text
stringlengths 205
677k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 15
2.02k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
126
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 47
152k
| score
float64 2.52
5.16
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Use of tobacco and alcohol by Swiss primary care physicians: a cross-sectional survey
BMC Public Health volume 7, Article number: 5 (2007)
Health behaviours among doctors has been suggested to be an important marker of how harmful lifestyle behaviours are perceived. In several countries, decrease in smoking among physicians was spectacular, indicating that the hazard was well known. Historical data have shown that because of their higher socio-economical status physicians take up smoking earlier. When the dangers of smoking become better known, physicians began to give up smoking at a higher rate than the general population. For alcohol consumption, the situation is quite different: prevalence is still very high among physicians and the dangers are not so well perceived. To study the situation in Switzerland, data of a national survey were analysed to determine the prevalence of smoking and alcohol drinking among primary care physicians.
2'756 randomly selected practitioners were surveyed to assess subjective mental and physical health and their determinants, including smoking and drinking behaviours. Physicians were categorised as never smokers, current smokers and former smokers, as well as non drinkers, drinkers (AUDIT-C < 4 for women and < 5 for men) and at risk drinkers (higher scores).
1'784 physicians (65%) responded (men 84%, mean age 51 years). Twelve percent were current smokers and 22% former smokers. Sixty six percent were drinkers and 30% at risk drinkers. Only 4% were never smokers and non drinkers. Forty eight percent of current smokers were also at risk drinkers and 16% of at risk drinkers were also current smokers. Smoking and at risk drinking were more frequent among men, middle aged physicians and physicians living alone. When compared to a random sample of the Swiss population, primary care physicians were two to three times less likely to be active smokers (12% vs. 30%), but were more likely to be drinkers (96% vs. 78%), and twice more likely to be at risk drinkers (30% vs. 15%).
The prevalence of current smokers among Swiss primary care physicians was much lower than in the general population in Switzerland, reflecting that the hazards of smoking are well known to doctors. However, the opposite was found for alcohol use, underlining the importance of making efforts in this area to increase awareness among physicians of the dangers of alcohol consumption.
Smoking and excessive alcohol drinking affect millions of people worldwide. Health behaviours among doctors have been suggested to be an important marker of how harmful lifestyle behaviours are perceived in a country . The role of tobacco in cardiovascular, pulmonary and cancer diseases has been well established [2–4]. During the last decade, many industrialised countries have seen a decrease in smoking and alcohol related cancers in men, whereas smoking related cancers continue to increase in women and in developing countries, reflecting different trends in tobacco consumption [5, 6]. In several countries, the decrease of smoking among physicians was spectacular [1, 7, 8] and is an indication of how its hazards becomes well known in a society. Historical data have shown that because of their higher socio-economical status physicians take up smoking earlier. When the dangers of smoking become better known, physicians begin to give up smoking at a higher rate than the general population. Excessive drinking is also a cause of significant health (cirrhosis, liver cancers, chronic pancreatitis) and social problems (injuries, violence, loneliness) [9, 10]. However, compared to tobacco use, many people do not perceive alcohol consumption as harmful. This is perhaps due to evidence that regular consumption of a small quantity of alcohol could protect against cardiovascular diseases [11, 12]. Studies conducted in different countries have reached contradictory conclusions concerning prevalence of alcohol consumption among physicians, probably because of cultural differences and differences in risk perception [13–16].
In Switzerland, prevalence of current smoking and alcohol drinking among physicians is not known. In this paper, we used data of a previous survey that included questions about tobacco and alcohol use to determine smoking and drinking behaviours among primary care physicians and compare these results with smoking and drinking behaviours of the Swiss population.
Sample and study design
A postal survey was conducted during the spring of 2002 among 2'756 Swiss primary care physicians identified through the membership database of the professional organisation of Swiss physicians (Federatio Medicorum Helveticorum) . First, all physicians certified as general practitioners, general internists, paediatricians and physicians without a specialty qualification were identified (7'711 members). Second, a random, non stratified sample of 3'000 primary care practitioners was selected. After exclusion of 3 deceased doctors, 8 doctors with incorrect addresses, 15 doctors who did not practice clinical medicine and 218 doctors who did not practice as primary care doctors, 2'756 (91.9%) physicians remained eligible for the survey, representing 36% of all Swiss primary care physicians. The main objective of the survey was to measure the well-being of primary care physicians and its determinants. The 2'756 primary care physicians received a questionnaire with questions addressing subjective mental and physical health, burnout, medical care use, work-related satisfaction, socio-demographic and work-related characteristics, and smoking and drinking behaviours.
Measures of lifestyle behaviours among primary care physicians
Two questions were used to measure smoking behaviour among physicians: "Do you smoke regularly (at least 1 cigarette per day)?" and "In the past, have you been a regular smoker (at least 1 cigarette per day for at least 6 months)?". Physicians were categorised as current smokers if they answered "yes" to the first question, former smokers if they answered "no" to the first question but "yes" to the second one, and never smokers if they answered "no" to both questions.
To measure alcohol use, we used the three items of the AUDIT-C score: "How often did you have a drink containing alcohol in the past year? (a "drink" to be a can or bottle of beer (2.5 dl), a glass of wine (1 dl), or one cocktail or a shot of hard liquor like scotch, gin, or vodka (0.25 dl)" (response options were never (0 points), monthly or less (1 point), 2 to 4 times a month (2 points), 2 to 3 times a week (3 points), 4 or more times a week (4 points)), "How many drinks did you have on a typical day when you were drinking in the past year?" (response optionswere 0 to 2 drinks (0 points), 3 to 4 drinks (1 point), 5 to 6 drinks (2 points), 7 to 9 drinks (3 points), 10 or more drinks (4 points)) and "How often did you have 6 or more drinks on one occasion in the past year?" (response options were never (0 points), less than monthly (1 point), monthly (2 points), weekly (3 points), daily or almost daily (4 points)). These questions have been validated for the screening of alcohol problems in men and women . The cut-offs of AUDIT-C score we chose in our study for the diagnosis of at-risk drinkers correspond to the optimal operating point in terms of sensitivity and specificity (≥ 5 points for men: sensitivity 91.2% and specificity 95.2%, and ≥ 4 points for women: sensitivity 81.4% and specificity 93.1%) [20, 21]. Based on the answers to these 3 items, the participating physicians were categorised as non drinkers (AUDIT-C score 0), drinkers (AUDIT-C score 1 to 3 for women and 1 to 4 for men), and at risk drinkers (AUDIT-C score ≥ 4 for women and ≥ 5 for men). Distinction between at-risk consumption and dependence could not be made, because the three items of the AUDIT-C reflect only alcohol consumption [18–21]. Answers to the third question of the AUDIT-C were also used to categorise physicians as at risk drinkers (any mention of 6 drinks or more per occasion), because similar data was available for the general population (cf. below).
Determinants of lifestyle behaviours
Socio-demographic (sex, age, living alone, economic role in the household) and work-related characteristics (medical specialty, type of practice, location of practice) were used as independent variables of smoking and drinking behaviours in an exploratory way.
Translation of the questionnaire
The initial questionnaire was developed in French and pre-tested among a small group of physicians for readability and acceptability. When validated items in German or Italian were not available, three independent translations were made by bilingual physicians and professional translators and a final version obtained by consensus. The translated items were pre-tested before their use. The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine at the University of Geneva.
Prevalence of smoking and drinking behaviours among primary care physicians were calculated using frequency tables. Associations with socio-demographic and work-related determinants were tested using cross-tabulations, χ2 test and linear trend test where appropriate. Agreement concerning categorization of alcohol consumers by AUDIT-C score and the third question of AUDIT-C was tested using kappa statistics. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS (Statistical Package For Social Sciences, version 11.0).
After the first mailing and three reminders, 1784 physicians (65%) responded to the survey. The majority were men (84%) and in solo practice (63%). The mean age was 51 years (SD 8). Forty five percent were board-certified generalists, 33% general internists, 9% paediatricians and 12% practitioners without specialty qualification. Physicians who participated were younger (50.8 vs. 52.5, p < 0.001), more often men (84% vs. 78%, p < 0.001) and board-certified generalists (45% vs. 26%, p < 0.001). General practitioners had a higher response rate (72%, p < 0.001) than general internists (55%), paediatricians (65%), and physicians without board certification (41%). Over 99% of the participants responded to the items exploring smoking (n = 1'780) and drinking behaviours (n = 1'778).
Overall, 12% were current smokers and 22% former smokers. 66% were drinkers and 30% at risk drinkers according to the AUDIT-C score, respectively 62% and 34% according to the first and third question of AUDIT-C (Table 1). Only 4% were never smokers and non drinkers. Never smokers were more often non drinkers (6%) than current smokers (3%) or former smokers (2%) and non drinkers were more often never smokers (81%) than drinkers (71%) or at risk drinkers (51%). Finally, current smokers and former smokers were more often at risk drinkers (39% and 44% respectively) compared to never smokers (23%), whereas at risk drinkers were more often current smokers (16%) compared to drinkers (11%) or non drinkers (8%).
Characteristics associated with smoking and drinking behaviours
Smoking was more frequent among male physicians, aged 45 to 55 years, practicing in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, living alone and being the principal source of outcome in the household (Table 2). Proportion of never smokers decreased with age. At risk drinking was more frequent among men, aged 45 to 65 years, of the French-speaking part of Switzerland, living alone and being the principal contributor to the household (Table 2). Proportion of never drinkers decreased with age, then increased after 65 years. Similar trends were observed for both the AUDIT-C score and the third question of AUDIT-C, excepted for differences between geographical regions of the country and living alone. The agreement between the two measures was satisfactory (Kappa 0.76, SE 0.02) (Table 1).
Twelve percent of the primary care physicians were current smokers at the time of the survey and 30% were at risk drinkers. To our knowledge these are the first results on the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco consumption among Swiss primary care physicians, which allows for comparison with the Swiss population and other countries [1, 7, 8, 14, 22–26]. Prevalence of smoking and drinking behaviours among the Swiss general population were based on data collected by telephone during the 2002 Swiss Health Survey .
We found distinctive patterns of tobacco and alcohol consumption among primary care physicians. Primary care physicians were two to three times less likely to be current smokers when compared to the Swiss general population (12% vs. 30%).
The prevalence of smoking among physicians has decreased during the last decades in many places [8, 13, 28, 29]. In these countries the population appears to be well informed about the dangers of smoking and physicians seem to respond by giving up smoking more frequently than other individuals, resulting in this important drop in prevalence. In several European countries and in the USA the prevalence of smoking among physicians is now lower than 20% (Table 3). When the prevalence of smoking among doctors falls effectively below that of the general population, the country's smoking epidemic is considered by some experts as "mature" [1, 25, 29]. By contrast, the prevalence of smoking among physicians remains very high in several southern European countries and countries with transitional economies [23, 24, 26, 30].
A reverse pattern was found for alcohol consumption. At the time of the survey Swiss primary care physicians drank more than the general population and only 4% were abstinent (vs. 22% in the general population). In addition, those who drink consume more: 30% of the primary care physicians were classified as at risk drinkers vs. 15% for the general population.
In spite of differences in the definition used to define at risk drinker, studies conducted in other countries (Table 4) have also found high prevalence of alcohol consumption among physicians [7, 13–16] Some authors suggest that the higher prevalence of alcohol use among physicians could be explained by their higher socio-economic status [13, 16]. Others advocate that medical institutions, medical schools and hospitals lack efficient health promotion programs to prevent alcohol use and abuse among future and current physicians . Finally, the higher use of alcohol among physicians could be directly related to the commonly accepted evidence showing that drinking a small quantity of alcohol can protect against cardiovascular diseases and is therefore not a risky behaviour for health [11, 12]. Hence the results of our study point out clearly that primary care physicians not only drink more frequently, but drink more alcohol when they drink, which increases the risk of future alcohol abuse and dependence. However the different studies conducted over the last 20 years among American physicians have shown an increase of abstinence, indicating that the perception of the hazards of alcohol consumption has possibly changed among physicians in this country.
Several limitations of the current study must be kept in mind when considering the results. Firstly, the comparability with the 2002 Swiss Health Survey and international studies listed in Tables 3 and 4 may be altered for several reasons. The comparison between primary care physicians and the Swiss general population may be biased, because data had not been collected in the same manner during both surveys. Self-administered questionnaires identified by an anonymous number were used for physicians, whereas personal telephone interviews were performed for the other survey in the general population. Both methods raise the issue of underreporting and measurement error. For the physicians' survey, we believe this was unlikely, because the main aim of the study was to assess physicians' subjective health and well-being and not desirable lifestyle behaviors. In addition the questions used, especially for alcohol, were not strictly identical which raises the issue of measurement bias. In the 2002 Swiss Health Survey the questions used for smoking status were "Do you smoke?" and "Have you been a regular smoker for at least 6 months?" and for alcohol drinking "What is your usual alcohol consumption ?", "Do you drink several times during the day?" and "During the past year, how many times did you have 8 drinks (for men)/6 drinks (for women) of beer, wine, or other alcoholic beverage ?". Compared to the items we used (cf Methors section), we believe that the questions were similar enough to limit this type of error. However, several other differences may also alter the comparability between these studies, mainly the medical specialty (see Tables 3 and 4), and sexe and age variation across studies. Secondly, due to the cross-sectional nature of the survey, we cannot draw definitive causal conclusions about the observed relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and current smoking and at risk drinking. Finally, as we could not differentiate between at risk drinkers and dependant drinkers, one could argue that our results are not relevant and subject to classification bias. However, several authors consider that it is essential in term of public health to consider drinkers and at-risk drinkers, because at this stage most consequences of alcohol use are still reversible [18–21].
Our study included a large sample of primary care physicians and the global participation rate (65%), corresponding to 23% of the Swiss practitioners, can be considered as excellent for a postal questionnaire consisting of 16 pages. This response rate compares favourably with other similar studies performed among healthcare professionals [13, 15]. Participation rate was particularly high for general practitioners, probably reflecting their high interest for this survey on their own health and well-being. Finally, the sample was also sufficiently large to allow exploration of even weak associations between variables.
At the time of the survey, Swiss primary care physicians had a distinctive pattern of tobacco and alcohol consumption when compared to their compatriots. Smoking was less prevalent and alcohol drinking, particularly at risk drinking, more prevalent. If the low prevalence of current smokers reflects that the hazards of smoking is well known of primary care physicians, the reverse pattern for alcohol use underlines that efforts need to be made for this potentially harmful behaviour. Health promotion programs to limit alcohol use and abuse should not target only the general population, but also specific groups such as medical schools students, hospitals residents, and medical professional organisations to raise health professionals' awareness about the consequences of at-risk drinking.
Davis R: When doctors smoke. Tob Control. 1993, 2: 187-188.
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I: Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 2004, 328: 1519-10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE.
Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I: Mortality from cancer in relation to smoking: 50 years observations on British doctors. Br J Cancer. 2005, 92: 426-429. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602450.
Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R: Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ. 2000, 321: 323-329. 10.1136/bmj.321.7257.323.
Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ: Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005, 55: 10-30.
Levi F, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C: Trends in cancer mortality in Switzerland, 1980-2001. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2006, 15: 1-9. 10.1097/01.cej.0000186638.35119.88.
Abuissa H, Lavie C, Spertus J, O'Keefe J: Personal health habits of American cardiologists. Am J Cardiol. 2006, 97: 1093-1096. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.057.
John U, Hanke M: Tobacco-smoking prevalence among physicians and nurses in countries with different tobacco-control activities. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003, 12: 235-237. 10.1097/00008469-200306000-00011.
Akerlind I, Hornquist JO: Loneliness and alcohol abuse: a review of evidences of an interplay. Soc Sci Med. 1992, 34: 405-414. 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90300-F.
Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, La Vecchia C: A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of 15 diseases. Prev Med. 2004, 38: 613-619. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.11.027.
Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Giovannucci EL, Manson JE, Kawachi I, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Rosner B: Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 1245-1250. 10.1056/NEJM199505113321901.
Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, Monaco JH, Henley SJ, Heath CW, Doll R: Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1997, 337: 1705-1714. 10.1056/NEJM199712113372401.
Hughes PH, Brandenburg N, Baldwin DCJ, Storr CL, Williams K, Anthony JC, Sheehan DV: Prevalence of substance use among US physicians. JAMA. 1992, 267: 2333-2339. 10.1001/jama.267.17.2333.
Juntunen J, Asp S, Olkinuora M, Aarimaa M, Strid L, Kauttu K: Doctors' drinking habits and consumption of alcohol. BMJ. 1988, 297: 951-954.
Kenna GA, Wood MD: Alcohol use by healthcare professionals. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004, 75: 107-116. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.01.008.
McAuliffe WE, Rohman M, Breer P, Wyshak G, Santangelo S, Magnuson E: Alcohol use and abuse in random samples of physicians and medical students. Am J Public Health. 1991, 81: 177-182.
Goehring C, Bouvier Gallacchi M, Kunzi B, Bovier P: Psychosocial and professional characteristics of burnout in Swiss primary care practitioners: a cross-sectional survey. Swiss Med Wkly. 2005, 135: 101-108.
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA: The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998, 158: 1789-1795. 10.1001/archinte.158.16.1789.
Bradley KA, Bush KR, Epler AJ, Dobie DJ, Davis TM, Sporleder JL, Maynard C, Burman ML, Kivlahan DR: Two brief alcohol-screening tests From the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation in a female Veterans Affairs patient population. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 163: 821-829. 10.1001/archinte.163.7.821.
Rumpf HJ, Hapke U, Meyer C, John U: Screening for alcohol use disorders and at-risk drinking in the general population: psychometric performance of three questionnaires. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002, 37: 261-268.
Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS, Zhou Y: Effectiveness of the derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2005, 29: 844-854. 10.1097/01.ALC.0000164374.32229.A2.
Ohida T, Sakurai H, Mochizuki Y, Kamal AM, Takemura S, Minowa M, Kawahara K: Smoking prevalence and attitudes toward smoking among Japanese physicians. JAMA. 2001, 285: 2643-2648. 10.1001/jama.285.20.2643.
Hodgetts G, Broers T, Godwin M: Smoking behaviour, knowledge and attitudes among Family Medicine physicians and nurses in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BMC Fam Pract. 2004, 5: 12-10.1186/1471-2296-5-12.
La Vecchia C, Scarpino V, Malvezzi I, Baldi G: A survey of smoking among Italian doctors. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000, 54: 320-10.1136/jech.54.4.320a.
Parna K, Rahu K, Rahu M: Smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking among Estonian physicians. Public Health. 2005, 119: 390-399. 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.07.005.
Josseran L, King G, Guilbert P, Davis J, Brucker G: Smoking by French general practitioners: behaviour, attitudes and practice. Eur J Public Health. 2005, 15: 33-38. 10.1093/eurpub/cki108.
Office fédéral de la statistique: Enquête suisse sur la santé 2002: premiers résultats. 2003, Neuchâtel, OFS, 20-
Barengo NC, Sandstrom HP, Jormanainen VJ, Myllykangas MT: Attitudes and behaviours in smoking cessation among general practitioners in Finland 2001. Soz Praventivmed. 2005, 50: 355-360. 10.1007/s00038-005-4097-z.
Parna K, Rahu K, Barengo NC, Rahu M, Sandstrom PH, Jormanainen VJ, Myllykangas MT: Comparison of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding smoking among Estonian and Finnish physicians. Soz Praventivmed. 2005, 50: 378-388. 10.1007/s00038-005-4089-z.
Nardini S, Bertoletti R, Rastelli V, Donner CF: The influence of personal tobacco smoking on the clinical practice of Italian chest physicians. Eur Respir J. 1998, 12: 1450-1453. 10.1183/09031936.98.12061450.
Aach RD, Girard DE, Humphrey H, McCue JD, Reuben DB, Smith JW, Wallenstein L, Ginsburg J: Alcohol and other substance abuse and impairment among physicians in residency training. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 116: 245-254.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/7/5/prepub
The authors would like to thank all the primary care practitioners who took the time to complete the survey despite of their workload, the Swiss College of Primary Care who commissioned the study, the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences who funded this research, and Marget Francis Dallenbach, MD, for her help to revise and correct the manuscript.
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
MBG, CG, BK and PAB participated to the planning and the conduct of the survey. PS, MBG and PAB contributed to the statistical analyses and interpretation of the results. MBG and PS reviewed the scientific literature. PS and PAB drafted the first version of the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
About this article
Cite this article
Sebo, P., Bouvier Gallacchi, M., Goehring, C. et al. Use of tobacco and alcohol by Swiss primary care physicians: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 7, 5 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-5
|
<urn:uuid:092a2a71-6f2a-46cd-98d9-47afe148b46f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-7-5
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941843 | 5,890 | 3 | 3 |
‘Sit up straight’
Most of us, at one time or another, have had that refrain directed our way, usually by our well-meaning parents.
Now many people across the globe sit for hours and hours at their desks and/or laptops; and most don’t sit upright with good posture.
And it’s killing us. Literally.
You may have heard the saying ‘Sitting is the new smoking’ – meaning the deleterious affects of our sitting-dominant, sedentary modern lives is undermining our health on the scale or to the degree that cigarette smoking does.
The health consequences of modern sedentary life is not the focus of this article.
The focus here is on our posture. Good posture obviously is protective against back strain and pain.
It turns out that having good or bad posture affects many aspects of health, from mood to lung function and many things in between:
- mood (i.e. depression)
- energy levels (fatigue)
- abdominal organ function
- joint range of motion
- breathing/lung capacity (respiratory function)
- muscle, joint, ligament strain
- neck and back pain
- TMJ (jaw) pain
With all the time we now spend on computers, watching Netflix, and even worse, looking down at our phones, we’re developing, as a culture, what’s called ‘forward head posture’. It creates enormous stress on the spine and its supportive muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints.
Good posture defined – standing: When looking from the side, having the ear, shoulder, hip and ankle in line.
When sitting: ears over shoulders, chin parallel to the floor, hip and knees even, with the knees parallel to the floor.
FINAL NOTE: Repetitive poor posture causes vertebral subluxation – misalignment of the spine resulting in nerve irritation. Chiropractors specialize in the correction of subluxation. Upon initial evaluation, they will often check your posture as part of the examination process, and then periodically to chart your improvement over time.
How Your Posture Affects Your Health [IdealSpine.com]
Forward Head Posture Found to be a Primary Cause of Altered Sensori-Motor Control and Excitability of the Autonomic Nervous System [CBP nonprofit]
Why good posture matters [Harvard]
6 Surprising Health Risks Of Poor Posture (Besides Harming Your Bones) [Save Institute] https://saveourbones.com/6-surprising-health-risks-of-poor-posture/
Increase or Decrease Depression: How Body Postures Influence Your Energy Level [Biofeedback Journal]
Body Posture Affects Confidence In Your Own Thoughts, Study Finds [Science Daily]
Maintaining Good Posture: Ergonomic and movement strategies can improve posture and help prevent injuries. [American Chripractic Assoc]
The effects of upright and slumped postures on the recall of positive and negative thoughts. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2004;29:189.
Posture: Align yourself for good health [Mayo Clinic] https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/posture-align-yourself-for-good-health/art-20269950
|
<urn:uuid:af1b4e92-e7af-42b1-b734-026ef7dce5ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://bonfirehealth.com/the-slouching-epidemic/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883365 | 716 | 2.96875 | 3 |
We have discussed about quite a few Ragams before in our class. But, in this context we will discuss the relationship and difference between Shuddha Saveri and Mohanam.
Both are Audava ragams or Pentatonic in nature – meaning, this raga has 5 notes. In Carnatic music, Ragas are classified as Melakarta Ragas and Janya (Subset or Derived) Ragas. As you are all aware, there are 72 Melakartas Ragas which are all Sampoorna (all 7 notes) ragams. Shuddha Saveri and Mohanam are both Janya Ragams and they are both derived from their respective Melakartas. (Use the link to find the 28th & 29th Melakarta before reading forward).
A sample of the Janya Ragams for the 28th and 29th Melakarta is below. Click here to learn some more Janya Ragams
Now, lets talk about the Arohanam and Avarohanam for Harikhamboji and Shankarabharanam (also called DhiraShankarabharanam) Ragam.
|Harikhamboji – 28th Melakarta||Arohanam –
S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N2 S
S N2 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
|Dhirashankarabharanam – 29th Melakarta||Arohanam –
S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S
S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
Now, Lets review the Janya Ragams Mohanam and Shuddha Saveri.
|1.||Arohanam – S R2 M1 P D2 S
Avarohanam – S D2 P M1 R2 S
|Arohanam – S R2 G2 P D2 S
Avarohanam – S D2 P G2 R2 S
|2.||Note that this ragam has Ma. Ga and Ni is missing.||Note that this ragam has Ga. Ma and Ni is missing here.|
There are songs where Mohanam and Shuddha Saveri are mixed and sung and this is called Grihabhedam. If you observe above, the M and the G are missing from the respective Ragas. Grihabhedam technique simply matches the Tonic Pa of Mohanam to meet with the Tonic Sa of the Shuddha Saveri Ragam.
As a project, students may choose another Melakarta such as the 15th Mayamalavagowla or the 65th Kalyani and examine its substituent Janya Ragas.
|
<urn:uuid:96f410b8-3f57-4e8c-852a-0eb07976d2f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://carnatic-circle.com/2016/12/05/mohanam-shudha-saveri-ragams/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.886892 | 586 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Senior students are required to submit and present an A1 size Conference Poster for judging. The intention is to foster a collegial learning and sharing environment whilst having some fun.
The changes have taken both NCEA and Cambridge Educational systems into account. Our expectation is that students completing the 2.1 3.1 units for NCEA will still be able to use that work to enter the Fair. We also believe that a number of other NCEA units for Science, Technology and Sustainability could also contribute to projects for the Fair, depending on the chosen topic.
- Design and print an A1 sized Conference Poster and bring it to the Fair on the day.
- Present the Conference Poster to the Judges. This replaces the previous power point presentation process.
A scientific paper as a Conference Poster (Poster Presentation) is how the majority of cutting-edge science research is shared between researchers at conferences throughout the world. They have the choice between giving an oral presentation (power point display, standing at the front of an audience talking aloud) or a poster presentation. There are usually only a dozen slots for the first and hundreds for the second, depending on the size of your conference. Most of the speaking slots go to the famous older scientists, so students and early-career researchers get very good, very quickly at their Conference Poster skills. And to add a sweetener – there are always Conference Poster prizes.
A Conference Poster is a visual representation of your paper, dissertation or thesis. These three things are basically all just a story about your research, written with lots of big words and important data from your experiments. Like a school science report on steroids.
Presenting Your Poster
At a scientific conference you usually get given a time slot in which you must stand with your poster and present it to anyone interested in hearing about your work. So this means that, firstly – your poster has to grab the attention of people wandering past, and secondly – that you have an engaging speech written to ‘present’ your work to people when they come up to you and ask about your project.
When you talk to your poster (do your little speech) you need to get across why you did the work, how you did it, what you found – and what this means in a wider context. Cool – you found out worms poop blue by keeping a worm farm – what does this mean for everyone else?! You want to make the person remember you, have confidence in your research skills and to remember your results.
Design Tutorial Links
The links below for poster design tutorials. The tutorials contain a lot of information and they are aimed at university students doing research, but we think they will helpful to students and teachers if you view them then pick out appropriate bits to use and apply at a Year 12-13 level.
Additional Assistance and Poster Examples
The committee is delighted to announce that both teachers and senior students will have access to learning support with Dr Sarah Morgan. Dr Morgan is a Science Writer and Designer. She is very skilled and experienced presenting science in a community context and will be an excellent resource for the students.
|
<urn:uuid:7d5450c8-9f0a-4a96-b63c-e52dbbc215ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://centralnorthlandsciencefair.co.nz/notes-to-students/science-posters-years-12-13/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949075 | 635 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Ascertain the causes of drug abuse among undergraduate students of Benue State University.
Finally, it will serve as a guide to both parents, students, academicians, institutions, researchers and the government in formulating policies that will help curb the menace of drug abuse and misuse in our society. It will also help and be a valuable source of academic and policy material on the existing body of knowledge on the subject of drug abuse in Nigeria and its academic affect among students as other researchers can as well build and borrow a leaf from it while carrying out similar research. Academic performance: Academic performance is the outcome of education, the extent to which a student, teacher or institution have achieve their educational goal. Exposure to some environments and people is hostile and some prefer to avoid being part of the part that is interviewed. Technological problems are those that arise from the tools and the systems that are used by the researcher. Also, some University students who experience dissatisfaction with life due to anger, frustration, academic failure and boredom, consume alcohol to fit in and serve as a consolation.
When a drug is abused it causes injury to the brain and often irreversible alterations in the central nervous systems.
(2006). Apart from knowing the harmful effects of substance abuse, various studies have pointed out that among the reasons students abuse drugs are: for experimental purpose, curiosity, peer and family influence, lack of parental supervision, personality problems, socioeconomic issues, need for extra energy for work, to build up confidence, frustration, to achieve happiness, to reduce fear, drug availability, need to maintain drug habit in order to avoid withdrawal syndrome, to feel good, to relieve stress, to sleep, to keep awake, to enhance sexual performance, age, unemployment, poverty, and for no reason. Drug abuse has become a threat to the lives and success of the youth. However, this research is limited to Benue State University because of the short time within which this research work is to conducted and lack of financial constrain of the researcher to cover the entire state and Nigeria by extension. The specific questions are: What is the level of drug abuse among BSU students? Accessed November 04, 2020. https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/research-proposal-on-drug-abuse-and-addiction/, WowEssays. Lack of personal security is a major issue that was experienced when collecting the information. Retrieved November 04, 2020, from https://www.wowessays.com/free-samples/research-proposal-on-drug-abuse-and-addiction/. Drug abuse has some educational, social, economic, psychological, cultural, physical and moral health consequences that may lead to low academic performance, poverty, disability, maladjustment or death of the abusers. Cannabis is by far the most commonly used illicit drug among world population followed by tobacco (Essien, 2010). 2nd edition. In the United Kingdom, cross-sectional studies have shown that a substantial number of students used illicit drugs, mainly cannabis, at some time during their lives (Oshodi, Aina & Onajole 2010). This development is a significant concern for Nigerian society. Ask us anything! The secondary sources involve books such as “Drugs, society, and human behavior”, Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts, and Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. The general research question is what are the effects of drug abuse on the academic performance of undergraduate students? Findings from this study revealed that, majority of the respondents believe the level of drug abuse among students of Benue State University is moderate. Ksir, Oakley Ray; Charles. Schools with reputation of ‘drug use’ may attract students who engage in high-risk behaviors and may discourage prospective students who are looking for an academically vigorous institution.
Adebayo, A. Direct citing (if referenced properly) Thank you so much for your respect to the authors copyright. It is a substance that due to its chemical nature affects the physical, mental and emotional functioning of people. The drug abuse develops to a disease that affects the brain, thus stopping a drug addict is not just an easy task, and it is not a matter of willpower. Methodology problems are the theories and the epistemological issues that alter or collect information that is not required. Cognitive effects relate to the individual’s lack of concentration on academic work and memory loss. Conduct a census or data survey to gather information about the project. What are the effects of drug abuse on the academic performance of undergraduate students of Benue State University? contact us for complete project material at affordable price. Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning, 2008
(2000). EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS PDF.
A reputable researcher, ICT Instructor and a publisher of many research works in Education. Engage the drug addicts, screen them and detect the occurring disorders. There is a significant relationship between drug abuse and academic performance of undergraduate students. (2002). Every individual grow towards becoming functioning members of the society, in the process of growth, gains empowerment through school learning which act as a determinant for academic excellence. The data collection: - direct interview and administration of questionnaires. vi. (2020, January, 08) Research Proposal On Drug Abuse And Addiction. v. Collection of the baseline data on drug and substance abuse. The specific objectives are to: Determine the level of drug abuse among BSU students Examine the drugs that are mostly abuse among undergraduate students of Benue State University. ii.
On the causes of drug abuse among students of Benue State University, study results shows that, majority of the respondents believe peer pressure is the cause of drug abuse among students of Benue State University. The increasing availability of a variety of drugs to an ever widening socio-economic spectrum of consumers is disconcerting. Drug abuse also involves self-administration of drug in a manner that deviates from the approved medical and social patterns within a given culture. January 2020. This habitual use of harmful drugs is a source of various social and health problems related with addiction. However, people should stop thinking that the drug addicts are morally challenged. The pre collection activity: - state about the goals, target data and the vision. Hello!
Accessed 04 November 2020.
If this essay belongs to you and you no longer want us to display it, you can put a claim on it and we will remove it.
Drug abuse is the use of drugs for purposes other than medical reasons, thus affecting the individual negatively, socially, cognitively and physically. Data gathering for interpretation to information possess a lot of threats.
Research & Training Image Locate the latest information about research priorities and progress, funding opportunities, research initiatives and resources to support basic and clinical research addressing substance use disorders.
The majority of studies about the drug court program have proven that drug court is a successful program in accomplishing its goals. On possible solutions to the menace of drug abuse among Undergraduate Students of Benue State University. There is no significant relationship between drug abuse and academic performance of undergraduate students.
This research work is significant in various ways; First and foremost this research will help in creating awareness on the need to shun acts that are capable of leading to drug abuse among youths and students in Nigeria. As a source for ideas for your own research work (if properly referenced). Beside, some literatures have shown contradictory views regarding the effect of drug abuse and academic performance of undergraduate students as other studies found a negative effect of drug abuse on academic performance while other studies found no effect of drug abuse on academic performance of undergraduate students.
Present findings: - this is done through data analysis and interpretation. We accept sample papers from students via the submission form. Furthermore, the study recommends that there should be proper orientation of students on the dangers associated with drug abuse. Johnson (2012) posits that the abuse of drugs by students is a presumed indicator of academic failure. It comes to a conclusion that drug abuse and addiction is a social problem that results into unwanted effects to the users and people in the community. The specific objectives are to: Determine the level of drug abuse among BSU students Examine the drugs that are mostly abuse among undergraduate students of Benue State University.
.Sketch Roblox Username, Booba Character Names, Gakuen Heaven Who Does Keita End Up With, Pillpack Dispenser Promo Code, St Louis County Jail Roster, Bring It Down To Jelly Roll, Forsaken Priest Names, Orbea Nica Discount, Hills Of Argyll Bagpipe Sheet Music, The Biggest Cause Of Foodborne Illness Is Snagajob, Deer Nose Drawing, Safe Meetup Provider, Feels Like We Only Go Backwards Meaning, Heidi Wyrick Reddit, Haikyuu Movie Order, Legendary Enderman Pet Hypixel, Gerald Ronson Yacht, Bmw R1200r Seat Height, Charlie Sheen Heather Locklear Daughter, Sith Names Latin, Wasp Sting Swelling After 48 Hours, One Tree Hill Season 8 Episode 22, Arknights Tier List, How To Circle Something In Google Slides, Joker Combos Mk11 Xbox One, Hot Mixer Streamers, Is Ludo Hugo De Vries, Northrock Xc27 Frame Size, Hungarian Tarot Cards, Logitech M570 Cleaning, Jamaal Lascelles Wife, Jesse Pearson Wife, Omo Meaning Nigerian, Kumbaya In A Sentence, Shirataki Noodles Tesco, Jetson Nano Gaming, David Brent Football Quote, Narrative Essay Running Away, Seth Bolt Net Worth, Frank Slootman Salary, Lacewing Life Cycle, Lufkin Licker Name Reddit, Spiritual Uses Of Mustard Seed, Why Does Mr Kaplan Betray Red, Legere Signature Vs Fibracell, Alphalete V2 Joggers, Iman Daughter Zulekha Haywood, Paper Helicopter Experiment, Is Ricky Martin Married, Jonathan Huberdeau Wife, Papa Lazarou Quotes, In Which Of The Following Situations Would The Price Of A Good Be Most Likely To Increase Apex, Bosch Oven Symbols, 4age 16v Itb, Names Like Ulysses, With Arms Wide Open Lyrics Meaning, Lye Water Substitute, Gory Fatal Car Wreck Pictures, Used Jeep Liberty Doors, Guardian Angel Haniel, Ice Road Truckers Art Burke Charged, Le Fantome De L'opera Film Francais Streaming, Why Did Darcy Leave Offspring, Wv Auto Inspection Extension, Notes Of A Native Son Essay Full Text, Sam Asghari Mike Asghari, Stearns County Jail Roster Mn, Tim Robinson Fox News Halloween, Darius Rose 2020, Recette Friteuse Air Chaud Pdf, Pacific Queen Apple, Visiting Angels Pay Stubs, Personal Bias Examples, Who Was James Shigeta Married To,
|
<urn:uuid:0b94a288-4cf7-4709-a1c7-6154e6ebd5bf>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://circat.cat/journal/37tsmk.php?54ad59=research-proposal-on-effects-of-drug-abuse
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918064 | 2,239 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The wintertime solstice goes towards the Tuesday, ! This is basically the substantial first-day regarding winter months regarding the Northern Hemisphere plus the smallest day’s the season. What the results are within winter months solstice? Why is the new solstice essential? Delight in solstice activities and you will folklore throughout the Old Farmer’s Almanac.
The first day’s winter season in the North Hemisphere was marked of the cold weather solstice, and this happens into Monday, , in the A great.M. EST.
Toward north 1 / 2 of World (this new Northern Hemisphere), the winter solstice occurs per year towards December 21 otherwise 22. (Into the Southern Hemisphere, the winter solstice happen to the Summer 20 or 21.) The wintertime solstice ‘s the day into the fewest circumstances off sunshine on entire season, so it is brand new “shortest time” of the year. Thankfully, even as we achieve the cold temperatures solstice, the occasions beginning to once more grow longer and you can lengthened up until i reach the june solstice-the initial day’s june in addition to longest day’s the newest season.
Think of it like that: Even though the winter solstice function the start of cold temperatures, additionally setting the latest return from so much more sunshine. They just gets better from this point!
|12 months||Wintertime Solstice (Northern Hemisphere)||Winter Solstice (Southern Hemisphere)|
|2021||Friday, December 21, in the An excellent.Yards. EST||Weekend,||Wednesday, December 21, on 4:48 P.M. EST||Tuesday,||Thursday, December 21, in the An effective.M. EST||Wednesday,||Friday, December 21, in the 4:19 A.Yards. EST||Thursday, June 20|
Winter months solstice scratching the state beginning of astronomical winter (rather than meteorological cold weather, hence starts around three days ahead of the solstice). The wintertime solstice occurs once a year in for each and every hemisphere: immediately after from the North Hemisphere (inside the December) and when about Southern Hemisphere (into the Summer). They marks the start of per hemisphere’s wintertime. Whenever you to hemisphere try experience the winter solstice, additional was on the other hand feeling their june solstice!
This will be every through Planet’s tilted axis, that makes it in order for half out-of Environment is actually directed off the Sunshine while the spouse is actually directed for the it during the time of the new solstice.
We frequently consider the winter solstice given that an event one to covers a whole diary big date, although solstice in reality lasts simply a second. Specifically, it’s the perfect moment when an excellent hemisphere is tilted once the much from the Sunshine as it can be. It is shown on the diagram below.
Winter months solstice keeps benefits round the several countries, because it http://www.datingreviewer.net/pl/uberhorny-recenzja/ indicators this new changing of the season. Some ancient individuals actually marked the newest solstice playing with grand brick structures, eg Newgrange inside the Ireland. In some societies, the new solstice traditionally designated new halfway point of the year instead compared to start of the it, which explains why holidays like Midsummer Time try recognized doing the original day of summer.
On the day of cold weather solstice, we’re tilted because the well away regarding the Sunlight that one may, which means the fresh Sun’s road along side heavens is just as low in brand new sky as possible. Consider the every single day roadway of your own Sunlight: They goes up on the east and sets in south west, arcing across the sky over. During the summer, the sunlight arcs full of the fresh sky, but during the winter, it arcs straight down, closer to the fresh panorama.
How do we observe the negative effects of solstice our selves? At the time of your own solstice, stand external at noon and look at your trace. It is the longest shadow which you yourself can shed all-year! Do this again on the day of summer solstice and you will you’ll see almost no shadow.
Every individual has the potential to create change, whether in their life, their community, or the world. The transformative power of education is what unlocks that potential.
Swell Ads Group KFT
Company number: 01-09-399154
VAT number: 27820186-2-42
Address: Árpád fejedelem útja 26-28 Budapest, 1023 Hungary
|
<urn:uuid:9f984aeb-0cec-4a6e-a49a-8802ad56e17d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://codingcaptains.net/winter-solstice-2021-the-original-day-s-winter-3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91264 | 985 | 2.921875 | 3 |
TLDR - Mobile Wallet
A mobile wallet is a digital wallet that allows users to store, manage, and transact with their cryptocurrencies using a mobile device. It provides a convenient and secure way to access and control digital assets on the go. Mobile wallets offer features such as easy setup, accessibility, and integration with other mobile applications, making them a popular choice for cryptocurrency users.
One of the key considerations when using a mobile wallet is security. Mobile wallets employ various security measures to protect users' funds:
- Encryption: Mobile wallets use encryption techniques to secure private keys and sensitive data stored on the device. This ensures that even if the device is lost or stolen, the funds remain protected.
- Biometric Authentication: Many mobile wallets support biometric authentication methods such as fingerprint or facial recognition. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring the user's unique biometric data to access the wallet.
- Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Some mobile wallets offer the option to enable 2FA, which requires users to provide an additional verification code or authentication method when accessing the wallet.
- Secure Element: Certain mobile wallets utilize a secure element, a dedicated hardware chip that stores private keys separately from the device's operating system. This provides enhanced security against potential malware attacks.
Types of Mobile Wallets
There are different types of mobile wallets available, each with its own unique features and characteristics:
- Hot Wallets: Hot wallets are mobile wallets that are connected to the internet. They provide quick and convenient access to funds, making them suitable for everyday transactions. However, they are more susceptible to online threats compared to cold wallets.
- Cold Wallets: Cold wallets, also known as hardware wallets, are mobile wallets that store private keys offline. They offer a higher level of security as they are not connected to the internet, making them less vulnerable to hacking attempts. However, they may be less convenient for frequent transactions.
- Multi-Currency Wallets: Some mobile wallets support multiple cryptocurrencies, allowing users to manage different digital assets in a single application. This eliminates the need for multiple wallets and simplifies the user experience.
- Non-Custodial Wallets: Non-custodial mobile wallets give users full control over their private keys and funds. They do not rely on a third-party service to manage the wallet, providing users with complete ownership and responsibility for their assets.
- Custodial Wallets: Custodial mobile wallets are managed by a third-party service provider. Users trust the provider to secure their funds and manage the wallet on their behalf. While they may offer additional features and convenience, users have to rely on the custodian's security measures.
Integration and Accessibility
Mobile wallets often offer integration with other mobile applications and services, enhancing their functionality and accessibility:
- Merchant Integration: Many mobile wallets allow users to make payments directly to merchants who accept cryptocurrencies. This integration enables seamless transactions and expands the usability of cryptocurrencies in everyday life.
- Exchange Integration: Some mobile wallets integrate with cryptocurrency exchanges, allowing users to buy, sell, and trade cryptocurrencies directly from their wallet. This streamlines the process and eliminates the need for separate exchange accounts.
- DApp Integration: Certain mobile wallets support decentralized applications (DApps) and enable users to interact with blockchain-based applications directly from their mobile devices. This opens up a wide range of possibilities for accessing decentralized services and participating in blockchain ecosystems.
Mobile wallets provide a convenient and secure way to manage cryptocurrencies on the go. With their easy setup, accessibility, and integration with other mobile applications, they have become an essential tool for cryptocurrency users. By understanding the security measures, types of mobile wallets, and integration options available, users can choose the mobile wallet that best suits their needs and preferences.
|
<urn:uuid:fd20c57d-e4a5-46f1-a9fc-6da1a6b38846>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://coin360.com/glossary/mobile-wallet
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90587 | 770 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Some of the most prevalent yet preventable illnesses in rural Nicaragua are respiratory diseases. To address this challenge, Comunidad Connect’s improved technology clean cookstoves can greatly improve household health.
These projects, earned by accumulating volunteer hours in the community, are built by beneficiary families, volunteers, and local masons. Not only do these stoves use less wood and save a family money, but they also have the following health benefits:
- Decrease indoor air pollution from smoke using chimneys
- Prevent chronic illnesses such as respiratory disease, pneumonia, and low birth weight
- Increase satisfaction with housing and quality of life
Take a look below to see how these stoves are built step-by-step!
Meet Don Tingo, a mason who lives in Los Robles and helps makes building these stoves possible. Before any construction can begin, Don Tingo pre-fabricates the “burners” with rebar and concrete. One of the burners must have a hole for the chimney, as you can see in the image.
When the time comes to begin construction, the mortar mixture (used to hold the stove bricks together) must be prepared. The simple recipe consists of combing dirt and cow manure with water that has been soaked in dragon fruit leaves. The dragon fruit is sticky and acts as a natural binder. And don’t worry, the cow manure doesn’t smell at all.
While the mortar mixture is being prepared, Don Tingo will lay the first layer of bricks, as these measurements are the most important to the structural integrity of the stove. Once completed, volunteers and the beneficiary family can take over laying bricks, stacking several layers high.
After Don Tingo’s approval of the group’s work, he will lay the burners into place. In the picture above, you will notice one side is higher than the other. This is to create an uneven distribution of heat, allowing one burner to heat up and cook food quickly and the other to function as a warmer.
With the burners set in place, Don Tingo climbs to the roof of the house to install the chimney. Most of the time he has to cut a hole in the zinc roof or rearrange some shingles.
From the inside, the stove is really starting to come together. With a little bit of concrete to seal the chimney in place, it will be ready to dry. Taking only about a day to set, the beneficiary family can begin cooking very quickly after receiving a project.
And there you have it! In only 2 to 3 hours, volunteers have an amazing experience, make some new friends and significantly impact a family’s health for years to come.
|
<urn:uuid:c8753d57-2fe9-4432-9bb8-ad203e15fee9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://comunidadconnect.org/2018/05/30/clean-cookstoves-healthy-homes/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938611 | 564 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Notify me when new publications are added.
This small fruits chapter from the Extension Gardener Handbook reviews selection, planting, and maintenance of strawberries, caneberries, blueberries, grapes, and kiwis.
The grape and wine industry in North Carolina is now worth in excess of $30 million dollars. To assist North Carolina growers in the production a quality grapes for quality wines, a newly revised 196 page guide has been written for winegrape growers, called the North Carolina Winegrape Grower’s Guide. This publication provides grape growers with practical information about choosing an appropriate site for a vineyard, establishment, and operation of commercial vineyards in North Carolina.
With the increasing diversity of North Carolina agriculture, it is important to document and assess the presence of the commodities produced in the state. Crop data are publicly maintained on only the top 20 or so specialty crops, yet state and federal decisions impact hundreds of individual crop species. Because little information is available for most specialty crops, it must be gleaned from many different sources.
|
<urn:uuid:1e2514e6-4fdb-4aa6-a323-a9fc1f7ac0d4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/catalog/author/5880/sara-spayd
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900921 | 212 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The course offers an introduction to some classic problems of epistemology which form the subject of lively discussion also in contemporary philosophy. We shall start with the question of necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge, the Gettier problem and its consequences. Next, we look into theories of justification, and discuss the merits and shortcomings of foundationalism, coherentism and reliabilism. Then we will consider various sceptical arguments against the possibility of knowledge and investigate some responses to the sceptical arguments. We will close the course with investigating some social aspects of knowledge: testimony and epistemic injustice.
The aim of the course is to familiarize students with the central concepts of contemporary epistemological research, to enable them to discern the essential features of arguments in epistemological papers and to assess their soundness and validity. The course will offer a suitable basis for taking an advanced graduate class in epistemology.
Students will become familiar with the central concepts of contemporary epistemological research, and with the main positions occupied in epistemological debates. They will develop their ability to discern arguments in philosophical texts, to evaluate these arguments, and to present an argued position in a clear and concise manner.
Students will be asked to give a 5-minute presentation of selected themes during the course. The grades will be based on a final written exam.
Mandatory for first year philosophy MA students on the 2-year MA program; elective for philosophy MA students on the 1-year program. Non-philosophy students with some background in philosophy (not specifically epistemology) are welcome, but are asked to contact the instructor before signing up.
|
<urn:uuid:e633d555-3ade-4f67-923d-41bb8fff4260>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://courses.ceu.edu/courses/2023-2024/epistemology
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933747 | 331 | 3.1875 | 3 |
An Internationalist Vision: Rabindranath Tagore’s Shantiniketan
In Calcutta (now Kolkata), Abanindranath Tagore (1871—1951) and other figures associated with the Swadeshi movement rejected European academic art. Yet, 150 kilometres north, at Shantiniketan, Rabindranath Tagore (Abanindranath’s uncle) had begun an experimental and radical approach to art and education. Though he is best known as a poet and writer, Rabindranath (1861—1941) was a polymath and a complex figure. He was critical of any form of nationalism, including the progressive approach to nation-building that Swadeshi embodied as part of the freedom movement. Instead, he endeavoured to shape a democratic and equal vision founded on international and cross-cultural exchange in his own creative work and at the institution he built.
The Foundations of Shantiniketan
The bucolic site of Shantiniketan was first founded as an ashram by Rabindranath’s father, Debendranath, in 1862. In 1901, Rabindranath transformed the site into a school, with five teachers leading five students, including his own son. Tagore saw the school as an ideal extension of the tradition of the ashram in the forest, from which ancient Hindu texts such as the Upanishads had evolved. With trees enveloping the site, an open-air education was central to the school’s approach, encouraging students to feel free in spite of a formal learning environment. Engagement with daily life also freed the school and students from the lineage of the Bengal School movement, as students and artists could look beyond mythology, religious figures and narratives for inspiration for their work. Tagore sought to soften the boundaries between art and craft, promoting applied arts alongside fine arts in creation of a new visual culture. Textiles, book illustrations, murals and decorations for festivals became important elements of this new language.
During these early years of growth, Tagore became the first non-European winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, which would bring attention to Shantiniketan and all of his endeavours. Despite the fact that the Nobel Prize and translations of Tagore’s poetry helped finance the school, funding remained inadequate, particularly as he refused to accept monies from the colonial government. In time, the art school Kala Bhavana at Shantiniketan would become a key site for progressive art education, with some of India’s most important 20th-century artists, including Nandalal Bose (1882–1966), KG Subramanyan (1924–2016) and Ramkinker Baij (1906–80) studying and teaching at the school.
Confluences with Global Art Institutions and Individuals
Tagore was an internationalist across all of his work, whether in the language of his poetry or the administration of his school. A particularly impactful example of this is his meetings and interactions with Viennese art historian Stella Kramrisch (1896–1993). Tagore met Kramrisch in England in 1919, and invited her to teach at the Kala Bhavana. While she arrived with expertise in Western art, Kramrisch’s stay in India led to inimitable and historic contributions to the field of Indian art history over the next seventy years.
Furthermore, her arrival in India also brought the avant garde modernist Bauhaus movement to Calcutta in 1922 and fostered a new level of international and cross-cultural dialogue that followed Tagore’s ideals. For instance, the Bauhaus School’s first international presentation in Calcutta, showcased works by leading European modernists such as Paul Klee (1879–1940) – who would have a lasting influence on Indian modernist artists – alongside leading artists in India. There were structural, pedagogical and artistic parallels between the Bauhaus School founded in Weimar, Germany, some 300 km from Berlin, and Tagore’s Shantiniketan. Both schools promoted an approach to art-making that was conscious of its everyday surroundings and embedded in an awareness of history.
Kramrisch was instrumental at a practical level in bringing the Bauhaus works to India through her connection to artist and theorist Johannes Itten (1888–1967); on a symbolic level, her enduring presence in India engendered an international, even global dialogue between Indian and Western art and artists.
In addition to interactions with Europe, this period was also characterised by the rise of Pan-Asianism, which as we learnt in the previous Topic, was an ideology that promoted solidarity among nations across Asia. Through Tagore’s efforts, Shantiniketan became the centre for the catalysing of Pan-Asian ideals. In 1921, the school in Shantiniketan was transformed into Visva-Bharati, a university with an internationalist vision that adopted the motto ‘Where the world makes a home in a single nest’. These Pan-Asian values also seeped into the artworks of the time. For example, Nandalal Bose was trained in the art of ink painting during a trip to China in 1924, and began to incorporate elements such as Chinese stamps and techniques such as ink wash in his work.
In 1951, the Visva-Bharati University, under which Kala Bhavana operated, was absorbed into India’s formal university system. This resulted in the institution’s alternative pedagogical approach needing to adapt to the fixed syllabi of mainstream universities. Despite this, Tagore’s pioneering, prescient and unique vision of learning among nature continues to be influential in India and globally until today. The academic model at Shantiniketan and the extraordinary artistic and cultural exchanges that he fostered precipitated several key moments and movements in Indian art. These developed as independence from colonial rule approached in the mid-1940s and continued beyond.
In this Topic, we explore Rabindranath Tagore’s vision, and the pioneering institution that he established in Calcutta (now Kolkata). In case you’re curious to learn more about the artists and institutions mentioned here, refer to some of our articles below!
- Rabindranath Tagore
- Kala Bhavana Shantiniketan
- Bengal School
- Nandalal Bose
- KG Subramanyan
- Ramkinkar Baiji
- Stella Kramrisch
|
<urn:uuid:7429d159-3edf-477c-a4e9-fc1f6f3016f7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://courses.mapacademy.io/topic/an-internationalist-vision-rabindranath-tagores-shantiniketan-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958236 | 1,380 | 3.390625 | 3 |
After weeks of decline, the global tally of COVID-19 cases is now ticking back up. This uptick is raising concerns that we could see yet another surge amid relaxed health measures and the rise of the omicron subvariant BA.2, the most highly transmissible version of the virus identified to date.
According to the latest COVID-19 situation report by the World Health Organization, the global tally of new weekly cases increased 8 percent for the week ending on March 13, totaling over 11 million cases. Cases are increasing in the Western Pacific, European, and African regions. Korea, Vietnam, Germany, France, and the Netherlands reported the highest numbers of new cases.
“These increases are occurring despite reductions in testing in some countries, which means the cases we are seeing are just the tip of the iceberg,” director-general of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said in a press briefing Wednesday.
Some countries, such as China, are now grappling with their first surge of omicron cases, while other countries, such as those in Europe, are seeing a resurgence of cases amid the rise of BA.2. The subvariant is thought to be around 30 percent to 40 percent more transmissible than the initial omicron variant that spread worldwide, BA.1.
“Each country is facing a different situation with different challenges, but the pandemic is not over,” Dr. Tedros said.
The good news about BA.2 is that vaccines and most treatments work just as well against the new subvariant as they did against BA.1. And studies have suggested that past infection with BA.1 can offer protection from an infection with BA.2. Additionally, BA.2 does not appear to be causing more severe disease than seen with BA.1.
But BA.2 is more transmissible and quickly overtaking BA.1 as the globally dominant variant. In Wednesday’s press briefing, WHO’s technical lead on COVID-19, Maria Van Kerkhove, noted that, in the past 30 days, 99.9 percent of all SARS-CoV-2 viruses sequenced globally were omicron. Of those sequenced omicron viruses, about 75 percent was BA.2, and the remaining 25 percent was BA.1.
She added a note of caution, saying that the data being collected now is faltering. “We are seeing an increase in the proportion of BA.2 that is detected. However, the amount of testing that is happening worldwide… is dropping substantially,” Van Kerkhove said. “So our ability to track this virus—our ability to track BA.2—is compromised because testing is reduced, and you can’t sequence those who you don’t test.”
The significant decline in testing worldwide is coupled with many countries’ decisions to relax mitigation efforts, such as mask wearing and physical distancing. Many experts have noted that the combination of relaxed measures and waning protection from vaccination and boosters are fueling the spread of BA.2.
The US is not yet seeing an increase in cases linked to BA.2. However, the rise of cases in Europe is expected to foreshadow a rise in the states. And already, nearly 40 percent of wastewater monitoring sites in the US have detected rises in SARS-CoV-2 levels. Wastewater monitoring picks up virus that is shed in feces, which is one of the earliest signs of infection. The monitoring acts as an early warning system for rising cases.
Experts don’t expect that BA.2 will create a surge rivaling that seen with BA.1 in January. However, cases are expected to rise in the coming weeks, requiring sustained vigilance.
On Tuesday, Biden administration officials put out a plea to Congress for more COVID-19 funding, including for continued testing and surveillance. Senior officials told reporters that, without additional funds, testing capacity could be lost in June and surveillance efforts would be scaled back. “With reduced capability to perform adequate surveillance, the country will be prone to being ‘blindsided’ by future variants,” the White House said in a summary of the consequences of the funding shortage. Administration officials also said that they do not have enough money to secure additional booster doses if fourth shots become widely recommended. Testing, access to therapies, and global vaccine donations would also suffer without more funding. The administration is asking Congress for $22.5 billion.
|
<urn:uuid:99e4756e-d685-4025-8f82-627112a6ef0f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://cozyappliance.com/covid-cases-are-again-on-the-rise-globally-as-testing-health-measures-decline/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95791 | 935 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Monopoly Revolution Game
About this deal
a b Ketcham, Christopher (19 October 2012). "Monopoly is Theft". The Stream. Harper's Magazine . Retrieved 28 May 2013. For economic term, see Monopoly §Historical monopolies. The five sets of the board game Monopoly depicted here show the evolution of the game's artwork and designs in the United States from 1935 to 2005.
The number of companies in the market: If the number of firms in the market increases, the value of firms remaining and entering the market will decrease, leading to a high probability of exit and a reduced likelihood of entry. Product differentiation: There is no product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good. The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without.Economies of scale: Decreasing unit costs for larger volumes of production. Decreasing costs coupled with large initial costs, If for example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other companies entering the industry will operate at a size that is less than MES, and so cannot produce at an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company. And if the long-term average cost of the dominant company is constantly decreasing [ clarification needed], then that company will continue to have the least cost method to provide a good or service. a b c d e f g h i j k l 1973–2003 US Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes's Monopoly Companion, third edition, p. 169.
Ta patří k předním výrobcům her i hraček a těší se velké přízni spotřebitelů. U nás máme podobně zaměřenou hru a není to nic jiného, než Dostihy a sázky. Co je principem hryOnline photo album of many historical U.S. Monopoly sets, from Charles Darrow's sets through the 1950s from the Fernandez Collection Sundown Farm and Ranch
Wenzel, Sebastian (April 2013). "Monopoly". In Geithner, Michael; Thiele, Martin (eds.). Nachgemacht: Spielekopien aus der DDR. DDR Museum Verlag. p.32. ISBN 978-3-939801-18-4. In 1990, Merv Griffin Enterprises turned Monopoly into a prime time game show, airing after Super Jeopardy! on Saturday nights on ABC during that summer. The program was hosted by Mike Reilly and announced by Charlie O'Donnell.Rodinná desková hra Monopoly je nejoblíbenější, nejpopulárnější a dá se říci, že snad i nejhranější hrou s dlouhou historií. Ta sahá až do roku 1943, kdy byla původní hra patentována a poprvé i vydána. Stavební pozemky, podniky veřejných služeb nebo nádraží, které vlastní, v ceně natištěné na herním plánu Game box and rules: Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Edition Monopoly, published 2012 by USAopoly in the United States
|
<urn:uuid:54969351-595b-4f09-b68d-a7794a204fcb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://croatica.net/us3/monopoly+revolution
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.667626 | 806 | 2.640625 | 3 |
VENERATION DAY TO
"EL CRISTO DE ESQUIPULAS"
Crucified Cristo de Esquipulas, with his mother standing on his right, St John on His left and Mary of Magdala kneeling at the bottom of His cross.
BY IRIDE APARICIO
ESQUIPULAS, GUATEMALA -- Every January 15, the Central-American country of Guatemala experiences one of the largest Catholics' peregrinations from around the world to The temple of Esquipulas. Located on top of a Hill, the temple, which is a Basilica, is a Massive white Spanish-style rectangular building, and the only temple in America, built with four identical bell-towers, one in each one of its four corners. The church is located in Chiquimula, a state so picturesque that it is "Called the Pearl of the West," which is located 175 Kilometers West of Guatemala City, in the strategic geological locality where Guatemala borders with Honduras to the North and with El Salvador to the South.
History books tells us that in the year 1595, commissioned by a Hispanic priest, who had arrived to Guatemala with the conquistadores, Quirio Cataño, a local sculptor living in Antigua, another departamento of Guatemala was commissioned by a priest, to carve, in wood, a vara y media (a vara is 32.909 inches, and the statue measures a vara and a half) statue of a Christ on the cross.
Many historians believe that the original statue was white,(now is dark brown) but we prefer to adhere to the theory that Cataño his scuptor, was aware of medical facts (dating to Roman times) which explain that the bodies of those who were crucified, because they died in a vertical position, their skin darkened after death because of the accumulation of blood, all over their bodies, As an scuptor, Cataño, may have known that fact, or being told about it, and when carving the image, he may selected darker wood.
After completed, Cataño's crucified Christ was installed in a church, in Antigua, that had been founded by the Spanish Conquistadores in the 16th Century as the Grand Colonial Capital of the Spanish Empire in America and continued as the capital for more than 230 Years, from the 16th to the 18th Centuries, under the name of Santiago de Los Caballeros de Guatemala.
And it was during the years that the crucified Christ was being exhibited there, that His tan skin ,began attracted people who could easily identify with Him, because His skin was similar to their skin's color. We ought to remember that the skin of the Mayans, of the Ketchi, of the Pipiles, Mames, and Pocomames, to name a few tribes, had been tanned by the hot Guatemalan sun in the fields where they worked as farmers, and that also to the skin of the Mestizos, (as the the sons and daughters of White Spaniards married to Guatemalans where named). So, because the Christ looked like them, hundreds began visiting the Cristo, allowing the priests and monks to convert them to Catholicism. Many did, and when they began praying to The Christ asking for miracles. according to writings, in the Church's Archives, the miracles started happening: Completely blind people recuperated their sight,deaf people began hearing again, people who had entered the church with crutches, left their crutches in the church's floor and left the church walking on their own. Physicians certified every one of the cures and when admitting that admit, there was no logical or medical reason for them, the church qualified them as "miracles."
Qualified as a "miracle' may also be one of the strangest happenings that happened to the statue, aside from ITS wood getting darker and darker every year, that was attributed to being inside a small church where hundreds of wax candles's black smoke filled the air, and that the wood combined with the oil that they used to clean it, had absorbed the smoke's ashes for centuries. This so called "miracle" is described by Jose Luis Garcia in his book, ESQUIPULAS, second edition l954. In that book when he writes that in the book of baptisms 1732-1742, Folios 97, 98, was written that in April of l739 as Don Diego Joseph Carzelem, an Esquipulas' Priest, had asked his Bishop, Don Pedro Pardo de Figueroa, to document the experience of Father Don Antonio de Aldana, a priest of Zacapa y Frai Juan Ramon de Ulloa belonguing to the order de los Minimos. In his statement, Father Carzelem affirms that after he opened the crystal door of the Christal cabinet (Vitrina Altar) where the now named El Cristo Negro, (the Black Crist) was kept, and began cleaning it, he noticed sweat on HIS forehead. "His forehead was wet and His right eye was closed," he writes, "And His sweat was falling over His right eye. I cleaned the statue with a purified piece of cloth three times,and dried the sweat, but the sweat continued, giving me the impression that the image was crying." .
And because the miracles continued, In l735, another priest, named Father Pedro Pardo Figueroa, after experiencing what physicians determined was a miraculous cure. after praying to the statue, when he became Archbishop of Guatemala, years later, in gratitude to the Christ, he commissioned the construction of a basilica to shelter HIS statue. It was selected to be placed in Esquipulas, because it is a Geographical strategically point where three countries meet. The magnificent Spanish basilica was finished in 1750, It was promoted to cathedral status by Pope Pius Xll in l956.
Since then the church is visited by more than 4.5 million pilgrims every year, and around 1:5 million in the day leading up to Cristo de Esquipulas feast (celebrate on January 15, ) considered its Patron's Festival. There is another celebration, in His honor, this one on March 9th, which marks the date when the image arrived first in the city during a visit, in the year l840.
In l959, A Benzedrine monastery was attached to the cathedral to care for it,with the monks being sent by St. Joseph Benzedrine Abbey in Louisiana, in the United States. Pope John XXIII promoted the church to Basilica Status in l961. For those who do not know the difference, between a Church and a Basilica, to be a Basilica is the highest permanent designation for a church building in the Catholic Religion. ,It has especial spiritual, architectural and historical significance. So much significance that In l996 the Basilica was visited by Pope John Paul II during his second apostolic visit to Guatemala to mark over Four Hundred Years of Veneration to "De Cristo Negro."
If not with different orchestras playing, marimbas, mariachis, dancers, and fire crackers displays, as it is during the days before and after the peregrination, the Cristo may be visited every day, during certain hours at His Temple, All a visitor needs to do, is get into a line outside the temple, and wait to be allowed inside by a monk through a side door. As you enter the temple, you will find yourself standing on a small room, where, at the center of the room, you will see a heart-braking life-size image of a flagellated, bleeding white Christ on the floor, as if he had fallen on it, and is now struggling to get up. As you walk around the statue, another door leads you to the Basilica, that you enter from the back, Standing in front of the main altar, are the statues (called Imàgenes in Spanish) that are pictured at the beginning of this article. You could stop for a few seconds, in front of His cross to say a quick prayer, and even touch HIS feet, or cross and then follow the line as it leaves the temple through another side door.
The temple is massive in size. but during visiting hours, filled with people, Some are sitting down on the few pews, others kneeling on the floor praying, Most of them lighting candles, hundreths of candles placed on metal tables on different places, So the temple is dark, impregnated with the smell of incense, and illuminated only by the sun penetrating through its windos and the flickering of candles.
For those who are religious, a visit to the Basilica of Esquipulas will be a moving, life-changing, unique experience, And for those who had been labelled "terminal" by their doctors and need a miracle, a peregrination to visit "El Cristo Negro"de Esquipulas" may renew their faith in a healing Christ
|
<urn:uuid:6dd3b2b4-d7bb-407c-b89c-c22e91df5552>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://culturalworldbilingual.com/Reviews_Interviews/tvl36.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973423 | 1,893 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What Is An Electronic Music Studio?
On October 18, 1951, the first electronic music studio was established in Cologne, Germany. The physicist Werner Meyer-Eppler, together with the composer Robert Meyer and the musicologist Herbert Eimert, founded this historical center that would operate until the year 2000. Meyer-Eppler, Eimert and Meyer began experimenting in 1951, and a couple of years later gave the first public demonstration of their new sounds.
Since then, the electronic music studio served as a meeting place for the most innovative producers and musicians of the 20th century.
These characters were true revolutionaries in the audio world, and for years they experimented with new equipment, sounds, rhythms and totally new editions that would inspire thousands of musicians today.
What is a studio for electronic music?
An electronic music studio is basically a place where composers create new musical styles by manipulating synthetic sounds. They achieve this through equipment that is constantly being upgraded to meet the needs of musicians. Among the first important equipment first developed in the electronic music studio were the Monochord and the Melochord, direct precursors of what we know today as a synthesizer.
Later, Karlheinz Stockhausen, one of the most notable names of this niche, would upgrade the equipment to modern synthesizers such as the EMS Synthi. These new inventions and sounds were very influential in 1970s on bands like Pink Floyd and Mothers of Invention(Frank Zappa), as well as paving the way for pioneering electronic music bands like Kraftwerk.
Cologne's electronic music studio signified the birth of genres such as Techno, as well as the new DJ and festival culture that is now enjoyed all over the world.
How to make electronic music?
Producing electronic studio music is very affordable nowadays. You only need a computer and a specialized program to create electronic studio music, but this was not always the case. Since the creation of the Cologne studio and for several decades afterwards, very expensive equipment was needed to be able to synthesize sounds.
This is one of the main reasons why rock, for example, has been so much more popular among young musicians. Over time, however, computers became much cheaper and also more powerful. In addition, many computers were replaced by very versatile and affordable software.
Currently, studio music production is computer-centric. The musician or producer opens a new session in specialized programs (known as DAWs), that allow you to create arrangements for all kinds of instruments. Using only the keyboard or mouse, you can produce all the notes you need, to later edit or modify them as you wish. Creativity is the only limitation…
Once you finish arranging and mixing your track, you can export it in any kind of audio format, and save it or share it on services such as Spotify or YouTube directly.
What do you need to set up an electronic music studio?
Chances are you already have the essential equipment to start creating electronic music: a computer. Anyway, we'll go over the essential equipment and some software with you, in case you want to get into the hobby or business of music production.
- Computer or laptop
- Software or DAW
- Studio monitors
- Midi Keyboard
- Audio interface
- Studio monitors
The computer or laptop
The computer is the heart of electronic music production. This is where you will store all the sounds you create. Chances are you already have a laptop or desktop PC. If you want to produce at home, a desktop PC is more than enough, and they are usually cheaper than laptops. If you need to produce anywhere, a laptop is essential.
On the other hand, your old computer may not offer enough capacity to properly handle DAWs or specialized programs for studio music creation. Like graphic editing software, DAWs use most of the capacity of computers, and if you are underpowered, you may experience a lot of latency during creation or editing.
If you are considering purchasing a new versatile computer, a MacBook Pro is usually the most commonly used computer. They are the most popular equipment for music production, because they are very durable, and their operating system is excellent. The downside: they are somewhat expensive. You can also work perfectly well with a PC , and this allows you to choose great configurations and reduce costs.
The software or DAW
Another essential point in creating studio music is to choose the right software. Programs known as DAWs (Digital Audio Workstations) allow you to edit, record and play back digital music.
From the DAW you can mix different tracks from many sources without any problems. For example, you can use a vocal recorded with a microphone, a virtual synthesizer-produced bass and a loop for the drums.
The possibilities are endless, and also allow you to use thousands of plugins that mimic or alter existing sounds of other instruments or effects.
What software do you need?
If you are using a MAC you can start with GarageBand, which you probably already have installed on your computer. This program is simple, intuitive and fun, but it doesn't offer the advanced options of more professional programs. It's a good starting point, but as you get a little deeper into the genre you will probably need more options, such as Apple Logic Pro X.
Logic Pro is one of the most used DAWs by professionals in the world, and it has everything you need to produce the most complex electronic music. Another option is Image-Line FL Studio 12, formerly known as Fruity Loops. This software is more beginner-friendly than Logic, but offers many advanced options such as effects or synthesizers. Producers like Avicii continued to use it throughout his career.
Ableton Live is the last of the professional DAWs we recommend. It works with both Mac and PC, has an intuitive interface and performs great especially for live events.
Quality headphones are also essential. You need to hear what you're producing, and headphones are more versatile and cheaper than professional studio monitors. Normal or more affordable headphones usually offer a manipulated sound that strengthens the bass, but when recording studio music, the most important thing is to have the highest possible fidelity.
It's best to look for options that offer a neutral profile with no embellishments in any layer. You can check our review of the best HiFi headsets in this link.
Studio monitors are necessary if you want to get serious about this world of electronic music. If you already have good HiFi headphones and do not want to spend more money, do not worry too much. However, if you want to have a professional studio, monitors an indispensable element.
Studio monitors are self-amplified loudspeakers designed for music production. Like HiFi headphones, studio monitors give you a flat response and are necessary for creating pieces for commercial purposes. Studio monitors allow you to master your track properly and the end result will sound good on different equipment and speakers.
A Midi keyboard is an instrument designed to create electronic music from your computer. They do not produce sound on their own, but by connecting them to your computer (usually via a USB port), you can play hundreds of virtual instruments stored in your software. You can control these instruments with your computer's keyboard or mouse, but it's never quite the same.
Your computer's sound card may work fine in most cases, but most likely is not designed to handle the high-definition audio needed in music production. An audio interface is usually in the form of a small box, and is basically a powerful external sound card that allows you to perfectly handle audio outputs and inputs with a much higher quality.
An audio interface gives you a cleaner signal, and allows you to use and connect microphones or real instruments to record your tracks. If you are just starting out in this world, the sound card in your computer is sufficient, but the interface is necessary for more professional users.
We hope we have helped you understand a little about what an electronic music studio is, and what you need to make it work. We recommend you visit our culturasonora page, where you will find objective and in-depth reviews of the best stereos on the market.
|
<urn:uuid:364d850b-7d53-4266-83f3-6a0a76f8408f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://culturasonora.es/en/headphones-en/electronic-music-studio/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956987 | 1,680 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Sleep is often overlooked as a crucial aspect of our overall health and well-being. However, it plays a vital role in various physical and mental functions, impacting our daily lives in more ways than we might realize. This article will delve into the importance of sleep, its numerous benefits, and provide practical tips for improving your sleep quality.
The Importance of Sleep
- Physical Health
Sleep is essential for maintaining our physical health, as it allows the body to repair and rejuvenate itself. During sleep, our bodies undergo various processes, such as tissue growth and repair, immune system strengthening, and hormone regulation.
a. Tissue Growth and Repair
While we sleep, our bodies are hard at work repairing damaged tissues and promoting the growth of new cells. This process is particularly important for athletes and individuals who engage in regular physical activity, as it helps prevent injuries and aids in muscle recovery.
b. Immune System Strengthening
Adequate sleep is necessary for a robust immune system. During sleep, our bodies produce cytokines, proteins that help regulate the immune response. Inadequate sleep can compromise the immune system, making us more susceptible to infections and illnesses.
c. Hormone Regulation
Sleep plays a critical role in regulating various hormones, including growth hormone, cortisol, and insulin. Growth hormone promotes cell reproduction and regeneration, cortisol helps manage stress, and insulin regulates blood sugar levels. Disrupted sleep can lead to hormonal imbalances and associated health issues.
- Mental Health
Sleep is crucial for maintaining good mental health, as it impacts our mood, cognitive abilities, and overall brain function.
a. Mood Regulation
A lack of sleep can result in mood swings, irritability, and an increased risk of developing anxiety or depression. Consistently getting a good night’s sleep helps promote emotional stability and mental well-being.
b. Cognitive Abilities
Sleep is essential for optimal cognitive function, as it helps consolidate memories and enhance learning. Adequate sleep also improves focus, problem-solving skills, and decision-making abilities.
c. Brain Function
During sleep, the brain undergoes a process called glymphatic clearance, in which it eliminates waste products and toxins. This process helps maintain healthy brain function and may reduce the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Improving Sleep Quality
- Establish a Sleep Schedule
Creating a consistent sleep schedule, in which you go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, can help regulate your body’s internal clock and improve sleep quality.
- Create a Sleep-Inducing Environment
Design a sleep-friendly environment by ensuring your bedroom is dark, quiet, and at a comfortable temperature. Consider using blackout curtains, earplugs, or a white noise machine to minimize disruptions.
- Limit Exposure to Screens Before Bed
Exposure to blue light from screens can interfere with the production of the sleep hormone melatonin, making it harder to fall asleep. Limit screen time at least one hour before bedtime to improve sleep quality.
- Watch What You Consume
Avoid consuming large meals, caffeine, or alcohol close to bedtime, as they can disrupt sleep. Instead, opt for a light snack or calming herbal tea if you feel hungry.
- Incorporate Relaxation Techniques
Incorporating relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation, can help calm the mind and prepare your body for sleep.
- Get Regular Exercise
Regular physical activity can help regulate sleep patterns, reduce stress, and improve sleep quality. However, avoid engaging in intense exercise close to bedtime, as it may make it more difficult to fall asleep.
- Seek Professional Help if Necessary
If you continue to struggle with sleep despite implementing these strategies, consider seeking the help of a sleep specialist or healthcare professional. They can provide a thorough evaluation and recommend appropriate treatments for sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea or insomnia.
Sleep is a vital component of our overall health and well-being, impacting both our physical and mental health. Prioritizing and improving sleep quality can lead to numerous benefits, including enhanced cognitive function, emotional stability, and a stronger immune system. By implementing practical strategies such as establishing a sleep schedule, creating a sleep-inducing environment, and incorporating relaxation techniques, you can pave the way towards better sleep and a healthier, happier life. Don’t underestimate the power of sleep – it can truly transform your daily life and long-term health.
|
<urn:uuid:f393c4e1-1fe2-47c1-8773-084dedde1fc2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://customereviews.org/which-collagen-protein-is-most-effective-in-2023/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907805 | 924 | 3.796875 | 4 |
“Based on a true story. A team of African-American women provide NASA with important mathematical data needed to launch the program’s first successful space missions.”
Such a remarkable film that brings to life the history not only about NASA and the space race but also about three amazing women who were instrumental in the space race and the war on racism.
Taraji P. Henson plays Katherine Goble, African-American physicist and mathematician in the aeronautics space program. She plays this incredible woman who had to face not only racism but sexism in the space department as she fights to prove her worth to the program and that her smarts go beyond her gender and race. It was a remarkable performance that is important for the present because it is a film that fights and pushes against those boundaries. Continue reading “A Remarkable Piece of History | Review of ‘Hidden Figures’”
By Clara Moskowitz A huge new haul of planets has joined the tally of alien worlds discovered by NASA’s Kepler space telescope, scientists announced today. All of the new planets are members of multiplanet systems—stars with more than one orbiting satellite. Researchers used a new method for weeding out false signals from among the candidate planets found by Kepler, allowing them to add hundreds of … Continue reading Hundreds of New Exoplanets Validated by Kepler Telescope Team – Scientific American
By: Associated Press LOS ANGELES (AP) — There’s something lurking around distant and icy dwarf planet Pluto: a fifth moon. A team of scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope said Wednesday they have discovered the tiniest moon yet around Pluto. That brings the number of known moons to five. The mini-moon is estimated to be 6 to 15 miles across, smaller than the one that … Continue reading Hubble telescope spies fifth moon around Pluto
original article by Charles Q. Choi , SPACE.com Contributor Space.com It’s a real-life Tatooine. A spectacle made popular by the “Star Wars” saga — a planet with two suns — has now been confirmed in space for the first time, astronomers revealed. Scientists using NASA’s Kepler space telescope captured details of a giant planet in orbit around the pair of binary stars that make up … Continue reading Planet Like ‘Star Wars’ Tatooine Discovered Orbiting 2 Suns
original article courtesy of AFP A new site being explored by the Mars rover Opportunity has yielded soil samples unlike any examined before on the red planet and that appear more favorable for life, scientists said. Opportunity, the indefatigable robot that has been exploring Mars for seven and a half years, arrived three weeks ago at the edge of a 22 kilometer (13.6 mile) wide … Continue reading New Mars samples ‘unlike any seen before’
|
<urn:uuid:a4aaec19-14d7-448d-8a32-37b66eac6002>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://cynsworkshop.com/tag/nasa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925881 | 579 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The skin on your elbow is a unique and complex area of your body that provides protection, flexibility, and support for your arm. However, many people are unaware of the specific terminology used to describe the skin on their elbows. In this blog post, we will explore the different layers of skin on your elbow, the specific name for this area of skin, and its function.
Layers of Skin on Your Elbow
Before we dive into the specific name for the skin on your elbow, let’s take a closer look at the layers of skin that make up this area. Your skin is the largest organ of your body and comprises three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of your skin and is responsible for protecting your body from environmental factors such as UV radiation, chemicals, and microorganisms. The epidermis on your elbow is relatively thin and contains fewer layers of skin cells than other areas of your body.
Beneath the epidermis is the dermis, which is thicker and provides structural support for your skin. This layer contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and nerve endings. The dermis on your elbow is slightly thicker than the epidermis and contains more collagen and elastin fibers, which give your skin its elasticity and resilience.
Finally, the hypodermis is the deepest layer of your skin and is composed of fat and connective tissue. This layer provides insulation and acts as a shock absorber for your body.
What’s the Specific Name of the Skin on Your Elbow?
Now that we have a better understanding of the layers of skin on your elbow let’s explore the specific name for this area of skin. The skin on your elbow is called the “olecranon skin.” Generally, the skin at the elbow is known as “wenis”, “weenus”, or “Weenis” which is a word that has no medical meaning but is commonly used. The olecranon is the bony protrusion at the back of your elbow, and the skin that covers it is known as olecranon skin.
The olecranon skin is similar in structure to the skin on other parts of your body, but it may be a bit thicker and less flexible due to the underlying bone. The skin on your elbow is also subject to friction, pressure, and other forces that can cause it to become dry, cracked, or irritated.
What’s a Weenus? The Slang Definition and Origin
Have you ever heard the term “weenus” refer to the skin on the outside of your elbow? If so, you’re not alone. While the term is not widely recognized or accepted in formal settings, it remains a popular and lighthearted way for young people to refer to this area of their bodies.
Origin and Meaning
The term “weenus” first gained popularity as a slang term in the early 2000s on the television show “Friends.” According to the show’s writers, the term was created as a joke and was meant to combine the words “elbow” and “penis.” When pronounced quickly, “weenus” sounds similar to the slang term “penis,” but there is no evidence to suggest that the term has any actual connection to the male anatomy.
Since its appearance on “Friends,” the term “weenus” has become a popular slang term among teenagers and young adults. It is often used in a lighthearted and playful way, and some people even use it as a nickname for their friends or family members.
Read Also: Does smoking weed make your teeth yellow?
The Function of the Skin on Your Elbow
The skin on your elbow serves several important functions. Firstly, it protects the underlying tissues and bones from injury and infection. The skin on your elbow is also involved in regulating body temperature by sweating and releasing heat.
The skin on your elbow is also responsible for providing flexibility and support to your arm. The skin and underlying connective tissue allow your elbow to bend and move in different directions while maintaining stability and strength.
The skin on your elbow is a unique and complex area of your body that provides protection, flexibility, and support for your arm. It is composed of three layers of skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The specific name for the skin on your elbow is olecranon skin, and it serves several important functions, including protection, temperature regulation, and flexibility.
It is essential to take care of the skin on your elbow by keeping it moisturized, avoiding excessive friction or pressure, and protecting it from UV radiation. By doing so, you can maintain healthy, resilient, and flexible skin that supports your overall health and well-being.
|
<urn:uuid:d13f534e-b4c3-44de-8b0a-2d5c24028da3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://dailywebmagazine.com/what-is-the-skin-on-your-elbow-called/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960212 | 1,030 | 2.96875 | 3 |
A timeline created using h5p. The reference book used is Lev Tarasov – Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics.
A timeline created using h5p. The reference book used is Lev Tarasov – Basic Concepts of Quantum Mechanics.
Just trying out different H5P items. This item has a flower and hotspots indicating parts of the flower.
Click on the question marks to know more..
“But for one and the same body to fall eight feet and four feet in the same time is possible only in the case of instantaneous (discontinuous) motion; but observation shows us that the motion of a falling body occupies time, and less of it in covering a distance of four feet than of eight feet; therefore it is not true that its velocity increases in proportion to the space. (Salviati)
“A motion is said to be equally or uniformly accelerated when, starting from rest, its momentum receives equal increments in equal times. (Sargedo)
To this definition Salviati adds an assumption about inclined planes, this assumption is that for a given body, the increase in speed while moving down the planes of difference inclinations is equal to the height of the plane. This also includes the case if the body is dropped vertically down, it will still gain the same speed at end of the fall as it would gain from rolling on the incline This assumption makes the final speed independent on the profile of the incline. For example, in the figure below, the body falling along𝐶 → 𝐵, 𝐶 → 𝐷 and 𝐶 → 𝐴 will attain the same final speed.
This result is also proved via a thought experiment (though it might be feasible to do this experiment) for a pendulum. The pendulum rises to the height it was released from and not more.
After stating this theorem, Galileo then suggests the experimental verification of the theorem. of The actual apparatus that Galileo uses is an wooden inclined slope of following dimensions: length 12 cubits (≈ 5.5 m, 1 cubit ≈ 45.7 cm), width half-cubit and three-finger breadths thick . In this plank of wood, he creates a very smooth groove which is about a finger thick. (What was the thickness of Galileo’s fingers?) The incline of this plank are changed by lifting one end. A bronze ball is rolled in this groove and time taken for descent is noted.
“We repeated this experiment more than once in order to measure the time with an accuracy such that the deviation between two observations never exceeded one- tenth of a pulse-beat.
Then Galileo performed variations in the experiment by letting the ball go different lengths (not full) of the incline and “found that the spaces traversed were to each other as the squares of the times, and this was true for all inclinations of the plane”. Each variation was repeated hundreds of times so as to rule out any errors. Also, the fact that for different inclines the times of descent were in noted and were in agreement with the predictions.
Since there were no second resolution clocks to measure time, Galileo devised a method to measure time using water. This was not new, water clocks were used earlier also.
The basic idea was to the measure the amount of water that was collected from the start of the motion to its end. The water thus collected was weighed on a good balance.This weight of water was used as a measure of the time. A sort of calibration without actually measuring the quantity itself: “the differences and ratios of these weights gave us the differences and ratios of the times”
“You present these recondite matters with too much evidence and ease; this great facility makes them less appreciated than they would be had they been presented in a more abstruse manner. For, in my opinion, people esteem more lightly that knowledge which they acquire with so little labor than that acquired through long and obscure discussion. (Sargedo)
Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
Science education should move away from rote and memory based approach. Science in the schools should be done primarily with hands, and be supported by building conceptual structures based on this experience. Ideas of science need concrete experiential basis. But any such approach to change how science is taught and learnt in the schools will be unsuccessful if we do not change the assessments methods and techniques.
Assessment in education is a horcrux to improve the education. Unless you make changes in assessments types and methods, the large scale picture of education is not going to change. All the efforts towards “improving” education have largely failed precisely because of this. As Papert commented decades ago, the educational system acts like a living organism that wants to maintain status quo. Any change in the fundamental processes such as classroom discourse, or teacher professional development must be accompanied by equivalent changes in the assessment techniques. Failing that the reforms will hit a block and if successful, will be very limited than the original objective. This is why I say assessment is like a horcrux, change the assessment type and patterns, the other systemic changes will follow.
For example, the teachers have been for several decades now being fed (forced?) with the agenda of using constructivism as an approach in their classroom teaching. The teacher training curricula has chapters on this very idea, with Piaget and Vygotsky being the buzzwords. (Whether constructivism is the best approach to teaching and learning is another question to be pondered. The fact remains that most academics accept by default that constructivism is the only way forward for better education.) So after learning all these theories, when it comes to actual classroom, these theories don’t mean much particularly in later grades. Because none of our assessments, particularly in the all important, life-defining, board exams are not constructivist in nature. Conversely, they are exemplars of rote-memory based assessments, in which replicating from memory in a given time frame is the most crucial quality that a learner can possess. So where do all the constructivist approaches go in the case of board exams? Are these exams even oriented to handle the constructivism based learning approach? They are not, hence all such reforms are doomed to fail. I call such reforms in school education as cosmetic reforms as they only change the appearance (in a limited way, and for limited people) rather than changing the educational approaches.
cosmetic | kɒzˈmɛtɪk | adjective: affecting only the appearance of something rather than its substance:
At most such cosmetic reforms create employment opportunities for educational researchers like myself, who bask in glory of research outputs such reforms create. Most of such research do not lead to any changes to implementation, but remain insulated and experimental cases which may not be scalable. Here one such idea is presented, might be too theoretical or not be scalable but worth sharing with others.
3R approach to science education – Record, Research, Report
The 4Rs of education are crucial, this idea is specific to science education which can be applied to other forms of education as well. But here it is presented in the context of science education. The basic idea is on project based learning in which the learners record (collect the data), research (analyse the data) and report the data back to their peer group. The choosing of the projects has to be done carefully so that there are natural variations in the implementation by different learners. It definitely should not be cookbook type projects in which everyone gets the same answer. The research questions for the project are hence important and can be akin to renewable assessments of Wiley. At the end of it they must lead to creation of something of value and interest to the learner, peers and community at large. It might be challenging to design such assessments, but then we are trying to change the overall approach to science education, cosmetic changes won’t work!
Record: The data should be recorded providing details of how it was done, and if possible with access to raw data stored somewhere. Someone else might find that data useful. FAIR principles might of help to understand how’s and why’s of data sharing.
Research: Analyse the data in the light of research questions, also some exploratory data analysis could be done. This might be an individual or a group task. Also interesting would be to look at how the learners work with data sets that have been created by others by incorporating them in their own research questions. Tools for analysis can be varied, and will depend on the type of research questions that are asked. Statistical analysis is only one part of research.
Report: Science is a community based activity. Unless the data and findings from analysing it are shared with the peer community, it is not possible to call something science. The reporting might (should?) not be a research paper but should incrementally report the progress or any major Aha! moments. Such reporting will also help to create a history which the learner can see, and actually look at various aspects of learning. Reporting something might itself lead to learning about things, as writing is a higher form of cognitive activity. Reporting is also a form of error correcting mechanism, which might lead to deeper engagement with peers and the subject matter.
So a platform that is needed should suffice to cater to these three needs. And this is cyclical, with reporting leading to next questions, which need data to record -> research -> report -> record
Keeping these in mind I have created a logo for RRR which inherently describes a cyclical process of these three components. A learner sits in the centre, with an eye on a telescope like “r” for recording.
Logo idea for Record, Research, Report
A versio without text.
What is naïve realism you may ask? To put simply naïve realism is a belief that whatever you see with your senses is the reality. There is nothing more to reality than what your sense perceptions bring to you. It is a direct unmediated access to reality. There is no “interpretation” involved.
In philosophy of perception and philosophy of mind, naïve realism (also known as direct realism, perceptual realism, or common sense realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are. When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with indirect realism.Naïve Realism
To put this in other words, naïve realism fails to distinguish between the phenomenal and the physical object. That is to say, all there is to the world is how we perceive it, nothing more.
Bertrand Russel gave a one line proof of why naïve realism is false. And this is the topic of this post. Also, the proof has some implications for science education, hence the interest.
Naive realism leads to physics, and physics, if true, shows that naive realism is false. Therefore naive realism, if true, is false; therefore it is false.As quoted in Mary Henle – On the Distinction Between the Phenomenal and the Physical Object, John M. Nicholas (ed.), Images, Perception, and Knowledge, 187-193. (1977)
Henle in her rather short essay (quoted above) on this makes various philosophically oriented arguments to show that it is an easier position to defend when we make a distinction between the two.
But considering the “proof” of Russel, I would like to bring in evidence from science education which makes it even more compelling. There is a very rich body of literature on the theme of misconceptions or alternative conceptions among students and even teachers. Many of these arise simply because of a direct interpretation of events and objects around us.
Consider a simple example of Newton’s first law of motion.
In an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a force.
Now for the naïve realists this will never be possible, as they will never see an object going by itself without application of any force. In real world, friction will bring to halt bodies which are moving. Similar other examples from the misconceptions also do fit in this pattern. This is perhaps so because most of the science is counter-intuitive in nature. With our simple perception we can only do a limited science (perhaps create empirical laws). So one can perhaps say that learners with alternative conceptions hold naïve realist world-view (to some degree) and the role of science education is to change this.
In an earlier post, we had discussed proofs of the round shape of the Earth. This included some ancient and some modern proofs. There was, in general, a consensus that the shape of the Earth was spherical and not flat and the proofs were given since the time of ancient Greeks. Only in the middle ages, there seems to have been some doubt regarding the shape of the Earth. But amongst the learned people, there was never a doubt about the shape of the Earth. Counter-intuitive it may seem when you look at the near horizon, it is not that counter-intuitive. We can find direct proofs about it by looking around and observing keenly.
But the rotation of Earth proved to be a more difficult beast to tame and is highly counter-intuitive. Your daily experience does not tell you the Earth is rotating, rather intuition tells you that it is fixed and stationary. Though the idea of a moving Earth is not new, the general acceptance of the idea took a very long time. And even almost 350 years after Copernicus’ heliocentric model was accepted, a direct proof of Earth’s rotation was lacking. And this absence of definitive proof was not due to a lack of trying. Some of the greatest minds in science, mathematics and astronomy worked on this problem since Copernicus but were unable to solve it. This included likes of Galileo, Newton, Descartes, and host of incredibly talented mathematicians since the scientific revolution. Until Leon Foucaultin the mid-1800s provided not one but two direct proofs of the rotation of the Earth. In this series of posts, we will see how this happened.
When we say the movement of the Earth, we also have to distinguish between two motions that it has: first its motion about its orbit around the Sun, and second its rotational motion about its own axis. So what possible observational proofs or direct evidence will allow us to detect the two motions? In this post, we will explore how our ideas regarding these two motions of the Earth evolved over time and what type of proofs were given for and against it.
Even more, there was a simple geometrical fact directly opposed to the Earth’s annual motion around the Sun and there was nothing that could directly prove its diurnal rotation. (Mikhailov, 1975)
Let us consider the two components of Earth’s motion. The first is the movement around the Sun along the orbit. The simplest proof for this component of Earth’s motion is from the parallax that we can observe for distant stars. Parallax is the relative change in position of objects when they are viewed from different locations. The simplest example of this can be seen with our own eyes.
Straighten your hand, and hold your thumb out. Observe the thumb with both the eyes open. You will see your thumb at a specific location with respect to the background objects. Now close your left eye, and look at how the position of the thumb has changed with respect to the background objects. Now open the right eye, and close the left one. What we will see is a shift in the background of the thumb. This shift is related by simple geometry to the distance between our eyes, called the baseline in astronomical parlance. Thus even a distance of the order of a few centimetres causes parallax, then if it is assumed that Earth is moving around the Sun, it should definitely cause an observable parallax in the fixed stars. And this was precisely one of the major roadblock
Earth moving around an orbit raised mechanical objections that seemed even more serious in later ages; and it raised a great astronomical difficulty immediately. If the Earth moves in a vast orbit, the pattern of fixed stars should show parallax changes during the year. (Rogers, 1960)
The history of cosmic theories … may without exaggeration be called a history of collective obsessions and controlled schizophrenias.
– Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers
Though it is widely believed that Copernicus was the first to suggest a moving Earth, it is not the case. One of the earliest proponents of the rotating Earth was a Greek philosopher named Aristarchus. One of the books by Heath on Aristarchus is indeed titled Copernicus of Antiquity (Aristarchus of Samos). A longer version of the book is Aristarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. In his model of the cosmos, Aristarchus imagined the Sun at the centre and the Earth and other planets revolving around it. At the time it was proposed, it was not received well. There were philosophical and scientific reasons for rejecting the model.
First, let us look at the philosophical reasons. In ancient Greek cosmology, there was a clear and insurmountable distinction between the celestial and the terrestrial. The celestial order and bodies were believed to be perfect, as opposed to the imperfect terrestrial. After watching and recording the uninterrupted waltz of the sky over many millennia, it was believed that the heavens were unchangeable and perfect. The observations revealed that there are two types of “stars”. First the so-called “fixed stars” do not change their positions relative to each other. That is to say, their angular separation remains the same. They move together as a group across the sky. Imagination coupled with a group of stars led to the conceiving of constellations. Different civilizations imagined different heroes, animals, objects in the sky. They formed stories about the constellations. These became entwined with cultures and their myths.
The second type of stars did change their positions with respect to other “fixed stars”. That is to say, they changed their angular distances with “fixed stars”. These stars, the planets, came to be called as “wandering stars” as opposed to the “fixed stars”.
Ancient Greeks called these lights πλάνητες ἀστέρες (planētes asteres, “wandering stars”) or simply πλανῆται (planētai, “wanderers”),from which today’s word “planet” was derived.
So how does one make sense of these observations? For the fixed stars, the solution is simple and elegant. One observes the set of stars rising from the east and setting to the west. And this set of stars changes across the year (which can be evidenced by changing seasons around us). And this change was found to be cyclical. Year after year, with observations spanning centuries, we found that the stars seem to be embedded on inside of a sphere, and this sphere rotates at a constant speed. This “model” explains the observed phenomena of fixed stars very well.
The unchanging nature of this cyclical process observed, as opposed to the chaotic nature on Earth, perhaps led to the idea that celestial phenomena are perfect. Also, the religious notion of associating the heavens with gods, perhaps added to them being perfect. So, in the case of perfect unchanging heavens, the speeds of celestial bodies, as evidenced by observing the celestial sphere consisting of “fixed stars” was also to be constant. And since celestial objects were considered as perfect, the two geometrical objects that were regarded as perfect the sphere and the circle were included in the scheme of heavens. To explain the observation of motion of stars through the sky, their rising from the east and setting to the west, it was hypothesized that the stars are embedded on the inside of a sphere, and this sphere rotates at a constant speed. We being fixed on the Earth, observe this rotating sphere as the rising and setting of stars. This model of the world works perfectly and formed the template for explaining the “wandering stars” also.
These two ideas, namely celestial objects placed on a circle/sphere rotating with constant speed, formed the philosophical basis of Greek cosmology which would dominate the Western world for nearly two thousand years. And why would one consider the Earth to be stationary? This is perhaps because the idea is highly counter-intuitive. All our experience tells us that the Earth is stationary. The metaphors that we use like rock-solid refer to an idea of immovable and rigid Earth. Even speculating about movement of Earth, there is no need for something that is so obviously not there. But as the history of science shows us, most of the scientific ideas, with a few exceptions, are highly counter-intuitive. And that the Earth seems to move and rotate is one of the most counter-intuitive thing that we experience in nature.
The celestial observations were correlated with happenings on the Earth. One could, for example, predict seasons as per the rising of certain stars, as was done by ancient Egyptians. Tables containing continuous observations of stars and planets covering several centuries were created and maintained by the Babylonian astronomers. It was this wealth of astronomical data, continuously covering several centuries, that became available to the ancient Greek astronomers as a result of Alexander’s conquest of Persia. Having such a wealth of data led to the formation of better theories, but with the two constraints of circles/spheres and constant speeds mentioned above.
With this background, next, we will consider the progress in these ideas.
A stabilised image of the Milky Way as seen from a moving Earth.
This is a nice article whicH I have reposted from AEON…
Each semester, I teach courses on the philosophy of science to undergraduates at the University of New Hampshire. Most of the students take my courses to satisfy general education requirements, and most of them have never taken a philosophy class before.
On the first day of the semester, I try to give them an impression of what the philosophy of science is about. I begin by explaining to them that philosophy addresses issues that can’t be settled by facts alone, and that the philosophy of science is the application of this approach to the domain of science. After this, I explain some concepts that will be central to the course: induction, evidence, and method in scientific enquiry. I tell them that science proceeds by induction, the practices of drawing on past observations to make general claims about what has not yet been observed, but that philosophers see induction as inadequately justified, and therefore problematic for science. I then touch on the difficulty of deciding which evidence fits which hypothesis uniquely, and why getting this right is vital for any scientific research. I let them know that ‘the scientific method’ is not singular and straightforward, and that there are basic disputes about what scientific methodology should look like. Lastly, I stress that although these issues are ‘philosophical’, they nevertheless have real consequences for how science is done.
At this point, I’m often asked questions such as: ‘What are your qualifications?’ ‘Which school did you attend?’ and ‘Are you a scientist?’
Perhaps they ask these questions because, as a female philosopher of Jamaican extraction, I embody an unfamiliar cluster of identities, and they are curious about me. I’m sure that’s partly right, but I think that there’s more to it, because I’ve observed a similar pattern in a philosophy of science course taught by a more stereotypical professor. As a graduate student at Cornell University in New York, I served as a teaching assistant for a course on human nature and evolution. The professor who taught it made a very different physical impression than I do. He was white, male, bearded and in his 60s – the very image of academic authority. But students were skeptical of his views about science, because, as some said, disapprovingly: ‘He isn’t a scientist.’
I think that these responses have to do with concerns about the value of philosophy compared with that of science. It is no wonder that some of my students are doubtful that philosophers have anything useful to say about science. They are aware that prominent scientists have stated publicly that philosophy is irrelevant to science, if not utterly worthless and anachronistic. They know that STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education is accorded vastly greater importance than anything that the humanities have to offer.
Many of the young people who attend my classes think that philosophy is a fuzzy discipline that’s concerned only with matters of opinion, whereas science is in the business of discovering facts, delivering proofs, and disseminating objective truths. Furthermore, many of them believe that scientists can answer philosophical questions, but philosophers have no business weighing in on scientific ones.
Why do college students so often treat philosophy as wholly distinct from and subordinate to science? In my experience, four reasons stand out.
One has to do with a lack of historical awareness. College students tend to think that departmental divisions mirror sharp divisions in the world, and so they cannot appreciate that philosophy and science, as well as the purported divide between them, are dynamic human creations. Some of the subjects that are now labelled ‘science’ once fell under different headings. Physics, the most secure of the sciences, was once the purview of ‘natural philosophy’. And music was once at home in the faculty of mathematics. The scope of science has both narrowed and broadened, depending on the time and place and cultural contexts where it was practised.
Another reason has to do with concrete results. Science solves real-world problems. It gives us technology: things that we can touch, see and use. It gives us vaccines, GMO crops, and painkillers. Philosophy doesn’t seem, to the students, to have any tangibles to show. But, to the contrary, philosophical tangibles are many: Albert Einstein’s philosophical thought experiments made Cassini possible. Aristotle’s logic is the basis for computer science, which gave us laptops and smartphones. And philosophers’ work on the mind-body problem set the stage for the emergence of neuropsychology and therefore brain-imagining technology. Philosophy has always been quietly at work in the background of science.
A third reason has to do with concerns about truth, objectivity and bias. Science, students insist, is purely objective, and anyone who challenges that view must be misguided. A person is not deemed to be objective if she approaches her research with a set of background assumptions. Instead, she’s ‘ideological’. But all of us are ‘biased’ and our biases fuel the creative work of science. This issue can be difficult to address, because a naive conception of objectivity is so ingrained in the popular image of what science is. To approach it, I invite students to look at something nearby without any presuppositions. I then ask them to tell me what they see. They pause… and then recognise that they can’t interpret their experiences without drawing on prior ideas. Once they notice this, the idea that it can be appropriate to ask questions about objectivity in science ceases to be so strange.
The fourth source of students’ discomfort comes from what they take science education to be. One gets the impression that they think of science as mainly itemising the things that exist – ‘the facts’ – and of science education as teaching them what these facts are. I don’t conform to these expectations. But as a philosopher, I am mainly concerned with how these facts get selected and interpreted, why some are regarded as more significant than others, the ways in which facts are infused with presuppositions, and so on.
Students often respond to these concerns by stating impatiently that facts are facts. But to say that a thing is identical to itself is not to say anything interesting about it. What students mean to say by ‘facts are facts’ is that once we have ‘the facts’ there is no room for interpretation or disagreement.
Why do they think this way? It’s not because this is the way that science is practised but rather, because this is how science is normally taught. There are a daunting number of facts and procedures that students must master if they are to become scientifically literate, and they have only a limited amount of time in which to learn them. Scientists must design their courses to keep up with rapidly expanding empirical knowledge, and they do not have the leisure of devoting hours of class-time to questions that they probably are not trained to address. The unintended consequence is that students often come away from their classes without being aware that philosophical questions are relevant to scientific theory and practice.
But things don’t have to be this way. If the right educational platform is laid, philosophers like me will not have to work against the wind to convince our students that we have something important to say about science. For this we need assistance from our scientist colleagues, whom students see as the only legitimate purveyors of scientific knowledge. I propose an explicit division of labour. Our scientist colleagues should continue to teach the fundamentals of science, but they can help by making clear to their students that science brims with important conceptual, interpretative, methodological and ethical issues that philosophers are uniquely situated to address, and that far from being irrelevant to science, philosophical matters lie at its heart.
Subrena E Smith
This article was originally published at Aeon and has been republished under Creative Commons.
The single most striking feature of this [science] education is that, to an extent wholly unknown in other fields, it is conducted entirely through textbooks. Typically, undergraduate and graduate students of chemistry, physics, astronomy, geology, or biology acquire the substance of their fields from books written especially for students.
Thomas Kuhn The Essential Tension
Here Kuhn is trying to show us the nature of science education which is usually divergent from the historical processes and events which led to the currently accepted theories. Most of the textbooks rather show the content matter which makes sense conceptually in a rationally organised manner. Of course, the ideal goal, at least in the physical sciences, is to create a hypothetico-deductive model in which a given theory, its predictions, explanations and implications can be derived from some basic definitions and axioms. For example, an introductory text on motion in physics usually starts with definitions and assumptions usually of a mass point, and/or operations that are defined on it. The text does not describe the historical conditions in which this conceptual approach arose, rather it adapts a very pragmatic pedagogical approach. It defines the term and ends it there, but in this process, it redefines the conceptual history. This approach assumes that there is no pedagogical merit or role in introducing a concept in its historical context. This perhaps is also linked to Poppers distinction of the context of discovery and the context of justification. What we see is a rational reconstruction of historical processes to make sense of them in a straightforward manner.
What are the worst possible ways of approaching the textbooks for teaching science? In his book Science Teaching: The Role of History and Philosophy of Science pedagogue Michael Matthews quotes (p. 51) Kenealy in this matter. Many of the textbooks of science would fall in this categorisation. The emphasis lays squarely on the content part, and that too memorized testing of it.
Kenealy characterizes the worst science texts as ones which “attempt to spraypaint their readers with an enormous amount of ‘scientific facts,’ and then test the readers’ memory recall.” He goes on to observe that:
Reading such a book is much like confronting a psychology experiment which is testing recall of a random list of nonsense words. In fact, the experience is often worse than that, because the book is a presentation that purports to make sense, but is missing so many key elements needed to understand how human beings could ever reason to such bizarre things, that the reader often blames herself or himself and feels “stupid,” and that science is only for special people who can think “that way” … such books and courses have lost a sense of coherence, a sense of plot, a sense of building to a climax, a sense of resolution. (Kenealy 1989, p. 215)
What kind of pedagogical imagination and theories will lead to the textbooks which have a complete emphasis on the “facts of science”? This pedagogical imagination also intimately linked to the kind of assessments that we will be using to test the “learning”. Now if we are satisfied by assessing our children by their ability to recall definitions and facts and derivations and being able to reproduce them in writing (handwriting) in a limited time then this is the kind of syllabus that we will end up with. Is it a wonder if students are found to be full of misconceptions or don’t even have basic ideas about science, its nature and methods being correct? What is surprising, at least for me, that even in such a situation learning still happens! Students still get some ideas right if not all.
A curriculum which does not see a point in assessing concepts has no right to lament at students not being able to understand them or lacking conceptual understanding. As Position Paper on Teaching of Science in NCF 2005 remarks
‘What is not assessed at the Board examination is never taught’
So, if the assessment is not at a conceptual level why should the students ever spend their time on understanding concepts? What good will it bring them in a system where a single mark can decide your future?
In this post, we explore some of the evidence for proving that the Earth is indeed spherical in shape (if not a perfect one), and not a flat one. Though in the current age we can all point to the images of Earth taken from space (like the one shown below)
In the age of satellites is easy for us to dismiss the doubting minds who think that the Earth is not flat. But this was always not so. Apart from the evidence from the space age, people in the past had good evidence and arguments for believing that the Earth was indeed spherical in shape and not flat or any other shape. Somehow this misconception that all ancient people considered that the Earth was flat, was generated in nineteenth-century science books.
It is commonly believed that people till very recently believed that the Earth is flat and that some European explorers, by circumnavigating the Earth, proved that it was round. But this is not correct. Ancient Greeks already knew about the spherical shape of the Earth, and it forms the basis of many cosmological models that they built. This, in turn, had implications for the philosophical worldview of the ancient
Aristotle presents us with one of the first evidence for the roundedness of the Earth. For the ancient Greeks, the circle and the sphere presented the perfect form in nature. This was also tied to their worldview in which the celestial and terrestrial was demarcated from each other. The celestial bodies, which included the planets and stars were supposed to be perfect. There were seven planets known to the ancients, which included the Sun and the Moon. The planets were supposed to be spherical themselves revolving with a constant speed in circular orbits around the Earth. One of the core assumptions was that the heavens are unchangeable. So anything that was considered celestial was by definition (a) perfect (spherical or circular), (b) unchangeable (constant). So any mechanism that explained celestial phenomenon had to include these two concepts.
The cosmology of the ancient Greeks then was built upon these basic assumptions which were non-negotiable for them. This lead to the formation of various models based on the basic theme of a fixed Earth and planets on circular orbits moving constant speeds. Due to these assumptions and also due to some observed phenomena, led to the conclusion that Earth should also be indeed spherical.
Let us look at the arguments given by Aristotle in this regard. This is from Book II of On the Heavens.
The shape of the heaven is of necessity spherical; for that is the shape most appropriate to its substance and also by nature primary.
With regard to the shape of each star, the most reasonable view is that they are spherical. It has been shown that it is not in their nature to move themselves, and, since nature is no wanton or random creator, clearly she will have given things which possess no movement a shape particularly unadapted to movement. Such a shape is the sphere, since it possesses no instrument of movement. Clearly then their mass will have the form of a sphere. Again, what holds of one holds of all, and the evidence of our eyes shows us that the moon is spherical. For how else should the moon as it waxes and wanes show for the most part a crescent-shaped or gibbous figure, and only at one moment a half-moon? And astronomical arguments give further confirmation; for no other hypothesis accounts for the crescent shape of the sun’s eclipses. One, then, of the heavenly bodies being spherical, clearly the rest will be spherical also.
In Part 13 of the book Aristotle talks about the shape of the Earth.
There are similar disputes about the shape of the earth. Some think it is spherical, others that it is flat and drum-shaped. For evidence they bring the fact that, as the sun rises and sets, the part concealed by the earth shows a straight and not a curved edge, whereas if the earth were spherical the line of section would have to be circular. In this they leave out of account the great distance of the sun from the earth and the great size of the circumference, which, seen from a distance on these apparently small circles appears straight. Such an appearance ought not to make them doubt the circular shape of the earth. But they have another argument. They say that because it is at rest, the earth must necessarily have this shape. For there are many different ways in which the movement or rest of the earth has been conceived.
Here we see the cognisance of the fact that the curvature tends to be linear when see it is too large. Aristotle then goes on to discard the ideas by Anaximenes, Anaxogoras and Democritus who claim that flatness of the Earth is responsible for it being still. He argues, even a spherical Earth can remain at rest. The Earth being at rest and it being spherical are related. In Part 14 he takes this discussion further. The first argument uses the symmetry of weight distribution.
Its shape must necessarily be spherical. For every portion of earth has weight until it reaches the centre, and the jostling of parts greater and smaller would bring about not a waved surface, but rather compression and convergence of part and part until the centre is reached.
He further argues using reasoning of additional weight distribution how a spherical Earth can still be
If the Earth was generated, then, it must have been formed in this way, and so clearly its generation was spherical; and if it is ungenerated and has remained so always, its character must be that which the initial generation, if it had occurred, would have given it. But the spherical shape, necessitated by this argument, follows also from the fact that the motions of heavy bodies always make equal angles, and are not parallel. This would be the natural form of movement towards what is naturally spherical. Either then the earth is spherical or it is at least naturally spherical.
After this, he looks at evidence from lunar eclipses to reason that Earth is indeed spherical.
The evidence of the senses further corroborates this. How else would eclipses of the moon show segments shaped as we see them? As it is, the shapes which the moon itself each month shows are of every kind straight, gibbous, and concave-but in eclipses the outline is always curved: and, since it is the interposition of the earth that makes the eclipse, the form of this line will be caused by the form of the earth’s surface, which is therefore spherical.
Finally Aristotle takes into account the fact that stars change their positions in the sky relative to the horizon when we move to North or South, indicating that we are indeed on a spherical surface. This will not happen on a flat surface.
Again, our observations of the stars make it evident, not only that the earth is circular, but also that it is a circle of no great size. For quite a small change of position to south or north causes a manifest alteration of the horizon. There is much change, I mean, in the stars which are overhead, and the stars seen are different, as one moves northward or southward. Indeed there are some stars seen in Egypt and in the neighbourhood of Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions; and stars, which in the north are never beyond the range of observation, in those regions rise and set. All of which goes to show not only that the earth is circular in shape, but also that it is a sphere of no great size: for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent.
Another evidence which can be seen since antiquity is that the masts of the ships on ocean became visible first on the horizon, the ship appear later. This can be simply explained by assuming that the surface of the ocean is curved too.
Thus we have seen the ancient evidence for a spherical Earth. It was well known and well established fact, both theoretically and empirically.
All About The Telescope – P. Klushantsev
A Book About Stars and Planets – Y. Levitan
Physics for The Inquiring Mind – Eric Rogers.
|
<urn:uuid:31b5cb79-f86b-44db-a8b9-0dee44174b75>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://damitr.org/category/science-education/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966163 | 8,716 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Every four years, the winner of the United States presidential election is sworn into office on January 20.
The date is commonly referred to as Inauguration Day and is landmark day in global politics. The winner of the past November’s presidential election takes the traditional oath of office which is written in to the U.S. Constitution.
Some details of the U.S. election process may be difficult for children to understand. One day, our children will be voters making it important that they have a basic understanding the U.S. political structure as they develop.
Here are some important notes on the basics of the U.S. election process and inauguration to share with your children.
Each person in the United States gets to vote in an election each November that decides all of the individuals that make up the local and national government. Every four years, there is a vote for the President of the United States of America, the leader of our country.
Because some states are bigger and have more people than others, the Electoral College helps determine the winner of the presidential election. Each state gets a number of votes; the bigger the state, the more votes they get. The nominee that gets more votes from the electoral college is the winner.
After a winner is chose, the winner spends about two months picking their cabinet, which are the people the President is going to work with for the next four years. After the cabinet members are picked, the President is sworn into office and officially begins their four-year team.
|
<urn:uuid:48ddcbb4-8554-4d32-a33a-a8ee400f81ee>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://dayearlylearning.org/blog/what-should-you-share-with-children-about-the-election-process/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974872 | 309 | 4.15625 | 4 |
Before reading this article, I recommend you read my blog on value. It will enhance your understanding of this material.
Terms you Should Understand
- Hue The meaning as color
- Pure Colors No other hue is added to the color, like black, white, or gray.
- Tint A tint is a pure color with white added to it.
- Tone A tone is a pure color with gray added to it.
- Shade A shade is a pure color with black added to it
- Primary Colors Using the Subtractive color model, the primary colors are Yellow, Red, and Blue.
- Secondary Colors are made from two different primary colors. They are Orange, Violet, and Green
- Tertiary Colors are made from primary and secondary hues. They are Yellow-Green, Yellow-Orange, Red-Orange, Red-Violet, Blue-Violet, and Blue-Green
Every color has a corresponding value. This concept is referred to as inherent value. Here is an example of the relationship between color and its' value. Next to each color tile is its' value. Notice how the green and red in this example have the same value. Often, when people first see the inherent value of pure colors for the first time, they are surprised at how dark the values are.
Notice how the hues of red and green have the same inherent value.
Knowing the inherent value is essential for designers and artists. For example, if you design a piece with similar values, which is then duplicated in grayscale, you can end up with a blob of gray! The red poinsettias in the photo below are striking but lose clarity when the color is stripped away.
Saturation & Desaturation
Saturation (or pureness) is the intensity and purity of a hue. Another way to think about this is the brightness or dullness of a color. As color becomes grayer, it is referred to as desaturated.
In the example above, the pure color is on the far left. As you progress to the right, the color progressively becomes desaturated.
The color wheel showing the complementary colors of violet and yellow.
Complementary & Color Contrasts
Leonardo de Vinci was the first to develop the concept of complementary colors. Complementary colors are opposite one another on the color wheel and represent the highest form of contrast in color harmonies.
If you select equal valued and saturated complementary colors, the hues can appear to vibrate—the vibration happens within the eye. Not everyone experiences color vibration, so don't worry if you don't experience it. But if you create a design and people tell you parts of it appear to be vibrating, believe them! Fixing it is a simple change. Change the value of one of the colors or the purity of a color, and then vibration should be eliminated.
Color affected by other colors
Each color is affected by the color surrounding it. So, if you want blue to appear bluer, surround it with its complementary color of orange. If you want a warm color to appear warmer, sound it by a cooler color. Afterimages also happen with color interaction, and yet we learn to tune them out. For more on this concept, read my blog on value.
Where the Eye Goes First
Any decent color theory book will tell you that warm colors advance and cool colors recede. This means we see warm colors before cool colors. Good information, and we will take this concept a step further.
The Physics of Colors
When working with warm and cool colors, remember that the first color the eye sees is yellow, then orange, red, yellow-green, green, blue, and then violet. This is physics, pure and simple, and happens so quickly the viewer is often unaware of it. Awareness of this concept while creating a design helps artists create visual movement.
Please note we are discussing colors used in print, paint, dyes, etc. We are not talking about color and light. For example, think about police car lights. The idea is that when in use, you need to see the lights, even on a sunny day at noon. This has much to do with the strobing light used in the light’s fixtures.
How to Make This Concept Work
To make this concept work there needs to be two things in place, purity, and value.
First let’s look at the purity. There needs to be a noticeable difference in the purity of the main color and the colors surrounding it.
The tile on the left is correctly demonstrating this concept. The main hue of blue is pure, and the surrounding color is a tint of purple; a very light hue at that. The right tile is not demonstrating this concept. The main hue is a tone of blue (it has gray mixed in it). The green surrounding the main color is pure.
The second part of this concept deals with value. There needs to be a noticeable difference between the value of the main color and the color surrounding it. In the upper left tile, there isn't enough difference in the value of the main color, pure yellow, and the surrounding color, a tint of yellow (a tint is a color with white added). The tile on the bottom left is the Inherent value of the top tile.
The upper right tile perfectly represents value working with the main color. The yellow stands out due to the dramatic value difference.
Saturation & Value Contrast Counts
Which colors appear to advance first?
Hands down, most people correctly select the yellow-green tile on the right. Let's analyze the brown tile on the left. This hue is a shade (a color plus black) of orange, as demonstrated in the screenshot below. As the eye sees orange before yellow-green, why did you see the yellow-green first? It has to do with the purity of the two colors. The yellow-green is pure, whereas the orange tile is not pure having black added to it to create a shade.
Second, the inherent value of the orange tile is very close to the inherent value of the color surrounding it. As you can see in the slide below, the inherent value of the yellow-green tile has a noticeable difference between its value and the value of the color surrounding it.
High Color Contrast & Value
You can have high color contrast and high contrast value. Both high color contrast and high contrast value have a lot of movement/energy. The example on the left has high color contrast. On the right is the same example converted to grayscale, showing it has high contrast value too.
As we have seen the Ed Paschke painting, below, in the value article, a piece can have high color contrast and not have high contrast value. The color is high color contrast, but the value is low-key.
Caliente, by Ed Paschke, 1985 (The Art Institue of Chicago)
Making yellow-green warm or cool
In the value blog, I discuss afterimages and how colors affect the colors surrounding them. I also discuss warm colors and cool colors. Let's revisit those concepts with the color yellow-green.
Yellow-green is a tertiary color meaning a color made from combining primary and secondary colors. Tertiary colors behave like a warm or a cool color depending on the type of color(s) surrounding it. We will concentrate on the tertiary color yellow-green because it is in the middle of the high color contrast color spectrum.
To make yellow-green appear warm, place a cooler color around it, such as green, blue, or violet.
To make yellow-green appear cooler, place a warmer color around it, such as yellow, orange, or red.
Why does this work?
When a warmer color surrounds yellow-green, the surrounding colors push the green forward (in the yellow-green). When a cooler color surrounds yellow-green, the surrounding colors push the yellow forward (in the yellow-green). This concept works with other tertiary colors to varying degrees.
Why are these concepts important?
How can these concepts work to the designer's advantage? Let's say you need some text to stand out from the rest of the layout. Using a warm, pure color on the text and placing the text on a background with high contrast value from the text hue will automatically draw the viewer's eye to the text first. For an added effect, the background color should be a cool hue.
Here are some examples of how artists have used this concept to their advantage. The work we are looking at was created in the early 20th century. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, color theory quickly developed while incorporating science.
When looking at this work, don't underestimate what these artists were doing. They broke with the long-standing traditions of color used for centuries before their creation. The Impressionists, prominent during the 1870s and 1880s, were the first artists to embrace color theory and science.
Used in the Fine Arts
Leon Kroll created a circular flow based on color placement and value (below). Your eye comes in at the yellow and orange fruit. It then travels up the left, red curtain. Next, the eye travels to the opposite red curtain via the snowy, white rooftops (Value). Last, the viewer is led back to the fruit bowl down the right, the red curtain.
Notice how Kroll stops the yellow buildings with violet buildings from popping in front of the fruit and curtains by using lowing the saturations of those hues.
City Window Series: Still Life with Fruit, by Leon Kroll, 1920 (Museum of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg)
The painting below is by Franz Marc. By flooding the picture plane with a sea of yellow and supporting it with predominately warm hues, Marc successfully makes the viewer read the cool colors as highlights. He creates a spiral flow by using the green in the background, through the blue tail, into the horse's mane.
Horse in a Landscape, by Franz Marc, 1910 (Folkwang Museum)
|
<urn:uuid:fd98919a-8994-4499-87eb-dbbd2d9752e6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://dianestaver.com/blogs/news/working-with-warm-cool-colors
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925203 | 2,084 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) facilitates analysis and prediction of the variability and changes in the Earth system in order to make the results available for practical applications with societal relevance. The focus is on the predictability of climatic changes and the assessment of human influence on the climate.
WCRP organizes meetings, workshops and conferences to coordinate and strengthen climate research. WCRP committees, working groups and projects develop the research agenda and mobilize the research community for relevant activities, supported by a secretariat, the Joint Planning Staff (JPS). The "Joint Scientific Committee (JSC)" is responsible for the scientific leadership of the programme. It meets once a year and is composed of scientists selected by mutual agreement between the three sponsoring organizations: the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the International Science Council (ISC) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO).
|
<urn:uuid:acf275e2-103b-4d66-b875-e9d884379527>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://dkn-future-earth.de/about_us/wcrp/index.php.en
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883237 | 184 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Not infrequently, I will be asked to put a label on a problem behavior. The spouse of a client will ask, “Does he have an addiction?” Or a client I am working with will say something along the lines of, “I drink too much but I don’t think I am an alcoholic…do you think I’m an alcoholic?” Maybe you or your partner is struggling with a similar question. You know there is a problem but you don’t know how to classify it, what to call it.
This confusion is understandable because addictive behavior, which is the general term I use to refer to all problem behaviors, resides on a continuum. Figure 2 is one way of measuring and understanding the severity of a problem behavior. As you can see the continuum has a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the least severe and 10 being best the most. Severity is measured in terms of the intensity of urges (“How badly do I crave the behavior?”), compulsivity (“How much control do I have over the behavior?), negative consequences (“What is the cost of my behavior?), and withdrawal symptoms (“What happens to me physically and mentally when I try to stop?”). All four of these domains become progressively worse as you move down the continuum and get closer to 10.
Bad Habits, Addictive Behaviors, Addiction
Beginning on the left side of continuum, we are in the realm of bad habits. A bad habit might be spending too much time on Facebook when really you should be working or spending more time with those who are physically present. It is considered a negative behavior but you don’t experience cravings to look at Facebook. And the negative fallout from the habit is minimal. Once in a while your spouse gets mildly irritated and occasionally it interferes with your productivity at work. What you do know with a high degree of confidence is that if you made it a priority you could stop. It’s a bad habit that lives in the 0 to 3 range.
As you move down the continuum the equation begins to change. You leave the domain of bad habits and graduate to addictive behavior which is a behavior that lands on the scale between 4 and 7. The urges intensify and you find it harder and harder to control your behavior. The negative impact to different areas of your life also becomes apparent. Once you pass 7 and enter the far right side of the continuum you have arrived at full-fledged addiction. At this point your whole life becomes consumed and negatively affected by the destructive behavior. Even though a part of you may think you can stop or control your behavior, you have lost control. You are dependent on the “fix.” The dependency could be physiological or psychological or both. Regardless, in the 7 to 10 range there is some sort of backlash when you try to go without. If you are hooked on pain pills or alcohol, the withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening. In other cases where it is not as physiologically loaded, abstinence can result in sleepless nights, increased stress and emotional dysregulation. You will often see these symptoms in the sex addict who is in the initial days of recovery.
The Two-Screen Method® (TSM), which you were introduced to in an earlier blog (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3FEMbMXv6Q) is designed to help people overcome addictive urges and behaviors at all levels of severity. This is true even for more serious addictions, with one important disclaimer. If your problem has reached the level of an addiction (around 7 on our scale), it’s unlikely that you can break free on your own. Someone struggling with a bad habit or even an addictive behavior in the 5 to 6 range often has the capacity to change on his or her own. This is rarely the case with addictions. With addictions you need to be surrounded by a supportive community that understands the challenges you are facing and is dedicated to your sobriety. TSM can play an important role in the recovery process but it should be embedded in a larger treatment structure that has built-in safeguards and accountability.
|
<urn:uuid:3f2f344c-cd4c-4e72-9374-0af11b096579>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://drsymington.com/is-it-an-addiction-or-just-a-bad-habit/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956258 | 862 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Home Web Development Services Web Design Web Development Content Management Systems E-Commerce Development
Category : Web Design | Sub Category : Graphic Design Posted on 2023-07-07 21:24:53
The Art of Harmonizing Web Design and Graphic Design
In the realm of web development, the harmonious blending of web design and graphic design plays a critical role in creating visually appealing and user-friendly websites. While web design focuses on the overall structure, layout, and functionality of a website, graphic design adds the much-desired visual appeal and emotional impact. In this blog post, we will explore the importance of web design and graphic design in creating an impactful digital presence.
The Power of Visual Communication
Visual communication is a powerful tool that allows us to convey ideas, emotions, and messages effectively. A well-executed graphic design within web design can elicit specific responses from users and create a memorable browsing experience. An attractive logo, eye-catching images, and captivating typography can make a website stand out from the competition and leave a lasting impression on visitors.
Creating a Cohesive User Experience
When web design and graphic design work in harmony, they create a seamless and cohesive user experience. Visual consistency throughout the website enhances user engagement and ensures that visitors can easily navigate and locate desired information. A consistent color scheme, font selection, and imagery enhance the website's overall identity and foster trust in the brand.
The Role of Typography
Typography is a crucial aspect of both web and graphic design. Choosing the right typeface and font size can greatly impact the user's reading experience. In web design, it is essential to balance aesthetics with legibility. Typography should be easily readable across different screen sizes and devices to ensure a pleasant browsing experience for all users.
Responsive Design for All Devices
With the proliferation of mobile devices, responsive design has become indispensable. A responsive website adapts to different screen sizes and resolutions, providing an optimized experience for users no matter what device they use. Graphic design plays a significant role in creating visually appealing and user-friendly interfaces that seamlessly adjust to various devices.
Visual Hierarchy and User Flow
Both web design and graphic design contribute to establishing a visually appealing visual hierarchy and user flow. Through thoughtful use of colors, typography, and placement, designers can guide users through the website, ensuring that they follow the intended path and reach their desired goals. The strategic placement of call-to-action buttons, clear navigation menus, and easily readable content contributes to an intuitive and positive user experience.
In the world of web design, graphic design plays a vital role in creating visually captivating websites that engage users and communicate the desired message effectively. The harmonious blend of these two disciplines creates a cohesive and memorable user experience. By paying attention to visual consistency, typography, responsive design, and user flow, designers can create impactful websites that leave a lasting impression on visitors. Working with skilled professionals who understand the marriage between web design and graphic design is crucial for any business seeking to establish a strong digital presence.
|
<urn:uuid:d19d973f-a03f-4eaf-b73e-1f1e4313b33e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://edjeshopping.com/web-design-graphic-design
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.870681 | 621 | 2.578125 | 3 |
2020-02-20Zeitschriftenartikel DOI: 10.1111/geb.13056
Species–area relationships on small islands differ among plant growth forms
Aim: We tested whether species–area relationships of small islands differ among plant growth forms and whether this influences the prevalence of the small-island effect (SIE). The SIE states that species richness on small islands is independent of island area or relates to area in a different way compared with larger islands. We investigated whether island isolation affects the limits of the SIE and which environmental factors drive species richness on small islands. Location: Seven hundred islands (< 100 km2) worldwide belonging to 17 archipelagos. Major taxa studied: Angiosperms. Methods: We applied linear and breakpoint species–area models for angiosperm species richness and for herb, shrub and tree species richness per archipelago separately, to test for the existence of SIEs. For archipelagos featuring the SIE, we calculated the island area at which the breakpoints occurred (breakpoint area) and used linear models to test whether the breakpoint areas varied with isolation. We used linear mixed-effect models to discern the effects of seven environmental variables related to island area, isolation and other environmental factors on the species richness of each growth form for islands smaller than the breakpoint area. Results: For 71% of all archipelagos, we found an SIE for total and herb species richness, and for 59% for shrub species richness and 53% for tree species richness. Shrub and tree species richness showed larger breakpoint areas than total and herb species richness. The breakpoint area was significantly positively affected by the isolation of islands within an archipelago for total and shrub species richness. Species richness on islands within the range of the SIE was differentially affected by environmental factors across growth forms. Main conclusion: The SIE is a widespread phenomenon that is more complex than generally described. Different functional groups have different environmental requirements that shape their biogeographical patterns and affect species–area and, more generally, richness–environment relationships. The complexity of these patterns cannot be revealed when measuring overall plant species richness.
|
<urn:uuid:4816e967-e94d-470d-bcaf-917c1779cca7>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/25681
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907313 | 446 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Temple of Philae, located on a peaceful island and devoted to the goddess of love, is a holy place that has astonished tourists since the first Nile cruises left Cairo, and is one of Egypt’s most important monument sites.
The Philae Temple was originally built on the island of Philae, which in Ancient Egyptian meant “the end.” It was one of the last temples dedicated to the cult of Isis, who was worshipped for reviving her husband Osiris after his brother Seth murdered and dismembered him.
In this post, we’ll provide a comprehensive travel guide to the Temple of Philae to help you make sense of the most prominent tourist attractions in the Aswan area.
So let’s get started!
Who is isis?
Isis was the daughter of the earth god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as the sister of Osiris, Seth, and Nephthys. She was the sister and wife of Osiris, the deity of the underworld. It is believed that she and Osiris were in love even when she was still in the womb. Isis was also the mother of Horus, the pharaoh’s protector.
Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs were based heavily on the Great Mother Isis, the goddess of magic and healing. Today, the world recognizes her by her Greek name, Isis. The ancient Egyptians, on the other hand, referred to her as Aset. Her name literally translates to “Queen of the Throne,” and her headdress, which resembles a throne, reflects this.
Because she had so many different powers, Isis was worshipped by the ancient Egyptians. She was the guardian of women as well as the bearer of magic. Isis began as a subordinate figure to her husband Osiris, but she evolved into the Queen of the Universe and the personification of cosmic order after thousands of years of worship. By the Roman period, she was thought to have the power of fate itself.
According to a Greek myth, Osiris was killed or drowned by Seth, who ripped his body into 14 pieces and threw them across Egypt. Isis and her sister Nephthys eventually recovered and buried all of the pieces except the phallus, reviving Osiris, who remained in the underworld as a judge and a ruler. His son Horus defeated Seth, avenging Osiris and becoming the new ruler of Egypt.
Where is The Philae Temple of Isis Located?
The Philae Temple is located in “The Nubian City,” one of Aswan’s most famous monumental sites. It was a rocky island known in Hieroglyphics as “Apo,” which means “Ivory.” It is located on Aglika Island, 12 kilometres south of Aswan, downstream of the Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser. It was originally placed near the vast first cataract of the Nile in Upper Egypt, but it was relocated as part of the UNESCO Nubia Campaign project to nearby Agilkia Island. It was a sacred location as an old pilgrimage center for the religion of Isiscentre.
When was The Temple of Philae Built?
Built during the reign of Ptolemy II (Egypt’s Greco-Roman Period), the island was originally dedicated to the goddess Isis. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (reigned 285-246 BCE) and his successor, Ptolemy III Euergetes, finished the Temple of Philae complex of temples (reigned 246–221 BCE). Its decorations, which date from the reigns of the Ptolemies and the Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius (27 BCE–37 CE), were never finished. Hadrian (reigned 117–138 CE) constructed a gate to the west of the complex. Other smaller temples or shrines devoted to Egyptian gods include Hathor’s temple, Imhotep’s temple, and chapels dedicated to Osiris, Horus, and Nephthys.
The Design and Layout of the Temple of Philae
Philae Temple From the Outside
One entryway to the Philae Temple is through the first pylon. The Birth House, located on the western side of the forecourt, was devoted to Hathor and Isis in honour of the birth of her son, Horus. It is surrounded by colonnades. The second pylon is an impressive 32-meter-wide, 12-meter-high gateway. The foundations of a small chapel stand in front of it. There are some fading Christian artworks as well.
A Look Inside the Philae Temple
The first chamber of the temple contains eight columns divided from the court by screens. Many Coptic symbols and Greek inscriptions can be found inside this room, revealing the temple’s transformation into a Christian site under the rule of Bishop Theodore during the Byzantine period. Above the gate, there is an inscription commemorating the 1841 archaeological expedition to Philae.
The top relief on the south wall above the door depicts Horus seated on a bench, with Nephthys and Isis offering the crowns of Lower and Upper Egypt. To the left of the door, there are incomplete obelisks depicting the king giving land grants. On the right, there is an incredible relief depicting the Nile’s origins.
The Sanctuary House of Isis
The Sanctuary House may be reached after passing through various antechambers. To the left of the first antechamber, there is a small room with reliefs of the king in the presence of Isis, but on the west side of the room, there is a door that goes out of the temple to the Gateway of Hadrian.
The Philae Temple In Danger
With the construction of the new Aswan dam (1960-1970), which drowned the area, the temple was at risk of being submerged forever. Fortunately, due to the efforts of the Egyptian government and UNESCO, who worked together to pump the area dry, The Temple of Isis was painstakingly dismantled and relocated stone by stone (over 50.000 stones) to a nearby high island named Agilka, where it stands today.
Despite early Christian vandalism and flooding, the Temple of Isis remains one of Egypt’s most magnificent temples. The columns of its hypostyle hall are remarkably well-preserved, and reliefs like the sculptures of musical scenes in the Temple of Hathor have kept much of their original beauty.
Interesting Facts you Need to Know About The Philae Temple
- Philae Temple’s construction was completed about 690 A.D., making it the last of the ancient temples built in the classical Egyptian style. It was created to honour the goddess Isis and is an outstanding demonstration of a cult based on the story of Isis and Osiris.
- The temple of Philae was regarded as the most sacred of all the temples by both Egyptians and Nubians because God Osiris was buried on the island where the temple stood. Philae is only a few meters away from Biggeh, which was believed to be one of Osiris’ burial places and was thus greatly respected by Egyptians in ancient times. Because only priests could live or visit the island, it was called “the pure island” and “an unapproachable place.” It was also believed that birds would avoid flying over it and that fish would avoid swimming near its shores.
- For decades, the temple complex was the holiest place for Isis worshipers. It was formerly thought that the temple was formally closed down in the 6th century A.D. by the Byzantine emperor Justinian (527–556 AD) (Late in Justinian’s reign, the temple was converted into a church.), but a new study on the history of the Isis religion has revealed that the cult was still operating until the 9th century.
When travelling around Egypt, you come across a lot of hieroglyphs, but the ones in Philae stand out. The walls of Philae’s temples are covered in ancient hieroglyphs. They were the Ancient Egyptians’ last works to be written. Inscriptions in the exquisite pictorial alphabet, depicting the history of this civilization, may be found among the huge carvings of the gods of Ancient Egypt.
You Can Check Our Tour Packages to Aswan City to find out how the city is So Beautiful:
How to reach the Temple of Philae
The simplest way to get to the Philae temple is to take a taxi from Aswan. You’ll most certainly stay here while visiting the region, and the Temple of Philae is an excellent day trip from Aswan! It’s simply a few kilometres away and shouldn’t take more than 15 minutes to get there.
The cab will drop you off at the Philae Temple marina, where authorized boats will take you to Agilkia Island. Transportation there and back, including waiting time, will cost roughly 150 EGP for two individuals.
You’ll need at least 1–1.5 hours to explore the entire complex, so make sure to agree on this before you take the boat.
Admission and working hours
Regular visiting hours are 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. (from October to May) or 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. (from June to September). Adult admission is 50 EGP (about $3), while student admission is 25 EGP (about $1.50). If your negotiation abilities are up to scratch, a roundtrip boat journey from the mainland to Agilkia Island should cost roughly 10 EGP, but boatmen will usually try to charge you more. The Sound and Light Show costs about $14 per person.
The Bottom Line
One of Egypt’s most remarkable ancient sites is the Philae temple complex. Today, the complex continues to awe visitors in the same manner it has for centuries. Check out our tour packages for a wonderful experience if you wish to discover a stunning ancient Egyptian monument and make the most of its amazing temples.
What To Pack For This Tour
How can I book a tour?
To book a tour, you can visit the official website of the tour company or contact them directly through phone or email. Alternatively, you can use online booking platforms or visit a travel agency. Make sure to provide all necessary details such as preferred dates, number of participants, and any specific preferences to ensure a smooth booking process.
what languages do you offer tours in?
We offer tours in a variety of languages, including but not limited to English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and Arabic. If you require a tour in a specific language, please feel free to inquire, and we will do our best to accommodate your needs.
which currency is most accepted on this tour
The most widely accepted currency on this tour is the US dollar. While local currencies may also be accepted in certain locations, carrying US dollars as a backup is advisable to ensure smooth transactions throughout the tour.
can I pay by credit card?
Yes, we accept payment by credit card.
is Egypt safe to travel?
Egypt is generally safe for travelers, with millions visiting the country each year without incident. However, like any destination, it’s important to remain vigilant and aware of your surroundings. Exercise caution in crowded areas and tourist sites, and follow any travel advisories issued by your government. Additionally, it’s advisable to respect local customs and laws to ensure a smooth and pleasant travel experience.
is tipping included in the tour price?
Tipping is not included in the tour price. It is customary to tip tour guides and other service providers in the tourism industry as a gesture of appreciation for their services.
Read Before You Go
If you’re looking for an exotic and cultural experience, then Egypt tours from Vancouver BC are the perfect way to experience the culture and history of the ancient Egyptian civilization. With its stunning monuments, vibrant culture, and awe-inspiring views, Egypt
The Bent Pyramid at Dahshur in Egypt is one of the oldest and most mysterious monuments in the world. It has been shrouded in mystery since its construction over 4,000 years ago – but now, thanks to recent archaeological discoveries,
Day Trip to Luxor East Bank is considered like a golden Step for the magical monuments, artifacts and wonders which reflects great information about the history and the civilization through the captivating Luxor decorations and attractions. You will have the
The Christmas season brings out the enchantment in some of the most beautiful cities in the world, including Cairo and Luxor. Embark on a 6 days Cairo and Luxor Christmas Holiday that will be filled with awe-inspiring monuments, cultural highlights,
|
<urn:uuid:2ef83d1e-475a-4c0f-831f-f9721ffa41c0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://egyptatours.com/the-philae-temple-in-egypt-what-to-know-before-you-go/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961724 | 2,624 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Log in to access the full article.
Abstract Was the European marriage pattern an important contributor to England’s precocious economic development? This article examines this question by embedding the possibility in a historically substantiated demographic-economic model, supported by both cross-section and long time series evidence. Persistent high mortality and powerful mortality shocks in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries lowered life expectations. Subsequently increased life expectancy reduced the number of births necessary to achieve a given family size. Fewer births were achieved by a higher age at first marriage of females. Later marriage not only constrained population growth but also provided greater opportunities for female informal learning, especially through ‘service’. In a period when the family was the principal institution for socializing future workers, such learning was a significant contributor to the intergenerational transmission and accumulation of human capital. This article shows how, over the centuries, the gradual induced rise of human capital raised productivity and eventually brought about the industrial revolution. Without the contribution of late marriage to human capital accumulation broadly interpreted, real wages in England would not have increased strongly in the early nineteenth century and would have been much lower than actually achieved for several centuries.
|
<urn:uuid:6ed226a2-b5a8-4382-9de7-c2ad22213e39>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://ehs.org.uk/article/late-marriage-as-a-contributor-to-the-industrial-revolution-in-england/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943991 | 238 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”) is a federal law that applies to employers with 20 or more employees.
The ADEA protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on their age. The ADEA applies to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training.
To establish a preliminary case of age discrimination, an employee must prove:
- That he/she was within the protected age group, i.e. older than forty (40) years of age;
- That he/she was qualified for the position;
- That he/she suffered an “adverse employment action,” e.g. demotion, termination, failure to give raises or benefits; and
- That the adverse employment action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an inference of age discrimination.
Once an employee establishes a preliminary case of age discrimination, the employer then can present evidence that the adverse employment action was taken for “legitimate, non-discriminatory business reasons.”
If the employer provides this evidence then the employee must prove that his/her age was the real reason for the adverse employment action, or that the employer’s reason for the adverse employment action is false.
The Missouri Human Rights Act (MHRA) also applies to the workplace. Under the MHRA, the protected age class includes individuals ages 40 to 70.
We have extensive experience with age discrimination laws and their application to today’s workplace. Contact us to discuss your situation involving the ADEA or MHRA.
|
<urn:uuid:4ab729ea-73f3-44d2-9123-8838c2f5c5dc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://elawlines.com/practice-areas/employment-law-services/age-discrimination
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952448 | 371 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The trade name for flexible metallic conduit.
Ground Fault / Ground-Fault Overcurrent.
(1) An abnormal connection in an electrical circuit, where the normal load path is either partially or completely bypassed through this non-circuit return path, which is the equipment-grounding system of an electrical power distribution system. The low impedance causes high-magnitude values of overcurrent to flow at the point of fault in the circuit. (2) A flaw in an electrical circuit in which some or all of the circuit current is escaping and flowing to ground or along the equipment-grounding system back to the power source ― bypassing the connected load. These faults pose an electrocution hazard due to the level of current involved. (3) An unintentional, electrically conducting connection between an ungrounded conductor of an electrical circuit and the normally non-current-carrying conductors, metallic enclosures, metallic raceways, metallic equipment, or earth.
The connection or act of connecting a conductive body to the ground or to another conductive body that extends the ground connection.
A grounding electrode is a conducting object through which a direct connection to earth is established. As used with the grounding of the electrical service in a building or other structure, this electrode is the conductor or other material that physically connects the electrical system to earth ground. Several types of these electrodes are recognized by the NE Code: underground metallic water piping systems, metal rod and pipe electrodes, ground rings, and rebar or bare-copper conductor concrete-encased electrodes.
Grounded Neutral or Grounded-Return (Grounded Circuit) Conductor.
All three terms describe the grounded conductor in an electrical circuit. The NEC does not address the single-phase AC grounded-circuit or grounded-return conductor as a grounded neutral conductor because it carries the full-load current of the single-phase AC supply. By NE Code requirements, two or more phases (single-phase AC sources) must share this common grounded conductor for it to be addressed as the neutral conductor in the multi-wire circuit.
|
<urn:uuid:22365026-b899-4cdf-aea5-13ebadf71395>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://electricala2z.com/glossary/electrical-engineering-terms-g/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908171 | 425 | 3.609375 | 4 |
|Part of a series on|
Electromagnetic radiation can be classified into two types: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, based on the capability of a single photon with more than 10 eV energy to ionize atoms or break chemical bonds. Extreme ultraviolet and higher frequencies, such as X-rays or gamma rays are ionizing, and these pose their own special hazards: see radiation poisoning.
In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
Dielectric heating from electromagnetic fields can create a biological hazard. For example, touching or standing around an antenna while a high-power transmitter is in operation can cause burns (the mechanism is the same as that used in a microwave oven).
The heating effect varies with the power and the frequency of the electromagnetic energy, as well as the inverse square of distance to the source. The eyes and testes are particularly susceptible to radio frequency heating due to the paucity of blood flow in these areas that could otherwise dissipate the heat buildup.
Radio frequency (RF) energy at power density levels of 1–10 mW/cm2 or higher can cause measurable heating of tissues. Typical RF energy levels encountered by the general public are well below the level needed to cause significant heating, but certain workplace environments near high power RF sources may exceed safe exposure limits. A measure of the heating effect is the specific absorption rate or SAR, which has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg). The IEEE and many national governments have established safety limits for exposure to various frequencies of electromagnetic energy based on SAR, mainly based on ICNIRP Guidelines, which guard against thermal damage.
The World Health Organization (WHO) began a research effort in 1996 to study the health effects from the ever-increasing exposure of people to a diverse range of EMR sources. In 2011, the WHO/International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B), based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer, associated with wireless phone use.
Epidemiological studies look for statistical correlations between EM exposure in the field and specific health effects. As of 2019, much of the current work is focused on the study of EM fields in relation to cancer. There are publications which support the existence of complex biological and neurological effects of weaker non-thermal electromagnetic fields (see Bioelectromagnetics), including weak ELF electromagnetic fields and modulated RF and microwave fields.
Effects by frequency
While the most acute exposures to harmful levels of electromagnetic radiation are immediately realized as burns, the health effects due to chronic or occupational exposure may not manifest effects for months or years.
Extremely low frequency
ELF waves around 50 Hz to 60 Hz are emitted by power generators, transmission lines and distribution lines, power cables, and electric appliances. Typical household exposure to ELF waves ranges in intensity from 5 V/m for a light bulb to 180 V/m for a stereo, measured at 30 centimetres (12 in) and using 240V power. (120V power systems would be unable to reach this intensity unless an appliance has an internal voltage transformer.) Overhead power lines range from 1kV for local distribution to 1,150 kV for ultra high voltage lines. These can produce electric fields up to 10kV/m on the ground directly underneath, but 50 m to 100 m away these levels return to approximately ambient. Metal equipment must be maintained at a safe distance from energized high-voltage lines.
Exposure to ELF waves can induce an electric current. Because the human body is conductive, electric currents and resulting voltages differences typically accumulate on the skin but do not reach interior tissues. People can start to perceive high-voltage charges as tingling when hair or clothing in contact with the skin stands up or vibrates. In scientific tests, only about 10% of people could detect a field intensity in the range of 2-5 kV/m. Such voltage differences can also create electric sparks, similar to a discharge of static electricity when nearly touching a grounded object. When receiving such a shock at 5 kV/m, it was reported as painful by only 7% of test participants and by 50% of participants at 10 kV/m.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) finds "inadequate evidence" for human carcinogenicity.
Shortwave (1.6 to 30 MHz) diathermy (where EM waves are used to produce heat) can be used as a therapeutic technique for its analgesic effect and deep muscle relaxation, but has largely been replaced by ultrasound. Temperatures in muscles can increase by 4–6 °C, and subcutaneous fat by 15 °C. The FCC has restricted the frequencies allowed for medical treatment, and most machines in the US use 27.12 MHz. Shortwave diathermy can be applied in either continuous or pulsed mode. The latter came to prominence because the continuous mode produced too much heating too rapidly, making patients uncomfortable. The technique only heats tissues that are good electrical conductors, such as blood vessels and muscle. Adipose tissue (fat) receives little heating by induction fields because an electrical current is not actually going through the tissues.
Studies have been performed on the use of shortwave radiation for cancer therapy and promoting wound healing, with some success. However, at a sufficiently high energy level, shortwave energy can be harmful to human health, potentially causing damage to biological tissues, for example by overheating or inducing electrical currents. The FCC limits for maximum permissible workplace exposure to shortwave radio frequency energy in the range of 3–30 MHz has a plane-wave equivalent power density of (900/f2) mW/cm2 where f is the frequency in MHz, and 100 mW/cm2 from 0.3 to 3.0 MHz. For uncontrolled exposure to the general public, the limit is 180/f2 between 1.34 and 30 MHz.
Radio and microwave frequencies
The designation of mobile phone signals as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" by the World Health Organization (WHO) (e.g. its IARC, see below) has often been misinterpreted as indicating that some measure of risk has been observed – however the designation indicates only that the possibility could not be conclusively ruled out using the available data.
In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone radiation as Group 2B "possibly carcinogenic" (rather than Group 2A "probably carcinogenic" nor the "is carcinogenic" Group 1). That means that there "could be some risk" of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted. The WHO concluded in 2014 that "A large number of studies have been performed over the last two decades to assess whether mobile phones pose a potential health risk. To date, no adverse health effects have been established as being caused by mobile phone use."
Since 1962, the microwave auditory effect or tinnitus has been shown from radio frequency exposure at levels below significant heating. Studies during the 1960s in Europe and Russia claimed to show effects on humans, especially the nervous system, from low energy RF radiation; the studies were disputed at the time.
In 2019, reporters from the Chicago Tribune tested the level of radiation from smartphones and found that certain models emitted more than reported by the manufacturers and in some cases more than the U.S. Federal Communications Commission exposure limit. It is unclear if this resulted in any harm to consumers. Some problems apparently involved the phone's ability to detect proximity to a human body and lower the radio power. In response, the FCC began testing some phones itself rather than relying solely on manufacturer certifications.
Microwave and other radio frequencies cause heating, and this can cause burns or eye damage if delivered in high intensity, or hyperthermia as with any powerful heat source. Microwave ovens use this form of radiation, and have shielding to prevent it from leaking out and unintentionally heating nearby objects or people.
In 2009, the US TSA introduced full-body scanners as a primary screening modality in airport security, first as backscatter X-ray scanners, which use ionizing radiation and which the European Union banned in 2011 due to health and safety concerns. These were followed by non-ionizing millimeter wave scanners. Likewise WiGig for personal area networks have opened the 60 GHz and above microwave band to SAR exposure regulations. Previously, microwave applications in these bands were for point-to-point satellite communication with minimal human exposure.[relevant?]
Infrared wavelengths longer than 750 nm can produce changes in the lens of the eye. Glassblower's cataract is an example of a heat injury that damages the anterior lens capsule among unprotected glass and iron workers. Cataract-like changes can occur in workers who observe glowing masses of glass or iron without protective eyewear for prolonged periods over many years.
Exposing skin to infrared radiation near visible light (IR-A) leads to increased production of free radicals. Short-term exposure can be beneficial (activating protective responses), while prolonged exposure can lead to photoaging.
Another important factor is the distance between the worker and the source of radiation. In the case of arc welding, infrared radiation decreases rapidly as a function of distance, so that farther than three feet away from where welding takes place, it does not pose an ocular hazard anymore but, ultraviolet radiation still does. This is why welders wear tinted glasses and surrounding workers only have to wear clear ones that filter UV.
Photic retinopathy is damage to the macular area of the eye's retina that results from prolonged exposure to sunlight, particularly with dilated pupils. This can happen, for example, while observing a solar eclipse without suitable eye protection. The Sun's radiation creates a photochemical reaction that can result in visual dazzling and a scotoma. The initial lesions and edema will disappear after several weeks, but may leave behind a permanent reduction in visual acuity.
Moderate and high-power lasers are potentially hazardous because they can burn the retina of the eye, or even the skin. To control the risk of injury, various specifications – for example ANSI Z136 in the US, EN 60825-1/A2 in Europe, and IEC 60825 internationally – define "classes" of lasers depending on their power and wavelength. Regulations prescribe required safety measures, such as labeling lasers with specific warnings, and wearing laser safety goggles during operation (see laser safety).
As with its infrared and ultraviolet radiation dangers, welding creates an intense brightness in the visible light spectrum, which may cause temporary flash blindness. Some sources state that there is no minimum safe distance for exposure to these radiation emissions without adequate eye protection.
Sunlight includes sufficient ultraviolet power to cause sunburn within hours of exposure, and the burn severity increases with the duration of exposure. This effect is a response of the skin called erythema, which is caused by a sufficient strong dose of UV-B. The Sun's UV output is divided into UV-A and UV-B: solar UV-A flux is 100 times that of UV-B, but the erythema response is 1,000 times higher for UV-B. This exposure can increase at higher altitudes and when reflected by snow, ice, or sand. The UV-B flux is 2–4 times greater during the middle 4–6 hours of the day, and is not significantly absorbed by cloud cover or up to a meter of water.
Ultraviolet light, specifically UV-B, has been shown to cause cataracts and there is some evidence that sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life. Most UV light from the sun is filtered out by the atmosphere and consequently airline pilots often have high rates of cataracts because of the increased levels of UV radiation in the upper atmosphere. It is hypothesized that depletion of the ozone layer and a consequent increase in levels of UV light on the ground may increase future rates of cataracts. Note that the lens filters UV light, so if it is removed via surgery, one may be able to see UV light.[undue weight? ]
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can lead to melanoma and other skin malignancies. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world. UV rays can also cause wrinkles, liver spots, moles, and freckles. In addition to sunlight, other sources include tanning beds, and bright desk lights. Damage is cumulative over one's lifetime, so that permanent effects may not be evident for some time after exposure.
Ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths shorter than 300 nm (actinic rays) can damage the corneal epithelium. This is most commonly the result of exposure to the sun at high altitude, and in areas where shorter wavelengths are readily reflected from bright surfaces, such as snow, water, and sand. UV generated by a welding arc can similarly cause damage to the cornea, known as "arc eye" or welding flash burn, a form of photokeratitis.
Fluorescent light bulbs and tubes internally produce ultraviolet light. Normally this is converted to visible light by the phosphor film inside a protective coating. When the film is cracked by mishandling or faulty manufacturing then UV may escape at levels that could cause sunburn or even skin cancer.
In the United States, nonionizing radiation is regulated in the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
- Background radiation
- Bioinitiative Report
- Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome
- Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
- Cosmic ray
- COSMOS cohort study
- Directed energy weapon
- Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
- EMF measurement
- Health threat from cosmic rays
- Light ergonomics
- Wireless device radiation and health
- Personal RF safety monitor
- Specific absorption rate
- Cleveland Jr RF, Ulcek JL (August 1999). Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (PDF) (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: OET (Office of Engineering and Technology) Federal Communications Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (January 2020). "Cancer statistics, 2020". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 70 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21590. PMID 31912902.
- Cleaver JE, Mitchell DL (2000). "15. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis". In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. ISBN 1-55009-113-1. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- Gaudin, Ph.D., Nicolas (31 May 2011). "IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields As Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- Barnes FS, Greenebaum B, eds. (2018). Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-1420009460. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- Cleveland Jr RF, Ulcek JL (August 1999). "Questions and Answers about Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields" (PDF). OET Bulletin 56 (Fourth ed.). Office of Engineering and Technology, Federal Communications Commission. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
- "Standard for Safety Level with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3KHz to 300GHz". IEEE STD. IEEE. C95.1-2005. October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
- International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (April 1998). "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection" (PDF). Health Physics. 74 (4): 494–522. PMID 9525427. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2008.
- "What are electromagnetic fields? – Summary of health effects". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- Delgado JM, Leal J, Monteagudo JL, Gracia MG (May 1982). "Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields". Journal of Anatomy. 134 (Pt 3): 533–551. PMC 1167891. PMID 7107514.
- Harland JD, Liburdy RP (1997). "Environmental magnetic fields inhibit the antiproliferative action of tamoxifen and melatonin in a human breast cancer cell line". Bioelectromagnetics. 18 (8): 555–562. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:8<555::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-1. PMID 9383244. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- Aalto S, Haarala C, Brück A, Sipilä H, Hämäläinen H, Rinne JO (July 2006). "Mobile phone affects cerebral blood flow in humans". Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 26 (7): 885–890. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600279. PMID 16495939.
- Pall ML (September 2016). "Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression". Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 75 (Pt B): 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.08.001. PMID 26300312.
- Fry LL, Garg A, Guitérrez-Camona F, Pandey SK, Tabin G, eds. (2004). Clinical Practice in Small Incision Cataract Surgery. CRC Press. p. 79. ISBN 0203311825. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- Sliney DH (1994). "UV radiation ocular exposure dosimetry". Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 88 (3–4): 243–254. doi:10.1007/bf01203678. PMID 7634993. S2CID 8242055.
- "UV Exposure & Your Health". UV Awareness. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- World Health Organization (4 August 2016). "Radiation: Electromagnetic fields - Q&A". Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- Ubong Edet (6 December 2017). "How to identify powerline voltage level and safe clearance level". Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- Extremely Low Frequency Fields Environmental Health Criteria Monograph No.238, chapter 5, page 121, WHO
- "Power Lines, Electrical Devices, and Extremely Low Frequency Radiation". Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- Fishman S, Ballantyne J, Rathmell JP, eds. (2010). Bonica's Management of Pain. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1589. ISBN 978-0781768276. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- Knight KL, Draper DO (2008). Therapeutic Modalities: The Art and the Science. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 288. ISBN 978-0781757447. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- Yu C, Peng RY (2017). "Biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave radiation: a review". Military Medical Research. 4: 24. doi:10.1186/s40779-017-0133-6. PMC 5518414. PMID 28729909.
- Boice JD, Tarone RE (August 2011). "Cell phones, cancer, and children". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 103 (16): 1211–1213. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr285. PMID 21795667.
- "IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans" (PDF). press release N° 208 (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer. 31 May 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
- "Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones – Fact sheet N°193". World Health Organization. October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
- Limits of Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range from 3 kHz to 300 GHz Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Canada Safety Code 6, p. 63
- Frey AH (July 1962). "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy". Journal of Applied Physiology. 17 (4): 689–692. doi:10.1152/jappl.1918.104.22.1689. PMID 13895081. S2CID 12359057.
- Bergman W (1965), The Effect of Microwaves on the Central Nervous System (trans. from German) (PDF), Ford Motor Company, pp. 1–77, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018, retrieved 19 December 2018
- Michaelson SM (1975). "Radio-Frequency and Microwave Energies, Magnetic and Electric Fields" (Volume II Book 2 of Foundations of Space Biology and Medicine). In Calvin M, Gazenko OG (eds.). Ecological and Physiological Bases of Space Biology and Medicine. Washington, D.C.: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office. pp. 409–452 [427–430]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- Sam Roe (21 August 2019). "We tested popular cellphones for radiofrequency radiation. Now the FCC is investigating". Chicago Tribune.
- "Microwaves, Radio Waves, and Other Types of Radiofrequency Radiation." American Cancer Society, http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/radiofrequency-radiation.html Archived 2 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Khan FN (18 December 2017). "Is That Airport Security Scanner Really Safe?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- "Characterization of 60GHz Millimeter-Wave Focusing Beam for Living-Body Exposure Experiments, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Masaki KOUZAI et al., 2009" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- Schieke SM, Schroeder P, Krutmann J (October 2003). "Cutaneous effects of infrared radiation: from clinical observations to molecular response mechanisms". Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 19 (5): 228–234. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00054.x. PMID 14535893.
- Tsai SR, Hamblin MR (May 2017). "Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation". Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 170: 197–207. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.014. PMC 5505738. PMID 28441605.
- Sullivan JB, Krieger GR, eds. (2001). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 275. ISBN 978-0683080278.
- "Laser Standards and Classifications". Rockwell Laser Industries. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- "An Overview of the LED and Laser Classification System in EN 60825-1 and IEC 60825-1". Lasermet. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
- "What is the minimum safe distance from the welding arc above which there is no risk of eye damage?". The Welding Institute (TWI Global). Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- James WD, Elston D, Berger T (2011). SPEC – Andrews' Diseases of the Skin (11 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1437736199.
- Rafnsson V, Olafsdottir E, Hrafnkelsson J, Sasaki H, Arnarsson A, Jonasson F (August 2005). "Cosmic radiation increases the risk of nuclear cataract in airline pilots: a population-based case-control study". Archives of Ophthalmology. 123 (8): 1102–1105. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.8.1102. PMID 16087845.
- Dobson R (2005). "Ozone depletion will bring big rise in number of cataracts". BMJ. 331 (7528): 1292–1295. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7528.1292-d. PMC 1298891.
- Komarnitsky. "Case study of ultraviolet vision after IOL removal for Cataract Surgery". Archived from the original on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
- Griswold MS, Stark WS (September 1992). "Scotopic spectral sensitivity of phakic and aphakic observers extending into the near ultraviolet". Vision Research. 32 (9): 1739–1743. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(92)90166-G. PMID 1455745. S2CID 45178405.
- "Ultraviolet keratitis". Medscape. Archived from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
- Mironava T, Hadjiargyrou M, Simon M, Rafailovich MH (20 July 2012). "The effects of UV emission from compact fluorescent light exposure on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 88 (6): 1497–1506. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01192.x. PMID 22724459. S2CID 2626216.
- Nicole W (October 2012). "Ultraviolet Leaks from CFLs". Environmental Health Perspectives. 120 (10): a387. doi:10.1289/ehp.120-a387. PMC 3491932. PMID 23026199.
- Michaelson S, ed. (2012). Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation. Springer Science & Business Media. p. xv. ISBN 978-1468407600. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (May 1989). Biological Effects of Power Frequency Electric & Magnetic Fields—Background Paper, OTA-BP-E-53 (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2010. (over 100 pages)ju
- Information page on electromagnetic fields at the World Health Organization web site
- CDC – Electric and Magnetic Fields – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
- Dunning, Brian (30 October 2007). "Skeptoid #72: Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: Real or Imagined?". Skeptoid.
|
<urn:uuid:8f00c9f7-36d7-4f7e-aef8-2d0e3e25d1dd>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_hazard
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.856328 | 6,045 | 3.890625 | 4 |
The ocean is the second largest space after land in the four strategic spaces for human development (land, sea, air and space). It is also a strategic development base for biological resources, energy and water resources. The sea area with a water depth ranging from 6000 to 11,000 m, called hadal trenches by scientists, is the deepest ocean area on the planet. What hadal trench science studies is the marine ecology, marine geology and marine life in the abyss. It is the latest research frontier of international earth science, especially marine science. As a powerful vehicle for human beings to explore the ocean and safeguard their rights and interests, deep-sea underwater vehicles (DUVs) will play an important and irreplaceable role. At present, DUVs are mainly divided into human-occupied vehicles (HOVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Carrying scientists, engineering technicians and the related electronic devices and special equipment, a HOV, which is the essential delivery equipment for scientific research and investigations in the deep ocean, can reach various kinds of complicated deep-sea conditions quickly and precisely. Its operation range and good operation ability are better than those of UUVs. Therefore, HOVs are highly valued by developed countries and are known as “the important cornerstone of oceanographic research”
. The USA is a world leader in underwater vehicle technology and owns the ALVIN Human Occupied Vehicles, the Deep Challenger HOV, the Nereus HROV and a series of well-known submersibles. Japan, Russia, France and other countries also have some occupied and unoccupied submersibles. Chinese submersibles were developed relatively late. In recent years, with the success of the Jiaolong HOV (Figure 1
a), a batch of submersibles with globally advanced levels, such as the Haima ROV, 4500 m AUV, the Shenhai Yongshi HOV(Figure 1
b) and the Haiyan underwater glider, have sprung up
. In 2020, the third-generation Chinese HOV, named Fendouzhe (Figure 1
c), was successfully tested in the Mariana Trench and could cover all sea areas.
Figure 1. Chinese human occupied vehicles: (a) the Jiaolong HOV, (b) the Shenhai Yongshi HOV and (c) the Fendouzhe HOV.
Since electromagnetic waves are attenuated severely in water, underwater acoustics have now become the most effective transmission medium
. In clear sea water, the observation distance of visible light is generally little more than 10 m, and only short-range observations, video and photography can be carried out. Underwater long-distance communications, positioning, detection and other functions depend on acoustic technology. The acoustic system is one of the core systems of a HOV. Compared with unmanned underwater vehicles, human-occupied vehicles experience great risks and technical difficulties when working in the deep sea, which makes the acoustic system of HOV more complex, and it requires higher reliability.
2. Research on the Acoustic System
The Fendouzhe HOV efficiently carries various electronic devices, mechanical equipment and personnel to various deep-sea environments and operation sites quickly and accurately for exploration, scientific investigations and development. According to the operation requirements of the Fendouzhe HOV, its acoustic system is responsible for communications, positioning, obstacle detection, target searching, velocity measurement and other functions. It is composed of eight kinds of sonars and sensors, including underwater acoustic communication (UAC), an underwater acoustic telephone (UAT), an ultra-short baseline (USBL) positioning system, a doppler velocity log (DVL), an obstacle avoidance sonar (OAS), a multi-beam forward-looking imaging sonar (MB-FLS), an altimeter and a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS). The functions and main technical specifications are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Functions and main technical specifications of the acoustic system’s equipment.
||Main Technical Specifications
||Communication (data, pictures, commands, voice)
||Working frequency: 7.5–12.5 kHz;
Maximum transmission rate: 10 kbit/s;Maximum working distance: ≥12 km
||Working frequency: 8–12 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥12 km
||Working frequency: 8–16 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥12 km;
Positioning precision: <5‰R
||Measure velocity, measure flow velocity
||Center frequency: 600 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥50 m;
Measured velocity range: ±10 m/s
||Measuring the distance of the HOV in seven directions
||Center frequency: 400 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥100 m
||Center frequency: 225 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥100 m
||Measuring the height from the bottom
||Center frequency: 115 kHz;
Maximum working distance: ≥200 m
||Provides HOV attitude, velocity and position information continuously
||Heading accuracy: ≤0.02° sec(∅)
, where Ø is the local latitude;
Roll/pitch accuracy: ≤0.01°;
Heave accuracy: ≤5 cm
2.1. Underwater Acoustic Communication System
For deep-sea HOVs, deep-sea investigation is a dangerous activity. Ensuring the safety of the scientists in the submersible is the primary problem to be considered in the design. The underwater acoustic communication system is responsible for communication between the HOV and the surface support ship. It is the only communication link between them. Timely communication with the supporting ship can greatly improve the ability of the scientists in the submersible to deal with emergencies. Therefore, the underwater acoustic communication system plays an irreplaceable role in guaranteeing the safety of the personnel.
The underwater acoustic communication system of the Fendouzhe HOV consists of underwater acoustic communication equipment at the end of the HOV and acoustic equipment at the end of supporting ship, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Composition of the underwater acoustic communication system.
2.1.1. Acoustic System of the HOV UAC
The underwater acoustic communication system of the Fendouzhe HOV was developed and perfected on the basis of the successful experience of the Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs. The maximum working water depth is 11 km, and the maximum operating distance is more than 12 km. It has four communication channels, including coherent modulation (MPSK), non-coherent modulation (MFSK), the spread spectrum (FH) and single sideband voice modulation (SSB). Its main function is to provide the HOV with data, text, commands, pictures and voice communication with the surface support ship. The communication system realizes the information exchange and ensures the working safety of the submersible. Through the data driven at the transmitter and the automatic identification technology at the receiver, it can automatically select the appropriate communication mode for a variety of data types without the intervention of the operator, effectively reducing the labor intensity and being more friendly to the operator. Its functional block diagram is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the underwater acoustic communication system.
After source coding, various data are organized and encapsulated into packets. After channel coding and MPSK/MFSK modulation, synchronization information is added to the packet to form the transmitted data frame. The transmitting data frame is converted into an analog signal via a DA, which is transmitted to the water the by transmitter.
When the acoustic wave propagates in the underwater acoustic channel, it is not only affected by the noise but also by the multi-path, time-varying and dispersion characteristics of the channel. These factors have a negative impact on the reception.
At the receiving end, the acoustic wave is received by the transducer and converted into a digital signal by an AD. It is then synchronized and demodulated by the digital signal processor (DSP) to extract the information. The different contents of the data packet are separated according to the protocol, the data are displayed or sent to the place where they are needed, the image is decompressed and displayed, and the voice is played as audio.
Based on the Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs, by improving the sound source level and using more advanced communication signal algorithms (see Table 2), the underwater communication system of the Fendouzhe HOV has increased the communication distance to 12 km. The decoding accuracy of the received data packets is guaranteed to be more than 80%.
Table 2. Improvements in the signal processing algorithms.
||Shenhai Yongshi
||(1) Turbo +QPSK/8PSK
(2) Adaptive equalization + turbo error correction
|(1) Fountain code + turbo + QPSK/8PSK sparse turbo equalization
(2) Rectify burst error and support length change
|(1) Fountain code + turbo + QPSK/8PSK sparse turbo equalization
(2) Rectifying burst error and supporting length change
|Improving the error correction performance of the decoder and reducing the number of iterations of the equalizer
||(1) (4,1,7) Convolutional code + Hadamard code + multi-carrier modulation
(2) Hadamard decoding +Viterbi hard-decision decoding
|(1) Duality K-code + Hadamard + multi-carrier modulation
(2) Hadamard decoding + Viterbi non-binary soft-decision decoding
|(1) Non-binary irregular repeat accumulation
(2) Frequency shift keying (12,2) FSK
|Effectively reducing the peak to average power ratio and improving the emission source level and efficiency
||(1) (4,1,7) convolutional code + 2FSK + FH pattern
(2) Synchronous detection based on chirp signals
|(4,1,7) Convolutional code + 2FSK + FH pattern
||(1) (4,1,9) Convolutional code + 4FSK + FH pattern
(2) Synchronous detection based on chirp signals
|(1) The frequency hopping pattern is optimized to suppress the symbol interference caused by channel time expansion(2) The amount of data sent is doubled
(2) Dedicated acquisition and playing equipment
(2) Sources and storage of data are more flexible
2.1.2. Acoustic System of the HOV UAT
The underwater acoustic telephone can realize voice communications between the HOV and the supporting ship. It adopts the half-duplex working mode and has an emergency communication function in the case of an emergency. Completely independent from the underwater acoustic communication system, it is the backup equipment for the UAC.
The UAT starts up quickly and is easy to operate. Without the cooperation of computer software, it can communicate with the supporting ship only by operating the microphone. On the basis of the Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs, the UAT has been designed through miniaturization, and the transmitting power and conversion efficiency have been improved, so that the communication distance of the underwater acoustic telephone has been increased to 12 km.
2.1.3. Acoustic Communication Equipment of the Supporting Ship: The Hoist-to-Water Communication System
Similar to the Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs, the supporting ship’s acoustic system of the Fendouzhe HOV also adopts the method of hoisting the acoustic linear array (Figure 4) from the supporting ship and lowering it into the water to 200–300 m depth. The following benefits can be obtained: (1) the spatial diversity and combination technology have been realized to overcome the multi-path interference; (2) the receiving array is far away from the supporting ship to reduce the noise interference of the ship, (3) the receiving array is below the seasonal thermocline and has a good sound field. In many sea trials, there was no interaction with the HOV, which proved the safety of the scheme. The acoustic linear array decodes the underwater acoustic signal and transmits the information to the main control computer through the twisted pair in the suspension cable.
Since the deployment and recovery of an acoustic linear array takes a long time and works under the conditions of less than Class IV sea conditions, and the movement speed of the test supporting ship is required to be less than 2 kn after the linear array has been put into the water, which greatly limits the maneuverability of the supporting ship. These requirements limit the use of acoustic linear arrays.
2.1.4. Acoustic Communication Equipment of the Supporting Ship: The Shipborne Acoustic System
The shipborne acoustic system relies on a tightly integrated transducer array that is mounted on the bottom end of a strong, rigid transducer pole which is installed on the bottom of supporting ship. During operations, the lifting mechanism is lowered and the transducer array extends more than 2 m out from the bottom of the ship. It has the advantages of flexible operation, not being affected by sea conditions and not restricting the mobility of the mothership. It is also a complement to the hoist-to-water communication system, which improves the reliability of the acoustic communication systems of the mothership. However, the installation of a transducer array close to the mothership creates many noise problems and poses a great challenge to communication.
In the acoustic communication system of the Shenhai Yongshi HOV, the scheme of a shipborne acoustic system was first used. An array combining a vertical-cone directional transducer and a horizontal-toroid transducer was installed on the supporting ship, Tansuo-1, as shown in Figure 5
. Through measurement, it was found that the noise power in the frequency band of the shipboard acoustic system was 100 times higher than that of the hoist-to-water system. In order to achieve high-speed communications at a low SNR, a series of advanced encoding and receiving algorithms are used. The most representative is the sparse adaptive equalization algorithm based on turbo code, which completes the joint processes of the advanced error correction code and the sparse equalizer
Figure 5. The shipborne transducer array of the Shenhai Yongshi HOV. (a) picture of array, (b) structure picture.
In order to achieve a longer communication distance, the shipborne transducer of the Fendouzhe HOV is designed with a plane array. The transducer array consists of three concentric circles with a total of 19 elements (see Figure 6). It can form a cone beam with a 3 dB opening angle of ±12.3° and obtain a directivity factor of about 17.6 dB. It can effectively improve the sound source level, ensure the communication distance between the supporting ship and the HOV, and significantly reduce the interference of the ship’s noise.
Figure 6. The shipborne transducer array of the Fendouzhe HOV. (a) perspective view, (b) schematic diagram of array element layout.
As the ship moves, turns and swings, and the HOV moves, the relative relationship between the supporting ship and the HOV changes across time, and the shipborne communication system cannot fully grasp the relative relationship. When receiving, 19 beams are generated by the beam-forming technology (Figure 7), which can cover the entire space. During signal processing, the optimal beam is selected for decoding. Even if the relative relationship is always changing during the receiving process, this method can always obtain the optimal signal quality. When transmitting, the opening angle of the beam and the coverage of the main lobe is adjusted adaptively, so that the HOV is always within the range of the main lobe of the communication beam.
2.2. Ultra-Short Baseline Positioning System
There is no global navigation system underwater due to the strong absorption of electromagnetic waves. For the safety of underwater exploration, information on the submarine location is essential. The ultra-short baseline positioning system, with the help of the long-distance propagation characteristics of sound waves in water, has become an indispensable means of positioning for deep-sea operations.
The ultra-short baseline positioning system of the Fendouzhe HOV consists of an ultra-short baseline positioning sonar at the end of the submersible and an ultra-short baseline positioning array at the end of the supporting ship. The ultra-short baseline system obtains the distance and azimuth of the HOV by measuring the phase difference and time difference between the acoustic signals sent by the positioning sonar, so as to get the coordinates of the submersible relative to the array, and then obtains the absolute geodetic coordinates of the submersible through conversion for a compass, GPS and other external auxiliary equipment.
2.2.1. Ultra-Short Baseline Positioning Sonar at the End of the Submersible
The ultra-short baseline positioning sonar at the end of the submersible uses a directional transducer, which is installed above the rear of the HOV. The positioning sonar can work in two modes: synchronous mode and response mode. In synchronous mode, the positioning sonar and the positioning array are triggered by high-precision synchronous pulses. After the synchronization trigger, the positioning sonar transmits the positioning signal; the positioning array starts timing, stops timing after receiving the positioning signal or starts timing again after receiving the next synchronization pulse. The positioning array calculates the distance by measuring the time difference between the trigger time of the synchronous pulse and the received positioning signal of the positioning sonar. According to the maximum submergence depth and sound velocity of the submersible, the positioning signal period of the positioning sonar is 10 s. In response mode, the positioning array sends an inquiry signal to the positioning sonar, and the positioning sonar replies to the inquiry signal after receiving it. The distance is calculated by calculating the time difference between sending the inquiry signal and receiving the reply signal.
The response mode needs to measure the round-trip time from the ship to the submersible to calculate the distance. In the case of large submersible depths, compared with the synchronous mode, the cycle is longer and the data update rate is lower. However, when the synchronization clock is abnormal, the response mode is an important supplement to the synchronization mode to prevent loss of the position information. Under normal circumstances, the ultra-short baseline positioning sonar of the Fendouzhe HOV works in synchronous mode.
2.2.2. Ultra-Short Baseline Positioning Array at the End of the Supporting Ship
The ultra-short baseline positioning array is installed in the shaft of the supporting ship, and the lifting mechanism is lowered during operation. The transducer array extends more than 2 m from the bottom of the ship to avoid the noise interference of the ship as much as possible.
The positioning array has adopted a plane array structure, and the plane array has adopted the regular triangle grid arrangement mode. The advantage of this mode is that when the array element spacing has been determined, the number of array elements used for the same array size will be the least. The array (Figure 8) consists of 31 elements, of which the transmitting element is located in the center; the other 30 elements are receiving elements. The array element distribution diagram is shown in the following figure.
Figure 8. Positioning array element distribution.
In terms of the positioning algorithm, the array receives the positioning signal in the time domain, forms a virtual four-element ultra-short baseline through split beam formation technology, and then measures the target azimuth according to the ultra-short baseline positioning principle. The specific process is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Ultra-short baseline algorithm.
According to the principle of split beam formation, the positioning array is divided into four subarrays (as shown in Figure 10). A “virtual element” is equivalent in the sound center of each subarray, and the four virtual elements form a group of the virtual ultra-short baseline, as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 10. Virtual subarray.
Figure 11. Virtual ultra-short baseline (red is the virtual original).
Through the beam former corresponding to four subarrays, the signal received by the 30 receiving elements outputs four time-domain waveforms as the received signal of the virtual ultra-short baseline, and then uses the basic principle of the traditional four element ultra-short baseline to resolve the signal incident direction, which can effectively suppress noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, thus improving the operating range and positioning accuracy of the ultra-short baseline.
2.3. Doppler Velocity Log
The Doppler velocity log (DVL), based on the theory of underwater acoustic doppler effect and vector synthesis, is one of the most widely used and successful pieces of marine navigation equipment. The DVL can simultaneously measure the velocity of the submersible, and the flow and direction of several layers at different depths below. The flow field data and the velocity of the submersible relative to the seabed are necessary parameters for the navigation control and dynamic hovering of the HOV. At the same time, the deep-sea flow field data have important scientific research value.
Compared with hydraulic and electromagnetic logs, the DVL measures the absolute velocity relative to the bottom of the sea, and the measurement accuracy is relatively high. Compared with satellite-based global positioning systems, the DVL does not need external auxiliary equipment to achieve autonomous navigation, which has unique advantages for submersibles and is a key piece of acoustic equipment for submersible.
The transducer array of the DVL adopts a four-beam Janus configuration to form four symmetrically distributed conic beams with a narrow opening angle (Figure 12). The angle between each beam and the horizontal plane is 60°, and the angle between the horizontal projection of two adjacent beams is 90°.
Figure 12. Four-beam Janus configuration diagram.
The DVL is installed under the rear of the submersible, away from the propeller and other noisy positions as much as possible to ensure the accuracy of the velocity and flow measurements. Unlike the DVL of the Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs with a 300 kHz center frequency, the DVL of the Fendouzhe HOV has a 600 kHz center frequency. It has a smaller volume, a lighter weight, greater pressure resistance and stronger performance.
2.4. Obstacle Avoidance Sonar
The obstacle avoidance sonar (OAS) is a kind of ranging sonar. Its working principle is to transmit a pulse signal in a certain direction. When the pulse meets an obstacle, an echo is generated and the time delay between the echo and the transmitting moment is measured to calculate the distance between the collision avoidance sonar and the obstacle.
The Fendouzhe HOV is equipped with seven obstacle avoidance sonars, which measure the distance of obstacles in seven directions: front up, straight in front, front down, straight down, rear down, left and right, so as to avoid obstacles, ensure the safety of the submersible and provide support for the submersible to work in complex areas such as seamounts, ridges, trenches and hydrothermal fields.
2.5. Multi-Beam Forward-Looking Sonar
The multi-beam forward-looking sonar (MB-FLS) is installed on the prow of the HOV, which is different from the single-point ranging of the OAS. It can measure obstacles in an area in front of the submersible and draw a two-dimensional topographic map. It is regarded as the eyes of the submersible and plays an indispensable role in the navigation process.
The Jiaolong/Shenhai Yongshi HOVs use single-beam mechanical scanning forward-looking sonar. However, this kind of sonar only forms a detection beam, and each measurement beam can only aim in one direction, so only the scanning space covered by one beam at a time can be observed in the process of transmitting and receiving. If it is necessary to detect the front area of the submersible, it is necessary to rotate the beam mechanically to make it gradually search and cover the whole area. Higher image resolution means a smaller step angle, which leads to a longer scanning time, so the resolution and data rate are limited.
The Fendouzhe HOV uses a multi-beam forward-looking sonar, which avoids mechanical rotation and can obtain the obstacle situation of the whole area in one measurement cycle. It has the characteristics of fast data update, high resolution and good imaging quality. The multi beam forward-looking imaging sonar has 120 beams, which can cover sectors of more than 90°, and the operating distance is more than 100 m.
The working principle of an altimeter is similar to that of an OAS. It is also a ranging sonar, which is installed at the bottom of the HOV to measure the distance between the submersible and the seabed. Compared with the OAS, the altimeter has lower frequency, a larger volume and a wider measurement range. In the process of submergence, it can help the diver to predict the time of landing in advance, and make the actions of jettisoning loads, adjusting buoyancy and slowly landing earlier, so as to improve the operational safety of the submersible.
|
<urn:uuid:1495c7f0-acd2-4867-9a35-003a07a2e14f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16041
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.902523 | 5,348 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Fungal urinary tract infections (FUTI) are mainly caused by Candida species. The urine can be an important specimen for the diagnosis of this kind of clinical condition since both the presence of fungi can be identified by urine microscopy and by uroculture and the cells that promotes the immune response against this kind of infectious agent can also be observed. This entry will focus on information related to FUTI and the urinary findings that can be detected during routine urinalysis that can contribute to the identification of this clinical condition.
Fungi are pathogenic agents that can also cause disseminated infections involving the kidneys. Besides Candida, other agents, such as Cryptococcus spp., can cause UTIs. Non-yeast fungi, like some members of the Aspergillus, Mucorales, Blastomyces, and Histoplasma families, can also cause infections, especially among immunocompromised patients. The detection and identification of fungi in urine samples (by microscopy and culture) plays an essential role in the diagnosis of fungal UTI. Leukocyturia is a cardinal sign of UTI caused both by bacteria or fungi and also is a key sign of the immune response occurring in the urinary tract when the organism faces an UTI. This work explains the urinary findings and clinical picture of patients with fungal UTI caused by Candida spp. and some aspects related to the immune response in fungal UTI, in addition to urinalysis perspectives in this clinical condition.
Urinary infections by Candida (usually asymptomatic) are caused by either the ascending or the hematogenous routes. By the ascending route, fungi are suggestively derived from the perineum, spreading into the bladder and then leading to colonization (it can occur into the collecting system of the kidneys). The ascending infection of the upper urinary tract is rare, and the risk increases with obstruction of it, diabetes mellitus, or urinary reflux . The yeasts adhere to endothelial or urothelial cells, colonize the local area, evade the immune response, and, lastly, invade tissue or disseminate to distant sites within the body. The presence of an indwelling catheter allows biofilm formation and the persistence of the organism. On the other hand, the hematogenous route is the way that the most kidney infection occurs in physiological state. Candida penetrates in the proximal tubules after passing by glomeruli and is eliminated in urine within weeks. Autopsy studies have noted renal cortical micro abscesses in most patients who have died of invasive candidiasis.
It is possible to clinically group patients whose urine presents Candida species: Patients with asymptomatic candiduria (previously healthy, outpatients), patients with asymptomatic candiduria (predisposed inpatients), patients with symptomatic candiduria (UTI), and clinically unstable patients with candiduria. Once the presence of Candida in the urine is confirmed, careful clinical evaluation should be performed to detect symptoms or suggestive signs of other conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, genitourinary structural abnormalities, decreased renal function, and metabolic syndromes. For patients with persistent candiduria, treating certain clinical conditions or removing risk factors is usually sufficient to eliminate the presence of Candida in the urine and no antifungal treatment is required.
The definition of candiduria is enigmatic. Although most studies rely on culture, both urine microscopic visualization and culture of urine could be employed. Of concern is that neither the diagnostic criterion of colony forming unity (CFU) cutoff nor the collection technique (suprapubic aspiration versus bag collection) for neonatal urinary candidiasis is standardized. Even in adults, CFU criteria to diagnose candiduria range from 103 to 105 CFU/mL. In some studies, candiduria is even differentially defined for women and men. In addition, in most retrospective studies, standard urine cultures were screened for candiduria, which means that urine was cultured on MacConkey and blood agar only. Some laboratories have realized the urine cultures on Uriselect agar, which is a chromogenic agar that allows the preliminary perform identification of predominantly bacterial uropathogens . Although these culture methods are certainly sufficient to identify bacteria, they may be significantly less sensitive to recover C. albicans and non-C. albicans species. Consistent with this concern, prospective studies in which urine was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose (SD) agar, a standard fungal medium, have reported higher numbers of non-C. albicans species. It is noteworthy that the fungal burden could be relevant, because a statistically significant correlation between heavy candiduria (>104 CFU/mL urine) and a high Pittet Candida colonization index (>0.5) has been established. In summary, variable cutoff definitions and unreliable culture techniques may skew analysis of the incidence and outcome of candiduria. These discrepancies have not been adequately addressed in most studies.
Urine examination plays a key role in the identification of fungal UTI. Two very basic tests can be cited here: Urine sediment analysis and urine culture. This review focused on the urine sediment analysis a test that strongly contributes to the detection of fungal UTI, because both yeasts and pseudohyphae are easily identified on direct examination of the sample between slide and cover slide. Also, urine markers of an immune response (leukocytes), urine barriers of tissue protection (epithelial cells: squamous, transitional, and renal tubular), and urine markers of kidney disease (urinary casts) can be found in urine samples.
Yeasts (Figure 1) are observed, without the necessity of any special stain, usually at 400× magnification, as pale-green cells with smooth and well-defined walls. The nucleus can sometimes be seen, and the cytoplasm is homogenous without apparent organelles. Usually, the shape of the yeast cells is ovoid, spherical, or elongated. If urine stands for long periods at the bench, abundant pseudohyphae (Figure 2) can be seen. In an infection condition, yeasts in urine may reflect invasive fungal infection, which may cause urethritis, cystitis, or renal infection. In renal infections caused by yeasts, casts containing these structures can be observed. Certain clinical conditions are more frequently linked to fungal UTI, such as diabetes mellitus, structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, indwelling catheters, prolonged antibiotic treatment, or immunosuppression. The casts containing fungi are structures that deserve attention. Urinary casts are unique structures, exclusively produced within the tubular lumen under some circumstances (e.g., low intratubular pH, high osmolality, and high sodium concentration). Urinary casts can have several structures attached to their proteinaceous matrix: Erythrocytes, leukocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells, lipids, bacteria, and fungi. In fact, any structure passing through the tubular lumen during the formation of the cast can be attached to the Tamm-Horsfall fibrils (that forms the cast), and when the cell or microorganisms are seen within an urinary cast, they are a clue to the presence/passage of this cell or microorganism within/through the kidneys. Not only Candida spp. yeasts were observed within casts, but Cryptococcus spp. (Figure 3) were already reported, helping in the identification of fungal UTI caused by this pathogenic agent particularly important to immunocompromised patients. Detection of renal Candida casts may be a useful diagnostic marker in distinguishing upper versus lower urinary tract candidiasis.
Figure 1. Candida albicans yeasts in the fresh and unstained urine sediment. Phase contrast microscopy. Original magnification: 400×. Courtesy: Controllab.
Figure 2. Candida albicans pseudohyphae in the fresh and unstained urine sediment. Phase contrast microscopy. Original magnification: 400×. Courtesy: Controllab.
Figure 3. Cryptococcus neoformans encapsuled yeasts within a urinary cast. Fresh and unstained urine sediment. Phase contrast microscopy. Original magnification: 400×.
Due to the nature of the infectious process, leukocytes (granulocytes, particularly neutrophils) (Figure 4) are easily observed in the urine sediment where fungal structures are found. They can be observed in small numbers or in large amounts. Sometimes, they can be observed trying to perform phagocytosis of pseudohyphae (Figure 5). They can reflect an infectious/inflammatory process.
Figure 4. Leukocytes (some of them pointed with black arrows) and yeast cells (red arrows). Fresh and unstained urine sediment. Bright field microscopy. Original magnification: 400×. Courtesy: Controllab.
Figure 5. Neutrophils (some of them pointed) firmly attached to Candida albicans pseudohyphae presumably trying to perform phagocytosis of the fungal structure. Urine sediment stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain. Bright field microscopy. Original magnification: 400×.
Macrophages are efficient phagocytes and were already reported engulfing yeast in urine sediment samples (Figure 6). Macrophages can appear on urine samples due to inflammation/infection of any tissue from the urinary tract, from the kidneys to the urethra. Thus, the finding of macrophages in urine samples and even macrophages with fungal particles engulfed only reflects the function of this kind of cell in the genitourinary tract.
Figure 6. Macrophage with Cryptococcus neoformans yeasts engulfed. Fresh and unstained urine sediment. Bright field microscopy. Original magnification: 400×.
Epithelial cells are a very important component of the body’s defensive system, since they are the first barrier to block the pathogenic agents to enter and cause infection.
Squamous epithelial cells (Figure 7) compose the first layer of defense where the mucosa is present, such as, for example, the urethra. This type of cell is permanently renewed and, if the patient does not perform adequate hygiene before the urine sample collection, a large number of this cell type will be observed in urine sediment. This is important to mention because they are also present in the vagina and any part covered with mucosa. Their finding in large numbers in the sample is a clear sign of an inappropriate sample collection procedure. It is not considered a pathological finding, since bodies continuing to replace it to keep the epithelial barrier in full action .
Figure 7. Squamous epithelial cells in the fresh and unstained urine sediment. Phase contrast microscopy. Original magnification: 400×. Courtesy: Controllab.
It is important to mention that yeast cells observed in urine sediment can present a morphological resemblance with erythrocytes, lipid droplets, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, and, especially, acanthocytes (a particular type of dysmorphic erythrocytes that presents blebs protruding from the cell membrane due to the passage through the glomerulus and tubular system) (Figure 8). Professionals performing the microscopic evaluation of urine sediments need to receive proper training and use good-quality microscopes to avoid misidentification of these particles. Indeed, bacteria can be found deformed in urine sediment, presenting elongated, thin, and filamentous forms, sometimes with a swollen and ball-like part of each bacteria, called spheroplasts (Figure 9). These spheroplasts can be seen after the use β-lactamic antibiotics. Both filamentous forms and spheroplasts usually are seen with sizes much larger than bacteria usually presents, potentially leading to misidentification of these bacterial-deformed forms as fungal structures.
Figure 8. Acanthocytes (some of them pointed). Fresh and unstained urine sediment. Bright field microscopy. Original magnification: 400×.
Figure 9. Multiresistant Escherichia coli bacteria forming filamentous forms and spheroplasts. Fresh and unstained urine sediment. Phase contrast microscopy. Original magnification: 400×.
3.1.2. Urine sediment profile on fungal UTI
In the fungal UTI, the urine sediment examination should present, basically, yeasts and/or pseudohyphae besides leukocytes. Immune cells (macrophages or neutrophils), performing phagocytosis of urinary fungal particles and casts containing fungi, are possible, but are an extremely rare microscopic finding. Erythrocytes, renal tubular epithelial cells and urinary casts can be observed if the fungal UTI (or other related clinical conditions that can happen concomitantly with the fungal UTI) leads the patient to a more aggressive injury in the renal tissue. These findings can be linked to the loss of kidney function.
The urinary finding of yeasts and pseudohyphae can be a clue to the identification of fungal UTI. Surely, this is the main information that suggests whether the urine sediment can contribute to this kind of clinical condition. Indeed, the test is easy and fast to perform, and the fungal structures are easy to observe under the microscope. Fungal structures in the urine sediment can be used as a clinical sign of fungal UTI but should not be overinterpreted. The observation of yeasts and pseudohyphae can also be due to sample contamination, mainly when the sample is improperly collected.
The quality of the urine sample collection depends on factors such as the proper collection instruction furnished by the laboratory staff and the comprehension by the patient of the necessity to collect the sample according to the instructions of the laboratory (observing the clean catch technique). The evaluation of the urine sample under the microscope should take place within 2 h of sample collection.
The main difficulty of the interpretation of the fungal structures observation in the urine sediment is the fact that this finding can be both a structure with diagnostic value and a sample contaminant. Also, there is no information in the literature that has properly defined the differentiation between these antagonic situations.
|
<urn:uuid:115d76ea-2bea-49ee-b997-edd3eab77d09>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/2929
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906127 | 2,936 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Natural-language generation (NLG) is a software process that produces natural language output. While it is widely agreed that the output of any NLG process is text, there is some disagreement on whether the inputs of an NLG system need to be non-linguistic. Common applications of NLG methods include the production of various reports, for example weather and patient reports; image captions; and chatbots. Automated NLG can be compared to the process humans use when they turn ideas into writing or speech. Psycholinguists prefer the term language production for this process, which can also be described in mathematical terms, or modeled in a computer for psychological research. NLG systems can also be compared to translators of artificial computer languages, such as decompilers or transpilers, which also produce human-readable code generated from an intermediate representation. Human languages tend to be considerably more complex and allow for much more ambiguity and variety of expression than programming languages, which makes NLG more challenging. NLG may be viewed as complementary to natural-language understanding (NLU): whereas in natural-language understanding, the system needs to disambiguate the input sentence to produce the machine representation language, in NLG the system needs to make decisions about how to put a representation into words. The practical considerations in building NLU vs. NLG systems are not symmetrical. NLU needs to deal with ambiguous or erroneous user input, whereas the ideas the system wants to express through NLG are generally known precisely. NLG needs to choose a specific, self-consistent textual representation from many potential representations, whereas NLU generally tries to produce a single, normalized representation of the idea expressed. NLG has existed since ELIZA was developed in the mid 1960s, but the methods were first used commercially in the 1990s. NLG techniques range from simple template-based systems like a mail merge that generates form letters, to systems that have a complex understanding of human grammar. NLG can also be accomplished by training a statistical model using machine learning, typically on a large corpus of human-written texts.
The Pollen Forecast for Scotland system is a simple example of a simple NLG system that could essentially be a template. This system takes as input six numbers, which give predicted pollen levels in different parts of Scotland. From these numbers, the system generates a short textual summary of pollen levels as its output.
For example, using the historical data for July 1, 2005, the software produces:
Grass pollen levels for Friday have increased from the moderate to high levels of yesterday with values of around 6 to 7 across most parts of the country. However, in Northern areas, pollen levels will be moderate with values of 4.
In contrast, the actual forecast (written by a human meteorologist) from this data was:
Pollen counts are expected to remain high at level 6 over most of Scotland, and even level 7 in the south east. The only relief is in the Northern Isles and far northeast of mainland Scotland with medium levels of pollen count.
Comparing these two illustrates some of the choices that NLG systems must make; these are further discussed below.
The process to generate text can be as simple as keeping a list of canned text that is copied and pasted, possibly linked with some glue text. The results may be satisfactory in simple domains such as horoscope machines or generators of personalised business letters. However, a sophisticated NLG system needs to include stages of planning and merging of information to enable the generation of text that looks natural and does not become repetitive. The typical stages of natural-language generation, as proposed by Dale and Reiter, are:
Content determination: Deciding what information to mention in the text. For instance, in the pollen example above, deciding whether to explicitly mention that pollen level is 7 in the south east.
Document structuring: Overall organisation of the information to convey. For example, deciding to describe the areas with high pollen levels first, instead of the areas with low pollen levels.
Aggregation: Merging of similar sentences to improve readability and naturalness. For instance, merging the two following sentences:
into the following single sentence:
Lexical choice: Putting words to the concepts. For example, deciding whether medium or moderate should be used when describing a pollen level of 4.
Referring expression generation: Creating referring expressions that identify objects and regions. For example, deciding to use in the Northern Isles and far northeast of mainland Scotland to refer to a certain region in Scotland. This task also includes making decisions about pronouns and other types of anaphora.
Realization: Creating the actual text, which should be correct according to the rules of syntax, morphology, and orthography. For example, using will be for the future tense of to be.
An alternative approach to NLG is to use "end-to-end" machine learning to build a system, without having separate stages as above. In other words, we build an NLG system by training a machine learning algorithm (often an LSTM) on a large data set of input data and corresponding (human-written) output texts. The end-to-end approach has perhaps been most successful in image captioning, that is automatically generating a textual caption for an image.
The popular media has paid the most attention to NLG systems which generate jokes (see computational humor), but from a commercial perspective, the most successful NLG applications have been data-to-text systems which generate textual summaries of databases and data sets; these systems usually perform data analysis as well as text generation. Research has shown that textual summaries can be more effective than graphs and other visuals for decision support, and that computer-generated texts can be superior (from the reader's perspective) to human-written texts.
The first commercial data-to-text systems produced weather forecasts from weather data. The earliest such system to be deployed was FoG, which was used by Environment Canada to generate weather forecasts in French and English in the early 1990s. The success of FoG triggered other work, both research and commercial. Recent applications include the UK Met Office's text-enhanced forecast.
Currently there is considerable commercial interest in using NLG to summarise financial and business data. Indeed, Gartner has said that NLG will become a standard feature of 90% of modern BI and analytics platforms. NLG is also being used commercially in automated journalism, chatbots, generating product descriptions for e-commerce sites, summarising medical records, and enhancing accessibility (for example by describing graphs and data sets to blind people).
An example of an interactive use of NLG is the WYSIWYM framework. It stands for What you see is what you meant and allows users to see and manipulate the continuously rendered view (NLG output) of an underlying formal language document (NLG input), thereby editing the formal language without learning it.
As in other scientific fields, NLG researchers need to test how well their systems, modules, and algorithms work. This is called evaluation. There are three basic techniques for evaluating NLG systems:
An ultimate goal is how useful NLG systems are at helping people, which is the first of the above techniques. However, task-based evaluations are time-consuming and expensive, and can be difficult to carry out (especially if they require subjects with specialised expertise, such as doctors). Hence (as in other areas of NLP) task-based evaluations are the exception, not the norm.
Recently researchers are assessing how well human-ratings and metrics correlate with (predict) task-based evaluations. Work is being conducted in the context of Generation Challenges shared-task events. Initial results suggest that human ratings are much better than metrics in this regard. In other words, human ratings usually do predict task-effectiveness at least to some degree (although there are exceptions), while ratings produced by metrics often do not predict task-effectiveness well. These results are preliminary. In any case, human ratings are the most popular evaluation technique in NLG; this is contrast to machine translation, where metrics are widely used.
|
<urn:uuid:28f1fc25-3a47-48b1-9d96-e41d253e9dbe>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33213
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938641 | 1,664 | 3.625 | 4 |
DICER1 syndrome is an inherited disorder that increases the risk of a variety of cancerous and noncancerous (benign) tumors, most commonly certain types of tumors that occur in the lungs, kidneys, ovaries, and thyroid (a butterfly-shaped gland in the lower neck). Affected individuals can develop one or more types of tumors, and members of the same family can have different types. However, the risk of tumor formation in individuals with DICER1 syndrome is only moderately increased compared with tumor risk in the general population; most individuals with genetic changes associated with this condition never develop tumors.
People with DICER1 syndrome who develop tumors most commonly develop pleuropulmonary blastoma, which is characterized by tumors that grow in lung tissue or in the outer covering of the lungs (the pleura). These tumors occur in infants and young children and are rare in adults. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is classified as one of three types on the basis of tumor characteristics: in type I, the growths are composed of air-filled pockets called cysts; in type II, the growths contain both cysts and solid tumors (or nodules); and in type III, the growth is a solid tumor that can fill a large portion of the chest. Pleuropulmonary blastoma is considered cancerous, and types II and III can spread (metastasize), often to the brain, liver, or bones. Individuals with pleuropulmonary blastoma may also develop an abnormal accumulation of air in the chest cavity that can lead to the collapse of a lung (pneumothorax).
Cystic nephroma, which involves multiple benign fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, can also occur; in people with DICER1 syndrome, the cysts develop early in childhood.
DICER1 syndrome is also associated with tumors in the ovaries known as Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, which typically develop in affected women in their teens or twenties. Some Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors release the male sex hormone testosterone; in these cases, affected women may develop facial hair, a deep voice, and other male characteristics. Some affected women have irregular menstrual cycles. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors usually do not metastasize.
People with DICER1 syndrome are also at risk of multinodular goiter, which is enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by the growth of multiple fluid-filled or solid tumors (both referred to as nodules). The nodules are generally slow-growing and benign. Despite the growths, the thyroid's function is often normal. Rarely, individuals with DICER1 syndrome develop thyroid cancer (thyroid carcinoma).
DICER1 syndrome is a rare condition; its prevalence is unknown.
DICER1 syndrome is caused by mutations in the DICER1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in the production of molecules called microRNA (miRNA). MicroRNA is a type of RNA, a chemical cousin of DNA, that attaches to a protein's blueprint (a molecule called messenger RNA) and blocks the production of proteins from it. Through this role in regulating the activity (expression) of genes, the Dicer protein is involved in many processes, including cell growth and division (proliferation) and the maturation of cells to take on specialized functions (differentiation).
Most of the gene mutations involved in DICER1 syndrome lead to an abnormally short Dicer protein that is unable to aid in the production of miRNA. Without appropriate regulation by miRNA, genes are likely expressed abnormally, which could cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably and lead to tumor formation.
DICER1 syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene is sufficient to cause the disorder. It is important to note that people inherit an increased risk of tumors; many people who have mutations in the DICER1 gene do not develop abnormal growths.
|
<urn:uuid:1d7baae4-6763-4a0c-8328-6dd12f5ebd84>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/5197
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94864 | 834 | 3.515625 | 4 |
For decades, energy literacy has been a goal that educators, policymakers, and other stakeholders hope to advance among all kinds of energy users -- in K-12 and college environments, workplaces, and at home. Smart technologies, data visualizations, and gamification are all techniques that have been employed to increase users' awareness of the relationship between their behaviors, lifestyle, and the costs of energy use, including impacts on local, regional, and global environments. Despite extensive efforts, a number of core problems frustrate the efficacy of energy literacy projects.
Some of these issues include measuring literacy in terms of financial knowledge, engineering terms and models, by focusing too narrowly on appliances, and using individualized paradigms of consumption at the expense of a systems view or localized conditions. The image above, “Where does my money go?” provides an example of how energy users’ relationships are framed financially. The image below, “Three Ways to Increase Your Energy Literacy” focuses on workforce development through STEM pipelines; what might a more general audience model look like, however?
The Energy Rights Project queries the utility of energy literacy, as traditionally conceived, by asking household consumers about the costs of energy, production, and the relationship between behavior and use. In doing so we intend to develop a model of energy literacy that extends established rubrics to include energy systems, social and human-nonhuman interdependence, and policy across scale.
Cite as: Ali Kenner. (2021) “Reimagining Energy Literacy.” Substantive Logics. The Energy Rights Project. The Platform for Experimental and Collaborative Ethnography.
|
<urn:uuid:d90f364e-1862-4733-95bd-9c9582c635ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://energyrights.info/content/reimagining-energy-literacy
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939072 | 337 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Book in Three Sentences
In this book summary of Atomic Habits, you’ll learn a framework that teaches you to build good habits and break bad ones. The book suggests that the problem when it comes to changing habits isn’t you, but the system you use. The idea behind Atomic Habits is that by improving small behaviors every day, you’ll achieve incredible results over time.
Atomic Habits Summary
Small changes can compound and have remarkable results. The book shares a step-by-step program to build better habits.
The Fundamentals: Why Tiny Changes Make a Big Difference
Chapter 1: The Surprising Power of Atomic Habits
There’s a strategy known as “the aggregation of marginal gains”, a way of thinking that involves a small margin of improvement in every aspect of something. If you divide a given discipline into small parts and improve one percent on each of those, when you put everything together, the results are tremendous.
Small improvements you make on a daily basis make a big difference over time. Although making huge improvements seem like the best approach, if you get one percent better every day for a year, you’ll be thirty-seven times better when you’re done. One percent doesn’t sound like much, but the compound effect of such small improvements has huge results over time. Small changes seem inconsequential on a day-to-day basis because we don’t see the results. Similarly, if you were to repeat one percent of mistakes, the result compounds into something toxic.
Daily habits lead to success, not one-of-a-kind events. By paying close attention to your habits, you can see your current trajectory and determine the outcome they’ll have. Breakthroughs are the result of several actions that took place before which build up over time and result in massive change.
In the early stages of the learning process, there’s something called the Valley of Disappointing. You expect progress to be linear and that it’ll come quickly, but the changes you make seem ineffective and the most powerful results take more time. Once you cross that value, you’ll see the results of your good habits. The work you’ve done is being stored and you’ll see success over time. It can take years, but when change finally happens, it might occur all at once, and at that point, we’ll see the value of the work we’ve done. Habits start from tiny decisions. As that decision takes place over and over, the habit becomes stronger.
To achieve what we want, most people believe that we have to set goals. Clear argues that you should focus on the system instead. The difference is that goals are about the outcome while the system is about the processes that let you achieve those goals. The author believes that even if you ignore the goals, as long as you focus on the system, you’ll still get the desired results. Goals are still useful because they give you a sense of direction, but systems are all about making progress. Don’t spend too much time on your goals rather than on your system.
These are the problems you’ll run into if you do:
- Problem #1: Winners and Losers Have the Same Goals: ambition shouldn’t be your only driving force. The thing that lets people win at something is the system.
- Problem #2: Achieving the Goal Is Only a Momentary Change: if you simply chase the outcome and you never bother to change the system, you’ll always have some problems. Achieving goals involves momentary changes. Focusing on the system involves daily habits that avoid problems in the first place.
- Problem #3: Goals Restrict Your Happiness: your happiness shouldn’t depend on your goals because that requires postponing happiness until your future self achieves something. Fall in love with the process instead and be happy every day the system is working.
- Problem #4: Goals Are at Odds with Long-Term Progress: By focusing on the goals, once you achieve something, you no longer have the incentive to keep working.
Atomic habits are small habits that offer a tiny gain. They are also small changes that belong to a larger system.
Chapter 2: How Your Habits Change Your Identity (and Vice Versa)
How is it that starting good habits is hard, but maintaining bad ones is easy? That’s the case because 1) we try to change the wrong thing and 2) we do it in the wrong way.
There are three layers to changing your behavior. At the center, you have your identity, then you have the outer process and the outer layer represents the outcomes. Changing your outcomes means changing the results (what you get), changing your processes means changing habits and systems (what you do), and changing your identity means changing your beliefs (what you believe in).
Don’t change your habits by focusing on the outcomes, build identity-based habits instead. Shift your identity to refer to your current life and where you want to get. You may never sustain habits if you don’t change your beliefs first. When a habit becomes part of your identity, you feel intrinsic motivation. In other words, you become your habit. This can be a curse when you repeat a story to yourself because you’re more likely to be that. This is the case when you say “I’m terrible with technology” whenever you have a problem with your phone or computer.
Your identity forms your habits, so to change your identity, you must first change your habits. The more you repeat an action, the more it becomes part of your self-image. Every decision you make, however small, points you in a specific direction and as you repeat those decisions, you find evidence of a new identity. By doing certain habits, you can become whoever you want and it only takes small improvements.
To give yourself a new identity:
- Decide who you want to be
- Prove it to yourself by performing small actions
Habits aren’t about having something, they’re about becoming someone.
Chapter 3: How to Build Better Habits in 4 Simple Steps
A habit is a repeated behavior that’s performed automatically. When you encounter a problem in real life and you come across a solution that’s rewarding, your brain recognizes that, remembers it, and encourages you to repeat it. In other words, your brain automates the process of solving a given problem. Once a habit’s been formed, it frees up your mental energy so that you can focus your attention on a more demanding task.
There are four steps to habit formation:
- Cue: the hints that predict a reward
- Craving: the desire that makes us act
- Response: the thought or action that takes place, the actual habit
- Reward: the goal of every habit, what satisfies us and teaches us
If any of the four stages is missing, it won’t become a habit. The four steps form a feedback loop called the habit loop which is in constant motion. This explains why habits are automatic. The author proposes a framework he calls the Four Laws of Behavior Change to create good habits and break bad ones.
To create good habits:
- The 1st law (cue): make it obvious
- The 2nd law (craving): make it attractive
- The 3rd law (response): make it easy
- The 4th law (reward): make it satisfying
To break bad habits:
- Inversion of the 1st law (cue): make it invisible
- Inversion of the 2nd law (craving): make it unattractive
- Inversion of the 3rd law (response): make it difficult
- Inversion of the 4th law (reward): make it unsatisfying
The 1st law: Make It Obvious
Chapter 4: The Man Who Didn’t Look Right
When you experience something enough times, you learn its intricacies. This means you can identify the cues that lead to certain outcomes. When a behavior becomes automatic, you don’t think about it consciously. To change habits, you have to be aware of them.
Chapter 5: The Best Way to Start a New Habit
The Implementational Intention describes how you intend to implement a habit. Two of the most common cues are time and place. To be more effective when it comes to habits, state when and where you’re going to do them. What most people lack isn’t motivation, what they lack is clarity.
Some human behaviors follow a specific cycle. You often decide what to do next depending on what you just did. To build new habits, you can use this cycle to your advantage and connect habits. This is called habit stacking and you can use the momentum one habit generates to string several good habits together.
Chapter 6: Motivation Is Overrated: Environment Often Matters More
People often choose things because of where they are rather than what they are. Your habits change according to your environment. Most of the actions we take every day are not driven by choice but because they are the most obvious option. Small changes in what you see can affect what you do. Surround yourself with productive cues instead of unproductive ones. In other words, set up your environment for success. By making the cues part of your environment, you’re trying to welcome good habits into your life. Habits are usually associated not with a specific trigger, but with certain contexts (such as drinking alcohol in social situations).
Each location has mental associations, so we can connect certain habits and routines with certain places. Also, it’s easier for us to start new habits in a new place where we have no associations. Don’t mix contexts because that means mixing habits. The place where you sleep shouldn’t be the place where you consume entertainment, for instance. Interestingly, you can take a similar approach with your devices, such as using your phone for social media and texting, your computer for writing, and your tablet for reading. If you keep this up, each space or device becomes part of a habit and thought process: your desk is the place where you focus, your couch is the place where you relax, and your bedroom is the place where you sleep, for instance.
Chapter 7: The Secret to Self Control
Disciplined people don’t have more self-control, they simply avoid certain situations. Cue-induced wanting is when a cue backfires and leads you to do the habit you’re trying to quit. You can break habits, but you can’t forget them. The most practical way to get rid of a habit is by reducing exposure to the cue that leads to it. By removing a cue, the entire habit can fade away. For example, if you watch too much TV, rather than relying on self-control, you can put it in a closet.
The 2nd Law: Make It Attractive
Chapter 8: How to Make a Habit Irresistible
Supernormal stimuli represent an exaggerated version of reality that makes someone produce a strong response. Although food was scarce thousands of years ago and humans are biologically trained to eat as much food as possible, especially food with salt, fat, and sugar, that’s no longer the case. Nevertheless, we still crave it and our brain rewards us for consuming a lot of it. The modern food industry abuses the 2nd Law of Behavior Change: make it attractive. How food looks, tastes, and is presented is exaggerated to the point that our instincts become extremely excited.
Luckily, we can use this 2nd law to our advantage too. All habits lead to a dopamine spike. Dopamine is released when you experience pleasure and when you anticipate it. The anticipation of something often feels better than the reward. Therefore, make your habits attractive in order to feel motivated to do them. To make certain habits attractive, you can use a technique called bundling where you combine a habit you already like (such as listening to a podcast), with a habit you don’t like as much (such as exercising).
Chapter 9: The Role of Family and Friends in Shaping Your Habits
Above all else, humans desire to belong and this affects our behavior. Our earliest habits aren’t by choice, but something we imitate. Behaviors become more attractive when they’re something that lets us fit in.
We imitate the habits of:
- The close: this means people close to us, such as friends, family, or our partner
- The many: this means going with the crowd as a way to be accepted
- The powerful: this is about copying the behavior of successful people
Chapter 10: How to Find and Fix the Causes of Your Bad Habits
Habits are attractive when we relate them to positive feelings, so by associating hard habits with a positive experience, we can make them attractive. By reframing habits to see the positivity behind them, we can make them more attractive. You can create routines around something that makes you happy. Do it enough times and you’ll condition yourself to be happy.
The 3rd Law: Make It Easy
Chapter 11: Walk Slowly, But Never Backward
Don’t sit around looking for perfection, do something because that’s what will deliver an outcome. Planning or learning can be useful, but they’ll never create an outcome. When it comes to habits, we need repetition, not perfection.
Habit formation is the process in which a behavior is repeated so many times it becomes automatic. Picking up a habit isn’t about time, but repeating it so much that it becomes effortless.
Chapter 12: The Law of Least Effort
Following the law of least effort is human nature and one way to subvert it is by making it easy. When something is easy, we feel motivated. What you really want is the outcome, but when a habit is difficult it becomes an obstacle. This creates friction between you and the end result. By removing this friction, you’re more likely to follow through. The idea is to make habits so easy that you can do them even when you don’t want to. In other words, to do more with less effort.
Reduce the friction associated with specific habits. The author describes a strategy he calls addition by subtraction which involves looking for every point of friction in a given process and eliminating them. In other words, you get rid of the points of friction that waste your energy, to achieve more with less effort. The best products and services around you have reduced friction and that’s why they’re so popular: a Kindle has made it easier to download and read books, Netflix allows you to stream movies right to your television, and so on. By automating, eliminating, and simplifying, you’re making it easier. You can prime your environment to have good behaviors easy (prepare a healthy breakfast the night before) and make bad behaviors difficult (disconnect a video game console after using it and store it in a closet).
Chapter 13: How to Stop Procrastinating by Using the Two-Minute Rule
Once you take the first step of a given ritual, the other steps are easier. Over the course of a given day, you have decisive moments where you either have a good or bad decision to make. This is usually the difference between a productive and healthy day and the complete opposite. Ultimately, these choices stack up and lead to different outcomes.
Always start small, even when you want to be big. One way to achieve this is by using the two-minute rule that says that to start a habit, it should be two minutes or less. The idea is to establish a habit and then you can improve it over time. You should first show up and you can always master the details later. In other words, standardize before you optimize.
Chapter 14: How to Make Good Habits Inevitable and Bad Habits Impossible
If you struggle to achieve your goals, make your habits difficult by using a commitment device. A commitment device is a present choice that affects your future action. An example would be to leave your wallet at home in order not to buy junk food. You change a task in such a way that getting out of the bad habit is more work than starting the bad one. To break a bad habit is to make it impractical. Favor one-time choices that require work but increase value over time, such as buying smaller plates to reduce portions, unsubscribing from emails, turning off notifications, or cutting the cable. You can also use technology to automate tasks, such as installing a website blocker that prevents you from accessing social media websites.
The 4th Law: Make It Satisfying
Chapter 15: The Cardinal Rule of Behavior Change
We are likely to do something again when it’s satisfying. The problem is that while we look for immediate pleasure, we live in a delayed-return environment. This would explain why you prefer to stay at home and watch television instead of exercising because by doing the latter, you get the reward now. When it comes to bad habits, the immediate result feels good, but the ultimate outcome is bad. When it comes to good habits, the immediate result is unenjoyable, but the ultimate outcome is good. To put it more simply, bad habits cost you your future.
Unfortunately, the brain prioritizes the present, and even if you think of a potential future with a better life makes more sense, instant gratification usually wins. So you have to train yourself to delay gratification by using reinforcements. These are immediate, short-term rewards to perform a behavior more often. The idea is to feel satisfaction after not doing a bad habit. For example, for a certain amount of money you save not buying frivolous stuff, you put some of that money in a separate account and you can use that money for a family trip.
Chapter 16: How to Stick with Good Habits Every Day
Making progress is satisfying, especially when there’s a visual reference. Visual measurements include journals, logs, punch cards, progress bars, percentages, page numbers, and so on. The best way to measure progress is with a habit tracker because they have several benefits.
- Benefit #1: habit tracking is obvious
- Benefit #2: habit tracking is attractive
- Benefit #3: habit tracking is satisfying
Some people see habit tracking as a hassle because you have to do two habits: the habit you’re actually doing and measuring it. As an alternative, you can use resources that are tracking habits for you already, such as credit card statements or step counters. Also, limit manual tracking to your most important habits. Try to do it as soon as you’re done doing the habit itself. This is an example of habit stacking which we discussed earlier.
Emergencies can prevent you from doing one or more of your daily habits. As a general rule: never miss a habit twice in a row. A mistake doesn’t ruin your life, but a series of mistakes can. Missing a habit once is an accident, but missing more can become a habit in itself. This is the difference between winners and losers.
The bad days, the ones where you don’t feel like doing anything, are the most important because they keep the compound gains you’ve accumulated from the good days. With the simple act of showing up, you’re saying that you’re the kind of person who shows up and does the work. It’s easy to do things when problems come up. Your work during the bad days won’t make a difference, but the act of showing up reaffirms your identity.
Chapter 17: How an Accountability Partner Can Change Everything
Instead of making it satisfying, you can inverse the 4th law of Behavior Change and make it unsatisfying. You learn faster from painful mistakes. Adding cost to your behavior is a good way to prevent bad habits. To add a cost to a habit, create a habit contract. This is an agreement where you commit to a habit and a punishment in case you don’t follow through.
Chapter 18: The Truth About Talent (When Genes Matter and When They Don’t)
To maximize your chances of success, choose the right field. Habits are easier when they align with your natural abilities. To identify the areas where you’ll thrive you have to understand your personality.
The “Big Five” is a scientific analysis that divides personality traits into five spectrums of behavior:
- Openness to experience
Out habits are determined by our personalities. Our genes also steer us in a specific direction. Don’t choose popular habits, choose the ones that suit you specifically. Pick the right habit so that everything’s easy, you’re successful, and you’re more satisfied. Favor work that feels like play, activities that make you lose track of time, something that comes naturally to you. If you can’t be better, you can always be different by combining several skills. Our genes tell us what to work hard on. You still have to do the work to prove it though and at least, you’ll have fun and life won’t be a struggle.
Chapter 19: The Goldilocks Rule: How to Stay Motivated in Life and Work
To be focused on the task at hand, you have to feel constantly challenged. The Goldilocks rule says that we feel motivation peak when the task at hand is on the edge of our current abilities. The greatest threat to success is boredom, not failure. To succeed at something, you have to put up with the same tasks over and over. Showing up and doing the work anyway is the difference between a professional and an amateur. Fall in love with boredom.
Chapter 20: The Downside of Creating Bad Habits
Once you master a habit, it’s easy to commit mistakes. Set up a program for reflection and review to make sure you’re not committing mistakes and that you’re still achieving mastery over time.
|
<urn:uuid:04e84004-6d2a-4195-8873-75c984115a5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://ericsandroni.com/book-summary-atomic-habits-by-james-clear/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939025 | 4,625 | 3.140625 | 3 |
For the first time, scientists have cloned cells from two adults to create human embryos. This technical breakthrough follows similar research last year, which created cloned embryos from infant and fetal cells. Here is what every Christian should know about human cloning:
What is cloning?
Cloning is a form of reproduction in which offspring result not from the chance union of egg and sperm (sexual reproduction) but from the deliberate replication of the genetic makeup of another single individual (asexual reproduction). Human cloning, therefore, is the asexual production of a new human organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing or previously existing human being.
How does therapeutic cloning differ from reproductive cloning?
The use of the term 'therapeutic' and 'reproductive in reference to cloning is misleading. All cloning produces a human embryo and is therefore reproductive in nature. The more accurate phrasing is 'cloning-to-produce-children' and 'cloning-for-research' to make a distinction between cloning that results in the creation of an embryo for subsequent destruction and one that is created in order to continue the normal process of human development.
What is the process of human cloning?
Cloning is achieved by a technique referred to as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The process involves introducing the nuclear material of a human somatic cell (donor) into an oocyte (egg cell) whose own nucleus has been removed or inactivated, and then stimulating this new entity to begin dividing and growing, yielding a cloned human embryo.
Does cloning produce an exact genetic replica of the donor?
No. All human cells, including eggs and sperm, contain small, energy-producing organelles called mitochondria. Mitochondria contain a small piece of DNA that specifies the genetic instructions for making several essential mitochondrial proteins. SCNT transfers the nucleus into the oocyte, which contains mitochondrial DNA of the egg donor. Just as in sexual reproduction, the embryo produced by cloning contains genetic material from two different individuals.
How do the harvested cells from a cloned embryo differ from those produced by sexual reproduction or in-vitro fertilization?
Due to missing, but crucial interactions between the sperm and egg, genetic reprogramming errors’ are inherent to cloning. This leads to random, widespread genetic ‘imprinting’ and epigenetic defects that are both known causes of cancer. In addition to the epigenetic defects, cells derived from cloning that are injected back into the donor are rejected because of epigenetic mis-expression, genetic differences due to mitochondrial DNA, and the incompatibility of cells too immature in development to interact with adult tissue environments. This is the major stumbling block for using material from cloned embryos for the treatment of diseases.
What are the ethical problems concerning human cloning?
The primary moral objection to cloning-for-research is the same as for all embryo-destructive research—it creates human life solely for the purpose of destroying it; using a human embryo merely as a means to an end (e.g., "spare parts").
The objection to cloning-to-produce children are similar in that it poses a threat to the life of the child, and potentially to the birth mother. Even if the process could be made safe, though, it has the potential to alter the "DNA ecosystem" in ways that are un-predictable and thus potentially injurious to human and non-human life. For these reasons, Christians should continue to oppose all forms of human cloning as unethical and unnecessary.
Isn’t concern about the moral status of the embryo based on religious premises? Why should someone who doesn’t agree with that position reject cloning?
While it is true that many people oppose the cloning of human embryos for religious and ethical reasons, the issue is not divided along the typical left/right political spectrum. Even pro-choice advocates and others who hold liberal and progressive political views find sufficient ethical concerns for opposing the procedure.
The progressive International Center for Technology Assessment, for example, highlights the concerns that cloning will lead to the exploitation of women:
In recent testimony, one researcher stated that stem cells might be able to provide up to 1.7 million therapies per year. This would require a minimum of 5-8 million human eggs per year — assuming a very optimistically high success rate of 1 stem cell culture out of 3-5 clonal embryos. Where will researchers get these millions of eggs? From women in this country or abroad, and it is highly likely that many of these women will have to become repeat donors. Egg donation can have significant health impacts on women. Of particular concern are (1) the super-ovulating drugs that women are given in order to provide the eggs for embryo cloning, (2) numerous hormone treatments given to ease egg extraction, and (3) the extraction process itself. Risks to women from egg donation include a potential link to ovarian cysts and cancers, severe pelvic pain, rupture of the ovaries, bleeding into the abdominal cavity, acute respiratory distress, pulmonary embolism, and possible negative effects on future fertility. Most women who are lured into this process are economically disenfranchised and perform this operation because they are in financial need and seek payment for their eggs.
Doesn't a ban on therapeutic cloning remove a promising venue for biomedical research?
Currently, the primary justification for therapeutic cloning is as a means of harvesting embryonic stem cells. Any therapies that would result from the technique would likely come from that use. Cloning, however, not only compounds the ethical concerns of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research but also adds a significant number of other moral problems. This Machiavellian approach would be difficult to justify even if ESC research were to lead to miraculous cures.
But ESC research has proven to be a failure. There are more than 70 conditions currently being treated with adult stem cells, and zero with embryonic stem cells. Despite the media hype of the early 2000s, embryonic stem cell research has proven to be useless at treating medical conditions. When tested on animals, embryonic stem cells turned into tumors. As biological engineer James Sherley once explained, “Figuring out how to use human embryonic stem cells directly by transplantation into patients is tantamount to solving the cancer problem.”
When time and money are limited it's both irrational and immoral to divert funding and attention from promising areas of research to ones that have absolutely no evidence of producing results.
- The Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity
- The Center for Bioethics and Culture
Note: Referrals to other organizations should not be construed as endorsements of all of the activities or resources of those organizations.
|
<urn:uuid:65e5ce48-a780-4baf-8b34-e5d49f123f73>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://erlc.com/resource-library/articles/issue-analysis-human-cloning/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940486 | 1,371 | 3.421875 | 3 |
ENTERPRISE — To protect forest health on the East Moraine Community Forest a thinning project is planned to reduce an outbreak of bark beetles near the Turner Lane trailhead.
Known as scolytus, or “fir engravers”, the insects are threatening forests across the Blue Mountains and local foresters and landowners have documented phenomenon. Oregon Department of Forestry highlighted this in their most recent Forest Health report. Broadly speaking, the department noted that drought stress, followed by opportunistic insect attacks, is the main underlying cause of tree dieback and decline. Recreationists hiking, biking, riding or cross-country skiing on the Community Forest may have noticed dead or dying trees.
Original Article: Source
|
<urn:uuid:dcf078d0-1ed1-4d38-a837-1e8e39f5a0e2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://eugenedailynews.com/forest-health-project-scheduled-for-east-moraine-community-forest-this-winter/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921511 | 147 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Sid"er*ite, n. [L. sideritis loadstone, Gr. , , of iron, from iron.]
1. Min. (a)
Carbonate of iron, an important ore of iron occuring generally in cleavable masses, but also in rhombohedral crystals. It is of a light yellowish brown color. Called also sparry iron, spathic iron.
A meteorite consisting solely of metallic iron.
An indigo-blue variety of quartz.
Formerly, magnetic iron ore, or loadstone.
Any plant of the genus Sideritis; ironwort.
© Webster 1913.
|
<urn:uuid:1db1640a-e339-4ea8-bf42-229f94813f41>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://everything2.com/title/Siderite
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.830372 | 137 | 2.515625 | 3 |
As an agriculturist, I've seen that the heart of global food security often lies in the humble paddy rice fields where rice, a staple for over half the world's population, is cultivated. Culturing rice is a complex process that requires a deep understanding of soil nutrition, appropriate use of fertilizers, and the effective employment of modern irrigation techniques like fertigation. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on "how do I grow rice", focusing on these crucial aspects.
Learn more about "How do I grow rice" by watching the video shared below:
Understanding Rice and Its Requirements
Rice is a semi-aquatic annual grass species, typically grown in warm and humid climates. It requires significant water, a long growing season, and specific soil conditions. The rice plant comprises the root system, the culm, leaf blades, leaf sheaths, the panicle, and the grain. The growth process includes three stages: vegetative, reproductive, and ripening. Each step requires specific care and nutritional inputs, which we will explore further.
Soil Preparation and Nutrition
The preparation of the soil is the first step in the cultivation of long-grain rice. The land is plowed and harrowed to break down the soil and make it suitable for the rice seeds. The ground is then leveled to ensure an even distribution of water and nutrients.
The soil's fertility, defined by its nutritional content, plays a crucial role in the overall growth and yield of the crop. Critical nutrients for rice include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Nitrogen promotes the growth of leaves and stems, phosphorus aids in root development and energy transfer, and potassium assists in the overall functioning of the plant, including water regulation and disease resistance.
Fertilizers and Their Role in Rice Cultivation
Fertilizers are crucial in replenishing and augmenting the soil's nutrient content. The choice of fertilizer depends on the soil's existing nutritional composition, which can be determined through a soil test.
Nitrogenous fertilizers, like urea or ammonium nitrate, are widely used in rice cultivation. They should be applied in doses during the tillering and panicle initiation stages. However, excessive nitrogen application can lead to a condition known as 'lodging', where the rice stalks grow too tall and fall over.
Phosphatic fertilizers, such as superphosphate, are typically applied before transplanting the seedlings. Potassium fertilizers, such as potassium chloride, are generally used in soils deficient in potassium. It's important to remember that using fertilizers should be balanced and calculated to avoid soil degradation or nutrient runoff, which could harm the environment.
The Role of Fertigation in Rice Cultivation
Fertigation, a technique combining irrigation and fertilization, is increasingly gaining traction in modern agriculture. It allows for the precise application of water and nutrients directly to the plant's root zone.
In the case of rice cultivation, fertigation can help manage nutrients more effectively, particularly in irrigated systems. It allows for the gradual releasing nutrients, reducing wastage and environmental harm. Additionally, it enhances the efficiency of water usage, which is of utmost importance in growing medium-grain rice due to its high water requirements.
Through fertigation, nutrients can be adjusted according to the different growth stages of the white rice plant. For instance, higher nitrogen supply during the vegetative and panicle initiation stages can boost growth and yield.
However, fertigation requires careful management. Over-irrigation can lead to nutrient leaching, while under-irrigation can result in nutrient deficiency in rice grains. Thus, monitoring continuous soil moisture and nutrient levels is critical for the successful fertigation of long-grain brown rice, long-grain rice, and short-grain rice.
Frequently Asked Questions
What type of soil is best for growing rice?
Rice grows best in well-drained but water-retaining clayey or loamy soils. The soil should be rich in organic matter and have a neutral to slightly acidic pH.
How much water does a rice plant need to grow?
Rice is a water-intensive crop. Depending on the variety and stage of growth, it may require anywhere between 500 to 2000 litres of water to produce one kilogram of rice.
What is the best time of the year to plant rice?
The ideal time to plant rice is during the rainy season. The specific timing may vary based on local climate conditions.
How long does it take for a rice plant to mature?
Rice plants take about 3-6 months to mature, depending on the variety and environmental conditions.
What kind of fertilizers are recommended for rice cultivation?
Rice plants require a balanced nutrition of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Nitrogenous fertilizers like urea, phosphatic fertilizers like superphosphate, and potassic fertilizers like potassium chloride are commonly used.
How Do I Grow Rice: In a Nutshell
Rice cultivation involves a deep understanding of the crop's needs and the delicate balance of soil nutrition. The judicious use of fertilizers and the innovative application of fertigation techniques can significantly enhance the productivity and sustainability of this vital crop. As each field presents unique conditions, adaptability, and continuous learning are fundamental for successful rice farming. A mindful approach to agriculture can ensure bountiful harvests while preserving our planet's health.
|
<urn:uuid:86a88725-f952-41da-a37f-f3f8a618fbaa>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://ezfloinjection.com/article/how-do-i-grow-rice/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922422 | 1,125 | 3.703125 | 4 |
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
Shrimps are not the most beautiful creatures on earth, but they do play a very big role in our oceans and even in our personal lives.
Shrimps are part of the decapod crustacean family and they are often referred to as prawn.
These are thousands of species of shrimp found on the seafloor and many even thrive in rivers and lakes.
These insect-like creatures are an important food source for many aquatic and land animals. They are also enjoyed as a tasty treat for humans and are now successfully farmed.
Shrimps are also often kept in fish tanks and aquariums because they can be very pleasing to look at and they can help keep fish tanks clean.
What Type Of Food Do Shrimp Eat?
Shrimps are very important to our water sources because these tiny creatures help keep seas and rivers clean.
Shrimps are omnivores and will consume both plant and flesh matter. They are primarily scavengers and the diet of different species may vary slightly. These tiny creatures will consume just about anything that will fit into their tiny mouths.
They dwell on the bottom of oceans and seas where they have access to lots of foods.
Here is a quick look at some of their favorite foods;
Algae and other Plant matter
While moving about on the ocean floors, shrimp will feed on any type of plant matter they can find.
They enjoy eating all sorts of algae organisms and will also eat other types of dead and decayed plant matter such as tiny pieces of dead coral, leaves, roots, and much more. There is basically no type of plant matter that these creatures will not consume.
Dead fish and decaying matter
Since they are scavengers, they are happy to consume any type of dead and decaying flesh matter they can find. Shrimps consume lots of dead fish as well as any other type of decayed meat they happen upon. This can include any type of fish, animal, or organism.
Plankton is a very important food source for shrimp. As tiny fry, shrimp also make out a huge part of plankton and they are very likely to consume their own young when they are scavenging for tiny pieces of plankton that might be drifting about the ocean floors.
Shrimps will also eat clams they find growing on ocean floors. They do however have tiny mouths and as such can only consume tiny or newborn clams.
Snails and worms
These animals will hunt and eat sea snails or worms that are small enough to fit into their mouths.
Shrimp cannot chew and therefore will avoid larger snail and worm species or adult snails and worms. They only focus on snails or worms that are either dead and rotting or very small.
Shrimps do look a lot like and are very similar to crabs with acceptance to their skinny legs but they can and will eat crabs. Tiny crabs are a tasty treat for adult shrimps. These insect-like-creatures will eat just about any crab specie they can find that can fit into their mouths.
In commercial shrimp farms, these animals are often supplemented by offering them food pellets. Since shrimp can consume a very diverse diet, farmers are not at all limited to the type of fish or food pellets they offer. Most do however offer pellets that can increase their calorie intake and protein levels so these farmed organisms will refrain from eating each other.
Shrimps are cannibals and will catch and eat any other smaller shrimps they come across. They will also feed on the dead and decayed bodies of fellow shrimps.
Being scavengers, we cannot really say that these creatures do have any diet variations.
They will eat just about any type of matter whether alive, dead, or rotting. If the flesh or animal matter can fit into their mouths, they will consume these foods.
How to Feed Shrimp?
Being bottom dwellers, you do need to offer foods that sink to the bottom of your tank if you are feeding shrimp. Only plankton – tiny shrimp fry- are located on top of the water but all larger shrimps tend to linger close to the ocean floors because this is where they find most of their foods.
The only real important factor to keep in mind when feeding shrimp is that they do require a variety of food types to stay healthy. These creatures are omnivores and get their needed nutrients from both flesh and plant matter.
How Much Do Shrimp Eat?
A shrimp will eat more as it grows. As a small fry, it cannot consume much food at all and a few bits of algae are sufficient.
As it grows, it will start to eat a wider range of foods such as plankton and algae and food consumption will gradually increase.
Since shrimps are scavengers, they are happy to consume decayed foods. You, therefore, do not have to clear foods from your tank if the shrimp did not consume all foods. It is however better not to offer too much food since excess decayed food pieces can make your tank look and smell horrible.
What do Baby Shrimp Eat?
Baby shrimps are called fry. Shrimp fry forms part of the plankton community and unlike adult shrimps, these will first drift on top of the water amongst other plankton. Young fry survives mainly on algae, plankton, and any other plants they can find.
In captivity, young fry are raised by feeding them on algae and plant matter.
What Do Wild Shrimp Eat?
In the wild, shrimps will feed on just about anything. Their habitat greatly influences the type of food they consume. As a fry, they consume algae and plankton organisms because this is what is found drifting along with them on the ocean waters. As adults, they will consume foods they find around them.
Do Shrimps Eat Poop?
Shrimps are often kept in tanks to break down fish poop. They are very handy for keeping fish tanks clean and are often used to consume fish poop which in return helps reduce the frequency of tank cleaning required.
What Do Shrimp Eat In A Fish Tank?
In fish tanks, shrimp will eat anything they find on the bottom of the tank. They are happy to eat flesh matter from dead fish, fish poop, algae, leftover fish foods, and many other microorganisms you never even knew lived in your tank.
Do Shrimp Eat People?
Yes, shrimps can eat human flesh. If a human body falls into a lake or ocean, they will eat any pieces of flesh they can swallow.
Shrimp is very important in our world. They serve as a tasty treat and are useful for keeping our oceans nice and clean.
They are also very interesting creatures to add to your fish tank if you want to keep your tank nice and clean.
Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc, or its affiliates.
|
<urn:uuid:78c2322f-26e6-4b0c-84fe-ffef0662e277>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://feedingnature.com/what-do-shrimp-eat/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96782 | 1,431 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Spruce Grouse - Canachites canadensis
Both sexes have tail feathers that are unbarred and narrowly tipped with white, and feathered legs. Males are gray and black above, with a black throat and a well-defined black breast patch bordered with white-tipped feathers; they have scarlet eye combs. Females are mostly white beneath but barred with black, gray, and buff. Females are also extensively barred on the head. Adult males and females range from 15 to 17 inches in length and average about 17.5 ounces in weight.
For a comprehensive review of the conservation status, habitat use, and ecology of this and other Montana bird species, please see Marks et al. 2016, Birds of Montana.
Although they are considerably smaller, Spruce Grouse are most likely to be confused with Dusky Grouse. Male Spruce Grouse, however, have a black breast patch, while Dusky Grouse do not. Female Spruce Grouse have white under parts with black barring, while female Dusky Grouse have bluish-gray under parts. Ruffed Grouse have distinctly banded tails. White-tailed Ptarmigan are smaller than Spruce Grouse, and are found only in alpine and sub-alpine habitats. In the fall, White-tailed Ptarmigan are reddish-brown above, with belly, tail, and wings of white.
Western Hemisphere Range
Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations:
(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version)
Map Help and Descriptions
SUMMER (Feb 16 - Dec 14)
Direct Evidence of Breeding
Indirect Evidence of Breeding
No Evidence of Breeding
WINTER (Dec 15 - Feb 15)
Not Regularly Observed
(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)
Spruce Grouse in Montana inhabit dense forest types such as alpine fir, engelmann spruce, or lodgepole pine. Winter home ranges northeast of Missoula are covered by Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine and larch. Douglas-fir provided the most important cover; the average size being 24.1 hectars (Paterni 1976). North of Columbia Falls, hens with chicks occupied more open areas in winter (Stoneberg 1967).
Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
- Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
How Associations Were Made
We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for
vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
- Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
- Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
- Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
- Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.
In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.
However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system, even if
point observations were associated with that system.
Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.
The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.
If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.
Suggested Uses and Limitations
Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.
These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests
) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.
Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.
Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.
Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).
Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.
- Adams, R.A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 289 p.
- Dobkin, D. S. 1992. Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34. Missoula, MT.
- Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
- Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998. Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 1302 p.
- Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32. 72 p.
- Maxell, B.A. 2000. Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1. Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana. 161 p.
- Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.
- Commonly Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
Recently Disturbed or Modified
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
Wetland and Riparian Systems
- Occasionally Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
Human Land Use
Conifer needles (larch, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine) were the main food in late fall through early spring (Paterni 1976, Stoneberg 1967). In summer, herbaceous vegetation and insects were utilized.
North of Columbia Falls, the density of territorial males was 5 per square mile with home territories of 10 to 15 acres (Stoneberg 1967). 80% of winter observations are of solitary birds; males were always alone, females may be with other females and/or immatures (Paterni 1976).
Predation by Northern Goshawks, Coyotes and Great Horned Owls were the major cause of nest failure. Chicks were reported by mid-July (Davis 1961). Near Fortine, broods of 4 to 6 hatched from June 20 to July 20.
- Literature Cited AboveLegend: View Online Publication
- Davis, C.V. 1961. A distributional study of the birds of Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 462 p.
- Marks, J.S., P. Hendricks, and D. Casey. 2016. Birds of Montana. Arrington, VA. Buteo Books. 659 pages.
- Stoneberg, R. P. 1967. A preliminary study of the breeding biology of the spruce grouse in northwestern Montana. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 82 pp.
- Additional ReferencesLegend: View Online Publication
Do you know of a citation we're missing?
- Aldrich, J. W. 1963. Geographic orientation of American Tetraonidae. Journal of Wildlife Management 27:529-545.
- American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU]. 1998. Check-list of North American birds, 7th edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 829 p.
- Anonymous. 1959. Franklin grouse. Montana Wildlife. November.
- Boag, D. A., and M. A. Schroeder. 1992. Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis). In The birds of North America, No. 5 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and American Ornithologists’ Union.
- Ehrlich, P., D. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder’s handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Schuster Inc. New York. 785 pp.
- Frissel, S.S., and E.E. Willard. 1975. Ecology of the spruce grouse in western Montana. Natl. Geogr. Sty. Res. Rep. 16:285-287.
- Hays, R., R.L. Eng, and C.V. Davis (preparers). 1984. A list of Montana birds. Helena, MT: MT Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks.
- Hejl, S.J., R.L. Hutto, C.R. Preston, and D.M. Finch. 1995. The effects of silvicultural treatments on forest birds in the Rocky Mountains. pp. 220-244 In: T.E. Martin and D.M. Finch (eds). Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press. 489 p.
- Herman, M. F. 1980. Spruce Grouse habitat requirements in western Montana. Ph.D dissertation, University of Montana, Missoula.
- Johnsgard, P.A. 1992. Birds of the Rocky Mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. xi + 504 pp.
- Jonkel, C. J., and K. R. Greer. 1963. Fall food habits of Spruce Grouse in northwest Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 27:593-596.
- Joslin, Gayle, and Heidi B. Youmans. 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review for Montana. [Montana]: Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society.
- Lenard, S., J. Carlson, J. Ellis, C. Jones, and C. Tilly. 2003. P. D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution, 6th edition. Montana Audubon, Helena, MT. 144 pp.
- Lumsden, H. G., and R. B. Weeden. 1963. Notes on the harvest of spruce grouse. J. Wildl. Manage. 27:587-591.
- Montana Bird Distribution Committee. 2012. P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution. 7th Edition. Montana Audubon, Helena, Montana. 208 pp. + foldout map.
- MT Fish, Wildlife & Parks. No date. Blackfoot-Clearwater Wildlife Management Area checklist.
- Mussehl, T.W. P. Schladweiler, and R. Weckwerth. 1971. Forest Grouse. pp. 142-152 in T.W. Mussehl and F.W. Howell (eds.), Game Manaqement in Montana. Montana Department of Fish and Game, Helena. 238 pp.
- Paterni, M. J. 1976. Habitat relations of spruce grouse in a mixed coniferous forest. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula.
- Peterson, J.G. 1969. The food habits and summer distribution of juvenile sage grouse in central Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 39 p.
- Ralph, J.C., J.R. Sauer, and S. Droege. 1995. Monitoring bird populations by point counts. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-149. Albany, CA: USDA Pacific Southwest Research Station. 181 p.
- Saunders, A.A. 1914. The birds of Teton and northern Lewis & Clark counties, Montana. Condor 16:124-144.
- Sibley, D. 2014. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY. 598 pp.
- Skaar, P. D., D. L. Flath, and L. S. Thompson. 1985. Montana bird distribution. Montana Academy of Sciences Monograph 3(44): ii-69.
- Skaar, P.D. 1969. Birds of the Bozeman latilong: a compilation of data concerning the birds which occur between 45 and 46 N. latitude and 111 and 112 W. longitude, with current lists for Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, impinging Montana counties and Yellowstone National Park. Bozeman, MT. 132 p.
- Stearns-Roger Inc., 1975, Environmental baseline information of the Mount Vernon Region, Montana. January 31, 1975.
- U.S. Forest Service. 1991. Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 688. 625 pages.
- USDI Fish and Wildlife Service., 1961, A Detailed report on fish and wildlife resources affected by McNamara Dam and Reservoir, Blackfoot River Project, Montana. June 1961.
- Additional Sources of Information Related to "Birds"
|
<urn:uuid:11b0e3a8-de9e-4cbc-b079-b59c9960cb7c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://fieldguide.mt.gov/%5C/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=ABNLC09010
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.83728 | 3,188 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The History of Our Home Town and the Surrounding Area
By Fowler Historical Society and Museum
History memorabilia is collected from the files of the Fowler Historical Society and Museum. The Museum is located at 114 Main Street in Fowler, Colorado.
On the southeastern plains of the State of Colorado is the prairie town of Fowler. It is located on the south side of the Arkansas River on U. S. Highway 50 in Otero County, just 34 miles east of old Fort Pueblo.
Who did this land first belong to? The Early People, wanderers and gatherers who hunted wild animals and gathered food; the American Natives, Arapahoe, Commanche, Kiowa, and the Ute Indian Tribes.
The land seemed like a barren waste, overgrown with cacti and sagebrush, but The Arkansas River, flowing from the Rocky Mountains in the west, gave Indians a valley where buffalo could roam, trees with which to build shelters, and water for the survival of animals and humans alike. A mild climate, wide open spaces, and canyon country with rock cliffs for petroglyphs and protection drew roaming tribes for their temporary inhabitation.
The Spanish came next by virtue of discovery and exploration in 1520. Explorers came: Coronado, Zebulon Pike in 1806, and Colonel Fremont in 1845. Finally, in 1848, the United States acquired a vast area of land, including what is now Fowler, as a result of the Mexican War. It was time then for trappers, fur traders, and explorers like Ceran St. Vrain, Charles Bent, Kit Carson, and "Uncle Dick" Wooten to pave the way for new settlers, farmers, and ranchers.
The Arkansas River beckoned early settlers who established way stations, homesteads, farms, and ranches. Among early settlers, surnames were: Hungerford, Hollis, Nancreed, Garland, Ramsey, Cox, and True in 1871; Schmit and Schneider in 1874; Rains, McDaniel, Davis, Owens, Poteet, Farnsworth, Simpson, Sauer, and Mock in the 1890s; and later in the 1890s, Weiland, Norton, Hutchinson, Harris, Taylor, Robinson, Enderud, Waddington, Barnard, Bevard, Mitchell, and Lawler; and Fellhauer in 1894.
Santa Fe Trail
These early settlers knew the Arkansas River as a turbulent stream; it was deep and swift and could be forded only in a few places in eastern Colorado. Timber for building was floated down the river. For communication, pulleys across the river were used in several locations. The first wagon bridge across the Arkansas River between La Junta and Pueblo was at Nepesta, built in 1886.
A branch of the Santa Fe Trail continued along the north side of the Arkansas River, taking pioneers west to Fort Pueblo.
Jackie Moore's Way Station, just north of Fowler, was a popular stopover for trappers, gold seekers, explorers, and weary travelers.
John Steuben Moore, more familiarly known to people of the Fowler Community at the time as "Uncle Jackie" Moore, was born in Ohio on April 2, 1832. One of eleven children. The family moved a lot; schools were remote, and Jackie received only instruction from his mother. He never learned to write, but his X was readily accepted in transactions or payments. Driving an ox team, he freighted from St. Louis to Colorado (Kansas territory) in 1861. In 1862, he herded cattle for the government in New Mexico and had his share of run-ins with the Indians. During the Civil War, he drove cattle to Fort Union for food for the army. Another Government job was that of hauling wood. Jackie Moore married Elizabeth Clark, a widow with children.
In 1884, John Steuben Moore bought the Way Station cabins and land from Burrel Smith and moved his family to Fowler. The only child of Jackie and Elizabeth was a daughter, Lillie. She married a cattleman, Louis Younger, and lived in Fowler until her death. Elizabeth Moore passed away in 1903, and Jackie married a widow, Annie Minning, with three children. They were raised in the old cabin and attended Fowler Schools. One daughter, Marguerite, married Arthur Hilton and remained in the Fowler vicinity.
Moore was a colorful pioneer, a scout with Kit Carson, and a way station keeper. He was, no doubt, a host to men who met at the cabin to trade stock, buy land, and swap tall tales.
The Arkansas River
Was one of many rivers which influenced a route of travel for wandering Indian tribes and early pioneers. Located on its north bank, just 1000 feet from the Pikes Peak branch of the Santa Fe Trail, was Moore's cabin. It was one of several way stations and was owned and operated by Burrel Smith before he sold it to Moore. Made of cottonwood logs, hewn at the river's edge, the cabin was a five-room structure. There were three rooms in the front and two rooms in the back; the roof was sod, and the floor was wide unplaned boards.
There were several bunkhouses for travelers who stopped to refresh themselves and outbuildings for the horses. A grove of trees gave shade and protection.
Today the cabin can be seen at the Fowler Historical Society, 114 Main Street, Fowler, Colorado.
Travelers heading to the gold fields or to Denver with a stopover at the way station included such well-known figures as:
- General (President) Ulysses S. Grant
- Bent Brothers
- Buffalo Bill
- Kit Carson
- Zebulon Pike
In 1876, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad followed the Arkansas River, extending its line westward to the South Side, a whistle-stop on the railroad line located on the east border of Pueblo County. The name Oxford was given to the South Side whistle-stop just east of Pueblo County in then Bent County.
The railroad workers chose this name because a big bull or ox was killed when crossing the tracks. Oxford was the established U. S. Post Office from April 27, 1882 until September 6, 1890. Because of a conflict with another Oxford on the rail line, the name of the whistle-stop was changed to Sybil. However, the name Sybil was never established as a U. S. Post Office.
The first railroad depot was a box car at Sybil siding. It was there in 1887 that a tall, lanky professor with flowing white hair and a beard stepped off the train. Orson Squire Fowler set foot on what was to become a thriving community named for him: Fowler, Colorado.
O.S. Fowler - Namesake of Fowler
O. S. Fowler, the noted professor and phrenologist, saw great value and potential in the land. He gained control of the land and filed a plat under the name of Fowler Town and Development. His idea was to build an irrigation ditch and import a colony of fruit growers. The improvement of the property had hardly begun, and only one mile of the ditch had been completed when, unfortunately, Professor Fowler became ill and returned to his native state, New York, where he died.
His wife, Abigail Ayers Fowler, continued to manage the company with W. E. Alexander as president. The company had a town platted by W. N. Randall, and sold lots to new residents. All early abstracts have the name Fowler Town and Development Company and Abigail Ayers Fowler as original owners.
O. S. Fowler's idea of a perfect community was a healthy colony. He planned to grow fruit and vegetables and raise pure-fed livestock. The Arkansas River would provide plenty of irrigation water.
A large number of farmers had taken up claims and homesteads along the line of the proposed ditch, and in order to hasten the work, they formed a company and finished the ditch. Originally, it was called the Enterprise, later named 'The Oxford Farmers Ditch' in 1889. The earliest users of water took it from the Arkansas River. After ditches were built, many ran water into cisterns for domestic use. Then, as a precautionary measure against typhoid, wells were dug. Two wells in the town were equipped with hand pumps and troughs for watering horses.
Otero County was formed in March of 1889 from eastern Pueblo County and western Bent County. The town of Fowler, Otero County, Colorado, was incorporated on October 3, 1900, with a population of 150. J. S. Gilbert was the first mayor, and lots were then selling for $20.00.
Quite probably, the first residential property in the vicinity of Fowler was that of Henry M. Fosdick. In 1882, the Fosdick family came from Boone, Colorado, and built a log cabin home on the south side of the Arkansas River. This cabin was replaced with a two-story home in 1894. Andrew J. Hollis maintained a postal service in a log cabin on the Fosdick property until 1887.
Businesses, Schools, Churches, And Newspaper
Businesses, schools, and churches flourished. There were three stores in Fowler in October of 1893: one at the Post Office (S. W. Denney, Postmaster), one owned by D. B. Lee, and one owned by H. McMaster.
The first furniture store was owned by Robert J. Hough on the southwest corner of Main Street and Cranston. In this same building, Mr. Hough served as an undertaker for a time. Before the Fowler Cemetery was opened in October 1897, burials were made in cemeteries at Nepesta and Rocky Ford. The cemetery was first owned by the Cemetery Association, but in 1920, it was turned over to the Town of Fowler.
The first lumber yard was a branch of the R. W. English Lumber Company of Rocky Ford, managed by Robert B. Edwards until his tragic death in 1929.
The first issue of the Fowler Tribune was published on September 17, 1897. Mr. George P. Davenport was the editor and proprietor. It was the first publication in this part of the valley and was printed in Denver. Although Fowler numbered only 28 people, the paper was well patronized, and within 1 year, the Tribune was being published in Fowler. Mr. C. W. Buck's first issue was on December 17, 1909.
The first school in the Fowler community was held in a small building near the slough, about a mile southeast of the center of town. In 1887, Miss Grace Fenlason taught 7 pupils.
|
<urn:uuid:86e1b4e5-a933-4dee-85d1-078cf2dc5176>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://fowlercolorado.com/history/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977694 | 2,250 | 2.84375 | 3 |
top of page
Gelatinous fibers are widespread in coiling tendrils and twining vines
Bowling A; Vaughn K
American Journal of Botany
Although the coiling of tendrils and the twining of vines has been investigated since Darwin’s time a full understanding of the mechanism(s) of this coiling and twining ability has not yet been obtained. In a previous study (Planta 225: 485–498) gelatinous (G) fibers in tendrils of redvine occurred concomitantly with the ability to coil strongly indicating their role in the coiling process. In this study tendrils and twining vines of a number of species were examined using microscopic and immunocytochemical techniques to determine if a similar presence and distribution of these fibers exists in other plant species. Tendrils that coiled in many different directions had a cylinder of cortical G fibers similar to redvine. However tendrils that coiled only in a single direction had gelatinous fibers only along the inner surface of the coil. In tendrils with adhesive tips the gelatinous fibers occurred in the central/core region of the tendril. Coiling occurred later in development in these tendrils after the adhesive pad had attached. In twining stems G fibers were not observed during the rapid circumnutation stage but were found at later stages when the vine’s position was fixed generally one or two nodes below the node still circumnutating. The number and extent of fiber development correlated roughly with the amount of torsion required for the vine to ascend a support. In contrast species that use adventitious roots for climbing or were trailing/scrambling-type vines did not have G fibers. These data strongly support the concept that coiling and twining in vines is caused by the presence of G fibers.
bottom of page
|
<urn:uuid:7e56f101-1527-47e9-9886-c9643efdfc32>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://fr.lianaecologyproject.com/articledb/gelatinous-fibers-are-widespread-in-coiling-tendrils-and-twining-vines
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952908 | 384 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Dragonflies are one of the oldest species of insects still roaming the earth, and you’ll often see them buzzing by garden ponds, fountains, or natural waterways.
They’re stunning to watch as they fly back and forth on their daily business, and that’s likely due to their almost insatiable appetite.
Besides their graceful beauty, dragonflies are great in the garden as they effectively control the population of other flying insects, such as mosquitoes and flies. An adult dragonfly can eat anywhere from 30-100 mosquitoes each day, or around 16,000 insects each summer.
Table of Contents
Why Are Dragonflies Good for Your Garden? (Pros)
- Dragonflies are harmless to people and have been welcomed into gardens for centuries. They are excellent fly and mosquito hunters and their agile and powerful wings and exceptional vision allow them to catch small flying prey with ease.
- Dragonflies are also a great indication of good air quality, as they cannot withstand polluted air and for this reason, it is rarer to see dragonflies in dense cities or urban environments. If you have an abundance of dragonflies living in your garden, you’re likely breathing the best air quality possible.
- With their high carnivorous appetite, dragonflies are also a great way to cull spider colonies. Small spiders are easy prey for the agile and speedy dragonfly. A dragonfly’s powerful wings can also cut through spiderwebs in its wake.
What Aren’t Dragonflies Good for Your Garden (Cons)
Honestly, there aren’t many reasons why you shouldn’t be happy about dragonflies being in your garden.
They are harmless to humans and provide a great range of advantages as mentioned above:
- Unfortunately, dragonflies do not aid pollination. They do not intentionally visit flowers solely for the purpose of collecting nectar. However, they may chase or hunt insects that gather near flowers such as small flies or moths.
- Dragonflies are carnivorous and have an enormous appetite, eating thousands of smaller insects each week. In this regard, they are a predator to insects such as ants, small moths and flies, and other small bugs you may just happen to like.
Dragonfly Life Cycle
Dragonflies actually start their lives as larvae living in ponds or waterways.
The female will lay eggs in damp areas or in mud and the baby dragonflies (called ‘Nymphs’) hatch a few weeks later.
The nymph phase of a dragonfly’s life cycle lasts around 1-2 years depending on the species of dragonfly.
They feed on virtually anything:
- pond bacteria
- insect larvae
- tiny fish
This benefits most waterways by keeping at bay pest insects such as mosquitoes and flies.
At the end of its nymph stage, a dragonfly has developed an exoskeleton and crawls out of the water.
Its exoskeleton cracks open and its four wings come out, and they dry over the next several hours, preparing for their maiden flight.
As adults, dragonflies live for anywhere between 2 weeks and a year depending on their species. The Libellulidae family is the most common dragonfly species with over 100 different types in the US.
These common dragonflies are often referred to as ‘Skimmers’ and are brightly colored dragonflies that can be found darting around ponds, rivers, or lakes all over the country.
Less-known Fact: Most species of dragonfly have a lifespan of around one generation per year.
How to Attract Dragonflies to Your Garden
With over 5,000 known species of dragonflies, it’s not too difficult to attract dragonflies to your garden.
There are a few tried and tested methods that can provide the perfect environment for welcoming these graceful creatures to your garden.
Install a Pond or Marsh Area
Any garden space that features a pond of 20 feet in diameter will attract dragonflies.
They will utilize the ground for food, breeding, and during the nymph phase of the dragonfly life cycle.
If you install a pond, do not add any fish, as these will prey on dragonflies.
A small marsh area or bog will also attract dragonflies as this is an ideal breeding ground for small insects that dragonflies feast on.
An area that has poor drainage in your yard is an ideal opportunity to create a boggy marsh-like area in your garden.
Large Rocks for Sunbaking
Dragonflies are exothermic, meaning they use the sun to gather the heat they need throughout the day.
You’ll often see dragonflies either humming around a pond or perched on a flat rock, basking in the sunshine.
Beside your pond, lay some large flat rocks that will collect heat from the sun during the day and you’ll be rewarded with sun baking dragonflies throughout the warmer months!
Install Perches and Stakes
Although it’s most common to see dragonflies in flight, they do like tall stakes where they can comfortably perch and lay wait, preying on smaller insects.
Try This: Setting up several stakes around 3 feet high throughout your garden is a great way to attract dragonflies to any garden.
Good Air Quality
Dragonflies prefer good air quality with little pollution so attracting a dragonfly colony to a garden in a dense urban area may be tricky.
If you live in a rural area, the above options should prove fruitful for attracting dragonflies.
Make sure there’s plenty of foliage, shrubs, and trees for the dragonflies to perch and hunt for smaller insects.
Avoid Installing Bug Zappers or Using Insecticides
As dragonflies are natural mosquito and fly hunters, avoid using bug zappers or insecticides in your garden, as these will inhibit any dragonfly colonies that may frequent your garden.
Plants that Dragonflies Adore
Dragonflies are not fussy creatures when it comes to plants, however, there are a few clear favorites that are grown easily that will help to lure dragonflies to your garden.
Most of these plants will also contribute stunning flowers and coloring to your garden during the spring and summer seasons.
If you are living in USDA zones 6-10, submerged plants such as Dwarf Sagittaria grow very well and provide perfect breeding ground and shelter for dragonflies.
Another plant that thrives in wet and moist conditions is the Swamp Milkweed.
Don’t be put off by the name, these plants grow beautiful white and pink flowers that attract dragonflies, bees, and even butterflies.
The Black-Eyed Susan is an attractive flowering plant that attracts bees, butterflies, and dragonflies.
What’s More: They grow easily in almost any soil type and will make a welcome addition of color to your garden during the spring and summer seasons.
If you’re looking for a hardy plant that can survive in warmer conditions, then consider planting Meadow Sage.
This flowering perennial grows bright purple flowers from lush green foliage and requires little watering.
It’s also a favorite for butterflies and dragonflies!
No pond setting is complete without water lilies!
These beautiful flowering plants grow submerged with large floating leaves that are the perfect pontoon for your dragonfly colony.
They also provide excellent cover for Dragonflies that are looking to take a nap or rest during the day, and the colorful white or pink flowers attract bees and butterflies too!
Another great pond addition is the Lotus Flower, or commonly known as the Indian flower.
These striking pink flowers grow and float on top of the water surface from a submerged root system.
They grow rapidly and are excellent at attracting a range of useful insects such as butterflies, bees, and dragonflies.
Dragonflies not only look elegant and graceful in your garden, but they are also beneficial in many ways, from keeping pest insects such as mosquitoes and flies under control to culling other garden nasties such as spiders and moths.
As we have discovered, there are far more pros than cons when considering a dragonfly’s merit in your garden.
Setting up your garden to attract dragonflies is as simple as a few carefully chosen plants and a good-sized pond, and with these tips, you’ll have delightful colonies of dragonflies buzzing all over your garden in no time at all!
- What Is the Most Common Bird in Massachusetts?
- How to Attract Green Finches to Your Garden?
- What Do Chaffinches Eat?
- Should You Keep A Chaffinch As A Pet: Everything To Know
- The 5 Best Bee Feeders For Your Garden (And Why)
- How To Make A Bee-Friendly Garden: 6 Top Tips
- How To Make A Bee Feeder With Step-By-Step Instructions
- 4 Best Butterfly Feeders For Your Garden (And Why)
- The 7 Best Ways To Naturally Get Rid Of Bees From Your Garden
|
<urn:uuid:2f98fe90-627c-40be-a51c-ac01c8e237f6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://gardeniaorganic.com/dragonflies-good-for-garden/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935244 | 1,854 | 2.71875 | 3 |
History of Neon Signs
Neon signs are the new trend. From hip restaurants and bars to modern offices, custom neon signs embellish their architecture and make the place exuberant and impressive. A custom neon sign attracts youngsters and gives a retro look that is admirable by all. While neon lighting on custom neon signs seems like a relatively new fashion, you will be surprised to know that the history of neon signs dates back to 1857 and Heinrich Geissler. Before we get into the history of neon signs, let's talk a bit about neon lights and the technology behind them.
What are neon lights?
Neon lights consist of electrified glass tubes or bulbs which emit a dazzling glow. These cases are filled with a small amount of neon (or other noble) gases at very low pressure (lower than the atmospheric pressure). When the atoms of the gas get excited due to the energy supplied to them through the cathode strips attached to the ends of the tube, they reach higher energy levels.
The energy released by these atoms to get back to their original states is released in the form of photons that emit these colorful lights. The colors these photons produce will depend on the nature of the gas-filled inside it and the energy levels of the ionized gas particles.
A custom neon sign can be designed in a range of shapes and colors, depending on the decor style. Restaurants and bars will go for the edgier and more fun custom neon sign designs, while office decor will involve a more elegant use of custom neon signs.
But where did this trend of neon signs start? And when were neon lights invented? What's the history behind the technology of neon lighting? When did neon signs start selling commercially? Are neon signs used in art? It seems like there is an exciting history behind the neon sign technology, and it is definitely worth finding out. Let's dive in.
History of Neon Lights
You will be astonished to find that the theory behind neon sign technology dates as far back as 1675, even before the age of electricity. The French astronomer Jean Picard was experimenting with a mercury barometer tube when he observed a faint glow emitting from it. When he shook the tube, a glow called barometric light could be seen.
Even though the cause of light was not understood when the phenomenon was observed, it was later found that the light occurred due to the static electricity in the barometer light. With the progress in studying the principles of electricity, this theory of neon lighting was developed for further use.
The German glassblower and physicist Heinrich Geissler is considered to be the Father of Fluorescent Lamps. He invented the Geissler Tube in 1855. The Geissler tube was essentially a glass tube with electrodes on both its ends. It contained gas at a partial vacuum pressure inside it. Geissler experimented with arc current through numerous gases to produce light.
This tube was the basis of neon lighting. Apart from that, mercury vapour lights as well as the popularly used fluorescent lights are also based on this technology. Even sodium lamps use a similar technique. It is interesting that when Geissler observed this phenomenon, its importance was understood much later - when electric generators were invented.
Scientists started experimenting with Geissler tubes, power configurations, and a variety of gases. During these experiments, it was discovered that when a Geissler tube was placed under low pressure and an external electrical voltage was applied to the setup, and the gas would produce luminescence.
Next, come William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. They discovered the neon gas in London in 1898. The word neon derives from the Greek word 'neos,' which means 'the new gas.' Neon is a rare gaseous element and is a noble gas. It occurs naturally in the atmosphere and forms 0.0018% of the air.
How did the process become cost-effective?
Neon can be extracted from the atmosphere through the liquefaction of air and separated from the other gases by fractional distillation. Ramsay and Travers invented a rudimentary neon lamp, but since neon was rare, the invention was not feasible. In 1904, Daniel McFarlan Moore installed a commercial Moore Tube, which used an electric arc that ran using the help of nitrogen and carbon dioxide to produce light.
It was the French engineer, chemist, and inventor Georges Claude who discovered a method to isolate neon from the air in a cost-effective manner, thus making the technology of new light affordable. Claude demonstrated the whole process at the Paris Motor Show in December 1910.
The neon lamp was invented through the experiments of William Ramsay & Morris W. Travers and Georges Claude. Georges Claude was the first to display the neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris. At the beginning of his experiment, Claude used Daniel McFarlan Moore's design but later on devised his own design of a neon lamp.
Georges Claude got the neon lighting tube patented on 19 January 1915 with the U.S. Patent 1,125,476. Claude also formed his company called Claude Neon which introduced neon gas signs in 1923 to the United States of America. Their first sale was two signs for a Packard car dealership in Los Angeles. Earle C. Anthony bought these first commercial neon signs for $24,000. The neon signs were engraved "Packard."
How did Neon Lights gain popularity?
Neon signs gained popularity after that and are still a prime decor choice in various arenas. It is used widely in advertising, especially on billboards and door signs. Stores often use trendy custom neon signs to attract customers. Shopping malls, restaurants, and bars are always lit up with neon signs. Since the 1980s, neon lighting has also become an art movement.
There are even museums in the USA dedicated to neon light artistry, such as the Museum of Neon Art, the Neon Museum, and the American Sign Museum. The history of neon signs is fascinating, full of brilliant inventions and curiosities which produced such a revolution in sign advancement.
|
<urn:uuid:dfae320a-ce78-48ca-93d4-d7380f0013f9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://getcustomneonsigns.com/blogs/custom-neon-signs/history-of-neon-signs
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960122 | 1,240 | 2.75 | 3 |
Choosing the right steel for a knife is really a tricky task because each material comes with some pros and cons. Not any steel is perfect in every parameter.
Today we are going to discuss two very popular steel types namely S30V and 154CM.
Let’s understand what we are going to cover in this article about these two steel types:
- Brief history and origin of steel.
- What they are?
- Chemical composition.
- Edge retention property.
So without further ado…
Let’s walk you through this detailed guide about 154cm and S30v.
Table of Contents
Does S30v Stainless Steel Good For A Knife?
S30V is Martensitic stainless steel, which is an example of the balanced chemical composition of Vanadium which is known for providing hardness, and Chromium which is known for providing wear resistivity to the steel.
In this chemical composition, the manufacturer tried to promote the formation of Vanadium carbide instead of Chromium carbide.
This is why S30V steel comes with excellent toughness than the other steels whose hardness score in some benchmark tests are high.
This is a premium quality steel that was launched in 2001, by Crucible and is a very popular steel type for those who want optimum performance from steel.
CPM S30v Or S30v Chemical Composition
S30V has 1.45% Carbon which is a little bit large in percentage than the 154CM has, Carbon is known for providing toughness to steel. According to the Transverse Charpy C-notch test results there is no difference in the longitudinal toughness of both steel but S30V has much higher transverse toughness and this is the reason why S30V has excellent resistivity against chipping and breaking than the 154CM. 4% Vanadium in S30V is helpful to add wear resistivity and hardening properties to the steel, but it is lacking in 154CM.
The Main Chemical Components In S30v
CARTA test results show that S30V has better edge retention capability than the 154CM. Apart from other common chemical substances, it has 0.03% Sulfur to improve the machinability of the steel (S30V).
Advantages Of Using A Knife Based On S30v
- S30V is used in making wear components for food and chemical processing.
- In making Pelletizing components.
- In making Screwa and Dies (plastic injected).
- This is a decent steel knife for use in a humid environment.
Our Recommended Best Knives Based On S30v Steel
Spyderco Para Military Steel Blade With G-10 Handle
- Full Flat Grind.
- Made In the USA.
- 3.42″ Blade & 8.24″ Length
View the current price here
Benchmade 940 EDC Manual Opening And Closing
- Reversible, Lightweight, Locking Blades
- G10 Handle, G10 Handle
- Alloy Steel
View the current price here
Also Read: Vg10 Vs 154cm: Similarities & Differences
Does 154CM Good For A Knife?
154CM that is also known as CRM 134 or CRM 154 was developed in 1959 by Crucible. At that time the percentage of Chromium had not been firmly determined and this would be the reason behind adding the suffix “CRM” before 154.
It is stated by Crucible that 154CM is a modified version of 440C steel. What they did was they reduced the percentage of Chromium and increased the percentage of Carbon in the chemical composition of 440C to develop 154CM. The effect of this small change in the chemical composition is that 440C is lead to better hardness on 154CM steel than the 440CM.
154CM is an Aerospace grade steel that is also used in making cutlery.
154cm Chemical Composition
154CM has 1.05% carbon which is 0.40% less than the S30V, but the percentage of Vanadium is 2% higher than the S30V. The 4% Molybdenum helps bearings to operate at high temperatures because 154CM is specially designed for bearing.
2% Molybdenum is added to the chemical composition of S30V which is 2% less than the 154CM. The percentage of Chromium is the same in 154CM and S30V, which is responsible to add tensile strength, better edge retention, and corrosion-resistant properties.
The Main Chemical Components In 154cm
Apart from all the common carbides it has some additional elements such as 0.5% of Manganese, 0.8% of Silicon, 0.03% of Phosphorus, and 0.3% of Sulfur. This is an old steel type according to the current knife standard and is most commonly used in making knives, cutlery, etc.
Advantages Of Using 154cm Based Knife
- 154CM is an easy-to-sharpen steel type as compared to S30V.
- 154CM has high Chromium percentage that makes it stainless steel. It is rust-free steel.
- Chromium also enhances its corrosion resistivity.
- It is a tough steel.
Benchmade Mini Barrage 585 EDC Knife
- The 154CM stainless steel blade.
- Stainless Steel Handle.
- Satin Finish
View the current price here
154cm Vs. S30v: Specification
It is clear from the above image that the carbide structure of S30V steel is finer than the 154CM.
Type Of Steel
S30v is a byproduct of metallurgy powder. The powder consists the melted alloy particles. On the other hand, 154cm is not powder steel (its other variant CPM154 would be a powder variant), but it is a commonly used steed that is common in some higher-grade knives.
Chemical Composition Comparison
The hardness level of s30v according to Rockwell Hardness is between 58 and 61 HRC and 154cm hardness relay between 60 and 61 HRC.
Some tests have proved that S30v is a harder steel type as compared to the 154cm. The hardness of S30v depends on the combination of Tungsten, Vanadium, Manganese, and carbon.
On the other hand, 154cm has a combination of Chromium, Carbon, and Manganese which provide it with excellent hardness.
Edge Retention Comparison
The edge retention depends on the hardness of the steel as we have seen the hardness of S30v and 154cm is very close, which means both the steels come with excellent Edge Retention.
Wear Resistance Comparison
Although 154cm is very hard steel and has decent wear resistance properties, S30v has a high amount of Vanadium and Chromium which makes it slightly better than 154cm in terms of wear resistivity.
S30v is hard steel as compared to 154cm which makes it a bit difficult to sharpen but it doesn’t require frequent sharpening.
On the other hand, 154cm is easier to sharpen but it requires frequent sharpening.
S30v is hard steel which impacts its toughness. It has better hardness and corrosion resistivity but its toughness is not the same.
On the other hand, 154cm has decent toughness than the S30v. It has a proper balance between hardness and corrosion resistivity.
The above result is only for comparison purposes, it doesn’t mean S30v is bad steel in terms of toughness. Its toughness is excellent.
Does s30v and 154cm Steels Rust?
Every stainless steel will rust if it is not taken care of properly. S30v and 154cm both have 14% of chromium which provides great corrosion resistivity to them.
Note: If you want to use your knife for a longer time without rusting then after using it just wipe it with a dry cloth will extend its life and prevent any rusting.
Which One Is Best Between S30v And 154cm?
Having a sharp, durable, and long-lasting knife could be a life savior for some tough situations. If you are still in confusion about which steel type is highly durable, sharp, and tough between s30v and 154cm then let’s understand them in a nutshell.
154cm has a fine edge and more fine grain. Its edge remains fine for a longer period of time than the S30v. S30v has a coarser grain toothy edge rather and its edge also remains sharp for a longer period of time but not as much as you will get in 154cm.
S30v has excellent wear resistivity but 154cm has excellent toughness. 154cm takes very less time in sharpening than the s30v, but you have to sharpen it frequently.
S30v is tough steel and takes more time in sharpening than the 154cm. S30v steel knife is more suitable for humid environments and a little bit more expensive than 154cm.
I personally recommend going with S30v because it is made using new technology. 154cm is older than the s30v this is also a great steel type but new and advanced technology offers more advantages than the older one.
|
<urn:uuid:5a9d6432-7e77-49f6-bc51-04d2bba12fd5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://guidingpapa.com/s30v-vs-154cm/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923908 | 1,927 | 2.625 | 3 |
For every 5.5 miles run per week bone marrow becomes 1 year younger. This is done by gaining healthier marrow in smaller doses while running. Bone marrow is a semisolid tissue in the soft part of the bone that produces blood cells. Marrow produces red blood cells for the body. As the body ages it turns into yellow fatty marrow. This affects the blood and bone metabolism in areas such as pelvis, vertebrae, thighs, and hips in a negative way. It contributes to conditions such as diabetes and osteoporosis.
Running is not the only thing that produces this effect. Low bearring sports such as soccer, tennis, basketball along with high intensity activities such as jumping and volleyball create similar effects.
Secret: Running can increase the health of bone marrow.
|
<urn:uuid:e197a929-aa1a-4db9-a13f-7b62b3141491>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://healthylifestylesecrets.com/bone-marrow-and-running/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943636 | 159 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In a world rapidly shifting towards digitalization, traditional paper-based processes are being replaced by innovative technological solutions. One such advancement that has gained significant prominence is the use of digital signature certificates. These certificates provide a secure and legally recognized way to authenticate digital documents and transactions. As we embrace a paperless future, it is crucial to explore the role and potential of digital signature certificates in shaping this new era.
Enhanced Security and Trust
Digital signature certificates offer a higher level of security and trust compared to traditional handwritten signatures. With advanced encryption techniques, they ensure the integrity and authenticity of digital documents, mitigating the risks of tampering and fraud. The use of public-key cryptography ensures that only the intended recipient can validate the signature, making it virtually impossible to forge or alter the signed content. As we transition into a paperless world, the need for secure and trustworthy authentication becomes paramount.
Simplified Processes and Efficiency
In a paperless environment, digital signature certificates streamline processes and significantly improve efficiency. Traditional methods such as printing, signing, scanning, and mailing documents are time-consuming and prone to errors. Digital signatures eliminate the need for physical paperwork, enabling instant and remote signing of documents. This expedites transactions, reduces administrative burdens, and enables organizations to operate more efficiently. Additionally, automated workflows can be implemented, reducing manual intervention and improving overall productivity.
Legal Validity and Compliance
Digital signature certificate online hold legal validity in many jurisdictions around the world, offering the same legal weight as handwritten signatures. Governments and regulatory bodies have recognized the importance of digital signatures in facilitating secure online transactions and have implemented legislation to support their use. By adhering to established standards and guidelines, organizations can ensure compliance with legal and industry requirements. This opens up opportunities for cross-border transactions, eliminates geographical limitations, and fosters global business collaborations.
Cost Savings and Environmental Benefits
The adoption of digital signature certificates contributes to substantial cost savings and environmental benefits. The expenses associated with paper, printing, storage, and transportation are eliminated, resulting in reduced operational costs. Additionally, the environmental impact of paper consumption, including deforestation and carbon emissions, is significantly mitigated. Embracing digital signatures aligns with sustainable practices, supporting organizations in their corporate social responsibility initiatives.
Technological Advancements and Integration
As technology continues to evolve, digital signature certificates are poised to leverage advancements for further enhancements. Integration with emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence can provide additional layers of security, traceability, and automation. Blockchain-based digital signatures can offer immutable records of transactions, enhancing transparency and auditability. AI-powered systems can intelligently verify and authenticate signatures, minimizing the risk of fraudulent activities.
The future of digital signature certificates in a paperless world is promising and transformative. With their enhanced security, simplified processes, legal validity, cost savings, and environmental benefits, digital signatures are revolutionizing the way we authenticate and transact digitally. As organizations and individuals increasingly embrace the benefits of a paperless environment, digital signature certificates will play a vital role in ensuring secure and trustworthy interactions. By staying at the forefront of technological advancements, we can harness the full potential of digital signatures and drive the digital transformation journey forward.
|
<urn:uuid:bcb38a5f-ffb4-4fd9-a17d-65c1e2cd3023>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://heathnewton.com/the-future-of-digital-signature-certificates-in-a-paperless-world/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89889 | 646 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Agricultural Practices in Europe During the 18th Century: Exploring Crop Rotations, Enclosures, and the Role of Fertile Land
The agricultural practices in Europe during the 18th century are an interesting topic of discussion, especially in terms of crop rotations, enclosures, and the role of fertile land. From the “slash and burn” approach to the “two-field” and “three-field” systems, the article delves into the evolution of farming techniques that were employed in various parts of Europe. The use of manure and nitrogen-replenishing crops, such as clover and rye-grass, are also discussed, along with the challenges faced by agronomists and agricultural reformers. The article concludes by highlighting the role of the potato in avoiding famine, especially in France.
Table of Contents
- Slash and Burn: Frailties of Convention
- Two-Field and Three-Field Systems: Maintaining Soil Fertility
- Nitrogen Replacement and Maximizing Soil Fertility
- Journal of Arthur Young: Transformation of Agriculture in Norfolk
- Communal Structure and Lack of Knowledge as Obstacles to Agricultural Growth
- Enclosures: Raising Rents and Increasing Agricultural Production
- The Introduction of Maize and Other Crops: Advantages and Limitations
- The Potato: Benefits and Governments’ Promotion
- Role of Fertile Land in Agricultural Practices in Europe
1. What was the “slash and burn” approach used in Europe’s 18th century agriculture practices, and why was it problematic?
The “slash and burn” approach was a farming technique where forests were burned to clear land for cultivation. Once the land was used up or became less fertile, farmers would move on to other areas, leaving behind swathes of deforested and exhausted land. While this approach initially yielded high amounts of crops, it resulted in a loss of fertile land, biodiversity, and ecosystem services in the long term. Additionally, when crops eventually failed on the exhausted land, farmers had to continue to move on to new areas, leading to unsustainable farming practices.
2. What were the “two-field” and “three-field” systems, and how did they help maintain soil fertility?
The two-field and three-field systems were agricultural practices that were popular in Europe’s 18th century. In the two-field system, half the land was cultivated, and the other half remained fallow. In the three-field system, the land was divided into three parts, with two parts cultivated and the remaining part fallow. The fallow land rested and regained its fertility, while the cultivated land provided food during the growing season. By rotating land use, the two- and three-field systems helped maintain soil structure and fertility while simultaneously increasing agricultural productivity.
3. What was the role of nitrogen, and how did farmers replace it in soil?
Nitrogen is a crucial component for plant growth, and the need to replace it was not fully understood until the 1770s. Before then, farmers relied on the “slash and burn” approach, manure, or crop rotations to replace nitrogen in the soil. Manure was often used in combination with crop rotation, and it was an effective way of maintaining the soil’s fertility. Additionally, farmers planted crops like clover and rye-grass that possessed the ability to replenish the soil’s nitrogen content.
4. What were the major obstacles to agricultural growth, according to the Journal of Arthur Young?
Arthur Young’s journal highlighted the transformation of agriculture in Norfolk that came about due to the use of marl, new rotations, turnips, clover, and rye-grass, long leases, and the enclosure of land. However, the communal structure of cultivation and a lack of knowledge, enterprise, and support from authorities served as obstacles to agricultural growth. The communal structure did not encourage individual initiative, which stymied agricultural innovation and progress.
5. What was the role of the British Parliament in enforcing the elimination of communal structure and the introduction of individual initiative?
Enclosure acts, which were passed by the British Parliament between 1750 and 1810, allowed for the raising of rents and increased agricultural production, benefiting the wealthy landowners. Although communal rights were an obstacle to progress, their elimination would discriminate against vulnerable individuals, and the French state was reluctant to press ahead with the abolition of communal rights. In contrast, the British Parliament, representing the landed interest of the country, enforced decisions through just landowners. Many enclosures in Great Britain resulted from agreement among all affected parties and enforceable legislation.
The agricultural practices in Europe during the 18th century were diverse, with various techniques employed to increase agricultural productivity. Farmers moved from the “slash and burn” approach to the two-field and three-field systems, incorporating crop rotation, manure use, and nitrogen-replenishing crops. Enclosures served to eliminate communal structure and introduce the element of individual initiative, which favored the wealthy landowners. Despite the challenges faced by agronomists and reformers, crop yields improved, leading to the introduction of various high-yield crops like potato and maize that became critial in avoiding famine. Overall, the role of fertile land in these agricultural practices was significant, and the article highlighted how European farmers experimented with various techniques to maintain soil fertility and maximize yields.
|
<urn:uuid:58ff4e51-9da6-43ce-ab50-4b13a6c01097>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://history-of-europe.com/agricultural-practices-in-europe-during-the-18th-century-exploring-crop-rotations-enclosures-and-the-role-of-fertile-land/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960124 | 1,129 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Quarks are the smallest particles that we know of. In fact, according to the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes all known particles and their interactions, quarks should be infinitely small. If that’s not mind-boggling enough, enter dark quarks – hypothetical particles that have been proposed to explain dark matter, an invisible form of matter that fills the universe and holds the Milky Way and other galaxies together.
In a recent study, the CMS collaboration describes how it has sifted through data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to try and spot dark quarks. Although the search came up empty-handed, it allowed the team to inch closer to the parent particles from which dark quarks may originate.
One compelling theory extends the Standard Model to explain why the observed mass densities of normal matter and dark matter are similar. It does so by invoking the existence of dark quarks that interact with ordinary quarks via a mediator particle. If such mediator particles were produced in pairs in a proton–proton collision, each mediator particle of the pair would transform into a normal quark and a dark quark, both of which would produce a spray, or “jet”, of particles called hadrons, composed of quarks or dark quarks. In total, there would be two jets of regular hadrons originating from the collision point, and two “emerging” jets that would emerge a distance away from the collision point because dark hadrons would take some time to decay into visible particles.
In their study, the CMS researchers looked through data from proton–proton collisions collected at the LHC at an energy of 13 TeV to search for instances, or “events”, in which such mediator particles and associated emerging jets might occur. They used two distinguishing features to identify emerging jets and pick them out from a background of events that are expected to mimic their traits.
The team found no strong evidence for the existence of such emerging jets, but the data allowed them to exclude masses for the hypothetical mediator particle of 400–1250 GeV for dark pions that travel for lengths between 5 and 225 mm before they decay. The results are the first from a dedicated search for such mediator particles and jets.
|
<urn:uuid:99fe539c-060b-41ab-9b10-47ade574b10f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://home.web.cern.ch/fr/node/5476
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940231 | 468 | 4.15625 | 4 |
What is referencing
When writing a piece of academic work, you must acknowledge any sources you have used. You do this by including a ‘citation’ within your text (usually a number or an author’s name) next to the material you have used. This brief citation leads your reader to a full reference to the work, which you include in your list of references at the end of your text. These references should allow anyone reading your work to identify and find the material to which you have referred. You need to be consistent in the way you reference your sources by following an established referencing system and style.
Please download these 2 files for the full guide.
Please download these 2 guides for how to working with references using Microsoft Word 2007 or 2010.
If you want to use IEEE and ACM style with alphabetical (name) sequence then please download this BibWord file, unzip and copy IEEE_Alphabetical.XSL and ACMNameSeq.XSL to C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\Office12\Bibliography\Style (The directory may be different to this in your machine).
Whenever you update your bibliography, close your document then run BibWordExtender2.exe, click “OK”, select your Word document, select Bibliography style, click “Extend”, re-open your document, re-select the style in Word.
|
<urn:uuid:3ccb7346-034b-4040-8630-4a7f474eb357>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://huybien.com/guide-to-citing-referencing/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.872586 | 294 | 3.8125 | 4 |
IAS Mains Previous Years Paper : Psychology (1997)
1. Explain any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :
(a) What are the drawbacks of Ex-Post-Facto design of research' ?
(b) Why do Figural-After-Effects take place ?
(c) What is the relation between Discrimination learning and Generalization ?
(d) What role does extinction play in long-term-memory ?
2. What would be the major methodological orientation for doing research in Physiological psychology, Social Psychology and Counselling Psychology ?
3. Is there any relation between process of socialization and the social learning theories of personality ?
4. In order to have effective communication how far should one learn the body language and relate it to verbal communication ?
5. Answer any three of the following in not more than 200 words each :
(a) What is the relation of creativity, artistic aptitude and intelligence ?
(b) Can you relate the 'Guna' theory of personality with any Western model of personality ? .
(c) What is the difference in the altered state of consciousness through meditation and hyonotic trance ?
(d) Can the Cybernetic model of behaviour explain problem solving behaviour ?
6. In terms of motivational properties how would you rank attitudes and values ?
7. Dose the organizational man lead to the alienation in comparison to the Humanistic man ?
8. How does sleep and sensory deprivation affect behaviour of individuals who go for aviation and space flights ?
PAPER - II
1. Answer any three of the following (each answer should not exceed 200 words ) :
(a) Briefly describe the origin of the measurement of individual differences and comment on the present status of psychological testing in India.
(b) What is group cohesiveness ? Discuss the factors affecting group cohesiveness.
(c) Is aptitude testing sufficient for determining the suitability of a person for a particular job ? If not, mention the other tests that should be applied ?
(d) Define achievement motivation. Discuss the basic factors on which the success of a programme of increasing individual motivation depends.
2. Describe the prominent symptoms of psychosis and discuss the main points of difference between psychotic and neurotic reactions.
3. It is said that Indian society is resistant to change. Is it true ? If so discuss the factors responsible for this and suggest measures to combat the same.
4. What is the aim of psychoanalytic therapy ? Discuss the significance of free association and dream analysis in the process of psychoanalytic therapy.
5. Answer any three of the following (each answer should not exceed 200 words ) :
(a) Explain the concept of deprivation. How is it different from disadvantage ?
(b) Can stress be totally eliminated ? Discuss the main sources of stress in our society .
(c) Describe the verbal and non-verbal modes of communication and mention their significance.
(d) Juvenile delinquency is the outcome of broken homes. Do you agree with this statement ? Give reasons for your answer .
6. Discuss the different sources of development of prejudice in India, What steps do you suggest for minimizing the effects of prejudice.
7. Mention some of the techniques used in behaviour therapy and comment or its applicability.
8. What is meant by socialization ? Comment on the view that school is the best agent of socialization.
|
<urn:uuid:a936b40f-2972-41bf-909c-4bc47bb76281>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://iasexamportal.com/IAS/IAS-Mains-Previous-Years-Paper-Psychology-1997
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890991 | 712 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Although specialized machinery has largely replaced full crews of lumberjacks wielding axes and chainsaws, injuries and fatalities persist in industries such as timber harvesting and forest conservation.
The way modern forestry workers carry out their jobs in sometimes remote locations has changed significantly. But new hazards have effectively replaced the dangers of physical wounds. Statistics, coupled with a commonsense understanding of the work environment, demonstrate greater awareness of forestry personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is needed.
Injuries & Fatalities Caused by Forest Safety Hazards
The number of fatal incidents in forestry-related occupations has gone down, according to recent data. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that logging worker deaths declined from above 90 per 100,000 employees to 82 per 100,000 from 2020 to 2021.
This figure ranked loggers as the second highest at-risk group behind fishing and hunting trades. By contrast, the national workplace fatality average was only 3.6 in 2021, with transportation deaths as the leading cause.
It’s also important to understand that logging-related loss of life has been something of a rollercoaster ride. The industry has seen deaths per 100,000 peak in 2008 at 118. In 2012, they reached 129, and a troubling 132 per 100,000 workers in 2015, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
It may seem counterintuitive, but the heavy machinery expected to reduce forestry safety hazards for workers has emerged as a primary cause. The BLS indicates contact with falling objects and equipment contributes as much as 79 percent to all fatalities.
The BLS also noted that seemingly less hazardous occupations in the related forest management and conservation industries struggled with high incidents of injury and fatality. The federal agency pointed out that forest and conservation workers consistently post among the “highest rates of injuries and illnesses of all occupations.”
Although non-logging workers do not necessarily encounter heavy machinery as frequently, people who work in the wild also face the following types of forestry safety hazards.
- Wildlife Encounters: People working in forestry settings are routinely exposed to biting insects, poisonous snakes, rodents, and large predators.
- Falling Trees and Limbs: Logging workers are at the highest risk of being struck by falling trees and limbs. However, high winds tend to snap rotted and weak limbs that fall without warning.
- Forest Fires: The destruction from wildfires repeatedly crosses the annual 10-million-acre threshold annually. Wildfires put workers at risk of smoke inhalation and burns across sectors. Forest management and conservationists are also called upon to perform preventative controlled burns.
- Reactions to Plants: Most people have an allergic reaction to plants such as poison ivy and sumac. There are a wide variety of lesser-known plants that can cause serious illness or death. Potentially deadly plants around the world include White Snakeroot, Nightshade, Rosary Pea, Water Hemlock, and Oleander.
- Gasoline, Diesel, and Kerosene: Logging crews are routinely exposed to fuel used to power heavy machinery and chainsaws, such as gasoline and diesel. Forestry workers who perform controlled burns typically bring in trucks and backpacks to deploy kerosene. These toxic and combustible fuel sources pose a clear and present danger. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), recommend forestry PPE when handling flammable materials.
- Chemical Exposure: The use of herbicides and fungicides is more preventive than workers in forestry trades generally realize. It’s crucial to wear a full complement of forestry protective clothing when spraying chemicals or conducting duties in previously affected or treated areas.
Weather conditions also play a role in forestry illness and injury. Extreme temperature swings and flash flooding task workers with planning layered clothing protections. Lastly, the uneven terrain calls for appropriate footwear that can also withstand exposure to chemicals, fire, and hard impacts.
Preventative Measures for Forestry Safety Hazards
Working in a woodland puts workers in an unpredictable and risk-filled environment. To offset various forestry safety hazards, logging and forest conservation trades usually adopt preventative policies that keep people out of harm’s way.
Workers are generally advised against venturing into areas where emergency services cannot be contacted or deployed. Workers are also encouraged to maintain regular contact with team members when covering remote locations. They must also carry first-aid kits, sunscreen, and insect repellant.
It’s critical for loggers to always work in tandem. Whether felling trees, hewing off limbs, or extracting timber, multiple crew members need to be present to provide health and safety measures in the event of an injury.
When fast-moving storms roll in, logging crews are required to cease operations. Conservation workers may need to shelter in place, which is why carrying lightweight forestry protective clothing remains a standard practice. These rank among the necessary forestry PPE employers need to provide workers.
- Safety Boots: Work boots for loggers must protect against the hard impacts of falling limbs, and machinery contact, as well as possible bites from pests and snakes. Specialized products are available for those in the timber-cutting trades. Those in forest conservation and related fields also require durable footwear.
- Footwear Coverings: When deploying herbicides, pesticides, or fungicides, forestry protective clothing must include disposable footwear coverings such as shoe or boot covers.
- Protective Legwear: Durable trousers are necessary to prevent cuts, abrasions, and insect bites to the calves and thighs. So-called “chainsaw chaps” deliver enhanced protections for people operating cutting tools. Fire-resistant forestry PPE is needed for controlled burns.
- Gloves: A variety of gloves may be used that correspond to specific forestry safety hazards. Heavy-duty gloves are needed to operate chainsaws, heavy machinery, and brush cutters. Conservation occupations require lightweight hand coverings. Those involved in the use of chemicals or controlled burns require appropriate disposable personal protective gloves.
- Head Safety: Hard hats are standard workplace safety equipment in the logging trades. Employers and team supervisors are tasked with enforcing hard hat mandates.
- Eye Protection: Goggles or face shields are needed to operate chainsaws, brush cutters, or deploy chemical and combustible agents.
- Ear Protection: Loud noises can damage sensitive parts of the ear canal. Working near heavy machinery or operating chainsaws leads to severe hearing conditions over time. Without adequate protection, workers may suffer a ringing in the ears known as tinnitus. In other cases, hearing loss or hypersensitivity to sound may occur known as hyperacusis.
The need for employers to maintain a stockpile of forestry PPE cannot be understated. People in these occupations continue to suffer high rates of workplace injury and the second-highest number of fatalities of any occupation. Durable products that stand up to hard impacts, as well as chemical and fire-resistant forestry protective clothing, are needed for workers in related occupations.
|
<urn:uuid:45439746-8d0d-456b-a0ae-a6806bbbd935>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://int-enviroguard.com/blog/persistent-forestry-safety-hazards-need-greater-awareness-ppe-usage/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939182 | 1,436 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The exceptionally high rate of incarceration among indigenous Australians requires a policy response that does not compromise equality before the law or community safety.
Over the past decade, the national prison population rose by 43 per cent, with more than a third of this growth the result of more indigenous Australians being incarcerated. Indigenous Australians are incarcerated at 12.5 times the rate of the non-indigenous. This statistic should be read against a complex background of higher offending rates, including higher rates of violent offending, and under performance on all metrics of socio-economic wellbeing.
This issue is back on the national agenda following the release last week of the Australian Law Reform Commission’ report on indigenous incarceration, Pathways to Justice. This is a welcome contribution to the debate around criminal justice reform in Australia.
Unfortunately, however, the report makes some recommendations that would undermine the bedrock principle of equality before the law. There are policy options available to governments that do not infringe on this principle, some of which are also recommended in the report, and these should be preferred.
The most objectionable recommendation of the report is that indigenous status should be considered as a factor in sentencing, on the premise that special notice should be taken of socio-economic disparities between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.
|
<urn:uuid:d616b8e1-d6ef-442e-9221-c58f4e2416f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://ipa.org.au/publications-ipa/opinion/indigenous-incarceration-reform-policy-should-not-compromise-equality-before-the-law
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936506 | 254 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Date of Award
Master of Education
Dr. Jacqueline Specht
Dr. Robert Sandieson
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder that causes tumours
to grow throughout the body. This can have serious consequences for individuals affected throughout their lifetime. People with TSC are affected by this disorder in terms of their medical health, cognitive and behavioural functioning. There is currently no research in the literature addressing the educational profile, needs, or cognitive profile from an educational framework of children with TSC. As children with TSC move through the education system, a number of issues can potentially affect their educational success. This qualitative research study examined the educational impacts of TSC on children currently in the education system. The aim of the study was to gain an understanding of practices that are facilitating success in these children’s educational experience and specific deficits commonly experienced. In depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 parents of children with TSC (in Grades 1 thru 8), and 6 of their teachers/educational assistants (EAs). Academic, social and medical findings and their implications are discussed.
Flinn, Jennifer A., "THE EDUCATIONAL IMPACTS OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX" (2009). Digitized Theses. 3935.
|
<urn:uuid:f8d00cac-8a3f-4dba-94c2-54b2b3b5ab5c>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/digitizedtheses/3935/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942622 | 272 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Who’d have guessed that Amazon Alexa would one day travel to the moon and back? The familiar AI present in many Amazon gadgets will soon join NASA’s Orion spacecraft on its most significant mission yet. Many engineers are integrating Alexa into deep space missions as part of a collaboration between Lockheed Martin, Amazon, and Cisco. In a blog post, Lockheed Martin and the other companies engaged revealed the development.
Alexa is being launched into orbit as part of NASA’s Artemis I mission, the first of several planned missions. The goal is to make it possible for humans to go to the Moon and Mars in the future. The Orion spacecraft is outfitted with a technological demonstration payload known as Callisto, where Alexa will be on this forthcoming journey.
NASA, Lockheed Martin, Cisco, and Amazon all agree that incorporating technology like Amazon’s Alexa or Cisco’s Webex into future space research missions has a lot of potentials. Although AI-based, voice-only travel companions have long been a staple of science fiction films, there is much more to be worked out beneath the surface before they can become a reality. These three companies appear to be working hard to push the boundaries of existing technology and move forward into the future.
During long voyages, Alexa will assist astronauts
NASA has great aspirations for deep space exploration, and Artemis I is only the first stage in a long process of testing and improving the systems that will be used on future missions. Artemis I will test the brand-new Space Launch System rocket and the Orion ship itself, in addition to voice-controlled AI in the form of Alexa.
The initial flight will not have a crew, but engineers on Earth will test the technology in the form of a simulated crew. Alexa will have real-time telemetry data and will be able to answer thousands of queries about the operation without the need for an internet connection. Alexa will also handle mission-specific requests like regulating the cabin lighting.
One of the issues Amazon’s engineers had to overcome before this mission could take place was a lack of connectivity. Many of Alexa’s existing functionality will have to be performed without using the internet. On the other hand, Alexa will be able to provide information from home to future astronauts via the NASA Deep Space Network. This may include news briefings or sports scores to keep astronauts from homesick during long voyages.
Could you take me to the Moon, Alexa?
Amazon expects that astronauts will be able to use an onboard AI to quickly receive information and companionship and control their environment in the future. Voice control should make the process easier, more streamlined, and possible even while the astronauts are strapped in. Amazon had to collaborate with Lockheed Martin engineers to integrate Alexa into the Callisto payload to make it a reality. For Alexa to be built into, Lockheed Martin had to create all-new space-grade hardware to shield it from radiation and severe turbulence, especially during launch.
Amazon also had to integrate proprietary software to deal with the spacecraft’s noise and reverberation. This technology can then be deployed on Earth to make Alexa available to a wider range of consumers, including people who work in noisy locations or have limited access to the internet.
NASA will keep a close eye on the technology’s success on the ground. NASA will be able to mimic real-world circumstances and converse with Alexa on this uncrewed flight thanks to the virtual crew experience developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Cisco.
Amazon didn’t forget about the space fans who are still stuck on this planet. Alexa-enabled devices will provide updates on the mission, send out reminders around key milestones, and more. Amazon may have devised the coolest possible method of gaining rapid access to this feature to give credit where credit is due. Say, “Alexa, send me to the Moon,” to get early details and prepare your Alexa-enabled device for future updates on the journey.
|
<urn:uuid:ea33c307-6ed0-410f-8d10-9207e76d01e4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://itechbrand.com/alexa-is-on-her-way-to-the-moon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944869 | 806 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Message from United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right enshrined in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But around the world, there are governments and those wielding power who find many ways to obstruct it.
They impose high taxes on newsprint, making newspapers so expensive that people can't afford to buy them. Independent radio and TV stations are forced off the air if they criticise government policy. The censors are also active in cyberspace, restricting the use of the Internet and new media.
Some journalists risk intimidation, detention and even their lives, simply for exercising their right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas, through any media, and regardless of frontiers.
Last year, UNESCO condemned the killing of 77 journalists. These were not high-profile war correspondents killed in the heat of battle. Most of them worked for small, local publications in peacetime. They were killed for attempting to expose wrongdoing or corruption.
I condemn these murders and insist that the perpetrators are brought to justice. All governments have a duty to protect those who work in the media. This protection must include investigating and prosecuting those who commit crimes against journalists.
Impunity gives the green light to criminals and murderers, and empowers those who have something to hide. Over the long term, it has a corrosive and corrupting effect on society as a whole.
This year's theme is 'Freedom of Information: The Right To Know'. I welcome the global trend towards new laws which recognise the universal right to publicly held information.
Unfortunately, these new laws do not always translate into action. Requests for official information are often refused, or delayed, sometimes for years. At times, poor information management is to blame. But all too often, this happens because of a culture of secrecy and a lack of accountability.
We must work to change attitudes and to raise awareness. People have a right to information that affects their lives, and states have a duty to provide this information. Such transparency is essential to good government.
The United Nations stands with persecuted journalists and media professionals everywhere. Today, as every day, I call on governments, civil society and people around the world to recognise the important work of the media, and to stand up for freedom of information.
|
<urn:uuid:e9a08124-f1ca-4457-9b95-e3005e29077b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100503/lead/lead92.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948234 | 468 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Today the Federal Reserve lowered their key rate to 0%. Huh? How does our economy work when money is lent for no interest? Well, they technically lowered the key rate to a range of 0% to 0.25%. This is the first time the Fed’s key rate has been this low ever. Without getting into a long, complex examination of this let’s take a very simple look at our economic problems:
- Consumers spent more money than they had by borrowing and going into debt
- Lenders lent money to consumers who did not have the capacity to repay the loans
- The government spent more money than it had by borrowing and increasing debt
- Lenders lent money to the government who does not have the capacity to repay the loans
If we had a free market, lenders would be charging 20% interest today to compensate for the fact that it is extremely risky to lend to a population of borrowers whose capacity to repay loans is questionable at best. But, this is only a freeish market, and the Fed gets to fool with parts of the market. Part of what they do is manipulate interest rates. Interest rate cuts are a move to try to get lenders to lend and borrowers to borrow.
If borrowers (corporations and people) don’t have enough income to pay their existing debts, then loaning them money will allow them to pay their old debts. But how will they pay their new debts?
Do you see the problem? The only real way out of this is for the borrower to reduce spending/consumption and increase earnings/production. This includes the government and its citizens.
When you reduce the Fed’s position to what it really is, here’s what it looks like. If they do nothing, our economy will continue to crumble, and we will remove them from power (“Well looks like the Fed failed; let’s get rid of them”), the stock market will continue its decline, unemployment will surge, and faith in the government and our banking system will evaporate. So to avoid this, lenders must give many bad loans to many bad borrowers. Once those borrowers default on the loans, the Fed will then cover the lenders’ losses. The biggest message of the latest Fed happenings is “C’mon, banks, lend money… lots of it and quick. Don’t worry about getting repaid because we [the Fed] will guarantee your loans. If they go bad, we’ll pay you back with money we create.”
- Borrowers will be disgusted with bad debt and stay far away from borrowing more. Debt-based thinking will come out a failure as we are forced (thank goodness) to return to asset-based thinking.
- Borrowers will borrow more. They will then proceed to default on the debt because they don’t have enough income to repay the loans. Then the Fed will create new money to repay the banks. This will result in trillions of new dollars entering the economy. Unfortunately they will enter by getting into the hands of banks who made bad loans. The result will be a widening of the gap between the haves and have nots. People will have rising expenses (inflation) without rising incomes. Irresponsible financial institutions will have record profits funded by fraud.
:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: [What are these icons for?]
|
<urn:uuid:a96a8ded-6464-43ab-adf7-7bebcf47613e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://jeffnabers.com/when-the-economy-attacks-fed-fights-back-with-toy-gun/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961886 | 697 | 2.75 | 3 |
The region of North Africa recently suffered from two natural disasters in a row. First, an earthquake struck Morocco. Then, just days later, heavy rains caused deadly floods in Libya. Both disasters caused widespread destruction.
An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground. It is caused by movements of the rocks under the ground. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale. This scale goes from one to ten. Ten is the worst.
On the night of Friday, September 8, an earthquake shook the middle of the country of Morocco. It measured 6.8 on the Richter scale. That makes it a strong earthquake. What is worse, it hit near Marrakech, a major city in Morocco where many people live. Many places in Marrakech were damaged. Towns and villages near the Atlas Mountains also suffered. Mountain locations are difficult to rescue people or repair damage.
Just three days later, a heavy storm threatened the city of Derna in Libya. The city lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the Akhḍar Mountains. The Wadi Derna River runs from the mountains into the Mediterranean Sea. Two dams protect the city from flooding. At 2:30am on Monday, September 11, a giant wave hit the city. It knocked over cars and covered the streets in mud. Then, at 3:00 am, another, even bigger wave hit the city. It was clear the dams had failed. People fled to their roofs. Some ran to higher ground. Entire neighborhoods were driven into the sea. People are asking questions about why the dams failed.
The two countries have been devastated. Thousands of people have been killed or injured by the disasters. Organizations such as the Red Cross and the United Nations are providing help. People need food, shelter, and help rebuilding their communities.
What Can You Do? Look for organizations that help people during disasters. Ask how you can help them.
Photo Credit: MAHMUD TURKIA/AFP/Getty Images
|
<urn:uuid:60e67334-d6df-4b5a-aeb9-ebd619b48096>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://k-5impactnewsg2-3.mheducation.com/2023/10/02/two-disasters-strike-north-africa/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971375 | 406 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Extraordinary Arrow quiver from Borneo
A SYMBOL OF FULFILMENT
This striking piece is a traditional quiver called Tolor, made with ancient techniques by local artisans on the island of Borneo. It's the only piece of its kind in our collection today.
Tolors were used by Dayak tribes to hold blowpipe darts for hunting animals. The body of the quiver is made with a bamboo tube and at the top a carved ironwood lid which was essential to protect the hunters from the darts that were dipped in strong plant poisons to stun prey. A long clip carved from ironwood and fastened to the bamboo tube with plaited rattan was used to attach the quiver to the hunter’s belt.
On Borneo, hunting was associated with physical and spiritual dangers, so the clips were often decorated with the motif of a guardian dragon to protect the hunter against misfortune and evil spirits.
|
<urn:uuid:604ff4fd-9596-4337-9c8e-4efe8c2ced7d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://kirschon.com/products/copia-del-ceremonial-topeng-mask-from-sumba
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967199 | 195 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Jurassic Park Without the Scary Parts: How Stem Cells May Rescue the Near-Extinct Rhinoceros
I am a stem cell scientist. In my day job I work on developing ways to use stem cells to treat neurological disease – human disease. This is the story about how I became part of a group dedicated to rescuing the northern white rhinoceros from extinction.
The earth is now in an era that is called the "sixth mass extinction." The first extinction, 400 million years ago, put an end to 86 percent of the existing species, including most of the trilobites. When the earth grew hotter, dustier, or darker, it lost fish, amphibians, reptiles, plants, dinosaurs, mammals and birds. Each extinction event wiped out 80 to 90 percent of the life on the planet at the time. The first 5 mass extinctions were caused by natural disasters: volcanoes, fires, a meteor. But humans can take credit for the 6th.
Because of human activities that destroy habitats, creatures are now becoming extinct at a rate that is higher than any previously experienced. Some animals, like the giant panda and the California condor, have been pulled back from the brink of extinction by conserving their habitats, breeding in captivity, and educating the public about their plight.
But not the northern white rhino. This gentle giant is a vegetarian that can weigh up to 5,000 pounds. The rhino's weakness is its horn, which has become a valuable commodity because of the mistaken idea that it grants power and has medicinal value. Horns are not medicine; the horns are made of keratin, the same protein that is in fingernails. But as recently as 2017 more than 1,000 rhinos were slaughtered each year to harvest their horns.
All 6 rhino species are endangered. But the northern white has been devastated. Only two members of this species are alive now: Najin, age 32, and her daughter Fatu, 21, live in a protected park in Kenya. They are social animals and would prefer the company of other rhinos of their kind; but they can't know that they are the last two survivors of their entire species. No males exist anymore. The last male, Sudan, died in 2018 at age 45.
We are celebrating a huge milestone in the efforts to use stem cells to rescue the rhino.
I became involved in the rhino rescue project on a sunny day in February, 2008 at the San Diego Wild Animal Park in Escondido, about 30 miles north of my lab in La Jolla. My lab had relocated a couple of months earlier to Scripps Research Institute to start the Center for Regenerative Medicine for human stem cell research. To thank my staff for their hard work, I wanted to arrange a special treat. I contacted my friend Oliver Ryder, who is director of the Institute for Conservation Research at the zoo, to see if I could take them on a safari, a tour in a truck through the savanna habitat at the park.
This was the first of the "stem cell safaris" that the lab would enjoy over the next few years. On the safari we saw elands and cape buffalo, and fed giraffes and rhinos. And we talked about stem cells; in particular, we discussed a surprising technological breakthrough recently reported by the Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka that enabled conversion of ordinary skin cells into pluripotent stem cells.
Pluripotent stem cells can develop into virtually any cell type in the body. They exist when we are very young embryos; five days after we were just fertilized eggs, we became blastocysts, invisible tiny balls of a few hundred cells packed with the power to develop into an entire human being. Long before we are born, these cells of vast potential transform into highly specialized cells that generate our brains, our hearts, and everything else.
Human pluripotent stem cells from blastocysts can be cultured in the lab, and are called embryonic stem cells. But thanks to Dr. Yamanaka, anyone can have their skin cells reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells, just like the ones we had when we were embryos. Dr. Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for these cells, called "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs) several years later.
On our safari we realized that if we could make these reprogrammed stem cells from human skin cells, why couldn't we make them from animals' cells? How about endangered animals? Could such stem cells be made from animals whose skin cells had been being preserved since the 1970s in the San Diego Zoo's Frozen Zoo®? Our safari leader, Oliver Ryder, was the curator of the Frozen Zoo and knew what animal cells were stored in its giant liquid nitrogen tanks at −196°C (-320° F). The Frozen Zoo was established by Dr. Kurt Benirschke in 1975 in the hope that someday the collection would aid in rescue of animals that were on the brink of extinction. The frozen collection reached 10,000 cell lines this year.
We returned to the lab after the safari, and I asked my scientists if any of them would like to take on the challenge of making reprogrammed stem cells from endangered species. My new postdoctoral fellow, Inbar Friedrich Ben-Nun, raised her hand. Inbar had arrived only a few weeks earlier from Israel, and she was excited about doing something that had never been done before. Oliver picked the animals we would use. He chose his favorite animal, the critically endangered northern white rhinoceros, and the drill, which is an endangered primate related to the mandrill monkey,
When Inbar started work on reprogramming cells from the Frozen Zoo, there were 8 living northern rhinoceros around the world: Nola, Angalifu, Nesari, Nabire, Suni, Sudan, Najin, and Fatu. We chose to reprogram Fatu, the youngest of the remaining animals.
Through sheer determination and trial and error, Inbar got the reprogramming technique to work, and in 2011 we published the first report of iPSCs from endangered species in the scientific journal Nature Methods. The cover of the journal featured a drawing of an ark packed with animals that might someday be rescued through iPSC technology. By 2011, one of the 8 rhinos, Nesari, had died.
This kernel of hope for using iPSCs to rescue rhinos grew over the next 10 years. The zoo built the Rhino Rescue Center, and brought in 6 females of the closely related species, the southern white rhinoceros, from Africa. Southern white rhino populations are on the rise, and it appears that this species will survive, at least in captivity. The females are destined to be surrogate mothers for embryos made from northern white rhino cells, when eventually we hope to generate sperm and eggs from the reprogrammed stem cells, and fertilize the eggs in vitro, much the same as human IVF.
The author, Jeanne Loring, at the Rhino Rescue Center with one of the southern white rhino surrogates.
As this project has progressed, we've been saddened by the loss of all but the last two remaining members of the species. Nola, the last northern white rhino in the U.S., who was at the San Diego Zoo, died in 2015.
But we are celebrating a huge milestone in the efforts to use stem cells to rescue the rhino. Just over a month ago, we reported that by reprogramming cells preserved in the Frozen Zoo, we produced iPSCs from stored cells of 9 northern white rhinos: Fatu, Najin, Nola, Suni, Nadi, Dinka, Nasima, Saut, and Angalifu. We also reprogrammed cells from two of the southern white females, Amani and Wallis.
We don't know when it will be possible to make a northern white rhino embryo; we have to figure out how to use methods already developed for laboratory mice to generate sperm and eggs from these cells. The male rhino Angalifu died in 2014, but ever since I saw beating heart cells derived from his very own cells in a culture dish, I've felt hope that he will one day have children who will seed a thriving new herd of northern white rhinos.
In November 2021, Mickayla Wininger’s then one-month-old son, Malcolm, endured a terrifying bout with RSV, the respiratory syncytial (sin-SISH-uhl) virus—a common ailment that affects all age groups. Most people recover from mild, cold-like symptoms in a week or two, but RSV can be life-threatening in others, particularly infants.
Wininger, who lives in southern Illinois, was dressing Malcolm for bed when she noticed what seemed to be a minor irregularity with this breathing. She and her fiancé, Gavin McCullough, planned to take him to the hospital the next day. The matter became urgent when, in the morning, the boy’s breathing appeared to have stopped.
After they dialed 911, Malcolm started breathing again, but he ended up being hospitalized three times for RSV and defects in his heart. Eventually, he recovered fully from RSV, but “it was our worst nightmare coming to life,” Wininger recalled.
It’s a scenario that the federal government is taking steps to prevent. In July, the Food and Drug Administration approved a single-dose, long-acting injection to protect babies and toddlers. The injection, called Beyfortus, or nirsevimab, is expected to become available this month. It reduces the incidence of RSV in pre-term babies and other infants for their first RSV season. Children at highest risk for severe RSV are those who were born prematurely and have either chronic lung disease of prematurity or congenital heart disease. In those cases, RSV can progress to lower respiratory tract diseases such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis, or swelling of the lung’s small airway passages.
Each year, RSV is responsible for 2.1 million outpatient visits among children younger than five-years-old, 58,000 to 80,000 hospitalizations in this age group, and between 100 and 300 deaths, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmitted through close contact with an infected person, the virus circulates on a seasonal basis in most regions of the country, typically emerging in the fall and peaking in the winter.
In August, however, the CDC issued a health advisory on a late-summer surge in severe cases of RSV among young children in Florida and Georgia. The agency predicts "increased RSV activity spreading north and west over the following two to three months.”
Infants are generally more susceptible to RSV than older people because their airways are very small, and their mechanisms to clear these passages are underdeveloped. RSV also causes mucus production and inflammation, which is more of a problem when the airway is smaller, said Jennifer Duchon, an associate professor of newborn medicine and pediatrics in the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.
In 2021 and 2022, RSV cases spiked, sending many to emergency departments. “RSV can cause serious disease in infants and some children and results in a large number of emergency department and physician office visits each year,” John Farley, director of the Office of Infectious Diseases in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a news release announcing the approval of the RSV drug. The decision “addresses the great need for products to help reduce the impact of RSV disease on children, families and the health care system.”
Sean O’Leary, chair of the committee on infectious diseases for the American Academy of Pediatrics, says that “we’ve never had a product like this for routine use in children, so this is very exciting news.” It is recommended for all kids under eight months old for their first RSV season. “I would encourage nirsevimab for all eligible children when it becomes available,” O’Leary said.
For those children at elevated risk of severe RSV and between the ages of 8 and 19 months, the CDC recommends one dose in their second RSV season.
The drug will be “really helpful to keep babies healthy and out of the hospital,” said O’Leary, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus/Children’s Hospital Colorado in Denver.
An antiviral drug called Synagis (palivizumab) has been an option to prevent serious RSV illness in high-risk infants since it was approved by the FDA in 1998. The injection must be given monthly during RSV season. However, its use is limited to “certain children considered at high risk for complications, does not help cure or treat children already suffering from serious RSV disease, and cannot prevent RSV infection,” according to the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.
Until the approval this summer of the new monoclonal antibody, nirsevimab, there wasn’t a reliable method to prevent infection in most healthy infants.
Both nirsevimab and palivizumab are monoclonal antibodies that act against RSV. Monoclonal antibodies are lab-made proteins that mimic the immune system’s ability to fight off harmful pathogens such as viruses. A single intramuscular injection of nirsevimab preceding or during RSV season may provide protection.
The strategy with the new monoclonal antibody is “to extend protection to healthy infants who nonetheless are at risk because of their age, as well as infants with additional medical risk factors,” said Philippa Gordon, a pediatrician and infectious disease specialist in Brooklyn, New York, and medical adviser to Park Slope Parents, an online community support group.
No specific preventive measure is needed for older and healthier kids because they will develop active immunity, which is more durable. Meanwhile, older adults, who are also vulnerable to RSV, can receive one of two new vaccines. So can pregnant women, who pass on immunity to the fetus, Gordon said.
Until the approval this summer of the new monoclonal antibody, nirsevimab, there wasn’t a reliable method to prevent infection in most healthy infants, “nor is there any treatment other than giving oxygen or supportive care,” said Stanley Spinner, chief medical officer and vice president of Texas Children’s Pediatrics and Texas Children’s Urgent Care.
As with any virus, washing hands frequently and keeping infants and children away from sick people are the best defenses, Duchon said. This approach isn’t foolproof because viruses can run rampant in daycare centers, schools and parents’ workplaces, she added.
Mickayla Wininger, Malcolm’s mother, insists that family and friends wear masks, wash their hands and use hand sanitizer when they’re around her daughter and two sons. She doesn’t allow them to kiss or touch the children. Some people take it personally, but she would rather be safe than sorry.
Wininger recalls the severe anxiety caused by Malcolm's ordeal with RSV. After returning with her infant from his hospital stays, she was terrified to go to sleep. “My fiancé and I would trade shifts, so that someone was watching over our son 24 hours a day,” she said. “I was doing a night shift, so I would take caffeine pills to try and keep myself awake and would end up crashing early hours in the morning and wake up frantically thinking something happened to my son.”
Two years later, her anxiety has become more manageable, and Malcolm is doing well. “He is thriving now,” Wininger said. He recently had his second birthday and "is just the spunkiest boy you will ever meet. He looked death straight in the eyes and fought to be here today.”
Story by Big Think
For most of history, artificial intelligence (AI) has been relegated almost entirely to the realm of science fiction. Then, in late 2022, it burst into reality — seemingly out of nowhere — with the popular launch of ChatGPT, the generative AI chatbot that solves tricky problems, designs rockets, has deep conversations with users, and even aces the Bar exam.
But the truth is that before ChatGPT nabbed the public’s attention, AI was already here, and it was doing more important things than writing essays for lazy college students. Case in point: It was key to saving the lives of tens of millions of people.
AI-designed mRNA vaccines
As Dave Johnson, chief data and AI officer at Moderna, told MIT Technology Review‘s In Machines We Trust podcast in 2022, AI was integral to creating the company’s highly effective mRNA vaccine against COVID. Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech’s mRNA vaccines collectively saved between 15 and 20 million lives, according to one estimate from 2022.
Johnson described how AI was hard at work at Moderna, well before COVID arose to infect billions. The pharmaceutical company focuses on finding mRNA therapies to fight off infectious disease, treat cancer, or thwart genetic illness, among other medical applications. Messenger RNA molecules are essentially molecular instructions for cells that tell them how to create specific proteins, which do everything from fighting infection, to catalyzing reactions, to relaying cellular messages.
Johnson and his team put AI and automated robots to work making lots of different mRNAs for scientists to experiment with. Moderna quickly went from making about 30 per month to more than one thousand. They then created AI algorithms to optimize mRNA to maximize protein production in the body — more bang for the biological buck.
For Johnson and his team’s next trick, they used AI to automate science, itself. Once Moderna’s scientists have an mRNA to experiment with, they do pre-clinical tests in the lab. They then pore over reams of data to see which mRNAs could progress to the next stage: animal trials. This process is long, repetitive, and soul-sucking — ill-suited to a creative scientist but great for a mindless AI algorithm. With scientists’ input, models were made to automate this tedious process.
“We don’t think about AI in the context of replacing humans,” says Dave Johnson, chief data and AI officer at Moderna. “We always think about it in terms of this human-machine collaboration, because they’re good at different things. Humans are really good at creativity and flexibility and insight, whereas machines are really good at precision and giving the exact same result every single time and doing it at scale and speed.”
All these AI systems were in put in place over the past decade. Then COVID showed up. So when the genome sequence of the coronavirus was made public in January 2020, Moderna was off to the races pumping out and testing mRNAs that would tell cells how to manufacture the coronavirus’s spike protein so that the body’s immune system would recognize and destroy it. Within 42 days, the company had an mRNA vaccine ready to be tested in humans. It eventually went into hundreds of millions of arms.
Biotech harnesses the power of AI
Moderna is now turning its attention to other ailments that could be solved with mRNA, and the company is continuing to lean on AI. Scientists are still coming to Johnson with automation requests, which he happily obliges.
“We don’t think about AI in the context of replacing humans,” he told the Me, Myself, and AI podcast. “We always think about it in terms of this human-machine collaboration, because they’re good at different things. Humans are really good at creativity and flexibility and insight, whereas machines are really good at precision and giving the exact same result every single time and doing it at scale and speed.”
Moderna, which was founded as a “digital biotech,” is undoubtedly the poster child of AI use in mRNA vaccines. Moderna recently signed a deal with IBM to use the company’s quantum computers as well as its proprietary generative AI, MoLFormer.
Moderna’s success is encouraging other companies to follow its example. In January, BioNTech, which partnered with Pfizer to make the other highly effective mRNA vaccine against COVID, acquired the company InstaDeep for $440 million to implement its machine learning AI across its mRNA medicine platform. And in May, Chinese technology giant Baidu announced an AI tool that designs super-optimized mRNA sequences in minutes. A nearly countless number of mRNA molecules can code for the same protein, but some are more stable and result in the production of more proteins. Baidu’s AI, called “LinearDesign,” finds these mRNAs. The company licensed the tool to French pharmaceutical company Sanofi.
Writing in the journal Accounts of Chemical Research in late 2021, Sebastian M. Castillo-Hair and Georg Seelig, computer engineers who focus on synthetic biology at the University of Washington, forecast that AI machine learning models will further accelerate the biotechnology research process, putting mRNA medicine into overdrive to the benefit of all.
|
<urn:uuid:fe37bdcf-424a-43c0-bf05-68e40caf0ef2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://leaps.org/northern-white-rhino/particle-4
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962219 | 4,486 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Salt Prints Initiative at Harvard
Join us on Thursday, February 17th at 12pm EST to learn about the Weissman Preservation Center’s (WPC) university-wide project to preserve and enhance access to salt prints at Harvard. Salt prints represent the result of the first negative-to-positive photographic technique, introduced by Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot in 1839. Collections of salt prints found in libraries, archives, and museums across Harvard University include some of the earliest photographic images created, and they represent a seminal chapter in the history of photography. Together, these holdings reveal technological developments in the medium and pioneering uses of photography across the sciences and humanities.
To celebrate Love Data Week, Elena Bulat and Katie Mika will discuss the large-scale survey of photographs undertaken by WPC, Harvard Library Preservation Services; the data and metadata generated by the survey; the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis of chemical coatings on the salted paper prints; and the curation process and potential reuses for the publicly shared data.
Please register to receive the Zoom webinar instructions.
|
<urn:uuid:81f09ca2-d99b-410e-8c7d-69c1c1b5cf4b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://libcal.library.harvard.edu/event/8796955
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883821 | 229 | 2.703125 | 3 |
||Tench, a humble captain-lieutenant of the marines, arrived on the First Fleet, and with his characteristic understanding, humanity and eye for detail, recorded the first four years of European settlement. A classic, lovingly edited by Tim Flannery.
Complete & unabridged.
Bolinda Audio Books: BAB 091245.
"Comprising 'A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay' and 'A complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson."
First published as 2 separate vols. : A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay. London : Printed for J. Debrett, opposite Burlington-house, Piccadilly, 1789. and A complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson, in New South Wales. London : Sold by G. Nicol ... and J. Sewell ... , 1793.
Watkin Tench stepped ashore at Botany Bay with the First Fleet in January 1788. He was in his late twenties, a captain of the marines, and on the adventure of his life. Insatiably curious, with a natural genius for storytelling, Tench wrote two enthralling accounts of the infant colony - A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay and A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson. Tench brings to life the legendary figures of Bennelong, Arabanoo and Governor Phillip, and records the voices of convicts trying to make new lives in their new country.
|
<urn:uuid:5335b10e-c9aa-43d5-9961-b1bc1ece96dc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://library.pmi.net.au/fullRecord.jsp?recno=20
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937838 | 300 | 2.6875 | 3 |
During the early 1800s, the US government organized a national lottery to raise money for the Colonial Army. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts also raised money with a lottery for an expedition against Canada. Several colonies also used lotteries during the French and Indian Wars. These lotteries were a form of gambling and were tolerated in some cases. Several states also used lotteries to raise funds for public projects, such as college buildings, bridges, and roads.
The first known European lotteries were distributed by wealthy noblemen during Saturnalian revels. In the 15th century, lotteries started to appear in the Low Countries. In the Netherlands, lotteries were used to collect funds for the poor. Lotteries also raised funds for public projects such as town fortifications, libraries, and canals. Lotteries were tolerated in some cases, while others were banned.
The first lottery on German soil was held in Hamburg in 1614. In the 17th century, lotteries were widespread in the Netherlands. The first French lottery was called Loterie Royale. In 1769, Col. Bernard Moore launched the “Slave Lottery”, which advertised prizes such as land and slaves. Ticket prices were high, but the lottery was a failure.
The first known lottery in England was authorized by King James I in 1612. In 1755, the Academy Lottery was established to finance the University of Pennsylvania. Several private lotteries were also held, including the Virginia Company of London’s lotteries. Various colonial states used lotteries to raise money for the Colonial Army and for various public projects. Some private lotteries raised money for The Virginia Company of London, which supported the settlement of America at Jamestown.
The first known lotterie in France was held in 1539. It was called Loterie Royale and was authorized by an edict of Chateaurenard. The tickets were expensive, and many people believed that lotteries were a form of hidden tax. However, the lottery did raise money for the town of Ghent. The town records indicate that lotteries were held in Ghent as early as 1445.
The first large lottery to be held on Austrian soil was drawn in 1751, during the reign of Empress Maria Theresia. The prize was a parimutuel of 90 numbers. Eventually, the lottery was discontinued.
In the United Kingdom, prizes are paid out in lump sums, tax-free. The prize pool may vary for each drawing. However, the prize is generally fixed, with the chance of winning only a small fraction of the advertised prize. In some cases, a prize fund is fixed as a percentage of receipts. In other cases, a prize can be fixed in goods or cash.
Lotteries in the United States are not subject to personal income taxes. Those who win may be able to choose whether or not they want to receive their prize in a lump sum or as an annuity. They are also given the option of setting up a blind trust to avoid disadvantages that can come from having a win on your record.
|
<urn:uuid:d2c85391-dd93-4493-9a3c-644efc29583d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://linuxsoftwareblog.com/the-history-of-lottery-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.990023 | 641 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Pitigliano, located in southwestern Tuscany close to its border with Lazio, sits atop a tufa* ridge between Rome and Florence. Evidence suggests the area was home to ancient peoples as early as 2300 BC. The Etruscan tombs and caves throughout the area confirm Pitigliano’s Etruscan roots, and its tunnels also connect Pitigliano to ancient ceremonial sites.
Pitigliano is most famous for being La Piccola Gerusalemme (The Little Jerusalem). The town was a haven for Jews who escaped the counterreformation campaign of Pope Paul IV and confinement to ghettos in cities like Florence, Ancona, and Siena. Pitigliano, an independent city state, was under the rule of the liberal aristocratic Orsini family which had laissez-faire social policies that allowed the Jewish community to flourish.
La Piccola Gerusalemme
To escape persecution in Florence, Siena, and Rome, Jews began settling in Pitigliano and set up shop as carpenters, weavers, shoemakers, tailors, bookbinders, moneylenders, and doctors. The community thrived, and in 1598, they built a synagogue and a school. The Orsini family gave a plot of land to their family doctor so that he could bury his wife according to Jewish tradition, and the land remains the town’s Jewish cemetery. The Jews use one of the ancient Etruscan caves as the forno delle azzime, or the bakery where they prepared matzoh for the Passover. They used another cave as a winery, and another area as the kosher butcher shop.
The Jewish population in Pitigliano continued to grow even as the Medicis took control of the town and forced Jews into a ghetto around the synagogue. By the early 19th century, though, life was again normal. Jews made up 20 percent of Pitigliano’s population. Many Jews moved to Livorno and other larger cities after the unification of Italy for financial reasons. There were fewer than 100 Jews left in Pitigliano at the beginning of WWII.
World War II
Mussolini enacted a massive anti-Semitic campaign in the 1930s, and the Nazis later swept through Italy to round-up Jews. The people of Pitigliano, however, protected and hid their Jewish neighbors in the hills and farms surrounding the town. German bombs destroyed part of the synagogue, but the people of the town fixed it and have renovated it twice since.
After the war, fewer than 50 Jews returned to the town, and today fewer than five remain. Because of that, there are no regular services, and the synagogue does not have a Torah. Occasionally the rabbi from Livorno will come down to hold services, and many Americans hold bar and bat mitzvahs there.
The bakeries in town still produce sfratto dei goym, a pastry created by the Pitigliano Jews to commemorate their eviction and ghettoization in the 18th century. The pastry, shaped like the batons that officers used to pound on the doors of the Jewish homes, has a filling of honey, nuts, orange peel, and nutmeg. Italy’s Slow Food Association has certified sfratto dei goym as an authentic pastry of Pitigliano. If you are interested in the recipe, you can find it here.
If you find yourself spending a day in Pitigliano, be sure to check out the following sites. (Note: The tourist office is on Piazza Garibaldi just inside the gates to the city.)
• The Jewish Ghetto: It goes without saying that you should check out the Jewish Quarter. In addition to the small museum, you can tour the restored synagogue, ritual baths, the Kosher butchering area, the bread ovens, and more.
• Palazzo Orsini: The Orsinis ruled Pitigliano for years, and the town’s walls are actually part of the palazzo. In addition to art, you’ll find some Etruscan ruins and a medieval torture chamber.
• Duomo of Pitigliano: The Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul dates to 1061. The bell tower, which you can see in the feature photo at the top, was first used for military and civic purposes.
• Via Cave: As noted above, there are tunnels and caves in the rock beneath Pitigliano. If you follow Via Cave, you’re apt to see several ancient tombs throughout the area. While you might find some carved steps, the path is not straight. Be sure to look for chisel marks in the tufa.
• The Medici Aqueduct: Built to supply Pitigliano with water, the aqueduct runs along the town’s walls. Consisting of two large arches and 13 smaller arches, the aqueduct ends in Piazza della Repubblica. The view from the area is spectacular.
|
<urn:uuid:3f666824-75c9-4558-846a-9ea88cb2fdad>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://liveinitalymag.com/discover-pitigliano-another-tuscan-treasure/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954536 | 1,048 | 3.640625 | 4 |
|Born: Alfred Martin Duggan-Cronin |
Other: A.M. Duggan-Cronin
|Dates: ||1874, 17 May - 1954, 25 August|
|Born: ||Ireland, County cork, Innishannon|
|Died: ||South Africa, Kimberley|
|Active: ||South Africa|
Born in Ireland he worked as a security officer in one of the native compounds for De Beers Consolidated Mines in Kimberley, South Africa. His relationships with the migrant diamond miners led to an interest in the local populations and in 1919 he initiated a long term project to document them. He carried out numerous ethnographic expeditions to photograph the San and other groups around Kimberley financed by Kimberley's McGregor Museum, the Carnegie Foundation and the government.
His expeditions between 1919 and 1939:
1919 - Bushman - Tswana
1920 - Zulu
1922 - Bushmen
1923 - Ndebele - Shangaan - Venda
1925 - Bhaca - Mpondo
1926 - Sotho
1927 - Bushmen - Swazi - Tsonga
1928 - Mfengu - Xhosa
1929 - Pedi
1930 - Bomvana - Gcaleka - Ngqika - Sotho - Thembu
1932 - Bhaca - Hlubi - Mpondo - Mpondomise - Xesibe
1933 - Bushmen - Chopi - Ndebele - Swazi - Tsonga/Shangaan
1934 - Ndebele (Matabele) - Tswana - Sarwa
1935 - Tsonga - Zulu
1936 - Herero - Ila -Wambo
1937 - Bhaca - Ila - Nguni
1938 - Ila - Lozi - Lunda - Mbunda
1939 - Ndau - Shona
In 1925 he opened the "Duggan-Cronin Bantu Gallery" in his house to show his Bantu portraits. His interest in the subject led to a four volume set of eleven sections The Bantu Tribes of South Africa: Reproductions of Photographic Studies by A.M. Duggan-Cronin (1928-1954) illustrated with 376 collotypes. The Duggan-Cronin Gallery, which is a satellite of the McGregor Museum in Kimberley, South Africa houses his collection of photographs and ethnographic artefacts.
| ||Premium content for those who want to understand photography|
References are available for subscribers.There is so much more to explore when you subscribe.
If you have a portrait of this photographer or know of the whereabouts of one we would be most grateful.
|Family history |
If you are related to this photographer and interested in tracking down your extended family we can place a note here for you to help. It is free and you would be amazed who gets in touch.
|
<urn:uuid:1cb95024-297e-4774-b714-8f50f9f9cc0d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://luminous-lint.com/app/photographer/Alfred_M__Duggan-Cronin/A/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.87003 | 624 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In today’s interconnected world, contracts and agreements play a crucial role in various aspects of business and personal transactions. From forward foreign currency contracts to zero hours contracts, understanding the intricacies of these legal documents is essential to ensure fair and mutually beneficial terms for all parties involved.
1. Forward Foreign Currency Contract
A forward foreign currency contract is a financial agreement that allows individuals or companies to lock in an exchange rate for a future date. This provides protection against fluctuations in currency values, mitigating the risk of financial losses.
2. Modification of a Contract for the Sale of Goods
When entering into a contract for the sale of goods, consideration is required to modify the contract. This ensures that any changes made to the original agreement are legally binding and enforceable.
3. House Agreement Closing
Completing the process of purchasing a house involves a house agreement closing. This is the final step where all necessary documents are signed, and the property officially changes ownership from the seller to the buyer.
4. First Nation Negotiation Support Agreement
The First Nation Negotiation Support Agreement aims to facilitate negotiations between indigenous communities and the government or other stakeholders. It provides support and resources to ensure fair and equitable outcomes for all parties involved.
5. Trade Agreements During WW1
During World War 1, various trade agreements were established to manage economic relations among nations involved in the conflict. These agreements aimed to ensure the continued flow of essential goods and resources despite the challenging circumstances.
6. Securities Borrowing Agreements
Securities borrowing agreements are contracts that allow individuals or institutions to borrow securities, such as stocks or bonds, from another party. These agreements are commonly used for short selling or hedging strategies in financial markets.
7. ASDA Zero Hours Contracts
ASDA zero hours contracts are employment agreements where the employer does not guarantee a minimum number of working hours to the employee. Instead, the worker is called in as needed, providing flexibility for both parties.
8. Sample Agreement for Sale of Property
A sample agreement for the sale of property is a template that outlines the terms and conditions of a real estate transaction. It covers key details such as the purchase price, contingencies, and responsibilities of the buyer and seller.
9. Form D Simple Agreement for Future Equity
A Form D simple agreement for future equity is a legal document used for fundraising purposes by startups and early-stage companies. It allows them to raise capital from investors in exchange for a promise of future equity.
10. Standard Indemnity Agreement
A standard indemnity agreement is a contract that protects one party from financial loss or liability resulting from the actions or negligence of another party. It is commonly used in industries where potential risks and liabilities are present.
Contracts and agreements are the foundation of many business and personal transactions. Understanding their nuances and ensuring fair terms are crucial for all parties involved. By staying informed and seeking legal advice when necessary, individuals and companies can navigate the complex landscape of contracts and agreements successfully.
|
<urn:uuid:d643de30-b55e-4018-b23e-1221232627be>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://mayhome.com.vn/contracts-and-agreements-a-comprehensive-overview/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.926374 | 606 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There is a myth that many people believe with regard to copper mining – that the price of copper alone determines the strength and success of the industry, as evidenced by the amount of copper produced.
Whilst price is a factor in any business, this graph clearly shows that it is the investment environment in which mining companies operate that really determines whether and where mines will be built, and how much they produce.
Chile is the world’s largest copper producer; in 1970, Zambia and Chile were producing the same levels of copper. Their paths have diverged in the intervening years, particularly during the 1990s.
Did Chile’s spectacular growth in production levels have anything to do with the copper price?
The plain answer is no. The production of copper by Chilean mining companies was on a steady upward trend, with a sharp increase in the 1990s, despite the copper price remaining low, and only increasing from 2003-2004. Furthermore, Chilean copper production remained steady despite a crash in the copper price in 2006, and did not increase markedly despite a significant subsequent recovery in the metal’s price.
So, why did Chile’s industry grow so spectacularly?
Why did Chile’s industry grow so spectacularly? Simple – the country’s investment policy environment changed.
Simple – the country’s investment policy environment changed. In 1988, Chile began its transition to democracy, and market friendly economics. This saw an increase in institutional stability, as well as guarantees for foreign investors. Further impetus was the implementation of Decree Law 600, which was ratified in 1993. This decree gave foreign investors guarantees and investment incentives – and it was in force for 22 years.
During the 1990s, private sector investment far outstripped that of the government in Chile’s copper industry, creating the industry that is there today. By comparison, Government investment only surged when the price moved in 2003-2004.
|
<urn:uuid:fa3c4691-b42d-43b8-a0e0-15e1ca59ef94>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://miningforzambia.com/behind-chiles-copper-boom/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96682 | 395 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Physical and mental health go hand in hand. Just remember the times when you caught a fever. You probably weren’t too pleased with yourself and the world around you and vice versa. When you are feeling stressed, anxious or angry your body responds to those feelings.
If you want to look and feel physically and mentally healthy there are a few things you can do for yourself. When we are able to give ourselves a little love and remember that we should be kind to our bodies and minds we will not only be happy but we will be healthy and in peace.
Many people don’t have a habit of taking care of themselves properly. Even though doctors continually advise, for example, to eat a nutritious breakfast in the morning, how many of us actually do this? More often than not people are in a hurry, especially in the morning. They grab their cup of joe and take off to work. This immediately puts stress on our bodies and on our minds.
If you want to adopt some new habits that will make you both physically and mentally healthy and happy, we have gathered together a list of things you can start doing today so that you can feel happier and healthier tomorrow.
Find a Physical Activity You Enjoy
More often than not when people come home from their long and often stressful day at work, the first thing they do is either eat, sleep or watch television/streaming services. It’s absolutely known that people need a certain time to rest and that is ok. But if this is your daily routine, well, that’s not very good for your physical nor mental health.
Instead of lounging in front of the television the whole afternoon you could be having fun with new people and enjoying a physical activity you always thought would be fun to do. If you are worried about knees, ankles or other potential and common injuries you can always invest in a good ankle support socks that will keep your ankles in place and supported through any activity.
If you are afraid that you are too old, clumsy, fat or something similar all the more reason to get your body moving. This is only a mental barrier that has been created by the society that certain people can’t do this or that. And frankly, that’s not true. Physical activity will only make you feel younger, will help you to coordinate better and will make you fit!
Think about sports you enjoy watching or that you loved as a kid. Find a recreational group and join them. You choose anything from swimming and jogging to tennis and football.
Spend Time in Nature With the People You Love
Although there are many benefits to living in a big city such as constant access to virtually anything you might need, there are also certain downsides. Air pollution, constant crowds, money spending, and many other time-wasters can be found in the city.
Not only that but being surrounded by the same scenery every day can become exhausting and plain boring. That’s why many modern psychologists and medical doctors recommend plugging out and spending a day in nature.
Spending time in nature is extremely healing for your mental and physical health. Many research suggests that people who regularly spend their time in nature have a lower heart rate, better lungs and are overall happier with their life.
When you spend time in nature you disconnect from all of your daily problems and worries and learn to enjoy the moment you are having observing trees, flowers, birds or other small animals. There is a certain stillness that nature offers and we should always try to spend our time there as much as we can.
Start Waking up Early and Meditate
If you have a regular 9 to 5 job, this is going to be very easy for you to achieve. The only tricky part is getting you to sleep on time. Some medical doctors suggest in order to reset your time clock you should start doing that by waking up at least half an hour before you usually do.
This will make you more tired in the evening and naturally, you will go to bed earlier. This kind of lifestyle also demands certain sacrifices which include going out late, regular partying and so on. Although you can still enjoy some of these activities you should always ask yourself is it worth your time and will it bring any value to you?
It’s been proven numerous times that meditation can do wonders for your soul. This a time you can take exclusively for yourself. No distractions, no phones, e-mails, children, pets or anything else in the world. Just you and your thoughts. When you start observing them you’ll see that there are many things that you can and should be proud of. You’ll start to appreciate yourself more and will realize just how much you are worth.
Also, mediation helps people to feel grounded, focused and mindful during the day.
Find a Hobby
We know that it’s easier just to watch YouTube, scroll through Instagram, Facebook or any other social media than it is to actually do something with your time. Social media can be so distracting that many people don’t even realize just how much time they have spent scrolling or watching other people do stuff. This is absolutely damaging to our creativity and is a complete time waster.
Think about when you were a kid. What was the thing you liked doing? Or is there something that you always wanted to try but was too afraid because of what others might say or think of? If you name at least three things that you didn’t do because of any number of reasons those are exactly the things that you should do.
If you always liked painting but was never really good at it doesn’t matter. Paint! Buy yourself some quality paints, an easel and paint. Just think about Bob Ross and his encouraging words or even better find his videos on YouTube and start painting with him.
It doesn’t matter if it looks bad. Not everything you do must be perfect or made into a business. Some things we must do just because we like them and because it makes us happy.
We shall conclude this article with a beautiful quote by the Greek philosopher Epicurus: “The ultimate goal of the blessed life is physical health and mental serenity.”
|
<urn:uuid:90eb0425-c076-4655-a39e-92b8d69b820f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://mynewsfit.com/how-to-stay-healthy-physically-and-mentally/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972368 | 1,277 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A license agreement is a contractual agreement between two parties that outlines the terms and conditions for using a particular asset. In the field of intellectual property, license agreements are commonly used to grant the rights to use patented technology, copyrighted works, or trademarks.
When it comes to accounting and finance, license agreements are considered intangible assets. Intangible assets are assets that lack physical substance but have value because of the exclusive rights they confer. Intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet and are usually listed under long-term assets, along with tangible assets like property, plant, and equipment.
There are two types of intangible assets – legally protected intangible assets and non-legally protected intangible assets. Legally protected intangible assets include patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. Non-legally protected intangible assets include things like customer lists, brand recognition, and reputation.
A license agreement falls into the category of legally protected intangible assets. This is because a license agreement confers exclusive rights to use a particular asset, which is legally protected by patent, copyright, or trademark law. When a company acquires a license agreement, they are gaining the right to use a valuable asset without having to purchase it outright.
The value of a license agreement can be significant. For example, in the pharmaceutical industry, license agreements to use patented technology are often worth billions of dollars. In the entertainment industry, license agreements for popular characters or franchises can also be worth millions of dollars.
In conclusion, a license agreement is considered an intangible asset because it confers exclusive rights to use a legally protected asset. As a professional, it’s important to understand the terminology and concepts related to finance and accounting so that you can accurately communicate complex ideas to your readers. By understanding the role of a license agreement as an intangible asset, you can help your clients communicate their financial position to their stakeholders.
|
<urn:uuid:86de03aa-61d4-417b-ae40-9e2505c3a53f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://nactal.org/is-a-license-agreement-an-intangible-asset/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92604 | 378 | 3 | 3 |
Reality: Children have a hard time dealing with intense emotions for long stretches of time. So they may “puddle jump” from sadness to laughter and play, but it doesn’t mean they aren’t grieving. It’s a normal way for them to process what’s going on. It’s not disrespectful or naughty, it’s completely healthy.
Create a safe, open environment and to stay attuned to opportunities that arise for the child to ask you questions. Be sensitive to their comfort level, and encourage them to ask questions whenever they think of them. If they start a conversation they don’t want to pursue, it’s okay. Check in with them regularly, by asking how they are feeling, and clarifying any previous information you have shared with them. Children may not initiate conversations themselves, therefore it’s important to continually check in on their feelings and understanding. Open up opportunities to talk about cancer – but take the child’s lead on what you talk about and how much information they need.
|
<urn:uuid:1e0f8ad9-6c8f-4398-9ea6-b34cba66b66a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://nannytraining.com/topic/misconception-theyre-laughing-and-playing-so-theyre-not-affected/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955464 | 222 | 2.875 | 3 |
2 x 106 eV
Reactor Theory (Neutron Characteristics)
Since represents the average logarithmic energy loss per collision, the total number of collisions
necessary for a neutron to lose a given amount of energy may be determined by dividing into
the difference of the natural logarithms of the energy range in question. The number of collisions
(N) to travel from any energy, E
, to any lower energy, E
, can be calculated as shown below.
How many collisions are required to slow a neutron from an energy of 2 MeV to a
thermal energy of 0.025 eV, using water as the moderator? Water has a value of 0.948
Sometimes it is convenient, based upon information known, to work with an average fractional
energy loss per collision as opposed to an average logarithmic fraction. If the initial neutron
energy level and the average fractional energy loss per collision are known, the final energy level
for a given number of collisions may be computed using the following formula.
|
<urn:uuid:9f02f161-41e4-48e2-968e-ee64b1619756>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://nuclearpowertraining.tpub.com/h1019v1/css/Neutron-Slowing-Down-And-Thermalization-129.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.855742 | 219 | 3.5625 | 4 |
In the 1920’s times were hard, being just after the 1st World War, and also at the start of the first world-wide ‘Great Depression’; and it was especially hard for the urban working class labourer’s who had little money to spend on luxuries. So as a substitute for the much richer (and expensive) Christmas Cake, a ‘Christmas Loaf’ was baked at this time in the North West of England, particularly in and around Liverpool, for the Christmas and New Year period.
At the end of the Victorian period, and into the Edwardian Period, many housewives in the growing towns and cities had no cooker in the house, and so relied upon the local baker to cook their cakes for them, costing them a few pence to do so. The Christmas Loaf was usually made a week or two before Christmas and sometimes a little ale would be poured over during the first week to help preserve it and improve its texture and taste.
It was a familiar sight around Christmas to see the ‘Mary Ellens’, (a nickname for poor housewives in black shawls and stockings, wearing thick woollen skirts over their flannel petty coats) hunched over against the cold returning from the baker’s with the delicious aroma of the Christmas Loaf rising from the tins wrapped in newspapers carried under their arms.
Christmas Loaf Recipe
For the ferment
- 1 large egg, beaten
- 75 ml warm milk
- 25g sugar
- 15g bread yeast (dried)
- 50g strong white bread flour
For the dough
- 125g lard (softened)
- 125g soft brown sugar (Demerara)
- 1 tbsp black treacle (molasses)
- 1 large egg, beaten
- 225g strong white bread flour
- 1 tsp sea salt
- 2 tsp baking powder
- 1 tsp grated nutmeg
- 2 tsp ground mixed spice
- 225g currants
- 125g sultanas
- 25g mixed, chopped candied peel
To prepare the ferment, mix the beaten egg and warm milk together in a large bowl. Then whisk in the sugar, yeast and flour. Cover with a clean cloth and leave to rise in a warm place for 30 minutes.
To make the dough soften the lard and beat it to a cream with the sugar and then the treacle in a large mixing bowl – until light and fluffy. Beat the egg into the mixture, then sieve in the flour, add the salt, baking powder, nutmeg and mixed spice.
Mix together thoroughly, then after half an hour pour in the ferment and mix well until all the ingredients make a smooth mixture. Work the currants, sultanas and mixed peel into the mixture and make sure everything is evenly distributed in the dough.
On a floured work surface knead the dough for five minutes, working it so that it becomes soft, silky and elastic. Put the dough back in the bowl, cover, and leave somewhere warm for two hours to rise.
Grease a 2 lb. loaf tin (1kg)
After two hours gently knock back the dough, and knead for about two minutes. Put the dough into the prepared loaf tin, cover with a clean cloth and leave somewhere warm for 45 minutes.
Preheat the oven to 200C
After 45 minutes (on the second rise) bake the Christmas Loaf in the preheated oven for 35 to 40 minutes.
Serving: If making this on the day you want to eat it, allow to cool and eat it fresh with a little honey or butter – or make it a few days earlier, allow to completely cool, keep it in an air tight container and toast the Christmas Loaf for Christmas breakfast with a little butter and honey spread on it. If you want to be really traditional make it a week before Christmas, after a few days pour over 50ml of ale, put it back in to store and then eat, toasted, on Christmas day.
|
<urn:uuid:b46abc40-df16-4236-9a75-35839507e0c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://oakden.co.uk/christmas-loaf/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94056 | 838 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Poor people have been asked again and again by governments, donors and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) what poverty means to them. What do these studies find? That poor people often define poverty more in terms of assets than incomes, that risk is frequently key to the way people understand poverty, that having a job is widely seen as the best route out of poverty, and that access to roads, transport and water, in particular, are often the things that poor people think will make the biggest difference to their lives.
Then what happens? Development professionals continue to measure poverty mainly in terms of incomes, often ignoring such factors as ownership of assets and levels of risk. Donors and NGOs have, until recently, almost always ignored employment and jobs when looking at ways to bring ‘development’. They have tended to focus instead on microcredit and other ways for poor people to set up small businesses, forgetting the fact that, like most of us, they may well prefer steady employment to the risks and uncertainties of running their own enterprises.
Why is it that we are so bad at translating the views and priorities of poor people into development decision-making? This Background Note outlines an approach in the UK’s National Health Service that puts patients in the forefront of their own treatment. It asks whether such an approach is applicable to the development context and sets out potential next steps.
|
<urn:uuid:d56014cc-a2f7-4133-b0f6-ae574ad258fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://odi.org/en/publications/does-development-give-poor-people-what-they-want/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973587 | 278 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Welcome to the Office of Interdisciplinary Programs! Our office houses interdisciplinary research centers and academic programs in the College of Arts and Sciences. Interdisciplinary programs represent a key hub of learning, research, and community at Lehigh.
What do interdisciplinary curricular programs and research centers have to offer?
Across the globe, we are experiencing rapid changes to our environment and social, political, and economic structures. Climate change, global pandemics, population growth, and social inequality represent just a few of the world’s most pressing challenges.
Some refer to the key issues the world is facing as “wicked problems.” Wicked problems are issues that are so complex and intertwined that it is hard to grasp what exactly the problem is, or how to solve it. With wicked problems, the rules are always changing and a blinded focus on one aspect of the problem could be detrimental to another. Wicked problems are like a tangled mess of string; it is impossible to know which thread to pull first.
Pressing global social issues are complex and demand the knowledge and skills of multiple academic disciplines. Remaining confined to disciplinary silos will not lead to new ideas, creativity, or the development of holistic and effective approaches. Interdisciplinary methods and thinking are essential to create an environment for innovation essential to addressing wicked problems.
Why major (or minor) in an interdisciplinary program?
Most students get narrow vocational training for jobs few of them will ever have. A recent report found that over three-quarters of American college graduates go on to a career unrelated to their major – a trend that includes math and science majors. A rapidly changing, problem-plagued and complex world demands conceptual reasoning skills that can connect new ideas and work across contexts. This is what an interdisciplinary education at Lehigh provides.
Interdisciplinary is a broader movement across higher education, in which students have majors where they take several courses in different disciplines. In this integrative model, the knowledge, ways of thinking, and pedagogies from multiple fields, such as the humanities, social sciences, and mathematics and natural sciences, are brought together within the context of a single program of study. In interdisciplinary academic programs, professors help students make the connections between disciplines in an effort to enrich and improve learning.
Research shows that students who can understand and make connections across a diverse array of knowledge and skills typically have more rewarding lives and better employment opportunities. For example, surveys reveal that employers see talent as more than deep technical expertise or familiarity with a particular approach or subject matter. Rather, employers seek well-rounded individuals with a broad and holistic educational background who can comprehend and solve complex problems that transcend disciplines.
Very few employers indicate that acquiring the knowledge or skills needed for a specific field or position is the best path to long-term success. Employers report that when hiring, they place the greatest value on demonstrated proficiency in skills and knowledge that cut across college majors. The skills employers rate as most important include written and oral communication, collaboration, ethical decision-making, critical thinking, the ability to work with people from diverse backgrounds, and the capacity to apply knowledge in complex, multidimensional, and multidisciplinary settings.
According to employers, this combination of crosscutting skills is more important to an individual’s success at a company than the major she or he pursued while in college.
Interdisciplinary majors and minors, where disciplines are integrated in meaningful and thoughtful ways, encourage self-directed and explorative learning. These skills are better-suited to industry and prepare students for jobs, opening doors and providing a range of opportunities.
|
<urn:uuid:c08d53e0-b89f-411c-b45e-04ca55036f1f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://oip.cas.lehigh.edu/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939432 | 732 | 2.546875 | 3 |
10 Questions About A-Levels, Answered
Narrowing down your subject choices for A-levels isn’t an easy decision.
The A-level options you choose now can set your career in a certain direction. It’s important you make the right choices now, so you don’t find yourself looking to change your subjects at a later date.
Even if you don’t know what career you want to do in the future, you should still make informed choices now that will leave you in the best position for the future, so that you don’t close yourself off from any potential career opportunities.
To help make the decision process as easy as it can be, we’ve compiled a list of the top 10 most frequently asked questions about A-levels. Hopefully, they should help you get a clearer understanding of which subjects choices you may want to make, and how they will affect your future career.
1. What Are A-Levels in the UK?
A-levels (short for Advanced Level) are the traditional subject-based qualifications which are offered by schools and colleges in the UK for students aged between 16 and 19.
Students will begin their A-level qualifications directly after they have earned their GCSE qualifications. They typically take two years to complete and can lead to further study at university, training or work.
2. What Are A-Levels Equivalent To?
There are a variety of post-sixteen courses available in the UK, as well as internationally. Most of which are accepted by UK universities as being recognised as equal to an A-level in terms of subject content and difficulty.
Some of the qualifications recognised as equivalent to A-levels include:
- Scottish Highers & Advanced Higher – These are the Scottish equivalent to A-levels, usually earned during the last two years of a student’s time at school. Students usually take between four to five subjects and students can achieve A-C grades for Scottish Highers and A-D grades for Advanced Highers.
- Scottish Baccalaureate – For high-achieving students, the Scottish Science Baccalaureate and Scottish Languages Baccalaureate consist of a coherent group of current Higher and Advanced Higher qualifications, in addition to an Interdisciplinary Project. Enabling students to delve deeper into their subjects, they add breadth and value to students’ skillsets.
- International Baccalaureate (IB) – A two-year course for students aged 16-19 which is recognised in the UK and internationally. Students will study a whole range of subjects which leads to a single qualification, rather than individual qualifications for each subject.
- NVQ Level 3 – One NVQ Level 3 is the equivalent to two or three A-levels. These subjects tend to focus on vocational areas, such as travel and tourism, engineering, media, beauty and IT. Like A-levels, these are graded from A* – E and will be studied over a period of 2 years.
- The Extended Project – A stand-alone qualification, equivalent to an AS-Level. Taking just one year to complete, the qualification requires students to create a single piece of work on a topic agreed to with their teachers. Most universities will reject the Extended Project as a stand-alone qualification, seen instead as an enhancement course which enriches your A-levels.
3. What Grades Do I Need to Take A-Levels?
In the UK, to take A-levels, you normally need to achieve at least five GCSEs (or an equivalent qualification) at grades 9 to 4 (A* to C).
Schools and colleges will also tend to recommend that you have achieved at least a B grade in the specific subjects you want to study. This is because a B grade at GCSE level predicts that you are likely to achieve a minimum of pass at A-level.
However, the subject requirements you need to study A-levels will vary depending on the school or college you are planning on attending. Therefore, it’s important to check with your chosen institution so you are aware of their specific requirements.
4. How Many A-Levels Do You Have to Take?
Look at any course at any university, and you will find that most entry requirements specify three A-levels, usually excluding General Studies and Extended Project.
Some students may choose to take an additional, but this is not a formal requirement.
5. How Many A Levels Can You Take?
If you wish to, you can take a maximum of five A-levels. However, most universities will accept students based on three qualifications.
Although it may seem tempting to take the maximum number of A-levels to impress prospective employers and universities, it’s worth discussing the workload with your teachers first, to see if they think you’re capable of being able to manage the workload.
From a university’s perspective, it’s much better to focus on three A-levels and achieve high grades, than study lots of A-levels and only achieve mediocre grades across them.
So if you are keen to study more than three, make sure you really take the time to discuss and consider if you will be able to manage the workload.
6. What A-Levels Should I Take?
The A-levels you choose can have a huge influence on what subject you study at university. In order to make the right decision, it’s important you know what subjects are most commonly required for the course you want to study.
For guidance, we’ve compiled some of the most common degree courses below, including the subjects which are most often listed in the entry requirements.
It’s important to note that these subject lists are for guidance only, and you should always check the subject requirements for individual universities to ensure you choose the A-level which is best suited for your degree.
To give yourself the best chances for getting into Medical School, you want to ensure you’re studying the right subjects for the course.
If you look at any university Medicine courses, you’ll see that Chemistry is listed as must-have, along with another science of your choice. Most A-Level students will study three sciences, or opt for two sciences and Mathematics.
You could choose from:
- Further Mathematics
- Human Biology
- Psychology (check that this is an accepted ‘hard science’ at the university you are applying to).
<u>Law</u> To study Law at university, there are no specific subjects listed as a ‘must-have.’ In fact, when students join us for our Law summer school, we welcome pupils with a whole range of academic backgrounds.
However, as Law courses are predominantly essay-based and focus on constructing well-evidenced arguments, you should probably choose at least one or two humanities subjects, such as:
- English Literature (or Language)
If looking to pursue a career in Global Law, then a language A-level may be preferred. Meanwhile, technical subjects like Mathematics and the sciences will show universities that you have a logical mind and are good at problem solving – both of which are also important skills for Law students.
<u>Politics</u> Similar to Law, Politics degrees don’t usually list any specific entry requirements. As such, undertaking a mix of humanities and literature-based subjects will provide a solid foundation of general knowledge and prepare you for the essay-based style of examination which comes with a Politics degree.
Any of the below would be sensible options:
- English Literature (and Language)
As Politics is often a subject that students don’t study until they reach university study, we see places on this summer course fill quickly, with students eager to see if they enjoy the subject enough to study at a higher level.
If this sounds like you, then why not consider participating in a two-week Politics summer course. You’ll get to experience the subject at undergraduate level, giving you a real feel of what to expect in the future.
To study architecture at university, you won’t only need to study three A-levels, but you’ll also be required to provide a portfolio of work. Therefore, selecting an art or design-based A-level may help with putting your application together.
Architecture courses vary from university to university. Some are heavily art-based, while others may be more Maths or Physics-orientated. So, you may want to select a combination of A-levels to give you the best range of skills for the course.
Your subject choices could include:
- Design & Technology
- Further Mathematics
- History of Art
It’s important to note that Architecture degrees are five years long, meaning you need to be really invested in the subject to pursue it at university and as a career.
Therefore, you may want to consider attending an Architecture summer course before making your A-Level choices, giving you an opportunity to immerse yourself in the subject for a 2-week period.
Another popular degree choice for students in the UK is Psychology.
As it is a social science, the entry requirements don’t tend to require many specifics, often only asking for a Psychology A-level, if your school or college offers it.
The degree will combine essay writing with technical report writing and experiments. Therefore, having a combination of any of the following subjects will help give you a solid set of skills for when you study at degree level.
- English Literature (or Language)
Again, Psychology is a subject that you won’t probably study until A-level or degree level. Therefore, if you want to get a taste for the subject before committing to a subject choice, why not consider attending a two-week Psychology summer course?
As a technical subject, the most common subject requirements listed for an Engineering course includes Mathematics, and usually one other science subject (typically Physics).
It’s advised that students choose a range of technology-based subjects, as these will give you the best skill-base for studying the subject in higher education. Any of the following would be beneficial:
- Computer Science
- Design and Technology
- Further Mathematics
Studying Philosophy at university doesn’t tend to come with any set A-level requirements, but having a mixture of art, humanities and science subjects could prove useful.
Arts and humanities-based subjects will supply you with the essay-writing skills for further study, while science and other technical subjects will help you apply logic and reasoning to concepts.
Some schools and colleges offer Philosophy as an A-level subject, which would be a sensible option to choose, but the rest can be determined by a mix of other subjects, such as:
- English Literature (or Language)
Studying Classics at university involves learning about culture prior to the period of life known as ‘classical antiquity’ – typically assumed to be the years between the Bronze Age of Ancient Greece and the fall of the Roman Empire.
As such an historic subject, A-levels in Latin and Classical Greek are highly desirable subjects for students to have, along with other humanities and essay-based subjects, such as:
- Classical Civilisation
- Classical Greek
- Foreign Languages
- History of Art
Some of these subjects may not be ones that you are yet familiar with, such as Classical Civilisation and History of Art. Again, participating in a short academic summer school may be the perfect opportunity to get a feel for the subjects and help you decide whether you want to study them.
<u>If You Are Undecided</u> If you’re not sure what you may want to study, either for A-level or at university, then don’t fret. You are certainly not alone and many students face the difficult decision of knowing which subjects they should focus on.
In order to keep yourself flexible for further study, we recommend that you study a combination of different subjects so that you can keep as many of your options open as possible.
For example, taking a combination of essay-based subjects such as English Literature or History with a technical subject like Maths, Physics or Chemistry will give you a range of skills which can be transferred to any degree.
It’s important that you focus on subjects that you enjoy. Unlike your GCSEs, you will only study a few subjects at A-level, and so you want to ensure you are going to enjoy spending a lot of time working on them.
You also want to make sure that with any subject you pick, you have performed well with it previously. A-Levels are a significant step up from your GCSEs in terms of difficulty, and so you want to make sure that you will be able to study the subject without too much complication.
7. What Degree Can I Do With My A-Levels?
As mentioned above, you A-level subject choices will play a huge role in deciding what and where you study at university.
Whether you want to study a science-based subject like Medicine or Biotechnology, to art-based subjects like English Literature and Creative Writing to Architecture and History of Art, your A-level choices will be crucial in helping you to secure a place on a course and pursue further study.
Therefore, before choosing your A-levels, it’s paramount that you spend the time researching the course you are interested in studying at university, so that you can make an informed decision.
Take the time to browse through a variety of university websites and their prospectuses, checking the A-level entry requirements for the subject which you want to study.
You can also use the helpful UniGuide A-level explorer tool, which can tell you which degree is best suited to the A-levels you are interested in studying.
This stage of the decision-making process is crucial, and you shouldn’t cut corners when doing your research. Your A-levels may just help you get onto a university course which will change your career path forever, so make sure you spend as much time looking into your options as possible, to ensure you’re making the right decision.
8. What Can I Do With My A-Levels?
Lots of students ask for information on what they can do after they have completed their A-level qualifications, and the answer really is – anything!
Here are just some potential ideas:
<u>Further Your Study at University</u>
Once they have earned their A-Level qualifications, lots of students in the UK continue their studies at university.
A-levels are the most common qualifications used to get into university. When applying for a course via UCAS, the grades you will receive are transferred into UCAS points, which attribute a numerical value to your qualifications. Your grades need to meet the minimum requirements in order for you to be accepted onto that particular course.
<u>Look for Employment Opportunities</u>
By the time most students finish their A-levels in the UK, they are 18 years-old. For some, the thought of doing further study for another few years is unappealing, with them ready to launch into the world of work.
A-levels show a good level of education, and will be valued by employers looking to fill entry-level and training positions within their company.
If you are serious about considering this option when you finish your A-levels, do make sure that the job you wish to pursue doesn’t require any additional training or qualifications. It’s a lot easier to continue with your education after A-levels than it will be if you decide to go back and study again at a later date.
<u>Study For a Work-Based Qualification</u>
After completing your A-Levels, another opportunity that allows you to enter into the world of work is to study for a vocational or work-based qualification, such as an apprenticeship.
Vocational roles and apprenticeships offer training alongside your job, so by the end of your contract with the company you will have earned a qualification. This can be great for career paths that require a more practical element, such as construction, manufacturing and agriculture.
Before choosing this route, it’s important that you have a contract secured with a company so you can jump straight into your employment, otherwise you may spend a few months looking for a position.
You can take a look at what apprenticeships are available in the UK by visiting the official government website.
<u>Take a Gap Year</u>
Not sure what to do next? Taking a gap year after your A-levels can give you the time needed to work out your next steps, whether that be to help you decide whether to apply to university, look for employment, or maybe even start your own business venture!
Traditionally, the term ‘gap year’ has been associated with students who take a year’s break from study, allowing them to travel and explore the world, using the time to get new perspectives and develop their independence and other important skills.
But today, a gap year can mean almost anything. You may take the opportunity to defer your university course by a year, allowing you to get some real-world experience by getting a job.
Alternatively, you may look to attend a spring or summer course, one which allows you to travel internationally and explore a subject you may wish to pursue at university in the future. Here, you can meet other like-minded students from around the world, and get inspired for your next steps.
If you’re interested in attending a summer school, take a look at our current courses, available in the UK and at a number of international locations.
9. What Are Facilitating Subjects?
If you are considering studying at a Russell Group university – that is, one of the UK’s leading universities – then you probably want to make yourself aware of the term ‘facilitating subjects.’
Although recently revised, this recommended list of subjects set out some of the A-level (or equivalent) subjects which are most often specified as a requirement by top universities. The list includes:
- English Literature
- Languages (both Classical and Modern)
- Further Mathematics
Though the Russell Group has re-launched their facilitating subject list, creating a platform that helps students make informed decisions about the subjects they should consider for their future careers, the previous list is still prominent in university selection processes. If you look at any leading university in the UK, most of them specify one or more of the above subjects as an entry requirement to their course.
Now, it’s important to note that this list doesn’t mean that you should be taking one of the specified subjects, but it may help you narrow down your choices if you’re not sure what to study.
However, if you do know what subject you may want to study at university, then you should check the subjects most frequently requested for that particular course. You can do this by directly searching for a particular university and checking their entry requirements, or by browsing the course catalogue over on UCAS’ website.
10. How Are A-Levels Assessed?
A-levels are predominantly assessed by exams, which take place at the end of your second year of study.
However, there are some subjects, such as Art & Design or the main sciences: Biology, Chemistry, and Physics which require a coursework or practical assessment. Even still, these non-exam assessments will only ever account for around 20% of your final grade.
You will also sit exams at the end of your first year, but these won’t count towards your final A-level grades.
These ‘mock’ exams, as they are known, are used to provide you with your predicted grades, which you will use to apply to universities at the start of your second year of A-levels.
Typically, universities will provide you with a ‘conditional offer’ if your predicted grades match their requirements. Then, after you have completed your final exams and received your final A-level grades, they will either accept your place on the course or reject your offer, depending on if you achieve those predicted grades.
Choosing your A-levels can be a hugely daunting task, especially if you aren’t sure what career path you want to pursue.
Before having to make the decision, take the time to research your options carefully. Whether it be looking through each subject’s syllabi, or attending a summer course to get a taste of the subject in a real-world setting, this part of the decision process is critical.
It’s also recommended that you speak to your teachers, who will be able to guide you on which subjects may best suit your learning style and academic strengths.
Ultimately, you want to gather as much information as possible to make your final decision informed and the best for your future.
Your A-level qualifications will determine where you study at university and on which course, both being two hugely significant decisions for your future career.
With that being said, there are always opportunities to retrain and change your path in the future – it just may take a little more time and effort.
So, even though your A-level choices may be one of the biggest decisions you’ve had to make so far, never feel as though your options have to be your final choices.
Looking for more university guidance?
You can keep up-to-date with all our university guides and study tips by signing up to our newsletter – just fill out the form at the bottom of this page.
Share this article
Choosing A-levels is crucial for your future. Make informed decisions now to avoid changing subjects later. Here are FAQs to help you decide.
|
<urn:uuid:0451c865-69a6-460b-9618-28b3a952195f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://oxfordsummercourses.com/articles/questions-about-a-levels-answered/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947484 | 4,530 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Wood, whales, and the water's edge: Three proxies for interpreting past sea-ice conditions on Arctic beaches
Sea ice is an important variable affecting Arctic coastlines, influencing beach morphology and the stranding of whales and driftwood. For ancient beaches, these proxies can provide an archive of Holocene sea-ice dynamics.
The water's edge: Beaches
Sea ice is an essential player in the construction, protection, and erosion of Arctic beaches because it regulates wave climate and heat delivery to the coast, influences nearshore currents, and transports sediment on- and offshore. For example, in summers, when the landfast ice does not melt away, beach formation does not occur (e.g. Funder et al. 2011). A long open-water season, on the other hand, allows waves and currents to modify the shoreline: building beaches or eroding coastal bluffs.
The history of Holocene coastal landscape development has been preserved in many places across the circumpolar Arctic due to glacioisostatic adjustment following deglaciation, causing a fall in relative sea-level (RSL) – the process responsible for the spectacular flights of raised beaches up to hundreds of meters above modern sea level (MSL; Fig. 1). Determining the ages of such raised beaches is most often accomplished via radiocarbon dating organic matter incorporated in or on their surfaces, or, less frequently, using optically stimulated luminescence dating of buried beach sediments (Simkins et al. 2015). Holocene wave climate histories, and, accordingly, summer sea-ice conditions, can be reconstructed by combining well-dated RSL curves with observations of the presence or absence of raised beach ridges, beach-ridge morphology, degree of beach-cobble roundness, and sea-ice-pushed boulders (e.g. Forbes and Taylor 1994; Funder et al. 2011; St-Hilaire-Gravel et al. 2010).
Wood and whales
Sea ice also controls access to the coast for drifting organic matter like wood and whale carcasses, and records of past sea-ice severity in coastal zones may be developed from such data (e.g. Dyke et al. 1997; Dyke et al. 1996; Hole and Macias-Fauria 2017). Interpretation of these proxies, however, is not a straightforward case of less sea ice enabling more driftage. Arctic driftwood, which originates in the vast boreal forests of North America and Eurasia, must spend one to 15 years traversing the Arctic Ocean, drifting with one or both of the two major surface currents (the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift) before it has any chance of becoming stranded on a barren Arctic beach or being exported to the North Atlantic (Tremblay et al. 1997). If the driftwood isn't quickly frozen into sea ice at its entry point to the Arctic Ocean and advected off the continental shelves by local currents, it becomes waterlogged and sinks within six to 17 months (the range depends on the species and the part of the tree that is adrift; Häggblom 1982) or gets blown back onshore by storms. After traveling around the Arctic Ocean on multiyear sea ice for several years and once again in proximity to land, access is required for stranding; if the coastal zone is locked up below thick sea ice, driftwood cannot make landfall. The spectacular but vanishing landfast, multiyear sea-ice ice shelves of northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, attest to this phenomenon: 69 radiocarbon-dated samples of driftwood collected from behind the ice shelves (stranded prior to ice-shelf establishment and the onset of coastal blockage) record a clear hiatus in driftwood deposition from around 5500 cal yr BP until breakup of the ice shelves and re-opening of these high Arctic fjord coasts, a process which started in the 1950s (England et al. 2008).
If sea ice in the shore zone is highly mobile, winds and currents can transport it onshore, resulting in the formation of sea-ice push ridges (Forbes and Taylor 1994). Sea-ice push can excavate older sediments, including any driftwood they contain, from below MSL and redeposit them alongside modern wood on the same shoreline, especially if RSL is rising. On Eglinton Island in the western Canadian Arctic, for example (where RSL fell to an offshore lowstand in the late Holocene, but is now rising), cut and prepared timber was observed alongside 3000-year-old driftwood (Nixon et al. 2016). As long as it can be demonstrated that the older driftwood has not moved downslope from higher elevations, such assemblages provide not only a minimum age for the onset of RSL rise, but also clear evidence for the consistent development of mobile, multiyear sea ice and summer shore leads over the same period.
Unlike driftwood, whale bones found on Arctic beaches, most commonly those of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), require open water for stranding, because when the whales die, their bloated carcasses float for some time before either sinking or being driven ashore by waves and currents (Fig. 2). Once stranded, they decompose, leaving behind only skeletal material, which can be radiocarbon dated. The annual migrations of bowhead whales reflect their preference for floe-edge habitat (Dyke and Morris 1990), although they are wary of becoming trapped beneath multiyear ice. Earlier studies have shown that reduced summer sea-ice conditions in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago enabled bowhead whales to migrate well beyond their current range several times during the Holocene, with peak abundances between 9500 and 12,800 cal yr BP (Dyke and Morris 1990). Numerous subfossil whale bones have also been documented from Norway, Greenland, Russia, and Antarctica, although many of these reflect historic whaling-era activity (ca. 17th–early 20th centuries) and have not generally been applied in reconstructions of past sea-ice conditions as they have in the Canadian Arctic.
New directions in driftwood research
Determining the precise origin of Arctic driftwood provides insight into changes in driftwood trajectories across the Arctic Ocean, which are influenced by changes in the positions of the Beaufort Gyre and Trans-polar Drift (Tremblay et al. 1997). Driftwood provenancing has so far been accomplished with dendrochronology (for recent driftwood; e.g. Linderholm et al. 2021) or by identification of the wood to its genus or species level with the broad and unverified assumption that, of the two most common genera of Arctic driftwood, Larix and Picea, Larix originates from Siberia and Picea from North America (Dyke et al. 1997). New techniques exploring isotopic ratios in driftwood (strontium, for example) are currently being investigated to improve provenancing (Hole et al. 2022).
To reconstruct more robust paleo-sea-ice histories using coastal proxies, the whale-bone, driftwood, and raised-beach data should be examined together where possible (e.g. Dyke and Morris 1990). Nonetheless, the spatially and temporally low-resolution nature of such records means that they are better suited to providing a broad framework for Holocene sea-ice severity into which higher-resolution paleo-sea-ice studies, such as those derived from marine sediment cores, may fit. Future research directions should also focus on filling in geographic gaps along the Russian Arctic coast (Hole and Macias-Fauria 2017) and Antarctica, as well as exploring new potential proxies for past sea-ice conditions in the coastal zone with materials such as pumice from Icelandic volcanic eruptions (Farnsworth et al. 2020).
Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
|
<urn:uuid:460567f9-b68b-4d49-b3cb-709ef03a1d97>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://pastglobalchanges.org/publications/pages-magazines/pages-magazine/129542
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912917 | 1,646 | 3.125 | 3 |
The book Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell tells a story inter-woven around the relationship between Burmese and European people on one hand, and the relationship between human beings and animals on the other; and how the views of a European differs from the views of a Burma regarding elephants. The story is told in the first person, showing that the author faced the experiences of the story and participated in the events that unfolded within the story.
The story begins with the writer’s view of how Indians of Burma disliked or hated Europeans. The writer was sub-divisional police officer in Burma at a time when a large number of Burmese hated him. The hatred of Europeans by the people of Burma can be seen in all quarters. Orwell says, “No one had the guts to raise a riot, but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress” (p.1). Orwell also explains his own experience when he was on a football pitch and a Burmese tripped him up. He says that even the referee on the pitch did not care about him, and thousands of Buddhist priests in town jeered Europeans in every street corner of the town.
According to Orwell, the unequal treatment of Europeans in Burma was a kind of imperialism which he considered as evil. As a police officer, Orwell experiences “dirty work” of the empire. He watches sympathetically but helplessly as prisoners are oppressed. Therefore, he was at a crossroad – between the empire which oppressed its people, and the people who made his job almost impossible by causing him trouble everywhere he goes. As he performs his job, he hopes to serve his empire while at the same time get people to like him.
George Orwell then uses his experience with an elephant to explain how the Burma people hated animals that tried to destroy them, but could not do anything about it because they did not have sufficient weapons to deal with them. He says that the elephant had attacked the village and caused a lot of destruction before he thought of taking any action. It happened when a sub-inspector called him to inform him of an incident where an elephant had attacke3d the locals of Burma. He was called to do something about it, so he went.
It was through this encounter with the elephant that the hatred of Burmese people against him as European vanished. Their problem now was the elephant – and they all wanted it killed. They did not have weapons, but the policeman did. When Orwell arrived at the village, the elephant had destroyed someone’s house, killed a cow and raided a grocery and destroyed stock. The writer explains the place where the incident occurred as a poor quarter. On a cloudy stuffy morning, Orwell started asking people where the elephant had gone. No one seemed to know where the elephant was, and Orwell almost concluded that everything was just a lie. However, noises of people yelling were heard again from a distance. Orwell then went towards the direction of the noises to face the elephant.
When the writer arrived at the place where the noise came from, he realized that the elephant had already killed a man. He asked the whereabouts of the elephant, and he was told where the elephant had gone. He asked for an elephant rifle from the orderly and he was given. He headed to the paddy fields where the elephant was grazing, and thousands of people followed him to witness the killing of the elephant. Orwell saw the elephant grazing peacefully, and he did not want to kill such a peaceful animal. However, the people who followed him expected him to kill the elephant. If left the elephant, the people would hate him even more; and they could make his job even harder. The writer says, “The people expected it of me and I had got to do it; I could feel their two thousand wills press me forward, irresistibly” (p.4). So he killed the elephant with several shots of the gun. The elephant died after about thirty minutes of agony. Orwell had killed with the pressure of the people.
Orwell, G. Shooting an elephant.
|
<urn:uuid:1ca28e8d-b46e-4d6f-bb05-d8a748862858>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://pdfeducation.com/summary-of-shooting-an-elephant/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.989867 | 846 | 3.1875 | 3 |
If you’re curious about how to reduce wrinkles, this post explains that. Wrinkles are one of the most common symptoms of aging skin, but using the right products – a sunscreen like Shade SPF 30 and a retinoid like A is for Anti-Aging, can help to reduce them.
BUY A IS FOR ANTI-AGINGBuy Apothekari products through our online store – PhaMix.com.
What is a Wrinkle?
Wrinkles are creases, folds, or ridges in the skin, which tend to appear as we get older. They are most frequently found on parts of the body that are exposed to sunlight, including the face, the neck and chest, the back of the hands and the arms. Sun damage, smoking, some medications and dehydration along with environmental and genetic factors can influence their development. Facial expressions, such as repeatedly smiling, frowning, or squinting may also lead to fine lines and wrinkles. And, the thinner, drier and less elastic skin that accompanies aging, impact their formation as well.
Younger skin has more elasticity, allowing it to spring back. The aging process makes springing back harder and less frequent, resulting in permanent lines aka, wrinkles.
Wrinkles – Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Unprotected exposure to UV light is thought to be one of the biggest contributors to wrinkle development. UV rays break down collagen and elastin fibers, which form part of the skin’s supporting network. This damage results in skin that is weaker and less flexible, causing it to droop and wrinkles to develop. This why sun protection is one of the best things you can do to reduce wrinkles.
- Wear a broad spectrum, UVA/UVB blocking sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30 every day, year round. Shade SPF 30 is a naturally safe, mineral-based (zinc oxide) and non-whitening formulation to consider
- Cover up with clothing, seek shade, wear hats and sunglasses to protect skin against sun damage
Smoking speeds up the aging process by reducing blood supply to the skin. Excess consumption of alcohol can result in dehydration, which causes skin to become dry and appear more wrinkled. And finally, sleeping on your side or face contributes to face lines while repetitive facial expressions (like squinting) overworks facial muscles and can result in grooves beneath the skin’s surface, which eventually leads to wrinkles.
Treatments That Reduce Wrinkles
When it comes to topical ingredients, there are a few that can help, but retinoids, which are derived from vitamin A, are supported by the most amount of research to support their efficacy in the reduction of fine wrinkles. They have also been shown to reduce pigmentation and decrease skin roughness.
Retinoids include ingredients such as retinoic acid, retinaldehyde, retinol and retinyl palmitate. They work by increasing the production of collagen and by stimulating the production of new blood vessels in the skin, which improves skin color. It takes about three to six months of regular use before improvements in wrinkles are apparent and the best results take six to 12 months.
The one downside of retinoids is that they can cause skin dryness and irritation so it may be useful to gradually work up to nightly applications, especially if you have sensitive skin. Retinaldehyde, which is found in A is for Anti-Aging is effective and one of the gentlest forms of retinoid available, making it suitable for most skin types. Retinaldehyde has the added benefit of being antibacterial, which delivers benefit to acne sufferers as well. A is for Anti-Aging also contains niacinamide, which can stimulate collagen production. The combination helps to minimize fine lines and wrinkles. Keep in mind that retinoids are broken down in sunlight so apply this serum at night in order to maximize benefits.
A two-pronged approach will serve you best when it comes to wrinkle reduction: sunscreen every day in the morning and a retinoid each night.
|
<urn:uuid:2f760900-f417-436d-bc81-be5a8810c7ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://phamix.com/2019/06/03/how-to-reduce-wrinkles/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945613 | 850 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Learn How to Pronounce automaton
Not sure how to say a word? Try the Promova pronunciation tool for free and learn how to pronounce anything in English correctly. Discover over 100,000 words and easily learn English pronunciation online!
Find your word:
Find how to pronounce a word and practice it in our free word pronouncer for English learners!
How to pronounce:
(nou) someone who acts or responds in a mechanical or apathetic way (nou) a mechanism that can move automatically
The model is a cellular automaton.
Albert is a sapient automaton or android.
He is an automaton in making tools.
Learn more about:
How to perfect your pronunciation of: automaton
Learn Individual Sounds
Break automaton down into individual sounds such as ɔːˈtɒmətən. Practice these parts before you learn to say the whole word.
Use the tools above to find out how different people say automaton in their accents, then try to repeat after them.
Pick an Accent
Avoid mixing word pronunciations. If you’re learning American English, stick to it and try not to confuse yourself with British pronunciation.
Say automaton in the pronunciation tool as many times as it takes before you get it right. Record yourself saying different sentences with automaton.
|
<urn:uuid:27982e63-e6f8-4435-8ba9-a77c09eb176b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://promova.com/how-to-pronounce/automaton
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.818179 | 282 | 3.5625 | 4 |
'could' is a past form of the verb 'can' and is mainly used as a verb to refer to a potential action that may take place. When used as a verb it is a modal verb that is used to express potential or ability in either the present or past. It is often used to express a polite request or query to another.
1. 'She could fly across the country overnight.'
2. 'Could you help me out with this task?'
3. 'He could win the championship if he tried his hardest.'
'could' is a gentle and polite alternative for 'can.' It is often used to make a request more gentle and to show politeness and respect. Additionally, the verb form of 'could' is often used when expressing an opinion that something might be possible.
|
<urn:uuid:83ba0a3f-440e-49e9-9250-b9c0cb521c40>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://promova.com/what-part-of-speech/could
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965507 | 165 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Combat blast is an important cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Department of Veterans Affairs polytrauma population, whereas common causes of TBI in the civilian sector include motor vehicle accidents and falls. Known visual consequences of civilian TBI include compromised visual acuity, visual fields, and oculomotor function. The visual consequences of TBI related to blast remain largely unknown. Blast injury may include open globe (eye) injury, which is usually detected and managed early in the rehabilitation journey. The incidence, locations, and types of ocular damage in eyes without open globe injury after exposure to powerful blast have not been systematically studied. Initial reports and preliminary data suggest that binocular function, visual fields, and other aspects of visual function may be impaired after blast-related TBI, despite relatively normal visual acuity. Damage to the ocular tissues may occur from blunt trauma without rupture or penetration (closed globe injury). Possible areas for research are development of common taxonomy and assessment tools across services, surgical management, and outcomes for blast-related eye injury; the incidence, locations, and natural history of closed globe injury; binocular and visual function impairment; quality of life in affected service members; pharmacological and visual therapies; and practice patterns for screening, management, and rehabilitation.
|
<urn:uuid:7b7159c7-985d-4ae2-b44c-f79ea1331bfe>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20104404/?dopt=Abstract
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914344 | 259 | 2.71875 | 3 |
In this article, we give both qualitative and quantitative explanations of why a train stays on its track, in spite of perturbations that could cause it to derail. We show that train stability originates from the conical shape of the wheels, which gives rise to a restoring normal force in response to a lateral disturbance. We first demonstrate translational stabilization in a simple situation where the rails are assumed frictionless and the steering motion of the wheel is neglected. We then develop a more comprehensive model, taking friction and steering into account. We show that rolling friction couples the rotational motion to the translational motion, enhancing overall stability. Finally, we find approximate formulae for the parameters governing stability, and show good agreement with parameters of a real railway coach.
Skip Nav Destination
PAPERS| March 01 2017
Why trains stay on tracks
B. Shayak; Why trains stay on tracks. Am. J. Phys. 1 March 2017; 85 (3): 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.4973370
Download citation file:
|
<urn:uuid:66853f61-1694-4316-a23f-d53d5a5cedb1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://pubs.aip.org/aapt/ajp/article-abstract/85/3/178/1039013/Why-trains-stay-on-tracks?redirectedFrom=fulltext
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889214 | 221 | 3.171875 | 3 |
As the world changes, our knowledge changes with it. You see, when author Samuel Arbesman’s grandfather was in dental school in the late 1930s, he was taught some of the most state-of-the-art medical knowledge, including the number of chromosomes in a human cell. Biologists first visualized the nuclei of human cells in 1912 and counted 48 chromosomes. Therefore, his grandfather learned that there were 48 chromosomes. Then, in 1953, a well-known cytologist, someone who studies the interior of cells, even stated that the chromosome number of 48 in man can now be an established fact. But in 1956, Joe Hin Tijo and Albert Levan, two researchers working in New York and Sweden, attempted a new technique for looking at cells. After counting several times, the two researchers nearly always got 46 chromosomes. Eventually, they made the bold suggestion that scientists had been wrong all along. Today, we know that there are 46 chromosomes in a human cell. Facts are constantly changing. Take a look at smoking, what used to be doctor-recommended is now deadly. Look at meat, which used to be good for you, then bad, then good again! The Earth, for example, used to be the center of the universe. Now, we have no idea whether red wine is good or bad for us and if we should eat meat.
Other facts about our world have changed too. Internet connection is much faster than it was ten years ago. In the past one hundred years, the Earth’s population has exploded from less than two billion to more than seven billion. We have gone from earthbound humans to having humans walk on the moon. Our knowledge is changing all the time and according to Arbesman, “Knowledge is like radioactivity. If you look at a single atom of uranium, whether it’s going to decay - breaking down and unleashing its energy - is highly unpredictable. It might decay in the next second, or you might have to sit and stare at it for thousands, or perhaps even millions, of years before it breaks apart. But when you take a chunk of uranium, itself made up of trillions of atoms, suddenly the unpredictable becomes predictable.” It turns out, facts, much like uranium, have a half-life. Even better, facts are just as predictable. In fact, through mathematical and scientific techniques, we can take a closer look at how our knowledge changes over time.
Chapter 1: Scientometrics Allows Us to Understand the Underlying Patterns in Knowledge
When you think about a fact, you think about something true. Facts bring order to our surroundings, they provide us with a sense of control and comfort. For instance, when you see something out of the corner of your eye around dusk, you don’t need to immediately assume that there is a creepy bird of the night looming nearby. No, you call it a bat, a winged nocturnal animal that “sees” by using echolocation and is likely more afraid of humans than you are afraid of the bat. You no longer become scared, or you only become half as scared, right? It’s when our facts change that we begin to feel a loss of control. Suddenly, we don’t trust what we once understood as truth. If doctors didn’t know smoking was bad for us, what else could doctors be wrong about today? “But if we can understand the underlying order and patterns of how facts change, then we can better handle all of the uncertainty around us.” Before we even understand all the math science behind how knowledge changes, we can organize facts into three categories based on how often they change. First, we have fast-changing facts, these are the ones that are constantly in flux, like the weather or the stock market. Next, we have the slow-changing facts, the fairly constant ones. These are facts like the number of continents on the planet or the number of fingers on the human hand. Finally, we have the factsthat change, but not too quickly. These are the facts that might change over years, decades, or a single lifetime, like the population of the world, the number of planets in the solar system, or the average speed of a computer. These are what Arbesman calls mesofacts, facts that change at the meso-, or middle, timescale.
Mesofacts are all around us and it is, perhaps, most important to simply acknowledge their existence. If someone graduating from dental school understands that some of the knowledge he or she learned will eventually become obsolete, it would prevent them from being surprised by basic biological facts, or from working with outdated knowledge. Of course, simply knowing that knowledge changes isn’t enough. We must also understand the underlying patterns to become better prepared for when they do change. As British professor William Macneile Dixon once wrote, “The facts of the present won’t sit still for a portrait. They are constantly vibrating, full of clutter and confusion.” But how can we better understand this confusion?
In 1951, Derek J. de Solla Price published a paper called “Quantitative Measures of the Development of Science” detailing how science grows and develops over time. His research then led to a new field, the quantitative study of science, or scientometrics, as it became known. Also known as the “science of science,” Price set out to understand just how science changes. While Price had to complete calculations by hand and depend on teams of graduate students to discover patterns throughout science, we now have massive databases and computers that can complete calculations and locate patterns more quickly and easily. As a result, scientometrics has allowed us to understand nearly every aspect of how science is done.
Thanks to scientometrics, we can measure how quickly knowledge grows. For example, a psychologist named Harvey Lehman set out to count the number of major contributions made in various fields, ranging from genetics and math to the arts. He found in all of these there were exponential increases in output over time, in which new findings, methods, and ideas, were discovered. In the field of Medicine and Hygiene, for instance, major contributions are made every 87 years. In Mathematics, it only takes 63 years. And in Chemistry, only 35 years. This simply shows that fields like medicine and hygiene proceed at slower rates, this is likely because they rely on more basic fields for discoveries. In other words, more derivative fields move slowly when compared to the basic areas of knowledge on which they depend.
Chapter 2: How Information Spreads and What it Can Mean for Our Future
In today’s world, information spreads faster than ever before. We have access to technology and databases that connect millions of people across the world. However, this doesn’t mean that facts are always spread rapidly. Let’s take a look at Mary Tai, who in February of 1994 authored a paper in the journal of Diabetes Care, which at first glance appears to be a quantitative approach to understanding certain aspects of metabolism. Upon closer inspection, you realize that her “discovery” is simply determining the area under a curve. She even went so far as to boldly term her discovery “Tai’s Model;” however, her discovery can also be found in a high school calculus textbook.
Tai was not the first person to discover calculus. In fact, calculus was developed in the latter half of the seventeenth century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz more than three hundred years before Tai’s calculations. Even though Tai’s model represented a concept that hadbeen previously discovered, her writing passed through editors and has received more than 100 citations in scientific literature. This simply shows that despite our technological advancement, knowledge can spread far slower than we might expect. Because the creation and decay of facts are governed by mathematical rules, we don’t necessarily hear of new facts, or their debunking, instantly.
In fact, there is a substantial amount of public knowledge that remains undiscovered. According to library-science professor Don Swanson, society is quickly digitizing information but not making it easily available or relatable. As a result, public information remains unknown to many people, including scientists who would benefit most from this knowledge and research. Perhaps if they knew this information, they could combine it with what they already know and create new advancements. You see, in our modern world, we benefit most from an accumulation of knowledge. When we combine knowledge, we have the power to spark incredible, groundbreaking developments, and each new development inches us closer to the truth.
For example, the belief that the world is a sphere isn’t exactly true - it’s actually an ellipsoid. This false belief, however, is still a far better approximation than the previously held belief of the Earth being flat. Developments like this can be made quicker than ever before when you consider the thousands of specialists across the world working in their fields of expertise. Furthermore, many of these fields are interconnected, meaning that discoveries in one field have the potential to help solve problems in many more. Imagine making a pile of sand using just one grain at a time. As your pile grows higher and higher, it only takes a single grain of sand to cause the whole thing to collapse.
The development of knowledge functions in the same way. As little advances from different areas add up, they create an avalanche of significant breakthroughs that have the power to transform our thinking. Therefore, being aware of current trends and new developments in knowledge is critical for understanding facts and controlling the ever-changing world we live in.
Chapter 3: Technological Advancements Are Faster Than Ever
Buying the latest cell phone, computer, or tablet in today’s world means having the newest, most advanced piece of technology for only a few months. It doesn’t take long for the next latest and greatest model to come onto the market. Advancements in technology happen so quickly today, but why is this? As we learned in the previous chapter, each new development builds up upon one another to spark more groundbreaking innovations. Technological development follows this same pattern.
To track technological developments, we can use Moore’s Law, which is one of the best examples to show how predictable the development of knowledge can be. In 1965, the journal Electronics published a paper by chemist and physicist Gordon Moore, who later co-founded the tech giant Intel. In the paper, Moore stated, “the processing power of a single chip or circuit will double every year.” This prediction has become known as Moore’s Law, and time has only proved this law to be true. However, as we continue to create more technological advancements, the doubling rate is now closer to 18 months.
This ongoing doubling of technological capabilities has even been found in robots. One study showed that a robot’s ability to move concerning the duration and speed of movement has nearly doubled every two years! This doubling in advancements means that technology develops even faster as it continues to evolve.
For example, through technology, we can use computer models to connect and combine information from various sources, allowing once hidden knowledge to come forward. One such computer program is that of Co-Pub Discovery, which has found new associations between genes and diseases by analyzing data from studies and synthesizing the findings. As a result, the program was able to identify genes associated with an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland called Graves. If it weren’t for these advancements in technology, this discovery and new connections would have never been brought to light.
Chapter 4: The Discovery of Errors
When someone asks you about the tallest mountain in the world, you know the answer is Mount Everest. But do you know exactly how tall it is? In 1856, Mount Everest was named the tallest mountain, yet it’s exact measurements remain a mystery. In 1954, height estimates varied by as much as 17 feet! Today, we have improved measurement techniques, like global positioning satellites, which enable us to make more precise measurements. However, after a few measurements, scientists discovered that the height of the mountain constantly changes due to erosion, glacial melt, and the collision of continental plates.
Measuring is a continuous process because it is important to be as accurate as possible when conducting scientific research. However, no matter how precise scientists are when making measurements, error and uncertainty are inevitable. Measurement errors occur due to the reliance on outdated or incorrect information. For instance, the official length of a meter used to be measured against metal. Metal, however, is susceptible to corrosion and expands when exposed to heat. Therefore, metal is an unreliable tool for measurement.
Ultimately, scientists aren’t immune to making errors. The Latin proverb errare humanum est means “to err is human.” This simply means that it is only human nature to make errors and mistakes. We must take this into account when discussing knowledge as human error plays a large role in affecting our knowledge. These errors, unfortunately, can spread quickly. For instance, let’s take a look at how human error infiltrated its way into mainstream society through the popular cartoon character, Popeye.
With his odd accent and improbable forearms, Popeye used spinach as his “anti-kryptonite.” Spinach was the source of his strength. But why eat so much? Why did he become so obsessed with this strange vegetable? Well, the answer stems from human error. More than fifty years earlier, in 1870, Erich von Wolf, a German chemist, misplaced a decimal point when recording the amount of iron in spinach, changing the iron content from 3.5 milligrams in a 100-gram serving to 35 milligrams. Once this incorrect number was printed, the damage began.
Spinach’s nutritional value became legendary, so when Popeye was created, executives recommended he eat spinach for strength, due to its substantial health properties! As a result, the American consumption of spinach increased by a third. Eventually, the error was corrected in 1937 when someone rechecked the numbers, but the damage had been done and theinformation about spinach had spread at an alarming rate. Unfortunately, the story of Popeye shows just how easy it is for errors to spread. Ultimately, errors spread so easily because it is easier to spread the first thing you find rather than delving deeply into the literature to correct the fact. This is why only 20 percent of scientists actually read the articles they cite, which only contributes to the spread of misinformation.
So is there a way to prevent the spread of errors? Well, the only solution is going through the arduous task of making corrections. Scientists must seek out literature and examine further the article in which they are citing. When errors are spotted, they should identify them and ensure that they get corrected.
Chapter 5: The Significance of Social Connections
Many people around the world have the misconception that a larger population of people results in the more rapid development of ideas. Perhaps this is why we see universities and research laboratories located in big cities! However, it’s not necessarily the number of people that encourages the development of ideas but the social connections between people. With social media and the internet, people can communicate with others no matter where they are in the world.
If you were to head to your Facebook, you’d find that not all of your friends live close to you. This doesn’t prevent you from conversing and exchanging information, right? In fact, we can trace the power of social connections as far back as the fifteenth century. When the printing press, for example, was created in Germany, it didn’t spread immediately to the rest of the country. Instead, it reached northern Italy before closer cities in Germany. But why? Well, social connections aren't just about proximity, they are about the connections between “thinkers” living in a particular area.
Social connections are far more important than we realize. To illustrate this importance, let’s take a look at Tasmania. Somewhere between ten thousand and twelve thousand years ago, a land bridge between Australia and Tasmania was destroyed by the sea. Up until that point, individuals could easily walk between Australia and the small island. Without a bridge, however, Tasmania became completely isolated and cut off from the rest of the world. As a result, Tasmania fell behind in various developments in technology, like better fishing nets, boats, and even clothing. In other words, our social connections influence the availability of technology.
Similarly, technology influences the development of societies and cities. For instance, modern cities are bigger than ever before because of the development of knowledge and technology. Medical advancements have allowed our population to increase dramatically, increasing the need for bigger buildings. Therefore, modern construction techniques allow us to live in buildings that are both larger and safer. Additionally, modern technology has made city maintenance, like the sewage system, easier and cleaner when accommodating such a large population.
Chapter 6: Why We Refuse New Information and How to Begin Accepting It
As humans, it is only human nature to approach changes in facts with skepticism. When we think of something as fact, we sometimes refuse to accept anything else. This is partly due to the human ego and how we approach new information. Many of us tend to ignore informationthat doesn’t align with our worldview; instead, we seek out information that we are comfortable with. For example, let’s take a look at what happened when Galileo Galilei introduced findings that supported the fact that the Earth was not the center of the universe.
When asserting that the Earth was not the center of the universe, Galileo contradicted the Catholic Church’s belief that God had centered the universe around humanity. As a result, the Church responded by attacking him and his ideas; the Church did everything in its power to suppress and silence Galileo. The Church is an example of how established ideas are hard to move away from, which we see today as well. In fact, even today we don’t cope well with changes in knowledge. But there are ways to stay up-to-date in our fast-paced world.
Your best defense is to keep learning. Begin by instituting your own “information triage,” in which you stay current in the areas of knowledge that matter to you. You can routinely re-examine what you know and avoid the risk of assuming outdated knowledge as fact. This may seem like a challenge, but the best way to stay abreast of ever-changing information is by reading continuously. Seek out trusted publications, websites, and blogs to guide you towards the pioneers of your field so you don’t get lost in the times.
Of course, since knowledge is ever-changing, keeping up with everything sounds overwhelming. Luckily, we have the technology today to help us. With the internet, we can subscribe to blogs and other media channels that provide summarized knowledge of a particular field. That way, you don’t have to spend the time reading endless books and publications; take advantage of summaries and blogs! Lastly, you should abandon memorization. It would be too much to try and cram everything into your brain; instead, you should use the tools around you to stay up-to-date. The internet is a permanent storage system, so you don’t have to remember the information. Instead, it’s best to learn how to research and access the knowledge on the internet rather than accumulating all of it yourself.
In the end, you’ll be more accepting of change and you’ll be more aware of the inevitable changes. Ultimately, you’ll stay open to new ideas and become less likely to stay attached to old, outdated ideas.
Chapter 7: Final Summary
Our world is moving faster than ever before. Our population grows, and with it, technological advances only continue to multiply. As a result, our understanding of knowledge is changing. Today, we understand that facts change: the Earth is no longer flat, or even spherical, or the center of the universe. Additionally, it’s not just the facts themselves that change, it’s our understanding of those facts. We can now predict how quickly or slowly facts might die off, we can calculate their half-life. In the end, if we can stay up-to-date on recent discoveries and new information, we’ll be able to better understand our world and better cope with the uncertainties it brings.
|
<urn:uuid:8f56685d-ca40-47f2-8a39-e901cb3b9772>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://quickread.com/book-summary/the-half-life-of-facts-495
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958378 | 4,236 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Grow Food, Not Lawns
If you are considering transforming your lawn into a food producing garden, this video shows a comprehensive approach to soil amendment and preparation, undertaken during the fall season before you intend to plant your garden.
There is more to it than meets the eye. A former lawn is inherently unhealthy. It has been pounded by foot traffic for years, just in mowing. All the organic matter is generally removed, and little lives in the soil.
The Urban Farm Guild of Northeast Seattle came to the rescue here. The team divided up the lawn, and one half the sod was removed to a separate area to decompose during the winter, on the other it was left in place and sheet mulched.
Bags of phosphate, Greensand and kelp meal add nutrients to the soil. Cardboard, compost and leaves are going to help bring the soil back over the winter. Coffee bags are put to work as weed barriers, and wood chips go on top of them.
Come spring, food will grow here in nutrient rich, healthy soil, where for decades there was only decorative grass.
Every lawn has the potential to be transformed, radically cutting down the “food miles” of the meals eaten in the house during the growing season.
The following video was produced by The Urban Farm Guild of Sustainable Northeast Seattle
|
<urn:uuid:80c86f86-1575-4d86-b0e6-0de88ccf112d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://radiant-living.net/converting-a-grass-lawn-to-a-garden-video/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971477 | 272 | 2.78125 | 3 |
“He could have just told me he didn’t want to be together,” Wren says to Lily for what seems like the millionth time. “Instead, he cheated on me for months! Why not just break up with me?” Wren and Lily have unpacked her break up with her ex-boyfriend, Devon, many times, but Wren can’t seem to understand why Devon went through the trouble of concealing his infidelity instead of ending their relationship and being with his new partner publicly. “I still think he thought you wouldn’t catch him,” Lily comments; “That way he could still have the best of both worlds.” Wren understands Lily’s point of view but still finds it hard to believe that Devon would want to hide his feelings from her. Didn’t he respect her enough to be honest with her? If he felt like something was missing, why didn’t he feel like he could tell her about it? She seems to have more questions than answers the more she thinks about it. Lily tries to be supportive while Wren processes Devon’s infidelity, and she knows that it may be a while before Wren is ready to move on and trust a romantic partner again, so she is doing her best to be patient and gentle while her friend heals.
What is the “dark side” of relational communication?
If you’ve ever known someone in Wren’s shoes—or been there yourself—it can be really difficult to make sense of infidelity. Why would someone cheat on their partner if it can hurt all parties involved? There are plenty of other relational behaviors that fall under the umbrella of “dark side” communication tactics, including bullying, complaining, and keeping secrets. In short, dark side communication includes any type of communication that can be destructive or dysfunctional when it is used in certain ways or quantities (Cupach & Spitzberg, 1994). Thus, exploring dark side communication is about understanding thresholds; it invites us to ask questions like:
- What happens when we _______ too much? Too little?
- In what context (if any) is _______ appropriate?
- How might _______ be interpreted by my relational partner? By others?
- What are the consequences of _______? Can it be forgiven?
Ironically, dark side behaviors aren’t always bad. Sometimes, keeping something a secret or making a complaint can improve and strengthen a relationship when performed tactfully. Unfortunately, without being taught how to navigate dark side behaviors strategically, we often hurt each other even when our intentions are good. Because the dark side thrives in a gray area where context is key, it takes a lot of work to interpret all facets of a given situation. Following the work of dark side scholars such as Brian Spitzberg and William Cupach, this chapter introduces a number of dark side concepts and their potential outcomes, what to do when relationships become dangerous, and the role of forgiveness in preserving or ending relationships.
Secrets are complicated and can often be confused with other relational tactics such as manipulation. Secrecy refers to instances in which an individual keeps information from others who are directly connected to the information in some fashion, while refers to instances in which people keep information to themselves that no one else has a right to know. Both secrecy and privacy are distinct from topic avoidance—refusal to have a conversation about a specific topic—and , which is the intentional manipulation of information to communicate something other than the truth for one’s own benefit.
Secrecy serves an important function in relationships, as it can help maintain social peace (e.g., “Don’t tell Stacy that Rachel already has that book she got her as a gift—it’s better if she doesn’t know”), but it can also be used to maintain reputations or societal standing, even if that means that a false image is reinforced when the secret is kept (e.g., a politician might keep a marital affair a secret) (McDonald et al., 2019). When relational partners keep secrets from each other, the pressure created by keeping the secret can create a rift in the relationship and make them question whether they have rightfully placed trust in one another. Navigating privacy vs. secrecy can be tricky, but the benefits of disclosure and being open with your partner often outweigh the perceived benefits of keeping something to yourself; context is important, as is the reason that you keep a secret. If you fear that your partner may react aggressively to a disclosure, then there may be bigger relational concerns at hand (see 7.5).
Do you remember the last time you told someone a secret? How did you feel the last time a relational partner trusted you with a secret?
7.2 Hurt and Bullying
Sometimes close relational partners can hurt us, intentionally or not, and elicit a negative feeling about the situation at hand, the people involved, or past actions leading up to the present. A hurtful message can take several forms (Wrench et al., 2020): evaluation (e.g., “You’re not as good at singing as you think you are”), accusation (e.g., “You always mess up our vacation plans”), directives (e.g., “shut up”), informative statements (e.g., “I only invited you because my mom made me”), threats (e.g., “I’ll change the lock on the door”), or even sarcasm/jokes (e.g., “you’re so funny … not”). Hurtful messages can occur during arguments or launch new ones.
Our responses to hurt can matter greatly, as it can determine where the relationship will go following the delivery and/or receipt of hurtful messages. According to communication scholars Vangelisti and Crumley (1998), some respond to a hurtful message by acquiescing, or agreeing with/submitting to the communicator of the message. Sometimes, recipients of hurtful messages retaliate verbally by throwing a hurtful message back at the sender, or actively engage with the sender by requesting clarification (Vangelisti & Crumley, 1998). Alternatively, the recipient may take an invulnerable approach, which consists of laughing the message off or simply ignoring its delivery entirely (Vangelisti & Crumley, 1998). The approach one takes may depend on several factors, including but not limited to the relationship between the sender and receiver, the context and medium in which the message is delivered, whether there is an audience, and whether it has been said before.
Importantly, delivering a hurtful message is not always a bad move. In fact, hurt can be a catalyst for change—by launching a painful conversation, we create an opportunity to push for change and resolution that may even strengthen a relationship moving forward; further, tactfully contextualizing hurtful messages or buffering them with an explanation for why they have been communicated can drastically change their reception (see Caughlin et al., 2009). But, it is important to remember that any hurtful message delivered with the intent to cause harm will not set the tone for a positive or healing conversation. Generally, asking for clarification and trying to understand the situation may help to redirect the conversation toward a more helpful path, but some hurtful messages simply do not have the potential to be helpful.
When hurtful messages are delivered over and over with the intent to tear someone down, this pattern is called . Bullying—which can take place anywhere, including at school, at home, and at work—is incredibly harmful and can damage an individual’s social, mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing long-term (see Vanderbilt & Augustyn, 2010). Thus, in some cases an isolated incident in which a hurtful message is received may be something relational partners can recover and grow from; in other cases, even one hurtful message can send a relationship into dissolution. But in every case of bullying, hurtful messages delivered consistently across time are detrimental and do not positively serve the health of a relationship.
Can you recall a time when a comment hurt you? What about a time that you made a hurtful comment about someone else?
Consider the following contextual details:
- Did the hurtful comment seem intentional?
- Was this the first time the comment had been made, or had it been said before?
- If you could go back and handle the situation differently, would you? How so?
7.3 Complaints and Criticisms
Some types of dark side messages can be difficult to differentiate from one another. , or statements that represent one’s discontent with their partner’s attitude about a situation, a particular behavior, or personal features/characteristics, are somewhat distinct from , which are rooted in an expression of discontent within a power structure or evaluation setting, such as a teacher grading a student (Cupach, 2007). Like hurtful messages, complaints are not always bad, as they can launch important conversations that improve the quality of the relationship (e.g., “I don’t like when you speak to me that way because …”). Further, constructive criticisms can help us grow and become more mature relational partners. However, some complaints and criticisms can be especially hurtful. When weaponized, complaints can be used to poke at a partner’s insecurities or sore spots (e.g., “You’ll never be as good at that as my ex”). Generally, complaints and criticisms are only helpful when they are delivered in a considerate way and pertain to something that can actually be changed (e.g., “Leaving your dirty clothes on the floor makes it more difficult to keep up with laundry”). If the complaint or criticism is about something that cannot be changed, such as a remark about a physical feature or something that happened in the past, it just becomes hurtful and can make the relationship more turbulent.
- “You only got 3 out of 10 of the quiz questions correct.”
- “You never let me finish what I’m saying without talking over me.”
- “You chew so loudly at the dinner table.”
- “I don’t like when we make plans and then you bail on me.”
- “I’m tired of picking up after you.”
- “I wish you would pay more attention to me.”
- “My mom would never have allowed this behavior, but you do.”
- “Of course it’s not your fault because you can never be wrong!”
- “Angela told me you would act this way, but I expected better from you.”
- “Wow! I thought you were supposed to be an artist.”
Commonly referred to as “cheating” or “unfaithfulness,” refers to a breach of relational boundaries via the introduction of a third (or more) parties into an exclusive relationship emotionally, sexually, or affectionately without consent (Dillow et al., 2011). Infidelity can occur in-person and/or online and may range from flirty conversation to sneaky sexual encounters; infidelity is often hurtful because it is a breach of trust, but it can also have serious consequences beyond the emotional and psychological damage incurred, such as contracting STIs, extradyadic pregnancies, financial secrets, and more. Though infidelity is not always a deal-breaker, many relationships dissolve following a lapse in faithfulness regardless of the motive; commonly reported motives include boredom, attraction to another person, the thrill of taking risks, opportunity, unhappiness, and more (Brand et al., 2007). In some ways, even though it is painful, infidelity can be a sign that a relationship has run its course and that partners are no longer loyal to each other, meaning that a break up may be better for both partners in the long run. Though there are certainly healthier ways to handle a loss of interest (i.e., speaking directly to your partner), infidelity may seem like the only solution to partners who are not ready to disengage from their original partner and have not yet considered the harm that infidelity may cause to that person. In short, being open with your partner about your concerns and desires is a much better option.
7.5 Relational Abuse
, also known as “intimate partner violence” (IPV) or “domestic violence,” can take the form of any behavior that allows one partner to exercise power over another partner, physically or mentally, that causes damage to their self-esteem and/or their sense of physical or psychological safety. Relational abuse is dangerous and, unfortunately, commonly occurring in many unhealthy relationships. Anyone can be a perpetrator or victim of relational abuse, which may manifest as physical abuse (e.g., punching, hitting, choking), sexual abuse (e.g, sexual assault or rape), financial abuse (e.g., withholding someone’s funds from them), emotional abuse (e.g., verbal assault, intimidating, humiliating), stalking (e.g., following someone to their house, staking out their workplace), and more (Love is Respect, 2023).
Signs of relational abuse can include going through a relational partner’s private texts, emails, and call logs without permission to do so, keeping a partner away from other loved ones such as family or friends, and trying to control what a partner is doing; in any case where you feel unsafe, it is import to seek help immediately. If you suspect that you or someone you love is coping with relational abuse, you can reach the National Domestic Violence hotline via online chat or phone (call or text); local resources such as crisis centers or shelters may also be able to assist you or a loved one in making a safe plan to exit the relationally abusive situation.
Some dark side behaviors are inexcusable—such as abuse—and should result in the relationship coming to an end. Other dark side behaviors may be possible to forgive after they have been addressed, such as the keeping of a secret or the delivery of a hurtful message. But how do we go about forgiveness? is the act of agreeing to reconcile and move forward following the occurrence of a relational transgression; importantly, forgiveness does not excuse negative behaviors or necessitate that a relationship continues (Pereira et al., 2022). Rather, forgiveness allows one to release some of the tension created by unresolved conflict and take steps toward a more positive state of being (Pereira et al., 2022). It is commonly misunderstood that forgiveness must follow an apology, but forgiveness is possible even if a perpetrator has not apologized for their relational transgression. For perpetrators who receive forgiveness, guilt and other negative feelings about the situation may lessen. However, even though forgiveness has many benefits for all parties, it can be difficult. According to Boon et al. (2022), we may find it easier to transition from a state of un-forgiveness into a state of forgiveness over time—as if moving across a spectrum—rather than jumping straight to having fully forgiven a perpetrator; we may also fail to recover the original nature of the relationship even when we are at peace with the incident and have practiced forgiveness. Still, it is often beneficial to forgive even if things may never go back to the way they were before.
The dark side is an interesting, complicated, and necessary part of communication in our relationships. The more one knows about it, the more one can begin to navigate tricky situations with skill. Importantly, healthy relationships are not devoid of turbulence or dark side behaviors. However, being able to spot when a line has been crossed or something has to change is critical to our holistic relational wellbeing over time.
If you or someone you know needed help getting out of an abusive relationship or domestic violence situation, do you know who to call? Take a minute to look up local, regional, and national resources in your area.
Think of a time that you encountered one of these dark side behaviors; how did it impact your impression of the person performing the behavior?
The Chapter 7 Mixtape
Bonnie Tyler – “Total Eclipse of the Heart”
Pat Benatar – “Love is a Battlefield”
Rick Springfield – “Jessie’s Girl”
Joan Armatrading – “The Weakness in Me”
Fleetwood Mac – “Little Lies”
Boon, S. D., Hojjat, M., Paulin, M., & Stackhouse, M. R. (2022). Between friends: Forgiveness, unforgiveness, and wrongdoing in same-sex friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(6), 1693-1716. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211062272
Brand, R. J., Markey, C. M., Mills, A., & Hodges, S. D. (2007). Sex differences in self-reported infidelity and its correlates. Sex Roles, 57, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9221-5
Caughlin, J. P., Scott, A. M., & Miller, L. E. (2009). Conflict and hurt in close relationships. In L. Vangelisti (Ed.), Feeling hurt in close relationships (pp. 143-166). Cambridge University Press.
Cupach, B. (2007). “You’re bugging me!”: Complaints and criticism from a partner. In B. H. Spitzberg & W. R. Cupach (Eds.), The dark side of interpersonal communication (2 edition, pp. 143-168). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203936849
Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (Eds.). (1994). The dark side of interpersonal communication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Love is Respect. (2023). Types of abuse. National Domestic Violence Hotline. https://www.loveisrespect.org/resources/types-of-abuse/
McDonald, R. I., Salerno, J. M., Greenaway, K. H., & Slepian, M. L. (2020). Motivated secrecy: Politics, relationships, and regrets. Motivation Science, 6(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000139
Pereira, M. G., Fontes, L., Vilaça, M., Fincham, F., Costa, E., Machado, J. C., & Taysi, E. (2022). Communication, forgiveness and morbidity in young adults involved in a romantic relationship. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 22(2), 165-175. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37887
Vanderbilt, D., & Augustyn, M. (2010). The effects of bullying. Paediatrics and Child Health, 20(7), 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2010.03.008
Vangelisti, A. L., & Crumley, L. P. (1998). Reactions to messages that hurt: The influence of relational contexts. Communications Monographs, 65(3), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759809376447
Wrench, J. S., Punyanunt-Carter, N. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (2020). Interpersonal communication: A mindful approach to relationships. Open SUNY.
keeping information to oneself that no one else has a right to know
the intentional manipulation of information to communicate something other than the truth for one’s own benefit
When hurtful messages are delivered over and over with the intent to tear someone down (can also include physical hurt)
statements that represent one’s discontent with their partner’s attitude about a situation, a particular behavior, or personal features/characteristics
statements that represent one’s discontent with the results of their evaluation of a situation or behavior; these exist within a power structure (one person is evaluating, the other is evaluated)
a breach of relational boundaries via the introduction of a third (or more) parties into an exclusive relationship emotionally, sexually, or affectionately without consent
ny behavior that allows one partner to exercise power over another partner, physically or mentally, that causes damage to their self-esteem and their sense of physical or psychological safety
the act of agreeing to reconcile and move forward following the occurrence of a relational transgression
|
<urn:uuid:f00e97b1-20c9-4361-915a-3e3f131fbe3f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://raider.pressbooks.pub/inyoureyescommrelationships/chapter/chapter-7-you-give-love-a-bad-name/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937705 | 4,356 | 2.765625 | 3 |
22 Feb Letterhead Designs
A special type of paper used for printing corporate or official letters or documents. Letterhead is a type of paper that has a folder with space for the letter logo, name, address, phone number, fax number, website and other contact files. For a variety of purposes such as letters, invoices, quotes, contracts and other official documents letterhead designs There are.
What are Letterhead Paper Designs?
Use the logo and name of the company or institution: Your company or institution's name and logo should appear at the top of your design. This indicates who the letter is from and that it is official.
Use colors appropriately: The colors of your design should match the colors of your company or institution. This reminds people or organizations you work with of the company you work with.
Use a clear and simple design: The design of this paper should be clear and simple. This ensures that the document is easy to read and understand.
Arrangement of information: In this paper design, information such as company name and logo are placed at the top, while contact information, address, phone numbers, website, etc. are placed at the bottom. information is included. It is important that this information is placed in an orderly and easy-to-read manner.
Use quality paper: Letterhead designsA quality paper type should be chosen to ensure that it is used for official documents of the company or institution.
Opt for appropriate sizes: This paper design should be a standard size to be used in letters. This will make the document easy to read and file.
Letterhead Paper Sizes
Standard sizes of letterhead may vary from country to country. But in general, A4, A5 and Letter sizes are widely used.
A4 size measures 210 mm x 297 mm (8.27 inches x 11.69 inches).
A5 size is half of A4 and measures 148 mm x 210 mm (5.83 in x 8.27 in).
Letter size is commonly used in the United States and Canada and measures 8.5 inches by 11 inches (216 mm by 279 mm).
Letterhead designs It is usually produced in A4 size and measures 210 mm x 297 mm (8.27 in x 11.69 in). However, it is also available in different sizes in some countries.
|
<urn:uuid:5925258b-3f19-4e06-b922-22c474a34c6a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://rebakagit.com.tr/en/letterhead-designs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912454 | 479 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In honor of World Soil Day, join our conversation on the importance of soils to mitigate climate change with a leading soil scientist and recognized regenerative agriculture consultant.
Dr. Marie-Élise Samson, Associate Professor in the Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering at Laval University, will discuss the importance of soil health in the context of climate change adaptation and mitigation. More specifically, she will discuss the potential and challenges related to carbon sequestration in Canadian agricultural soils.
Blain Hjertaas, a renowned farmer and consultant in regenerative agriculture and holistic management, will share with us the concrete results of integrating regenerative practices on his farm, such as carbon capture, increased organic matter and soil temperature regulation. He will present his observations of the regeneration cycle of grasslands and the place of ruminants as essential elements of this ecosystem.
|
<urn:uuid:9178f050-7dd2-4759-847f-f4482cd5b691>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://regenerationinternational.org/event/soils-for-climate-change-mitigation/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915746 | 175 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Jaw bone loss might not be the most common problem in the world, but it is a very serious one that needs to be addressed when it rears its ugly head. It can dramatically affect your quality of life in more ways than one.
But not many people know about jaw bone loss. It isn’t something you often hear about through the grapevine, so many people aren’t familiar with how to prevent it or what happens if you experience jaw bone loss.
So today, we’re going to clear the air about jaw bone loss. By the end of this short article, you’ll know all you need to know about jaw bone loss and, more importantly, what you can do to help prevent it.
What Is Jaw Bone Loss?
Jaw bone loss occurs when the bone in your jaw starts to weaken and deteriorate due to a lack of stimulation in the gums and muscles surrounding the jaw. It’s essentially the atrophy of the jaw muscles, which results in a structural weakening of the jawbone over time.
Jaw bone loss does not happen all at once. It’s a progressive condition that gets worse if left untreated. It results from letting certain dental health conditions go unchecked for long periods of time.
What Causes Jaw Bone Loss?
Jaw bone loss is caused by a few different things. Again, it’s the result of weakened jaw bone muscles, but that weakness or atrophy can come from several different sources. We’re going to focus on the two main culprits.
The first main cause is tooth loss. Your teeth, your gums, your muscles, and your jawbone are all connected and part of a cohesive system. If one part fails or leaves, the other parts suffer. When you lose a tooth, the gum, muscles, and bone are no longer stimulated and strengthened by chewing, which can lead to atrophy and, eventually, bone loss.
The other big cause, and probably the most common, is gum disease. When your gums become infected or diseased, it’s very easy for the inflammation to spread into the jaw. When this happens, the bone can be destroyed.
What Are the Risks of Jaw Bone Loss?
As you can imagine, jaw bone loss is not a walk in the park. There are some serious conditions that it can result in. First of all, you’ll likely experience some jaw pain. Bone decay and a weak jaw will hurt during chewing and other activities that utilize the jaw muscles and structure.
But it doesn’t stop there. This bone and muscle atrophy can affect other parts of the face. If certain parts of the face aren’t supported like they used to be, it can result in a “sinking” appearance in the face.
Jaw bone loss can also lead to receding gums and weakened teeth, and it can even make you lose more teeth.
How Can You Prevent Jaw Bone Loss?
Bone loss is best avoided, especially since it’s not something your body can correct or reverse on its own. But how can you prevent it? Let’s take a closer look.
Get Your Gum Disease Treated
The first step in treating gum disease is preventing it in the first place. So make sure that you brush and floss twice a day, practice good oral hygiene, and see your dentist for regular cleaning and checkups.
But if you have the misfortune of getting gum disease, it’s incredibly important that you get it treated. Gum disease is essentially when plaque buildup grows on the teeth, aggravates the gums, and bacteria infect the gums.
The treatment for this is professional cleaning. Once the plaque and buildup are gone, your gums may heal on their own.
Find a Solution for Missing Teeth
If you have lost teeth and have never had them replaced, you are at a higher risk of developing jaw bone loss. Once again, if your gum and jawbone are not stimulated by chewing, they can atrophy, so it is important to have teeth replaced.
The ones most at risk for developing jaw bone loss are people who have lost all of their teeth. Even with normal dentures, your jawbone might not be getting the stimulation it needs.
If that sounds familiar, you may want to consider anchored dentures. Renew’s anchored dentures utilize dental implants to anchor the dentures to your gums. With a simple attachment, you can insert and remove your dentures with ease. Renew is the only provider of the innovative SureSNAP Stabilization System, which keeps dentures stable and secure so you can feel confident in your smile.
Not only does this system make for a secure denture and easy cleaning, but the dental implants also fill that space in your gums where your teeth were. This allows your jaw to get the stimulation and strengthening that it needs. This can help to protect the health of your jaw, face muscles, and more.
Can Jaw Bone Loss Be Corrected?
Unfortunately, once jaw bone loss has occurred, there is nothing your body can naturally do to correct it. However, some medical treatments exist that can reverse some of the damage.
Jaw bone grafts are the only real way to remedy this. This process essentially uses transplanted bone to repair the structure of the jaw and repair the damaged bone. While this process is effective, it is quite expensive, meaning it isn’t necessarily accessible to everybody.
The best way, by far, to correct jaw bone loss is to prevent it before it even begins. So follow the steps above to maintain the health of your teeth, gums, muscles, and jawbone.
Jaw Bone Loss: The Bottom Line
If you’re worried about jaw bone loss, there are practical steps that you can take to help keep this problem out of your life. Maintain proper oral hygiene, see a dentist regularly, and find a solution for teeth loss as soon as you can.
For more information about tooth loss solutions to get you the smile that you deserve, visit Renew.
|
<urn:uuid:2bce9eaf-76a2-4533-905a-88adcfe76eb0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://renewsmiles.com/preventing-jaw-bone-loss/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942202 | 1,265 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Are you enjoying your summer? Playing some card games? We have this year’s games coming at you week by week and all of last years’ games available for you and your children to practice math skills. And did you like last week’s activities with the Math Balance? Well, this week, let’s work with drawing tools and get some art flavor incorporated into our summer math fun and games.
I’m going to take this week’s activities from RightStart Math’s Level C, second edition Lesson 70 and from RightStart Math’s Level G, second edition, Lesson 7. This activity will provide an application for the math that the children are learning. Teaching geometry with hands-on tools helps the child learn the informal, practical side of geometry. It also helps develop coordination, which improves with practice. Ready to have some fun?
First of all, you’re going to need the drawing board, T-square, and a 30-60 triangle. Use a mechanical pencil or a nice sharp pencil. A dull pencil will create thick lines and accuracy will be decreased.
Tape a blank sheet of paper on the drawing board. Use tape on the top two corners. Removable tape works best because then it won’t rip the corners off your paper. Don’t put any tape on the bottom corners as that will interfere when moving the T-square around.
For a right-handed person, the T-square is placed along the left side of the board. The left-handed person place the T-square along the right side. Hold the T-square tight against the board with one hand while you draw lines along the top of the T-square with the dominate writing hand. Be sure the T-square “hugs” the board before drawing each line. Let’s start by drawing a base line near the bottom of our page.
When using the triangle, it needs to touch the T-square while the T-square hugs the board. The T-square needs to be at least a centimeter or quarter inch below the lower starting point in order to draw a precise line with the triangle.
Here’s how to handle both the T-square and the triangle, assuming a right-handed person. A left-handed person will mirror these instructions.
1. The left hand moves the T-square below the starting point and holds it in place. Keep a little tension pulling to the right to keep it snug against the board.
2. The right hand moves the triangle toward the correct place on the T-square.
3. Both hands hold the tools momentarily.
4. The left hand takes over holding both tools. Again, create some light tension to keep the T-square tight against the board.
Once we have the T-square and triangle in place, draw one side of the equilateral triangle. Of course, we won’t know how long to make it, so just draw it longer than you think is necessary. We’ll erase what we don’t need.
Flip the triangle over and draw the last side of our triangle.
Now, because we’re going to break our equilateral triangles into ninths, like this,
we need to find the center of our triangle. See how the three lines above are drawn through the center of the triangle and are parallel to the sides of the triangle? Do this with tick marks as shown below. Note that the tick marks are just little partial lines, “ticking” off the center. They aren’t drawn all the way across.
Then draw the lines to create nine little equilateral triangles.
This figure has an interesting pattern, especially if you add onto it. Here’s mine with one row added on the bottom.
Check out the number of small triangles in each row.
Look at the chart below to help you see some of the patterns. The first column of the chart has the row number. The second column is the first column times two. The third column is the number of little triangles in each row. As you can see, I’ve filled in the first two rows. What are answers to the next two rows? Use the design above to help answer the questions.
What did you get for the third row? Should be row 3, 6 (3 × 2), and 5 little triangles. And the fourth? Answers are row 4, 8, and 7 little triangles. See a pattern here?
Let’s keep going…… Draw more triangles if you need to. We could look at this mathematically too. Look at the patterns.
In the last row in the chart, n means any number. Twice any number can be written as 2n. Also, any number plus 1 is written as n + 1; any number minus 1 is n – 1. Look at the second and third columns. How many equilateral triangles are in each row? In relation to the row number, that would be 2n – 1. Answers can be found here.
Use the drawing tools to continue the drawings and create new ones. Share them with us at [email protected]. Happy drawing!
|
<urn:uuid:75d195af-7506-488d-be59-5cf1fc187e83>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://rightstartmath.com/drawing-tools-and-equilateral-triangles/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915697 | 1,082 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Alcohol in any form, when put in your mouth, can be detrimental to your oral health, especially if entering your mouth more than twice a day. For example, rinsing with mouthwash containing ethanol – a colorless alcohol – may put you at a higher risk of oral cancer. Many prefer mouthwash with ethanol over alcohol-free mouthwash because of its simultaneous cooling/burning effect in the mouth that makes it feel squeaky clean. This sensation is due to the drying effect of ethanol. In addition, mouthwashes with alcohol often contain chlorine, which kills bacteria, but can cause tooth staining. Long-term use of alcohol-containing mouthwash can also alter the functioning of your taste buds.
Alcohol Products and Oral Cancer
Alcohol is the second most prevalent risk factor for oral cancer, only behind tobacco products. Although a few beers never directly caused oral cancer, heavy drinkers are at a much higher risk of developing oral cancer than non-drinkers. When in a concentration high enough (typically 25 percent, or 50 proof), using mouthwash with alcohol can even place you in the ‘heavy alcohol user’ category. This common percentage of alcohol in mouthwash is four to five times the concentration in beer, twice as much as wine, and equal to some hard liquors.
Does Alcohol-Free Mouthwash Have Effective Cleaning Power?
Fortunately, ethanol is not the only ingredient in mouthwash that can offer bacteria-killing effects and fight tooth decay. Chlorhexidine gluconate is an antimicrobial ingredient that can be added to alcohol-free mouthwash for the treatment of gingivitis, a gum disease causing swollen and/or bleeding gums. The bottom line is that it’s relatively easy to find an alcohol-free mouthwash that improves your oral hygiene and freshens your breath just as effectively as mouthwash containing alcohol. Additionally, some medical conditions can benefit from switching to alcohol-free mouthwash, including:
- Dry mouth: Also known as xerostomia, dry mouth is caused by decreased saliva flow caused by systemic diseases, medication, or radiation treatment. As mentioned, ethanol has a further drying effect on the mouth.
- Burning mouth syndrome: Ethanol can exacerbate symptoms of this medical condition, and other oral irritations.
- Sensitive gums: It is recommended that you use a special toothpaste, as well as gentle, alcohol-free mouthwash if you have sensitive gums.
- Diabetes: This disease can cause gum inflammation, mouth sensitivity, and sensitive gums, all of which can make rinsing with regular mouthwash an unpleasant experience.
- Pregnancy: There is no known quantity of alcohol that is considered safe for an unborn baby.
- Sharing your mouthwash with a child: Swallowing any mouthwash with alcohol can be dangerous for children.
Unless you really enjoy the cooling and burning sensation that ethanol provides, using mouthwash with alcohol can be detrimental to your oral health by putting you at a higher risk for oral cancer and exacerbating symptoms of other medical conditions. Please contact River Valley Smiles at 479-646-0706 for more information about your specific oral health concerns.
|
<urn:uuid:cce9cf66-ac05-4c1f-bbaf-61c86be10940>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://rivervalleysmiles.com/reasons-to-avoid-putting-products-with-alcohol-in-your-mouth-phoenix/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931076 | 655 | 3 | 3 |
They are an integral part of any structure, however it is rare to see them employed. Fire sprinklers make up one of the most well-known fire suppression devices, and, in this post, we will learn about how they work.
Glass bulb with liquid is placed above each sprinkler component. The moment a fire is started, that heat in the room causes the liquid to expand until finally it ruptures the glass tube and allows the water to escape. Once the water starts flowing out, it hits the sprinkler portion in the sprinkler system. It distributes water to larger areas of the room.
Be aware that sprinkler systems can include different kinds of liquids. As an example, a sprinkler that contains an Orange liquid in its bulb can operate at a temperature of 135 degrees Fahrenheit. The bulb that has the greatest operational temperature is black bulbs with an operating temperature of 440 degrees Fahrenheit.
Like you see, sprinkler systems are extremely complicated with a lot of moving parts. We hope that you learn from this piece with you in case you ever need to deal with fire safety.
|
<urn:uuid:eb64c1c9-c092-4d11-85ce-ad54ea868283>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://rochestercollegeathletics.com/learning-the-science-behind-fire-suppression-systems-first-homecare-web/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933647 | 221 | 3.6875 | 4 |
WE WRITE PAPERS FOR STUDENTS
Tell us about your assignment and we will find the best writer for your project.Get Help Now!
Ethics and codes of conduct are important to guide the actions of individuals so that they can meet their aims and goals. Research involves many actors who need to work in a well-organized manner if the goal of the research is to be achieved. Adherence to ethical norms in research is important in a number of ways. First, it promotes the aim of the research by promoting the truth and avoids common errors. Secondly, it promotes the values necessary for collaborative work such as trust, respect, and accountability. According to Nigel (2008), during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, researchers did not ask the subjects to provide informed consent for participation, and the government stopped them from proceeding with their study since it had negative impact to participants. Sarah Maddison began a research without introducing herself to the participants who were female students from a group of universities. She did not have an informed consent to prove the legitimacy of the project, leading the group of young women to send her away due to her unethical behaviour. Ethical issues concerning teachers and students in research can be handled by the teachers abiding to the correct code of ethics that involves engaging all the relevant stakeholders for example parents, education, and health ministries.
|
<urn:uuid:d1acbabc-a989-4107-bb0f-3493aee6738e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://royalresearchers.com/ethics-and-codes-of-conduct/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960976 | 269 | 3.640625 | 4 |
SAS2 Social Analysis Systems. A Guide to Collaborative Inquiry and Social Engagement✎
SAS2’s Guide to Collaborative Inquiry and Social Engagement outlines the concepts and ‘skilful means’ needed to support multistakeholder dialogue and provides detailed instructions on how to integrate and ground collaborative inquiry in the projects, plans, evaluations and activities of multiple stakeholders. It includes examples of real-life applications in developing countries.
The guide is a useful resource for (1) researchers, facilitators and activists working with people to solve problems and support inclusive inquiry and decision-making, and (2) scholars studying and teaching participatory action research in the social sciences.
The guide presents a selection of techniques for collaborative inquiry and examples of real-life applications in South Asia and Latin America. These examples focus on a range of issues, including agriculture, forestry, fisheries, land tenure, local economic development and organizational development.
Though the guide is available in English only, the tools offered on the SAS2 website can be downloaded in English, French and Spanish.
|
<urn:uuid:1017d196-7635-465a-be80-aa0420df7ed3>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://rri-tools.eu/-/sas2_tools
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883197 | 220 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Second Apparition
Two years later, in 492, the Christian City of Siponoto at the foot of the mountain was besieged by pagan hordes of Odoacre. The city was desperate. Bishop Laurence obtained a three day truce from Odoacre and ordered prayer and penance.
The Archangel appeared to him and promised his help to the townspeople if they would attack the enemy. They trustfully dared. Suddenly a storm broke out, sand and hail rained upon the formations of Odoacre which were terrorized and irretrievably escaped. Siponoto was saved! The Bishop announced a thanksgiving procession and went up with the people atop the Archangel’s mountain but he did not venture into the grotto.
|
<urn:uuid:1bba4246-fdae-47e1-920a-1827b62f4d10>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://saintmichaelusa.org/the-second-apparition/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983579 | 156 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The strength of lunar gravity is related to the moon's mass - which does not change - and the distance between the moon and the Earth. As the moon follows its elliptical orbit around the Earth, the distance between the two celestial objects increases and decreases. The moon's pull on Earth is strongest when they are nearest to each other.
TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)
Gravitational pull is affected by mass and distance. Since the moon’s mass does not change, the moon’s distance between Earth and the moon is the main consideration for the strength of lunar gravity. The moon’s pull on Earth waxes and wanes as the moon follows its elliptical orbit around the Earth, the distance between the two celestial objects increases and decreases. When they are nearest to each other, the moon is in the point of its orbit called the perigee, and its pull on Earth is the strongest.
On Earth, the moon’s gravity primarily is manifested as high and low tides, as the water bulges toward the moon. The effects of lunar gravity are felt the most at the constantly changing spot on Earth that is directly beneath the moon, called the sub-lunar point. At most times of the year, the moon has a greater pull on Earth than the sun does, but this changes during the times of year when the Earth’s orbit brings it closer to the sun. At these times, the sun’s gravitational pull causes spring tides, and when these coincide with the moon’s orbital perigee around the Earth, they are called perigean spring tides.
Earth exerts a gravitational pull on the moon 80 times stronger than the moon’s pull on the Earth. Over a very long time, the moon’s rotations created fiction with the Earth’s tugging back, until the moon’s orbit and rotational locked with Earth. This is called "tidal locking," and it explains why the same side of the moon always faces the Earth.
Effects of the Moon's Gravity
The moon's gravity reaches all parts of Earth, but its pull only noticeably affects large bodies of water, resulting in tides. The moon's gravitational pull is strongest at the sub-lunar point, which is the point on the Earth where the moon is directly overhead. This point is constantly changing, and follows the path of a circle around the planet each day. At this point, lunar gravity causes water to bulge toward the moon, creating high tides; it also pulls water to that spot from other areas, creating low tides.
Confusingly, the effect also occurs on the opposite, super-lunar side of the Earth where the moon is furthest away. This happens because the gravitational pull is stronger everywhere else, so while so much water is being pulled toward the sub-lunar point, the water at the super-lunar point is left behind to swell up and form tides.
Distance Affects Lunar Gravity
The moon's "perigee" is the point in its orbit where it is nearest to the Earth. The moon's gravitational pull on Earth is the strongest when the moon is at the perigee, which results in greater tide variation than normal. This variation creates slightly higher high tides and slightly lower low tides. Conversely, the moon's "apogee" is the point in the lunar orbit when it is farthest from the Earth, which results in slightly lower tide variation than normal.
Adding the Sun's Gravity
The moon's proximity to the Earth causes it to exert a stronger gravitational pull than the sun does on the Earth. However, the sun's effect is magnified at certain times of the year, when Earth's elliptical orbit brings it closer to the sun.
During this time, the alignment of the Earth, moon and sun creates spring tides that result in greater tidal variation. The most significant spring tides occur three or four times per year, when the Earth is closer to the sun and the moon is at its perigee, resulting in perigean spring tides. However, even under these conditions, high tides typically don't change enough to cause worrisome effects.
The Effects of Earth's Gravity on the Moon
Earth exerts an gravitational effect on the moon that is 80 times stronger than the moon’s pull on Earth. This massive gravitational pull caused the surface of the moon to bulge toward Earth, similar to how the moon causes large bodies of water on Earth to bulge.
Because the Earth and moon once rotated at different rates, the bulge on the moon was constantly rotating away from the Earth. However, the Earth's gravity tugged at this bulge as it rotated away, and the two opposing forces created significant friction that eventually slowed the moon into a synchronous orbit, which means the moon's rotation and orbital time are the same as Earth's. This effect is called "tidal locking," and it explains why the same side of the moon always faces the Earth.
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: A Perigean Spring Tide Occurs When the Moon Is Either New or Full and Closest to Earth
- Bucknell University: Astronomy 101 Specials - Tides
- Space: How Far Is the Moon?
- UCSB ScienceLine: I Want to Know Why We Always Look at the Same Face of the Moon. Can You Explain to Me the Reason?
About the Author
C. Taylor embarked on a professional writing career in 2009 and frequently writes about technology, science, business, finance, martial arts and the great outdoors. He writes for both online and offline publications, including the Journal of Asian Martial Arts, Samsung, Radio Shack, Motley Fool, Chron, Synonym and more. He received a Master of Science degree in wildlife biology from Clemson University and a Bachelor of Arts in biological sciences at College of Charleston. He also holds minors in statistics, physics and visual arts.
|
<urn:uuid:8140b388-333b-4587-874f-f8f9bf275c5e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://sciencing.com/moons-pull-earth-strongest-21419.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929809 | 1,224 | 3.953125 | 4 |
This method uses the point of the arrow (arrow point) as your sight point. Using this method, you will determine how high above, or below, the bull’s-eye you will need to place the arrow point at various distances in order to hit the bull’s-eye. This point-of-aim (above or below the bull’s-eye) is the “Gap”. Assume for the purpose of this article that the image above is depicting targets located at 10, 20, 30, and 40 yards away from the archer on the left.
Remember that the arrow flies in an arc, unlike your eyesight which follows a straight line to the target (this is the “line-of-sight” noted in the image above). At some point along the arc of the arrow’s flight path, the arrow will actually hit the bull’s-eye when the archer aims with the arrow point located directly on the bull’s-eye. The distance at which this occurs will vary for each archer, depending on a number of variables related to the draw weight of the bow and the weight of the arrow. For example, you may find that your arrow hits the bull’s-eye at 40 yards when you aim with your arrow point dead on the bull’s-eye. If this is the case, you will know that for targets located up to 40 yards distance, your point-of-aim with the arrow point will always be located somewhere below the bull’s-eye because the arrow’s arc will be above your line-of-sight and you must compensate by aiming below the bull’s-eye. At distances past 40 yards, your point-of-aim will start to rise further and further above the bull’s-eye as the arrow’s arc of flight will now be dropping below your line-of-sight past the 40 yard distance and you must compensate for that continued drop in the arrow’s flight by aiming higher and higher above the bull’s-eye as the distance increases past the 40 yard dead-on point-of-aim.
When shooting at distances up to the dead-on point-of aim:
The Gap will increase until you hit the maximum gap located at the height of the arrow’s arc. After that, the Gap will decrease again until you hit the dead-on point (refer to the image above).
When shooting at distances beyond the dead-on point-of aim:
Your gaps will begin to increase again only this time your point-of-aim will start to rise increasingly above the bull’s-eye to compensate for the ever increasing drop in the arrow’s arc of flight (refer to the image above).
Step 1 – Find your Dead-On Point-of-Aim
- Generally, most of you will have a good idea of how far away a target must be before you find that you have to start aiming high just to reach the target.
- Take any number of shots you need to while moving closer to, or farther away from that target until you find the sweet spot where you are able to aim directly at the bull’s-eye with your point and hit the bull’s-eye each time as a result.
- Measure the distance from your shooting line to the target and record this as your dead-on point-of-aim distance (g. 40 yards in the drawing example provided above).
Step 2 – Identify your Gaps up to the Dead-On Point-of-Aim
- At set intervals (E.g. 5 or 10 yard increments) from the firing line up to your Dead-On Point-of-Aim, aim at the target with your arrow point directly on the bull’s-eye and measure the distance from the bull’s-eye “up” to your arrows point of impact on the target.
- Record the measurement at that distance (E.g. one foot below at 20 yards). This is your Gap. Now you know that to hit the bull’s-eye at 20 yards, you must always aim with your arrow point located one foot below the bull’s-eye in order to hit the bull’s-eye at 20 yards.
- Repeat this at each of the various distances until you have a set of measurements (Gaps) for each distance up to your Dead-On Point-of-Aim. For example, set up your gaps for 10, 20, 30 and 40 yards or for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 yards.
Step 3 – Identify your Gaps beyond the Dead-On Point-of-Aim
- Repeat step 2 above for distances past your Dead-On Point-of-Aim only now you will be measuring the distance from the bull’s-eye “down” to your arrow’s point of impact.
- This will produce a set of Gaps for the distance above the bull’s-eye that you will need to aim in order to hit targets at increments beyond your Dead-On Point-of-Aim (E.g. 45, 50, 55, and 60 yards).
Step 4 – Things you can play with to help reduce your Gaps
- Use one finger above and two below your arrow nock, rather than placing all three fingers below the arrow nock.
- Drop your anchor point lower on your face.
- Shoot lighter arrows.
- Play with your knock point on the string.
- Shoot a bow with a heavier draw weight.
Author: Doug Bowes
|
<urn:uuid:748cc442-40c7-4662-a172-455cce6ea930>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://sherwoodparkarchery.com/gap_shooting_method_explained/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920502 | 1,189 | 3.640625 | 4 |
A plasmid is known as a minor, round piece of DNA that’s unique compared to the chromosomal DNA
It replicates independently of chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are mainly located in bacteria, nonetheless they will also be present in archaea and multicellular organisms. Plasmids commonly have no less than one gene, and lots of of the genes that plasmids carry are valuable to their host organisms. However they’ve got separate genes from their hosts, they aren’t thought of to be independent lifespan.This simplified figure depicts a bacterium?s chromosomal DNA in pink and plasmids in blue.
Plasmids have lots of completely different functions. They could incorporate genes that strengthen the survival of an organism, either by killing other organisms or by defending the host mobile by developing harmful toxins. Some plasmids facilitate the whole process of replication in bacteria. Since plasmids are so small, they usually only incorporate a couple of genes by using a unique functionality (in contrast to a great deal of noncoding DNA). Different plasmids can coexist on the similar cell, each individual with different capabilities. The capabilities are additional detailed during the part ?Specific Sorts of Plasmids? underneath.You can find numerous ways to classify plasmids from typical to particular. A method is by grouping them as either conjugative or non-conjugative. Germs reproduce by sexual conjugation, which is certainly the transfer of genetic material wgu msn capstone from a person bacterial cell to a different, possibly by immediate contact or perhaps bridge involving the two cells. Some plasmids have genes identified as transfer genes that facilitate the beginning http://aar.faculty.asu.edu/AAR_WRITING-A-STATEMENT-OF-PURPOSE-10_14_11.pdf of conjugation. Non-conjugative plasmids are unable to begin nursingcapstone.net the conjugation system, and so they can only be transferred thru sexual conjugation together with the enable of conjugative plasmids.
Another plasmid classification is by incompatibility group. In a bacterium, distinct plasmids can only co-occur when they are suitable with one another. An incompatible plasmid is going to be expelled in the bacterial cell. Plasmids are incompatible if they provide the comparable copy plan inside mobile; this permits the plasmids to inhabit a certain territory in it without having other plasmids interfering.You will discover 5 most important types of plasmids: fertility F-plasmids, resistance plasmids, virulence plasmids, degradative plasmids, and Col plasmids.Resistance or R plasmids consist of genes that help a bacterial mobile protect from environmental issues for instance poisons or antibiotics. Some resistance plasmids can transfer on their own by way of conjugation. When this takes place, a pressure of microorganisms could become proof against antibiotics. A short while ago, the type bacterium that triggers the sexually transmitted an infection gonorrhea is becoming so immune to a class of antibiotics named quinolones that a brand new course of antibiotics, termed cephalosporins, has started for being encouraged through the Community Health and wellbeing Firm as an alternative. The microbes could possibly even turned out to be proof against these antibiotics inside 5 years. In accordance with NPR, overuse of antibiotics to treat other bacterial infections, like urinary tract bacterial infections, might possibly end up in the proliferation of drug-resistant strains.
Degradative plasmids enable the host bacterium to digest compounds that happen to be not frequently present in nature, such as camphor, xylene, toluene, and salicylic acid. These plasmids include genes for extraordinary enzymes that break down particular compounds. Degradative plasmids are conjugative.
|
<urn:uuid:99d6f0a5-0b3b-44a7-a8a5-b06265f77e72>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://shp-constructions.com/a-plasmid-is-known-as-a-minor-round-piece-of-dna-thats-unique-compared-to-the-chromosomal-dna/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935431 | 809 | 3.53125 | 4 |
When you think of Kenya, you’re unlikely to think of snow, and yet this picture of Mount Kenya proves that snow is found here!
This picture taken in one of Kenya’s 50 national parks is a much more ‘typical’ image. In the national parks, wildlife is protected against hunters and poachers.
Kenya is home to animals known as ‘the big five.’ Can you guess what they are before scrolling down?
Kenya is also home to 1,105 species of bird, eight of which can only be found in Kenya. This beautiful lilac breasted roller is Kenya’s national bird.
Why not make a bird kite with our friends at AIM to help you remember to pray for Kenya? You could write prayer points on the wings!
This is a picture of one of the most valuable things grown in Kenya. Can you guess what it is?
Coffee beans! Coffee is so valuable to the Kenyan people that few of them drink it, they drink tea instead and sell the coffee to other countries.
TCK, Zaleyna’s favourite Kenyan food is Ugali (a type of stiff maize flour porridge). She loves it when their house-help makes it. Ugali is normally served with stews, meats, and vegetables, but Zalenyna loves the crusty part that forms at the bottom of the pot which she calls Ugali crackers.
Music and storytelling are important in Kenya. For many years, tribes throughout the country have used songs, stories and poems to pass on their beliefs, history, and ways of doing things.
Zaydin and Zaleyna’s father uses photography and videography to tell the stories of God at work in Kenya, he also uses his camera to take pictures of local people, to open up conversations, to share the story of Jesus with them.
Jesus was the ultimate storyteller. In the Bible we can read some of the stories that Jesus told called parables.
Watch this video by Saddleback Kids on the parable of the lost coin (Luke 15:8-10).
Give thanks to God that when just one person comes to know him, the angels in heaven celebrate and rejoice.
Zaydin and Zaleyna and their family are living in Kenya, sharing the good news of Jesus with people in order that they might come to know him.
There are still 3.29 billion people in the world who have never heard the name of Jesus.
Pray that more people would be willing to take the story of Jesus to the people that have not yet heard it.
Why not pray and ask God who he’d like you to share Jesus with?
This page was created as part of our SIMpray Kids monthly prayer email. If you would like to pray regularly with our mission families serving around the world, please click here.
|
<urn:uuid:56763111-7b26-48fa-bc6e-0dce193906bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://sim.co.uk/support/resources/sim-kids/fun-facts-kenya/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969308 | 603 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.