A native of Spartanburg, South Carolina, Davis attended Spartanburg High School, where he excelled in football and track. At the 1991 South Carolina state meet, he set a state record in the 100 metres with 10.40 seconds. His record stood for 17 years, until Marcus Rowland ran a 10.35 at the 2008 state meet. Regarded as the No. 1 recruit in the nation in 1992, Davis was named USA Today Offensive High School Football Player of the Year. College career Davis played three years (1993, 1994, 1995) for Auburn University starting in his sophomore year. He made the All-SEC team his last two seasons and graduated as the team's fourth all-time leading rusher behind Joe Cribbs, James Brooks, and Bo Jackson. He was also a letterman for all three seasons. Davis currently holds the record for rush attempts (1,945), rush yards (8,052) and rushing TDs (65) amongst all Auburn alumni in NFL history. Professional career Washington Redskins Davis was drafted in the fourth round (103rd overall) in the 1996 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. Davis was primarily used as a fullback, and was part of the Redskins' backfield with Terry Allen. He spent three seasons as a backup and fullback before getting the starting nod at the start of the 1999 NFL season. This was Davis' breakout season, when he posted career highs, and ended up representing the NFC in the Pro Bowl. He led the NFC in yards rushing with 1,405, and led the league in yards per carry (4.8). He was also the league's leading non-kicking scorer, posting 108 points on 17 touchdowns and one two-point conversion. He continued to post high numbers the following season en route to his second straight Pro Bowl selection. In 2001, Davis rushed for 1,432, breaking the record he had set in 1999 for most rushing yards in a season by a Redskin. Said Football Outsiders about Davis's 1999 season, "Stephen Davis was just a monster in 1999 with 1407 yards (second in the league) and 17 touchdowns (nobody else scored more than 13). He led the league with a 60% success rate, and nobody else with at least 75 carries was over 55%." Carolina Panthers Davis signed with the Carolina Panthers for the start of the 2003 NFL season, and was a catalyst in leading the team to Super Bowl XXXVIII. Davis rushed for a career-high 1,444 rushing yards and eight touchdowns. He also finished in the top three for the NFL MVP voting that year. Davis led all rushers in the postseason with 315 yards. Unfortunately for Davis, he suffered an injury early the following season, and was one of fourteen Panthers on injured reserve as the Panthers struggled to a 7-9 record. He was also on the injured list early in the 2005 season, but came off the bench after a few games before being forced to sit out the remainder of the season with nagging knee injuries. Davis was released by the Panthers on March 1, 2006. St. Louis Rams On August 24, 2006, Davis worked out with the St. Louis Rams and was offered a one-year contract, which he accepted. Retirement On February 27, 2008 Davis signed a one-day contract with Carolina so he could officially retire as a Panther; he did so the next day on February 28, 2008. Later, in 2012, he came forth with reports about suffering from tinnitus and other concussion related side effects. Davis was the Carolina Panthers' minority coaching intern for the 2010-11 season. NFL career statistics Franchise Records off-season, Davis held at least 8 Panthers records, including: Rush attempts, season (318 in 2003), playoff season (64 in 2003) Rush yards, playoff season (315 in 2003) Yards per carry, playoff career (4.92) Yards per game, career (71.9), season (103.1 in 2003), playoff career (78.8) 100+ yard rushing games, season (8 in 2003; with DeAngelo Williams) References External links 1974 births American football running backs Auburn Tigers football players Carolina Panthers players Living people National Conference Pro Bowl players Sportspeople from Spartanburg, South Carolina Players of American football from South Carolina St. Louis Rams players Washington Redskins players

550278

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20John%20Young

USS John Young

See also USS Young for similarly named ships. USS John Young (DD-973), named for Captain John Young, USN, was a of the United States Navy. The ship was built by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries at Pascagoula, Mississippi. In 1987, John Young deployed off the coast of Iran in support of Operation Earnest Will and participated in Operation Nimble Archer. John Young deployed with Battle Group Echo, which included the aircraft carrier , battleship , cruisers , , destroyers and , frigates , , , and auxiliaries , , , . John Young, following appropriate Congressional notification, became one of eight combat ships that began receiving women as crewmembers in 1994. As part of a reorganization by the Pacific Fleet's surface ships into six core battle groups and eight destroyer squadrons, with the reorganization scheduled to be completed by 1 October 1995, and homeport changes to be completed within the following, year, John Young was reassigned to Destroyer Squadron 23. John Young departed San Diego on 9 February 1996 enroute to the Persian Gulf for a six-month deployment as part of the Middle East Force (MEF). This deployment was remarkable because a main engineering space was completely gutted and refitted following a major fuel oil leak just days before that trapped several crew members in thirty thousand gallons of fuel. The ship was having extensive last-minute pre-deployment repairs, requiring most of the installed firefighting systems to be disabled. Also, the fire-proof escape doors in all the engineering spaces were temporarily removed for repairs. Had the fuel ignited, it would have been catastrophic to not only John Young, but the many ships nearby in port. On 28 April 1998, Navy and Coast Guard inspectors aboard John Young boarded a merchant ship thus marking the 10,000th such boarding in support of United Nations sanctions against Iraq. As part of a multinational maritime interception force, operating in the Persian Gulf, the team boarded an Indian flagged dhow in the Persian Gulf to make the milestone boarding. The vessel was empty and permitted to proceed. John Young departed San Diego on 18 November 1997 en route to the Persian Gulf for a six-month deployment as part of the Middle East Force (MEF). John Young teamed up with a Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) in late March 2001 for a major drug bust at sea. She was last stationed at San Diego, California. Fate John Young was decommissioned on 30 September 2002, and stricken 6 November 2002, laid up at Bremerton, Washington NISMF. On 13 April 2004, John Young was sunk during exercise RIMPAC 04 by a Mark 48 torpedo fired by the submarine , which broke her in half. In popular culture A video game titled U.S.S. John Young (Battle Stations in North America) was developed by Maitai Entertainment and released in 1990, by Magic Bytes and Innerprise Software, in Europe and North America, respectively. Gallery See also List of United States Navy destroyers References External links navsource.org: USS John Young combatindex.com: USS John Young united-states-navy.com: USS John Young Yahoo! Newsgroup for former John Young Crewmembers Reunion website and info for former John Young Crewmembers Spruance-class destroyers Cold War destroyers of the United States 1976 ships Ships sunk as targets

552137

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20II

David II

David II may refer to: Davit II, Caucasian Albanian Catholicos in 765–769 David II of Scotland, King of Scotland from 1329 to 1371 David II Magistros of Tao-Klarjeti (died 937) David II of Klarjeti (died 993) David II of Lori (fl. 1111–1118) David II of Georgia, the Builder, King in 1089–1125 David II Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl (died in 1326) David II, Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, ruled in 1426–1428 Dawit II of Ethiopia (1501–1540) David II of Kakheti (1678–1722) David II of Imereti (1756–1795)

554669

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Smith%20Candlish

Robert Smith Candlish

Robert Smith Candlish (23 March 1806 – 19 October 1873) was a Scottish minister who was a leading figure in the Disruption of 1843. He served for many years in both St. George's Church and St George's Free Church on Charlotte Square in Edinburgh's New Town. Life He was born at 11 West Richmond Street in Edinburgh, the son of James Candlish (1760-1806), a lecturer in Medicine who died soon after he was born. He was raised by his mother, Jane Smith (1768-1854). She moved to Glasgow soon after her husband's death and survived by running a boarding house at 49 Virginia Street. The building was then a new building. It survives but is now a little dilapidated. In 1820 he began studying Divinity at Glasgow University, where he graduated in 1823. During the years 1823–1826 he went through the prescribed course at the divinity hall, then presided over by Rev Dr Stevenson McGill. On leaving, he accompanied a pupil as private tutor to Eton College, where he stayed two years. In 1829 Candlish entered upon his life's work, having been licensed to preach during the summer vacation of the previous year. After short assistant pastorates at St Andrew's Church, Glasgow, and then the parish church of Bonhill in Dunbartonshire, he became assistant minister to Rev James Martin of St George's, Edinburgh. He attracted the attention of his audience by his intellectual keenness, emotional fervour, spiritual insight and power of dramatic representation of character and life. His theology was that of the Scottish Calvinistic school, and he gathered round him one of the largest congregations in the city. In 1840 he was living at 9 Randolph Crescent in Edinburgh's West End, a huge terraced townhouse. Candlish took an interest in ecclesiastical questions, and he soon became involved in the struggle which was then agitating Church of Scotland. His first Assembly speech, delivered in 1839, placed him among the leaders of the party that afterwards formed the Free Church, and his influence in bringing about the Disruption of 1843 was inferior only to that of Thomas Chalmers. He took his stand on two principles: the right of the people to choose their ministers, and the independence of the church in things spiritual. On his advice Hugh Miller was appointed editor of the Witness and Miller wrote much of the weekly copy. Following the Disruption Candlish was one of the Free Churchmen who spoke in England, explaining the reason why so many had left the Established Church. He was actively engaged at one time or other in nearly all the various schemes of the church, but particularly the education committee, of which he was convener from 1846 to 1863, and in the unsuccessful negotiations for union among the non-established Presbyterian denominations of Scotland, which were carried on during the years 1863-1873. Candlish was the Free Church Moderator at the Assembly of 1867. He was succeeded in 1868 by Rev William Nixon. In 1841 the government nominated Candlish to the newly founded chair of Biblical criticism in the University of Edinburgh. However, owing to the opposition of Lord Aberdeen, the presentation was cancelled. In 1847 Candlish, who had received the degree of D.D. from Princeton, New Jersey, in 1841, was chosen by the Assembly of the Free Church to succeed Chalmers in the chair of divinity in the New College, Edinburgh. After partially fulfilling the duties of the office for one session, he was led to resume the charge of St George's, the clergyman who had been chosen by the congregation as his successor having died before entering on his work. In 1851 he established a Gaelic Church on Cambridge Street. In 1862 he succeeded William Cunningham as principal of New College with the understanding that he should still retain his position as minister of St George's. Death Candlish died at home, 52 Melville Street in Edinburgh in 1873. As the Free Church lost the right to burial in the traditional parish burial grounds, Candlish is buried in the non-denominational Old Calton Burial Ground. He lies in the southern extension, just south-east of the Martyr's Monument. Family He married 6 January 1835, Jessie (died 16 September 1894), daughter of Walter Brock and Janet Crawford, and had issue — James Smith Candlish, D.D., minister at Logie-Almond and Aberdeen, Professor in Free Church College, Glasgow, 1872-97, born 14 December 1835, died 7 March 1897 Jessie, born 14 January 1837, died 29 January 1893 (married 1865, William Anderson of Glentarkie) Jane Smith, born 14 June 1838, died 30 March 1840 Walter, born 10 August 1839, died 20 February 1840 Elizabeth Smith, born 28 December 1840 (married 1863, Archibald Henderson, D.D., United Free Church min. at Crieff) Agnes, born 3 August 1842, died 24 April 1845 Robert Smith, marine engineer, born 21 April 1844, died 20 May 1887 Margaret Charlotte, born 28 January 1846, died 16 April 1899 John Bogle, insurance agent, Australia, born 2 November 1847 Mary Ross, born 9 June 1851, died 30 September 1866. Several of their children died in childhood. Works Candlish made a number of contributions to theological literature. In 1842 he published the first volume of his Contributions towards the Exposition of the Book of Genesis, a work which was completed in three volumes several years later. In 1854 he delivered, in Exeter Hall, London, a lecture on the Theological Essays of the Rev. F. D. Maurice, which he afterwards published, along with a fuller examination of the doctrine of the essays. In this he defended the forensic aspect of the gospel. A treatise entitled The Atonement; its Reality, Completeness and Extent (1861) was based upon a smaller work which first appeared in 1845. In 1864 he delivered the first series of Cunningham lectures, taking for his subject The Fatherhood of God. Published immediately afterwards, the lectures excited considerable discussion on account of the peculiar views they represented. Further illustrations of these views were given in two works published about the same time as the lectures, one a treatise On the Sonship and Brotherhood of Believers, and the other an exposition of the first epistle of St John. Eleven single Sermons (Edinburgh, 1834, et seq.) Contributions towards the Exposition of the Book of Genesis, 3 vols. (Edinburgh, 1842-52) The Word of God the Instrument of the Propagation of the Gospel (1843) Scripture Characters and Miscellanies (Edinburgh, 1850) Reason and Revelation (Edinburgh, 1854) Man's Right to the Sabbath (Edinburgh, 1856) Life in a Risen Saviour (Edinburgh, 1858) The Atonement (Edinburgh, 1860) Two Great Commandments (Edinburgh, 1860) The Fatherhood of God (Edinburgh, 1865) Sermons, memoir (Edinburgh, 1874) Discourses on the Ephesians (Edinburgh, 1875) numerous pamphlets, etc. References Citations Sources External links Robert Smith Candlish This site includes a biography of Candlish, several literature works by Candlish and some letters written by Candlish. It is one of several sites in the related Scottish Preachers' Hall of Fame. various photographs from the National Portrait Gallery 1806 births 1873 deaths Clergy from Edinburgh Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians Scottish clergy Burials at Old Calton Burial Ground 19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians Alumni of the University of Glasgow Academics of the University of Edinburgh

555926

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Martin%20%28Canadian%20politician%29

Joseph Martin (Canadian politician)

Joseph Martin (September 24, 1852 – March 2, 1923) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba, British Columbia and the United Kingdom often referred to as "Fighting Joe". Early life Born in Milton, Canada West, the son of Edward Martin, a former Reeve, and Mary Ann Fleming, Martin was educated at the Milton public school, the Toronto Normal School and University of Toronto. He was a telegraph operator and afterwards obtained a First-class Teacher's certificate, and was appointed principal of the public school in New Edinburgh, Ontario. He studied law in Ottawa and moved to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba in 1882. He was called to the Bar of Manitoba in 1882. Political career Manitoba He was first elected as the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the Portage la Prairie riding in 1883 and served as Attorney-General in the government of Thomas Greenway. In 1890, he initiated legislation to end French language instruction and support for Catholic separate schools, prompting the Manitoba Schools Question crisis. Canada Martin ran unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate in the 1891 election to become the Member of Parliament for Selkirk. When Sir Hugh Macdonald resigned his Winnipeg seat, Martin ran in the 1893 by-election and won by acclamation. He lost the seat to Macdonald when they both ran for re-election in Selkirk in the 1896 election. He later ran in the 1908 election as an Independent in the Vancouver City riding but was not elected. British Columbia After his defeat in Manitoba, Martin left for British Columbia to settle in Vancouver. He arrived at a time of booming prosperity. He took up the practice of law and made a fortune developing the Hastings Manor subdivision in Vancouver. Martin was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1898 election in the multi-member Vancouver City riding. The election did not yield a majority for any one party. With increased representation for mainland ridings and a shift in popular support from the Turner government, a government of special interests, railway industrialists, coal barons, lumber and fishing capitalists, Turner's support fell to 17 of 38 seats. Lieutenant-Governor Thomas R. McInnes dismissed Turner on August 8, 1898 without allowing him the constitutional right to meet the legislature. Instead he turned to former premier Robert Beaven, even though he had not been elected in his constituency, to form a government. He was unable to do so, and McInnes then turned to Charles Semlin to form a government. Semlin took office as premier and chose Martin as his Attorney-General. During the two year Semlin government, Martin produced controversy by introducing measures such as an eight-hour work day (opposed by mine owners) and an Alien Exclusion Act to prevent Chinese from owning mining claims. The federal government, at the instance of American interests, took steps to disallow the legislation. During a controversial public meeting about the issue, Martin breached cabinet solidarity and criticized his own government resulting in a request from Premier Semlin for Martin's resignation. Semlin reconstituted his ministries and met the legislature facing strong opposition from Martin, often requiring the Speaker of the house to break ties by using his casting vote. On February 27, 1900 McInnes dismissed Semlin and, the following day, asked Martin to form a government. The result was a vote of non-confidence by the house which carried by a majority of 28 to 1. Nevertheless, Martin formed a cabinet and governed for three months before going to the polls in the 1900 election. Although hard fought, Martin had only 13 supporters elected. The Semlin faction had even fewer at 6 and Semlin was defeated personally. Following the election, Prime Minister Laurier dismissed McInnes and appointed Sir Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière lieutenant-governor. The legislature was able to agree to support James Dunsmuir to lead a government. Martin served in the opposition (He became the first leader of the Liberal party of British Columbia) until he was defeated in the 1903 election, the first in British Columbia organized on party lines. In 1907, he founded the Vancouver Guardian newspaper. After his return from England, he ran in the 1920 election in Vancouver as an Independent under the banner of the Asiatic Exclusion League. He was defeated and lost his deposit. Martin, who died of complications from diabetes in March 1923, was the first person in Vancouver to be treated with insulin. United Kingdom He moved to the United Kingdom where he won a seat in the British House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for St Pancras East. He served from 1910 until 1918. In December 1911, Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, had announced to the House of Commons that the British fleet was ready for war. Martin fiercely attacked the Admiralty over the grounding of the warship Niobe "only to be completely and unceremoniously silenced by a biting answer from the First Lord." The St Pancras East Liberal Association and Martin had a difficult relationship. By 1914 the association did not want Martin to continue as their MP and in May selected Richard Leopold Reiss to be their candidate for the general election expected to be called late 1914/early 1915. Martin said he would resign his seat and contest the resulting by-election as an Independent Lib-Lab candidate. Confronted with the prospect of losing the by-election to the Unionist, due to a split Liberal vote, the Liberal association told Martin in June that they would not contest the by-election. In July Martin announced that he would instead resign his seat and return to his native Canada, allowing Reiss to run against a Unionist in the by-election. Martin changed his mind again and decided not to resign his seat. In August war was declared, the general election was deferred, Reiss resigned as candidate to enlisted and Martin continued as MP. Relations between Martin and his local Liberal association continued to be uncertain. Finally he crossed the floor to join the Labour Party. In early 1918 he was selected to run as Labour candidate in neighbouring Islington South. However, by close of nominations, there was no Labour candidate nominated. Martin was also a candidate for mayor of Vancouver in 1914 and founded another newspaper there in 1916. Sources References External links Canadian Encyclopedia When 'Fisticuffs Ensued' in BC's Legislature, Tom Barrett, The Tyee, May 9, 2013 1852 births 1923 deaths Premiers of British Columbia Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Liberal Party of Canada MPs Leaders of the British Columbia Liberal Party British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba Attorneys General of British Columbia People from the Regional Municipality of Halton UK MPs 1910 UK MPs 1910–1918 Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba University of Toronto alumni

557199

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Adam%20Smith

George Adam Smith

Note in particular that this George Smith is to be distinguished from George Smith (Assyriologist) (1840–1876) who researched in some overlapping areas. George Adam Smith (19 October 1856 – 3 March 1942) was a Scottish theologian. Life He was born in Calcutta, where his father, George Smith, C.I.E., was then Principal of the Doveton College, a boys' school in Madras. His mother was Janet Colquhoun Smith (née Adam). By 1870 the family had returned to Scotland and were living at Scagore House in Seafield, Edinburgh. He was educated at Edinburgh in the Royal High School. He then studied Divinity at the University of Edinburgh and the New College, graduating MA in 1875. After studying for summer semesters as a postgraduate at the University of Tübingen (1876) and the University of Leipzig (1878) and travelling in Egypt and Syria. He was ordained into the Free Church of Scotland in 1882 and served at the Queen's Cross Free Church in Aberdeen. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament subjects in the Free Church College at Glasgow. In 1900 (at its creation) he moved from the Free Church of Scotland to the United Free Church of Scotland. In 1909 he was appointed Principal and Vice Chancellor of the University of Aberdeen, a post he held until his retirement in 1935. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1916, and was knighted in the same year. He served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the United Free Church of Scotland in 1916-17. In 1917 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were John Horne, Cargill Gilston Knott, Ben Peach and John Sutherland Black. He was appointed a Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King George V in 1933, and reappointed by King Edward VIII and King George VI. From 1924 to 1938 he was Patron of the Seven Incorporated Trades of Aberdeen. He died at home, "Sweethillocks" in Balerno south-west of Edinburgh on 3 March 1942. He is buried with his wife and children in the north-east corner of Currie Cemetery in south-west Edinburgh. Family In 1889 he married Alice Lillian Buchanan (1866-1949), daughter of Sir George Buchanan MD FRS. They had seven children: George Buchanan Smith (1890-1915); Robert Dunlop Smith (1892-1917); Lilian May Buchanan Drew (1894-1980); Alick Buchanan-Smith, Baron Balerno (1898-1984); Kathleen Paget Thomson (1900-1941), married George Paget Thomson; Janet Adam Smith (1905-1999); Margaret Buchanan Smith Clarke (1910-2000). Works The Book of Isaiah (The Expositor’s Bible) (Vol.1., 1888) The Book of Isaiah (The Expositor’s Bible) (Vol.2., 1890) The Preaching of the Old Testament to the Age (1893) The Historical Geography of the Holy Land (1894) Four Psalms: XXIII, XXXVI, LII, CXXI, Interpreted for Practical Use (1896) The Book of the Twelve Prophets (The Expositor’s Bible) (2 vols., 1896, 1898) The Life of Henry Drummond (1899). Modern Criticism and Preaching of the Old Testament (1901) Encyclopaedia Biblica (contributor) (1903) The Forgiveness of Sins, and other Sermons (1905) Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 (Vol 1., 1907) Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70 (Vol 2., 1907) The Early Poetry of Israel in its Physical and Social Origins (the Schweich Lectures for 1910) War and peace: Two Sermons in King’s College Chapel, University of Aberdeen (1915) Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land (HGHL; 1915) Syria and the Holy Land (1918) The Book of Deuteronomy, in the Revised Version, with Introduction and Notes (1918) Our Common Conscience: Addresses delivered in America during the Great War (1919) Jeremiah (the Baird Lecture for 1922) The Kirk in Scotland 1560 – 1929 (with John Buchan) (1930) The Legacy of Israel (with others) (1944) The Book of the Twelve Prophets (1906) Bibliography Iain D. Campbell, Fixing the Indemnity: The Life and Work of Sir George Adam Smith (1856-1942) (Carlyle, Paternoster Press, 2004) (Paternoster Theological Monographs - PTM). References External links 1856 births 1942 deaths Scottish Protestant ministers and clergy Scottish Christian theologians Academics of the University of Aberdeen Alumni of the University of Edinburgh People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh Fellows of the British Academy Christian clergy from Kolkata Knights Bachelor Historians of Israel Palestinologists Principals of the University of Aberdeen

558483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Young%20%28Nova%20Scotia%20politician%29

William Young (Nova Scotia politician)

Sir William Young, (8 September 1799 – 8 May 1887) was a Nova Scotia politician and jurist. Born in Falkirk, the son of John Young and Agnes Renny, Young was first elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1836 as a Reformer (or Liberal) and, as a lawyer, defended Reform journalists accused of libel. When responsible government was instituted in 1848, Young hoped to become the first Premier but was passed over in favour of fellow reformer James Boyle Uniacke and Young became Speaker. However, Young succeeded Uniacke in 1854. His government was accused of overlooking Catholics and tensions with Catholics were exacerbated by Joseph Howe's rupture with Nova Scotia's Irish Catholic community over his recruitment of Americans to fight on the British side in the Crimean War. In February 1857, ten Catholic and two Protestant Liberals voted with the Tories to bring down Young's government. Young returned to power in January 1860 when the Tory government was unable to command a majority in the legislature after an election. In July, the colony's Chief Justice died and Young, who had long coveted the job, was appointed to the position by the lieutenant governor. He served as Chief Justice for twenty-one years and was noted for placing cushions on his chair so he would tower above his fellow justices. He died in Halifax in 1887. Legacy Young Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia is named after Sir William Young In 1887 (the same year that the Bandstand was built), the estate of chief justice Sir William Young, donated three statues and six urns from his own garden, to Halifax Public Gardens. Nova Scotian artist William Valentine painted Young's portrait. The Private and Local Acts of Nova-Scotia By Nova Scotia, Sir William Young References Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online 1799 births 1887 deaths Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Premiers of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs Speakers of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) People from Falkirk Alumni of the University of Glasgow Colony of Nova Scotia people Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs Colony of Nova Scotia judges Nova Scotia political party leaders

561357

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bailey

James Bailey

James Bailey may refer to: People Academics James Bailey (classical scholar) (died 1864), English schoolmaster J. O. Bailey (1903–1979), professor of literature Jay Bailey (James E. Bailey, 1944–2001), American biochemical engineer and pioneer of metabolic engineering James R. Bailey, professor at George Washington University Politicians James Bailey (American politician) (1801–1880), mayor of Houston, Texas James E. Bailey (1822–1885), US Senator from Tennessee James Bailey (British politician) (1840–1910), British Conservative Party politician, MP 1895–1906 Sports James Bailey (basketball) (born 1957), American basketball player James Bailey (darts player) (born 1969), Australian darts player James Bailey (rugby union) (born 1983), English rugby player James Bailey (footballer) (born 1988), English footballer James Bailey (field hockey) (born 1991), English field hockey player Others James Montgomery Bailey (1841–1894), American journalist James Anthony Bailey (1847–1906), co-founder of Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus James E. Bailey (Medal of Honor) (fl. 1872–1875), recipient during the Indian Wars James R. A. Bailey (1919–2000), founder and editor of Drum magazine James Bailey (businessman) (fl. 2020), British businessman, CEO of Waitrose James Thomas Bailey, founder of ComedySportz Los Angeles James Bailey, veterinary anesthesiologist, on the Animal Planet show Emergency Vets Fictional James Bailey (Coronation Street), a fictional character from British soap opera Coronation Street See also Jim Bailey (disambiguation) Jimmy James Bailey (born 1954), Honduran footballer James Bayley (disambiguation) James Baillie (disambiguation) James Bailie (1890–1967), Northern Irish unionist politician James Baily (born 1975), British tennis player

561570

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Marshall%20Law%20School

John Marshall Law School

John Marshall Law School may refer to: UIC John Marshall Law School in Chicago, Illinois, now known as University of Illinois Chicago School of Law Atlanta's John Marshall Law School in Atlanta, Georgia Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in Cleveland, Ohio John Marshall Law School in Newark, New Jersey, now known as Seton Hall University School of Law

563030

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Mathis

Johnny Mathis

John Royce Mathis (born September 30, 1935) is an American singer-songwriter of popular music. Starting his career with singles of standard music, he became highly popular as an album artist, with several dozen of his albums achieving gold or platinum status and 73 making the Billboard charts to date. Mathis has received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for three separate recordings. Although frequently described as a romantic singer, his discography includes traditional pop, Brazilian and Spanish music, soul, rhythm and blues, show tunes, Tin Pan Alley, soft rock, blues, country music, and even a few disco songs for his album Mathis Magic in 1979. Mathis has also recorded six albums of Christmas music. In a 1968 interview, Mathis cited Lena Horne, Nat King Cole, and Bing Crosby among his musical influences. Early life and education Mathis was born in Gilmer, Texas, on September 30, 1935, the fourth of seven children of Clem Mathis and Mildred Boyd, both domestic cooks. The family moved to San Francisco, California, settling on 32nd Avenue in the Richmond District, where Mathis grew up. His father, a singer and pianist, had worked in vaudeville, and when he saw his son's talent, he bought an old upright piano for $25 (US$ in dollars) and encouraged him. Mathis began learning songs and routines from his father; his parents also ran his fan club. His first song was "My Blue Heaven". Mathis started singing and dancing for visitors at home, at school, and at church functions. Mathis is of African-American and Native American heritage. When Mathis was 13, voice teacher Connie Cox accepted him as her student in exchange for work around her house. Mathis studied with Cox for six years, learning vocal scales and exercises, voice production, classical and operatic singing. The first band he sang with was formed by his high school friend Merl Saunders. Mathis eulogized Saunders at his funeral in 2008, thanking him for giving Mathis his first chance as a singer. Mathis was a star athlete at George Washington High School in San Francisco. He was a high jumper and hurdler, and he played on the basketball team. In 1954, he enrolled at San Francisco State College on an athletic scholarship, intending to become an English teacher and a physical education teacher. While there, Mathis set a high-jump record of 6'-5 1/2" [1.97 m]. This is still one of the college's top jump heights and was only 7 cm [three inches] short of the 1952 Olympic record of 2.04 m at the time. Just as when he was in high school, Mathis's name was frequently mentioned in the sports sections of the Northern California newspapers. He and future NBA star Bill Russell were featured in a 1954 sports section article of the San Francisco Chronicle demonstrating their high-jumping skills (Russell #1 & Mathis #2 in the City of San Francisco at that time). During one meet at the University of Nevada, Mathis beat Russell's highest jump attempt that day. Mathis was often referred to as "the best all-around athlete to come out of the San Francisco Bay Area." Career Debut While singing at a Sunday afternoon jam session with a friend's jazz sextet at the Black Hawk Club in San Francisco, Mathis attracted the attention of the club's co-founder, Helen Noga. She became his music manager, and in September 1955, after Noga had found Mathis a job singing weekends at Ann Dee's 440 Club, she learned that George Avakian, head of Popular Music A&R at Columbia Records, was on vacation near San Francisco. After repeated calls, Noga finally persuaded Avakian to come hear Mathis at the 440 Club. After hearing Mathis sing, Avakian sent his record company a telegram stating: "Have found phenomenal 19-year-old boy who could go all the way. Send blank contracts." At San Francisco State, Mathis had become noteworthy as a high jumper, and in 1956 he was asked to try out for the U.S. Olympic Team that would travel to Melbourne, that November. Mathis had to decide whether to go to the Olympic trials or to keep his appointment in New York City to make his first recordings. On his father's advice, Mathis opted to embark on a professional singing career. His LP record album was released in late 1956 instead of waiting until the first quarter of 1957. Mathis's first record album, Johnny Mathis: A New Sound In Popular Song, was a slow-selling jazz album, but Mathis stayed in New York City to sing in nightclubs. His second album was produced by Columbia Records vice-president and record producer Mitch Miller, who helped to define the Mathis sound. Miller preferred that Mathis sing soft, romantic ballads, pairing him with conductor and music arranger Ray Conniff, and later, Ray Ellis, Glenn Osser, and Robert Mersey. In late 1956, Mathis recorded two of his most popular songs: "Wonderful! Wonderful!" and "It's Not for Me to Say". Also that year, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer signed him up to sing the latter song in the movie Lizzie (1957). Showbiz millionaire Mathis' appearance on the popular TV program The Ed Sullivan Show in June 1957 helped increase his popularity. Later in 1957, he released "Chances Are", which became his second single to sell a million. In November 1957, Mathis released "Wild Is the Wind", which featured in the film of the same name and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. He performed the song at the ceremony in March 1958. The week before his appearance at the Academy Awards, Johnny's Greatest Hits was released. The album spent an unprecedented 490 consecutive weeks through 1967 (nearly nine and one-half years) on the Billboard top 200 album charts, including three weeks at number one. It held the record for the most weeks on the top Billboard 200 albums in the US for 15 years, until Pink Floyd's The Dark Side of the Moon (March 1973) reached 491 weeks in October 1983. Later in 1958, Mathis made his second film appearance for 20th Century Fox, singing the song "A Certain Smile" in the film of that title. The song was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. By the end of the year, he was set to earn $1 million a year. Critics called him "the velvet voice". During the summer of 1958, Mathis left San Francisco with the Nogas, who sold their interest in the Black Hawk club that year, and moved to Beverly Hills, California, where the Nogas bought a house. Mathis lived with the family. Mathis appeared on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom on January 1, 1959. Mathis had two of his biggest hits in 1962 and 1963, with "Gina" (number 6) and "What Will Mary Say" (number 9). In 1962, Ebony magazine listed Mathis as one of 30-35 millionaires on their list of "America's 100 Richest Negroes". Split from Noga In October 1964, Mathis sued Noga to void their management arrangement, which Noga fought with a counterclaim in December 1964. Mathis purchased a mansion in Hollywood Hills that was originally built by the billionaire Howard Hughes in 1946, where he still maintains a residence. After splitting from Noga, Mathis established Jon Mat Records, incorporated in California on May 11, 1967, to produce his recordings (previously, he founded Global Records to produce his Mercury albums), and Rojon Productions, incorporated in California on September 30, 1964, to handle all of his concert, theater, showroom, and television appearances, and all promotional and charitable activities. His new manager and business partner was Ray Haughn, who, until his death in September 1984, helped guide Mathis's career. Since that time, Mathis has taken sole responsibility for it. While Mathis continued to make music, the ascent of the Beatles and early 1970s album rock kept his adult contemporary recordings out of the pop singles charts, until he experienced a career renaissance in the late 1970s. Johnny Mathis had a 1976 Christmas number one single in the UK with the song "When a Child Is Born". In 1978, Mathis recorded "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late" with singer Deniece Williams. The lyrics and music were arranged by Nat Kipner and John McIntyre Vallins. Released as a single in 1978, it reached number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 pop chart, number nine on the Canadian Singles Chart and number three on the UK Singles Chart. It also topped the US R&B and adult contemporary charts. "Too Much, Too Little, Too Late" was certified gold and silver in the US and in the UK by the RIAA and the British Phonographic Industry respectively. It was his first number one hit since his 1957 chart-topping "Chances Are". The duo released a follow-up duet, their version of "You're All I Need to Get By," peaking at number 47 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 1982, they were credited for performing "Without Us" which became the theme song for the American sitcom television series, Family Ties, from its second season onwards. The success of the duets with Williams prompted Mathis to record duets with a variety of partners, including Dionne Warwick, Natalie Cole, Gladys Knight, Jane Olivor, Stephanie Lawrence, and Nana Mouskouri. A compilation album also called Too Much, Too Little, Too Late, released by Sony Music in 1995 featured the title track among other songs by Mathis and Williams. News and recent years During 1980–1981, Mathis recorded an album with Chic's Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers, I Love My Lady, which remained unreleased in its entirety until its 2017 appearance in the 68 disc collection The Voice of Romance: The Columbia Original Album Collection. Three tracks had appeared on a Chic box set in 2010 and a fourth, the title track, on Mathis' Ultimate Collection in 2011 and the Chic Organization's Up All Night in 2013. Mathis returned to the British Top 30 album chart in 2007 with the Sony BMG release The Very Best of Johnny Mathis in 2008 with the CD "A Night to Remember" and again in 2011 with "The Ultimate Collection" Mathis continues to perform live, but from 2000 forward, he limited his concert performances to about fifty to sixty per year. He is one of the last pop singers who travels with his own full orchestra (as opposed to a band). Mathis, Bob Dylan, Barbra Streisand, Tony Bennett, Billy Joel, and Bruce Springsteen carry the distinction of having the longest tenure of any recording artists on the Columbia label. With the exception of a four-year break to record for Mercury Records in the mid-1960s, he has been with Columbia Records throughout his career, from 1956 to 1963 and from 1968 to the present. (Dylan spent a couple of years at Asylum Records then re-signed with Columbia; Bennett recorded for Verve and his own Improv label from 1972 to 1986 when he returned to Columbia; Joel has been with the label since his 1973 album "Piano Man;" Streisand and Springsteen have never left.) He has had five of his albums on the Billboard charts simultaneously, an achievement equaled by only two other singers: Frank Sinatra and Barry Manilow. He has released 200 singles and had 71 songs charted around the world. Pieces of music from numerous Mathis albums continue to be used in motion pictures and television. For example, "Chances Are" was played during an extraterrestrial visit in the film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). "Wonderful! Wonderful!" was used in The X-Files episode "Home", albeit performed by a sound-alike singer. Mathis's "Wonderful! Wonderful!" was also used in the conclusion to the long-running TV series Desperate Housewives as "Karen McClusky" died. Various Mathis songs have been played more recently in the TV series Mad Men, which also features a recurring minor character named "John Mathis," and in the TV series Call the Midwife. He has taped twelve of his own television specials and made over 300 television guest appearances, with 33 of them being on The Tonight Show. Longtime Tonight Show host Johnny Carson said, "Johnny Mathis is the best ballad singer in the world." He appeared on the show with Carson's successor, Jay Leno, on March 29, 2007, to sing "The Shadow of Your Smile" with the saxophonist Dave Koz. Through the years, his songs (or parts of them) have been heard in 100 plus television shows and films around the globe. His appearance on the Live by Request broadcast in May 1998 on the A&E Network had the largest television viewing audience of the series. Also in 1989, Johnny sang the theme for the ABC daytime soap opera Loving. Mathis served as narrator for '51 Dons, a 2014 documentary film about the integrated and undefeated 1951 San Francisco Dons football team. The team was denied a chance to play in a bowl game because it refused to agree to not play its two African-American players, Ollie Matson and Burl Toler, who were childhood friends of Mathis. On January 14, 2016, Mathis performed to a sold-out audience in The Villages as part of his "60th Anniversary Concert Tour." Mathis appeared in the Season 14 finale of Criminal Minds, "Truth or Dare", in which he played himself as an old friend of David Rossi and served as best man at Rossi's wedding. Personal life Despite missing the Olympic high-jump trials, he retains enthusiasm for sports. He is an avid golfer, with nine holes in one to his credit. He has hosted several Johnny Mathis Golf Tournaments in the United Kingdom and the US. Since 1985, he has been hosting a charity golf tournament in Belfast sponsored by Shell corporation, and the annual Johnny Mathis Invitational Track & Field Meet has continued at San Francisco State University since it started in 1982. He also enjoys cooking and in 1982, he published a cookbook called Cooking for You Alone. Mathis has undergone rehabilitation for both alcohol and prescription drug addictions, and he has supported many organizations through the years, including the American Cancer Society, the March of Dimes, the YWCA and YMCA, the Muscular Dystrophy Association and the NAACP. He is a convert to Catholicism. Mathis was quoted in a 1982 Us Magazine article, stating: "Homosexuality is a way of life that I've grown accustomed to." Mathis later said that that comment was supposed to have been off the record and did not publicly discuss his sexual orientation for many years after that. In 2006, Mathis said that his silence had been because of death threats he received as a result of that 1982 article. On April 13, 2006, Mathis granted a podcast interview with The Strip in which he talked about the subject once again, and how some of his reluctance to speak on the subject was partially generational. During an interview with CBS News Sunday Morning on May 14, 2017, Mathis discussed the Us Magazine article and confirmed he is gay. "I come from San Francisco. It's not unusual to be gay in San Francisco. I've had some girlfriends, some boyfriends, just like most people. But I never got married, for instance. I knew that I was gay." Mathis spoke to many news sources, including CBS, about his sexuality and his story about coming out. In November 2015, Mathis returned home from a concert in Ohio to find his Hollywood house destroyed by a fire. He had owned it for 56 years. Honors and awards Grammys In 2003, the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences awarded Mathis the Lifetime Achievement Award. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artist significance to the field of recording. Grammy Hall of Fame Mathis has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for three separate recordings – in 1998 for "Chances Are", in 2002 for "Misty", and in 2008 for "It's Not for Me to Say". Great American Songbook Hall of Fame On June 21, 2014, Mathis was inducted into the Great American Songbook Hall Of Fame along with Linda Ronstadt, Shirley Jones, and Nat King Cole (whose daughter Natalie Cole accepted the award on his behalf). The awards were presented by the Center for the Performing Arts artistic director Michael Feinstein. Defined on their website, "Conceived as an enduring testament to the Great American Songbook, the Hall of Fame honors performers and composers responsible for creating America's soundtrack." Other In 1978, his hit duet "The Last Time I Felt Like This" from the film Same Time, Next Year was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Mathis and Jane Olivor sang the song at the Academy Awards ceremony, in his second performance at the Oscars. His first occurred 20 years earlier in 1958, when he sang "Wild Is the Wind" by Dimitri Tiomkin and Ned Washington from the movie of the same name. He was also awarded the Society of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. In 2007, Mathis was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame. In 1988, Johnny appeared as a guest vocalist, accompanied by Henry Mancini, on Late Night with David Letterman to sing Henry's theme to the "Viewer Mail" segment. In 2011, Mathis received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member General Colin Powell. In 2017 San Francisco State University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree. Mathis attended San Francisco State for three semesters before withdrawing in 1956 to pursue his music career. Discography Bibliography References External links Music Brainz – Johnny Mathis Johnny Mathis at Sony website [ Mathis, Johnny-AMG discography] — Allmusic Johnny Mathis Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement 1935 births Living people 20th-century American singers 20th-century LGBT people 21st-century American singers 21st-century LGBT people African-American basketball players African-American Catholics African-American golfers African-American male singers African-American male track and field athletes American cookbook writers American crooners American gay musicians American male golfers American male pop singers American male singers American men's basketball players American people of Native American descent Ballad musicians Basketball players from San Francisco Basketball players from Texas Columbia Records artists Converts to Roman Catholicism Fontana Records artists Gay sportsmen Golfers from San Francisco Golfers from Texas Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners LGBT African Americans LGBT basketball players LGBT golfers LGBT people from California LGBT people from Texas LGBT Roman Catholics LGBT singers from the United States LGBT songwriters LGBT sportspeople from the United States Mercury Records artists Musicians from San Francisco People from Gilmer, Texas People from Longview, Texas San Francisco State Gators men's basketball players San Francisco State University alumni Singers from San Francisco Singers from Texas Track and field athletes from San Francisco Track and field athletes from Texas Traditional pop music singers

568848

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson%20%28Australian%20politician%29

Michael Johnson (Australian politician)

Michael Andrew Johnson (born 31 January 1970), an Australian federal politician, was a member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Ryan, Queensland, from 2001 to 2010, representing the Liberal Party from November 2001 to May 2010 and then as an independent from May 2010 until he was defeated at the 2010 federal election in August 2010. Early years and education He was born in Hong Kong, and was educated at St. Peters Lutheran College and later at the University of Queensland, the University of Cambridge, where he obtained an MPhil, and the University of Birmingham, where he obtained a master's degree in international studies. He was the Australian Chevening Scholar in 1994, the Charles Hawker Memorial Scholar in 1996 and was a 2004 graduate of the Kennedy School of Government’s Executive Leaders’ Program at Harvard. He lives in Brisbane's western suburbs with his wife, Huyen, and their son Ryan. Huyen went on and became a teacher. After leaving his political life he started to run a privately owned business networking company (East Coast Forum) with Huyen and Ryan that both help out. Michael is also the current chairman of (Orbitz Elevators). Johnson was a barrister and a university tutor and lecturer before entering politics. He was named in 2007 as a Young Global Leader (YGL) by the Geneva-based World Economic Forum (WEF). He is Chairman of the Australia-China Business Forum, and is a Member of the Asia Society's International Advisory Board and sits on the Australian Advisory Board. Political career Johnson first sought to gain Liberal endorsement for Ryan, following the retirement of long-serving member, John Moore. Factional rivalries between Johnson and other candidates for preselection led to rampant branch stacking. Johnson had been expected to win preselection, having arranged many of the new members in local branches. He was accused by opponents in the party of signing up ethnic Chinese with only limited connections to the Liberal Party, many from outside the Ryan electorate, and in at least one case, outside Australia. Unfortunately for Johnson, it was revealed he had failed to properly renounce his British citizenship and was ruled ineligible to contest preselection. Former state Liberal President Bob Tucker won preselection for the by-election, losing that contest to Labor's Leonie Short. However, by the time of the 2001 Federal election, Johnson had sorted out his citizenship and won Liberal preselection. He then easily took the seat back from Short on an eight-point swing. There have also been public allegations regarding internal party funds, what he describes as his "unorthodox" fundraising of asking businesses for fees for introductions he facilitates in his capacity as an MP, and the alleged improper use of a publicly funded vehicle. Johnson previously held the position of Opposition Whip in the Federal Liberal Party. He resigned from the post when allegations that he had misused his taxpayer funded vehicle were investigated. Expulsion from the LNP In 2010, controversy emerged regarding business dealings involving Johnson and the Australia-China Business Forum, of which he was the Chair. On 20 May 2010, he was expelled from the Liberal National Party, the Queensland branch of the Liberal and National parties. Johnson vowed to contest Ryan as an Independent at the 2010 federal election. In June 2010, Jane Prentice, a Brisbane City Councillor, was chosen by the LNP to stand for Ryan. On 2 June 2010, Johnson read out a letter to Parliament which he sent to the Australian Federal Police alleging he was subject to "illegal pressure" to resign from Federal Parliament by the Liberal National Party President Bruce McIver, during a meeting on 25 February in Canberra. During the meeting Johnson claimed that McIver produced a large black folder which he alleged contained material and documents that was evidence of alleged criminal behaviour by Johnson. McIver denies the claims that he asked him to resign from Parliament, though openly admits he asked Johnson to quit the LNP. Independent election attempts He stood unsuccessfully as an independent candidate in: At the 2010 federal election, Johnson stood as an independent candidate in the Division of Ryan and secured less than 9% of the primary vote and was easily defeated by Liberal National candidate, Jane Prentice. The Electoral district of Maiwar in the 2020 Queensland state election. He scored less than 1% of first preference votes. References Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia Liberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia Independent members of the Parliament of Australia Members of the Australian House of Representatives Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Ryan 1970 births Living people Hong Kong emigrants to Australia Australian politicians of Hong Kong descent Alumni of the University of Cambridge Alumni of the University of Birmingham 21st-century Australian politicians

569623

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson

Michael Johnson

Michael Johnson or Mike Johnson may refer to: Musicians Michael Johnson (singer) (1944–2017), American pop, country and folk singer-songwriter and guitarist Mike Johnson (bassist) (born 1965), American songwriter and bass guitarist Mike Johnson (guitarist) (born 1952), American experimental rock guitarist and composer Mike Johnson (steel guitarist), featured on country music albums such as Underneath the Same Moon Mike Johnson (yodeler) (born 1946), American country music yodeler Michael Johnson (drummer) (born 1982), American pop singer and drummer Michael Johnson (known by his stage name Twisted Insane; born 1981), American rapper and songwriter Sports American football Mike Johnson (cornerback) (born 1943), American football player for the Dallas Cowboys, 1966–1969 Mike Johnson (linebacker) (born 1962), American football player, 1984–1995, mostly for the Cleveland Browns Mike Johnson (American football coach) (born 1967), former offensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers Michael Johnson (safety) (born 1984), American football player for the Detroit Lions. 2011–, New York Giants, 2007–2010 Michael Johnson (defensive end) (born 1987), American football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2014-, for the Cincinnati Bengals, 2009–2013 Mike Johnson (offensive lineman) (born 1987), American football player for the Atlanta Falcons, 2010– Association football Mike Johnson (footballer, born 1933) (1933–2004), English footballer and manager Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1941) (1941–1991), Welsh international footballer (Swansea City) Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1973), English-born Jamaican international footballer and manager Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1988), English footballer (Manchester City) Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1990), Caymanian footballer Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1994), Maltese footballer Other sports Michael Johnson (sprinter) (born 1967), American World and Olympic Champion sprinter Michael Johnson (canoeist) (born 1941), American Olympic canoer Michael Johnson (sport shooter) (born 1973), New Zealand World and Paralympic Champion shooter Mike Johnson (ice hockey) (born 1974), Canadian ice hockey player, 1997–2008 Mike Johnson (1990s pitcher) (born 1975), Canadian Olympic and Major League Baseball pitcher Mike Johnson (1970s pitcher) (born 1951), American Major League Baseball player Michael Johnson (Australian rules footballer) (born 1984), Australian rules player for the Fremantle Dockers, 2005–2018 Michael Johnson (fighter) (born 1986), American mixed martial arts fighter Michael Johnson (cricketer) (born 1988), Australian cricketer Michael Johnson (Gaelic footballer), former Antrim Gaelic footballer Michael Johnson (field hockey) (born 1979), British former field hockey player Mickey Johnson (born 1952), American basketball player Michael Johnson (bodybuilder), Canadian bodybuilder Politicians Michael Johnson (Australian politician) (born 1970), member of the Australian House of Representatives Michael Johnson (Alaska politician) (born 1972) Michael Johnson (Wisconsin politician) (1832–1908), Reform member of the Wisconsin State Assembly Mike Johnson (Louisiana politician) (born 1972), Republican member of the US House of Representatives from Bossier Parish Mike Johnson (Oklahoma politician) (born 1944), Republican member of the Oklahoma Senate Others Mike Johnson (animator), stop motion animator and recently co-director of Corpse Bride Mike Johnson (author) (born 1947), New Zealand writer Michael Johnson (criminal) (1977–2006), committed suicide before his execution in 2006 for the murder of Jeff Wetterman Michael Johnson (graphic designer) (born 1964), British graphic designer Mike Johnson (technologist), technologist and pioneer in superscalar microprocessor design Mike Johnson (The Real World), cast member of MTV reality series The Real World: London Crispus Attucks (1723–1770), sailor who may have used the alias "Michael Johnson" Michael D. Johnson, Dean of Cornell University School of Hotel Administration Michael P. Johnson (born 1942), American sociologist Mick Johnson, fictional character in the soap opera Brookside Michael O. Johnson, American entrepreneur; CEO of Herbalife The man convicted in the murder of Phylicia Barnes Michael Johnson (actor) (1939–2001), British actor in films and TV series such as The Human Jungle See also Michael Johnston (disambiguation) Michael Johnsen, Australian politician Michael Jonzun, musician and producer in the band Jonzun crew Mikael Jonsson (born 1966), Swedish chef

569796

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Smith%20%28Ohio%20politician%2C%20died%201824%29

John Smith (Ohio politician, died 1824)

John Smith (July 30, 1824) was one of the first two U.S. senators from the state of Ohio. He reluctantly resigned from the Senate under charges of alleged complicity in the Burr conspiracy. Little is known of his early life. There are conflicting reports on the location of his birth, with some sources saying he was born in the Province of Virginia, and others saying Hamilton County, Ohio (which did not exist until 1790); the identity of his parents are unknown. He prepared for the ministry, and was pastor of the Baptist Church at Columbia, Miami Purchase, Northwest Territory, during the 1790s which some sources credit as the first Baptist Church in modern Ohio. He then began a profitable business supplying military posts near Cincinnati, Ohio. He also ran multiple grain mills. In 1799 Smith along with his agent Reuben Kemper were the first US-based merchants to ship to Baton Rouge, taking nearly $10,000 worth of goods, primarily fine clothing and house furnishings. He was a member of the Northwest Territorial legislature 1799–1803 and a delegate to the Ohio state constitutional convention in 1802. He was a leader of a group that supported statehood in opposition to the Territorial Governor Arthur St. Clair. Upon the admission of Ohio as a State into the Union, he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate and served in the 8th, 9th and 10th Congresses (1803–1808). While in the Senate, Smith continued his profitable trading ventures in Louisiana and West Florida and pursued numerous land investment ventures. In 1805, former Vice President Aaron Burr sought his support in organizing a military expedition against Spanish Florida. Although Smith claimed he had no interest in Burr's plot to force secession of Spanish territories, he agreed to provide supplies for the proposed expedition. When President Thomas Jefferson later issued an alert, charging that Burr's actual purpose was an invasion of Mexico, Smith responded patriotically by financing weapons to defend against the Burr expedition and delivering those weapons to New Orleans. These travels caused him to miss weeks of Senate sessions and led the Ohio legislature to charge him with dereliction of duty and to demand his resignation. Although Smith ignored that demand, he found his troubles increasing as a court in Richmond, Virginia, indicted him in mid-1807 for participating in Burr's conspiracy. As he traveled to Richmond, he learned that the charges against him were dropped after the court acquitted Burr on a technicality. But on December 31, 1807, a Senate committee chaired by John Quincy Adams recommended that Smith be expelled from the Senate. A trial was held in 1808, with Adams leading the attack. Smith was defended by Francis Scott Key and Robert Goodloe Harper, who argued that Smith may have been naive, but was not a traitor. The expulsion resolution fell one vote short of the required two-thirds majority. Smith resigned on April 25, the last day that Congress was in session for the year. Smith had enjoyed a close friendship with President Thomas Jefferson early in his Senate career, though that relationship was ruined, along with Smith's political career, by his implication in the Burr treason. Smith was forced into bankruptcy and later moved to St. Francisville, Louisiana, where he served as a Methodist preacher. The History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County Ohio, published in 1894, indicates that Smith died in Hamilton County, Ohio on June 10, 1816, although this is apparently incorrect, since an obituary and later sources agree on his death in 1824 in St. Francisville, Louisiana. See also List of United States senators expelled or censured References External links and sources Online Text of History of Cincinnati and Hamilton County Ohio published 1894 U.S. Senate web site 1735 births 1824 deaths Northwest Territory officials United States senators from Ohio Ohio Constitutional Convention (1802) Ohio Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republican Party United States senators Northwest Territory House of Representatives History of Ohio People from St. Francisville, Louisiana

569909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson%20%28singer%29

Michael Johnson (singer)

Michael Jay Johnson (August 8, 1944 – July 25, 2017) was an American pop, country, and folk singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is best remembered for his 1978 hit song "Bluer Than Blue". He charted four hits on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and nine more on Hot Country Songs, including two Number One country hits in 1986's "Give Me Wings" and "The Moon Is Still Over Her Shoulder". He also co-wrote "Cain's Blood", the debut single of 1990s country group 4 Runner. Career Johnson was born in the small town of Alamosa, Colorado and grew up in Denver. He started playing the guitar at 13. In 1963, he began attending Colorado State College (now the University of Northern Colorado) in Greeley to study music but his college career was truncated when he won an international talent contest two years later. First prize included a deal with Epic Records. Wishing to hone his instrumental skills, in 1966 he set off for Barcelona, Spain, to the Liceu Conservatory, studying with the eminent classical guitarists, Graciano Tarragó and Renata Tarragó. Upon his return to the States, he joined Randy Sparks in a group called the New Society and did a tour of the Orient. When the band dissolved in 1967, he signed on with the Chad Mitchell Trio for a year, spending some of that time co-writing with another member, John Denver. The group was renamed Denver, Boise & Johnson. When the trio came to an end, Johnson made a radical departure from everything he had done previously by taking on a major supporting role in the off-Broadway production of Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris. In 1971, Johnson signed with Atco Records to release his first album, There Is A Breeze, which was released in 1973 and produced by Johnson, Chris Dedrick, Peter Yarrow and Phil Ramone in New York and Toronto, Canada. Feeling this first effort was not a true reflection of his music (despite being a best seller in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area), Johnson self-produced his next LP in 1975, For All You Mad Musicians, relying more on his voice and guitar for a folk feel. He followed this up with Ain't Dis Da Life, where he added a rhythm section. With each new recording and his continued touring, his popularity was increasing. Teaming up with Brent Maher and Steve Gibson in Nashville, Tennessee, Johnson created a two-song demo consisting of "Bluer Than Blue" and "Almost Like Being in Love" (the latter song from the Broadway musical Brigadoon). EMI America took one listen and wasted no time in signing him, quickly getting The Michael Johnson Album out in 1978. "Bluer Than Blue" was written by Randy Goodrum. The first single, "Bluer Than Blue", became Johnson's first Top 40 hit, peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the summer of 1978; the song became a chart-topping single on the Adult Contemporary chart. "Almost Like Being in Love" went to No. 91 on the R&B chart while hitting the Top 5 on the AC chart and the Top 40 on the pop chart. Soul singer Ruby Wilson covered "Bluer Than Blue". Johnson recorded five albums in all for EMI and in 1985 moved over to RCA Records, where he adopted a contemporary country style that stayed compatible with his soft, mellow leanings. He scored five Top Ten country hits from 1986 to 1989, including the chart-toppers "Give Me Wings" and "The Moon Is Still Over Her Shoulder." After two country albums on RCA (plus two greatest hits collections), Johnson moved over to Atlantic Records in 1991. In 1995, the country music group 4 Runner scored a minor hit with the single "Cain's Blood", for which Johnson co-wrote an updated version with Jack Sundrud of Poco. Death Johnson died at his home in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 25, 2017, at the age of 72. Discography Albums Singles Featured singles Music videos See also Blue-eyed soul References External links 1944 births 2017 deaths People from Alamosa, Colorado American male singer-songwriters American country guitarists American folk guitarists American male guitarists American soft rock musicians American country singer-songwriters Singers from Denver Colorado State University alumni Guitarists from Colorado 20th-century American guitarists Atco Records artists EMI Records artists RCA Records artists Vanguard Records artists Atlantic Records artists Red House Records artists 20th-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Colorado

571004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Smith%27s%20College

Paul Smith's College

Paul Smith's College is a private college in Paul Smiths, New York. It is the only four-year institution of higher education in the Adirondack Park. Paul Smith's College offers associate and bachelor's degrees. Its 14,000-acre campus is one of the largest college campuses in the world. Approximately 1,000 students attend each year. History Paul Smith's College was founded through a bequest of Phelps Smith, son of Apollos Smith, whose Paul Smith's Hotel, built in 1859, was the most famous wilderness resort of its era. The first class was matriculated in 1946, and was loosely based on the original hotel's business model. Along with the money to start a school, Phelps also left more than of land. Paul Smith's is located northwest of Saranac Lake, in the hamlet of Paul Smiths in the Town of Brighton. In 2015 Joan Weill, a former college trustee with a long history of philanthropy benefiting the college, offered a $20 million donation on the condition that the institution change its name to Joan Weill-Paul Smith's College, a change that would have violated Phelps Smith's founding bequest, which required that the school be "forever known" as Paul Smith's College of Arts and Sciences. Justice John T. Ellis of the New York State Supreme Court ruled that the college could not be renamed, and the proposed donation was withdrawn. Academics Classroom space is primarily located at Pickett Hall, Cantwell Hall, and Freer Science Hall. Auxiliary areas include The Joan Weill Adirondack Library, the campus' sawmill, the Saunders Sports Complex, the Joan Weill Student Center and the Paul Smith's College VIC. Two on-campus restaurants, the Ganzi: Palm Training Restaurant and the A.P. Smith's Bakery, are staffed by students and open to the public. Paul Smith's Fall 2018 acceptance rate was 58%. In the 2019 rankings for the Regional Colleges North category by U.S. News & World Report, the college was ranked #14 overall, #2 in Best Undergraduate Teaching and #2 in Most Innovative Schools. Campus life Most of the college population lives on campus. Residence halls are divided by class. Freshmen halls include Lydia Martin Smith Hall, Currier Hall, and Lakeside Hall. Incoming transfer students are housed in Franklin Hall. Upperclassmen share Essex, Clinton, Lambert, Blum House, Overlook, Saratoga, Alumni, Upper St. Regis, Lower St. Regis, and Hillside halls. Overlook Hall was opened in 2011 as a LEED-certified "green" dorm for upper-classmen. Paul Smith's rural location lends itself to many campus-based activities. Student-directed clubs administrated under the Office of Student Activities include fishing and hunting, Adventure Sports Club, Society for Ecological Restoration, Society of American Foresters, the Wildlife Society, Student Government Association, InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, PSC Snowcats, Anime and Gaming club, Fish and Game Club, and Adirondack Mycology club, among others. The campus is located on Lower St. Regis Lake. Students have a beach, as well as docks and storage for canoes and kayaks. The Lakeside Dining Hall is operated by Sodexo food service. Both the A.P. Smith's Bakery and The Ganzi: Palm Training Restaurant in Cantwell Hall opens a few days a week each semester to sell student-produced products. Sports The college raises a variety of sports teams from the school's general population, including basketball, soccer, rugby, bowling, and cross-country. Most are under the direction of administrative staff and faculty. The college also offers sports programs reflecting its outdoor character, such as snowshoe racing, coed woodsmen's teams, and canoe racing. In the warmer months students may rent canoes to use on Lower Saint Regis Lake, located on the southern side of campus. The newly renovated Saunders Sports Complex houses the Bobcat fitness center, a gymnasium, dance studio, and campus pool. It is home to the school's SCUBA and dive training programs, the kayaking club's whitewater training, and log birling practice, an event in woodsman lumberjack sports competitions. The facility is open to the general public for a nominal fee. A -tall climbing wall was opened in the adjacent Buxton Annex gymnasium in 2010. Timbersports take place in both Fall and Spring semesters, with teams practicing every month of the school year. Events include pole climbing, log birling, chopping, splitting, sawing, pulp toss, ax-throw, and pack-board relay. The Paul Smith's woodsmen's team's nine-year winning streak (from 1957–1966) in the sport's biggest event, the Spring Meet, is the longest in the history of intercollegiate lumberjack competition. The school's highly regarded squad travels to meets throughout the Northeast and Ontario, Canada. Both the men and women's soccer teams at Paul Smith's compete in an annual rivalry game with the teams from SUNY-ESF (State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry), known as the Barkeater Cup. The PSC men's soccer team won the Cup in 2014. Men's and women's team participate in the Yankee Small College Conference regionally, and the USCAA on a national level. Notable alumni John T. Dillon – Chairman and CEO of International Paper Jon L. Luther – CEO of Dunkin' Donuts and President of Popeyes Steve Ross – CEO of Kinney National Company, Warner Communications and Time Warner John Mitzewich – YouTube celebrity chef Laura James – model, the winner of America's Next Top Model Cycle 19 and the daughter of Dynasty actor John James Arthur Buezo, Christian Cardiello, James Ford, and Eric Munley – members of The Blind Owl Band References External links Adirondacks Private universities and colleges in New York (state) Educational institutions established in 1946 Forestry education Education in Franklin County, New York USCAA member institutions 1946 establishments in New York (state) Paul Smiths, New York

573096

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey%20Jones

Jeffrey Jones

Jeffrey Duncan Jones (born September 28, 1946) is an American character actor, best known for his roles as Emperor Joseph II in Amadeus (1984), Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986), Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice (1988), Dr. Skip Tyler in The Hunt for Red October (1990), Eddie Barzoon in The Devil’s Advocate (1997), and A. W. Merrick in both Deadwood (2004–2006) and Deadwood: The Movie (2019). His career started in Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and advanced to London and Broadway. In film and television, Jones has had many roles which capitalized on his deadpan portrayal of characters in unusual situations, often to comic effect. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance in Amadeus and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the ensemble cast of Deadwood. In 2003, Jones pleaded no contest to a charge of soliciting a minor to pose for nude photographs and had subsequent arrests for failing to update his sex offender status. Early life Jones was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Ruth (née Schooley) and Douglas Bennett Jones. His mother was an art historian, who urged him towards a career in acting. His father died when Jones was an infant. Early career After graduating from the Putney School in 1964, Jones enrolled in Lawrence University as a premed student, where his performances in university productions brought him to the attention of Tyrone Guthrie, who recruited him for the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He then went to London in 1969 to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, followed by a three-year stint with the Stratford Theatre in Stratford, Ontario. His stage career included more than 125 productions, starting with the Guthrie Theater, then internationally in South America, Canada, and London, and in New York Off-Broadway in Cloud 9 and Henry V, among other productions, as well as on Broadway in productions including Trelawny of the Wells and The Elephant Man. His transition from stage to film began in 1970. Film and television career Jones began acting in small parts in film and television in the 1970s. In his best-known roles as Emperor Joseph II in Amadeus, Charles Deetz in Beetlejuice, and Edward R. Rooney in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, his dead-pan expression and distinctive face bring a comic flavor to his characters through their reactions to the situations in which they find themselves, more so than the wit in their scripted lines. The New York Times biographic profile says of Jones, "Although he has tried to steer clear of playing only sinister roles, the actor's imposing height, bugged-out eyes, easy sneer, and shock of reddish-blond hair give him vaguely devilish features that have prompted villain typecasting. However, the actor is also widely respected and considered a boon wherever he appears." The profile describes his portrayals variously as a "hissable, cartoonish high school principal" in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, a "good-natured father" in Beetlejuice, "an interplanetary freedom fighter" in Mom and Dad Save the World, a "demon stand-in" in Stay Tuned, "evil bespectacled twins" in Out on a Limb, plus other personae in a variety of other roles. Jones' work in the Lucille Lortel Theatre production of Cloud 9 was noticed by the casting team of Easy Money (1983), earning Jones a supporting role opposite Rodney Dangerfield. Amadeus Cloud 9 further attracted the attention of director Miloš Forman, who cast Jones as Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor in Amadeus (1984), an adaptation of the Peter Shaffer play of the same name. Critic James Berardinelli noted that Jones portrayed the Emperor "as a superficial and self-absorbed ruler who can't tell the difference between a great opera and a mediocre one". Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised Jones's performance, citing the film's most memorable line, when the Emperor complains of Die Entführung aus dem Serail that "there are too many notes". Jones' work earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. Ferris Bueller's Day Off Jones' performance as Edward R. Rooney in the film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986) made him a cultural icon. Rooney, self-important and obsessed with catching the chronic truant Ferris Bueller, became a symbol of pomposity and authoritarian hatefulness. The New York Times review characterized Jones' performance as having "fine cartoon like ferocity", wherein his character "gets scratched, bitten, attacked by ferocious dogs and covered with mud while pursuing his weaker, but craftier prey, and emerges each time bruised but undaunted, thinking up some new (and futile) plan." The review likened Jones' role as akin to that of Wile E. Coyote as a character who is fated to be unable to catch The Road Runner (Ferris Bueller). Jones expressed concern about being remembered more for this role than for Amadeus. He further said, regarding the film's premise, "What's amazing about Ferris Bueller, is that we're asked to, and do, sympathise with a kid whose only complaint in life is that his sister got a car for her birthday and he got a computer." Beetlejuice and Tim Burton In the horror comedy film Beetlejuice (1988), Jones and Catherine O'Hara portrayed a married couple (Charles and Delia Deetz) who unwittingly become co-owners of a haunted house. To highlight this couple's status as boors, director Tim Burton cast Dick Cavett and Robert Goulet to appear as their guests at a dinner party, at which the ghosts of the previous owners cause everyone to sing "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)". Jones collaborated with Burton again on the films Ed Wood (1994), in which he portrays The Amazing Criswell, and Sleepy Hollow (1999). Shortly prior to the release of Sleepy Hollow, Jones said of Burton, "I've known Tim now for quite some time and really enjoy working with him. I like his sensibility, and he's great fun." Other films Jones played Dr. Walter Jenning in the George Lucas film Howard the Duck (1986). He portrayed Inspector Lestrade in the Sherlock Holmes spoof film Without a Clue (1988). In The Hunt for Red October (1990), he played ex-submarine commander Skip Tyler, who identifies the Red October's propulsion system to Alec Baldwin's Jack Ryan. He also appeared as real-life figure Thomas Putnam in The Crucible (1996). He also played Uncle Crenshaw Little in Stuart Little (1999). As lumber mogul Joe Potter, Jones was the primary antagonist of the Eddie Murphy comedy Dr. Dolittle 2 (2001). Television roles One of Jones' earliest television roles was in an episode of the short-lived CBS series Sara (1976). He showcased his villain persona as the sinister Mister Acme (owner of Acme Toxic Waste) in the satirical comedy miniseries Fresno (1986), starring Carol Burnett, Charles Grodin and Dabney Coleman. For Disney, Jones hosted the 1987 D-TV Monster Hits musical special (as the Magic Mirror) and later co-starred with Tyra Banks, Kathy Najimy and Kevin Pollak in the video storyline portion of the Walt Disney World attraction ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter, a staple of Tomorrowland from 1995 to 2003. He has had guest roles on a number of television series, including Amazing Stories, Tales from the Crypt and Batman: The Animated Series. He was the star of another short-lived CBS program: sitcom The People Next Door (1989), portraying a cartoonist whose imagination could make things come to life. Jones' most prominent television role is that of newspaper publisher A. W. Merrick on the acclaimed HBO drama series Deadwood (2004–2006). Keith Uhlich of Slant Magazine referred to both Jones and the character of Merrick as "perversely appropriate additions" to the program, further citing Merrick as its "secular soul". Along with the ensemble cast, Jones was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Later career Subsequent to his legal troubles, Jones has become progressively less active as a performer. Following his appearance in the golf comedy Who's Your Caddy? (2007), he was absent from film and television for several years. He returned with an uncredited cameo as Collier's editor Charles Colebaugh in the Emmy-nominated HBO original film Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012), followed by the supporting role of scientist Gladstone in the independent disaster film 10.0 Earthquake (2014). Jones went on to play a fictional version of himself in the short film 7 Days (2016) and reprised the role of A. W. Merrick in Deadwood: The Movie. In May 2015, Jones returned to the stage with the New American Theatre production of 63 Trillion, directed by Steve Zuckerman. The Los Angeles Times praised his portrayal of financial adviser Dick as having "malevolent gusto that Satan himself might envy." Beginning in March 2018, Jones portrayed ailing patriarch Bradley in a production of the A. R. Gurney play The Cocktail Hour, staged at the Annenberg Theater in the Palm Springs Art Museum. Personal life Jones has one son, actor Julian Coutts, whose mother was Lloy Coutts (1941–2008), a Canadian voice coach. She and Jones met in Stratford, Ontario. One interviewer found Jones to value anonymity and the enjoyment of everyday tasks, like home repairs, and found him to be uninterested in status symbols and fan adulation. In that 1989 interview, Jones pointed out that greater public recognition actually makes it more difficult to transition between roles and allow the character to come to the fore and the actor to recede from view. On October 13, 2020, Jones spoke virtually with Suzanna Bowling of the Times Square Chronicles, in an interview for The Lambs. Topics of discussion included Jones' path to acting and early theater career, as well as projects including Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Beetlejuice, Howard the Duck and Deadwood. Criminal offenses In 2002, Jones was arrested for possession of child pornography and accused by a 17-year-old boy of solicitation to pose for nude photographs. He pleaded no contest to a charge of soliciting a minor, as the accuser was 14 when the offense first occurred. At the same time, the misdemeanor charge of possession of child pornography was dropped. His attorney emphasized that there was no allegation of improper physical contact. His punishment was five years' probation, counseling, and the requirement to register as a sex offender. As of 2021, Jones was listed on the U.S. Department of Justice national sex offender database. Jones was arrested twice for failing to update his sex offender status, first in Florida in 2004, and then six years later in California. In 2006, Jones' record became the subject of community complaint during production of Who's Your Caddy? in Aiken, South Carolina. Upon learning of his involvement, locals insisted that the public should have been alerted, considering that families were being invited to visit the set. Surrounding the release of Deadwood: The Movie, Jones' crime was noted by the media. Filmography Film Television Other works References External links New York Times biography of Jeffrey Jones 1946 births Living people 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American expatriates in England American male film actors American male television actors American sex offenders Lawrence University alumni Male actors from Buffalo, New York Male actors from Los Angeles The Putney School alumni

579147

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Williams-Wynn%20%281775%E2%80%931850%29

Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850)

Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn PC (9 October 1775 – 2 September 1850) was a British politician of the early- to mid-19th century. He held office in both Tory and Whig administrations and was Father of the House of Commons between 1847 and 1850. Background and education Born into an ancient and grand Welsh family, Williams-Wynn was the second son of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet, by his second wife Charlotte Grenville, daughter of Prime Minister George Grenville. His great-great-grandfather Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1680 to 1685. On his mother's side he was the nephew of William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville and George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham and the first cousin of Richard Temple-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. Williams-Wynn was educated privately, at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. He was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, in 1798. At Westminster School Williams-Wynn became acquainted with the poet Robert Southey, whom he later supported financially. Political career In 1797 he was elected to parliament for the notorious rotten borough of Old Sarum, where he succeeded Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington. He resigned this seat in 1799, when he was elected for Montgomeryshire, which constituency he would represent for the next 51 years. In 1806 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in the Ministry of All the Talents led by his uncle Lord Grenville. He remained in this post until the government fell the following year. Williams-Wynn was an active member of parliament and considered an authority on the procedure of the House of Commons. This led him to be nominated for the post of Speaker of the House of Commons in 1817. However, he was defeated by Charles Manners-Sutton. During the late 1810s Williams-Wynn was leader of a group of MPs that tried to establish a third party in the House of Commons, acting on behalf of his cousin Lord Buckingham. However, the third party never materialised and the group instead joined the Tories. In January 1822 Williams-Wynn was admitted to the Privy Council and appointed President of the Board of Control, with a seat in the cabinet, in the Tory government of the Earl of Liverpool. He remained in this post also in the administrations of George Canning and Lord Goderich. However, when the Duke of Wellington became Prime Minister in 1828, Williams-Wynn was not offered a position in the government. This drove him into opposition, and when the Whigs came to power in November 1830 under Lord Grey, Williams-Wynn was appointed Secretary at War, although without a seat in the cabinet. He only remained in this post until April the following year, and held no other position during the three remaining years of the Whig government. In 1834 the Tories returned to office under Sir Robert Peel, and Wynn was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, but again was not a member of the cabinet. The Peel government fell already in April 1835 and Wynn never held office again. However, he was said to have thrice rejected the post of Governor-General of India. Wynn remained Member of Parliament for Montgomeryshire until his death, and from 1847 to 1850 he was Father of the House of Commons; at the time of his death, he was the final MP from the 18th century still in Parliament. He was elected as the first president, from 1823 to 1841, of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland and as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827. Family Wynn married Mary Cunliffe, daughter of Sir Foster Cunliffe, 3rd Baronet and Harriet Kinloch, in 1806. They had seven children, two sons and five daughters. His eldest daughter Charlotte Williams-Wynn was a well-known diarist; his son, also named Charles, followed him into Parliament. Williams-Wynn died in September 1850, aged 74. References 1775 births 1850 deaths Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Welsh constituencies Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies British MPs 1796–1800 UK MPs 1801–1802 UK MPs 1802–1806 UK MPs 1806–1807 UK MPs 1807–1812 UK MPs 1812–1818 UK MPs 1818–1820 UK MPs 1820–1826 UK MPs 1826–1830 UK MPs 1830–1831 UK MPs 1831–1832 UK MPs 1832–1835 UK MPs 1835–1837 UK MPs 1837–1841 UK MPs 1841–1847 UK MPs 1847–1852 Younger sons of baronets Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

580117

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Mauborgne

Joseph Mauborgne

Joseph Oswald Mauborgne (February 26, 1881 – June 7, 1971) co-invented the one-time pad with Gilbert Vernam of Bell Labs. In 1914 he published the first recorded solution of the Playfair cipher. Mauborgne became a Major General in the United States Army, and from October 1937 to his retirement in 1941 was the Army's 12th Chief Signal Officer, in command of the Signal Corps. Biography Mauborgne was born on February 26, 1881 in New York City to Eugene and Catherine Elizabeth McLaughlin Mauborgne. After graduating in 1901 from the College of Saint Xavier in New York, he studied fine arts until commissioned a 2d Lieutenant, Infantry, in the regular Army in 1903. Stationed in the Philippines several times at several infantry posts, Mauborgne attended the Army Signal School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1909-1910, graduating from the Signal Officers Course, followed by a tour of duty in Washington D.C. in the office of Chief Signal Officer Brigadier General George P. Scriven. While stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1912, he installed a radio transmitter in an airplane and had 1st Lt. Henry H. Arnold send him the first successful air to ground radio transmission on November 2. Two years later, while in command of the radio station at Fort Mills on Corregidor, Mauborgne went up himself with 2nd Lt. Herbert A. "Bert" Dargue in a Burgess Model I seaplane to conduct a series of experimental flight tests of an airborne radio, and made the first two-way radio telegraphy between an airplane and a station on the ground on December 16, 1914. After World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s, Mauborgne pursued communication advancements in numerous research-and-development assignments, including a stint as chief of the Signal Corps Engineering and Research Division and as commander of the Signal Corps laboratory in the Bureau of Standards. During the early 1930s, Mauborgne was Signal Officer for the 9th Corps Area and later Director of the Signal Corps Aircraft Factory, Wright Field, Ohio. He attended the Army War College during its 1931-32 academic session. In 1937, as a Signal Corps officer, he used a Dictaphone to record Japanese radio signals at the Presidio of San Francisco. As Chief of Signal, Mauborgne supported technological development and oversaw the mass production of the SCR-268 and SCR-270 Army radars. Just a few months after he retired (September 30, 1941), two Signal Corps soldiers — using an SCR-270 radar at Oahu, Hawaii in the early morning of December 7, 1941 — spotted Japanese aircraft on their way in to attack Pearl Harbor. In addition to his professional study, Mauborgne attended the Chicago Art Institute in 1922-1923. Returning to Washington D.C. in 1923 he continued his art studies at the Corcoran Art Gallery between 1923 and 26. Portraits and etchings produced by Mauborgne were exhibited in galleries in Washington, San Francisco, and Dayton, Ohio; acquired by the United States Military Academy, and sold to private collections. Mauborgne reached the mandatory retirement age in October 1941 and retired near Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. Among his interests were music and violin-making, for which he won an international competition in The Hague in 1949. During his early career, Mauborgne was a recognized marksman, on the "Distinguished Shooters" list of the Civilian Marksmanship Program. Mauborgne married Katherine Hale Poore in December 1907, and had two sons, one of whom was also a career Army officer. Mauborgne moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in ill health in 1970 and died on June 7, 1971. He was buried in Andersonville National Cemetery. General Mauborgne is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. General Mauborgne is also known as "The Cubic General". Awards and decorations Army Distinguished Service Medal citation General Orders: War Department, General Orders No. 81 (1919) Action Date: World War I Service: Army Rank: Lieutenant Colonel Organization: Chief, Engineering and Research Division Division: Signal Corps The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Lieutenant Colonel (Signal Corps) Joseph O. Mauborgne, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. As head of the Engineering and Research Division of the Signal Corps, Lieutenant Colonel Mauborgne rendered conspicuous in connection with coordinating the design and supply of new technical apparatus for the Signal Corps. He was largely responsible for the high type of radio equipment developed for the American Army and rendered unusual service in connection with cipher telegraphy. Sources External links Joseph O. Mauborgne Civilian Marksmanship Club biography Signal Corps Regimental History: Major General Joseph O. Mauborgne U.S. Army biography 1971 deaths 1881 births Pre-computer cryptographers United States Army generals United States Army personnel of World War I Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) United States Distinguished Marksman Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army Xavier High School (New York City) alumni United States Army War College alumni

580128

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20James%20Smith

Albert James Smith

Sir Albert James Smith (March 12, 1822 – June 30, 1883) was a New Brunswick politician and opponent of Canadian confederation. Smith's grandfather was a United Empire Loyalist who left Massachusetts to settle in New Brunswick after the American Revolution. Smith entered politics in 1852 entering the House of Assembly as an opponent of the Tory compact that ran the colony and became a leading reform and advocate of responsible government which was granted to the colony in 1854. Smith became a member of the reform government that took power that year and went on to become Attorney-General in 1861 under Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley. Smith split with Tilley over railway policy and Canadian confederation with Smith becoming leader of the Anti-Confederates winning the 1865 election but was forced from office the next year by the lieutenant-governor. He was created a Queen's Counsel in 1862. Smith reconciled with Confederation after it became a fact and became minister of fisheries in the Liberal government of Alexander Mackenzie in 1873. He died in 1883, and was interred in Dorchester Rural Cemetery. Electoral record By-election: on Mr. Smith being appointed Minister of Marine and Fisheries: |- |Liberal | Albert James Smith |align="right"| acclaimed Further reading J. E. Belliveau, 1976, The Splendid Life of Albert Smith and the Women he Left Behind, Windsor, NS: Lancelot Press References 1822 births 1883 deaths Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Lawyers in New Brunswick Canadian Queen's Counsel Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Premiers of New Brunswick Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) People from Shediac Attorneys General of the Colony of New Brunswick Colony of New Brunswick people

582215

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Christopher%20Williams

George Christopher Williams

George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist. Williams was a professor of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook who was best known for his vigorous critique of group selection. The work of Williams in this area, along with W. D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith, Richard Dawkins, and others led to the development of the gene-centered view of evolution in the 1960s. Academic work Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence is one of the most influential in 20th century evolutionary biology, and contains at least 3 foundational ideas. The central hypothesis of antagonistic pleiotropy remains the prevailing evolutionary explanation of senescence. In this paper Williams was also the first to propose that senescence should be generally synchronized by natural selection. According to this original formulation if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system. This important concept of synchrony of senescence was taken up a short time later by John Maynard Smith, and the origin of the idea is often misattributed to him, including in his obituary in the journal Nature. Finally, Williams' 1957 paper was the first to outline the "grandmother hypothesis". William's formulation stated that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females (though not explicitly mentioning grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grand-parenting). In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule - or perhaps doctrine would be a better term - ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. He elaborated this view in later books and papers, which contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene. Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine. In later books, including Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges, Williams softened his views on group selection, recognizing that clade selection, trait group selection and multilevel selection did sometimes occur in nature, something he had earlier thought to be so unlikely it could be safely ignored. Williams became convinced that the genic neo-Darwinism of his earlier years, while essentially correct as a theory of microevolutionary change, could not account for evolutionary phenomena over longer time scales, and was thus an "utterly inadequate account of the evolution of the Earth's biota" (1992, p. 31). In particular, he became a staunch advocate of clade selection – a generalisation of species selection to monophyletic clades of any rank – which could potentially explain phenomena such as adaptive radiations, long-term phylogenetic trends, and biases in rates of speciation/extinction. In Natural Selection (1992), Williams argued that these phenomena cannot be explained by selectively-driven allele substitutions within populations, the evolutionary mechanism he had originally championed over all others. This book thus represents a substantial departure from the position of Adaptation and Natural Selection. Academic career Williams received a Ph.D. in biology from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1955. At Stony Brook he taught courses in marine vertebrate zoology, and he often used ichthyological examples in his books. In 1992, Williams was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He won the Crafoord Prize for Bioscience jointly with Ernst Mayr and John Maynard Smith in 1999. Richard Dawkins describes Williams as "one of the most respected of American evolutionary biologists". Books Williams, G.C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Williams, G.C., ed. 1971. Group Selection. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago. Williams, G.C. 1975. Sex and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Paradis, J. and G.C. Williams. 1989. T.H. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics : with New Essays on its Victorian and Sociobiological Context. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Williams, G.C. 1992. Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford University Press, New York. Nesse, R.M. and G.C. Williams. 1994. Why We Get Sick : the New Science of Darwinian Medicine. Times Books, New York. Williams, G.C. 1996. Plan and Purpose in Nature. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish's Glow : and Other Clues to Plan and Purpose in Nature. Basic Books, New York). Selected papers Controversy Williams supervised an undergraduate project in 1985 which consisted of a student, Mitchell Behm, tossing live animals into tubs with domesticated ferrets, which Behm subsequently admitted he partly did "for his own amusement." Dr. Charles Middleton, Director of the Division of Laboratory Animal Resources stated, "If animals are just going to tear each other up, the experiment would not have been approved." Ferrets were illegal in New York at the time, without a license, which neither individual had. After police investigation, Williams received a formal reprimand from SUNY Stony Brook for never receiving approval because of not detailing the pain of the animals involved, and for allowing non-campus animals to participate. Because the statute of limitations had expired, Williams narrowly escaped strict disciplinary action, in addition to criminal prosecution. Dr. Mark Lerman, Medical Director of Lifeline for Wildlife said there was no justification and that the experiment was completely useless. The experiments were in direct violation of the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and its PHS policy amendment introducing the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee model, to which SUNY and all of its researchers were subject in 1988. References External links Official website Article from Science by Carl Zimmer A Conversation With George C. Williams by Frans Roes Obituary by Richard Dawkins, October 1, 2010 1926 births 2010 deaths Evolutionary biologists Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Stony Brook University faculty University of California, Los Angeles alumni Critics of creationism Neurological disease deaths in New York (state) Deaths from Parkinson's disease Biogerontologists 20th-century American biologists Modern synthesis (20th century) 21st-century American biologists People from Charlotte, North Carolina Scientists from North Carolina

593373

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Evans

David Evans

David, Dave, or Dai Evans may refer to: Academics Sir David Emrys Evans (1891–1966), Welsh classicist and university principal David Evans (microbiologist) (1909–1984), British microbiologist David Stanley Evans (1916–2004), British astronomer David C. Evans (1924–1998), American computer graphics pioneer David C. Evans (paleontologist), Canadian paleontologist David Evans (mathematician) (born 1940), professor of applied mathematics at University of Bristol David A. Evans (born 1941), organic chemistry professor at Harvard University David Andreoff Evans (born 1948), American computational linguist, entrepreneur David S. Evans (born 1954), economist and lecturer at University College London and the University of Chicago Law School David Evans (Yale professor) (born 1970), professor of geology and geophysics at Yale University David E. Evans, professor of mathematics at Cardiff University David Evans (musicologist) (born 1944), ethnomusicologist at the University of Memphis Dai Morgan Evans (born 1944), British archaeologist and academic David Evans (geneticist), Australian geneticist Artists Musicians David Evans (composer) (1874–1948), Welsh composer Dave Evans (bluegrass) (1950–2017), American tenor singer and banjo player Dave Evans (singer) (born 1953), first lead singer of the rock band AC/DC David Howell Evans (born 1961), guitarist of Irish rock band U2, better known as The Edge Other arts David Evans (writer) (1893–1966), British screenwriter and novelist David Allan Evans (born 1940), American poet David Mickey Evans (born 1962), American film director and screenwriter David Evans (director), director of British film Fever Pitch and various TV shows David Evans (sculptor) (1893–1959), English sculptor David Evans (comedian) (1922–1980), English comedian Politicians David Evans (MP for Cardiff) (died 1568), MP for Cardiff David R. Evans (South Carolina politician) (1769–1843), U.S. Representative from South Carolina David Ellicott Evans (1788–1850), U.S. Representative from New York, 1827 David H. Evans (1837–1920), New York politician David Arthur Evans (1915–1989), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario David Evans (Western Australian politician) (1924–2019), Australian politician in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly David Evans (Victorian politician) (born 1934), Australian politician in the Victorian Legislative Council David Evans (British politician) (1935–2008), British businessman and Conservative politician, MP 1987–1997 David Evans (West Virginia politician) (born 1945), member of the West Virginia House of Delegates David W. Evans (born 1946), U.S. Representative from Indiana, 1975–1983 David Evans, Jr. (1848–?), Wisconsin politician David Evans (political official), British political official and General Secretary of the Labour Party Religion David Evans (canon at St Asaph) (1705–1788), Welsh clergyman and writer David Evans (archdeacon of St Asaph) (died 1910), Welsh priest David F. Evans (born 1951), American leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints David Evans (bishop) (born 1938), Peruvian bishop Sportsmen Dai Evans (footballer, born 1902) (1902–1951), Welsh international footballer Dai Evans (footballer, born 1934), Welsh football goalkeeper Dave Evans (racing driver) (1898–1974), American racecar driver Dave Evans (footballer) (born 1958), English footballer David Evans (athlete) (born 1967), Australian Paralympian David Evans (footballer) (born 1967), former soccer player/footballer with Chester City David Evans (squash player) (born 1974), Welsh professional squash player David Evans (darts player), English darts player David Evans, one of the three falsely accused students in 2006 Duke University lacrosse case Cricket David Evans (cricketer, born 1869) (1869–1907), 22 first-class matches between 1889 and 1902 David Evans (Hertfordshire cricketer) (1935–2008), List A cricketer with Hertfordshire David Evans (Somerset cricketer, born 1928) (1928–1991), eight first-class matches in 1953 David Evans (umpire) (1933–1990), cricketer with Glamorgan and Test match umpire Rugby Dai Evans (1872–1912), Welsh rugby union player David Evans (rugby) (1886–1940), New Zealand rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1900s and 1910s David Morgan Evans (1911–1941), Welsh rugby union and rugby league footballer David Wyn Evans (born 1965), Welsh rugby union player David Evans (rugby union) (born 1988), Welsh rugby union and rugby sevens player Others Dave Evans (entrepreneur), American entrepreneur and Stanford professor Dave Evans (reporter) (born 1962), American reporter with WABC-TV David Morier Evans (1819–1874), financial journalist Sir David William Evans (1866–1926), Welsh lawyer, public servant and rugby international Sir David Evans (archivist) (1893–1987), Welsh archivist, Keeper of the Public Records Sir David Evans (RAF officer) (1924–2020), Air Chief Marshal/Senior Commander in the Royal Air Force (RAF) David Evans (RAAF officer) (1925–2020), Senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) David Evans, Baron Evans of Watford (born 1942), British trade unionist and businessman David Evans (administrator) (born 1960), American relief organisation officer David Evans (mathematician and engineer), worked for the Australian Greenhouse Office David Morier Evans, Welsh financial journalist David Evans (department store), a department store group based in South Wales

595099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Allen%20Paulos

John Allen Paulos

John Allen Paulos (born July 4, 1945) is an American professor of mathematics at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He has gained fame as a writer and speaker on mathematics and the importance of mathematical literacy. Paulos writes about many subjects, especially of the dangers of mathematical innumeracy; that is, the layperson's misconceptions about numbers, probability, and logic. Early life Paulos was born in Denver Colorado and grew up in Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In an interview he described himself as lifelong skeptic. He went to high school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After his Bachelor of Mathematics at University of Wisconsin (1967) and his Master of Science at University of Washington (1968) he received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1974). He was also part of the Peace Corps in the seventies. Career His academic work is mainly in mathematical logic and probability theory. His book Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences (1988) was a bestseller and A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper (1995) extended the critique. In his books Paulos discusses innumeracy with quirky anecdotes, scenarios and facts, encouraging readers in the end to look at their world in a more quantitative way. He has also written on other subjects often "combining disparate disciplines", such as the mathematical and philosophical basis of humor in Mathematics and Humor and I Think, Therefore I Laugh, the stock market in A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market, quantitative aspects of narrative in Once Upon a Number, the arguments for God in Irreligion, and most recently "bringing mathematics to bear on...biography" in A Numerate Life. Paulos also wrote a mathematics-tinged column for the UK newspaper The Guardian and is a Committee for Skeptical Inquiry fellow. Paulos has appeared frequently on radio and television, including a four-part BBC adaptation of A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper and appearances on the Lehrer News Hour, 20/20, Larry King, and David Letterman. In 2001 Paulos taught a course on quantitative literacy for journalists at the Columbia University School of Journalism. The course stimulated further programs at Columbia and elsewhere in precision and data-driven journalism. His long-running "ABCNews.com" monthly column Who's Counting deals with mathematical aspects of stories in the news. All the columns over a 10- year period are archived here. He is married, father of two, grandfather of four. Paulos tweets frequently at @JohnAllenPaulos Awards Paulos received the 2013 JPBM (Joint Policy Board for Mathematics) Award for Communicating Mathematics on a Sustained Basis to Large Audiences. Paulos received the 2003 AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Award for Promoting the Public Understanding of Science and Technology. In 2002 he received the University Creativity Award at Temple University Paulos' article "Counting on Dyscalculia," which appeared in Discover Magazine in 1994, won a Folio Award that year Bibliography (British edition titled A Mathematician Plays the Market) Potpourri of Writings "He Conquered the Conjecture", essay by Paulos on Grigory Perelman from The New York Review of Books Metric Mania Measuring Bacteria With a Yardstick Romantic Crushes and Bayes Theorem Stories vs. Statistics, NYT Opinionator piece How Much Oil Is Spilling? References External links Paulos' website Review excerpts of Paulos' books Paulos speaking at Beyond Belief conference, 2007 Paulos' columns, "ABCNews.com" Paulos' columns, The Guardian Interview about Paulos' life in math 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians American atheists Mathematics writers American people of Greek descent University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni 1945 births Living people Humor researchers American skeptics Mathematicians from Colorado Mathematicians from Illinois Mathematicians from Wisconsin Scientists from Denver

596876

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Allen%27s%20Girls%27%20School

James Allen's Girls' School

James Allen's Girls' School, abbreviated JAGS, is an independent day school situated in Dulwich, South London, England. It is the oldest girls’ independent school in Greater London. It is a registered charity and was originally part of Edward Alleyn's College of God's Gift charitable foundation, which also included Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. It has a senior school for 11- to 18-year-old girls, a prep school for 7- to 11-year-old girls (James Allen's Preparatory School), and a pre-preparatory school for 4- to 7-year-old girls. It is the sister school of Dulwich College and Alleyn's. History 1741: Dulwich Reading School In 1604 the hamlet of Dulwich, its name recorded well before the Norman Conquests, was bought by the Elizabethan actor and entrepreneur, Edward Alleyn, for £4,900. Fourteen years later, Alleyn invested his fortune establishing the College of God's Gift, buying land for a school, a chapel and the alms houses in Dulwich. In June 1741 James Allen, Master of the College of God's Gift from 1723, founded the original Reading School for poor children, both boys and girls living in Dulwich. The Dulwich Reading School started in two rooms in the Bricklayer’s Arms, later called The French Horn in Dulwich Village. The boys were taught to read as preparation for entry to Dulwich College and the girls to read and sew. Early 1800s: Dulwich Free School By the 1800s it was known as the Dulwich Free School. Classes were growing in size and moved into an empty old inn building near the village crossroads and was renamed the Dulwich Free School. 1842: Dulwich Girls’ School The school continued to grow and when the College was reorganised in the 1840s, the boys were moved, leaving the Free School with improved teaching for the girls from 1842. It was renamed The Dulwich Girls’ School with mostly local girls as pupils. It was housed in the building now inhabited by Dulwich Hamlet School. 1878: James Allen’s Girls’ School The school became known as James Allen’s Girls’ School in 1878 and finally moved with 141 pupils to its present site in East Dulwich Grove in 1886 with Miss Bettany as its first Headmistress. Botany Gardens were created in the school grounds soon after Dr Lilian Clarke joined the staff in 1895. It was the first such experiment by a school in this country. In 1902 the first school laboratory equipped solely for botanical study was opened. She was a pioneer and influential in science teaching nationally. In 1890 the school roll had grown to 200 and the curriculum expanded. 20th century In the early 20th century, Ralph Vaughan Williams worked at the school as a singing master, and his friend Gustav Holst worked as music teacher at JAGS from 1904 for 16 years. Holst collaborated on Tennyson’s Songs from the Princess while at JAGS. He stopped teaching there in 1920 but maintained a close connection with the school. Choral music and singing developed into a core part of school life. By 1916 a school orchestra emerged for the first time and in 1920 JAGS girls participated in Holst’s 4th Thaxted Festival in Suffolk as a farewell to the composer. A series of stained glass windows was installed in 1969 in the Holst Hall. Sports Mistress Mildred Knott was appointed in 1921; she was an excellent hockey player who became captain of the England hockey team. The school was evacuated at the beginning of the war to Walthamstow Hall school in Sevenoaks, Kent but in May 1940 returned to Dulwich. In the 1950s and 60s JAGS expanded and community work was popular. Under Miss Prissian a new theatre was opened by Jonathan Miller in 1983; the first girls’ school to have a purpose built theatre. The 1990s saw a great deal of building work in the school, Community Action was developed and links with local state schools were established. 21st century A new Community Music Centre was officially opened in 2018. The Vaughan Williams Auditorium was named after the composer who worked at the school. Notable former pupils Shani Anderson (born 1975), GB athlete Ella Balinska (born 1996), actress Winifred Brenchley (1883–1953), botanist Anita Brookner (1928–2016), Booker Prize–winning author Lucy Boynton (born 1994), actress Dharshini David, economist and broadcaster Marion Delf-Smith (1883–1980), botanist Daisy Haggard (born 1978), actress Sally Hawkins (born 1976), film actress (Happy-Go-Lucky; Made in Dagenham), Silver Bear Award and Golden Globe winner, star of TV adverts, numerous radio programmes including Ed Reardon's Week on BBC Radio 4 Alakina Mann (born 1990), actress Charlotte Ritchie (born 1989), member of the classical/pop group All Angels, actress (Call the Midwife, Fresh Meat) Fiona Ross (nurse) (born 1951), nurse and academic Mary Patricia Shepherd (1933–2003), thoracic surgeon Lisa St Aubin de Terán (born 1953), author (briefly ) Alison Stephens (1970–2010), mandolin player/composer Clare Wigfall (born 1976), writer Beth Willis (producer) (born 1977), TV producer References External links JAGS website Independent girls' schools in London Educational institutions established in 1741 1741 establishments in England Educational charities based in the United Kingdom Independent schools in the London Borough of Southwark Member schools of the Girls' Schools Association Dulwich Church of England independent schools in the Diocese of Southwark College of God's Gift

598437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20Ones%20%28Michael%20Jackson%20album%29

Number Ones (Michael Jackson album)

Number Ones is a greatest hits album by American singer Michael Jackson. It was released on November 18, 2003, by Epic Records. Number Ones was Jackson's first proper compilation album with Epic Records, after the release of the first disc of HIStory in 1995 (and after the re-release of that disc as a single album titled Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001). The album included Jackson's singles that reportedly reached number 1 in charts around the world, hence the album's name. Number Ones also features the last original single released during Jackson's lifetime, "One More Chance", released two days after the release of the album. Number Ones was successful around the world, originally reaching number one in the UK among other countries. The album eventually returned to the top spot in the UK and reached number one on the US charts after Jackson's sudden death in 2009, staying as the number one selling album in the United States for six non consecutive weeks and for twenty-seven weeks on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart. However, as a 'catalog' title, initially Number Ones was excluded from the Billboard 200 denying Jackson a seventh solo number one album on the chart. The rules preventing titles older than 18 months to chart on the Billboard 200 were subsequently changed in the fall of 2009 due to the posthumous success of Jackson, as well as The Beatles re-mastered re-releases. By 2021, Number Ones was certified 5× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). At the 2009 American Music Awards, it won two awards - Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Album. With Number Ones, Jackson was the first artist to sell more than one million downloads in one week. The album was also the third best-selling album of 2009 in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan and ninth best-selling worldwide according to IFPI. Background In 2003, Sony released Number Ones, which was different from Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in several ways. The latter sold over 5 million copies, comprised fifteen singles (fourteen of them Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 hits): three from Off the Wall, five from Thriller, four from Bad and three from Dangerous. The versions of those songs were included exactly as they appeared on the original albums, whereas Number Ones included radio edits, single versions, and new edits. Number Ones also offered singles from the second disc of HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I, plus the title track from Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix and "You Rock My World", the hit single from Invincible. The album also included two other tracks: "Break of Dawn" (a song from Invincible that Jackson planned to release as a single) and the new, previously unreleased single, "One More Chance", which became the final hit single during his lifetime. The beat-heavy ballad "One More Chance", which was written for Jackson by R. Kelly, was recorded for this collection. The U.S. release also included another track, a live rendition of "Ben". There were four covers for the Number Ones album: a pose from the "Bad" music video, a pose from the "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough" music video, a pose where he is suspended on his toes while performing "Billie Jean", and the final cover shows him holding his signature fedora, in the midst of a kick (from "Black or White"). Impact of album after death Number Ones had already sold 1,825,000 copies in the US the week Jackson died. Following Jackson's death on June 25, the album sold 108,000 units in the US on the chart week ending July 1, 2009 and was the biggest-selling album of the week, though only one quarter of Jackson's entire US album sales recorded that week, shifting just under 425,000 albums and 2.6 million digital singles (more than 50 times of all the combined digital single sales of the previous week and making Jackson the first artist to sell more than one million downloads in one week). The following week it remained the biggest selling album shifting its largest one-week sales since being release in 2003 with 350,000 copies sold, as Jackson's overall album sales tally swelled to 1.1 million for the week. Number Ones was 2009's third biggest-selling album according to SoundScan, behind Susan Boyle's I Dreamed a Dream and Taylor Swift's Fearless. Although the best selling album for three weeks in a row, the record was not allowed to chart on the Billboard 200 due to (now defunct) rules, but entered the Comprehensive Chart at number 1 where it remained for six weeks. Number Ones was the best-selling album in the United States for six consecutive weeks amassing sales of 2.36 million by the end of 2009. The Billboard Catalog chart also allowed Number Ones to chart, where it led Jackson in occupying the entire top 12 positions on the chart. Number Ones has topped Top Catalog Albums Chart several times; most recently for three consecutive weeks in May and June 2014. As of July 29, 2016, the album has sold over 5,300,000 million copies in the US. In the UK, Ireland and Canada, the album re-entered the UK charts at number 1 the week following Jackson's death. In New Zealand, Number Ones re-entered the chart following Jackson's death at number 38, climbing to number 4 the following week. It then reached number 1 the next week; the album was also certified 4x Platinum, shipping over 60,000 copies. Track listing The songs included on each international version and format are summarised below, sortable using the position within an edition. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Certifications and sales See also Number Ones DVD List of best-selling singles and albums of 2003 in Ireland List of best-selling albums of the 2000s (decade) in the United Kingdom List of best-selling albums of the 2000s (century) in the United Kingdom References 2003 greatest hits albums Michael Jackson compilation albums Albums produced by Michael Jackson Albums produced by Quincy Jones Albums produced by Teddy Riley Albums produced by R. Kelly Albums produced by Rodney Jerkins Epic Records compilation albums Compilation albums of number-one songs

598889

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Fisher

William Fisher

William Fisher may refer to: Politics, government, military William Hayes Fisher, 1st Baron Downham (1853–1920), British politician William Fisher (mayor), mayor of Philadelphia, served 1773–1774 William Fisher (Nova Scotia politician) (1716–1777), farmer and politician in Nova Scotia William Fisher (Canadian politician) (1811–1891), merchant and political figure in British Columbia, Canada William Fisher (Royal Navy officer) (1780–1852), British naval officer William Blake Fisher (1853–1926), British admiral William Wordsworth Fisher (1875–1937), British admiral William S. Fisher (Texas), Republic of Texas soldier, leader of the ill-fated 1842 Mier expedition Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher (William August Fisher, 1903–1971), Soviet intelligence officer Bill Fisher (1926–2010), Australian judge and President of the New South Wales Industrial Commission Bill Fisher (Oregon politician), former Oregon State Senator Other William Webster Fisher (1798–1874), Downing Professor of Medicine at Cambridge University William W. Fisher, American legal academic William Arms Fisher (1861–1948), American music historian William Ellsworth Fisher (1871–1937), American architect William Fisher (painter) (1890–1985), American painter William Fisher (boxer) (born 1940), Scottish boxer William Frederick Fisher (born 1946), American astronaut and emergency physician William S. Fisher (born 1958), director of Gap, Inc. William Fisher (media executive) (born 1960), media and television executive William Fisher, the Kirk Elder of Mauchline, who inspired Burns' poem Holy Willie's Prayer Bill Fisher, English vocalist, lead singer of Church of the Cosmic Skull Willie Fisher (footballer) (1873–1910), Scottish footballer See also William Fish (disambiguation) William Fischer (disambiguation)

599302

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%20Jianying

Ye Jianying

Ye Jianying (; 28 April 1897 – 22 October 1986) was a Chinese communist revolutionary leader and politician, one of the founding Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army. He was the top military leader in the 1976 coup that overthrew the Gang of Four and ended the Cultural Revolution, and was the key supporter of Deng Xiaoping in his power struggle with Hua Guofeng. After Deng ascended power, Ye served as China's head of state as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress from 1978 to 1983. Life Born Ye Yiwei () into a wealthy Christian Hakka merchant family in Jiaying county (modern-day renamed as Meixian District), Guangdong, his courtesy name was Cangbai (). After graduation from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919, he joined Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (KMT). He taught at the Whampoa Military Academy, and in 1927 joined the Communist Party. That year, he participated in the failed Nanchang Uprising and was forced to flee to Hong Kong with two other uprising leaders, Zhou Enlai and Ye Ting (no relation), with only a pair of handguns to share between them. Shortly after, he faithfully carried out his assigned duties during the Guangzhou Uprising, although he had been opposed to it; upon this uprising's failure he was once again obliged to flee to Hong Kong with Ye Ting and Nie Rongzhen. However, Ye was far more fortunate than Ye Ting, who was made a scapegoat for the Comintern's failures and forced into exile. Ye was not blamed, and subsequently studied military science in Moscow. After returning to China in 1932 he joined the Jiangxi Soviet, serving as Chief of Staff of Zhang Guotao's Fourth Front Army. However, after Zhang's fighters met up with Mao Zedong's force during the Long March, the two leaders disagreed on the subsequent move of the Chinese Red Army. Zhang insisted on turning southward to establish a new base in the regions inhabited by Tibetan and Qiang minorities. (This later proved to be a disaster, as Mao had anticipated, with Zhang losing over 75% of his men and retreating to the Communist base at Shaanxi.) During the two leaders' disagreement, Ye – though he was Zhang's Chief of Staff – sided with Mao; and instead of supporting Zhang unconditionally as he had during the Guangzhou Uprising, Ye absconded to Mao's headquarters with Zhang's code books and maps. As a result, Zhang's communications with Comintern were cut, while Mao was able to establish a radio link, leading to Comintern's acceptance of Mao's leadership in the Communist Party of China. Mao would never forget Ye's contribution, observing later that "Ye Jianying saved the (Chinese Communist) Party, the (Chinese) Red Army, and the (Chinese) Revolution". During the Long March, Ye assisted Liu Bocheng in directing the crossing of the Yangtze River at Anshunchang and Luding Bridge. After 1936, Ye became director of the offices that liaised with the KMT, first in Xi'an, then in Nanjing and finally in Chongqing. He worked together with Zhou Enlai in this capacity. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ye was placed in charge of Guangdong, which was to cost him his political career under Mao's reign. Ye understood that the economic conditions in the province were very different from those in the rest of China, since most Cantonese landlords were peasants themselves who participated in production without exploiting their tenants. He therefore declined to dispossess the landlords, and instead protected their businesses and land. However, Ye's policies contradicted the general directives of the Party-mandated land reform, which emphasized class struggle. His policies deemed too soft, Ye and his local cadres were soon replaced by Lin Biao's, and a much harsher policy was implemented, with Ye's political career effectively over. However, Mao did not forget what Ye had done for him during the Long March, and thus removed him only from political posts while preserving his military positions. As a result, until 1968, Ye remained active in various military functions, having been made a marshal in 1955. Ye was clever in using his military influence to provide limited support and protection for reformers like Zhao Ziyang, and he was responsible for interfering with assassination attempts on Deng Xiaoping during the Cultural Revolution. After Lin Biao was overthrown and died in 1971, Ye's influence grew, and in 1975 he was appointed Defense Minister, taking Lin Biao's post. From 1973, he was also a Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He led the conspiracy of generals and Party elders that overthrew Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four; during initial planning at his residence, he and Li Xiannian communicated by writing, although they sat next to each other, because of the possibility of bugging. Thanks to Ye's support of Chairman Hua Guofeng, he was confirmed as party vice-chairman at the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1977. Because the physical demands of Defense Minister were too great for the octogenarian Ye, he resigned from that position in 1978 and was appointed Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, filling a post left unoccupied since Zhu De's death in 1976. As such, Ye was China's ceremonial Head of State. Ye retired from this position in 1983 and in 1985 he withdrew completely from the Politburo Standing Committee. He died a little over a year later at the age of 89. Personal life Ye married six times and had six children. His sons include Ye Xuanping (1924–2019), Ye Xuanning (1938–2016), and Ye Xuanlian (, born 1952). Ye's granddaughter Robynn Yip (born 1986), daughter of Xuanlian, is a professional musician based in Hong Kong. Awards Order of Victory of Resistance against Aggression (1945) Order of August the First (1st Class Medal) (1955) Order of Independence and Freedom (1st Class Medal) (1955) Order of Liberation (1st Class Medal) (1955) References |- |- |- |- |- |- 1897 births 1986 deaths Ministers of National Defense of the People's Republic of China Eighth Route Army generals X=10 Chinese politicians of Hakka descent Hakka generals People from Meixian District Chinese Communist Party politicians from Guangdong Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Mayors of Beijing Mayors of Guangzhou Governors of Guangdong People's Republic of China politicians from Guangdong Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni Members of the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party Politicians from Meizhou 20th-century Chinese politicians Members of the 12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Members of the 11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Members of the 10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party Members of the 9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party Members of the 8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Chinese Christians

599345

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20III

Charles III

Charles III may refer to: Charles III, Duke of Bourbon (1490–1527) Charles III, Duke of Lorraine (1543–1608) Charles III, Duke of Parma (1823–1854) Charles III, Duke of Savoy (1486–1553) Charles III, Prince of Guéméné (1655–1727) Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1818–1889) Charles III John of Norway (1763–1844) Charles III of Alençon (1337–1375) Charles III of Anjou (1290–1325) Charles III of Bohemia (1887–1922) Charles III of East Francia (832–888) Charles III, Count of Flanders (1506–1556) Better known as Charles of Ghent or Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles III of Hungary (1685–1740) Charles III of Naples (1345–1386) Charles III of Navarre (1361–1425) Charles III of Spain (1716–1788) The title Charles III of Spain was also used by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1685–1740) during the War of the Spanish Succession, ca. 1705–1713 Charles III of West Francia (879–929) Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor (839–888) Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine (1661–1742) Other Charles Edward Stuart (1720–1788), Stuart pretender who styled himself Charles III Charles, Prince of Wales (born 1948), possible future regnal name King Charles III (play), a 2014 play by Mike Bartlett, about Charles as king King Charles III (film), a 2017 adaptation of the play Charles III (album), by organist Charles Earland See also King Charles (disambiguation) Order of Charles III, established by Charles III of Spain

600204

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian%20%28Richard%20III%29

Ricardian (Richard III)

Ricardians are people interested in altering the posthumous reputation of King Richard III of England (reigned 1483–1485). Richard III has long been portrayed unfavourably, most notably in William Shakespeare's play Richard III, in which Richard is portrayed as having murdered his 12-year-old nephew Edward V in order to secure the English throne for himself. Ricardians have worked in an effort to turn this around and to paint this portrayal, and the many other related assertions that followed, as most probably false politically motivated accusations. Ricardians accept as facts: that first the young king Edward V was placed under the protection of his uncle Richard III; that Richard III himself was then crowned as the new king instead of young Edward V; and finally that the young king disappeared at some point over the coming year, never to be seen again. However, they dispute the initial common assumption by many, that Richard III was personally responsible for the apparent murder of Edward V. Richard III's reign lasted for only 2 years, and his short reign came to a violent end on 22 August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth – the last battle of the War of the Roses. In the aftermath of the battle, Richard III's body was not given a proper state funeral, and the location of his remains was soon forgotten – there was even a belief, now proved false, that they had been thrown into the River Soar in Leicester following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Ricardians assert that many of the original assumptions about Richard III's motives and likely responsibility relating to these events were not supported by the actual facts of the day, that these assumptions were most probably instead the result of the political claims of his successors, and that they were most probably in fact mistaken assumptions. The two most notable societies of Ricardians are the Richard III Society, and the Richard III Foundation, Inc. A third much smaller Ricardian organisation, composed of "collateral descendants" of Richard III, is the Plantagenet Alliance. In 2012 the Richard III Society was instrumental in leading an archaeological effort to positively locate and identify the long-lost remains of Richard III, which resulted in the discovery and retrieval of the remains from beneath a Leicester car park. Subsequently, much popular historical interest was generated in this historical period. Such historical interest resulted in the review and publication of many articles and documents regarding Richard's reign, which have contributed to the scholarship of latter 15th-century England. After their discovery, Richard III's remains were first scientifically evaluated, then formally re-interred within the interior of Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015. Their re-interment occurred amidst days of solemn ceremonies and pageantry. History Ricardian historiography includes works by Horace Walpole and by Sir George Buck, who was the king's first defender, after the Tudor period. Ricardian fiction includes Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time and Sharon Kay Penman's The Sunne in Splendour. Elizabeth George writes of the fictional discovery of an exonerating document in her short story "I Richard". Science fiction writer Andre Norton, in the 1965 novel Quest Crosstime, depicted an alternate history in which Richard III won at Bosworth and turned out to be one of England's greatest kings, "achieving the brilliance of the Elizabethan era two generations earlier". Richard III Society The Richard III Society was founded in 1924 by Liverpool surgeon Samuel Saxon Barton (1892-1957) as The Fellowship of the White Boar, Richard's badge and a symbol of the Yorkist army in the Wars of the Roses. Its membership was originally a small group of interested amateur historians whose aim was to bring about a re-assessment of the reputation of Richard III. The society became moribund during the Second World War. In 1951 Josephine Tey published her detective novel The Daughter of Time, in which Richard's guilt is examined and doubted. In 1955, Laurence Olivier released his film of Shakespeare's Richard III, which at the beginning admitted that the play was based on legend, and a sympathetic, detailed biography of Richard was published by Paul Murray Kendall, all of which went some way towards re-invigorating the society. The Fellowship of the White Boar was renamed The Richard III Society in 1959. In 1980, Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester, became the society's Patron. (Richard III was Duke of Gloucester before ascending the throne, therefore he was before his accession (Prince) Richard, Duke of Gloucester). In 1986 the society established the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, a registered charity, to advance research and publication related to the history of late medieval England. The society publishes a scholarly journal, The Ricardian. Rediscovery of Richard III In 2012 the society, working in partnership with the University of Leicester and Leicester City Council, exhumed a skeleton at the site of the former Greyfriars Church that was later confirmed to be that of the King. Philippa Langley, the secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society, inaugurated the quest for King Richard's lost grave as part of her ongoing research into the controversial monarch. Her project marked the first-ever search for the grave of an anointed King of England, and in 2013 was made into an acclaimed TV documentary Richard III: King In A Car Park by Darlow Smithson Productions for Channel 4. Philippa Langley and Dr John Ashdown-Hill were awarded the MBE in recognition of their services to "the Exhumation and Identification of Richard III" (London Gazette) in the 2015 Queen's Birthday Honours. The Richard III Foundation, Inc. The Foundation is a non-for-profit §501(c)(3) educational organization. The aims of the Foundation are to study, share and stimulate interest in the life and times of King Richard III and the Wars of the Roses. The Richard III Foundation, Inc. is the only Ricardian organization which directly asserts that its aim is to vindicate Richard. Its website states, "The Foundation seeks to challenge the popular view of King Richard III by demonstrating through rigorous scholarship that the facts of Richard’s life and reign are in stark contrast to the Shakespearian caricature." The Foundation provides a focal point for people who share a fascination with this dynamic period in history. Through continuous research, their work is to identify and translate documents and texts that shed new insight into this important period of history. Plantagenet Alliance The Plantagenet Alliance is a grouping of 15 individuals who claim to be "collateral [non-direct] descendants" of Richard III, and have been described as a "Ricardian fan club". The group, formed for the purpose, unsuccessfully campaigned during 2013 and 2014 to have Richard re-interred at York Minster rather than Leicester Cathedral, believing that that was his wish. During the campaign, the group failed to attract enough support to petition parliament. References External links Richard III Society Society of Friends of King Richard III Richard III Foundation Ricardian Friends Richard III & Yorkist History Trust website History organisations based in the United Kingdom Richard III of England Wars of the Roses

601696

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Mackenzie

Thomas Mackenzie

Sir Thomas Mackenzie (10 March 1853 – 14 February 1930) was a Scottish-born New Zealand politician and explorer who briefly served as the 18th prime minister of New Zealand in 1912, and later served as New Zealand High Commissioner in London. Biography Early life and career Mackenzie was born in Edinburgh in 1853. His family emigrated to New Zealand in 1858 when he was four and Mackenzie was educated at Green Island School and at the Stone School, both in Dunedin. After ending his education in his early teens he worked for several years in commercial firms before, aged 20, following his brother James into surveying. He gained employment at the Department of Lands and Survey and worked in several locations including the Hutt Valley, Rangitikei and Manawatu before finally returning to his home area in Dunedin. In 1877 he purchased a general storekeeping business in Balclutha. He managed the business well and it developed well before he sold it in 1886 for a considerable profit. In the Balclutha area he became a well-known man and was accordingly elected a member of the Balclutha Borough Council from 1881 to 1887. During this period he married, on 24 September 1884, to Ida Henrietta Nantes with whom he had five sons and two daughters. Mackenzie was also a notable explorer. He was a member of expeditions to the Tautuku Forest (1883), the wild country between Milford Sound and Lake Te Anau (1888; discovered the Sutherland Falls), and the Matterhorn Mountains (1888; discovered a pass between Lake Manapouri and Hall Arm). He was the first person to try to map an overland route to Dusky Sound (1894–1896). He crossed the land between Lake Te Anau and Lake Wakatipu in 1907. Member of Parliament Mackenzie was elected to the New Zealand Parliament for Clutha in 1887. He resigned in 1896 to assess the British markets for New Zealand products and remained in his native land for three years. On his return to New Zealand he was elected to Parliament successively for Waihemo –1902, Waikouaiti 1902–1908, Taieri 1908–1911 and Egmont (in the North Island) 1911–1912, never losing an election he contested. In addition to parliamentary duties Mackenzie was Mayor of Roslyn from 1901 to 1902. Additionally he served for many years on the Otago Education Board, Otago High Schools' Board and the Otago Hospital Board. Minister and Prime Minister In January 1909 he was appointed Minister of Industries and Commerce, Tourist and Health Resorts, Scenery Preservation and State Forestry Departments in the government of Sir Joseph Ward with a seat in the Cabinet. In May the same year he also became Minister of Agriculture. In May 1912 Ward resigned as Prime Minister. Mackenzie was one of several names floated as possible successor and after a 10-hour caucus meeting on 22 March, presided over by Ward, Mackenzie won a ballot by the caucus 22 votes to 9 over George Laurenson. He also served as Minister of Lands in his own government. Mackenzie's Ministry was criticised by both the opposition and Liberal dissidents. Liberal MP Roderick McKenzie stated that Mackenzie's ministers were political novices who had forsaken their liberal principles and John Millar should have been Ward's successor as Prime Minister. The Mackenzie government survived only until July 1912 when he lost a vote of no confidence moved by the opposition. Two of Ward's Ministers withdrew their support and several members crossed the floor to defeat the ministry and William Massey's Reform Party came to power. Mackenzie then resigned as leader of the Liberals. He did so believing the Liberal Party's policies and reforms had become too mainstream and entrenched for them to be abolished. Diplomatic career The new Prime Minister Massey appointed him to London as High Commissioner of New Zealand to the United Kingdom. He served in this role until 1920 during which time he carried an unexpectedly high workload due to the advent of World War I. He was New Zealand delegate at the peace conferences with Austria, Bulgaria and Turkey in 1919, a member of the Dardanelles Commission and the Imperial War Graves Commission (later the Commonwealth War Graves Commission). Historian David Hall wrote that his work as New Zealand's wartime High Commissioner was the most valuable period of his career. Later life and death In March 1921 he was appointed member of the New Zealand Legislative Council for Otago. In 1923 he supported Val Sanderson in establishing the Native Bird Protection Society (later the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand) and was the society's first president. New Zealand historian Tom Brooking wrote that Mackenzie's greatest contribution was his vigorous support of the cause of conservation in New Zealand. Mackenzie died in Dunedin in 1930 and was buried in the Dunedin Northern Cemetery. Honours and recognition He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1916 New Year Honours (1 January 1916) and promoted to Knight Grand Cross (GCMG) in June 1920. Family His son Clutha Mackenzie who was blinded at Gallipoli was active in work for the blind. He followed his father in also becoming, briefly, a Member of Parliament. His brother James Mackenzie was Surveyor-General of New Zealand from 1912 to 1914. See also Liberal Government of New Zealand Notes References Obituary, The Times, 15 February 1930 External links Page on Thomas Mackenzie at New Zealand Prime Minister Website Dusky Track, New Zealand |- 1853 births 1930 deaths Politicians from Edinburgh Scottish emigrants to New Zealand People from Dunedin New Zealand cartographers New Zealand explorers Explorers of New Zealand 19th-century New Zealand politicians Local political office-holders in New Zealand Independent MPs of New Zealand Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates New Zealand Liberal Party MPs Leaders of political parties in New Zealand Prime Ministers of New Zealand New Zealand Liberal Party MLCs High Commissioners of New Zealand to the United Kingdom New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods New Zealand Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George New Zealand conservationists Burials at Dunedin Northern Cemetery

602087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Moore%20%28musician%29

Sean Moore (musician)

Sean Anthony Moore (born 30 July 1968) is a Welsh musician, who is the drummer and percussionist and occasional trumpet player of the Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He is cousin to bandmate James Dean Bradfield. Early years Born on 30 July 1968 in Pontypool, Torfaen, Moore attended Oakdale Comprehensive in Oakdale, Caerphilly, with his cousin James Dean Bradfield, and other future band members Nicky Wire and Richey Edwards. Roles in the band Simon Price wrote in Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers) that "Sean Moore is quite possibly the only person in rock who doesn't take the Manics seriously". According to his bandmates, he is the band's "musical driving force". In their early days, he was often mistaken for a woman due to his long hair, naturally effeminate features and small stature. He is the only current member of the Manic Street Preachers who has not released a solo album. Driving and football Moore also has a strong interest in motoring, and set the 22nd fastest lap time around the Nürburgring, Germany, in an Audi RS 4 in 8 minutes 25 seconds. Manics singer James Dean Bradfield mentioned this before playing "Motown Junk" as part of the annual Rock am Ring festival at the track. Moore is a fan of Michael Schumacher. Sean supports Liverpool Football Club and was present when Liverpool won the first FA Cup Final to be held at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff in May 2001. References 1968 births Living people Alternative rock drummers Manic Street Preachers members People educated at Oakdale Comprehensive School People from Blackwood, Caerphilly People from Pontypool Welsh rock drummers Welsh socialists Welsh songwriters

602143

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Jones%20%28poet%29

Patrick Jones (poet)

Patrick Jones (born 1965) is a Welsh poet, playwright, and elder brother of Nicky Wire from Manic Street Preachers. Biography Born in Tredegar in 1965, Patrick Jones was educated at Oakdale Comprehensive, Crosskeys College (a campus of Coleg Gwent), and then at the University of Wales, Swansea from 1983 to 1987. He was awarded Bsc. (Hons) in Sociology and American Studies. Jones has been employed in youth work, nursing aid, as a Literacy Officer and a Lecturer. He has lived much of his life in Blackwood but has also lived in Herne Bay, Swansea, in Germany, and spent four years in Chicago, Illinois. Jones set up the Blackwood Young Writers Group based at the Blackwood Miners Institute in 1993. He taught Adult Literacy at Blackwood Community College and the Ebbw Vale Institute. Jones is also active in setting up various reading and writing workshops throughout Wales from schools to youth centres. He has also served as the Creative Literacy Worker for the Cynon Project and in 1988 was writer in residence at Swansea College. He has worked in collaboration with Hafan Cymru, Ty Hapus, Literature Wales and The Welsh National Opera. Jones has made various television and radio appearances, and is probably Wales' most prominent living literary figure. He participated in a week-long intensive writing masterclass with Arnold Wesker at Hay on Wye Literature Festival in 1997. Jones participated in the 1998 Dysfluency Tour. In April 1999, he staged a Kosovo benefit at Blackwood Miner's Institute involving Max Boyce, James Dean Bradfield and other artists. Later that year he read from and discussed sections of his play Everything Must Go at Marxism '99. 1999 also saw Ioan Gruffydd, Matthew Rhys and other Welsh celebrities performing his poem "The Guerrilla Tapestry" at the opening of the Welsh Assembly 'Voices of a Nation' concert. In 2004, he returned to the Hay Festival for a discussion with James Dean Bradfield on music, politics and writing. Jones has worked with St David's Foundation Hospice Care, The Samaritans, Hope and Aid Direct and Learning through Growth in the Cynon Valley.. Has been involved in many protests including Save St David's Woods, and Justice for Fathers. In 2007 he performed a reading at a fundraising concert for Stop The War, during which he also collaborated with Newport band New State Radio. Jones' play, Revelation, spoke out on behalf of victims of female domestic violence. Jones spent some time researching the play and it is based on over forty interviews with men who have experienced domestic violence. It was supported by the Dyn Project Cardiff, Mankind UK, Chapter Arts Centre and the Welsh Arts Council. It was directed by Chris Durnall with Nathan Sussex and Stacey Daly and featured a soundtrack by Jones' friend and collaborator, James Dean Bradfield. It was performed at Chapter Arts Centre in July 2008 before transferring to a three-week run at the Courtyard Theatre in London as well as other, non-theatre venues. In November 2008, Waterstone's cancelled an appearance from Jones at one of their stores, where he was expected to sign autographs and promote his new work, because of a planned protest by a religious pressure group over alleged blasphemy. In an effort to ensure that he was not gagged, Liberal Democrat Assembly Member Peter Black then asked Jones to read from his book, Darkness Is Where The Stars Are, at the Welsh Assembly, and the reading went ahead on 11 December despite protests. A CD Tongues for a Stammering Time, with spoken word in collaboration with many musicians including Nicky Wire, James Dean Bradfield, Billy Bragg, Amy Wadge, Martyn Joseph and others, was released on Anhrefn Records in May 2009. In 2014 The Forgotten, a Chartist musical co written with Drama lecturer Vanessa Dodd was performed at The Riverfront and other venues in the South Wales are to mark the 175th anniversary of The Chartist Rising. In March 2015 it was announced that Jones' play Before I leave would be part of the National Theatre of Wales' 5th Year programme. The play was inspired by The Cwm Taf Choir based in Merthyr Tydfil which is supported by The Alzheimer's Society. Jones worked with Rhiannon White Co Artistic Director of Common Wealth Theatre Company Summer 2015 in and around Blackwood, researching and developing his first play Everything Must Go which was resurrected for the second Velvet Coalmine festival. 2016 saw the premiere of his new play Before I Leave produced by The National Theatre Wales. Based on research Jones undertook with various Dementia choirs and supported by The Alzheimer's Society Cymru, the play tells the story of a choir made up of members who live with dementia. It is currently being developed into a film. Rough Trade Books published a new collection of poetry 'My Bright Shadow' in May 2019. Written during his mother's battle with Leukaemia and after her death the work deals with grief, loss, healing and the power of words to bear witness to a life. A new album, Renegade Psalms was released in 2019. It is a collaboration with Jones and The Membranes singer and bassist John Robb, and featured eleven brand new tracks. A state of the nation address focusing on such issues as Brexit, austerity, the bedroom taxlins, housing inequality alongside hope, protest and love. Works Books The Guerrilla Tapestry (1995) The Protest of Discipline (1996) Detritus (1997) Mute Communion (1997) Fuse (Parthian Books) (2001) Includes a foreword by Nicky Wire called 'The Words are Coming' Against (2003) Last wRites (editor) (2006) Darkness is where the stars are (2008) 'The Aspirations of Poverty' Red Poets (2016) "My Bright Shadow" Rough Trade Books (2019) 'Fuse/Fracture' Parthian Books 2021 Music videos All music videos are for Manic Street Preachers, using 'Crash Editing' facilities. Plays Everything Must Go (1999) Unprotected Sex (1999) The War Is Dead Long Live The War (2003) Bridges (2006) Sing To Me (2006) Revelation (2008) A Lament for Moths (2009) Before I Leave (2016) 2000 Watts (2021) Short films Pictures of the Gone World (1999) The Absence (2004) Nutters (2007) Other publications Commemoration and Amnesia (Big Noise Productions) (1999) (Poetry performed by bands) Tongues for a Stammering Time (Anhrefn Records) (2009) (Poetry performed by bands) "Renegade Psalms" (Louder Than War ) in collaboration with John Robb Even in Exile (lyricist) James Dean Bradfield (MontyRay) 2020 References External links http://www.patrick-jones.info 1965 births Living people People from Tredegar Welsh republicans Welsh dramatists and playwrights Anglo-Welsh poets People educated at Oakdale Comprehensive School 21st-century Welsh poets 21st-century British male writers 21st-century Welsh writers

616208

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Wallace%20Richmond

Charles Wallace Richmond

Charles Wallace Richmond (December 31, 1868 – May 19, 1932) was an American ornithologist. He is best remembered for a compilation of the Latin names of birds that is called the Richmond Index. Life and work He was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin and was the eldest son of Edward Leslie and Josephine Ellen Richmond. His mother died when he was 12. His father who was a railway mail clerk moved to Washington, D.C. and joined the Government Printing House there. His father remarried and he had the additional duty of taking care of younger stepbrothers. During his early life he earned extra income for the family by leaving school and working as a page in the House of Representatives. At the age of 15 he got a position as a messenger in the Geological Survey. In 1897 he graduated after studied medicine in Georgetown University and in the next year he married Louise H. Seville. While still at Wisconsin he had collected the eggs of a Kingbird and when he moved to Washington, in 1881. He visited the Smithsonian Institution museum and seeing the large collection of nests and eggs he decided that he would never produce such a collection himself and decided to hand over his own collections to the museum. This led him to meet Robert Ridgway. He subsequently met Ridgway often and this early influence was very strong. His work in the House of Representatives let him use the library there which had a good collection of books on birds. In 1888, Richmond took part in a United States Geological Survey expedition to Montana. He became an ornithological clerk at the United States Department of Agriculture. After a collecting trip to Nicaragua he joined the staff of the United States National Museum in Washington, D.C. as a nightwatchman. He was promoted to Aid, followed by Assistant in the birds department. He became Associate Curator of Birds in 1894. Richmond then became Associate Curator in 1918. He moved up to Curator in 1929, but stepped back to stay as Associate Curator, so that Herbert Friedmann could become Curator. Research Richmond started a card catalog when he was twenty one. He continued to maintain the catalog throughout his life. Research wise he focused on naming authorities for bird names, and was considered the foremost expert on the subject. His card catalog continues to be utilized by ornithologists, today. Legacy The scientific name of the northern cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, was named in his honor, as was the wrasse, Halichoeres richmondi. References External links The Richmond Index Guide to the microfiche 1868 births 1932 deaths American ornithologists Smithsonian Institution people

618723

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Stanley%20%28disambiguation%29

Charles Stanley (disambiguation)

Charles Stanley (born 1932), is an American preacher, Pastor of First Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia. Charles Stanley may also refer to: Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby (1628–1672), Lord of Mann 1660–1672 Charles Zedenno Stanley (1666–1715), English MP and Governor of the Isle of Man Charles John Stanley (composer) (1712–1786), English composer Charles Henry Stanley (1819–1901), American chess player Charles H. Stanley (1842–1913), comptroller of Maryland Charles Stanley (priest) (born 1884), Irish Anglican Dean of Lismore Charles Orr Stanley (1899–1989), Irish businessman, head of British company Pye Ltd Chuck Stanley, former drummer of popular beat combo The Ordinary Boys "Chuck Stanley", pen name of Charles S. Strong See also Charles Stanley Group, a British investment management firm

622609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Livingston%20Lowes

John Livingston Lowes

John Livingston Lowes (December 20, 1867, Decatur, Indiana – August 15, 1945, Boston, Massachusetts) was an American scholar and critic of English literature, specializing in Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Geoffrey Chaucer. Life Lowes earned a B.A. from Washington and Jefferson College in 1888 and did postgraduate work in Germany and at Harvard University. He taught mathematics at Washington and Jefferson College until 1891 when he received his M.A. From 1909 to 1918 he worked as an English professor at Washington University in St. Louis, where he also served as dean of arts and sciences. From 1918 to 1939 he taught English at Harvard. In 1919 he was the Lowell Institute lecturer and the author of Convention and Revolt in Poetry. His grandfather was David Elliott, who had served as President of Washington College. Lowes died in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 77. Works Coleridge Lowes' most famous work is The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination (Houghton Mifflin, 1927), which examines the sources of Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan. Using Coleridge's notebook and other papers at the Bristol Library, Lowes put together a list of books that the poet read before and during the time he composed his poems. The trick was to connect images and ideas in the poems to images and ideas in Coleridge's reading. Though later critics have disputed both Lowes' findings and method, The Road to Xanadu according to Toby Litt, an English author, it is 'a book of a lifetime': "Its argument, that Coleridge had one of the most extraordinary minds the world has ever seen, is there on every page"; it "is one of the books which helped me understand what writing is." Chaucer Lowes' book on Chaucer (1934), building on the work of George Lyman Kittredge, treats the poet not just as the "father of English poetry" but as, along with Shakespeare and Milton, English literature's greatest poet. The book greatly influenced E. Talbot Donaldson and other eminent mid-20th-century Chaucerians. Critiques and other writings The Prologue to the Legend of Good Women Considered in Its Chronological Relations was published by Lowes in 1905 Convention and Revolt in Poetry following up in 1919 with his major critique on Free Verse and poetry Of Reading Books - Four Essays followed in 1929 and Selected Poems of Amy Lowell as editor in 1928 with Essays in appreciation - first published in 1936 and A Leaf from the 1611 King James Bible in 1937 References External links WWI military service/photo Image of Livingston Lowes Pearson Education Book of a Lifetime, Toby Litt on The Road to Xanadu, The Independent 29 February 2008 American literary critics American essayists Harvard University alumni Harvard University faculty Writers from Boston Washington University in St. Louis faculty 1867 births 1945 deaths Washington & Jefferson College alumni Washington & Jefferson College faculty People from Decatur, Indiana Samuel Taylor Coleridge Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

623423

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto%20Torres%20%28musician%29

Roberto Torres (musician)

Roberto Torres (born 10 February 1940) is a Cuban singer, percussionist, bandleader and producer. Born in Güines, Cuba, he moved to the United States in 1959, where he became involved in the Latin music scenes of New York and Miami. In 1979, he founded two record labels, Guajiro Records and its subsidiary, SAR, both devoted to Cuban music. As a singer and musician, he is famous for his combination of Cuban and Colombian music, which he termed "charanga vallenata". His biggest hit was a cover version of Simón Díaz's "Caballo Viejo". He was a member of the Sonora Matancera for three years. He has also appeared in music documentaries such as Son sabrosón: antesala de la salsa. On 2 June 2011, the Cuban-American community of Union City, New Jersey honored Torres with a star on the Walk of Fame at Celia Cruz Plaza. References External links 1940 births Living people Cuban musicians Cuban emigrants to the United States

623921

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Newman

James Newman

James Newman may refer to: James Newman (musician), English singer-songwriter James Newman (actor) (born 1992), actor who starred on MTV's 2011 series Skins James C. Newman, American engineer and materials scientist James H. Newman (born 1956), American astronaut James R. Newman (1907–1966), mathematician and mathematical historian James W. Newman (1841–1901), Democratic politician in Ohio James Newman (Canadian politician) (1903–1963), Liberal-Labour politician in Ontario, Canada James Newman (geriatrician) (1903–1983), New Zealand geriatrician and medical superintendent James Newman (mining engineer) (1880–1973), Australian mining engineer and grazier James Newman-Newman (1767–1811), British naval officer Jim Newman (television producer) (born 1933), film and television producer Jim Newman (actor), actor and writer Jim Newman, member of the Village People Jimmy C. Newman (1927–2014), American country music and cajun singer-songwriter

624076

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Phillips

Anthony Phillips

Anthony Edwin Phillips (born 23 December 1951) is an English musician, songwriter, producer and singer who gained prominence as the original lead guitarist of the rock band Genesis, from 1967 to 1970. He left in July 1970 and learned to play more instruments, before he began a solo career. His departure from Genesis on the eve of the group's breakthrough to mainstream popularity has led him to be popularly dubbed "the Pete Best of progressive rock" (though unlike Best, Phillips left his band voluntarily). Phillips released his first solo album, The Geese & the Ghost, in 1977. He continues to release solo material, including further solo albums, television and film music, collaborations with several artists, and compilation albums of his recordings. Early life Phillips was born on 23 December 1951 in Chiswick, England. He attended a preparatory school, during which he formed a group and took part in a performance of "My Old Man's a Dustman" in the school hut as the singer, but forgot the words during it and was kicked out. This led to his decision to learn the guitar. He learned enough to perform lead guitar to a rendition of "Foot Tapper" by The Shadows in the school lounge. The Shadows were a major influence for Phillips in terms of acoustic guitar. At thirteen Phillips acquired a Stratocaster and wrote the basis of his first song, "Patricia", named after the first girl he liked. Part of the song was recorded later by Genesis on "In Hiding". He was not entirely a self-taught guitar player; he received some tuition in rudimentary chords from classical guitarist David Channon, who became a big source of inspiration for Phillips, and used sheet music to songs by The Beatles that his mother would send him. Phillips then picked up more chord knowledge, and learned to copy "reasonably well". As a teenager, Phillips briefly lived in the United States. In April 1965, Phillips attended Charterhouse, an independent school in Godalming, Surrey. In the following month, he formed a band with fellow pupils Rivers Jobe, Richard Macphail, Mike Rutherford, and Rob Tyrell, naming themselves Anon. They based their sets on songs by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones and recorded one demo, Phillips's song "Pennsylvania Flickhouse". The group disbanded in December 1966. Career 1967–1974: Genesis and hiatus In January 1967, after Anon had split up, Phillips and Rutherford became a songwriting unit and started recording several demos. They invited Charterhouse pupil Tony Banks, a member of Garden Wall, another disbanded school group, to play keyboards. Banks agreed, and suggested involving his Garden Wall bandmates, singer Peter Gabriel and drummer Chris Stewart. After the five made a demo tape, it was given to Jonathan King, who signed them to his publishing company and had them record some singles. He named the group Genesis, and suggested they record a studio album which became From Genesis to Revelation. Phillips was particularly angry when King added string arrangements to their songs without their knowledge. In September 1969, the 17-year-old Phillips chose not to pursue a university degree and instead reunite with Gabriel, Banks and Rutherford after they had decided to become a full-time band. However, early in 1970 the constant touring had become wearing on Phillips partly due to the lack of scope for solos in the band's set and the shortage of time to develop new material. To further complicate matters he had developed stage fright which got progressively worse as time went on, and battled with it for three months thinking it was a passing phase. After falling ill with bronchial pneumonia, Phillips was advised by his doctor to quit the band. In June 1970, Phillips had recovered enough to reunite with his bandmates and record their second album, Trespass. Despite his various problems at the time Phillips enjoyed the recording sessions. After recording finished in July the band resumed touring, though early into the tour Phillips announced his decision to leave. His final gig took place at Haywards Heath on 18 July. Banks and Rutherford later said that the group seriously considered disbanding altogether in the wake of Phillips's departure. Nursery Cryme, the next Genesis album, opens with "The Musical Box" which is based on a piece written by Phillips and Rutherford originally titled "F#" (pronounced "F Sharp"). After leaving Genesis, Phillips lacked a solid direction. He recalled listening to Jean Sibelius around the time of his departure and recognised his musical ability was "terribly limited", which encouraged him to become a more proficient musician. In 1974, he became a qualified music teacher and gave lessons to students. By 1977, he was playing classical guitar and piano, and studied orchestration. 1974–present: Solo career After leaving Genesis, Phillips studied classical music (especially classical guitar) and made recordings in collaboration with Harry Williamson, Mike Rutherford and Phil Collins, among others. His first solo album, The Geese & the Ghost, was issued in 1977. Following the commercial failure of The Geese & the Ghost, Phillips was pushed in a pop direction by his record labels. They released his second album, Wise After the Event, in 1978. This was followed the next year by Sides. Both of these albums were produced by Rupert Hine and were intended to reach a mainstream audience, though neither album was successful in that regard. In its initial release in the UK, Sides was accompanied by a more experimental album entitled Private Parts & Pieces; in the US and Canada the two albums were issued separately. Private Parts & Pieces II: Back to the Pavilion followed the next year, and several further sequels were issued in the 1980s and 1990s. According to Phillips, the series "arose partly out of poverty. I was just getting by, library music was just getting going. I had to issue a collection of twelve-string or solo-piano stuff to boost my income." Phillips began writing material with Andrew Latimer of Camel in 1981, and was a featured performer on that band's album, The Single Factor (released in 1982). Phillips released a mainstream pop album entitled Invisible Men in 1983. He later claimed that this project went "horribly wrong" as a result of commercial pressures, and would subsequently eschew mainstream success in favour of more specialised material. He co-wrote "Tears on the Ballroom Floor" for I Hear Talk by Bucks Fizz. Since leaving Genesis, Phillips has remained continuously involved in a variety of musical projects, including extensive soundtrack work in England, often for the label Atmosphere, part of the Universal Music Group. In 1988 he recorded an album with Harry Williamson called Tarka. The album's cover featured a picture of a woman and did not credit Phillips or Williamson anywhere on it, which led to it often being filed under "female vocalist" in record shops. In the mid-1990s, he released an album entitled The Living Room Concert, which featured solo acoustic versions of his earlier material. He also provided archival material for the first Genesis box set, Genesis Archive 1967–75, released in 1998. Several of his albums feature artwork by Peter Cross. In 2008, the first Anthony Phillips biography, The Exile, by journalist Mario Giammetti, was published in Italy (Edizioni Segno). Harvest of the Heart, a 5-CD Box Set chronicling Phillips' solo career and collaborations, was released in 2014. Discography With Genesis From Genesis to Revelation (1969) Trespass (1970) Genesis Archive 1967–75 (1998) Genesis 1970–1975 (2008) R-Kive (2015) Solo albums Compilations Appears on References Sources External links Anthony Phillips Official Site 1951 births Living people English rock guitarists English male singers English songwriters Genesis (band) members People educated at Charterhouse School People from Chiswick English classical guitarists English male guitarists Lead guitarists

626767

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Robinson

Edward Robinson

Edward Robinson or Eddie Robinson may refer to: Politicians Edward Robinson (Maine politician) (1796–1857), U.S. Representative from Maine Edward Robinson (Canadian politician) (1829–1888), Ontario lawyer and political figure Edward Robinson (Australian politician) (1839–1913), Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council Sports American football Edward N. Robinson (1873–1945), American college football coach at University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Brown University, and University of Maine Eddie Robinson (American football coach) (1919–2007), American college football coach at Grambling State University Eddie Robinson (linebacker) (born 1970), American football linebacker Ed Robinson (American football) (born 1970), American football linebacker Other sports Edward Robinson (cricketer) (1862–1942), English amateur first-class cricketer Eddie Robinson (soccer) (born 1978), retired American soccer player Eddie Robinson (baseball) (1920–2021), American Major League Baseball first baseman, scout, coach and front office executive Eddie Robinson (rugby union) (1927–1983), New Zealand rugby union player Eddie Robinson (basketball) (born 1976), American professional basketball player Others Edward Robinson (scholar) (1794–1863), American biblical scholar and archaeologist Edward Robinson (curator) (1858–1931), American writer and authority on art Edward Robinson (VC) (1838–1896), English recipient of the Victoria Cross Edward G. Robinson (1893–1973), Romanian-born American actor Edward Ray Robinson (1893–1979), American set decorator Edward G. Robinson Jr. (1933–1974), American actor and son of Edward G. Robinson See also Ted Robinson (disambiguation) Ed Robinson (Edwin Robinson, born 1971), reporter and producer on Sky Sports Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869–1935), American poet

627892

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Jean%20Pierre%20Laurent

Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent

Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent (or Joseph Laurent) (died 1900) was a French amateur astronomer and chemist who discovered the asteroid 51 Nemausa in 1858, for which he was a recipient of the Lalande Prize awarded by the French Academy of Sciences. It is also likely that he is the same person as the person of that name who provided chemistry assistance to photography pioneer André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri in 1853. He never made any more asteroid discoveries and not much is known about him. He was described as a "very skillful young man" (un jeune homme très habile) by Édouard Stephan. He was described as a "distinguished pupil of the Marseille school", and as an amateur astronomer and an inspector of the assay office in Nîmes (contrôleur du bureau de garantie de Nîmes). The asteroid was discovered using the private observatory at the house formerly occupied by Benjamin Valz, who left in 1836 to become the new director of the Marseille Observatory. He entrusted his former observatory to Laurent, who later found the asteroid. The house, at 32 rue Nationale in Nîmes (at that time known as rue de l'Agau), has a plaque commemorating the discovery. Laurent was awarded the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1858 for his discovery, jointly with five other asteroid and comet discoverers. In addition, asteroid 162 Laurentia was named in his honour. Laurent was named assistant astronomer at the Marseille Observatory on 26 November 1858, however he resigned on 20 February 1859. He cited the disorder in the management of the observatory by Valz as the reason. Valz for his part blamed Laurent for neglecting his duties and disloyalty, in a 14 May 1863 letter to d'Abbadie. Upon his resignation in February 1859, Laurent started a chemical analysis and testing laboratory in Marseille under the name J. Icard et J. Laurent. First name Nineteenth-century sources do not mention his first name, referring to him only as "M. Laurent", the standard French abbreviation for Monsieur Laurent. At one time the Minor Planet Center, which lists asteroid discoverers using their initials and surname, gave his name as "A. Laurent", with the "A." (for "Anonymous") as a sort of placeholder for an unknown first name. However, in a letter dated 5 September 1858 to Benjamin Valz, Laurent wrote that his first name is Joseph-Jean-Pierre (see image), and the Minor Planet Center now uses "J. J. P. Laurent". When using only an initial rather than his full first name, he sometimes used "J. Laurent". A small set of astronomical charts known to have been drawn up by Laurent himself, as well as a hand-drawn star chart portraying the discovery of 51 Nemausa, show his name as J. Laurent (see images). Philippe Véron in his unpublished Dictionnaire des astronomes français gives his name as "Joseph Laurent" In 1857, it was reported that Valz had undertaken the publication of equinoxial charts, to be drawn up by Laurent. When Valz reported the discovery of Nemausa in a letter to the Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, he cited this as the "first success" of these equinoxial charts. The equinoxial charts in question indicate the author as "J. Laurent" (see image) and this is also indicated in a library catalog. A notation (see image) at the top of a hand-drawn star chart in the Observatoire de Marseille - Patrimoines archives notes the discovery of the asteroid as follows: Némausa (51) dec. [ = découverte ] à Nîmes par J. Laurent (22 janvier 1858), which means "51 Nemausa disc. [ = discovered ] at Nîmes by J. Laurent (22 January 1858)". Possible connection to photography pioneer Disdéri André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri pioneered the carte de visite, an early form of mass-production portraiture photography. According to his biographer Elizabeth Anne McCauley, Disdéri developed this process during his stay in Nîmes in 1853, and then moved back to Paris to make his fortune. She cites Disdéri's own book which thanks a chemist and assay office inspector in Nîmes named Monsieur Laurent for his assistance with the chemistry. In her book McCauley identifies the full name of this Monsieur Laurent as Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent, citing an 1855 passport application. The coincidence of name, profession, city and time period is suggestive, however a definitive link to the discoverer of the asteroid has not been established. References Discoverers of asteroids 19th-century French astronomers Year of birth missing 1900 deaths Recipients of the Lalande Prize

631214

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gorman%20%28entertainer%29

John Gorman (entertainer)

John Gorman (born 4 January 1936 in Birkenhead, Cheshire), is an English comedian, vocalist and comedy musician. The Scaffold After grammar school, Gorman worked as a Telecommunications Engineer. He was the founder of the comedy music group The Scaffold, best known for their 1968 hit single Lily the Pink, and its successor the band Grimms – the 'G' in Gorman providing the 'G' in Grimms. He also made a comedy musical album for DJM Records, Go Man Gorman. During the 1970s he made brief film appearances in Frankie Howerd's medieval set farce Up the Chastity Belt (1971), Melody (1971), Terry Gilliam's Jabberwocky (1977), where he is credited as 'second peasant', and The Music Machine (1979) as a newsagent. Television He also made appearances on the British children's television show Tiswas between 1977 and 1981, (became a regular member in 1978) and was one of the Four Bucketeers, a novelty band whose highest-charting single was "Bucket of Water Song", which reached No. 26 in the UK Singles Chart in 1980. After Tiswas, he worked with Chris Tarrant on its adult-orientated successor O.T.T.. He then moved to Tyne Tees, first on the children's game show How Dare You! and later on another children's show, Razzmatazz. After a period living in France, he returned as Artistic Director for the Theatre on the Steps in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. He appeared on the Tiswas Reunited show on ITV1 on 16 June 2007. Also in 2007 he announced plans to establish a Wirral Academy of the Arts at Birkenhead Park. See also Liverpool poets References 1936 births Living people English male singers Parody musicians English male comedians English television presenters People from Birkenhead Entertainers from Merseyside The Scaffold members Grimms members

632246

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Robert%20Brown%20%28judge%29

John Robert Brown (judge)

John Robert Brown (December 10, 1909 – January 23, 1993) was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in 1950s and 1960s, one of the "Fifth Circuit Four" pivotal in the civil rights movement. Education and career Born on December 10, 1909, in Funk, Nebraska, Brown received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1930 from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln and a Juris Doctor in 1932 from the University of Michigan Law School. Brown entered private practice in Houston and Galveston, Texas from 1932 to 1955, except for 1942 to 1946, when he served as a Major in the United States Army during World War II. He was employed at the law firm of Royston Rayzor and specialized in admiralty law. Federal judicial service Brown was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on April 25, 1955, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit vacated by Judge Robert Lee Russell. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 22, 1955, and received his commission on July 27, 1955. He served as Chief Judge and as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 1967 to 1979. He assumed senior status on July 20, 1984. He was the last federal appeals court judge in active service to have been appointed by President Eisenhower. His service terminated on January 23, 1993, due to his death in Houston. Fifth Circuit Four Brown became known as one of the "Fifth Circuit Four"—Brown, Elbert Tuttle, Richard Rives, and John Minor Wisdom—so called because of a series of decisions crucial in advancing the civil rights of African-Americans. At that time, the Fifth Circuit included not only Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas (its jurisdiction ), but also Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and the Panama Canal Zone. Role in split of the old Fifth Circuit During his service as Chief Judge, Brown was crucial to the administrative actions splitting the new Eleventh Circuit (Alabama, Georgia and Florida) from the Old Fifth Circuit which included those states up to September 1981, leaving the current Fifth Circuit with Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi. Honors The Judge John R. Brown Admiralty Moot Court Competition was established shortly before Brown's death and is now held annually, sponsored by the University of Texas School of Law. The Judge Brown Admiralty Collection at the O'Quinn Law Library at the University of Houston Law Center is named in Brown's honor. References External links John R. Brown (1910–1993): The Judge Who Charted the Course Judge John R. Brown Admiralty Moot Court Competition History of the Court of Appeals, on the 11th Circuit Court website 1909 births 1993 deaths University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni University of Michigan Law School alumni Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower 20th-century American judges

634439

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Morrison%20MacIver

Robert Morrison MacIver

Robert Morrison MacIver (April 17, 1882 – June 15, 1970) was a sociologist. Early life and family Robert Morrison MacIver was born in Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Scotland on April 17, 1882, to Donald MacIver, a general merchant and tweed manufacturer, and Christina MacIver (née Morrison). His father was a Calvinist, specifically, Scottish Presbyterian. On 14 August 1911 he married Elizabeth Marion Peterkin. They had three children: Ian Tennant Morrison, Christina Elizabeth, and Donald Gordon. Education He received degrees from the University of Edinburgh (M.A. 1903; D.Ph. 1915), the University of Oxford (B.A. 1907), and Columbia University (Litt.E. 1929) and Harvard (1936). In his rather long period of formal education, he had never made any academically supervised study of sociology. His work in that field was distinguished by his acumen, his philosophical understanding, and extensive study of the major pioneering works of Durkheim, Levy-Bruhl, Simmel and others in the British Museum Library in London, while resident as a student in Oxford. Career He was a university Lecturer in Political Science (1907) and sociology (1911) at the University of Aberdeen. He left Aberdeen in 1915 for a post at the University of Toronto where he was Professor of Political Science and later Head of Department from 1922 to 1927. MacIver was vice chairman of the Canada War Labor Board from 1917 to 1918. In 1927 he accepted an invitation from Barnard College of Columbia University in New York City, where he became professor of Social Science from 1927 to 1936. He was subsequently named Lieber Professor of Political Science and Sociology at Columbia University and taught there from 1929 to 1950. He was president, beginning in 1963 until 1965, and then chancellor of The New School for Social Research from 1965 to 1966. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a member of the American Sociological Society, and was elected as its 30th President in 1940. He was a member of the Institut International de Sociologie and of Phi Beta Kappa. Bibliography Community: A Sociological Study, (1917) Labor in the Changing World, (1919) Elements of Social Science, (1921) The Modern State, (1926) Relation of Sociology and Social Work, (1931) Society 1st Edition (textbook), (1931) Economic Reconstruction, (1934) Towards an Abiding Peace, (1935) Society 2nd Edition (textbook), (1937) Leviathan and the People, (1939) Social Causation, (1942) Foreword to Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation (1944) The Web of Government, (1947) The More Perfect Union (1949) The Ramparts We Guard (1950) The Pursuit of Happiness A Philosophy For Modern Living (1955) [https://archive.org/details/SocietyAnIntroductoryAnalysis1959R.M.Maciver Society 3rd Edition (textbook)], With Charles Page, (1959) The Nations and the United Nations (1959) Life: Its Dimensions and its Bounds (1960) The Challenge of The Passing Years (1962) Power Transformed (1964) The Prevention and Control of Delinquency (1966) As a Tale That Is Told: The Autobiography of R. M. MacIver (1968) Sources Entry in: A Dictionary of Sociology, George Marshall (Ed.), 1998, Oxford University Press, Curriculum vitae provided by MacIver to the General Secretary of the World Council of Churches in 1950, in box 428.11.01.1 of the archives of the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland (http://library.oikoumene.org/en/home.html) References External links 1882 births 1970 deaths American sociologists Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Academics of the University of Aberdeen Presidents of the American Sociological Association The New School faculty Columbia University faculty University of Toronto faculty Canadian sociologists Scottish sociologists Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

635785

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20Gatto

John Taylor Gatto

John Taylor Gatto (December 15, 1935 – October 25, 2018) was an American author and school teacher. After teaching for nearly 30 years he authored several books on modern education, criticizing its ideology, history, and consequences. He is best known for his books Dumbing Us Down: the Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling, and The Underground History of American Education: A Schoolteacher’s Intimate Investigation Into the Problem of Modern Schooling, which is sometimes considered to be his magnum opus. He was named New York City Teacher of the Year in 1989, 1990, and 1991, and New York State Teacher of the Year in 1991. Biography Gatto was born to Andrew Michael Mario and Frances Virginia ( Zimmer) Gatto in Monongahela, Pennsylvania, a steel town near Pittsburgh. In his youth he attended public schools throughout the Pittsburgh Metro Area including Swissvale, Monongahela, and Uniontown as well as a Catholic boarding school in Latrobe. He did undergraduate work at Cornell, the University of Pittsburgh, and Columbia, then served in the U.S. Army medical corps at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Following army service he did graduate work at the City University of New York, Hunter College, Yeshiva University, the University of California, Berkeley, and Cornell. He worked as a writer and held several odd jobs before borrowing his roommate's license to investigate teaching. Gatto also ran for the New York State Senate, 29th District in 1985 and 1988 as a member of the Conservative Party of New York against incumbent David Paterson. He was named New York City Teacher of the Year in 1989, 1990, and 1991, and New York State Teacher of the Year in 1991. In 1991, he wrote a letter announcing his retirement, titled I Quit, I Think, to the op-ed pages of the Wall Street Journal, saying that he no longer wished to "hurt kids to make a living." He then began a public speaking and writing career, and has received several awards from libertarian organizations, including the Alexis de Tocqueville Award for Excellence in Advancement of Educational Freedom in 1997. Gatto promoted homeschooling, and specifically unschooling and open source learning. Wade A. Carpenter, associate professor of education at Berry College, has called his books "scathing" and "one-sided and hyperbolic, [but] not inaccurate" and describes himself as in agreement with Gatto. Gatto was featured in the 2011 documentary film, IndoctriNation: Public Schools and the Decline of Christianity in America. In 2011, Gatto had two major strokes which occurred after he completed the filming of The Ultimate History Lesson: A Weekend with John Taylor Gatto which was released in early 2012 by Tragedy and Hope Communications. Main thesis Gatto asserts the following regarding what school does to children in Dumbing Us Down: It confuses the students. It presents an incoherent ensemble of information that the child needs to memorize to stay in school. Apart from the tests and trials, this programming is similar to the television; it fills almost all the "free" time of children. One sees and hears something, only to forget it again. It teaches them to accept their class affiliation. It makes them indifferent. It makes them emotionally dependent. It makes them intellectually dependent. It teaches them a kind of self-confidence that requires constant confirmation by experts (provisional self-esteem). It makes it clear to them that they cannot hide, because they are always supervised. He also draws a contrast between communities and “networks,” with the former being healthy, and schools being examples of the latter. He says networks have become an unhealthy substitute for community in the United States. Gatto's book aimed to inspire education advocates and the inception of Praxis tests. This testing measured academic competence and knowledge of specific subjects required for teaching. Praxis tests are taken by potential educators as part of certification required by state and professional licensing entities. Gatto demystifies the apparent confusion and meaninglessness of public schooling system by exposing its real purpose and function. According to Gatto, the purpose of public education can be boiled down the six functions described by Alexander Inglis in his 1918 book Principles of Secondary Education: The adjustive or adaptive function. Schools are designed to establish fixed habits of response to authority. The integrating function. The purpose of this function is to make kids as like as possible. The diagnostic and directive function. Schools determine each student's proper social role. The differentiating function. Students are trained no more than to meet the standards of determined social role. The selective function. Unadopted students are treated like inferiors in order to prevent their reproduction. The propaedeutic function. Small fraction of selected students is created in order to continue the schooling system. Selected bibliography Articles and essays "Against School." Harper’s Magazine (September 2003), pp. 33-38. "How public education cripples our kids, and why." Books Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: A Critical Commentary. New York: Monarch Press (1975). . . Dumbing Us Down: The Hidden Curriculum of Compulsory Schooling. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers (1992). Foreword by Thomas Moore. . . The Exhausted School: The First National Grassroots Speakout on the Right to School Choice: Carnegie Hall, New York City. New York: Oxford Village Press (1993). Preface by Patrick Farenga. . . A Different Kind of Teacher: Solving the Crisis of American Schooling. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Hills Books (2002). . . The Underground History of American Education. New York: Oxford Village Press (2001). . . Revised edition (2017) by Oxford Scholars Press (New York) features a foreword is by U.S. Congressman Ron Paul, MD, an introduction by David Ruenzel, and an afterword by Richard Grove of Tragedy & Hope media. Weapons of Mass Instruction: A Schoolteacher's Journey Through the Dark World of Compulsory Schooling. Gabriola Island, B.C. (Canada): New Society Publishers (2008). . . The Adventures of Snider, the CIA Spider. Lost Tools Press (2017). Illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert. . Filmography Documentaries Human Resources Documentary (2010) IndoctriNation: Public Schools and the Decline of Christianity (2011) Thrive: What on Earth Will It Take? (2011) The Ultimate History Lesson: A Weekend with John Taylor Gatto (2012) Sourced transcript. Bibliography and references. See also Critical pedagogy Deschooling Society (book by Ivan Illich) Hidden curriculum How Children Fail (book by John Holt) Total institution Other critics of public education: Zachariah Montgomery Richard Grant White Charlotte Thomson Iserbyt References External links The Underground History of American Education at Internet Archive Dumbing Us Down at Internet Archive "The Six-Lesson Schoolteacher" – originally published in Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991 The Seven Lesson School Teacher "Why Schools Don't Educate - Teacher of the Year acceptance speech" I Quit, I Think letter Appearances on C-SPAN John Taylor Gatto at IMDb Works by or about John Taylor Gatto in libraries (WorldCat catalog) 1935 births 2018 deaths American education writers Schoolteachers from New York (state) American educational theorists Education reform Homeschooling advocates Advocates of unschooling and homeschooling Cornell University alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni Columbia University alumni University of Pittsburgh alumni Hunter College alumni Yeshiva University alumni People from Monongahela, Pennsylvania Military personnel from Pennsylvania Conservative Party of New York State politicians American libertarians

637105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Thompson

James Thompson

James, Jim, Jimmy or Jamie Thompson may refer to: Arts and sciences James Thompson (cartographer) (active 1785), who produced one of the first maps of York James Thompson (surveyor) (1789–1872), who produced the first plat of Chicago James Thompson (journalist) (1817–1877), journalist and local historian James Maurice Thompson (1844–1901), American novelist Uncle Jimmy Thompson (1848–1931), country music pioneer James Westfall Thompson (1869–1941), American historian James Matthew Thompson (1878–1956), English historian and theologian Jim Thompson (writer) (1906–1977), American author and screenwriter, known for his pulp crime fiction Jimmy Thompson (comics artist) (1907–1949), Canadian artist in the Golden Age of Comics James D. Thompson (1920–1973), American sociologist, author of Organizations in Action Jimmy Thompson (actor) (1925–2005), British actor Jimmy Thompson, American film actor known for roles in Singin' in the Rain and Brigadoon James R. Thompson Jr. (1936–2017), known as J.R. Thompson, former director of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, 1986–1989 James R. Thompson (statistician) (1938–2017), American statistician James Thompson (crime writer) (1964–2014), American-Finnish crime writer James Thompson (designer) (born 1966), Northern Irish inventor and patent holder in the airline seating industry Jamie Thompson, Canadian musician Business James Pyke Thompson (1846–1897), English corn merchant and philanthropist James Walter Thompson (1847–1928), American advertiser and namesake of the JWT advertising agency Jim Thompson (designer) (1906–disappeared 1967), revived the Thai silk industry James E. Thompson (born 1940), founder, chairman and chief executive of The Crown Worldwide Group Military James Thompson (VC) (1830–1891), recipient of the Victoria Cross James Thompson of brothers Allen and James Thompson (1849–1921), American Civil War soldier and Medal of Honor recipient Floyd James Thompson (1933–2002), America's longest-held POW; spent almost 9 years in POW camps in Vietnam James B. Thompson (1843–1875), American soldier who fought in the American Civil War James E. Thompson Jr. (1935–2017), U.S. Army general James H. Thompson, American soldier, surgeon and recipient of the Medal of Honor Politics James Thompson (jurist) (1806–1874), congressman and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania James Thompson (Kansas politician), congressional candidate in Kansas in 2018 James Thompson (Australian politician), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1856–1857 James Banford Thompson (1832–1901), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1877–1881 James G. Thompson (New York politician) (1829–?), New York politician James Thompson (civil servant) (1848–1929), Acting Governor of Madras James T. Thompson (1849–1921), mayor of Birkenhead, England, c. 1899 James A. Thompson (New York politician) (c. 1873–1923), New York state senator James Frederick Thompson (1884–1966), member of the New Zealand Legislative Council James R. Thompson (1936-2020), known as Jim Thompson, governor of Illinois and member of the 9/11 Commission James A. Thompson (Texas politician), mayor of Sugar Land, Texas James Harold Thompson (born 1944), American politician in Florida Jim Thompson (Oregon politician), member of the Oregon House of Representatives James E. W. Thompson (1879–1958), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia Religion James Thompson (martyr) (died 1582), Catholic priest hanged under Elizabeth I James Denton Thompson (1856–1924), Bishop of Sodor and Man Jim Thompson (bishop) (1936–2003), Anglican bishop of Stepney and Bath and Wells Sports and games Association football James Thompson (footballer) (1898–1984), English footballer, manager and scout Jimmy Thompson (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1961), English footballer Jimmy Thompson (footballer, born 1935), English footballer Jimmy Thompson (footballer, born 1943), English footballer (Grimsby Town) Rugby Jimmy Thompson (rugby league) (born 1948), British rugby league footballer Jim Thompson (rugby union) (born 1984), Scottish rugby union player James Thompson (rugby union) (born 1999), New Zealand rugby union player Water sports James Thompson (swimmer) (1906–1966), Canadian swimmer at the 1928 Olympics James Thompson (rower) (born 1986), South African rower Jim Thompson (powerboat racing) (born 1926), manager of three-time Harmsworth Trophy winner Miss Supertest III Jim Thompson (designer) (1906–disappeared 1967), American businessman and Olympic sailor Other sports and games James Thompson (chess player) (1804–1870), American chess master James Thompson (cricketer) (born 1961), Nevisian cricketer James Thompson (racing driver) (born 1974), English racing driver James Thompson (fighter) (born 1978), professional mixed martial arts fighter from Britain James Thompson (table tennis) (1889–?), English table tennis player J. B. Thompson (James Bogne Thompson, 1829–1877), co-creator of the laws of Australian rules football Jim Thompson (coach) (born 1949), founder and executive director of Positive Coaching Alliance and author James Thompson (judoka), American judoka Sandy Thompson (James Thompson, 1901–?), American baseball player Other James Thompson (Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford) Jimmy Thompson (executioner) (1895–1950), Mississippi executioner active from 1940 to 1950 James Richard "Ricky" Thompson Jr., perpetrator of the murders of John Goosey and Stacy Barnett (West Campus murders) See also James Thomson (disambiguation)

638088

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Taylor%20%28rugby%20union%2C%20born%201945%29

John Taylor (rugby union, born 1945)

John Taylor (born 21 July 1945 in Watford, Hertfordshire) is a Welsh former rugby union player and current commentator. Nicknamed "Basil Brush" thanks to his wild hair and beard, he played as a flanker for London Welsh (he is now co-President with his old teammate, John Dawes, who died in 2021), and represented Wales 26 times between 1967 and 1973. Rugby career Playing Perhaps his most famous moment was in the Five Nations match against Scotland in 1971. The match had see-sawed backwards and forwards with each team taking the lead several times. Finally, with a few minutes to go and the score at 18-14, Wales won a line-out on the Scotland 22 metre line. The ball moved through the backs to Gerald Davies who managed to squeeze in to score a try at the right hand corner. With great presence of mind, the Scottish defence kept up the chase to prevent Davies from touching down near the posts. With the score at 18-17 and ball to be placed on the right hand side, the conversion looked almost impossible, particularly as Barry John, the usual Welsh kicker, was right footed and had been concussed earlier in the match. Instead of Barry, Taylor took the conversion attempt and kicked the ball perfectly between the posts. The final score was 19-18, giving Wales the victory. One Welsh journalist called this "the greatest conversion since Saint Paul". John Taylor played for the British and Irish Lions on the 1971 tour to New Zealand, playing in all 4 Tests. Apartheid He was notable for the stand he took against apartheid after visiting South Africa in 1968, after being selected for the 1968 British Lions tour to South Africa. Taylor was invited on the subsequent 1974 Lions tour to that country but made it clear he would follow his conscience and he refused to tour. He also refused to play against the South Africans during their 1969-1970 Tour of Britain and Ireland. It was Taylor's refusal to face the South Africans for Wales in 1970 that cost him a place with the Barbarians. After Mervyn Davies fell ill before the classic 1973 Barbarian encounter against the All Blacks, Taylor's name was suggested as a replacement. It is alleged that the club secretary for the Barbarians, Brigadier Glyn Hughes, responded negatively to the idea with the response "He's not playing. The man's a Communist!" Activities after retiring Since 1991, he has been the lead rugby commentator on ITV Sport, describing the World Cup final victory of England over Australia on 22 November 2003. He retired from ITV after the 2007 Rugby World Cup and commentated for TalkSport on the 2011 RWC in New Zealand. Throughout the 2015 Rugby World Cup, hosted by England in September and October but also including games at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium in Wales, Taylor was the stadium announcer for matches played at Twickenham Stadium, London. He worked at every RWC through to 2015 and has worked on every Lions Tour since 1983. References 1945 births Living people British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Wales London Welsh RFC players Loughborough Students RUFC players People educated at Watford Grammar School for Boys Rugby union flankers Rugby union players from Watford Sportspeople from Watford Surrey RFU players Wales international rugby union players Welsh rugby union commentators Welsh rugby union players

640279

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20III%2C%20Duke%20of%20Brittany

John III, Duke of Brittany

John III the Good (in Breton Yann III, in French Jean III; 8 March 128630 April 1341) was Duke of Brittany, from 1312 to his death and 5th Earl of Richmond from 1334 to his death. He was the son of Duke Arthur II of Brittany and Mary of Limoges, his first wife. John was strongly opposed to his father's second marriage to Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland and attempted to contest its legality. In 1297, John married Isabella of Valois, eldest child of Charles, Count of Valois and his first wife Margaret of Naples. At the time of their marriage John was eleven years old and his bride five. She died childless in 1309. In 1310, John married his second wife, Isabella of Castile. She died childless in 1328. In 1329, John married his third wife Joan of Savoy. He predeceased his third wife by three years and died childless. He was unwilling to cede the Duchy of Brittany to his half-brother John of Montfort, son of his hated step-mother Yolande of Dreux. He wished to leave the duchy to the french King Philip VI, but his nobles objected. The marriage of his niece Joanna of Dreux to Charles of Blois gave Charles a plausible claim to the duchy, but the matter was unresolved at John's death. After his death, John of Montfort claimed his rights as duke of Brittany, but King Philip VI supported the Blois faction, and the Breton War of Succession (1341–1364) was triggered. The Breton Civil War was fought between the House of Blois and the House of Montfort. It became part of the Hundred Years' War, as England supported the Montfort faction, which won, against the House of Blois, which was supported by France. Arms See also Dukes of Brittany family tree References Sources External links Inquisition Post Mortem #355, dated 1341. Brittany, John III, Duke of Brittany, John III, Duke of 13th-century Breton people 14th-century dukes of Brittany 14th-century peers of France 14th-century English nobility Dukes of Brittany Earls of Richmond (1268) House of Dreux

640575

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Martin

Max Martin

Karl Martin Sandberg (; born 26 February 1971), known professionally as Max Martin, is a Swedish record producer, songwriter, and retired singer. He rose to prominence in the late 1990s making a string of hit singles such as Britney Spears's "...Baby One More Time" (1998), the Backstreet Boys' "I Want It That Way" (1999), and NSYNC's "It's Gonna Be Me" (2000). Martin has written or co-written 25 Billboard Hot 100 number-one songs, most of which he has also produced or co-produced, including Katy Perry's "I Kissed a Girl" (2008), Maroon 5's "One More Night" (2012), Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" and "Blank Space" (2014), and The Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" (2019) and "Save Your Tears" (2020). Martin is the songwriter with the third-most number-one singles on the chart, behind only Paul McCartney (32) and John Lennon (26). In addition, he is tied with George Martin for the most Hot 100 number-one songs as a producer, with 23 as of 2021. In early 2019, his single sales were tallied by The Hollywood Reporter to be at over $135 million. According to Variety, his net worth was approximately $260 million in 2017. The previous year his corporate entity generated revenue of $54 million, with a profit of $19 million. Martin has won the ASCAP Songwriter of the Year award a record eleven times. Life and career Early career and It's Alive Sandberg was born and grew up in Stenhamra, Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County. His mother was a middle school teacher and his father was a police officer. As a child, Martin was a student of Sweden's public music-education program, and once said he had "public music education to thank for everything". As a teenager he sang in a variety of bands before joining a glam-style metal band called It's Alive in 1985 as their singer and frontman. It's Alive was formed by ex-LAZY members Per Aldeheim and Kim Björkgren on guitars, and John Rosth who had been a member of Lineout. Martin eventually dropped out of high school to pursue a career in music with his band under the nickname "Martin White". In 1988 they participated in the national rock championships and played as the in-house band at a disco in Cyprus. The band got a breakthrough in 1991, as Dave Constable of Megarock Records offered them to make a demo-record. The later debut album was originally pressed in 1,000 copies and later on given away as a free cover tape in the UK by the Metal Forces magazine. The decision to focus on a music career paid off as they landed a record deal on producer Denniz PoP's label Cheiron Records, a BMG affiliate. After recording their second album Earthquake Visions, they released three singles in conjunction with the record and toured through Europe in 1994 supporting Kingdom Come. Earthquake Visions eventually sold a disappointing 30,000 copies, despite being released in as many as 30 countries. More importantly though, Martin also began collaborating on songs with PoP. Recognizing a talent for writing pop songs in the young rocker, PoP renamed his new protégé Max Martin and eventually became Martin's mentor. Working with Cheiron and Denniz PoP In 1993, Martin was hired by Cheiron Studios and spent some time learning the basics, before the first production collaboration between PoP and Martin: the Rednex song "Wish You Were Here" in 1994. They both worked on Ace of Base's second album, The Bridge (1995), shortly thereafter, as well as on albums by 3T, Army of Lovers and Leila K. To date, The Bridge has sold more than six million copies worldwide, including one million in the United States. When Martin eventually left his band It's Alive in late 1995, he was replaced by Anders Hansson. In 1995, the Cheiron Studios was hired by Zomba to work on Backstreet Boys' self-titled debut album Backstreet Boys (1996). Zomba became the main working partner since the success in 1995. Martin took part in the production of "Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)" (1996), co-written with Herbie Crichlow, a single which quickly went platinum and climbed to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as the singles "As Long As You Love Me" (1997) and "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" (1997). The album was not released in the U.S. until 1997, but was released overseas and caught on all across Europe, eventually selling around 8 million copies worldwide. This led to the Backstreet Boys being relaunched in their home country later on, this time more successfully. Later that year, Martin co-wrote and co-produced Robyn's hits "Show Me Love" and "Do You Know (What It Takes)" which ended up on the Billboard Hot 100 top 10. In 1998, Cheiron Productions worked on albums by Five and Jessica Folcker. Jessica Folcker had first been hired as a backing singer for tracks with Ace of Base and Dr. Alban, and her debut album Jessica became an instant hit with singles like "Tell Me What You Like" and "How Will I Know Who You Are" which both sold platinum. After Denniz PoP died of cancer that same summer, Martin took over as director of Cheiron Studios. He soon started working with writer/producer Rami Yacoub, who continued to be his partner for many years. Martin also wrote two songs with Bryan Adams during this time, "Cloud Number Nine" and "Before The Night Is Over". In late 1999, Celine Dion released "That's the Way It Is", a song co-written by Max Martin to promote her greatest hits album All the Way... A Decade of Song. The song became a hit, going to number 1 on the adult contemporary charts in the United States and Canada, and reaching top 10 all over the world. Since the song was released in November 1999, it has cycled 500,000 times on almost 1400 radio stations across Canada and the U.S. In 2003 Martin co-wrote and produced three songs for Dion's album One Heart. One of them, called "Faith", was released in 2003 as a promotional single in Canada and reached number 4 on the Quebec Airplay Chart and number 37 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart. Martin, Andreas Carlsson, and Rami Yacoub wrote Westlife's song "I Need You" for the first Westlife album Westlife (1999). Martin, Nick Jarl, Steve Mac, and Patric Jonsson wrote Westlife's song "You Make Me Feel" for their second album Coast to Coast (2000). Max Martin, Rami Yacoub, and Andreas Carlsson also wrote one of Westlife's hits, "When You're Looking Like That", for their second album Coast to Coast (2000). Backstreet Boys Martin wrote, co-wrote, and co-produced 7 out of the 12 songs on the Backstreet Boys' third album Millennium (1999), including all the singles. "I Want It That Way", a hit song Martin co-wrote with Andreas Carlsson and co-produced with Kristian Lundin, became the group's biggest single to date and it is still popular today. ("I Want It That Way" was voted No. 10 in the MTV/Rolling Stone list of the "100 Greatest Pop Songs".) A VH1 special, 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s, ranked the song at number 3, making it the highest ranked boy-band single and pop song. Millennium sold over 1.1 million units in its first week in the United States, setting a record for most albums sold in its debut week (that record was later beaten by NSYNC's 2000 album No Strings Attached), and was the best-selling album in the world. When working on her own solo album, to be released in 2001 on Stockholm Records, Lisa Miskovsky wrote the lyrics for the Backstreet Boys' hit single "Shape of My Heart" with Max Martin and Rami. The song, originally written for Miskovsky's own album, was passed on to the Backstreet Boys by Max Martin when Miskovsky decided that it did not fit her style. The song became the first single off the group's fourth album Black & Blue (2000). In the first week of release, "Shape of My Heart" immediately jumped into the Top Five in Sweden, Norway, Canada, Germany and another 15 countries. Black & Blue, containing several songs produced and written by Martin, sold 1.6 million units in its first week in America. Martin again received ASCAP's award "Songwriter of the Year" both in 2000 and 2001. In April 2013 the Backstreet Boys member Brian Littrell invited Martin to collaborate on their single "In A World Like This". The single peaked at No.6 in the Oricon chart and performed well in the rest of the world. Martin collaborated on the Never Gone songs "Climbing the Walls", "Just Want You to Know", "Siberia" and "I Still...". Martin wanted the album to be more of a contemporary, alternative pop album with a little R&B. The resulting album had a more organic music style with more live instruments, and was a departure from the Backstreet Boys' earlier work. Britney Spears In 1998, Martin wrote and co-produced Spears' debut single, "...Baby One More Time", for her debut album of the same name. The single was originally offered to the Backstreet Boys and TLC, though both passed on the song. That same year, Martin also co-wrote and co-produced the third single "(You Drive Me) Crazy". By 1999, the album ...Baby One More Time had sold over 15 million copies in the U.S., certifying Diamond Status. Also, within a year of its release, ...Baby One More Time had become the best-selling LP by a teenager in history, selling over 30 million copies. Martin was the first non-American citizen ever to win ASCAP's prestigious award "Songwriter of the Year" in 1999, an award he also won in 2000 and 2001. Martin worked on Spears's follow-up records Oops!... I Did It Again (2000) and Britney (2001). He co-wrote and co-produced the singles "Oops!... I Did It Again" (2000), "Lucky" (2000), "Stronger" (2000), "Overprotected" (2001), and "I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (2002). The duo ended up parting ways when Spears distanced herself from teen pop. Spears recorded In the Zone (2003) and Blackout (2007). At the request of Spears, Martin produced and wrote for Spears' sixth studio album Circus (2008). Martin co-wrote and produced the provocatively titled electro pop song, "If U Seek Amy", which was chosen by fans to be the third single of the album. Martin then produced the number one hit, "3", for Spears' compilation album The Singles Collection (2009). Martin was one of the executive producers of Spears's seventh album, Femme Fatale (2011). He produced several songs for the album, including the successful singles "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends", "I Wanna Go", and "Criminal". Startup of Maratone Following the death of Denniz PoP, Cheiron Studios was closed down in 2000. Martin and Tom Talomaa then started a new production company named Maratone in January 2001 and moved into the famous Cosmos Studios building. The first songs to be written and produced at Maratone were four tracks for Britney Spears's album Britney (2001). The Maratone production crew initially consisted of producers/songwriters Max Martin, Rami, Alexandra, Arnthor Birgisson and Shellback. Following the work with Celine Dion on the album One Heart in 2003, few new hits appeared from Maratone until 2005. In 2004, Kelly Clarkson traveled to Sweden to collaborate with Martin and Dr. Luke on her second studio album, Breakaway. These collaborations resulted in the rock-influenced singles "Since U Been Gone" (2004) and "Behind These Hazel Eyes" (2005). In 2009, Martin co-wrote Clarkson's single "My Life Would Suck Without You", which was a number one hit. In 2005, Martin collaborated with the Norwegian singer Marion Raven for the release of her debut album, titled Here I Am, writing and co-writing the songs "Break You", "End of Me", "Here I Am", "Little By Little", "In Spite of Me", and "Six Feet Under". Pink Martin co-wrote and produced three songs on Pink's platinum-selling album I'm Not Dead, including the singles, "U + Ur Hand" (2006), "Who Knew" (2006), and "Cuz I Can" (2007). Martin also collaborated with Pink for her next album, Funhouse (2008). Martin co-wrote the first smash hit single, "So What" (2008), plus the singles "Please Don't Leave Me" (2009) and "I Don't Believe You" (2009). The duo wrote "Whataya Want From Me" during the sessions for Funhouse, but ultimately the song was recorded and released as a single by Adam Lambert. Later, Martin co-wrote hits for Pink including "Raise Your Glass" (2010), "Fuckin' Perfect" (2011), and "Just like Fire" (2016), for various Pink-related projects. For her seventh studio album, Beautiful Trauma (2017), he co-wrote "Revenge", "Whatever You Want", "For Now", and "Secrets". In 2019, for her eighth studio album, Hurts 2B Human (2019), he co-wrote "(Hey Why) Miss You Sometime". Usher In 2010, Martin co-wrote and co-produced Usher's song "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" that went number-one on the US Rhythmic charts and top-ten on the main Hot 100. Working together again, Martin co-wrote and co-produced on Usher's seventh studio album "Looking 4 Myself" in 2012 making the dance-pop song "Scream" that went number-one on the US Dance Club Songs chart and number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Avril Lavigne Martin worked with Avril Lavigne on two songs, "Alone" and "I Will Be", which were released on some deluxe editions of Lavigne's third studio album The Best Damn Thing (2007). Martin also worked on four songs for Lavigne's fourth studio album Goodbye Lullaby (2011): the three singles "What the Hell" (2011), "Smile" (2011), and "Wish You Were Here" (2011), and the album track "I Love You". Jessie J Max Martin first worked with Jessie J on her international hit "Domino". It also achieved top ten success in other countries such as Canada and Australia. Following the success of "Domino", Martin co-produced "Bang Bang" (2014) for Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj. Katy Perry Max Martin is also responsible for some of the songs of Katy Perry on four albums: On her debut album One of the Boys (2008), including the number-one single "I Kissed a Girl", and top 5 hit single "Hot n Cold", and following-up album Teenage Dream (2010), including the Billboard Hot 100 numbers-ones hits singles "California Gurls" (2010), "Teenage Dream" (2010), "E.T." (2011), "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (2011) and the Hot 100 top ten hit "The One That Got Away" (2011). Martin also co-wrote the songs "Part of Me" (2012) and "Wide Awake" (2012), the former of which topped the Billboard Hot 100. For her third album Prism (2013), he co-wrote the No. 1 singles "Roar" (2013) and "Dark Horse" (2013). On her fourth album Witness (2017), Martin co-wrote numerous songs, including the lead single "Chained to the Rhythm" which peaked at number 4. Christina Aguilera Confirmed by RCA Executives on 18 December 2011, Martin worked on Christina Aguilera's seventh studio album Lotus (2012) and was the producer of her lead single, "Your Body" (2012), as well as another song titled "Let There Be Love". Both songs reached the top of the Billboard dance/club chart. Taylor Swift Martin has collaborated with American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift on three of her albums. Their first collaboration was the Billboard Hot 100 number 1 hit "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" (2012) for her album Red (2012). Martin also co-wrote and produced two other singles on the album: "I Knew You Were Trouble" (2012), which peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and "22" (2013). Martin also contributed to her follow-up record, 1989 (2014). He co-wrote and co-produced the singles "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", "Bad Blood", "Wildest Dreams", "Style", and "New Romantics", among other songs. Three of the songs reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Martin later worked with Swift on Reputation (2017), co-writing and co-producing eight songs, including the singles "...Ready for It?", "End Game", and "Delicate". Swift released her second re-recorded album Red (Taylor's Version) (2021). He co-wrote three re-recorded songs, including "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together", "I Knew You Were Trouble", and "22 ". He didn’t handle the production of the re-recorded songs. He also co-wrote a song called "Message in a Bottle", one of the newly added "From the Vault" tracks. Ariana Grande Martin first worked with Ariana Grande on her second studio album My Everything (2014). Martin produced the first single, "Problem", which peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as No. 1 in the UK, later becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide. Other songs from the album Martin produced include "Break Free" (peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100) and "Bang Bang" (peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 in the UK). Martin contributed heavily to her third studio album, Dangerous Woman (2016), most notably the singles "Dangerous Woman", "Into You", and "Side to Side", all of which peaked within the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100. Martin also contributed to her follow-up records Sweetener (2018) and Thank U Next (2019), co-writing the singles "No Tears Left to Cry", "God Is a Woman", and "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored", among other songs. The Weeknd Martin co-wrote and produced three songs from The Weeknd's sophomore album, Beauty Behind the Madness (2015), namely "Can't Feel My Face"—which peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100—"In the Night" and "Shameless". He co-wrote and produced four songs from The Weeknd's third album, Starboy (2016). He contributed "Hardest to Love", "Scared to Live", "Blinding Lights", "In Your Eyes", and "Save Your Tears" to The Weeknd's fourth studio album, After Hours (2020). The latter album was both a critical and commercial success. Martin also co-wrote and assisted in the production of Take My Breath, released in August 2021. Coldplay Martin appeared as a keyboardist on two singles from Coldplay's eighth studio album Everyday Life (2019): "Orphans" and "Champion of the World". In June 2021, Coldplay announced their ninth studio album Music of the Spheres (2021), with Martin serving as the album's producer. The album received mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success, debuting at the top of the UK Albums Chart and becoming the album with most sales in a week in the United Kingdom since Ed Sheeran's No.6 Collaborations Project (2019). Music of the Spheres (2021) included songs such as "Higher Power", "Let Somebody Go", which Selena Gomez appears on, and "My Universe", which BTS appears on. "My Universe" debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Martin his twenty fifth number one as a writer and twenty third number one as a producer on the chart. He is tied only with George Martin for producer with most Billboard Hot 100 number ones. Others Fourth runner-up of the eighth season of American Idol, Allison Iraheta has collaborated with Martin on her debut album. Her first single, "Friday I'll Be Over U" was written by Martin. On 17 August 2009, American Idol runner-up Adam Lambert announced via Twitter that he was in New York City with Martin recording a song for his debut album. It turned out to be the song "Whataya Want From Me", that was also written by P!nk. Martin also co-wrote "Into the Nightlife", a popular club track recorded by Cyndi Lauper in 2008 and produced, alongside Zedd, and co-wrote "Beauty and a Beat", on Justin Bieber's 2012 album Believe. Martin also produced several albums for Eurodance act E-type. In 2005, Max Martin wrote the first single-song for pop punk duo The Veronicas, "4ever", with Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald for their debut studio album The Secret Life Of... (2005). Also he wrote "Everything I'm Not", the second single-song of The Veronicas, the same year, again with Gottwald, Rami, Jessica Origliasso and Lisa Origliasso for the same album The Secret Life Of.... In January 2014, Martin produced a two-minute advertisement entitled "Volvo XC70: Made By Sweden", featuring soccer player Zlatan Ibrahimović. The video of the advertisement received several million views on YouTube. In early 2014, Martin co-wrote the song "Dare (La La La)" for Shakira's self-titled album. In April–May 2014, Martin produced Jennifer Lopez's song "First Love", alongside Ilya, Shellback and Savan Kotecha. Between 2014 and 2015, Martin executive-produced "Ghost Town" by Adam Lambert. In January 2015, he co-wrote and co-produced Ellie Goulding's "Love Me like You Do", which reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100, while also producing several songs from her album Delirium including the hit single "On My Mind", which was released on 17 September 2015. In July 2015, Martin produced Demi Lovato's song "Cool for the Summer" which reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100. He also contributed to "Confident" and "For You" from their fifth studio album Confident. Martin also worked with Selena Gomez on her second studio album, Revival, producing its third single "Hands to Myself" which became her third consecutive top 10 hit from the album. In November 2015, Adele's album 25 was released and Martin co-wrote and co-produced the record's third single "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" with Shellback, and would eventually become a top 10 hit in the US and the UK. 2016 saw Martin being heavily involved in the making of Ariana Grande's third album Dangerous Woman, with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink ("Just Like Fire") and Katy Perry ("Rise"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song "Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film Trolls with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and Martin their first nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, Max Martin co-produced and co-wrote Ed Sheeran's and Justin Bieber's hit single "I Don't Care". In 2020, Max Martin co-wrote and co-produced "Stupid Love", the first single extracted from Lady Gaga's sixth studio album Chromatica. This marks the first time the two have worked together. Artistry Influences When accepting the Polar Music Prize, Martin highlighted ABBA, Kiss, Prince and Lasse Holm as inspirations. Creative process The traditional division of work in the record industry often has the artist or songwriter writing the songs and then hiring a producer to help shape the sound. But at Cheiron, it was the other way around; the producers wrote the songs, played the instruments, and engineered and mixed the recordings, and the artist was only brought in near the end of the process to do the vocals. For example, on Britney Spears's second album Oops!… I Did It Again (2000), Cheiron had already written seven songs and had proceeded to record the layers of music before Britney even arrived at the studios in early November 1999. It took her only one week to do the vocals. Martin and his team worked more like a band that alternated singers. Martin explained his working method: Impact and legacy Martin's influence on the music field is also seen in the effect he has had on co-producers. The music site Stereogum singles out three people as his "disciples", Savan Kotecha, Dr. Luke, and Shellback. Time magazine reported that "There's a cluster of high-powered songwriters who are based in Sweden, and the grandmaster is Max Martin and that when Kotecha worked with One Direction he credited Martin's influence 'We work melody first. That's Max Martin's school. We’ll spend days, sometimes weeks, challenging the melody. The goal is to make it sound like anyone can do this, but it's actually very difficult. In Sweden, you don’t do anything until you do it right.'" The New Yorker reported that Martin was Dr. Luke's "Swedish mentor and frequent collaborator. If Luke is the Skywalker of pop songcraft, Max is the Obi-Wan: the reclusive master. ...The vital spark in the musical emergence of Dr. Luke was meeting Max Martin". Dr. Luke himself says of the chemistry between him and Martin "'It happened really fast. It was magical. …[Martin taught me that] Instead of making tracks for five thousand people, why not make tracks for a million?'" The magazine for Sweden's collection society STIM reported that Shellback became an "apprentice" with Martin acting as "his mentor" at Maratone Studios after 2006 when "Max Martin saw something special in the young man from Karlshamn. Judging by the incredible success Shellback has had since, Martin's A&R skills are some of the best in the music business". Martin's song catalog was used in the stage musical & Juliet, which opened on the West End in 2019. Personal life Martin met his wife, Jenny (née Petersson) from Mörrum, around 2000 and they married in 2011. The couple have a daughter, born around 2001. Martin lives in Los Angeles and in Stockholm. Songwriting and production Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Since 1998, Martin has written or co-written 25 Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit songs (most of which he has also produced or co-produced). Six of these songs debuted at number one on the chart. 1998 – "...Baby One More Time" by Britney Spears 2000 – "It's Gonna Be Me" by NSYNC 2008 – "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry 2008 – "So What" by Pink 2009 – "My Life Would Suck Without You" by Kelly Clarkson 2009 – "3" by Britney Spears 2010 – "California Gurls" by Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg 2010 – "Teenage Dream" by Katy Perry 2010 – "Raise Your Glass" by Pink 2011 – "Hold It Against Me" by Britney Spears 2011 – "E.T." by Katy Perry featuring Kanye West 2011 – "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" by Katy Perry 2012 – "Part of Me" by Katy Perry 2012 – "One More Night" by Maroon 5 2012 – "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" by Taylor Swift 2013 – "Roar" by Katy Perry 2013 – "Dark Horse" by Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2014 – "Shake It Off" by Taylor Swift 2014 – "Blank Space" by Taylor Swift 2015 – "Bad Blood" by Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 2015 – "Can't Feel My Face" by The Weeknd 2016 – "Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake 2019 – "Blinding Lights" by The Weeknd 2021 – "Save Your Tears" by The Weeknd and Ariana Grande 2021 – "My Universe" by Coldplay and BTS Awards and nominations |- | style="text-align:center;"| 1996 | Denniz PoP & Max Martin | Swedish Dance Music Awards 1996 – Best Producers | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 1997 | Denniz PoP & Max Martin | Grammis Awards – Special Jury Prize | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2010 | Max Martin | STIM Platinum Guitar | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 | Max Martin | Polar Music Prize | |- Academy Awards |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 || "Can't Stop the Feeling!" || Best Original Song | ASCAP Pop Music Awards Golden Globe Awards |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2016 | "Love Me Like You Do" | rowspan="2" | Best Original Song | |- | style="text-align:center;"| 2017 | "Can't Stop the Feeling!" | Grammy Awards !Ref. |- |rowspan=3|2000 |rowspan=2|"I Want It That Way" |Record of the Year | |rowspan=22| |- |Song of the Year | |- |Millennium |rowspan=2|Album of the Year | |- |2011 |Teenage Dream | |- |2013 |"We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" |Record of the Year | |- |rowspan=2|2014 |Red |Album of the Year | |- |"Roar" |Song of the Year | |- |rowspan=3|2015 |rowspan=2|"Shake It Off" |Record of the Year | |- |Song of the Year | |- |Self |Producer of the Year, Non-Classical | |- |rowspan=7|2016 |"Can't Feel My Face" |rowspan=2|Record of the Year | |- |rowspan=2|"Blank Space" | |- |Song of the Year | |- |Beauty Behind the Madness |rowspan=2|Album of the Year | |- |rowspan=2|1989 | |- |Best Pop Vocal Album | |- |"Love Me like You Do" |rowspan=3|Best Song Written for Visual Media | |- |rowspan=4|2017 |"Can't Stop the Feeling!" | |- |"Just like Fire" | |- |25 |Album of the Year | |- |Self |Producer of the Year, Non-Classical | |- |2020 |Thank U, Next |Album of the Year | Polar Music Prize !Ref. |- |2016 |Self |Polar Music Prize |Honoree | See also Swedish pop music References External links Maratone 1971 births Living people Musicians from Stockholm Swedish record producers Swedish songwriters Grammy Award winners 21st-century Swedish musicians People from Ekerö Municipality Swedish expatriates in the United States Golden Raspberry Award winners

644791

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Mascolo

Joseph Mascolo

Joseph Peter Mascolo (March 13, 1929 – December 8, 2016) was an American musician and dramatic actor. During his long career, he acted in numerous motion pictures and television series. He was best known for playing Stefano DiMera in 1982 on NBC's soap opera Days of Our Lives and Massimo Marone in 2001 on CBS' soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful. Early life Mascolo was born on March 13, 1929, and raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. His parents, Anna Mascolo (née DeTuccio; 1910–2010) and Peter Mascolo (1901–2008), were immigrants from Naples, Italy, and had their 80th wedding anniversary shortly before his father died. Mascolo had one sister, Marie LaVoie. He attended the United States Military Academy after graduating high school. Mascolo attended the University of Miami. To support himself financially, he studied acting under famed acting coach Stella Adler in New York City. He originally was trained in classical music and opera. Career Theatre Mascolo was in the 1962 production of Night Life as Kazar and the understudy of Neville Brand. He was in the 1966 production of Dinner at Eight as Ricci. Mascolo was in the 1969 production of The Time of Your Life as Blick. His final theatrical appearance was in 1972's That Championship Season as Phil Romano. Film Mascolo's first film appearance was in 1968's Hot Spur as Carlo. He was in 1972's neo-noir action crime–drama film Shaft's Big Score! as Gus Mascola. Mascolo was in 1973's The Spook Who Sat by the Door and 1978's Jaws 2 as Len Peterson. He was in 1981's Sharky's Machine as JoJo Tipps and 1982's Yes, Giorgio Mascolo's last film appearance was in 1986's Heat as Baby. Television Mascolo was best known in the recurring role of Stefano DiMera on Days of Our Lives from 1982 to 1985, returning briefly in 1988, again from 1993 to 2001, and making appearances again since 2007 until Stefano's death in 2016, making his final appearance on February 9, 2017, airing 2 months after his death, and won three Soap Opera Digest Awards. He has also played a wide range of roles on many different series including (but not limited to) a Stefano-like villain named Nicholas Van Buren on General Hospital, and Carlos Alvarez on Santa Barbara. Before achieving his fame, he was seen in the earlier soap operas Where the Heart Is and From These Roots. He also made primetime television appearances on All in the Family, The Eddie Capra Mysteries, Lou Grant and The Rockford Files. Mascolo portrayed Massimo Marone on CBS's The Bold and the Beautiful beginning August 2001. He decided not to renew his contract with the show in July 2006, due to a lack of storyline and decided to return to Days of Our Lives, where his character Stefano DiMera was resurrected after six years. Mascolo also appeared in The Incredible Hulk in October 1979, as Mr. Arnold in the episode "Brain Child". 10 years later, he would appear again in NBC's The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, as Albert G. Tendelli, a police confidant of Daredevil. He also appeared in an episode of Hart to Hart on 1/3/84 as villan Mr. Rhodes. Personal life and death Mascolo married Rose Maimone in 1953. Together they had a son named Peter. Maimone died in 1986. In 2005, he married his second wife, Patricia Schultz. In January 2016, Mascolo told Soap Opera Digest that he had suffered from a stroke in the spring of 2015. "During my rehab, I thought this would be a good time for Stefano to leave." Mascolo died on December 8, 2016, in Santa Clarita, California at the age of 87 after years of battling Alzheimer's disease. Mascolo was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). Theatre Filmography Film Television References Sources External links 1929 births 2016 deaths American male film actors American male soap opera actors American male television actors American people of Italian descent Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Male actors from Connecticut People from West Hartford, Connecticut University of Miami alumni Military personnel from Connecticut Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Neurological disease deaths in California

650126

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Joseph%20Marion%20du%20Fresne

Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne

Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne (22 May 1724 – 12 June 1772), was a French privateer, East India captain and explorer. The expedition he led to find the hypothetical Terra Australis in 1771 made important geographic discoveries in the south Indian Ocean and anthropological discoveries in Tasmania and New Zealand. In New Zealand they spent longer living on shore than any previous European expedition. Half way through the expedition's stay Marion was murdered by members of the Ngare Raumati tribe. He is commemorated with the toponym Marion Bay, Tasmania, as well in the name of two successive French oceanic research and supply vessel the Marion Dufresne (1972) and the Marion Dufresne II. which services the French Southern Territories of Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, Îles Crozet, and Îles Kerguelen. Early career Born in Saint Malo in 1724 into the non-noble, but wealthy, Marion family of shipowners and merchants, he eventually inherited a farm 'Le Fresne' near the village of Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine and styled himself Marion Dufresne (or in some instances Dufresne-Marion). He was never known simply as (or signed himself) 'Du Fresne', but this has become a familiar appellation in New Zealand and Tasmania. He first went to sea in 1741 on a voyage to Cadiz aboard the 22-gun Saint-Ésprit. During the War of the Austrian Succession Marion commanded several ships as a privateer, including the Prince de Conty where he transported Charles Edward Stuart from Scotland to France. In the Seven Years' War, he was engaged in various naval operations including taking the astronomer Alexandre Guy Pingré to observe the 1761 transit of Venus in the Indian Ocean. In January 1762 Marion received a grant of 625 argents of land at Quartier Militaire in Mauritius. Although he returned to France in 1764 and 1767, he made the island home in 1768. Terra Australis expedition In October 1770 Marion convinced Pierre Poivre, the civil administrator in Port Louis, to equip him with two ships and send him on a twofold mission to the Pacific. Marion's fellow explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville had recently returned from the Pacific with a Tahitian native, Ahutoru. Marion was tasked with returning Ahutoru to his homeland, and then to explore the south Pacific for the hypothetical Terra Australis Incognita. For these purposes Marion was given two ships, the Mascarin and the Marquis de Castries and departed on 18 October 1771. Marion spent most of his personal fortune on outfitting the expedition with supplies and crew. He hoped to make a significant profit on the journey by trading with the reportedly wealthy islands of the South Pacific. No part of Marion's mission could be achieved; Ahu-toru died of smallpox shortly after embarkation, and the expedition did not locate Terra Australis or make a profit from trade. Instead, Marion discovered first the Prince Edward Islands and then the Crozet Islands before sailing towards New Zealand and Australia. His ships spent several days in Tasmania, where Marion Bay in the south-east is named after him. He was the first European to encounter the Aboriginal Tasmanians. Arrival in New Zealand Marion sighted New Zealand's Mount Taranaki on 25 March 1772, and named the mountain Pic Mascarin without knowing that James Cook had named it "Mount Egmont" three years earlier. Over the next month, they repaired their two ships and treated their scurvy, first anchoring at Spirits Bay, and later in the Bay of Islands. Apparently their relations with the Māori were peaceful at first; they communicated through the Tahitian vocabulary learned from Ahu-toru and sign language. They befriended many Māori including Te Kauri (Te Kuri) of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The French established a significant vegetable garden on Moturua Island. Sixty of the French sailors had developed scurvy and were on shore in a tent hospital. They had been invited to visit local Māori at their pa – a very rare event – and had slept there overnight. Māori in return had been invited on board the ships and had slept in the ships overnight. The French officers made a detailed study of the habits and customs of Māori including greetings, sexual mores, fishing methods, the role of females, the making of fern root paste, the killing of prisoners and cannibalism. In these months there were two instances where Māori were detained. The first had sneaked on board ship and stolen a cutlass. He was detained for a brief period to give him a fright, then released to his friends. Later the Māori made a night raid on the hospital camp taking away many guns and uniforms. While the soldiers chased the raiders, Māori slipped back and stole an anchor. Two men were held as hostage against the return of the stolen goods. One of them admitted he had been involved in the theft but accused Te Kauri of being involved. Marion, finding the men bound, ordered them unbound and released. Later an armed party of Māori approached the French as if to challenge them, but the French understood enough tikanga to make peace with them by exchanging gifts. Murder and reprisals No French witness to Marion's murder survived and it was some time before his crew were aware of his fate. Two contemporary accounts were written by French officers, Jean Roux and De Clesmeur. During the night of 9 June 1772, French sentries at the hospital camp noticed about six Māori prowling. In the morning it was discovered that Māori had also been prowling around a second camp where the French had been making masts. The next day Māori arrived with a present of fish. Roux said the Māori were astonished at the blunderbusses he had mounted outside his tent. He noticed the visiting chief taking a close look at the weapons and how they worked, as well as the defences of the camp, and became suspicious of his motives. The chief asked for the guns to be demonstrated and Roux shot a dog. That night more Māori were found on Moturua Island prowling around the hospital camp but ran when sentries approached. Captain du Clesmur alerted Marion to the rise in suspicious activity, but Marion did not listen. On the afternoon of 12 June 1772 Marion and 15 armed sailors went to Te Kauri's village and then went in the captain's gig to go fishing in his favourite fishing area. Marion and 26 men of his crew were killed. Those killed included de Vaudricourt and Pierre Lehoux (a volunteer), Thomas Ballu of Vannes, Pierre Mauclair (the second pilot) from St Malo, Louis Ménager (the steersman) from Lorient, Vincent Kerneur of Port-Louis, Marc Le Garff from Lorient, Marc Le Corre of Auray, Jean Mestique of Pluvigner, Pierre Cailloche of Languidic and Mathurin Daumalin of Hillion. That night 400 armed Māori suddenly attacked the hospital camp but were stopped in their tracks by the threat of the multiple blunderbusses. Roux held his fire and realised that they had narrowly escaped being massacred in their sleep. One chief told Roux that Te Kauri had killed Marion. At this point longboats full of armed French sailors arrived with the news that Marion and the sailors had been killed. One survivor, who had been spared, told them Māori had tricked them into going into the bush, where they had been ambushed, with all the others being killed. In the following days the French came under relentless attack. The next day about 1,200 Māori surrounded the French, led by Te Kauri. As they approached, Roux ordered Te Kauri shot. Later even more Māori reinforcements arrived. The French decided to abandon the hospital camp. The Māori then stole all the tools and supplies and burnt the camp down. They were close enough that the French could see they were wearing the clothes of Marion and his fellow dead sailors. The French retreated to Moturua Island. That night Māori again attacked the camp and this time the French opened a general fire. The next day even more Māori arrived taking their forces to about 1,500 men. The French charged this huge force with 26 armed soldiers and put them to flight, the Māori fleeing back to Te Kauri's pa. The French attacked the pa, firing at the defenders, who showered them with spears. The remainder got into canoes and fled. About 250 Māori including five chiefs were killed in the battle. Many of the French were wounded. Roux, Julien-Marie Crozet and Ambroise Bernard-Marie Le Clesmeur took joint command and undertook reprisals against the Māori over a one-month period as the ships were prepared for departure. A month later on 7 July Roux searched Te Kauri's deserted pa and found a sailor's cooked head on a spike, as well as human bones near a fire. They left on 12 July 1772. The French buried a bottle at Waipoa on Moturua, containing the arms of France and a formal statement taking possession of the whole country, with the name of "France Australe." However, both published and unpublished accounts of Marion's death circulated widely, giving New Zealand a bad reputation as a dangerous land unsuitable for colonisation and challenged stereotypes of Pacific Islanders as noble savages then prevalent in Europe. Possible motives for murder There are different possible reasons for the massacre, including that the chief Te Kauri (Te Kuri) considered that Marion was a threat to his authority or Te Kauri became concerned at the economic effect of supplying food for the two crews, or that Marion’s crew, possibly unwittingly, broke several tapu laws related to their not carrying out the rituals required before the cutting down of kauri trees, or breaking of tapu by fishing in Manawaora Bay. An account told by a Ngāpuhi informant to John White (ethnographer 1826-1891), but not published until 1965, describes the chiefs Te Kauri and Tohitapu as participating in the massacre when Marion and 26 men of his crew were killed and cannibalised. Apparently tapu had been placed on Manawaora Bay after members of the local tribe drowned here some time earlier, and their bodies had been washed up at Tacoury's (Te Kauri's) Cove - therefore, the local Māori believed that the violation would anger the gods and neighbouring tribes, provoking war. See also List of massacres in New Zealand References Bibliography Edward Duyker (ed.) The Discovery of Tasmania: Journal Extracts from the Expeditions of Abel Janszoon Tasman and Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1642 & 1772, St David's Park Publishing/Tasmanian Government Printing Office, Hobart, 1992, pp. 106, . Edward Duyker, An Officer of the Blue: Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne 1724–1772, South Sea Explorer, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1994, pp. 229, . Edward Duyker, Marc-Joseph Marion Dufresne, un marin malouin à la découvertes des mers australes, traduction française de Maryse Duyker (avec l'assistance de Maurice Recq et l'auteur), Les Portes du Large, Rennes, 2010, pp. 352, . Edward Duyker, 'Marion Dufresne, Marc-Joseph (1724–1772)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Supplementary Volume, Melbourne University Press, 2005, pp 258–259. Kelly, Leslie G. (1951). Marion Dufresne at the Bay of Islands. Wellington: Reed. External links Marion du Fresne, Marc Joseph, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography 1724 births 1772 deaths French explorers of the Pacific 18th-century explorers Explorers of New Zealand People murdered in New Zealand French people murdered abroad Cannibalism in Oceania Maritime exploration of Australia

650275

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gipp

George Gipp

George Gipp (February 18, 1895 – December 14, 1920), nicknamed "The Gipper", was a college football player at the University of Notre Dame under head coach Knute Rockne. Gipp was selected as Notre Dame's first Walter Camp All-American, and played several positions, particularly halfback, quarterback, and punter. Gipp died at age 25 of a streptococcal throat infection and pneumonia, three weeks after a victory over Northwestern in his senior season, and was the subject of Rockne's "Win just one for the Gipper" speech. In the 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American, he was portrayed by Ronald Reagan. College career Born and raised in Laurium, Michigan, on the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula, Gipp entered Notre Dame intending to play baseball for the Fighting Irish. While on campus, he was recruited by Rockne for the football team, despite having no experience in organized football. During his Notre Dame career, Gipp led the Irish in rushing and passing each of his last three seasons (1918, 1919, and 1920). His career mark of 2,341 rushing yards lasted over fifty years, until Jerome Heavens broke it Gipp was also an ideal handler of the forward and threw for 1,789 He scored 21 career touchdowns, averaged 38 yards a punt, and gathered five interceptions as well as 14 yards per punt return and 22 yards per kick return in four seasons Gipp is still Notre Dame's all-time leader in average yards per rush for a season (8.1), career average yards per play of total offense (9.37), and career average yards per game of total offense (128.4). Death Gipp died December 14, 1920, two weeks after being elected Notre Dame's first All-American by Walter Camp, and second consensus All-American (after Gus Dorais). A frequently told but probably apocryphal story of Gipp's death begins when he returned to Notre Dame's campus after curfew from a night out. Unable to gain entrance to his residence, Gipp went to the rear door of Washington Hall, the campus' theatre building. He was a steward for the building and knew the rear door was often unlocked. He usually spent such nights in the hall. On that night, however, the door was locked, and Gipp was forced to sleep outside. By the morning, he had contracted pneumonia and eventually died from a related infection. It is more likely that Gipp contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, November 20 against Northwestern. Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited. Gipp's hometown of Laurium built a memorial in his honor; he is buried in Lake View Cemetery near West Tamarack, Michigan. "Win just one for the Gipper" It was on his hospital bed that he is said to have delivered the "win just one for the Gipper" line. He apparently said this line to the full quotation from which the line is derived is: "I've got to go, Rock. It's all right. I'm not afraid. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys, ask them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper. I don't know where I'll be then, Rock. But I'll know about it, and I'll be happy." Rockne used the story of Gipp, along with this deathbed line that he attributed to Gipp, to rally his team to a upset of the previously undefeated Army team in 1928, with Jack Chevigny scoring the "that's one for the Gipper" tying touchdown at Yankee Stadium. Chevigny was later killed in action in World War II at Iwo Jima. The phrase "Win one for the Gipper" was later used as a political slogan by Ronald Reagan, who in 1940 portrayed Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American and was often referred to as "The Gipper". At the Republican National Convention in 1988 in New Orleans, he told Vice President Bush, "George, go out there and win one for the Gipper." The term was also used by President George W. Bush at the 2004 convention in New York City, when he honored the recently deceased President Reagan by stating, "this time we can truly win one for the Gipper." The Republicans won both presidential elections. Exhumation On October 4, 2007, Gipp's body was exhumed for DNA testing to determine if he had fathered a child out of wedlock with an 18-year-old high school student. The right femur was removed and the rest of the remains were reburied the same day. A sports author who was present at the exhumation said it was requested by Rick Frueh, the grandson of one of Gipp's sisters. The tests showed that he was not the father of the child who was born within days of Gipp's Other Gipp relatives claimed in a subsequent lawsuit that the exhumation was conducted in an improper manner and under questionable circumstances. The lawsuit was subsequently Honors Gipp was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame (located in Atlanta, GA) on December 14, 1951, at 3:27 a.m., in memory of the time and date of his death. George Gipp Memorial Park was dedicated on August 3, 1935, in his hometown. A plaque kept in the park lists former George Gipp Award-winners, given to outstanding senior, male athletes from Calumet High School. He was ranked #22 on ESPN's Top 25 Players In College Football History list. Statistics In 2002, the NCAA published "NCAA Football's Finest," researched and compiled by the NCAA Statistics Service. For Gipp they published the following statistics: References Further reading One For The Gipper-George Gipp, Knute Rockne and Notre Dame", Patrick Chelland. Panoply Publications, 298 pp., 2008. Gipp at Notre Dame-The Untold Story, Emil Klosinski. Publish America, 278 pp., 2003. The Life and Times of George Gipp, George Gekas. And Books, 219pp., April 1988. The Gipper: George Gipp, Knute Rockne, and the Dramatic Rise of Notre Dame Football'', Jack Cavanaugh. Skyhorse Publishing, 320 pages., September 2010. External links Village of Laurium – George Gipp 1895 births 1920 deaths American football drop kickers American football halfbacks American football punters Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players All-American college football players College Football Hall of Fame inductees People from Laurium, Michigan Players of American football from Michigan American men's basketball players Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana Deaths from streptococcus infection

651711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Russell%20%28politician%29

Peter Russell (politician)

Peter Russell (11 June 1733 – 30 September 1808) was a British military officer in the American War of Independence and a government official, politician and judge in Upper Canada. Early life Born in Cork, Kingdom of Ireland to Captain Richard Russell, later living in England, Russell attended the University of Cambridge briefly. His debts forced him to enter the British Army during the Seven Years' War. He was commissioned into the 14th Foot and served in the 94th Foot and the 64th Foot. After fleeing due to gambling debts, Russell returned to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War, seeking promotion in the military, served as assistant secretary to Sir Henry Clinton and being promoted Captain in 1781. He was appointed superintendent of the port of Charleston in 1782 before returning to England. Politics After several years of job-searching Russell was appointed by the British government as Receiver General for the new colonial province of Upper Canada. In 1791 he joined the administration of John Graves Simcoe, the province's first Lieutenant-Governor. Russell was also appointed to the Executive Council and Legislative Council, and served as Speaker of the Legislative Council. In July 1794, after the departure of Chief Justice William Osgoode, Simcoe issued a temporary commission to Russell to fill a vacant seat of Puisne Judge of the King’s Bench. Simcoe requested a leave of absence in December 1795 and recommended that Russell act as administrator of Upper Canada in his absence. Russell assumed the position in July 1796 on Simcoe's departure and remained administrator until 1799 when Simcoe's permanent replacement was appointed. Russell's administration saw the peaceful transfer of six border posts from the British to the Americans under the terms of the Jay Treaty. During his temporary appointment, Russell was at a disadvantage, however, as Simcoe had taken the vast majority of his official papers with him, leaving only 12 documents behind. This left Russell ignorant of British policy and of Simcoe's proposals for management of the province. Russell attempted to tighten up the system of land grants in order to curtail speculation, nepotism and corruption. He clashed with the new chief justice, John Elmsley, (who served on the Executive Council as part of his duties) over issues such as the seat of government with Elmsley objecting to the implementation of Simcoe's directions on making York the capital. Elmsley also objected to Russell's self-appointment to the Court of King's Bench due to Russell's lack of legal training and the violation of the separation of judicial and executive powers. Russell needed the extra income, however, and ignored Elmsley's objections. Peter Russell was a supporter of Native issues in the town of York, supporting them when they had issues with encroaching pioneers. However, he owned and traded in slaves. Russell Abbey Russell lived at a town home on King Street between Sherbourne and Princess (now 255 King Street East), built of timber from German Mills, Ontario. Russell lived with his sister Elizabeth and it was referred to as Russell Abbey. The home was a park lot granted to Russell in 1798. Russell died in 1808 and his sister until 1822, the home burned down in 1856. Later years and legacy By 1798 it became evident that Simcoe would never return. Russell hoped to become the new lieutenant-governor and was disappointed when Peter Hunter was given the position in 1799. Russell remained on the Executive Council but his influence waned and he had little power. When Hunter died in 1805, Russell again hoped to be named administrator but was passed over in favour of Alexander Grant. Tired of Canada, he wished to return to England but, unable to find a buyer for his 6,000 acres (24 km2) of land, he could not afford the trip and remained in the province until his death in 1808. Russell was buried at the old Garrison Burial Grounds, now Victoria Memorial Square, near Fort York. The town of Russell, Ontario takes its name after Russell. In 2020, following the George Floyd protests, the township announced it will search for a new Russell as its namesake due to Peter Russell's ownership of black slaves. See also John Button - American-born settler and militia leader whom petitioned to Russell for land grant in 1798 and later would become the community of Buttonville, Ontario References External links Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Peter Russell fonds, Archives of Ontario 1733 births 1808 deaths North Staffordshire Regiment officers British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada Politicians from County Cork Members of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada Politicians from Toronto West Yorkshire Regiment officers British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War People from York, Upper Canada Upper Canada judges Immigrants to Upper Canada

653621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson%20%28sprinter%29

Michael Johnson (sprinter)

Michael Duane Johnson (born September 13, 1967) is an American retired sprinter who won four Olympic gold medals and 8 World Championships gold medals in the span of his career. He formerly held the world and Olympic records in the 200 m and 400 m, as well as the world record in the indoor 400 m. He also once held the world's best time in the 300 m. Johnson is generally considered one of the greatest and most consistent sprinters in the entire history of track and field. Johnson is the only male athlete in history to win both the 200 metres and 400 metres events at the same Olympics, a feat he accomplished at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Johnson is also the only man to successfully defend his Olympic title in the 400 m, having done so at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Aside from his Olympic success, Johnson accumulated eight gold medals at the World Championships and is tied with Carl Lewis for the fourth most gold medals won by a runner. Johnson's distinctive stiff upright running position and very short steps defied the conventional wisdom that a high knee lift was necessary for maximum speed. As of 2012, Johnson holds 13 of the top 100 times for the 200 metres and 27 of the top 100 times for the 400 metres. Of those, he holds 14 of the top 25 times for the 400 metres. He broke 44 seconds for the 400 metres 22 times, more than twice as many times as any other athlete. Johnson held the national records for the 200, 300 and 400 metres. The 4 × 400 metres relay world record was anchored by Johnson. Since 2001, he has worked at the BBC, appearing as a pundit at multiple events. He has been a part of the BBC's Olympics athletics coverage since Beijing 2008. Professional career Season's bests 1991–1995 In 1991 at the World Championships in Tokyo, Johnson earned his first world title by winning the 200 m race by the unusual margin of victory of 0.33 seconds over Frankie Fredericks. Two weeks before the 1992 Summer Olympics began, Johnson and his agent both contracted food poisoning at a restaurant in Spain. Johnson lost both weight and strength. He was the favorite to win the 200 m going into the Olympics, but he could do no better than sixth in his semifinal heat, and failed to reach the 200 m final by 0.16 seconds. Nevertheless, he was able to race as a member of the 4 × 400 m relay team, which won a gold medal and set a new world-record time of 2:55.74. Johnson ran his leg in a time of 44.73. He won the 1993 U.S. title in the 400 m, and followed it with world titles in both the 400 m and 4 × 400 m relay. His 42.91 second split time in the 4 × 400 m relay remains the fastest 400 metres in history. At the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg, Johnson won his first 200 m and 400 m "double". No elite-level male track athlete had accomplished this in a major meet in the 20th century. At the end he made it a "triple" by adding another title in the 4 × 400 m relay. 1996 Atlanta Olympics In June 1996, Johnson was 28 when he ran the 200-m in 19.66 seconds at the U.S. Olympic Trials, breaking Pietro Mennea's record of 19.72 seconds that had stood for nearly 17 years. With that performance he qualified to run at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and prepared to attempt to win both the 200 metres and 400 metres events, a feat never before achieved by a male athlete. (Two women have won Olympic gold medals in both races in the same year: Valerie Brisco-Hooks in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, and Marie-José Pérec, in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta.) Johnson entered the Olympic finals donning a custom-designed pair of golden-colored Nike racing spikes made with Zytel, causing him to be nicknamed "The Man With the Golden Shoes". Sources differ on the exact weight of these shoes; the manufacturer of the spikes claims they weighed each, while other sources state each shoe weighed about . The left shoe was a US size 10.5 while the right shoe was a US size 11, to account for Johnson's longer right foot. On July 29, Johnson easily captured the 400 m Olympic title with an Olympic record time of 43.49 seconds, 0.92 seconds ahead of silver medalist Roger Black of Great Britain. At the 200 m final on August 1, Johnson ran the opening 100 metres in 10.12 seconds and finished the race in a world-record time of 19.32 seconds, breaking by more than three tenths of a second the previous record he had set in the U.S. Olympic Trials, on the same track one month earlier—the largest improvement ever on a 200 m world record. Some commentators compared the performance to Bob Beamon's record-shattering long jump at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. During the race, Johnson strained a muscle in his leg, which prevented him from winning his third gold medal of the Olympics in the 4 × 400 m relay as Team USA went on to win the gold even without him. After the 1996 season ended, Johnson received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in any sport in the United States, and was named ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In August, HarperCollins published his biographical/motivational book, Slaying the Dragon: How to Turn Your Small Steps to Great Feats. World's fastest man Johnson's time of 19.32s (10.35 m/s) en route to breaking the 200 metre world record at the 1996 Olympics led some in the United States to consider him the fastest man in the world. In 1997 Johnson began appearing in Nike television advertisements in which he was billed as "World's fastest man" as a result of his 200 m world record. This was despite the fact that the 100 metres world record holder, at the time Donovan Bailey (Canada), was typically given that unofficial title. In a much hyped competition in June 1997, he raced against Bailey in a race at SkyDome in Toronto. The event was unsanctioned, and its unique course consisted of 75 metres of curved track and a 75-metre straight. The race was billed as a competition for the title of "World's Fastest Man". However, Johnson failed to live up to expectations when he pulled up around the 100 metre mark, having injured his hamstring. Bailey won the race and the $1 million prize that came with the victory. Both Bailey and Johnson received a $500,000 appearance fee. 1997–1999 After recovering from the injury, Johnson was able to compete for his third 400 m world title. The IAAF invented a new policy of giving a "bye" to the defending champions essentially to allow Johnson to compete in the IAAF World Championships that year, because Johnson was unable to qualify the conventional method (by competing in the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships) due to his injury from the race with Bailey. More than a month after the U.S. Championships, Johnson had recovered from his injury and won the 400 metres at the 1997 World Championships in Athens. At the 1998 Goodwill Games in New York City, Johnson anchored the U.S. 4 × 400 m relay team with Jerome Young, Antonio Pettigrew, and Tyree Washington to a win and set a world record of 2:54.20. Pettigrew has since admitted doping from 1997, while Young was caught doping in 1999. The world record was annulled by the IAAF in August 2008, and reverted to the time of 2:54:29 Johnson helped set in the 1993 World Championships. Johnson was plagued by injury in 1999, and his following season was troubled with two injury scares that limited him to just four 400 m races before the 1999 World Championships in Seville. Were it not for the IAAF policy established two years earlier for Johnson, that allowed automatic entry to defending champions, he could not have raced in Seville since he failed to compete in the U.S. trials due to his injury. He recovered and won his fourth 400 metre world title with a new world-record time of 43.18 seconds at the relatively late age of 31 years and 11 months, which stood for nearly 17 years before being beaten at the 2016 Olympics by the South African Wayde van Niekerk. Johnson's splits for this world record were 21.22 seconds for the opening 200 metres and 21.96 seconds for the closing 200 metres, giving a differential of 0.74 seconds. 2000 Sydney Olympics After qualifying for the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 400 m, Johnson sustained an injury in the 200 m final while racing in a highly anticipated matchup against the 100 m and 200 m world champion, Maurice Greene. The injury prevented a defense of his 200 m Olympic title. Johnson ended his career at the Sydney Olympics by winning the gold medal in the 400 m, which brought his total number of Olympic gold medals to four. By winning the 400 m at the age of 33 years 12 days, he earned the distinction of being the oldest Olympic gold medalist at any track event shorter than 5000 m. Johnson was also the anchor of the United States 4x400 relay team along with Alvin Harrison, Antonio Pettigrew, and Calvin Harrison, which originally won the gold medal, but was later stripped of the title after Pettigrew and Jerome Young (who ran in the heats) were found guilty of having used performance-enhancing drugs. On July 18, 2004, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) ruled that Jerome Young was ineligible to compete in Sydney and annulled all his past results, including those achieved as part of relay teams. Young had competed for the USA team in the heats and semi-final of this event. Therefore, the United States team was stripped of the gold medal and Nigeria, Jamaica, and the Bahamas were moved up one position each. On July 22, 2005, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) overturned this decision and restored the original finish order of the race based on a ruling that a team should not be disqualified because of a doping offense by an athlete who did not compete in the finals. Then in June 2008, Antonio Pettigrew "admitted in court he cheated to win" by using banned performance-enhancing substances, and agreed to return his gold medal. Johnson announced that he would return his own gold medal, won as part of the relay team with Pettigrew. Johnson stated that he felt "cheated, betrayed and let down" by what Pettigrew had done at the Games. Pettigrew committed suicide in 2010. Achievements Johnson has run 200 m in under 19.80 seconds six times, and he has run the distance in less than 20 seconds twenty-three times. He holds nine of the top 50 200 m performances of all time. Johnson has run twenty-two 400 m races in under 44 seconds; he holds twenty-two of the top 50 and five of the top 10 400 m performances of all time. Over the course of his career, he twice set the world record in the 200 m, three times set the world record as part of the 4 × 400 m relay team, twice set the indoor 400 m world record, set the outdoor 400 m world record once, and set the 300 m mark once. After athletics Johnson was elected to the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame in 2004, where his 200 m performance at the 1996 Olympics was named the greatest track and field moment of the last 25 years. Since retiring from competitive track, Johnson currently works as a television commentator, often for the BBC in the United Kingdom, where he has also written columns for the Daily Telegraph and The Times newspapers. Johnson first appeared for the BBC in 2001 at the World Championships and at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. He subsequently was part of the BBC's presenting team at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, 2012 Olympic Games in London, 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. He was in the BBC commentary booth for the men's 400 metres final in Rio de Janeiro to see his world record broken by Wayde van Niekerk, saying about van Niekerk's performance, "Oh my God! From lane eight, a world record. He took it out so quick. I have never seen anything from 200 to 400 like that. That was a massacre from Wayde van Niekerk. He just put those guys away." In 2007 Johnson opened Michael Johnson Performance, at McKinney, Texas, a training facility for youth athletes aged 9 to 18 and professional athletes in all sports. The company works with Olympic teams and football clubs and has operations around the world. Michael Johnson Performance currently works with Arsenal, assisting in the development of young players in their academy. In June 2008, Johnson voluntarily returned the 4 × 400 m relay gold medal he earned in the 2000 Olympics after Antonio Pettigrew, who ran the second leg, admitted he took performance-enhancing drugs between 1997 and 2001. Pettigrew made his admission while giving testimony in the trial of coach Trevor Graham for his role in the BALCO scandal. On August 2, 2008, the International Olympic Committee stripped the gold medal from the U.S. men's 4x400-metre relay team. Three of the four runners in the event final, including Pettigrew and twins Alvin and Calvin Harrison, and preliminary round runner Jerome Young, all have admitted or tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. Only Johnson and Angelo Taylor, who also ran in preliminary rounds, were not implicated. Johnson had already returned his medal because, as he said, he felt the medal was not won fairly. Johnson appeared as a contestant on NBC's 9th season of The Celebrity Apprentice (2010), placing 10th after exiting the show due to a personal issue on the fifth episode of the season first airing April 11, 2010. As part of the build-up to the 2012 Summer Olympics, Johnson made a documentary, Survival of the Fastest, for Channel 4 which investigated the dominance of Afro-American and Afro-Caribbean sprinters. The program made the controversial suggestion that a side effect of the slave trade may have been to accelerate natural selection as only the very fittest could survive the brutal process, resulting in a population predisposed to superior athletic performance. Johnson currently lives in Marin County, California, with his second wife Armine Shamiryan, a chef, and his son Sebastian, born in 2000 during his first marriage to entertainment reporter Kerry D'Oyen. Johnson was one of the Olympic torch bearers in the relay in the run up to the London 2012 Olympics, carrying it to Stonehenge and Salisbury Cathedral in Wiltshire. In the summer of 2018, Johnson was co-captain and a coach for Godspeed, a flag football team made of former professional American football players that participated in the American Flag Football League (AFFL). The team were crowned the champions of participating pro teams but lost in the final match to the amateur champion team. In September 2018, Johnson suffered a stroke that affected his left side. By November, he stated he was almost "back to normal", and attributed his successful recovery to the "Olympic mindset". References External links 1967 births Living people African-American male track and field athletes American male sprinters Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Competitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals Baylor Bears men's track and field athletes James E. Sullivan Award recipients Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field Participants in American reality television series Sportspeople from San Rafael, California Track and field athletes from Dallas World Athletics Championships medalists World Athletics record holders (relay) World record setters in athletics (track and field) Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field) Goodwill Games medalists in athletics BBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year winners Track & Field News Athlete of the Year winners Universiade silver medalists for the United States World Athletics Championships winners The Apprentice (franchise) contestants Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American sportspeople

654749

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Young%20%28governor%29

John Young (governor)

John Young (June 12, 1802April 23, 1852) was an American politician. He served in the New York State Assembly (1832, 1845–1846), the United States House of Representatives (1836-1837, 1841–1843) and as Governor of New York (1847-1848). Early life Young was born in Chelsea, Vermont on June 12, 1802. As a child, his family moved to Freeport (now Conesus) in Livingston County, New York, where his parents operated an inn. He attended the schools of Conesus and Lima Academy in Lima, New York. His academy education enabled him to qualify as a schoolteacher, after which he taught at schools in Livonia, New York. He later studied law with Augustus A. Bennett of East Avon, New York, and Ambrose Bennett of Geneseo, New York. In 1829, Young was admitted to the bar, after which he began a practice in Geneseo. Among the prospective attorneys who later studied under him was his brother in law James Wood, and Young and Wood later formed a partnership. Start of career He entered politics as a Jacksonian Democrat, but shortly afterward joined the Anti-Masonic Party. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Livingston Co.) in 1832. Young was elected as a Whig to the 24th United States Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Philo C. Fuller, holding office from November 1836 to March 3, 1837. In 1840 he was elected to the 27th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1841, to March 3, 1843. He was again a member of the Assembly (Livingston Co.) in 1845 and 1846. Governor of New York In 1846 Young was the Whig nominee for governor. He defeated incumbent Silas Wright and served one term, January 1847 to December 1848. As governor, Young favored expanding the Erie Canal, oversaw establishment of the state court of appeals, and opposed the Mexican War. He also pardoned farmers who had been imprisoned for participating in the Anti-Rent War, including leader Smith A. Boughton. In 1848 Young was defeated for the Whig nomination for governor by Hamilton Fish, who went on to win the general election. Later career In 1848 Young was a delegate to the 1848 national convention. He first backed Henry Clay for president, but supported Zachary Taylor after Taylor was nominated. After Taylor assumed office he rewarded Young with the appointment as Assistant Treasurer of the United States in New York City. Young served until his death in New York City from tuberculosis on April 23, 1852. He was buried at Temple Hill Cemetery in Geneseo. Family In 1833 Young married Ellen Harris of York, New York. They were the parents of four children. References Sources Bio at National Governors' Association 1802 births 1852 deaths 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis New York (state) Whigs Governors of New York (state) Members of the New York State Assembly Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state) 19th-century American Episcopalians Anti-Masonic Party politicians from New York (state) Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives Whig Party state governors of the United States 19th-century American politicians People from Livingston County, New York

655729

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20II%2C%20Duke%20of%20Lorraine

Charles II, Duke of Lorraine

Charles II (11 September 1365 – 25 January 1431), called the Bold () was the Duke of Lorraine from 1390 to his death and Constable of France from 1418 to 1425. Charles joined the Barbary Crusade, fought at Nicopolis, and aided the Teutonic knights in Livonia. During the Hundred Years War, He sought closer ties to the French royal family, even being made Constable by Queen Isabella. Following an indecisive war against his nephew, he died in 1431 Biography Born 11 September 1365, Charles was the elder son of John I, Duke of Lorraine, and Sophie, daughter of Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg. During his youth, he had been close to Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, and they were comrades in arms on several occasions. This proximity to Burgundy was largely a result of his father's moving away from the French court, the court to which the Lorrainer dukes had neared in the past century and a half as they withdrew from the Holy Roman Empire, within which their duchy was still technically a vassal state. Charles was defiant of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, who had supported the citizens of Neufchâteau against his father and the Emperor Wenceslaus when the latter was accused by his subjects of weakness. Wenceslaus was deposed in 1400 and replaced by Rupert III, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Charles's father-in-law. Charles was also a major participant in some late Crusading movements. He joined the Barbary Crusade in 1391 and was at the disastrous Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. There he accompanied John the Fearless, the count of Nevers and son of his friend Philip. In 1399, he assisted the Teutonic Knights in Livonia. Hundred Years War France broke down into two parties: the Armagnacs of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, the tutor of the young Charles of Orléans, and the Burgundians of John the Fearless, Philip's successor, who was supported by Charles of Lorraine. Charles did not, however, enter the Anglo-French conflict then raging—the Hundred Years' War—but his brother, Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont, got involved and died in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Nevertheless, the queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, appointed Charles constable in 1418. In 1425, he asserted that the load was too large for him and renounced it. Charles adopted a new stance vis-à-vis France after the assassination of John the Fearless in 1419. John's successor, Philip III, had much territory in the Low Countries and only Lorraine and Champagne separated his Burgundian from his Belgian possessions. Fearing any warlike ambitions, Charles thought it prudent to reorient his fidelities and friendships away from such a possible adversary. Through his French connections, he obtained the assistance of Charles VII against Burgundy and married his daughter to the Angevin René, later king of Naples. Charles's final years were rife with conflict and unhappiness. His nephew, Anthony of Vaudémont demanded a part of the inheritance and Charles had to war against him in 1425, without much success. Early in 1429, Joan of Arc came on a pilgrimage to Saint-Nicolas-de-Port. She counselled the duke to abandon his mistress, Alison du May. Ignoring this advice, Charles gave her an escort and sent her on to Chinon. He died two years later at his capital of Nancy on 25 January. Family Charles married Margaret of the Palatinate (1376–1434), daughter of Rupert of Germany and Elisabeth of Nuremberg, in 1393, only two daughters survived childhood: Isabella (1400–1453), who became Duchess suo jure on his death and married René, later holder of many prestigious titles Louis, died young Ralph, died young Catherine (1407–1439), married Jacob, Margrave of Baden With his mistress, the aforementioned Alison du May (murdered in Nancy, 25 January 1431), he had five children: Ferry d'Einvile (d. 1453/56), Lord of Billestein, Villacourt, Vaxoncourt, Pallegney and Zincourt. He had issue. John Pillelipille (d. 1460), Lord of Darnieulles, married Philippa de Marches. He had issue. Ferry de Lunéville (fl. c. 1425). Catherine (fl. c. 1425). Isabelle (d. after 9 August 1457), married in 1425 to Henry of Liocourt. See also Dukes of Lorraine family tree References Sources Dukes of Lorraine Lorraine, Charles II, Duke of 1364 births 1431 deaths

655733

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20III%2C%20Duke%20of%20Lorraine

Charles III, Duke of Lorraine

Charles III (18 February 1543 – 14 May 1608), known as the Great, was Duke of Lorraine from 1545 until his death. Life He was the eldest surviving son of Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, and Christina of Denmark. In 1545, his father died, and his mother served as the regent during his minority. During his childhood, his aged great-grandmother, Philippa of Gelderland, died in 1547, leaving also her inheritance to the young Charles. His dynasty claimed the Kingdom of Jerusalem and used also the title of Duke of Calabria as symbol of their claims to the Kingdom of Naples. Additionally, they had a claim to the Duchy of Gelderland, inherited from Charles of Egmont, Duke of Gelderland. In 1552, Lorraine was invaded by France, his mother's regency was terminated and Charles was removed from Lorraine to France, to be raised at the French royal court in accordance to the needs of French interests. In 1559, he was married to Claude of France, and allowed to depart to Lorraine and take control of his domain. The reign of Charles III is regarded as a great age of peace and prosperity for Lorraine. He pursued a policy of strict neutrality between France and The Holy Roman Empire, as well as during the French Wars of Religion. He founded the University of Pount-a-Mousson. He also expanded his realm by the incorporation of Pfalzburg from George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz, in 1590, and tried to conquer also Lützelstein, though George John I's widow, Anna of Sweden, managed to negotiate a truce. In 1589, he broke his policy of neutrality and allied himself with the French Catholic League because he, as a Catholic, could not accept Henry of Navarre as king of France. In his peace with Henry in 1594, he married his son to Henry's sister Catherine de Bourbon. Family He married Claude of Valois, princess of France, daughter of king Henry II and Catherine de' Medici. They had the following children: Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (1563–1624) married Catherine de Bourbon and Margerita Gonzaga Christine (1565–1637), married Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany Charles (1567–1607), Cardinal of Lorraine and Bishop of Metz (1578–1607), Bishop of Strasbourg (1604–1607) Antoinette (1568–1610), married John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Anne (1569–1576) Francis II, Duke of Lorraine (1572–1632) married Christina of Salm Catherine (1573 † 1648), Abess de Remiremont Elisabeth Renata (1574–1635), married Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria Claude, 1575–1576. Ancestors See also Dukes of Lorraine family tree References Sources House of Lorraine Dukes of Lorraine Dukes of Bar Marquesses of Pont-à-Mousson 1543 births 1608 deaths Lorraine, Charles 3 Modern child rulers Hereditary Princes of Lorraine People from Nancy, France Princes of Lorraine

658396

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Betrayal%3A%20The%20Memoirs%20of%20Ian%20Douglas%20Smith

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith

The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith is a 1997 autobiographic apologia written by Ian Smith, focusing on his time as Prime Minister of the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, later Rhodesia (April 13, 1964 – June 1, 1979). The memoirs cover the time period during which Smith's government attempted to preserve white minority rule in Rhodesia through political and military means, including a Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom, and the termination of Smith's government with the resumption of the UK's rule and the recognised independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. In the book, Ian Smith sought to explain the reasons why his government made its Unilateral Declaration of Independence, and how Rhodesia coped in the face of sanctions and terrorism until the pressures forced him and his government to accede to the wishes of his adversaries. Smith points to the chaotic situation in Zimbabwe after 1980 as proof that he was trying to prevent Rhodesia from suffering the same fate as other majority-ruled African states. The book was republished in 2001 with the title Bitter Harvest: The Great Betrayal. After Smith's death in 2007, the book was also reprinted in May 2008 with a foreword by Rupert Cornwell, and a brief postscript. References 1997 non-fiction books Books about Rhodesia Books about Zimbabwe Political autobiographies

660813

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Alexander%20Jr.

Clifford Alexander Jr.

Clifford Leopold Alexander Jr. (born September 21, 1933) is an American lawyer, businessman and public servant from New York City. He was the first African-American Secretary of the Army. Life and career Clifford Alexander Jr was born in New York City in 1933 to Clifford Leopold Alexander and his wife. He attended the private Ethical Culture and Fieldston schools. Alexander graduated from Harvard College in 1955 and from Yale Law School in 1958. He enlisted in the New York National Guard in 1958 and served briefly with the 369th Field Artillery Battalion at Fort Dix, New Jersey. He married Adele Logan in 1959. She became a professor at George Washington University after earning her doctorate in history and has specialized in African-American history. They have a daughter, Elizabeth Alexander (born in 1962) and son Mark C. Alexander (born 1965). After being admitted to the bar, Alexander served as an assistant district attorney for New York County, 1959–1961. He became executive director of the Manhattanville Hamilton Grange Neighborhood Conservation Project. He next served as program and executive director of Harlem Youth Opportunities. He also practiced law in New York City. In 1963 during the John F. Kennedy administration, Alexander was called to Washington to serve as a foreign affairs officer on the National Security Council staff. He served next as deputy special assistant to President Lyndon B. Johnson, associate special counsel, and deputy special counsel on the White House staff, 1964–1967. Alexander was appointed as chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 1967–1969. Acting as a special representative of the President, he headed the U.S. delegation to ceremonies marking the independence of the Kingdom of Swaziland in 1968. Leaving government service after Republican Richard M. Nixon was elected to the presidency, Alexander practiced law with the Washington firm of Arnold and Porter between 1969 and 1975. He was a television news commentator in Washington, D.C., 1972–1976; and also taught as a professor of law at Howard University, 1973–1974. In 1974 he ran unsuccessfully as a candidate for mayor of the District of Columbia. Alexander returned to law, becoming a partner in the law firm of Verner, Lipfert, Bernhard, McPherson and Hand in 1975. Alexander returned to public service as Secretary of the Army under the Carter Administration, serving from February 14, 1977, to January 20, 1981. He was the first African American appointed to this Cabinet position. During this time he concentrated upon improving the all-volunteer Army, stressing programs to enhance professionalism, and emphasizing the award of contracts to minority businesses to fulfill the federal commitment to encourage diversity. In the early 21st century, Alexander has been outspoken in his opposition to the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy of the military. He called for its repeal by Congress. Rachel Maddow interviewed him on her MSNBC television shows on May 11, 2009, and June 28, 2013. In 1981 Alexander formed the consulting firm of Alexander and Associates. In addition, he serves on the boards of directors of several national corporations and is a member of the Board of Governors of the American Stock Exchange. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity. Family His and Adele's daughter Elizabeth Alexander became a poet and professor of English at Yale University, and is now the president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. She was commissioned to write and present a poem for President Barack Obama's presidential inauguration. He is the first African American to be elected to this office. Alexander recited the poem "Praise Song for the Day" on January 20, 2009. Their son Mark C. Alexander is dean at the Villanova University Charles Widger School of Law. He has also served as a political and campaign advisor to Bill Bradley, Ted Kennedy, and President Obama. References External links Clifford Alexander's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project 1933 births Arnold & Porter people Carter administration personnel Chairs of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Ethical Culture Fieldston School alumni Harvard College alumni Howard University faculty Lawyers from New York City Living people Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel Military personnel from New York City New York (state) lawyers United States Army soldiers United States Secretaries of the Army Yale Law School alumni New York National Guard personnel

660957

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Marshall%20Harlan%20II

John Marshall Harlan II

John Marshall Harlan (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971. Harlan is usually called John Marshall Harlan II to distinguish him from his grandfather John Marshall Harlan, who served on the Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911. Harlan was a student at Upper Canada College and Appleby College and then at Princeton University. Awarded a Rhodes Scholarship, he studied law at Balliol College, Oxford. Upon his return to the U.S. in 1923 Harlan worked in the law firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland while studying at New York Law School. Later he served as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York and as Special Assistant Attorney General of New York. In 1954 Harlan was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and a year later president Dwight Eisenhower nominated Harlan to the United States Supreme Court following the death of Justice Robert H. Jackson. Harlan is often characterized as a member of the conservative wing of the Warren Court. He advocated a limited role for the judiciary, remarking that the Supreme Court should not be considered "a general haven for reform movements". In general, Harlan adhered more closely to precedent, and was more reluctant to overturn legislation, than many of his colleagues on the Court. He strongly disagreed with the doctrine of incorporation, which held that the provisions of the federal Bill of Rights applied to the state governments, not merely the Federal. At the same time, he advocated a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, arguing that it protected a wide range of rights not expressly mentioned in the United States Constitution. Justice Harlan was gravely ill when he retired from the Supreme Court on September 23, 1971. He died from spinal cancer three months later, on December 29, 1971. After Harlan's retirement, President Nixon appointed William Rehnquist to replace him. Early life and career John Marshall Harlan was born on May 20, 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of John Maynard Harlan, a Chicago lawyer and politician, and Elizabeth Flagg. He had three sisters. Historically, Harlan's family had been politically active. His forebear George Harlan served as one of the governors of Delaware during the seventeenth century; his great-grandfather James Harlan was a congressman during the 1830s; his grandfather, also John Marshall Harlan, was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1877 to 1911; and his uncle, James S. Harlan, was attorney general of Puerto Rico and then chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission. In his younger years, Harlan attended The Latin School of Chicago. He later attended two boarding high schools in the Toronto Area, Canada: Upper Canada College and Appleby College. Upon graduation from Appleby, Harlan returned to the U.S. and in 1916 enrolled at Princeton University. There, he was a member of the Ivy Club, served as an editor of The Daily Princetonian, and was class president during his junior and senior years. After graduating from the university in 1920 with an Artium Baccalaureus degree, he received a Rhodes Scholarship, which he used to attend Balliol College, Oxford, making him the first Rhodes Scholar to sit on the Supreme Court. He studied jurisprudence at Oxford for three years, returning from England in 1923. Upon his return to the United States, he began work with the law firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland (which became Dewey & LeBoeuf), one of the leading law firms in the country, while studying law at New York Law School. He received his Bachelor of Laws in 1924 and earned admission to the bar in 1925. Between 1925 and 1927, Harlan served as Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, heading the district's Prohibition unit. He prosecuted Harry M. Daugherty, former United States Attorney General. In 1928, he was appointed Special Assistant Attorney General of New York, in which capacity he investigated a scandal involving sewer construction in Queens. He prosecuted Maurice E. Connolly, the Queens borough president, for his involvement in the affair. In 1930, Harlan returned to his old law firm, becoming a partner one year later. At the firm, he served as chief assistant for senior partner Emory Buckner and followed him into public service when Buckner was appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. As one of "Buckner's Boy Scouts", eager young Assistant United States Attorneys, Harlan worked on Prohibition cases, and swore off drinking except when the prosecutors visited the Harlan family fishing camp in Quebec, where Prohibition did not apply. Harlan remained in public service until 1930, and then returned to his firm. Buckner had also returned to the firm, and after Buckner's death, Harlan became the leading trial lawyer at the firm. As a trial lawyer Harlan was involved in a number of famous cases. One such case was the conflict over the estate left after the death in 1931 of Ella Wendel, who had no heirs and left almost all her wealth, estimated at $30–100 million, to churches and charities. However, a number of claimants, most of them imposters, filed suits in state and federal courts seeking part of her fortune. Harlan acted as the main defender of her estate and will as well as the chief negotiator. Eventually a settlement among lawful claimants was reached in 1933. In the following years Harlan specialized in corporate law dealing with the cases like Randall v. Bailey, concerning the interpretation of state law governing distribution of corporate dividends. In 1940, he represented the New York Board of Higher Education unsuccessfully in the Bertrand Russell case in its efforts to retain Bertrand Russell on the faculty of the City College of New York; Russell was declared "morally unfit" to teach. The future justice also represented boxer Gene Tunney in a breach of contract suit brought by a would-be fight manager, a matter settled out of court. In 1937, Harlan was one of five founders of a eugenics advocacy group called the Pioneer Fund, which had been formed to introduce Nazi ideas on eugenics to the United States. He had likely been invited into the group due to his expertise in non-profit organizations. Harlan served on the Pioneer Fund's board until 1954. He did not play a significant role in the fund. During World War II, Harlan volunteered for military duty, serving as a colonel in the United States Army Air Force from 1943 to 1945. He was the chief of the Operational Analysis Section of the Eighth Air Force in England. He won the Legion of Merit from the United States, and the Croix de Guerre from both France and Belgium. In 1946 Harlan returned to private law practice representing Du Pont family members against a federal antitrust lawsuit. In 1951, however, he returned to public service, serving as Chief Counsel to the New York State Crime Commission, where he investigated the relationship between organized crime and the state government as well as illegal gambling activities in New York and other areas. During this period Harlan also served as a committee chairman of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, and to which he was later elected vice president. Harlan's main specialization at that time was corporate and antitrust law. Personal life In 1928, Harlan married Ethel Andrews, who was the daughter of Yale history professor Charles McLean Andrews. This was the second marriage for her. Ethel was originally married to New York architect Henry K. Murphy, who was twenty years her elder. After Ethel divorced Murphy in 1927, her brother John invited her to a Christmas party at Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland, where she was introduced to John Harlan. They saw each other regularly afterwards and married on November 10, 1928 in Farmington, Connecticut. Harlan, a Presbyterian, maintained a New York City apartment, a summer home in Weston, Connecticut and a fishing camp in Murray Bay, Quebec, a lifestyle he described as "awfully tame and correct". The justice played golf, favored tweeds, and wore a gold watch which had belonged to the first Justice Harlan. In addition to carrying his grandfather's watch, when he joined the Supreme Court he used the same furniture which had furnished his grandfather's chambers. John and Ethel Harlan had one daughter, Evangeline Dillingham (born on February 2, 1932). She was married to Frank Dillingham of West Redding, Connecticut, until his death, and has five children. One of Eve's children, Amelia Newcomb, is the international news editor at The Christian Science Monitor and has two children: Harlan, named after John Marshall Harlan II, and Matthew Trevithick.<ref>Matt Trevithick . Boston University Terrier Athletics.</ref> Another daughter, Kate Dillingham, is a professional cellist and published author. Second Circuit service Harlan was nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 13, 1954, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated by Judge Augustus Noble Hand. Harlan knew this court well, as he had often appeared before it and was friendly with many of the judges. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 9, 1954, and received his commission on the next day. His service terminated on March 27, 1955, due to his elevation to the Supreme Court. Supreme Court service Harlan was nominated by President Eisenhower on January 10, 1955, as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed Robert H. Jackson. On being nominated, the reticent Harlan called reporters into his chambers in New York, and stated, in full, "I am very deeply honored." He was confirmed by the Senate on March 16, 1955, by a 71-11 vote, and was sworn into office on March 28, 1955. Despite the brevity of his stay on the Second Circuit, Harlan would serve as the Circuit Justice responsible for the Second Circuit throughout his Supreme Court capacity, and, in that capacity, enjoyed attending the Circuit's annual conference, bringing his wife and catching up on the latest gossip. Additionally, he served as Circuit Justice for the Ninth Circuit from June 25, 1963 to June 26, 1963. He assumed retired status on September 23, 1971, serving in that capacity until his death on December 29, 1971. Harlan's nomination came shortly after the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. James Eastland (the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary) and several other southern senators delayed his confirmation, because they (correctly) believed that he would support desegregation of the schools and civil rights. Unlike almost all previous Supreme Court nominees, Harlan appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee to answer questions relating to his judicial views. Every Supreme Court nominee since Harlan has been questioned by the Judiciary Committee before confirmation. The Senate finally confirmed him on March 17, 1955 by a vote of 71–11. He took his seat on March 28, 1955. Of the eleven senators who voted against his appointment, nine were from the South. He was replaced on the Second Circuit by Joseph Edward Lumbard. On the Supreme Court, Harlan often voted alongside Justice Felix Frankfurter, who was his principal mentor on the court. Some legal scholars even viewed him as "Frankfurter without mustard", though others recognize his own important contributions to the evolution of legal thought. Harlan was an ideological adversary—but close personal friend—of Justice Hugo Black, with whom he disagreed on a variety of issues, including the applicability of the Bill of Rights to the states, the Due Process Clause, and the Equal Protection Clause. Justice Harlan was very close to the law clerks whom he hired, and continued to take an interest in them after they left his chambers to continue their legal careers. The justice would advise them on their careers, hold annual reunions, and place pictures of their children on his chambers' walls. He would say to them of the Warren Court, "We must consider this only temporary," that the Court had gone astray, but would soon right itself. Justice Harlan is remembered by people who worked with him for his tolerance and civility. He treated his fellow Justices, clerks and attorneys representing parties with respect and consideration. While Justice Harlan often strongly objected to certain conclusions and arguments, he never criticized other justices or anybody else personally, and never said any disparaging words about someone's motivations and capacity. Harlan was reluctant to show emotion, and was never heard to complain about anything. Harlan was one of the intellectual leaders of the Warren Court. Harvard Constitutional law expert Paul Freund said of him: His thinking threw light in a very introspective way on the entire process of the judicial function. His decisions, beyond just the vote they represented, were sufficiently philosophical to be of enduring interest. He decided the case before him with that respect for its particulars, its special features, that marks alike the honest artist and the just judge. Jurisprudence Harlan's jurisprudence is often characterized as conservative. He held precedent to be of great importance, adhering to the principle of stare decisis more closely than many of his Supreme Court colleagues. Unlike Justice Black, he eschewed strict textualism. While he believed that the original intention of the Framers should play an important part in constitutional adjudication, he also held that broad phrases like "liberty" in the Due Process Clause could be given an evolving interpretation. Harlan believed that most problems should be solved by the political process, and that the judiciary should play only a limited role. In his dissent to Reynolds v. Sims, he wrote: These decisions give support to a current mistaken view of the Constitution and the constitutional function of this court. This view, in short, is that every major social ill in this country can find its cure in some constitutional principle and that this court should take the lead in promoting reform when other branches of government fail to act. The Constitution is not a panacea for every blot upon the public welfare nor should this court, ordained as a judicial body, be thought of as a general haven of reform movements. Equal Protection Clause The Supreme Court decided several important equal protection cases during the first years of Harlan's career. In these cases, Harlan regularly voted in favor of civil rights—similar to his grandfather, the only dissenting justice in the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson case. He voted with the majority in Cooper v. Aaron, compelling defiant officials in Arkansas to desegregate public schools. He joined the opinion in Gomillion v. Lightfoot, which declared that states could not redraw political boundaries in order to reduce the voting power of African-Americans. Moreover, he joined the unanimous decision in Loving v. Virginia, which struck down state laws that banned interracial marriage. Due Process Clause Justice Harlan advocated a broad interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause. He subscribed to the doctrine that the clause not only provided procedural guarantees, but also protected a wide range of fundamental rights, including those that were not specifically mentioned in the text of the Constitution. (See substantive due process.) However, as Justice Byron White noted in his dissenting opinion in Moore v. East Cleveland, "no one was more sensitive than Mr. Justice Harlan to any suggestion that his approach to the Due Process Clause would lead to judges 'roaming at large in the constitutional field'." Under Harlan's approach, judges would be limited in the Due Process area by "respect for the teachings of history, solid recognition of the basic values that underlie our society, and wise appreciation of the great roles that the doctrines of federalism and separation of powers have played in establishing and preserving American freedoms". Harlan set forth his interpretation in an often cited dissenting opinion to Poe v. Ullman, which involved a challenge to a Connecticut law banning the use of contraceptives. The Supreme Court dismissed the case on technical grounds, holding that the case was not ripe for adjudication. Justice Harlan dissented from the dismissal, suggesting that the Court should have considered the merits of the case. Thereafter, he indicated his support for a broad view of the due process clause's reference to "liberty". He wrote, "This 'liberty' is not a series of isolated points pricked out in terms of the taking of property; the freedom of speech, press, and religion; the right to keep and bear arms; the freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures; and so on. It is a rational continuum which, broadly speaking, includes a freedom from all substantial arbitrary impositions and purposeless restraints." He suggested that the due process clause encompassed a right to privacy, and concluded that a prohibition on contraception violated this right. The same law was challenged again in Griswold v. Connecticut. This time, the Supreme Court agreed to consider the case, and concluded that the law violated the Constitution. However, the decision was based not on the due process clause, but on the argument that a right to privacy was found in the "penumbras" of other provisions of the Bill of Rights. Justice Harlan concurred in the result, but criticized the Court for relying on the Bill of Rights in reaching its decision. "The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment stands," he wrote, "on its own bottom." The Supreme Court would later adopt Harlan's approach, relying on the due process clause rather than the penumbras of the Bill of Rights in right to privacy cases such as Roe v. Wade and Lawrence v. Texas. Harlan's interpretation of the Due Process Clause attracted the criticism of Justice Black, who rejected the idea that the Clause included a "substantive" component, considering this interpretation unjustifiably broad and historically unsound. The Supreme Court has agreed with Harlan, and has continued to apply the doctrine of substantive due process in a wide variety of cases. Incorporation Justice Harlan was strongly opposed to the theory that the Fourteenth Amendment "incorporated" the Bill of Rights—that is, made the provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states. His opinion on the matter was opposite to that of his grandfather, who supported the full incorporation of the Bill of Rights. When it was originally ratified, the Bill of Rights was binding only upon the federal government, as the Supreme Court ruled in the 1833 case Barron v. Baltimore. Some jurists argued that the Fourteenth Amendment made the entirety of the Bill of Rights binding upon the states as well. Harlan, however, rejected this doctrine, which he called "historically unfounded" in his Griswold concurrence. Instead, Justice Harlan believed that the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause only protected "fundamental" rights. Thus, if a guarantee of the Bill of Rights was "fundamental" or "implicit in the concept of ordered liberty," Harlan agreed that it applied to the states as well as the federal government. Thus, for example, Harlan believed that the First Amendment's free speech clause applied to the states, but that the Fifth Amendment's self-incrimination clause did not. Harlan's approach was largely similar to that of Justices Benjamin Cardozo and Felix Frankfurter. It drew criticism from Justice Black, a proponent of the total incorporation theory. Black claimed that the process of identifying some rights as more "fundamental" than others was largely arbitrary, and depended on each Justice's personal opinions. The Supreme Court has eventually adopted some elements of Harlan's approach, holding that only some Bill of Rights guarantees were applicable against the states—the doctrine known as selective incorporation. However, under Chief Justice Earl Warren during the 1960s, an increasing number of rights were deemed sufficiently fundamental for incorporation (Harlan regularly dissented from these rulings). Hence, the majority of provisions from the Bill of Rights have been extended to the states; the exceptions are the Third Amendment, the grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment, the Seventh Amendment, the Ninth Amendment, and the Tenth Amendment. Thus, although the Supreme Court has agreed with Harlan's general reasoning, the end result of its jurisprudence is very different from what Harlan advocated. First Amendment Justice Harlan supported many of the Warren Court's landmark decisions relating to the separation of church and state. For instance, he voted in favor of the Court's ruling that the states could not use religious tests as qualifications for public office in Torcaso v. Watkins. He joined in Engel v. Vitale, which declared that it was unconstitutional for states to require the recitation of official prayers in public schools. In Epperson v. Arkansas, he similarly voted to strike down an Arkansas law banning the teaching of evolution. In many cases, Harlan took a fairly broad view of First Amendment rights such as the freedom of speech and of the press, although he thought that the First Amendment applied directly only to the federal government. According to Harlan the freedom of speech was among the "fundamental principles of liberty and justice" and therefore applicable also to states, but less stringently than to the national government. Moreover, Justice Harlan believed that federal laws censoring "obscene" publications violated the free speech clause. Thus, he dissented from Roth v. United States, in which the Supreme Court upheld the validity of a federal obscenity law. At the same time, Harlan did not believe that the Constitution prevented the states from censoring obscenity. He explained in his Roth dissent: The danger is perhaps not great if the people of one State, through their legislature, decide that Lady Chatterley's Lover goes so far beyond the acceptable standards of candor that it will be deemed offensive and non-sellable, for the State next door is still free to make its own choice. At least we do not have one uniform standard. But the dangers to free thought and expression are truly great if the Federal Government imposes a blanket ban over the Nation on such a book. ... The fact that the people of one State cannot read some of the works of D. H. Lawrence seems to me, if not wise or desirable, at least acceptable. But that no person in the United States should be allowed to do so seems to me to be intolerable, and violative of both the letter and spirit of the First Amendment. Harlan concurred in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which required public officials suing newspapers for libel to prove that the publisher had acted with "actual malice." This stringent standard made it much more difficult for public officials to win libel cases. He did not, however, go as far as Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas, who suggested that all libel laws were unconstitutional. In Street v. New York, Harlan wrote the opinion of the court, ruling that the government could not punish an individual for insulting the American flag. In 1969 he noted that the Supreme Court had consistently "rejected all manner of prior restraint on publication." When Harlan was a Circuit Judge in 1955, he authorized the decision upholding the conviction of leaders of the Communist Party USA (including Elizabeth Gurley Flynn) under the Smith Act. The ruling was based on the previous Supreme Court's decisions, by which the Court of Appeals was bound. Later, when he was a Supreme Court justice, Harlan, however, wrote an opinion overturning the conviction of Communist Party activists as unconstitutional in the case of Yates v. United States. Another such case was Watkins v. United States. Harlan penned the majority opinion in Cohen v. California, holding that wearing a jacket emblazoned with the words "Fuck the Draft" was speech protected by the First Amendment. His opinion was later described by constitutional law expert Professor Yale Kamisar as one of the greatest ever written on freedom of expression. In the Cohen opinion, Harlan famously wrote "one man's vulgarity is another's lyric," a quote that was later denounced by Robert Bork as "moral relativism". Justice Harlan is credited for establishing that the First Amendment protects the freedom of association. In NAACP v. Alabama, Justice Harlan delivered the opinion of the court, invalidating an Alabama law that required the NAACP to disclose membership lists. However he did not believe that individuals were entitled to exercise their First Amendment rights wherever they pleased. He joined in Adderley v. Florida, which controversially upheld a trespassing conviction for protesters who demonstrated on government property. He dissented from Brown v. Louisiana, in which the Court held that protesters were entitled to engage in a sit-in at a public library. Likewise, he disagreed with Tinker v. Des Moines, in which the Supreme Court ruled that students had the right to wear armbands (as a form of protest) in public schools. Criminal procedure During the 1960s the Warren Court made a series of rulings expanding the rights of criminal defendants. In some instances, Justice Harlan concurred in the result, while in many other cases he found himself in dissent. Harlan was usually joined by the other moderate members of the Court: Justices Potter Stewart, Tom Clark, and Byron White. Most notably, Harlan dissented from Supreme Court rulings restricting interrogation techniques used by law enforcement officers. For example, he dissented from the Court's holding in Escobedo v. Illinois, that the police could not refuse to honor a suspect's request to consult with his lawyer during an interrogation. Harlan called the rule "ill-conceived" and suggested that it "unjustifiably fetters perfectly legitimate methods of criminal law enforcement." He disagreed with Miranda v. Arizona, which required law enforcement officials to warn a suspect of his rights before questioning him (see Miranda warning). He closed his dissenting opinion with a quotation from his predecessor, Justice Robert H. Jackson: "This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law, and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added." In Gideon v. Wainwright, Justice Harlan agreed that the Constitution required states to provide attorneys for defendants who could not afford their own counsel. However, he believed that this requirement applied only at trial, and not on appeal; thus, he dissented from Douglas v. California. Harlan wrote the majority opinion in Leary v. United States—a case that declared the Marijuana Tax Act unconstitutional based on the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination. Justice Harlan's concurrence in Katz v. United States set forth the test for determining whether government conduct constituted a search. In this case the Supreme Court held that eavesdropping on the petitioner's telephone conversation constituted a search in the meaning of the Fourth Amendment and thus required a warrant. According to Justice Harlan, there is a two-part requirement for a search: (1) that the individual have a subjective expectation of privacy; and (2) that the individual's expectation of privacy is "one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.'" Voting rights Justice Harlan rejected the theory that the Constitution enshrined the so-called "one man, one vote" principle, or the principle that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population. In this regard, he shared the views of Justice Felix Frankfurter, who in Colegrove v. Green admonished the courts to stay out of the "political thicket" of reapportionment. The Supreme Court, however, disagreed with Harlan in a series of rulings during the 1960s. The first case in this line of rulings was Baker v. Carr. The Court ruled that the courts had jurisdiction over malapportionment issues and therefore were entitled to review the validity of district boundaries. Harlan, however, dissented, on the grounds that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that malapportionment violated their individual rights. Then, in Wesberry v. Sanders, the Supreme Court, relying on the Constitution's requirement that the United States House of Representatives be elected "by the People of the several States," ruled that congressional districts in any particular state must be approximately equal in population. Harlan vigorously dissented, writing, "I had not expected to witness the day when the Supreme Court of the United States would render a decision which casts grave doubt on the constitutionality of the composition of the House of Representatives. It is not an exaggeration to say that such is the effect of today's decision." He proceeded to argue that the Court's decision was inconsistent with both the history and text of the Constitution; moreover, he claimed that only Congress, not the judiciary, had the power to require congressional districts with equal populations. Harlan was the sole dissenter in Reynolds v. Sims, in which the Court relied on the Equal Protection Clause to extend the one man, one vote principle to state legislative districts. He analyzed the language and history of the Fourteenth Amendment, and concluded that the Equal Protection Clause was never intended to encompass voting rights. Because the Fifteenth Amendment would have been superfluous if the Fourteenth Amendment (the basis of the reapportionment decisions) had conferred a general right to vote, he claimed that the Constitution did not require states to adhere to the one man, one vote principle, and that the Court was merely imposing its own political theories on the nation. He suggested, in addition, that the problem of malapportionment was one that should be solved by the political process, and not by litigation. He wrote: This Court, limited in function in accordance with that premise, does not serve its high purpose when it exceeds its authority, even to satisfy justified impatience with the slow workings of the political process. For when, in the name of constitutional interpretation, the Court adds something to the Constitution that was deliberately excluded from it, the Court, in reality, substitutes its view of what should be so for the amending process. For similar reasons, Harlan dissented from Carrington v. Rash, in which the Court held that voter qualifications were subject to scrutiny under the equal protection clause. He claimed in his dissent, "the Court totally ignores, as it did in last Term's reapportionment cases ... all the history of the Fourteenth Amendment and the course of judicial decisions which together plainly show that the Equal Protection Clause was not intended to touch state electoral matters." Similarly, Justice Harlan disagreed with the Court's ruling in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, invalidating the use of the poll tax as a qualification to vote. Retirement and death John M. Harlan's health began to deteriorate towards the end of his career. His eyesight began to fail during the late 1960s. To cover this, he would bring materials to within an inch of his eyes, and have clerks and his wife read to him (once when the Court took an obscenity case, a chagrined Harlan had his wife read him Lady Chatterley's Lover). Gravely ill, he retired from the Supreme Court on September 23, 1971. Harlan died from spinal cancer three months later, on December 29, 1971. He was buried at the Emmanuel Church Cemetery in Weston, Connecticut..<p>For photos of the Harlan's grave see . President Richard Nixon considered nominating Mildred Lillie, a California appeals court judge, to fill the vacant seat; Lillie would have been the first female nominee to the Supreme Court. However, Nixon decided against Lillie's nomination after the American Bar Association found Lillie to be unqualified. Thereafter, Nixon nominated William Rehnquist (a future Chief Justice), who was confirmed by the Senate. Despite his many dissents, Harlan has been described as one of the most influential Supreme Court justices of the twentieth century. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. Harlan's extensive professional and Supreme Court papers (343 cubic feet) were donated to Princeton University, where they are housed at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library and open to research. Other papers repose at several other libraries. Ethel Harlan, his wife, outlived him by only a few months and died on June 12, 1972. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease for the last seven years of her life. See also List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9) List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger CourtClay v. United States (1971)Muhammad Ali's Greatest Fight'' (2013 television film) Notes References (Harlan arranged for Mayer to write this book about his mentor Emory Buckner and wrote the book's Introduction.) Further reading External links John M. Harlan Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University Fox, John, Capitalism and Conflict, Biographies of the Robes, John Marshall Harlan II. Public Broadcasting Service. Supreme Court Historical Society, "John Marshall Harlan II.". Booknotes interview with Tinsley Yarbrough on John Marshall Harlan: Great Dissenter of the Warren Court, April 26, 1992. 1899 births 1971 deaths 20th-century American judges Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford United States Army personnel of World War II American Presbyterians American people of Scotch-Irish descent American Rhodes Scholars Appleby College alumni Assistant United States Attorneys Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C. Neurological disease deaths in Washington, D.C. Deaths from spinal cancer Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit Latin School of Chicago alumni Lawyers from Chicago Military personnel from Illinois New York Law School alumni New York (state) Republicans People from Weston, Connecticut Princeton University alumni Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium) Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army officers United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Upper Canada College alumni Harlan family Conservatism in the United States

661672

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%20James%20Thompson

Floyd James Thompson

Floyd James "Jim" Thompson (July 8, 1933 – July 16, 2002) was a United States Army colonel. He was one of the longest-held American prisoner of war in U.S. history that was returned or captured by troops, spending nearly nine years in captivity in the forests and mountains of South Vietnam and Laos, and in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Early life Jim Thompson was born July 8, 1933, in Bergenfield, New Jersey, as the son of a bus driver. He graduated from Bergenfield High School in 1951. Thompson worked for the A&P supermarket before he was drafted by the United States Army on June 14, 1956. He was at first a very truculent, rebellious soldier, but then decided that he liked the military. After basic training at Fort Dix, New Jersey, he decided to make the military his career. Military career After completing Officer Candidate School, Thompson served stateside and also spent a year in Korea. He was stationed at Fort Bragg when he was recruited into the Army Special Forces as a Green Beret. After completing Ranger School and Jump School, he served as an instructor with the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, from August 1958 to June 1960. His next assignment was as a platoon leader in the 2nd Brigade of the 34th Infantry Regiment, stationed in South Korea from June 1960 to July 1961. Thompson then served as a reenlistment officer with Headquarters XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, from September 1961 to September 1962, and then as a staff officer with 1st Special Forces at Fort Bragg, from September 1962 to December 1963. Vietnam War Captain Thompson went to Vietnam in December 1963. Prior to his deployment, he hadn't heard of the country. He was to serve only a six-month tour of duty but was captured on March 26, 1964. He was released on March 16, 1973, ten days short of nine years. Capture On March 26, 1964, Thompson was a passenger on an observation plane (an L-19/O-1 Bird Dog) flown by Captain Richard L. Whitesides when it was downed by enemy small arms fire at , about 20 kilometers from Thompson's Special Forces Camp near Quang Tri, South Vietnam. Thompson survived the crash with burns, a bullet wound across the cheek, and a broken back. Whitesides was killed in the crash. Thompson was quickly captured by the Viet Cong. Aerial search and ground patrols failed to find any trace of the aircraft. On March 27, 1964, an Army officer visited Thompson's home and told his pregnant wife Alyce that he was missing. The trauma sent her into labor and their son was born that evening. Prisoner of war Thompson spent the next nine years (3,278 days) as a prisoner of war, first at the hands of the Viet Cong in the South Vietnam forests, until he was moved in 1967 to the Hanoi prison system. During his captivity, he was tortured, starved, and isolated from other American POWs. At one point, Thompson did not speak to another American for over five years. He was released with the other POWs in mid-March 1973 in Operation Homecoming. Return to the United States The years following Thompson's release were not happy ones. His troubled life was chronicled in an oral biography called Glory Denied by Tom Philpott. Although Thompson was promoted to lieutenant colonel upon release and then to full colonel, he had missed the most important years of his military career while in prison. He had no formal military education beyond OCS and lacked even a college degree or experience as a company commander. He had difficulty adjusting to a vastly changed peacetime Army. In addition, Thompson's marriage had been troubled even before his captivity, and his wife Alyce, believing him dead, was living with another man at the time he was repatriated. He and his wife divorced in 1975. Alyce told author Tom Philpott that she believed prison had affected her husband's mind. She said he suffered from nightmares and was abusive towards both her and the children. Thompson later remarried but divorced soon afterwards. Thompson never formed any kind of a relationship with his children. His daughters were 6, 5 and 4 when he left, and his son was born the day of his capture. Only his eldest child barely remembered him. He eventually became completely estranged from all of them. Thompson said that one of the things that helped him cope with his brutal imprisonment was thinking of the fine family that awaited his return. He developed a very serious drinking problem and was in several military hospitals for treatment. In 1977, Thompson attempted suicide with an overdose of pills and alcohol. His superiors told author Philpott that had it not been for Thompson's status as a hero, he would have been dismissed from service because of his alcoholism. In 1981, while still on active duty, Thompson suffered a massive heart attack and a severe stroke. He was in a coma for months and was left seriously disabled. He was paralyzed on one side and could speak only in brief phrases for the rest of his life. Retirement The stroke that left Thompson's left side paralyzed and his age contributed to his forced retirement from active duty in the Army. A ceremony was held for him in The Pentagon on January 28, 1982. Thompson received the Distinguished Service Medal in appreciation for his 25 years of service to his country as an Army officer. Because of his recent stroke, he had a hard time speaking, so Michael Chamowitz, his close friend and lawyer, read his retirement speech. Later years and death In 1981, Thompson moved to Key West, where he remained active in the community, according to the Monroe County Office of Veterans Affairs. In 1988, Thompson and a number of other former prisoners of war were awarded medals by President Ronald Reagan. In 1990, Thompson's son Jim was convicted of murder and imprisoned for sixteen years. On July 8, 2002, the staff of JIATF (Joint Interagency Task Force) East and some of his close friends threw Thompson a birthday party. He was described as being in high spirits and full of excitement. During the celebration, he quoted General Douglas MacArthur: "Old soldiers never die, they just fade away." Eight days later, on July 16, 2002, Thompson was found dead in his Key West By the Sea condominium, at the age of 69. His body was cremated, and his ashes scattered at sea off the coast of Florida. There is a memorial marker for him at Andersonville National Cemetery. In an update to Glory Denied, Tom Philpott reported that Alyce Thompson died of cancer in 2009. He also mentioned that Thompson's daughter Ruth had suffered three disabling heart attacks and had lost a son to suicide. Philpott reported that Ruth had told him the strength of character that she inherited from both her parents had helped her though the difficult times. Glory Denied was later turned into an opera written by Tom Cipullo. Military awards In October 1974, Thompson started to receive medals and awards in recognition for his service in Vietnam. South Vietnam gave him the country's highest award to Allied enlisted military personnel for valor, the Republic of Vietnam Military Merit Medal. In recognition of his escape from Viet Cong POW camp for two days in October 1971, Thompson received the Silver Star. For his nine years in captivity, Thompson received the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and Legion of Merit. The Bronze Star recognized his continuous resistance to the enemy. The Legion of Merit recognized his suffering for his nine years in captivity. A ceremony was held on June 24, 1988, in the White House honoring POWs from World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Two representatives were picked from each war to receive the Prisoner of War Medal. Thompson and Everett Alvarez were chosen to represent POWs from Vietnam. His military decorations and awards include: See also Prisoner of War Camps Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States References External links Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-Held Prisoner of War F. J. Thompson, 69, Longtime P.O.W., Dies, Published: July 18, 2002 in The New York Times POW Network POW/MIA Freedom Fighters Booknotes interview with Tom Philpott on Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-Held Prisoner of War, August 5, 2001. 1933 births 2002 deaths People from Bergenfield, New Jersey People from Key West, Florida United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army colonels Vietnam War prisoners of war Recipients of the Silver Star Recipients of the Legion of Merit American torture victims Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company Bergenfield High School alumni Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam) Burials at sea

661919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Sotomayor

Javier Sotomayor

Javier Sotomayor Sanabria (; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban retired track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of makes him the only person to have ever cleared eight feet. Sotomayor is twice a gold medallist at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and also won two silver medals at the competition. At the IAAF World Indoor Championships he won four gold medals between 1989 and 1999. In addition, he won three straight titles at the Pan American Games from 1987 to 1995. He is regarded as the best high jumper of all time. After Cuban boycotts of the Olympics in 1984 and 1988 and an injury in 1996 cost him chances at additional Olympic medals, he won the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney. Sotomayor retired in 2001. Personal life Sotomayor was born October 13, 1967 in Limonar, Matanzas Province. The son of a day-care worker and a sugar factory maintenance man, Sotomayor was first sent to a Cuban sports school as a prospective basketball player because of his height. At age 14, coaches made him a high jumper and by 19, he was ranked No. 5 in the world. Sotomayor listed his competition weight at 80 kilograms (176 pounds). He is tall. Sotomayor is engaged to Amaya Gonzalez, sharing private and professional life. He has four sons. One of his sons, Javier Sotomayor García, has also competed in the high jump. Early career World junior record in 1984 Sotomayor was only 14 when he first cleared 2 meters (6' 6 3/4") and by the end of 1983 he had a best of 2.15 m. He then set the junior world record on 19 May 1984 by clearing 2.33 metres (7 feet 7 3/4 inches) at a meet held in Havana. He was not able to go to Los Angeles, California for the 1984 Olympics due to the boycott by Cuba (and most communist nations). In 1985 he took silver in the World Indoor Championships in Paris, with a best jump of 2.30 metres on 19 January, and then improved his personal best two months later outdoors in Havana, with a jump of 2.34 on 20 March 1985. He continued to improve the following year with a best jump of 2.36 m at a meet in Santiago de Cuba on 23 February 1986. He won his first international title in 1987, at the Pan American Games, and established a new personal best of 2.37 m (7 feet 9 1/2 inches) at a meet in Athens, Greece on 20 June 1987. Career First world record 1988 On 8 September 1988, at a meet held in Salamanca, Spain – just four days before the opening ceremonies of the 1988 Summer Olympics – he set a world record of 2.43 metres (7 feet 11 and three-quarter inches). However, Sotomayor was again denied the chance to compete in the Olympics in Seoul due to another Cuban boycott of the Olympics. Sotomayor's leap of 2.43 broke, by one centimeter, the record of 2.42 set the previous summer (30 June 1987) by Sweden's Patrik Sjöberg in Stockholm. Raises record in 1989 and again in 1993 Sotomayor twice increased the world record, to 2.44 meters (8 feet) on July 29, 1989 in the Central American and Caribbean Championships, held in San Juan and to the current record of 2.45 m (8 feet and one-half inch) on July 27, 1993 in Salamanca. The July 1989 record of 2.44 m, which he cleared on his second attempt, was a historic jump for Imperial-measure fans, as that was the first jump over 8 feet. After setting the record at 2.44 m in July 1989, Sotomayor became inconsistent the following year. He missed much of the 1990 outdoor season after surgery to remove scar tissue in his knee and heel. Competing before an adoring Cuban public at the Pan American Games in Havana on Saturday 10 August 1991, Sotomayor defeated his principal rival, American Hollis Conway, with a jump of 2.35 m (7' 8 1/2"). He then thrilled the crowd by having the bar raised 10 cm to a new world record of 2.45, but in each of his three attempts he jumped into the bar, striking it with his shoulders on the way up each time. Afterwards he said, "My physical condition is better, but psychologically I am not well prepared." The 1993 record set at the Salamanca Invitational track meet was remarkable in that Sotomayor required only four jumps: he took his first jump at , passed at 2.35, cleared on his first attempt, then had the bar raised to a record height of 2.45, which he missed on his first attempt and then succeeded on his second attempt, lightly brushing the bar. Videos of his record-setting leap show his unique, galloping approach with two elongated strides in the middle of his 14-step run, and a powerful left leg take-off as he pumps both of his arms: he begins his approach with three short steps, builds up speed, then takes exaggerated strides on steps 8 and 9, and then re-accelerates over his last five strides. After setting the record in Salamanca, Sotomayor told reporters, "I wanted to set the record here because it is a small city in which I feel like I am in Cuba. The people recognize me in the street and ask how I'm doing, the children surround me and I find myself in a good mental state." World indoor record in 1989 Sotomayor set the current world indoor record of on March 4, 1989 in Budapest. He broke the record during the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, clearing 2.43 on his first attempt (and fifth jump overall). At this competition, Sotomayor was one of four men to clear 2.35 m, at which point he stood in third place, trailing Dietmar Mögenburg (Germany) and Dalton Grant (Great Britain) who each succeeded on their first attempts, while Sotomayor and Patrik Sjoberg (Sweden) each needed two tries. In Budapest, he took his first jump of the competition at , passed at 2.33, missed his initial try at then cleared on his second attempt; made a huge first attempt clearance at ; passed at 2.39; then had the bar raised for a record attempt at , clearing on his first try, just brushing the bar with the back of his thighs on the way down. Germany's Carlo Thränhardt, who had set the indoor record of 2.42 m one year earlier (26 February 1988) in Berlin, finished fifth at Budapest with a jump of 2.33 m. Olympic champion in 1992 When he was finally able to compete in the Summer Olympics he won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics and then the silver medal at the 2000 Olympics (after the reversal of a drug suspension for drug usage). Between the games he won the 1993 and 1997 World Championship. At the Barcelona Olympics, Sotomayor won the high jump on the basis of his ability to jump "clean" (no misses) at the highest height. Five men cleared the winning height of , but Sotomayor was the only one to clear the bar on his first attempt. All five competitors then failed at the next height, 2.37. Jumping last in the round, Sotomayor failed on his first two attempts at 2.37. When everyone else missed on their third attempts, Sotomayor was assured of the gold medal and therefore passed up his third attempt, opting for one try at a record height of 2.39, which he missed. Sotomayor was declared the victor on the basis of the tie-breaker: Patrick Sjoberg (Sweden) won the silver medal having cleared 2.34 on his second attempt, while Artur Partyka (Poland), Tim Forsyth (Australia) and Hollis Conway (USA) tied for the bronze medal. Indoor and outdoor world champion in 1993 Less than one month after setting the world record of at Salamanca (on 27 July), Sotomayor won the 1993 World Championships held at Stuttgart, Germany on 22 August. He outjumped the competition, establishing a new World Championships record of : the second-place jumper, Artur Partyka (Poland) jumped 2.37. The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on 25 March 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. A healthy Sotomayor attempted to defend his title at the 1995 World Championships, held in Gothenburg, Sweden. He cleared the winning height of on 8 August, but finished second to Troy Kemp (Bahamas) on the basis of missed jumps. Partyka finished third, at 2.35. At the 1997 World Championships in Athens, Greece, Sotomayor again won the gold medal on 6 August, defeating Partyka with a 1997 world-leading jump of 2.37 m (on his second attempt), to the Partyka's 2.35 m (his best of the season to that date.) 1996 outdoor season Sotomayor had a good start to 1996 during the indoor season, but was plagued by injury during the outdoor season. At the 1996 Summer Olympics he attempted to defend his Olympic title in Atlanta. He qualified for the finals with a jump of 2.28 on Friday, but in the finals on Sunday July 28, he could manage only his opening jump of , clearing on his first attempt. He then "passed" at the next height , and then failed in all three of his attempts at 2.32 (7' 7 1/4"). His 2.25 clearance left him in equal 11th position. This was a full 10 cm (4 inches) short of what was required to medal at Atlanta: American Charles Austin won the gold medal, breaking the Olympic record with a leap of . Sotomayor underwent treatment for knee and heel injuries after his poor showing in the Atlanta Olympics and skipped the 1997 indoor season. He began training in Puerto Rico in spring 1997 for the outdoor season, but Cuban sports officials announced on 30 May 1997 that although Sotomayor was "in good form", he was withdrawing from the season's first big meet in Toronto and would instead make his season debut the following week at a track meet in France. 1999 Pan American Games Sotomayor won the gold medal at the 1999 Pan American Games, held in Winnipeg. Just a few days after his victory, Games officials announced that his urine test tested positive for an illegal drug, cocaine (a stimulant), and on 4 August he was stripped of his medal and was sent home to Cuba in disgrace. At the time, this was widely regarded as the biggest drug scandal in the sport of track and field in over a decade (since Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics). In 1999 Sotomayor was a national celebrity, a well-known anti-drug crusader and the pride of Cuba's sports system. Mario Granda, Cuba's chief of sports medicine, reacted to the shocking news by saying the 31-year-old Sotomayor had "passed more than 60 drug tests" in his career and suggested that Sotomayor was the victim of sabotage. 2000 Olympics in Sydney Sotomayor was allowed to participate in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney despite his two-year drug suspension from 1999. His suspension was upheld in June 2000, but in August the IAAF cut the penalty in half – effectively to time served – and allowed him to compete at Sydney at the age of 32. The finals of the men's high jump were held on Sunday September 24, in rainy, windy conditions which worsened as the event progressed. The wet surface greatly impacted the results. Seven men cleared before the light rain began to worsen, and Russian Sergey Klyugin was the only jumper able to clear the next height, , doing so before the rain and wind peaked. Sotomayor was awarded silver on the count-back, having taken only two jumps with no misses (at and 2.32): all other competitors had at least one failed attempt. The favorite to win the competition, Vyacheslav Voronin (Russia) managed to clear only in the rain, after having cleared one month before. Another medal favorite, Stefan Holm (Sweden), finished fourth and complained that the IAAF should not have reduced Sotomayor's two-year suspension. Dominating career Sotomayor has a rare dominance in the history of this event. At the time he retired he had 17 of the top 20 jumps of all time. Only 13 men in history have jumped 2.40 meters or higher, and only 5 have done it more than once. Sotomayor did it 24 times (in 21 different competitions between September 1988 – March 1995). He is the only person to have cleared 2.44 m (8 ft) (which he did twice). Following his world record in September 1993, he had his greatest year in 1994, when he (again) was the only jumper to scale 2.40 m or better, doing so ten times that year: two during the indoor season in February, and seven times outdoors, starting at Seville on 5 June 1994, where he cleared 2.40 before recording the year's best jump of . Besides dominating the event on the Grand Prix circuit, Sotomayor recorded wins at the Goodwill Games in St Petersburg on 29 July, and at the World Cup in London on 11 September, where his best jump of 2.40 m was a record 12 centimeters above the next-best performance. The last time he would clear 2.40 meters was on March 25, 1995 at the Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Only Bohdan Bondarenko and Mutaz Essa Barshim have jumped higher outdoors since, although four men equaled the mark. During his career, Sotomayor was ranked by Track & Field News in the "Top 10" in the men's high jump in ten different years, and was ranked #1 eight of those ten years: in 1988, 89, 1992, 93, 94, 95, 97 and 1998. By comparison, the jumper with second-most #1 rankings over a career is Russian Valeriy Brumel in five consecutive years (1961–65). For his career Sotomayor accumulated 123 ranking points, while the jumper with the second-most career points, American Dwight Stones has 90 points and four consecutive #1 rankings (1973–76.) Technique The Fosbury Flop style relies on speed, more specifically a jumper's ability to sustain acceleration over the last few strides. Sotomayor was deceptively fast for a tall man. Another key to his record-breaking ability was his confidence to get to record heights quickly, taking only four or five jumps at lower heights. His 1989 indoor record was achieved astonishingly quickly: Sotomayor did not even take his first jump until the bar was at 2.31 m. He then passed at 2.33, but required two tries to clear 2.35; he then flew over 2.37 on his first jump and – with Carlo Thränhardt's year-old record of 2.42 in mind – Sotomayor decided to pass at 2.39 and had the bar raised to record height, 2.43, which he also cleared on his first attempt. In addition to his speed, Sotomayor's height was also an advantage. Standing 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), his record jump of 2.45 is exactly 52 centimeters (20 1/2 inches) over his head. More than a dozen smaller men have jumped more than half a meter (20 in) above their heads, including Franklin Jacobs and Stefan Holm. Drug tests Sotomayor tested positive for cocaine at the 1999 Pan American Games, which Cuban president Fidel Castro claimed was a set-up by the Cuban-American Mafia. Sotomayor claimed his innocence. After months of hearings, an IAAF arbitration panel upheld the two-year ban on June 27, 2000. The Cuban federation continued to appeal his case, citing a clause in the IAAF rulebook that allows drug bans to be modified under "exceptional circumstances". In a controversial decision announced on August 2, the IAAF shortened the suspension to one year – which had elapsed on July 30 – thereby allowing him to compete in the 2000 Summer Olympics. IAAF's motivation for this action was that Sotomayor had done a great deal for the sport, had passed hundreds of drug tests during his long career, and acted exemplarily throughout. Two weeks after his suspension was lifted, Sotomayor returned to competition at a small track meet in Montauban, France, which he won with a jump of . Four days later he won a Golden League meet held in Monaco by clearing . Interviewed on French television immediately after his victory, Sotomayor said: "I was not fantastic today. I was very tired because I have been practicing a lot, and I also have a new baby since July, which is another reason why I'm a little tired. But I should be able to clear 2.36 or 2.37 at the Olympics. I just hope nobody else does 2.40." End of career In September 2001, Sotomayor announced that he would end his career, following another positive drug test during a training camp in June, this time for the anabolic steroid nandrolone. He avoided a lifetime ban that would normally follow a second positive test. This second test disqualified his fourth-place finish in his last World Championship. Once again, Sotomayor claimed he was innocent and that mistakes had been made during the handling of his doping test. These allegations never gained strong support in his home country Cuba, although former IAAF Vice President and Doping Commission Chairman Arne Ljungqvist asserted these were both "crystal clear cases" in a Swedish interview. In a February 2004 interview for Cuban news, Sotomayor said that injury had forced his retirement, not the doping scandal. An Achilles tendon problem hampered his performance, he said, and reduced his run-up from nine steps to seven and then just five. Competition record See also List of doping cases in athletics References External links 1967 births Living people People from Matanzas Province Cuban male high jumpers Cuban sportspeople in doping cases World Athletics record holders World Athletics indoor record holders Olympic athletes of Cuba Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists for Cuba Olympic silver medalists for Cuba Athletes (track and field) at the 1987 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1995 Pan American Games Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games Doping cases in athletics World Athletics Championships medalists Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field) Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field) Goodwill Games medalists in athletics Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba Competitors at the 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games Competitors at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games Universiade gold medalists for Cuba World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists World Athletics Indoor Championships winners World Athletics Championships winners Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games Competitors at the 1994 Goodwill Games Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games World Athletics U20 Championships winners Friendship Games medalists in athletics

665303

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20James%20Wolf

Daniel James Wolf

Daniel James Wolf (born September 13, 1961 in Upland, California) is an American composer. Studies Wolf studied composition with Gordon Mumma, Alvin Lucier, and La Monte Young, as well as musical tunings with Erv Wilson and Douglas Leedy and ethnomusicology (M.A., Ph.D. 1990 Wesleyan University). Important contacts with Lou Harrison, John Cage, Walter Zimmermann. Managing Editor of the journal Xenharmonikon, 1985-89. Based in Europe from 1989, he is known as a member of the "Material" group of composers, along with Hauke Harder, Markus Trunk and others. Compositions Wolf's compositions apply an experimental approach to musical materials, with a special interest in intonation, yet often display a surface that playfully - if accidentally - recalls historical music. Major works include The White Canoe, an opera seria for hand puppets to the libretto by Edward Gorey, six string quartets, Figure & Ground for string trio, Field Study for vn, tb, ban, gui, Decoherence for x orchestras of x players, Twoity fl,pf and A Beckett Gray Code for wind quintet. Much of his music is in just intonation, but his work with alternative tunings includes a collection of Etudes in all equal temperaments between 8 and 23 notes per octave. Composer Wolf identifies with the experimental music tradition—especially its American West Coast manifestation—spiritually, intellectually and personally. He jokingly calls his method "dysfunctional harmony" or "not yet tonal", with some reference to the "anarchic harmony" found in the late music of John Cage. Three distinct streams combine to form Wolf's work: sound installations, experimental concert works based on sound structures mostly free from historical associations, and experimental concert works based on reifying the tradition of European art music (or other world musics) and then performing operations on its internal principles. References Further reading Bakla, Petr, "Obnovitelná hudba" (cs: Renewable Music) in his VOICE, 04/2007, pp. 28–29. External links Daniel James Wolf composer's own webpage with list of works, sample scores, articles Material Press publisher Renewable Music blog by Daniel Wolf 1961 births Wesleyan University alumni 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers American male classical composers American classical composers Living people Experimental composers Microtonal composers American bloggers 21st-century American composers 20th-century American composers American male bloggers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians

670600

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Young%20%28naval%20officer%29

John Young (naval officer)

John Young ( 17401781) was a captain in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War, commander of the which was lost at sea. Background He began his seafaring career at an early age in the colonial merchant marine and, at the start of the American Revolution, was commissioned 23rd on the list of captains in the Continental Navy. On 20 September 1776, the Continental Congress directed Young to take the sloop-of-war to Martinique to protect American mercantile shipping in the West Indies. Collaterally, Independence was to raid British shipping whenever the opportunity arose. On 5 July 1777, Young was ordered to Nantes, France, and subsequently arrived at Lorient with two prizes. On 17 February 1778, while in French waters, he sailed through the French Fleet, saluting that nation's government with a 13-gun salute. In return he received a nine-gun salute, one of the earliest salutes rendered by the French government to the fledgling American government. At the time, John Paul Jones was on board Independence. Young returned to America in the spring of 1778 and successively commanded two Pennsylvania privateers, Buckskin and Impertinent, before he was given command of the sloop-of-war - then fitting out at Philadelphia—in May 1780. Young took her to sea on 13 August 1780 and, in the course of the ship's first cruise, captured one prize before she returned to port for repairs and alterations. Subsequent cruises were more successful, as Young commanded Saratoga on three more sweeps at sea in which he took a total of eight more prizes. Young proved himself a daring and resourceful commander. On one occasion, he took Saratoga between two British ships and captured both. Largely as a result of his dedication and emphasis on training, Saratoga compiled a distinguished, but altogether brief, record before her untimely and unexplained loss. Saratoga set sail from Cap-Haïtien, in what is now Haiti, on 15 March 1781. After taking a prize three days later, the sloop-of-war became separated from her later that day when a strong gale swept through the area, the high winds nearly swamping the prize commanded by Midshipman Penfield. After the storm passed by, Saratoga was nowhere to be seen, having vanished without a trace. The United States Navy named two ships, , and in his honor. See also List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea References William Bell Clark, The First Saratoga, Being the Saga of John Young and His Sloop-of-War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953) 1740 births 1780s missing person cases 1781 deaths 18th-century American naval officers American Revolutionary War deaths American sailors Continental Navy officers Patriots in the American Revolution People lost at sea

671884

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Richardson

Matthew Richardson

Matthew or Matt Richardson may refer to: Sportspeople Matthew Richardson (cyclist) Matthew Richardson (cricketer) (born 1985), South African cricketer Matthew Richardson (footballer) (born 1975), former Richmond Football Club player Matthew Richardson (golfer) (born 1984), English golfer Matthew Richardson (administrator), Australian rules football administrator Matt Richardson (footballer) Academics Matthew Richardson (economist), New York University professor Matthew O. Richardson (born 1960), Advancement Vice President at Brigham Young University Others Matthew Kendal Richardson (1839–1917), English-born merchant and political figure in Ontario, Canada Matt Richardson (born 1991), English comedian and presenter