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A brand new research of over 33,000 kids in 21 international locations reveals that self-rated bodily look is an important issue that determines kids’s shallowness, surpassing different elements corresponding to educational competence, athletics, or peer relationships.
A brand new research revealed within the International Journal of Behavioral Development on August 10 challenges assumptions about how kids worldwide develop shallowness.
The study, a meta-analysis, synthesized information from over 33,000 kids ages 8-12 throughout 21 international locations, making it the biggest evaluation ever on the emergence of self-worth in center childhood.
It reveals that. opposite to traditional knowledge, kids’s emotions about their bodily look are extra strongly tied to their total self-worth than educational competence, athletic expertise, or social relationships.
Particulars of the Research
The research, conduced by researchers from two Dutch universities, included kids from international locations spanning North America (United States, Canada), South America (Brazil, Peru), Europe (Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom), Asia (China), the Center East (Lebanon, Israel, United Arab Emirates), and Africa (Ghana).
The self-evaluation measures used within the particular person research included within the meta-analysis have been the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) and the Self-Description Questionnaire I (SDQ-I), which embody domains corresponding to scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, bodily look, behavioral conduct, peer relations, dad or mum relations, and extra. Each of those are questionnaires designed to evaluate kids’s shallowness.
The researchers carried out a classy three-level meta-analysis, synthesizing information from 141 impartial samples and 584 impact sizes, totaling the exceptional pattern dimension of over 33,000 kids.
Their preliminary search had recognized 6,960 probably eligible research, which have been screened all the way down to a remaining 93 revealed articles.
The research yielded a number of shocking insights into the rising self-views of kids worldwide.
Bodily look self-evaluation confirmed the strongest correlation to total shallowness, with a hefty impact dimension of .64. This highlights the central significance of look to kids’s growing self-image.
Unexpectedly, compliance with ethical tips and guidelines was extra strongly correlated (.54) than even peer and dad or mum relationships (.52 and .39). Following behavioral conduct norms appears important to self-image.
Tutorial competence was reasonably correlated at .49, however was nonetheless considerably much less tied to total self-worth than bodily appears.
Athletic competence confirmed the weakest correlation at .40, casting doubt on the idea that sports activities capacity strongly determines self-worth, or that participation in athletics inherently boosts kids’s shallowness.
These patterns held fixed throughout each individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Self-worth seems formed by related forces globally, and doesn’t differ by conventional cultural values as some hypothesized.
Curiously, the research didn’t discover any vital variations within the energy of the associations based mostly on gender; the relations appeared constant for each ladies and boys.
Why Look Issues Most
The authors theorize a number of explanation why bodily look emerges because the strongest predictor of kids’s world self-worth.
Seems are extremely seen to others and readily judged, not like extra inner traits like intelligence or integrity.
Look can be largely exterior of 1’s management from a younger age, but carries main social penalties by way of peer acceptance and grownup evaluations.
Moreover, fashionable media and tradition transmit ubiquitous messages in regards to the significance of bodily attractiveness and wonder beliefs. Throughout center childhood, kids turn out to be more and more conscious of how their look influences friends’ and adults’ assessments of them.
The excessive visibility of appears, lack of management over one’s look, and rising realization of its social affect seemingly all contribute to bodily look changing into paramount in kids’s growing self-concept.
Wholesome Self-Value Relies on Steadiness
Though bodily look holds specific energy, the research confirms that kids incorporate self-assessments throughout a number of domains when forming their total self-worth.
Specialists emphasize the significance of nurturing competence, confidence, and esteem throughout various spheres of kids’s lives.
This implies offering alternatives to find diversified passions, praising effort and character slightly than mounted traits, providing unconditional affection and relationships, counterbalancing intense give attention to appears, and fostering a development mindset that talents could be developed.
Effectively-rounded improvement of shallowness requires bolstering kids’s perceptions of themselves throughout athletic, inventive, educational, social, ethical, and different dimensions – not simply hinging on look.
Conclusion: Nurturing Wholesome Self-Esteem
The research represents an unprecedentedly thorough investigation into the worldwide emergence of self-worth in center childhood.
The findings spotlight the dangers of overemphasizing bodily look, and the necessity to assist kids construct safe shallowness throughout educational, social, ethical, athletic, and inventive dimensions of life.
“Understanding these associations on the early emergence of world self-worth,” the authors write, “is essential for comprehending self-worth improvement and for designing interventions and help methods that foster wholesome self-worth in kids.”
Research: “Kids’s domain-specific self-evaluations and world self-worth: A preregistered cross-cultural meta-analysis”
Authors: Yixin Tang, Eddie Brummelman, Sheida Novin, Mark Assink, and Sander Thomaes
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A big Chinese rocket body will likely crash back to Earth tomorrow (July 30), but nobody knows exactly when or where.
The 25-ton (22.5 metric tons) core stage of a Long March 5B rocket will reenter Earth’s atmosphere tomorrow at 2:26 p.m. EDT (1826 GMT), plus or minus six hours, according to the latest forecast by researchers at The Aerospace Corporation (opens in new tab). The booster has spent less than a week in orbit; it lofted Wentian, the second module for China’s Tiangong space station, on July 24.
Most of the rocket body will burn up, but big chunks of it will survive the fiery passage — probably 5.5 tons to 9.9 tons (opens in new tab) (5 to 9 metric tons), according to The Aerospace Corporation’s Center for Orbital Reentry and Debris Studies.
Related: The biggest spacecraft to fall uncontrolled from space
Based on the core stage’s orbit, we know those hunks will come down somewhere between 41 degrees north latitude and 41 degrees south latitude. We also know the debris “footprint” will be large, with some pieces likely falling several hundred miles from each other.
But it’s impossible at the moment to say much more than that, given the imprecision of the reentry window. The rocket body is zooming around Earth at about 17,000 mph (27,400 km/h), after all, so an error of one hour in the predicted reentry time translates to a 17,000-mile error in the location of the footprint.
This imprecision is no indictment of space junk researchers and satellite trackers; forecasting such debris falls is just really, really hard.
“The snag is that the density of the upper atmosphere varies with time; there’s actually weather up there,” astrophysicist and satellite tracker Jonathan McDowell said during a discussion about the coming Long March 5B crash that The Aerospace Company livestreamed on Twitter yesterday (July 28).
“And so that makes it impossible to predict exactly at what point the satellite will have plowed through enough atmosphere to melt and break up and finally reenter,” added McDowell, who’s based at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
And the Long March 5B core isn’t taking a smooth, predictable path through the upper atmosphere, further complicating forecasting attempts.
The rocket body appears to be “tumbling in some fashion, meaning that there’s a constantly sort of varying amount of drag that’s put on it,” Matthew Shouppe, senior director for commercial space at the California-based tracking company LeoLabs, said during yesterday’s discussion. “And since we don’t know exactly how that’s tumbling, we can’t model that exactly.”
We can make some educated guesses about the rocket crash, however, based solely on geography. For example, the Long March 5B core is likely to reenter over water, because oceans cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface. And even a fall over terra firma is unlikely to result in injuries or infrastructure damage, given that most people live in big metropolitan areas that are separated by many miles of open space.
Indeed, there’s a “99.5% chance that nothing will happen,” Ted Muelhaupt, a consultant with The Aerospace Corporation’s Corporate Chief Engineer’s Office, said during yesterday’s discussion.
So there’s no reason to panic. But feel free to be annoyed that we need to worry at all, for McDowell, Shouppe and Muelhaupt all stressed that the coming crash was very avoidable.
Other orbital rockets don’t tend to cause such problems; their big core stages are steered into the ocean or into unpopulated areas shortly after liftoff, or, in the case of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launchers, come down for vertical landings for future reuse. The Long March 5B core, by contrast, reaches orbit along with its payload and stays aloft until atmospheric drag brings it down in an uncontrolled fashion.
We saw such falls after the Long March 5B’s two previous missions, which launched in May 2020 and April 2021. The rocket body fell over empty ocean following the April 2021 liftoff, but the May 2020 mission resulted in a crash that spread debris over parts of West Africa. And some of that spaceflight hardware apparently reached the ground in Ivory Coast (opens in new tab).
Mike Wall is the author of “Out There (opens in new tab)” (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall (opens in new tab). Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom (opens in new tab) or on Facebook (opens in new tab).
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This paper surveies the causes of the mispronunciation of English sounds made by Chinese and Korean EFL scholars through a study offered by `` The English Language Centre in Brighton & A ; Hove '' . The survey has collected informations from 100 immature grownups, who are analyzing in Tsinghua University. The consequence explains why Chinese and Korean pupils mispronounce certain vowels and consonants severally, which hopefully
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communicating. Now that there are 100s of linguistic communications all over the universe, it is indispensable to happen certain ways to sort them into classs in order to accomplish a better apprehension.
Today, people who speak English as a 2nd or foreign linguistic communication outnumber those who are native talkers. Peoples need to set the methodological analysiss in line with this altering form of utilizing English, in which the end of acquisition is to utilize English more frequently in communicating with other non-native talkers or native talkers. In order to make that, one of the most of import parts of larning English is the pronunciation.
This paper tries to happen out the causes of mispronunciation of English between Chinese and Koreans in Tsinghua University through a study offered by `` The English Language Centre in Brighton & A ; Hove '' . This paper tries to propose several solutions to better the English pronunciation which benefit both the EFL scholars and instructors.
This thesis is an analysis of the causes of English mispronunciation by Chinese and Korean EFL scholars through the consequence of the study.
There are basically two countries to analyze when sing mispronunciation. First off, the phonological systems of Korean and Chinese are different from the English system. Second, dealingss and similarities between the phonological system and their corresponding English opposite numbers, which have the same linguistic communication Family Tree with English, such as Gallic, Italian, Lusitanian and Spanish are overlooked despite being a reasonably of import factor for explicating the pronunciation of some English sounds. If the similarities and differences are pointed out and explained by instructors, it is likely that the mispronunciation of English will be reduced.
Chapter two: Literature Reappraisal
2.1 The Chinese Phonological System
The Chinese linguistic communication belongs to the Sino-Tibetan linguistic communication household. Harmonizing to Chen Ping in `` Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics '' , Chinese consists of seven major dialect groups or dialect households, by and large classified as Mandarin Wu, Xiang, Gan, Min, Kejia ( Hakka ) , and Yue ( Cantonese ) . Mandarin is the base idiom of the national criterion linguistic communication Putonghua. Mandarin is based on the idiom spoken in Beijing in that the pronunciation and grammar are supposed to be the same as Beijing idiom. Nowadays Mandarin is the most widely spoken Chinese linguistic communication in China. ( Chen, 1999 )
2.1.1 Mandarin Phonology: Phonemes, Tones and Syllable Structure
The Mandarin phoneme stock list contains 22 consonants and 6 vowels /a, O, vitamin E, I, u, u/ . Most of the letters in Chinese have appeared in the European opposite numbers, for illustration, Albanian, Hindi, Russian and Serbian, but there are several pronunciations that have noteworthy differences. For illustration, there are letters that are non pronounced like their European opposite numbers such as: `` degree Celsius '' , `` ch '' , `` J '' , `` Q '' , `` R '' , `` sh '' , `` ten '' , `` omega '' and `` zh '' . ( Chui, 2005 )
Besides segmental components as I mentioned above, the typical characteristic that the Mandarin syllable has are the canonical tones, which are frequently referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th tone. In add-on, there is a impersonal tone, which does non hold an intrinsic pitch value, the tone varies as it is used in different topographic point. The impersonal tone is shorter than the four lexical tones and it is normally shown in grammatical morphemes such as the past tense marker `` le '' or the inquiry marker `` mom '' . The sequence /ma/ can be pronounced with 5 different tones in which each of them has a different significance, this is shown in Table 1. ( Li, 1999 )
2.2 The Korean Phonological System
The Korean linguistic communication is genetically classified as a relation of proto-Altaic or the Altaic linguistic communication household. Korean is similar to the Altaic linguistic communications in that they both lack certain grammatical elements. Some of these include articles, fissional morphology and comparative pronouns. Korean has several idioms. With Seoul as the capital metropolis of South Korea, the standard linguistic communication is based on the idiom spoken at that place. For North Korea, it is based on the Pyongyang idiom. There are some differences between the Korean Language between the two states. Despite this, most of the idioms in Korean are so similar that they are reciprocally apprehensible, intending that people can understand each other. However, the idiom of Jeju Island is an exclusion. ( Hong, 1991 )
2.2.2 Korean Phonology
There are 21 consonants and 10 vowels in the Korean sound system. For the 10 vowels, it could be classified in to three places formed by the vocal variety meats. The first is the tallness of the lingua, the 2nd is the forepart or the dorsum of the lingua and the 3rd is the form of the lips. Elaborate each place
This is the tabular array of Korean consonants provided by the IPA ( International Phonetic Alphabet ) representation.
Harmonizing to Lee in the book of `` An Introduction to the Korean Language '' , the Korean consonants depend on the place inside the oral cavity. The place of the consonants could be divided into five chief groups: velars, dental consonants, bilabials, alveolar consonants and glottal. When the dorsum of the lingua meets the upper back the pharynx, the consonants a„± ( g ) , a„? ( gg ) , a…‹ ( K ) are formed as velars. When the tip of the lingua meets the forepart of the roof of the oral cavity known as the alveolar ridge, the alveolar consonants a„? ( N ) , a„· ( vitamin D ) , a…? ( T ) , a„? ( cubic decimeter ) , a„? ( Doctor of Divinity ) are formed. Dental consonants where the lingua is positioned against the upper dentitions are consonants such as a…… ( s ) , a…? ( J ) , a…S ( ch ) , a…† ( US Secret Service ) , a…‰ ( jj ) . Bilabial means where the lips come together and are released when they are pronounced, a…? ( m ) , a…‚ ( B ) , a…? ( P ) , a…? ( BB ) .Glottal consontants are produced when the air flow in the vocal piece of land like a…‡ ( I ) or a…Z ( H ) .
Each vowel has different a length of differentiation, some vowels pronounce long, while others pronounce short. In Korean, there are eight different vowels. In the yesteryear, there were two more vowels, ( IPA: /o/ , hangul: a…s ) and the close forepart rounded vowel ( IPA: /y/ , hangul: a…Y ) , but nowadays it has been replaced by the diphthongs [ we ] and [ wi ] . The linguists had made a study in 2003 of 350 talkers from Seoul as the mark and they have found out that about 90 % pronounced the vowel 'a…Y ' as [ wi ] without length differentiation. Some younger talkers can non separate between /e/ and /E›/ , so these two vowels have besides become a decreasing component. Harmonizing to Korean writing system, it is difficult to change over a consonant into vowels because talkers normally follow consonants in initial place in a word. /j/ and /w/ , glides are non considered as separate consonant phonemes, alternatively it is considered to be elements of diphthongs. ( commendation )
The intent of this study was to happen out the analysis of stuffs on mispronunciation of English by questioning 50 Korean and 50 Chinese Tsinghua University pupils.
The ground that I have chosen the pupils in Tsinghua University is because most of the pupils have learned English for at least three old ages and have a basic cognition of English. Second, I chose Tsinghua University because it is a synthesize university, where it has diverse major and assortment of pupils from all over the universe.
The study chose words that Korean and Chinese pupils normally mispronounce and investigated whether the pupils can articulate them accurately. In this thesis I have chosen /z/ , /l/ , /I?/ and /A°/ as the object of analysis.
This research was done by taking 50 Korean pupils and fifty Chinese pupils in Tsinghua University. Their pronunciation of the words was recorded the in the order that they were given in the study.
The English Language Center was founded in 1962 and is a non-profit devising charitable educational foundation. ( Brighton & A ; Hove, 1962 ) The intent of doing this study was to supply quality English linguistic communication learning to international pupils, since many English instructors are looking for better instruction methods. My study of the 100 pupils in Tsinghua University is based off the study from the English Language Center. While pupils read the words on the paper aloud, I recorded their pronunciation on a cassette tape. The following are the study and the consequences of the experiment:
There are many grounds for misspeaking English. First, it could be the differences between the linguistic communication system of Korean, Chinese and English. ( what differences? )
Second, it could be the learning method of English. The manner school Teachs phoneme and allophone affect the pronunciation of the pupils who learns English. Third, the female parent linguistic communication is the cause of mispronunciation. If pupils retain their civilization and langue, so it would be easier for pupils to place the mainstream civilization and larning the mainstream linguistic communication of the society. But if the pupils do n't hold a strong base of their female parent lingua, of course it would be hard for pupils to larn English.
Jim Cummins stated that the degree of development of kids 's female parent lingua has a important influence for the kids to larn their 2nd linguistic communication. The kid who has a solid foundation in their female parent lingua learns faster and develops stronger literacy abilities than the childs who are weak in their female parent lingua. For illustration, if the parents pass more clip with the kids when they are at place by stating narratives or discourse issues with them, in a manner that they can enlarge their vocabulary and constructs, so the kids will be well-prepared to larn the linguistic communication at school and win educationally. The manner that the childs transfer across linguistic communications is from the female parent lingua they have learned in place to the school linguistic communication that they are larning, which is the 2nd linguistic communication. Children 's cognition and accomplishments of larning two linguistic communications are mutualist. In shirt, when the educational environment allows kids entree to both linguistic communications, they nurture each other. ( Cummins 2000:52 )
Through the experiment, I found out that there are many sounds that Koreans and Chinese ca n't articulate right due to different phonological system. Among 50 Korean pupils 40 of them could n't articulate missive `` omega '' .
Harmonizing to the study, the most hard pronunciation for the Koreans would be continuant, a sissing sound like s, or omega, because there is no such a tone in Korea. Z becomes a brace with S, which is an alveolar. This modulation topographic point in the vocal cords and it vibrates. In Korean consonant sound, there is no job jointing S sound, which is same with the /a……/ sound in Korean alphabet. There is an alphabet /a…?/ in Korea, which is palato-alveolar, similar to `` z '' . But there is no /z/ sound in Korea, so it is difficult for Koreans to articulate `` omega '' words. ( Ex. Zoo )
The consequence of the study shows that the Chinese pupils particularly the Southern Chinese do n't wish to distinguish tones and pitch, in a manner that Northern Chinese do. Ex ) a?° ( falling lifting ) , which means bargain, a?- ( falling ) , which means sell. Learning in English, it is more hard for Southern Chinese to articulate English words. The most typical pronunciation that the Southern Chinese are holding problem with is /l/ and /r/ . From the consequence of the experiment, it shows that most of the Southern Chinese ca n't distinguish 'raw ' and 'law ' . The allophone of /r/ , which exists in Chinese sound becomes /l/ concluding place. It is highly rare in China to place the missive /l/ at the word 's initial, therefore, it is reciprocally confounding for Chinese to articulate initial /l/ and /r/ . When the Korea /r/ is overlapped as in natural, the missive /r/ sounds like the English /l/ sound, articulating the word as jurisprudence. In English really there are two clearly distinguishable allophones for missive /l/ , mentioning as clear and dark /l/ . The clear /l/ is the sound we make when /l/ precedes a front vowel or when it is followed by /y/ . It possesses the quality or vibrates the forepart vowel. It is made with the back lingua higher in the oral cavity, when the /l/ is in the median place before an unstressed vowel, in the concluding place, when it precedes a back vowel or when it is syllabic the sound. It possesses the quality or vibrates the back vowel. Therefore, it is troublesome for Southern Chinese to articulate the words as in full, autumn, kid, mike etc.
Problems of both Koreans and Chinese
Through the study I have found out that the chief job in the pronunciation of single words lies in the reproduction of consonants. Several English consonant sounds do non be in Korean and Chinese. Out of nine spirants of English, /I?/ and /A°/ as the interdental spirants do non happen in Korean and Chinese languagei??which is pronounced between upper dentitions and lower dentitions. /I?/ is the unvoiced dental spirant, /A°/ is the sonant dental spirant. Therefore, it is easy to foretell that the Korean and Chinese scholars of English find much trouble in English spirants. Ex ) this and thing
There are some consonant that bear a phonemic relationship to each other such as /I?/ and /A°/ , where most of the words in English starts with `` Thursday '' have /I?/ and besides about all freshly created words. However, there are besides some words that are pronounced /A°/ , such as `` the '' that we often use. There are different forms and regulations for utilizing two pronunciations: other than map words, in initial place we normally use /I?/ , in median place we use /A°/ and excepting verbs, in concluding place we use /I?/ . A more elaborate account follows.
`` Initial place
About all words get downing with a dental spirant have /I?/ .
The words that begin with /A°/ are following:
5 demonstratives: the, this, that, these, those
2 personal pronouns each with four signifiers: 1000, thee, thy, thine ; they, them, their, theirs
7 adverbs and concurrences: at that place, so, than, therefore, though, thence, thither ( though some talkers pronounce thence and thither with initial /I?/ )
Assorted compound adverbs based on the above words: hence, thereupon, thereby, thenceforth, thenceforth, etc.
Most native words with median aˆ?thaˆ? have /A°/ .
A few native words have median /I?/ :
The adjectival postfix -y usually leaves terminal /I?/ unchanged: crude, healthy, sententious, furtive, affluent ; but worthy and dark-skinned have /A°/ .
Compound words in which the first component ends or the 2nd component begins with aˆ?thaˆ? often have /I?/ , as these elements would in isolation: bathroom, Southampton ; anything, everything, nil, something.
The lone other native words with median /I?/ would look to be brothel and Ethel.
Nouns and adjectives
Nouns and adjectives stoping in a dental continuant normally have /I?/ : bath, breath, fabric, froth, wellness, fireplace, loath, sheath, sooth, tooth/teeth, breadth, garland.
Exceptions are normally marked in the spelling with aˆ?-theaˆ? : tithe, lathe, lithe with /A°/ .
blythe, booth, scythe, smooth have either /A°/ or /I?/ .
Verbs stoping in a dental continuant normally have /A°/ , and are often spelled aˆ?-theaˆ? : bathe, breathe, clothe, loathe, damage, scythe, seethe, sheathe, soothe, teethe, tithe, wreathe, writhe. Spelled without aˆ?eaˆ? : oral cavity ( verb ) nevertheless has /A°/ .
froth has either /I?/ or /A°/ as a verb, but /I?/ merely as a noun.
The verb terminations -s, -ing, -ed do non alter the pronunciation of a aˆ?thaˆ? in the concluding place in the root: bathe has /A°/ , hence so make bathed, bathing, bathes ; foaming with either /I?/ or /A°/ . Likewise vesture used as a noun, scathing as an adjectival etc.
with has either /I?/ or /A°/ as do its compounds: within, without, outwith, withdraw, withhold, withstand, wherewithal, etc. '' ( Brostein, 1960 )
Kim the author of the book `` English Phonetics '' provinces that they are made with the tongue-tip in contact with the interior surface of the upper dentition or with the tongue-tip between the upper and lower incisors. For illustration, the word `` 3rd '' and `` three '' . The Koreans and Chinese are non used to put the lingua in the place for the Thursday sound, so they will neglect to let clip for the devising of a fricative Thursday sound, ensuing in a hushing /s/ sound or a dentally made /t/ or /d/ sound. Some Chinese pronounce /I?/ as /d/ , /s/ or /d/ . Koreans pronounce /I?/ as /a…† , a„? , a„· , a…? , a…?/ and /A°/ pronounce as /a„· , a„? , a…‚ , a…?/ . Differences in syllable construction between the three linguistic communications may take to the add-on of a short vowel sound to the terminal of English words that terminate with a consonant or within words incorporating harmonic bunchs. ( Kim 1973 )
In Korean linguistic communication single word emphasis is undistinguished since it is a syllable timed linguistic communication. Korean syllables normally do n't hold onset/rime construction alternatively it has a body/coda construction. These consequences contrast aggressively with those of old researches utilizing English syllables and are consistent with the position that the construction of syllables and their function in perceptual experience and production of address may change from linguistic communication to linguistic communication. If we consider the complexness of syllables, the difference in syllable construction between Korean and English may be explained. Syllables in Korean are simple compared with English.
Apart from holding tones, the composing of its syllables besides contributes to sounds in Chinese. The makeup of syllable ( syllable construction ) fundamentally refers to the sounds in a linguistic communication and their agreement within the frame. There are two typical characters doing Chinese syllables alone. The first of import fact about the Chinese syllable is that no harmonic bunch is allowed. In contrast, English may hold up to three consonants in a row. For case, the words such as splash, spring, facts, helped demo some illustrations of three consonants together ; bunchs with two consonants are even more common: drama, pray, floor, base, hint, kept are but a few illustrations. In other words, the beginning of a syllable may be inconsistent with the terminal of a syllable. Many sounds happening at the beginning of a syllable can non take topographic point at the terminal of a syllable. This is non rather the same manner we see in English. [ fifty ] can happen at the terminal of syllables merely as easy occurred at the beginning of syllables. Although Chinese has both [ s ] and [ cubic decimeter ] , they can merely happen at the beginning of syllables.
The contrasts in phonemics entirely between English, Korean and Chinese apart from the differences in lexis, sentence structure, cultural forms and history, the most important job to work out is the suitableness and value of the pronunciation. In this survey I have attempted to foretell the jobs of pronunciation that frequently arise because of the phonic differences between the three linguistic communications.
The ensuing comparing shows non merely there are differences between the three linguistic communications, but besides how they are perceived and acquired by the Korean and Chinese scholars of English.
In Korean there are 21 harmonic phonemes, while there 's 24 in English. 14 English phonemes such as B, vitamin D, g, J, degree Fahrenheit, do non be in Korea. In Chinese there are 22 consonants, but `` cubic decimeter '' , '' degree Celsius '' , `` ch '' , `` J '' , `` Q '' , `` R '' , `` sh '' , `` ten '' , `` omega '' and `` zh '' are non pronounced in the same manner as English. I have presented the jobs of pronunciation originating from these differences between two sound systems. Learning these differences occurs more easy, and trouble with them is more relentless.
I hope this survey will be much helpful to the Korean and Chinese scholars of English who try to foretell the jobs of pronunciation that will originate in this country and to run into them more intelligently. The presently available supply of stuffs of English, tape, Cadmium, textbook tend to reassign the Chinese and Korean pupils ' native address wonts straight into pronunciation of English. In order to run into the demands of the pupils who are larning English, English instructors in Korea and China should bring forth the recordings and a command of spoken English. A premier demand is a suited recorded pronunciation drills and a text book which it merely arranges English phonemics, including harmonic sound, method of pronunciation, length of sound and modulation.
Any instructor who exhaustively understands the complexnesss between their female parent linguistic communication and English will hold a renewed regard for the challenges that pupils have when they are larning English. If they do so, they would cognize the countries that the pupils are holding problem with and the cause of troubles, concentrating specifically on the countries where pupils need the most support.
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The ad tells people that “roads are an unpredictable place, so drive with confidence.” It then tells people that Subaru cars are very safe.
To demonstrate what it means by “unpredictable place,” the ad describes a truck driver who hasn’t slept in two days and is nearly asleep at the wheel. The trucker is also described as eating a bag of ketchup potato chips while he’s driving.
Subaru used the depiction of the sleepy, distracted trucker as one safety problem car drivers could encounter on the roads.
The ad implies that if you’re driving a Subaru, you will be safe, even with such unsafe truckers on the roads.
Truckers, however, objected to the ad.
The Canadian Trucking Alliance (CTA) is a group that represents truckers. They asked Subaru to stop airing the radio ads.
A spokesperson for the CTA said although the ads may be funny, it’s at the expense of hard-working truck drivers. He pointed out that it’s those very truck drivers who deliver the parts for the cars Subaru makes.
Subaru was quick to apologize to the truck drivers and pull the ads.
“The ad was devised with a sense of humour,” a spokesperson for Subaru told Today’sTrucking.com. He said Subaru counts on the trucking industry to deliver Subaru’s products “safely and on time… we know the professionalism they offer.”
By Kathleen Tilly
What is a stereotype? Do you see any evidence of stereotyping in the Subaru advertisement? Do you think this stereotype is humorous or harmful? Are all stereotypes potentially harmful?
This article was written from a neutral point of view (it doesn’t choose a side). How would this article be different if it was written from the perspective of a truck driver? What if it was written from the perspective of Subaru Canada?
Identify the point of view presented in a text and suggest some possible alternative perspectives (OME, Reading: 1.9).
Identify the point of view presented in texts, ask questions to identify missing or possible alternative points of view, and suggest some possible alternative perspectives (OME, Reading: 1.9).
Identify the point of view presented in texts, including increasingly complex or difficult texts; give evidence of any biases they may contain; and suggest other possible perspectives (OME, Reading: 1.9).
Grammar Feature: Contraction
A contraction is a word that is made from two words joined together using an apostrophe. Some examples are shouldn’t (should not), wouldn’t (would not) and he’s (he is). Find the contractions in this article and identify the words that combine to make them.
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Knossos, on Crete, has evidence for occupation spanning the Neolithic to the Byzantine periods, but it is best known as the legendary location of King Minos’ labyrinth, home to the monstrous Minotaur. A new exhibition running at the Ashmolean Museum explores both aspects of the site’s story, tracing the evolution of its mythological status, and showcasing the equally remarkable real-life insights that archaeological investigations have revealed over the last 145 years.
The Oxford-based museum is a fitting home for an exhibition on this theme: Knossos’ most famous excavator, Arthur Evans, carried out his 1900-1905 works during his tenure as Keeper (essentially, Director) of the Ashmolean, and these investigations still dominate interpretations of the site today. At the time, Cretan law required the majority of Evans’ finds to remain in Greece, but the Ashmolean retained his excavation archive. In Labyrinth: Knossos, Myth and Reality, these illuminating bodies of evidence have now been reunited for the duration of the exhibition: of the more than 200 items on display, more than half are loans from Athens and Crete.
The first portion of the displays, contained in an atmospherically lit red-and-black space, explores the myth of the Minotaur. Almost as soon as you pass through the gallery doors, you are confronted by the eponymous monster, carved from marble and no less menacing for having lost its horns and limbs long ago. The sculpture had once adorned a fountain in Roman Athens, and was probably a copy of an earlier Greek bronze. Close-by, a short animation silently summarises the best-known version of the Minotaur story, dating to the 1st century BC – but the tale has much earlier origins, as attested by a selection of decorative 6th-century BC vases displayed opposite. Within the same space, an even earlier fragment of painted plaster – once part of a floor within Knossos’ Great Palace – preserves a winding ‘labyrinth’ design 1,000 years older than any written form of the legend, indicating how long such imagery has been associated with the site. Demonstrating the myth’s longevity in the other direction, its neighbour is another maze-like motif that was created by Mark Wallinger in 2013 for display within the labyrinthine tunnels of the London Underground network.
Within this section of the exhibition, visitors also learn about how the myth evolved through time and different tellers. High up on the walls, snippets from Classical writers including Catullus, Virgil, and Diodorus Siculus encircle the space, adding to the sense of layer upon layer of shifting interpretations. In the display cases below, meanwhile, you see how Knossos’ Greek and Roman inhabitants proudly embraced their legendary heritage, minting coins with labyrinth designs; how the famous maze was adopted as a medieval Christian symbol; and a host of colourful historic maps reflecting early attempts to relocate the site.
Legends in a material world
Leaving behind mythical narratives to explore the material record, the next part of the exhibition concerns the advent of archaeological investigations at Knossos, particularly the site’s rediscovery in 1878 by a local businessman, the fittingly named Minos Kalokairinos. Kalokairinos’ search had been inspired by Heinrich Schliemann’s discoveries at Troy
(1870-1890) and Mycenae (1876), and he too made spectacular finds, uncovering the remains of what would become known as the Great Palace at Knossos – although local authorities put a hasty halt to his investigations, fearing that finds would be spirited away by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, under whose control the island still partly lay. Today he is often overshadowed by Arthur Evans, but the Ashmolean sets out to redress the balance with an array of photographs, documents, and a towering pithos storage vessel highlighting Kalokairinos’ achievements.
From this scene-setting space, visitors then move into a much brighter, airier room where, beneath soaring ceilings, sky-blue joins the palette of red and black, and painted scarlet columns give the feel of being inside the palace itself. You are initially met with relics of Evans’ excavations – notebooks, photographs, intricate plans of the hundreds of rooms that were uncovered, section drawings – and then turn a corner into a large room showcasing some of his discoveries, immersing you in Minoan culture. As well as watercolour reconstructions of some of the palace’s famous frescoes, highlights include beautiful pottery decorated with patterns of repeated rosettes, or strikingly detailed octopuses; Linear B tablets and intriguing examples of yet-to-be deciphered Minoan hieroglyphs; religious items; jewellery; and a drinking vessel perfectly replicating a triton shell in marble. Other themes include the role of women within the palace, and the significance of the bull and marine-life imagery that was found throughout the site.
The exhibition is not an uncritical celebration of Evans’ work, however: some of the displays address his occasionally imaginative approach to ‘filling in the gaps’ when reconstructing fragmentary remains – none more so than a watercolour of a damaged fresco that was thought to preserve the lower body of a young boy collecting saffron. The child’s top half was duly filled in – but subsequent discoveries have revealed the flower-gatherer to be a monkey. Also acknowledged is the impact of some of Evans’ ‘interventions’ on the site. In some cases these were intended to help protect fragile frescos or preserve crumbling architecture, but there is no doubt that Evans’ enthusiasm for reinforced concrete (then a cutting-edge material) means his vision of how the palace would have looked remains literally set in stone.
Work at Knossos did not stop with Evans, of course, and in a cool, calm, white room at the end of the exhibition you can see finds from much more recent excavations. Some reflect the investigations in the 1950s and 1960s, which shed more light on the site’s Neolithic occupation – including what is thought to be Europe’s oldest spoon – while there are also artefacts from a religious sanctuary excavated in 1974, including enigmatic double-axes, and a stunning dagger inlaid with the image of a griffin. Equally appealing are tiny gold, ivory, and stone puppies that were found on nearby Mount Juktas in 1974-1988. Although barely bigger than your thumbnail, they are so detailed that it is possible to identify them as a kind of mastiff – a valuable, imported breed. Could these votive offerings have been intended as an early form of pet insurance for these expensive animals?
Other displays present artefacts uncovered in only the last few years, and highlight the value of scientific techniques that Evans could have only dreamed of. The overwhelming impression is that this is a site with a long and in some ways very familiar story, but a story that still has many new secrets to reveal.
Labyrinth: Knossos, Myth and Reality runs until 30 July. See https://ashmolean.org/exhibition/labyrinth-knossos-myth-reality for more details.
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· By John Doe
The Importance of Sound Design and How to Create Unique Sounds
The Importance of Sound Design in Music Production
As an amateur producer, it’s easy to get caught up in the technicalities of music production, like choosing the right software, setting up your studio, or perfecting your mixing skills. However, one of the most important aspects of producing music that often gets overlooked is sound design.
What is Sound Design?
Sound design is the process of creating and shaping the sounds that make up your music. From synthesized blips to manipulated samples, the sounds you choose and how you process them can make or break a track. That’s why it’s crucial to spend time on sound design and strive to create unique sounds that stand out.
Tips for Better Sound Design
So, how do you get started with sound design? Here are some tips:
Experiment with different software instruments and plugins – There are so many software instruments and plugins available that can help you create unique sounds. Try out different options to find the ones that work best for you and your music.
Record and manipulate your own samples – Try recording your own samples, like field recordings or recordings of everyday objects, and then manipulate them in your DAW. This is a great way to create unique sounds that no one else has.
Use synthesizers to create custom sounds – Synthesizers allow you to create completely custom sounds from scratch. Experiment with different oscillators, filters, and modulation options to create unique sounds that can’t be found anywhere else.
Don’t be afraid to get creative with processing – You can also use effects like distortion, reverb, and delay to process your sounds and give them a unique character.
By incorporating these techniques into your music production workflow, you can create unique sounds that will set your tracks apart and help you stand out as a producer.
Save Time with Presets
If you don’t have time for sound design:
We understand that sound design can be a time-consuming process, especially for amateur producers who are just starting out. That’s why we’re here to help by offering a range of presets and sound banks for popular software instruments that can help you save time and get amazing sounds in your productions.
Our Collection of Presets and Sound Banks
Our Electra Presets, Serum Presets, Omnisphere Banks, and Massive Patches are designed by experienced producers who understand the importance of sound design. They’re easy to use and come with a variety of sounds that are perfect for all kinds of genres. Simply load them into your software instrument, tweak them to your liking, and you’re good to go.
We’re dedicated to helping amateur producers like you achieve professional-quality sound in your music. Whether you have time for sound design or not, we have the tools and resources you need to succeed.
Investing time in sound design will pay off in the long run, as unique sounds are what separate great producers from good producers. If you don’t have time, our presets and sound banks are the perfect solution to help you get started. Check out our collection today and elevate your sound to the next level!
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Coding Graphics with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico Displays
In one of our previous tutorials we explained how to control colour on Waveshare Raspberry Pi Pico LCD displays.
In this tutorial Tony Goodhew explains how to use the basic graphics procedures which are included in the display driver, and for the ambitious makers out there he also provides examples for advanced shapes and graphics!
This can be really handy for making your own interfaces, data displays and other fun projects with many of our Waveshare Pico LCDs.
What you’ll need
- Raspberry Pi Pico with pins soldered
- Micro-USB cable – for power and programming the Pico
- A Waveshare Pico LCD Display and driver software
- Thonny installed on your computer
- The ability to enter, edit, save and execute MicroPython code on your Pico using Thonny
- Optional: 10K ohm potentiometers, breadboard, jumper wires, Pico Decker/Duo and tactile buttons.
We are going to use the Waveshare 1.44” 128x128 Pico display but any of the others will also work in the same way.
A simple instruction to illuminate an identified pixel (x, y) with a specific colour is all that is needed to build a graphics system.
All the other graphical and text objects we would like to display can be built from this single pixel instruction; such as lines, circles, rectangles, triangles and text strings at different sizes.
This is all carried out with code. Display manufacturers usually supply some of these procedures/methods but leave the rest up to the end user to construct.
At the top of our driver program we will always import a minimal set of libraries using this block at the top of our MicroPython script (we add even more later when we want to do advanced programs):
from machine import Pin,SPI,PWM import machine import framebuf import utime import gc
The third line here imports the Framebuffer library which includes several very useful routines to draw objects on the display. The garbage collection library, gc, has also been imported so that we can check how much memory is available.
Basic starter examples
Let's start with a few simple examples of the code that follows this import block.
The line below places the 16-bit colour code into the buffer at the position of the pixel(x, y).
...and we can draw a horizontal red line like this:
lcd.pixel(x, y, c)
Tip: If we draw a series of lines of the same length, touching, one below the other, we get a solid rectangle. Two horizontal and two vertical lines will outline a rectangle.
for x in range(25): lcd.pixel(x, 5, colour(255,0,0)) lcd.show()
Drawing primitive shapes
The following methods draw shapes (such as those above) onto the FrameBuffer. They only become visible to the user once the lcd.show() instruction is executed.
The following is from the Micropython documentation:
Fill the entire display with the specified colour.
lcd.pixel(x, y[, c])
If c is not given, get the colour value of the specified pixel – useful for collision detection in a game. If c is given, set the specified pixel to the given colour.
lcd.pixel(25, 30, colour(0,255,0)) # Colours pixel (25, 30) green pc = lcd.pixel(45, 50) # Gets the colour of the pixel at (45, 50)
lcd.vline(x, y, h, c) lcd.hline(x, y, w, c) lcd.line(x1, y1, x2, y2, c)
Draw a line from a set of coordinates using the given colour and a thickness of 1 pixel. The line method draws the line up to a second set of coordinates whereas the hline and vline methods draw horizontal and vertical lines respectively up to a given length.
lcd.rect(x, y, w, h, c) lcd.fill_rect(x, y, w, h, c)
Draw a rectangle at the given location, size and colour. The rect method draws only a 1-pixel outline whereas the fill_rect method draws both the outline and interior.
lcd.text(s, x, y[, c])
Write text to the FrameBuffer using the coordinates as the upper-left corner of the text. The colour of the text can be defined by the optional argument but is otherwise a default value of 1. All characters have dimensions of 8x8 pixels and there is currently no way to change the font.
Shift the contents of the FrameBuffer by the given vector. This may leave a footprint of the previous colours in the lcd.
FrameBuffer.blit(fbuf, x, y, key=- 1, palette=None)
Draw another FrameBuffer on top of the current one at the given coordinates. If key is specified then it should be a colour integer and the corresponding colour will be considered transparent: all pixels with that colour value will not be drawn.
Example Shape Programs
We've provided some basic example programs to drive some of the popular boards here (rename the files if your download adds weird characters):
- WS 0-96 160x80 MIN.py
- WS 1-3 240x240 MIN.py
- WS 1-8 160x128 New Driver MIN.py
- WS 1-44 128x128 MIN.py
- WS 2-0 320x240 MIN.py
Each program contains the screen driver code, sets up the buttons/joystick (if applicable), sets the width and height variables, loads the essential libraries, defines the colour (R, G, B) and clear (c) procedures, then displays some colour checking text like this:
Some things for you to try
- Using lcd.vline and lcd.hline draw a blue border round the edge pixels on your screen. Wait 3 seconds and place a single, white pixel in each corner.
- Using lcd.rect, change the outline to red with yellow corner dots.
- Using lcd.fill_rect, fill the whole screen green and then fill the middle of the screen black, leaving a 10 pixel border. Put red 10-pixel squares in each corner.
- Draw diagonal lines in blue across the screen from opposite corners and a yellow, filled square, 21 pixel wide, near the centre. Draw an orange outline diamond touching the centre points of the sides of the square.
- Write your name in the middle of the screen and scroll it up, left, down, right and diagonally 15 pixels, finishing where you started.
- Draw a dark grey rectangle in the centre of the screen. Draw 500 white pixels inside the square, none touching the edge. (Random was explained in the previous display tutorial.)
Extended graphics routines
Now let's look at some more advanced graphics routines - hold on to your butts!
We've provided some optimised extended graphics example programs to drive some of the popular boards here. Download the file for your board then read on (rename the files if your download adds weird characters at the end):
- WS 0-96 160x80 GFX-T2.py
- WS 1-3 240x240 GFX-T2.py
- WS 1-8 160x128 New Driver GFX-T2.py
- WS 1-44 128x128 GFX-T2.py
- WS 2-0 320x240 GFX-T2.py
These programs introduce some extended procedures to draw filled and outline triangles, circles and rings. The routines are quite complex but you can use them without fully understanding how they work (but we encourage you to play with them, break them and learn!).
The filled triangle code takes up a great deal of memory but it is very useful as any filled polygon can be broken down into a series of triangles.
Extended graphics breakdown
Here's an explanation of some of the key lines of code you'll see in the files above.
def triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c): # Draw outline triangle
This one is simple, it just draws three lines:
def tri_filled(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c): # Draw filled triangle
This is routine is very complicated. It splits the original triangle into two with a horizontal line and then fills them in. If you uncomment all the # lcd.show() lines and sleep instructions it will slow right down and you can see it working (unfortunately, the 2” display needs such a large buffer that there is not enough memory for the filled triangles code):
This draws a filled circle with centre (x, y) and radius r using the Theorem of Pythagoras:
This draws an empty circle with centre (x, y) and radius r:
1.44" extended graphics example
Here is a video of the program running on the 1.44” display:
Extended graphics program layout
For the imports we added the math library as this is needed for Sin and Cos in graph plotting. The random library has also been imported, for the randomly generated triangles. These are followed by the basic LCD board setup we covered earlier.
from machine import Pin,SPI,PWM import framebuf import utime import gc import math import random
Here we build the title screen. Notice that the blue stars are added later:
# Title screen clear(0) lcd.show() lcd.text("Graphics",5,10,colour(200,0,0)) cc = colour(200,200,0) lcd.text("Triangles",24,30,cc) lcd.text("Circles",24,40,cc) lcd.text("Rings",24,50,cc) lcd.text("Rectangles",24,60,cc) lcd.text("and Lines",24,70,cc) for y in range(5): lcd.text("*",13,y*10 + 30,colour(0,0,255)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(2) lcd.fill(0)
Graphics & Shapes
The next section draws the rectangles and the graphics text:
# Built into framebuf library with the basic font lcd.rect(0,80,128,47,colour(255,0,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(0.6) for x in range(4,125,5): lcd.vline(x,82,40,colour(0,0,255)) for y in range(82,125,5): lcd.hline(4,y,121,colour(0,0,255)) lcd.fill_rect(20,88,89,29,colour(50,50,50)) lcd.text("Graphics",32,98,colour(0,255,255)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1)
The triangles section is the next to load:
# Triangle x1 = 2 y1=5 x2=15 y2=45 x3=120 y3=75 c = colour(90,90,90) triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) tri_filled(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) triangle(10,30,50,2,70,70,colour(255,255,255)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1)
Circles and Rings
The circles and rings section displays next:
# Circle & Ring c = colour(0,0,255) ring(90,30,25,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) circle(90,30,25,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) c = colour(0,255,0) ring(90,30,25,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) c=colour(255,0,0) ring(90,30,30,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) c = colour(255,0,0) circle(90,30,15,c) lcd.text(chr(227),85,25,colour(225,0,0)) lcd.show()
...followed by yellow tread art demonstrating lines drawn at an angle – slower than vline and hline:
# Thread art for i in range(0,61,4): lcd.line(0,10+i,i,70,colour(255,255,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1)
Sine and Cosine
Plotting Sine and Cosine curves requires quite a bit of complicated mathematics, using the math library, but it demonstrates the use of single pixels:
# Graphs - Sine and Cosine clear(0) lcd.show() c = colour(80,80,80) factor = 361 / width lcd.hline(0,40,160,c) lcd.show() c = colour(255,0,0) for x in range(0,width): y = int ((math.sin(math.radians(x * factor)))* -30) + 40 lcd.pixel(x,y,c) lcd.show() lcd.text("Sine", 5, 65, colour(255,0,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(1) lcd.show() c = colour(80,80,80) lcd.hline(0,40,160,c) lcd.show() c = colour(0,255,0) for x in range(0,width): y = int((math.cos(math.radians(x * factor)))* -30) + 40 lcd.pixel(x,y,c) lcd.text("Cosine",60,10,colour(0,255,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(5)
Here we demonstrate the simple scrolling:
Finally, some random triangles and the ‘Finish & tidy up’ sequence:
clear(0) lcd.text("Scrolling",2,2,colour(255,255,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(0.8) for i in range(15): lcd.scroll(2 * i, i) lcd.show() utime.sleep(0.3)
# 30 random triangles c = colour(200,0,0) for i in range(30): clear(0) c=colour(200,0,0) x1 = random.randint(2,width-3) x2 = random.randint(2,width-3) x3 = random.randint(2,width-3) y1 = random.randint(2,height-3) y2 = random.randint(2,height-3) y3 = random.randint(2,height-3) tri_filled(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c) c=colour(0,200,0) triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,c) c=colour(0,0,200) lcd.text(str(i),110,5,c) lcd.show() utime.sleep(0.6) clear(0) lcd.text("Done",45,40,colour(255,0,0)) lcd.show() utime.sleep(3) clear(0) lcd.show()
Things to try
- Display blue ‘thread art’ in the top left and bottom right corners of the screen.
- In the centre of the screen display a ‘bull’s eye’ circular target with a ‘gold’ centre, 4 other colours and scores 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 written in the appropriate positions.
- Draw 50 random triangles in random colours on the screen, fast, without screen clearing.
- Draw 50 random circles in random colours on the screen, fast, without screen clearing.
- On the left of the screen draw a green arrow pointing to the right and scroll it off the screen to the right.
- Draw four magenta arrows pointing into the four corners of the screen (each arrow needs 3 filled triangles – one for the head and two for the shaft).
Dynamic bar graph project
This needs buttons on three pins. If your board does not have buttons included connect some up on a breadboard.
Start with the MIN program you saved earlier. Save it with the name Bar.py. Delete the main part of the program and paste in this code. It allows us to control a variable, v, in the range 0 to 100 with two buttons. You can also halt the program with the third button.
# ==== Board now setup ========== MAIN BELOW==================== lcd.text("Bar Graph",5,5,colour(255,0,0)) # Title lcd.vline(9,16,30,colour(200,0,0)) # Base line lcd.vline(8,16,30,colour(200,0,0)) v = 50 # Initial value running = True # Loop control while running: # Update v if button pressed if key3.value() == 0: v = v + 1 if v > 100: v = 100 if key2.value() == 0: v = v - 1 if v < 0: v = 0 lcd.fill_rect(10,20,100,60,0) # Rub out Bar and percentage with background lcd.fill_rect(10,20,v,20,colour(200,200,200)) # Draw new Bar lcd.text(str(v) + " %",35,50,colour(200,2000,0)) # Update percentage lcd.show() utime.sleep(0.01) # Halt now? if key0.value() == 0: running = False # Stop looping # Tidy Up ============ pwm.duty_u16(32768)# HALF BRIGHTNESS clear(0) lcd.show()
Things to note
- The title and base line are only draw once – before the loop starts.
- We do not clear the whole screen in the loop and re-draw everything.
- We overwrite the bar and the percentage with a background-coloured rectangle before updating. Only they are changing.
- There is only one lcd.show() in the loop.
- The loop is controlled by the Boolean variable, running. Changing its value, from True to False, halts the looping.
We could add an extra check to see if we need to update the display. We only need to update if the value of v has changed by pressing a button.
The following version includes the check:
# ==== Board now setup ========== MAIN BELOW==================== lcd.text("Bar Graph",5,5,colour(255,0,0)) # Title lcd.vline(9,16,30,colour(200,0,0)) # Base line lcd.vline(8,16,30,colour(200,0,0)) v = 50 # Initial value oldv = 999 running = True # Loop control while running: # Update v if button pressed if key3.value() == 0: v = v + 1 if v > 100: v = 100 if key2.value() == 0: v = v - 1 if v < 0: v = 0 if v != oldv: lcd.fill_rect(10,20,100,60,0) # Rub out Bar and percentage with background lcd.fill_rect(10,20,v,20,colour(200,200,200)) # Draw new Bar lcd.text(str(v) + " %",35,50,colour(200,2000,0)) # Update percentage lcd.show() oldv = v utime.sleep(0.01) # Halt now? if key0.value() == 0: running = False # Stop looping # Tidy Up ============ pwm.duty_u16(32768)# HALF BRIGHTNESS clear(0) lcd.show()
Note: oldv is initialised with a ‘rogue’ value to force the lcd.show() in the first run of the loop.
Things to try
- Change the bar from horizontal to vertical.
- Change the input from buttons to UP and DOWN on a joystick, if available.
- Add a scale to the bar graph - a tick for every 10 pixels along the top edge of the bar.
- Change the input to a potentiometer with 0 to 100 range.
- Update the colour mixing program, from the colour tutorial, to show the red, green and blue values as coloured bar graphs.
- Use a joystick to move a circular ball round the screen.
- Bounce a small square or circle around the confines of the screen. You could also add an edge border.
You may have noticed that on some screens the text is very small and difficult to read. In a following tutorial will add an extra font, with more characters, which we can display in different sizes.
About the Author
This article was written by Tony Goodhew. Tony is a retired teacher of computing who starting writing code back in 1968 when it was called programming - he started with FORTRAN IV on an IBM 1130! An active Raspberry Pi community member, his main interests now are coding in MicroPython, travelling and photography.
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Even with today's invisibility cloaks, people can't walk through walls. But, when paired together, millions of electrons can.
The electrons perform this trick, called macroscopic quantum tunneling, when they pair up and move into a region of space that is off-limits under the laws of classical mechanics.
The problem is that as millions of electrons collectively move through a superconducting nanowire, they use energy and give off heat.
The heat can build, transforming sections of the wire into a non-superconducting state. The process, called a phase slip, adds resistance to an electrical system and has implications for designing new nano-scale superconductors.
Now, scientists have observed individual phase slips in aluminum nanowires and characterized the nature and temperature at which they occur. This information could help scientists remove phase slips from nano-scale systems, which could lead to more reliable nanowires and more efficient nano-electronics, said Duke physicist Albert Chang.
The results appeared online Sept. 21 in Physical Review Letters.
The macroscopic quantum tunneling effect was first observed in a system called a Josephson junction. This device has a thin insulating layer connecting two superconductors, which are several nanometers wide and have a three-dimensional shape.
To study the tunneling and phase slips in a simpler system, however, Chang and his colleagues used individual, one-dimensional nanowires made of aluminum. The new observations are "arguably the first convincing demonstration of tunneling of millions of electrons in one-dimensional superconducting nanowires," said Chang, who led the study.
In the experiment, the wires ranged in length from 1.5 to 10 micrometers, with widths from five to 10 nanometers. Chang cooled the wires to a temperature close to absolute zero, roughly 1 degree Kelvin or -458 degrees Fahrenheit.
At this temperature, a metal's crystal lattice vibrates in a way that allows electrons to overcome their negative repulsion of one other. The electrons make pairs and electric current flows essentially resistance-free, forming a superconductor.The electron pairs move together in a path in a quantum-mechanical space, which resembles the curled cord of an old phone. On their way around the path, all of the electrons have to scale a barrier or a wall. Moving past this wall collectively keeps the electrons paired and the superconducting current stable.But, the collective effort takes energy and gives off heat. With successive scaling attempts, the heat builds, causing a section of the wire to experience a phase slip from a superconducting to a non-superconducting state.To pinpoint precisely how phase slips happen, Chang varied the temperatures and amount of current run through the aluminum nanowires.The experiments show that at higher temperatures, roughly 1.5 degrees Kelvin and close to the critical temperature where the wires naturally become non-superconducting, the electrons have enough energy to move over the wall that keeps the electrons paired and the superconducting current stable.In contrast, the electrons in the nanowires cooled to less than 1 degree Kelvin do not have the energy to scale the wall. Instead, the electrons tunnel, or go through the wall together, all at once, said Duke physicist Gleb Finkelstein, one of Chang's collaborators.The experiments also show that at the relatively higher temperatures, individual jumps over the wall don't create enough heat to cause a breakdown in superconductivity. But multiple jumps do.At the lowest temperatures, however, the paired electrons only need to experience one successful attempt at the wall, either over or through it, to create enough heat to slip in phase and break the superconducting state.Studying the electrons' behavior at specific temperatures provides scientists with information to build ultra-thin superconducting wires that might not have phase slips. Chang said the improved wires could soon play a role in ultra-miniaturized electrical components for ultra-miniaturized electronics, such as the quantum bit, used in a quantum computer.Citation: Li, P. et al. 2011. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 137004.DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.137004
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|THE COGNITIVE UNCONSCIOUS|
In a little cited article by Jean Piaget entitled 'The affective unconscious and the cognitive unconscious (1973),' Piaget said, "I am persuaded that a day will come when the psychology of cognitive functions and psychoanalysis will have to fuse in a general theory which will improve both, through mutual correction." This process of combining the most workable of behavioral and cognitive psychologies and the various psychoanalytic theories is still continuing today. Understanding the personality often seems like solving a puzzle from which important pieces are missing, pieces which are impossible even to describe.
An analogy is the puzzle which asks you to make four equilateral triangles with six matches. At first, if you think of the matches as lying flat the problem appears and actually is quite insoluble. But as soon as you think of solving it in a three dimensional space, by forming a pyramid, you find the solution.
The solution to the puzzle of psychopathology and indeed of human behavior in everyday life appears if we free ourselves from thinking in the traditional two dimensions of a person's behavior in relation to his affective life, and instead think in three dimensions: behavior, affective mechanisms, and what has been so sorely overlooked, their relationship to cognitive mechanisms.
It's no wonder that so much has seemed confusing and unintelligible - without understanding the cognitive processes a whole dimension of awareness and responsiveness is missing. If a person's behavior so often seems opaque and inscrutable to observational analysis, this is not simply because of the presence or absence of a particular behavior, but because it derives from an unconscious process below and behind the overt behavior - not ordinarily seen on the surface at the level of the observed.
The Layers of Consciousness
Sigmund Freud divided the mind into layers. Perceptual awareness, he termed the conscious state - the realm of the personal identity or Ego, moderated by the conscience or Superego. But a large part of a person's inner life goes on outside awareness. This unconscious part of the mind includes some material which has been dissociated from conscious thinking, and some that can relatively easily become conscious - the Preconscious contents. The Preconscious is described as having no sense of awareness but it's contents are available for recall. The unconscious contains memories which have been repressed, and under normal circumstances cannot be recalled. The unconscious also contains fundamental creative, sexual and destructive drives, empowered by energy or life force (Libido). The Id is the striving to bring about the satisfaction of these instinctual needs in accordance with the pleasure principle: the desire for immediate gratification.
Suppression, invalidation and refusal to acknowledge what is perceived and real are all defense mechanisms - used to submerge the truth, to keep it from consciousness, to maintain the status quo, to avoid confronting reality or one's true feelings. They are used unconsciously, habitually, automatically - attached to anything we don't want to emerge, to look at or know about: the unacceptable. This, then, is the content of the Subconscious mind - normally unconscious memories, feelings and beliefs that may however rise into consciousness when circumstances call them into memory. The traumatic memories described earlier are one typical example.
Cognitive processes need to be viewed in a new way, from a different perspective, the omission of which gives rise not only to incomplete understanding but to faulty conclusions concerning a person's behavior. Just as Sigmund Freud's momentous discovery consisted of revealing the subconscious and unconscious processes in a person's affective life, the affective unconscious, so now we must go below the surface and reveal the subconscious and unconscious processes in a person's cognitive life that are called the cognitive unconscious. Since the cognitive unconscious is just as allusive as the affective unconscious, its exploration opens up a new dimension both theoretically and from the point of view of psychotherapeutic technique, up to quite recently uncharted and all but ignored by psychoanalytic theory.
The notion that unconscious processes are important elements of mental life is commonly ascribed to Sigmund Freud, but in fact it was an old idea before Freud was even born. W. B. Carpenter ('Mental Physiology' 1862) first used the term "unconscious cerebration" to express the activity of the cortical neurons which are not associated with conscious changes. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the idea of a cognitive unconscious had all but been forgotten. After Freud, the focus moved entirely to the affective unconscious. Carpenter's initial discovery was revived in the 1970s due to the work of child psychologist Jean Piaget and clinical psychologist Melvin L. Weiner, who was versed in both cognitive and depth psychology. Both psychologists recognized and described the cognitive unconscious.
Over the past two decades, a new picture of the cognitive unconscious has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. According to this picture, unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were thought to require intention, deliberation, and conscious awareness. Moreover, they accomplish these things without the conflict and drama of the psychoanalytic unconscious. These processes range from complex information processing, through goal pursuit and emotions, to cognitive control and self-regulation.
Contemporary research in cognitive psychology reveals the impact of nonconscious mental structures and processes on the individual's conscious experience, thought, and action. Research on perceptual-cognitive and motoric skills indicates that they are habituated through experience, and thus rendered automatic or unconscious. In addition, research on subliminal perception, implicit memory and hypnosis indicates that events can affect mental functions even though they cannot be consciously perceived or remembered. These findings suggest a tripartite division of the cognitive unconscious into truly Unconscious (inaccessible) mental processes operating on knowledge structures that may themselves be Preconscious (just below the surface of consciousness and therefore accessible) or Subconscious (accessible given an appropriate stimuli). These processes not only co-exist but also interact in complex ways. Conscious percepts, concepts, rules, knowledge, and so on emerge from unconscious processes, in a bottom-up fashion. It has been suggested that this is the essential way by which consciousness emerges.
In addition, further types of cognitive unconscious function have been described by eminent psychologists. Jung identified the Collective Unconscious (accessible in deep sleep) which connects the individual mind to the wider network of human unconscious thinking; and Assagioli identified the higher unconscious or Superconscious (accessible at moments of heightened clarity and insight) which supports our spiritual intelligence.
The psycholinguist Noam Chomsky argued that human language was mediated by 'deep' grammatical structures which are inaccessible to conscious introspection, and can be known only by inference. Clinical psychologist Nathaniel Branden talks of this in a different way: the subcognitive aspects of thinking. What happens in those few hundreds of milliseconds between a person asking a question and receiving an answer? This is a refractory period in which no apparent conscious thought is taking place, however much is going on, as can be revealed with special skin resistance meters, EEG equipment and brain scans. The thought that comes into a person's mind at the end of that period, a thought that is eventually communicated with a greater or lesser amount of editing, is a final product of a long chain of processes that are essentially unconscious.
It was mentioned in Ken Ward's article about the Unconscious Mind, the meditative practices and in-depth psychoanalysis have in common the desire to open up the depths of unconsciousness to introspection, but they lack means to test the meaning of uncovered images and concepts. Their object is to strengthen the Ego, to make it more independent of the Superego, to widen its field of vision, and to extend its organization that it can take over portions of the Id and direct the Libido. Where Id was, there shall Ego be, and also in aligment with the Superconscious Self. But the guidance of guru or psychoanalyst may be lacking objectivity.
William Sidis, who had an exceptionally high IQ at just 15 years of age, foreshadowed the idea of the Cognitive Unconscious:
In March, 1911, while walking along a street, I suddenly began thinking about Virgil's Aeneid, and my attention became fixed on the expression "alma Venus" that I then remembered having read in that poem. In that expression I thought particularly on the meaning of the first word. After a few minutes (while I was still on the same block) I began wondering why I thought about that expression so suddenly. Looking around, I discovered that, among the things in the field of vision that I had not consciously noticed was an apartment house called "The Alma." I certainly had no knowledge of the process which I know must have occurred, namely, the reading of the word, the memory that it was Latin, and the memory of the particular expression in which it occurred. Since, therefore, this process had occurred, and it was not within my consciousness, it was evidently a subconscious process. Accordingly, the "unconscious intelligence" within my brain can read and remember, and furthermore, it can remember for half a year, since it had been that time since I had seen that passage from Virgil.
Again, in August, 1913, I was walking through a square in which there was a book-store. This book-store was at some distance from where I was walking, so that I could not reasonably notice what was in the show-window without looking quite hard. That night I dreamed of seeing a book with indistinct lettering on the cover. In the morning, passing the book-store at closer range, I found in the show-window a book with exactly the same sort of cover as the dream-book. This shows that I must have seen that book the preceding afternoon, but I certainly did not notice it. I must have seen it subconsciously, and my "unconscious intelligence" remembered it at least till two o'clock in the morning, when the dream occurred. The appearance of the book in the dream shows moreover that the memory was not only of the fact of having seen the book, but that it was also of the way the book looked: even the indistinct lettering in the dream was probably due to the fact that I had passed the store from a distance.
The "unconscious intelligence" can therefore both remember and reason... it has the two properties most characteristic of consciousness. Laboratory studies of subliminal perception, problem solving, and creativity point to a cacophony of intelligent voices murmuring just below our conscious levels of awareness yet influencing our behavior in subtle ways we are only just beginning to understand. Guy Claxton (in Hare Brain, Tortoise Mind) argues persuasively that this unconscious intelligence is just what we need to handle complex situations, and that our culture's misplaced emphasis on logic and reason to the exclusion of all else is foolish, and even hypocritical, as most scientists will readily admit to abandoning their left-brains on occasion for bursts of nonlinear, inspired thinking. Your intuition is part of your unconscious intelligence and it complements rational thinking and decision making. Antonio Damasio, a neurologist who has studied the links between cognitive and emotional intelligence, believes that intuition is the glue that holds together our conscious intellect and our intelligent action.
In recent years, it has become apparent that the cerebellum (which has traditionally been associated with motor functions) is also heavily involved with memorized information, stored facts, learned skills, and procedures. It is a super high-speed co-processor for the brain, and appears to be the seat of unconscious intelligence, what has been called the "Cognitive Unconscious," and to be particularly involved with the execution of automatized cognitive processes. Thus, brain researchers Henrietta C. Leiner and Allen Leiner call the cerebellum the brain's computer. The cerebellum is essentially a parallel distributed system that represents and processes information in an amodal and holistic manner. Given this, one might expect that the cerebellum would be involved in cognitive processing at a fundamental level. Studies have indicated that the cerebellum contributes to IQ through higher order cognitive processes including the skilled manipulation of symbols, conceptual reasoning and complex planning activities. The cerebellum does not operate at the normal level of consciousness but rather at an unconscious level. The cerebellum and cerebrum may be considered complementary and facilitate optimal cognitive performance by the brain as a whole.
The cerebellum acts to streamline the speed and efficiency of all thought processes. Recent research by Larry Vandervert has explained the abilities of child prodigies in terms of the collaboration of working memory and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum. Vandervert provided extensive argument that, in the child prodigy, the transition from visual-spatial working memory to other forms of thought (language, art, mathematics) is accelerated by the unique emotional disposition of the prodigy and the cognitive functions of the cerebellum.
One of the goals of Mind Development's structural approach is to bring the underlying affective and cognitive structures into awareness and disclose their mode of operation. When the cognitive and affective subconscious are made conscious, a person can develop new structures and fundamentally new ways of feeling, perceiving, thinking and behaving. And with the reality-testing provided by biofeedback tools, the weaknesses of introspection can be supported, to guide the student toward genuine insight.
There is a deep Unconscious of primary experience that is non-experienced - it has not been consciously experienced; this may have elements connected to the human race, through DNA or other mysterious means, as Jung described. Overlying that is a cognitive Subconscious, which is left brained by and large, and an affective subconscious, which is by and large right brained - though there is evidence that the right brain is capable of some types of cognitive tasks with a spatial nature, and the left brain is capable of some emotions such as interest and certain aesthetic considerations. Over and above that there is the Preconscious, which includes our recallable memories and store of knowledge, and which provides a context for the subconscious cognitive and affective resources that emerge given the appropriate stimulation or reminder - a meaning, perception, or feeling that is associated with subconscious content. This enables us to shine the light of consciousness on the deeper mind and draw intuitive insights and creative inspiration, at which moments we are in touch with our Superconscious mind.
The Effect of Trauma on Intelligence
In recent studies, exposure to violence and trauma-related distress in young children were associated with substantial decrements in IQ and reading achievement. A decrement of 7.5 IQ points, as the consequence of trauma, was an average although in severe cases, when children have been picked on and bullied the decrement could be as much as 15 IQ points. According to Bruno Bettelheim in his book Surviving, children experiencing a violent and traumatic home life could be as much as two years behind their peer group in mathematics and reading standards. Some Vietnam Vets suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder were 20 to 25 points down.
The dulling, repressive effect of traumatic memories can, on average, reduce a person's IQ by ten to fifteen points, and in some cases twice that! This methods taught in Mind Development Courses serve to reduce the need for repression of traumatic memories into the unconscious. They do so by developing and strengthening the Ego so that he or she can face up to experiences with equanimity; by increasing inter-hemispheric communication so that traumatic memories are easier to access and reappraise - the memories can then be reintegrated with accompanying revised beliefs and emotional energy; and further by increasing mindfulness so that consciousness rules over reactive emotional responses - and thereby also increasing emotional intelligence (EQ).
The Importance of Intelligence
But what difference can a change in IQ make to a person's life? An IQ of 106 is above average. It means your IQ is higher than 67% of the population. IQ testing is designed to gauge how well you would perform in a school environment. With an IQ of 106 and considerable hard work and motivation, you should be able to obtain a college bachelor's degree.
Even small IQ increases can be significant. We need only look at the statistics concerning the measured IQ of criminals. Law abiding citizens have an average IQ of 102, however the average IQ of convicted criminals is 92, which is 10 points lower than the general population's. In many cases, the low IQ among criminals is reported to be the result of trauma in infancy. If a person is extraverted due to suppressed painful feelings, not to mention peer pressure to conform to a concrete, consumerist, go-getting outlook on life, it is harder to introvert: to look inwards and compare his or her feelings with those of others, so there is reduced empathy for others, such as potential victims. At the extreme this is an autistic state. There is also reduced IQ: less ability to see reason, cause and effect, consequences of actions, right and wrong, since these cognitive abilities require the ability to introspect.
Hirschi and Hinderlang (1977), writing from a social control theory perspective, suggest that lower verbal IQ and lower self-control results in poor school performance, leading to negative attitudes to school and to the possibility of success in life through legal means. The individual then drops out of school and does not obtain reasonable employment. Delinquent activity then results.
Individuals with an IQ of 100 or below are therefore a vulnerable group. The five to ten points IQ advantage they could gain from doing the Basic Courses of Mind Development, would transform their prospect of a successful career.
The average score nationally (USA) for police officers, as well as office workers, bank tellers and salespeople, is an IQ of 104.
While Intelligent Quotient (IQ) tests remain controversial, there is no longer much dispute as to their general capacity to measure certain capabilities. Perhaps the best explanation is provided by the psychologist Brigitte Berger, who claims IQ tests measure not so much 'intelligence' as what she calls 'modern consciousness'. This is the capacity to operate in the highly specialized worlds of modern technology and rationally organized bureaucracies. These core institutions of modern society are produced by, and in turn produce, peculiarly modern cognitive styles: the ability to operate on high levels of abstraction; to break reality down analytically into components; to keep multiple relationships in mind simultaneously; and, especially significant for IQ testing, to relate present tasks to possible future consequences. It's important to realize that even small variances from the norm can have massive ramifications in terms of 'life performance'.
For example, a randomly selected group of Americans with an average IQ of 103 had a poverty rate 25% lower than a group with an average IQ of 100, and disparities of a similar scale were recorded for high school drop-out rates, social welfare dependency and crime. Research has shown low IQ to be the single most important determinant of these undesirable social outcomes.
It is not just the lowest IQ people who are limited in their life achievements. A person with an IQ of 110 can achieve much in America - but they will almost never be doctors, physicists, or college professors. They will be denied entrance to any of the elite US colleges. They will not be mathematicians or brain surgeons. For example, every Ivy League college, for all of their liberal leanings, rigorously enforces the practice of limiting entrance based on IQ (via SAT and ACT tests which are heavily loaded with testing for IQ). Therefore, IQ places limits on one's potential achievements.
Even a small increase in IQ, say 5 or 10 points, could have a considerable effect on life success. A full program of Mind Development could be expected to raise a person with average IQ up to approximated 125. Richard Feynman, widely regarded as one of the most brilliant physicists of recent time who expounded the theory of Quantum Electrodynamics, had an I.Q. of 125. A bright student with an IQ of say 125 could move into the ranges well above 150 and then anything is possible, given appropriate education, motivation and support.
Various kinds of mind development are, therefore, used to heal our woes and develop our artistic and scientific skills. With full mindfulness, the unconscious mind no longer has power to dictate and rule over the conscious mind; the two can cooperate for the greater good.
|MIND DEVELOPMENT COURSES 1-8|
Many people have bad experiences at school and perhaps later in life, when attempting to study a new subject. It is easy to quickly get bogged down with new terminology, and often, new concepts and procedures seem unclear. This situation can quickly get out of hand as the student gets left behind and the subject either becomes an ongoing struggle or it is abandoned. But none of that is necessary; it is possible to succeed with the study of any subject.
With this course you will learn how to study a subject with maximum comprehension, with excellent recall, and with the ability to apply what you have learned effectively.
You will also learn how to take notes at rapid pace from books or live lectures, and how best to represent that information with key words, mind maps and flow charts that aid memory and understanding.
These abilities will be useful for your home studies, at college or work, and for your study of further Mind Development courses. You will indeed be able to succeed at studying effectively those subjects you are interested in, even those that were difficult before.
The practical exercises offered in this course help to develop visual perception, which is one branch of non-verbal communication, and address the subject of breathing and relaxation. Adequate oxygenation of the brain and a relaxed state of being is necessary for further developing the mind.
The eyes and the ears are the main channels through which one gains information about the world. As with listening skills, training in visualization and looking makes you more aware. When you are more aware, the subconscious mind has less influence. This means you are more relaxed, less anxious, less easily upset, a better memorizer - and your vision is improved.
The Effective Communication course offers a series of practical exercises which develop the skills of communication and help the student to apply the fruits of his or her learning here and now - both to his or her personal growth and to the practical issues of personal relationships and business.
Improvement in our ability to communicate externally is reflected by a similar gain in communication between parts of the brain. The practice exercises enable development of all areas of the brain, even those which have been long under-used. They affect, particularly, the integration of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Each hemisphere governs a different way of thinking and seeing the world. By doing the exercises thoroughly, the student can bring both halves of the brain into mutual communication, so that he or she is freer to think holistically and experience the world from an expanded point of view.
Communication is the vehicle for all further techniques, so communications skills are a vital aspect of Mind Development. The Effective Communication course includes practical exercises to enhance the person's capacity to listen attentively and comprehend. Following that, questioning skills are practiced, which have relevance to communication, memory and understanding. This will help the student to maintain control of communication in practical, social and business situations. You will also learn about practical problem solving and how to achieve your goals in life.
Unless we can wake ourselves up from this mechanicalness and sleep, we cannot begin work on ourselves and we cannot get things done in life. We must learn the mood of concentration - of actually BEING in the Here-and-Now, noticing and observing, and focused on our actions.
Concentration is a means to develop the will, so that life may be lived purposely and creatively, rather than as a reaction to the flow of sensations. Because you will not flit from one thing to another, like a butterfly, you will be able to choose to focus your mind on things, e.g., study or work, and will increase your skills and knowledge in these areas. Most importantly, you will be able to focus more clearly on your vision of what you want to achieve.
In short, your mental life is both intensified and broadened. The ability to concentrate is, therefore, a valuable skill which will enhance all other skills. Almost all the drills and exercises of Mind Development help develop your ability to concentrate. But are there are ways to improve your concentration directly? Yes, and this course teaches the best of them.
We all learn to read at school, after a fashion. But for most of us, this is not an optimal use of our brain power. In this course you will learn to better use the left brain's focused attention combined with the right brain's peripheral attention, in close harmony. Good communication between the brain hemispheres is a prerequisite for creative thinking and also a sense of well-being, where thoughts and feelings are integrated.
Reading may be defined as an individual's total inter-relationship with symbolic information. Reading is a communication process requiring a series of skills. As such reading is a thinking process rather than an exercise in eye movements. Effective reading requires a logical sequence of thought patterns, and these patterns require practice to set them into the mind. The methods currently used in schools do not touch on the issues of speed, comprehension and critical analysis and indeed all those skills which can be described as advanced reading techniques. In short, most of your reading problems have not been dealt with during your initial education. By using appropriate techniques, the limitations of early education can be overcome and reading ability improved by 500% or more.
The course teaches in-depth reading techniques that greatly improve literary intelligence, so that you can clearly perceive the ideas and values that the writer is expressing and relate them to those of other authors and so be better able to make objective conclusions.
Though a highly developed memory and intuitive skills are not essential for life in modern society, they were important survival skills for primitive man who had no reference books to look up when he forgot something, no maps to guide him on long journeys, and was often in perilous situations where intuitive insight made the difference between life and death. To further evolve, we need to reclaim this heritage, which depends on the restoration and integration of our right-brain processes.
Without memory there is no knowledge, without knowledge there is no certainty and without certainty there is no will. We need a good memory to be able to orient ourselves in a rich network of all that we know and understand, to make sense of it and to move forward to attain goals that are based in reality and true to our selves.
You will learn advanced memory techniques in the Creative Memory Course that utilize the amazing powers of the right brain, which enable you to "file away" any new piece of information so that it is readily accessible for future immediate access.
As you continue to use the methods of cumulative perception taught in this course, this kind of random access memory begins to become second nature. Many memory experts call this the "soft breakthrough" because it happens almost imperceptibly at first, instead of hitting you like a mental bolt of lightning. Everything you find important is given its own unique mental file. Just like the executive whose desk has been buried in paper for years, who suddenly discovers his computer can do a much better job of storing and arranging information, a filed, organized mind suddenly begins to perform impressive recall tasks on demand.
Using these techniques Gregory was able to run 100 meters in a time that nearly matched the then British champion, with relatively little physical fitness preparation (60% or less compared with a typical athlete). You may not personally want to increase your sprinting speed, but the principles described here have many applications both for physical and mental development.
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The US is experiencing a steady increase in cases of oral herpes. About 50% to 80% of the US population are infected with oral herpes. Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus and is of two types – HSV-1 and HSV-2. Also known as a fever blister or a cold sore, oral herpes or HSV-1 is very common. It is more common than genital herpes or HSV-2. Approximately about 90% of the sexually active adult population have contracted oral herpes by the age of 50. The only way to keep the rate of oral herpes infection under control is to get tested for potential HSV-1.
Worldwide, about 3.7 billion people were infected with oral herpes. This accounts for 66.6% of the world’s population under the age of 49. Oral herpes is easily transmitted by coming in intimate contact with an infected person. It is spread through oral contact and affects the mouth and the area surrounding it. Sometimes, HSV-1 can also lead to genital herpes when a person practices mouth to genital sexual acts. Genital HSV-1 accounts for 122 to 192 million cases worldwide. As more cases are detected, panic spreads across the world among sexually active individuals.
Oral herpes can be hard to diagnose as it can be mistaken for another STD. That is why a proper HSV-1 test should be conducted to determine whether or not a person is infected. Oral herpes test is effectively conducted with PCR, biopsy, or blood test. The infection can be managed with oral antiviral medication. Getting tested for oral herpes has become relatively easy with online STD stores. It has become quite easy for anyone to test for oral herpes in the US. Many online STD stores have partnered with reputed STD labs and facilities that account for more than 4,500 centers. These online STD stores offer effective and discreet STD testing where all you need to do is find and book the desired order.
In a CDC report between 2015 and 2016, there was a spike in the cases of both oral herpes and genital herpes among people between 14 to 49 years in the US. The study shows that nearly 48% of the said age group are infected with oral herpes, while 12% account for genital herpes. Among the cases reported, the older people between the ages of 40 and 49 hold the most cases with 60% and 21% of HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively. The number of cases reported in people between 14 and 19 years stood at 27% and 0.8% for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively.
Both oral and genital herpes cases have seen low rates from 1999 to 2016, with HSV-1 and HSV-2 cases declining by 11% and 6%, respectively. However, during the 2015-2016 time frame, oral herpes has an infection rate of 47.8%. More cases of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were reported in females than males. Females reported an infection rate of 50.9% in females and 45.2% in males. Oral herpes prevalence rate varies by disproportionate measures depending on racial/ethnic groups. The highest rate of oral herpes infection was reported among Mexican-Americans with 71.7%, while the non-Hispanic white people accounted for the least cases of HSV-1 at 36.9%. Non-Hispanic Asian people and non-Hispanic Black people have a prevalence rate of 55.7% and 58.8%, respectively.
The incidence rate of both oral and genital herpes increases with age. People between 14 and 19 years account for 27.0% of cases of HSV-1. Those between the age of 20 to 29 and 30 to 39 have a prevalence rate of 41.3% and 54.1%, respectively. If you are experiencing symptoms like rashes or sores in and around your mouth or if you think you may have been exposed to the infection recently, don’t hesitate to get tested. Aside from appointments with the nearest STD testing centers, many online STD websites also offer at-home STD testing kits where you can get tested for oral herpes at home. You can either opt for a lab visit or an at-home STD testing kit. However, make sure to get tested in time to avoid possible health hazards in the future.
The herpes simplex virus stays with a person for life once infected. Therefore it is advisable for every sexually active person to practice safe sex by using protection, limiting sexual partners, and getting routine tests. If you or an infected person you know is experiencing an outbreak of sores and blisters, try to limit contact with other people until the outbreak recedes. Although there is no effective cure for oral herpes, certain medications can help in relieving the symptoms by reducing outbreaks and limiting the chance of transmission.
A lot of people with HSV-1 don’t experience any outbreaks or symptoms and can feel quite healthy. However, they still carry the risk of transmission to other people during sexual activities that include oral sex and kissing during active outbreaks. Many oral herpes cases are acquired during infancy when the saliva of an infected person comes in contact with the skin of the baby while kissing them. Some people may experience periodic outbreaks of sores and blisters in and around the mouth. Sometimes, sores or blisters can develop inside the mouth, cheek, chin, and even nose. Oral herpes is most contagious when a person is having an active outbreak.
Being diagnosed with oral herpes can lead anyone into a state of despair. But remember that having the infection for life doesn’t mean you can never have a normal sexual life. Many people diagnosed with oral herpes go on to live long and healthy lives. The most important thing is to get diagnosed early so that the treatment process can be more simple and successful. With the rising cases of oral herpes cases in both the US and the world, there is an immediate need to get tested. Getting tested on time saves anyone from complicated future health issues.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is a virus that compromises the immune system and makes it less able to fight infection and disease. Left untreated, HIV leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, or AIDS – a potentially serious condition that can lead to death from opportunistic infections and disease. Today, HIV can be managed by a regimen of strong antiviral medications, but research reveals that cannabis can help with the side effects of these drugs, and with the symptoms of HIV/AIDS at all stages of the disease.
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys human immune cells. It is transmitted in body fluids exchanged during sex, from sharing needles, or from exposure to infected blood. In some instances, HIV can be transmitted from mother to child at birth. When a person is first infected with HIV, the virus causes flu-like symptoms, such as fever, chills, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands. Other symptoms, like as a rash or night sweats can also appear.
After the initial infection, people with HIV/AIDS can be asymptomatic for long periods of time, when they have the potential to infect others. But, if HIV isn’t treated, it progresses to AIDS, a condition in which the immune system becomes progressively weaker and less able to defend against infection and diseases of all kinds, including cancer. Symptoms of AIDS include night sweats, skin problems, neuropathy, and candidiasis – a yeast infection that can cause thrush, or white patches in the mouth and throat. One of the most serious effects of AIDS is extreme weight loss, a condition often called “AIDS wasting.”
With earlier diagnosis and new drugs to fight the virus, HIV has largely become a chronic disorder that can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes, allowing people with the virus to live a relatively normal life.The medications currently used to treat HIV/AIDS include multi-drug regimens of powerful antiviral drugs, likeas Retrovir and Ziagen. Although these drugs can allow people with HIV to live normal lives, they often have severe side effects. But cannabis can help relieve those side effects as well as many of the symptoms of HIV/AIDS itself.
Cannabis may be uniquely able to relieve many of the symptoms and side effects of HIV and its treatments. Cannabis works with the body’s own endocannabinoid system, which helps to support many essential subsystems that regulate processes, including immune functioning, appetite, pain control, and mood. Recent research reveals that cannabis can boost the appetite, which can help to combat the extreme weight loss that accompanies AIDS. In the same way, cannabis may be able to relieve the nausea and digestive distress caused by some antiviral drugs.
Cannabis can relieve pain and protect nerves from the painful neuropathy that occurs with AIDS. Because cannabis compounds, particularly cannabidiol, or CBD, can boost the production of feel-good brain chemicals, like serotonin and dopamine, cannabis can help to relieve the anxiety and depression that often strikes people suffering with HIV/AIDS. There’s still no cure for HIV/AIDS, but cannabis may make it easier to live with this chronic condition.
HIV and AIDS are qualifying conditions for Medical Marijuana in Utah. To get your Medical Marijuana Card, you’ll need to meet with a medical provider who can certify your qualifying condition and enter your information into the state user database. For more information or a consultation, schedule an appointment with us today.
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When we talk of mood we are referring to a state of mind or predominant emotion. Most of us have experienced that our moods can change; we may be in a carefree, happy mood when on holiday and when many things have gone wrong we may be irritable or unhappy. This is normal. When we talk of a mood disorder, we are talking about mood changes which are beyond the normal and which affect our ability to function either in our work or studies, or in our relationships.
Mood disorders are divided into two groups: those where we only have a depressed mood and those where we have both a depressed mood and an elevated or very good mood (manic or hypomanic). We will describe the different types of disorders, after discussing some general points which are common to all mood disorders.
Mood Disorders Are Not Chosen
Mood disorders are illnesses. We cannot just snap out of them. You have not done anything to cause a mood disorder. Well-meaning friends and relatives who indicate that you have not tried hard enough or tell you that they do not “believe” in depression, have simply not had the experience of a serious mood disorder.
You may have done unbelievably stupid things during a manic episode; again this is not because you are an irresponsible person. You have done these things because of an illness.
Although you have not caused a mood disorder, you are responsible for managing it properly. Mood disorders often recur. This makes it essential that you learn to manage it. We will indicate some methods for managing mood disorders in this information leaflet; you will learn others in the groups and in consultations with your psychiatrist and psychologist.
What Causes Mood Disorders?
A useful way of looking at the development of mood disorders is to accept that people may inherit the genetic predisposition for a mood disorder (they are born with the possibility of developing a mood disorder), and they start to develop symptoms once they are exposed to extreme stress in life. This stress can be caused by numerous factors, including illness, death, trauma, problems in relationships, financial strain and so on. You will be assisted in trying to understand what has contributed to your having developed a mood disorder.
Diagnosing a Mood Disorder
You will be asked a number of questions about yourself, your life and your symptoms. Be as honest as you possibly can. Psychiatrists and psychologists have probably heard most of it before and cannot be shocked. They will also not be critical of you – judging people does not help solve anything. What you say is confidential and will not be disclosed to anyone without your permission. Withholding information such as drug use, serious problems in relationships, legal problems and so on, can make it more difficult to understand what you are dealing with and at times can influence decisions concerning your treatment.
It is quite common to have other disorders (for example the anxiety disorders) as well as a mood disorder.
The diagnosis which is made, the implications of the diagnosis and your treatment options will be discussed with you.
Major Depressive Disorder
In a major depressive episode, you could be very sad, feel despondent and without hope. It is also possible to be irritable. You may find that you have lost interest in things you used to enjoy and everything is too much effort. Your sleep pattern may be disturbed, as may your appetite. You may feel guilty, feel bad about yourself and find it hard to concentrate. Making decisions can become very difficult. You may have thoughts of suicide or death; you may have plans for committing suicide. You may also find that you are very restless and that you cannot settle down to do anything.
This is long-lasting, low-grade depression. It may feel that it is part of your personality, that you are always more melancholic or gloomy than others. There are also symptoms such as poor appetite or overeating, sleeping too much or sleeping too little, tiredness, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, feelings of hopelessness such as in a major depressive disorder.
Bipolar Mood Disorder
In a manic episode, people have an elevated mood, in other words they feel really good, although some people are more irritable. When someone is manic, they have endless energy and hardly need to sleep. People may experience that their thoughts are racing and that they may speak as though they have to say things very quickly. It can be hard to follow them. Often people are distractible and cannot focus on things. Judgement can be affected and people can do things that are abnormal for them, for example, spend money they do not have. They may believe that they are unique and have grandiose ideas, in other words, believe they are chosen, are going to do things no one else has ever done, and so on. When extreme, people can become psychotic; in other words they lose contact with reality.
Hypomania is a milder form of mania. Functioning is not as badly affected as in mania. In actual fact, people may be more productive than usual. They are optimistic, creative and need less sleep. However, they may still demonstrate poor judgement or become irritable. People who are hypomanic feel good and people may not recognise it as a possible problem.
In a mixed state, the symptoms of mania and depression occur at the same time. For example, you can be tearful during a manic episode or have racing thoughts when depressed.
Bipolar I and Bipolar II
You may hear people referring to bipolar one and two. In bipolar one you experience manic episodes and major depressive episodes which alternate.
In bipolar two, the major depressive episodes are still present, but you have hypomanic episodes.
A much milder form of bipolar mood disorder, cyclothymia often goes undiagnosed. In cyclothymia, the person may experience periods of hypomania and periods of a mild depression.
The Impact of Mood Disorders
Mood disorders have an immense impact on every aspect of our lives. They affect us on a biological level; they affect our emotions and our thoughts, the way we view the world and ourselves in it; they affect our ability to form and keep relationships, how we respond to our families and friends; they affect our ability to work; they affect our lifestyle choices and they affect our spiritual relationship. Mood disorders are serious and should not be left untreated, especially as effective treatments are available.
Treatment of Mood Disorders
Mood disorders can be treated and most people respond well to treatment. Depending on the nature of the illness you have, you may be offered medication, psychotherapy or electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One way of understanding the treatment is to recognise that we think of a mood disorder as affecting the bio-psycho-social-spiritual elements of a person’s life. We try and address all these aspects. Medication and ECT address the biological aspects of the illness, as does diet and exercise. However, these elements overlap and diet and exercise can also be used to address the social aspects of the illness as eating or exercising with someone can be a pleasurable activity. We address your relationships, both at work and with friends and family. You may be referred to a psychologist to work on the psychological elements of the illness; we also address some of the psychological aspects of the illnesses in the groups. Spiritual counselling is also available.
These options will be discussed with you; you need to know what the particular treatment is expected to do, what problems are associated with it, and whether there are alternatives. You also need a good idea of how successful the proposed treatment is in treating other people with mood disorders similar to yours. The person treating you will be happy to answer questions; please ask them and make sure you understand exactly what is meant.
Depression has a biological component; in other words the functioning of your body is affected by depression. You may, therefore, be prescribed medication. Please make sure that you understand what to expect from the medication you are prescribed. Many of these medications do not give the desired effects immediately and you need to know if this is something you should expect. Medication often has side effects. Most of these are not a problem after a few days or weeks, but if they are really a problem you need to discuss them with your psychiatrist. Medication affects people differently and you need to give your psychiatrist feedback on your experiences.
Please do not just stop medication; it can make your treatment more difficult and it is dangerous to just stop some medications. Some medications have a minimum period for which they have to be taken. Please speak to your psychiatrist and make sure you know for what period you have to take your medication. Make regular follow-up appointments after you are discharged.
Be careful of alcohol and medication – they do not mix well;
Please, no recreational drugs – they really do not mix with medication;
Check with your psychiatrist before you take any natural or traditional remedy;
And using your friend’s medication or giving them yours is a really bad idea.
Electro convulsive therapy (ECT)
ECT is sometimes used when you do not respond to other forms of treatment or when a rapid response is needed, for example when you are a serious danger to yourself. There are many scary stories about ECT, but it is often very effective and can be lifesaving. It can restore your quality of life. There are side-effects; the most common one is short-term memory loss. Your psychiatrist will discuss the benefits and dangers or disadvantages with you in detail if it is recommended for you.
There are a number of approaches that work very well with some of the mood disorders.
You will be assisted to analyse what has contributed to you developing a mood disorder, as well as factors which may be maintaining symptoms. You will be taught skills to address these issues. This can include being taught different ways of thinking, ways of managing problems in relationships, problem-solving skills and so on. Your psychologist will discuss your options regarding what forms of psychotherapy are indicated for you. You will be given indications of how most people with your type of mood disorder respond to the particular approach.
You will also learn more about your illness and how to recognise the development of symptoms before they become a problem, what you can do to try and prevent problems from developing in future.
Moderate physical exercise helps enormously in helping you feel better. It also helps to maintain feeling better. And it has no bad side effects! A sure way to worsen depression is to withdraw from physical activity when you begin to feel bad. You do not have to run a marathon, but try and do some activity such as walking most days. If you are not used to exercise, do not start with anything too strenuous.
Remember to try and eat healthily. Especially when depressed, it is tempting to binge on carbohydrates (for example, bread), but it is not a good idea. Try and stick to a normal good diet of vegetables, fruit, lean protein and complex carbohydrates.
You may also have to make other changes in your life. You may have to renegotiate your working hours and may have to learn how to not take on more than you can comfortably manage.
You may have to make decisions concerning work or relationships that may be adding or causing your mood disorder. You will discuss the timing of these decisions with your psychologist or psychiatrist as it is often not a good idea to make major, life-changing decisions while you still have active symptoms.
The Role of Friends and Family
It is often helpful to tell trusted friends and family that you have been diagnosed with a mood disorder. You will need support once you leave hospital and it is helpful if there are people who can give support. You can share this leaflet with them, so that they can better understand the diagnosis you have been given. You will also have to explain what you need with regards to support. You may be able to find a support group that you and your family can attend. Contact The South African Depression and Anxiety Group (www.sadag.org) for groups in your area.
Note to Family and Friends
A family member or friend who suffers from a mood disorder places enormous demands on people close to them. You may also feel that very little attention is given to you who bears the brunt of your family member or friend’s illness. It is important that you speak to the treating professionals concerning the diagnosis and what to expect. The person with the mood disorder is primarily responsible for managing it; you can assist, you can be supportive, but it is not your responsibility. You cannot make them feel better. You have also not caused the mood disorder. No one has.
When the person you care about has active symptoms, it is good if you show concern. But do not “baby” them. In a family, you may have to take over some duties for a while.
They may say or do things which upset or hurt you. Try and recognise that they have said it because of an illness. You will probably still have to tell them in a calm way, that you do not like what they have said or done.
Take threats of suicide seriously. You will have the emergency numbers of the treating psychiatrist and psychologist. Phone them if you are concerned.
When the person is not experiencing active symptoms, you also have an important role. You can help them be aware when symptoms start.
You can also encourage your friend or family member to exercise, eat healthily, to take their medication as prescribed and attend psychotherapy.
This leaflet gives a brief introduction to mood disorders. You may have many questions after reading it. Please speak to the relevant treating professionals. It is important that you understand your illness and what it means.
Most mood disorders respond well to treatment. Do not be too hard on yourself and accept help from others. Stick to treatment and acknowledge it takes courage to admit you have a problem and to address it.
PART OF THE GLOBAL ADVENTIST HEALTHCARE NETWORK,
WHICH IS THE SECOND LARGEST PRIVATE HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IN THE WORLD.
© Vista Clinic. All rights reserved.
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What is a Teacher Maker Camp?
Teachers in Dutch education can get acquainted with the newest maker technologies—like digital fabrication, 3D printing, electronics, and programming. But most of all, they get to experience being a learner again. They get to be inspired, and to make what they always wanted to make.
We have a course available to train Dutch teachers in maker education: Teacher Maker Camp. The central elements in this maker education course are: teachers, creativity, do-it-yourself, and enthusiasm for making, creating, and inquisitiveness. To inspire teachers while helping them develop 21st century skills, and challenging them to better prepare their students for the modern world.
This format is only available in Dutch. More information about our courses at the Waag Academy website.
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Bob Dell’s dedication to clean water is having a global impact.
After a 30-year career as a water scientist at his own Dell Tech Laboratories, Bob Dell visited Uganda in 2004 with global charity Compassion Canada and saw firsthand the impact that waterborne illnesses were having on the nation. He realized the answer to this problem was potentially so simple that it had been hidden in plain sight for years. The biggest roadblock was a lack of education. Since then, he has dedicated himself to ensuring that children around the world are educated about the importance of hygiene, sanitation and clean water through the Water School, which he founded in 2007 with colleague Fraser Edwards.
Rather than sending their own representatives (essentially strangers) into the community, The Water School trains local teachers and other respected community members to use solar water disinfection (SODIS), then leaves it to them to engage children and families and teach them how to run the process and take clean drinking water into their own hands. “Ownership is the only way that you get sustainability,” Dell says.
Recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the Red Cross, SODIS involves containing water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE) plastic bottles and exposing them to direct sunlight for a full day so that UV-A rays can kill illness-causing viruses, bacteria and parasites like giardia and cryptosporidia.
In his testing, Dell also managed to simplify the process originally set out by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Sciences and Technology.
With continued success in Uganda, Bolivia, Sudan and Kenya, the Water School began expanding into Haiti in October 2010, in the wake of its devastating earthquake and cholera outbreak. Dell is spending two months in Zambia to solidify opportunities there.
Bradley Pierik is currently researching water bag technology as a substitute for bottles, which don’t ship well due to their awkward shape. In addition to working on his Master’s thesis in Chemical Engineering at the University of British Columbia, he also works closely with the Water School, having built connections and assisted on projects in the Philippines and East Africa.
“Bob’s work is having a tremendous impact on water health and awareness in Canada and abroad,” Pierik says. Dell, he explains, has a very unique leadership style that engages his team to look for their own opportunities—and this has even spilled over into the community. Inspired by the Water School’s annual fundraising Climb for Clean Water on Mount Kilimanjaro (which raised over $200,000 for clean water efforts in March 2010), one London, Ontario girl got her entire school involved and organized the Kids Water Climb this past October. The students raised over $9,500 as they climbed Mount Boler. The Water School is developing an information package based on this success in the hopes of engaging more schools across Canada in the global issue of clean water.
“Bob jokes that he works harder now that he’s retired,” says Pierik, adding that Dell does it for the smiles on children’s faces when they’re happy and healthy. “No one is better qualified to be recognized as a Canadian water champion.” — Jessie Davis
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Infant Occupational Therapy Building Blocks for Development
Infant Occupational Therapy services can be the building blocks for development. Simple concepts we’ve all heard of like tummy time play an important roll in your infant’s strength, engagement, and motor skills.
What is tummy time?
Tummy time is an important activity which helps to facilitate infant development. Tummy time occurs when an infant is either supported on the belly, on a parent/caretaker’s chest or left freely on the floor while awake. Supervision is necessary in order to observe airway clearance as the baby does not have the head control to reposition his/her body. A baby can be placed in this position as early as shortly after birth for a brief period of time and gradually increasing the duration and frequency (Ma, 2009).
The recommendation for tummy time was developed in response to the American Academy of Pediatrics “Back-to-Sleep” Campaign. This was initiated in 1994 with the recommendation for parents to place their babies on their backs to sleep in order to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. While this initiative helped to reduce the amount of infant deaths by 50%, pediatricians noticed an increase in infant torticollis, a condition which results in a head tilt and/or plagiocephaly, a flattening of the head, which can lead to motor delays and visual deficits if left untreated. It is important to continue to follow the guidelines of the “Back-to-Sleep” Campaign; however, it is also beneficial to understand the positive effects of tummy time during the waking hours (Collett et al., 2019). An Infant Occupational Therapist can provide a parent with guidance and knowledge about the benefits of tummy time.
Why is tummy time important?
Tummy time aids in countering the effects of prolonged time spent on the back during sleeping which can result in plagiocephaly and developmental delays (Hewitt et al., 2020). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies should spend much of their waking time on the tummies (Ma, 2009). Tummy time promotes full body strengthening including the neck, arms, hands, and abdominals. These components are vital building blocks in the development of transitional movements such as crawling and side-sitting which help promote the development of adaptive skills such as feeding and dressing.
As children continue to move along in their developmental processes, the weight-bearing provided through their arms helps to promote bimanual and fine motor skills which leads to the establishment of handwriting. Tummy time also assists with reflex integration which can be hindered if time is primarily spent in “containers” such as bouncers and walkers. If reflexes do not integrate, it may contribute to skipping/lack of crawling, mixed hand/foot dominance, anxiety, attention problems, challenges with handwriting, coordination, balance, vision issues and gross and fine motor skills. Infants need to develop the strength to sit up by themselves instead of being placed in containers which frequently promotes malalignment of joints and promotes fixing which do not assist with development of musculature.
Reach Milestones with Infant Occupational Therapy Services
Tummy time allow infants to seek out new experiences while gaining strength in a safe environment. Having the freedom to move and explore on the floor allows babies to build their postural muscles. It also encourages progression of gross motor skills and vestibular development such as rolling, sitting, crawling, standing and walking. Through these positions and exploration by trial and error, babies are able to develop their motor planning and problem solving skills which is necessary for the next set of developmental milestones. Clinicians agree that, ultimately, movement builds the brain and the less an infant is contained during supervised play, the more access he/she has to explore the natural environment.
How to facilitate tummy time:
If the baby does not have any medical condition that prohibits specific positioning, tummy time can be started in the early weeks of life by placing the baby on the caretaker’s chest or on the floor. In order to enhance a baby’s sensory experiences, removing socks is also recommended. This provides the feet with rich tactile stimulation which helps the baby gain information from the environment. Placing toys within their visual field also promotes visual engagement and attention which serves as a motivator for sustained tummy time. As a baby develops, moving objects farther away helps promote weight shifts, reaching and this encourages progression of motor skills. While the baby is on his/her tummy, face-to-face interaction promotes the development of early social skills and social interaction. While there is no exact amount of time for a baby to be on their tummy, most clinicians agree that more is better and consistency is key.
Contact Wedell Home Therapy for more information about infant Occupational Therapy services.
Collett, B. R., Wallace, E. R., Kartin, D., Cunningham, M. L., & Speltz, M. L. (2019). Cognitive Outcomes and Positional Plagiocephaly. Pediatrics, 143(2), e20182373 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2373
Hewitt, L., Kerr, E., Stanley, M., & Okely, A. (2020). Tummy Time and Infant Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics June 2020, 145 (6) e20192168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2168
Ma, D. (2009). Babies should sleep on their backs, play on stomachs. AAP News, 30(9),30. https://doi.org/10.1542/aapnews.2009309-30f
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An oil immersion objective is designed to be used with oil between the front lens and the cover glass, thereby making full use of the NA of the objective.
AN is possibly the most important criterion when selecting a target. As NA is increased across series of objectives of the same magnification, light collection capacity and resolution increase. Unlike air, immersion oil has a refractive index similar to that of cover slip glass. By placing immersion oil between the front objective lens (designed for use with immersion oil) and the cover glass, the angular range of the diffracted rays captured by the lens is increased and, in effect, increases the NA of the objective. Light rays passing through the specimen, covering objects, and oil are not refracted as they enter the lens but only as they leave the top surface. Objectives that use water and/or glycerin as the imaging medium are also available.
Different microscope manufacturers produce objectives with close tolerances for refractive and dispersion indices and require matching values in the oil (or other media) placed between the cover glass and the front objective lenses. Users should therefore only use the oil (or other media) recommended by the manufacturer.
The higher resolution gained through the use of immersion oil enables users to focus on very small objects that would not be resolved using dry objectives. Oil immersion objectives are used for observation of very small targets, such as individual bacteria, and high resolution applications, such as TIRF and confocal fluorescence applications.
👩🔬 If you want to know other articles similar to ABOUT IMMERSION OBJECTIVES FOR MICROSCOPES you can visit the SCIENCE
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How to Get Rid of Yellow Teeth: Avoid Home Remedies
Yellow teeth are a problem we may all face at some point in our life. Unfortunately, there are many websites touting home remedies to get rid of yellow teeth. This concerns us greatly because there can be many different reasons why teeth turn yellow. And while well-intentioned, home remedies may be doing much more harm than help.
If you’re holding back from showing off your pearly whites, you’re not alone. Here are the 3 most common reasons for yellow teeth that we see at our dental clinic in Blackburn — and how you can get rid of it in a healthy, pain-free way.
Reason #1 Brushing too hard
Brushing twice a day, everyday, is a great dental care habit to have. However, there is such thing as too much when it comes to teeth brushing.
If your teeth are looking yellow, it may feel intuitive to brush harder or longer to clean it off. Unfortunately, by brushing harder or longer, you are instead removing tooth enamel.
Tooth enamel is the top layer on your teeth that protects it from all the nasty bacteria that can damage it. When you brush too hard, you in effect, begin to brush this top layer off. Once the top layer is eroded, the second layer of your tooth becomes exposed. This second layer is the dentine, which is yellow in colour.
So by overbrushing, you may unknowingly be removing tooth enamel and exposing the layer of dentine underneath. Since dentine is yellow, this can cause your teeth to appear yellow.
To be sure you’re brushing correctly, book in for a teeth check up & clean with your dentist. Our dentists in Blackburn can spot signs of enamel erosion, and prescribe a suitable daily brushing routine for you.
Reason #2 Too much acidity can cause yellow teeth
While we all know that sugar is bad for your teeth, lesser known is acidity. Highly acidic food and beverages include lemon, apple cider vinegar and sport drinks.
Why is acidity bad for teeth? In the same vein as Reason #1, acid makes teeth softer and wears away tooth enamel. Too much acidity will dissolve the enamel and expose the dentine underneath. Since dentine is a yellow colour, teeth with enamel erosion will appear yellow.
This isn’t to say that you can’t have any acidic foods in your diet. Lots of the things we eat (for example, fruit) are mildly acidic. It’s just about having everything in moderation. If you love squeezing lime as a garnish on your food, that’s all good! Having the acidic lime juice with other foods also greatly dilutes the acidic effect so it doesn’t damage your teeth.
As dentists, the most common problem we spot is adding lemon to water. This can equate to a large amount of acid hitting your teeth as you sip on lemon water all day! If you stay hydrated with plain water, your teeth will be healthier, and whiter for it.
Reason #3 Teeth aren’t naturally bright white
We often picture “perfect healthy teeth” as being a shiny white colour, but it’s actually natural for teeth to be “off-white”. For most of us, our teeth will also naturally become less white over time.
The only way to make teeth whiter is with professional teeth whitening. Unfortunately, many websites resort to using products such as baking soda, lemon, activated charcoal and whitening toothpastes, promoting them as more natural alternatives. These products may make teeth appear whiter in the short term, but unfortunately in the long term will damage teeth and make them appear yellower.
Products like baking soda and lemon are acidic, and products like activated charcoal and whitening toothpastes are highly abrasive. Using these products on teeth will erode tooth enamel away. Once the enamel is gone, the dentine is exposed which makes your teeth look yellow.
To safely and painlessly whiten teeth, we implore patients to look at professional teeth whitening, rather than using home remedies or ‘natural solutions’. These may sometimes work in the short term but they cause more harm than good in the long term.
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Many thanks to Dia Kayyali for helping the IFF by providing knowledge and advice, and helping prepare the following material. You can find Dia here!
This year we are asking you to put your pronoun on your badge. For example, if you identify as a woman, you may put down she/her. We are doing this to make respecting gender identity easier for everyone. Not everyone identifies as a man or woman, and individuals, including but not limited to transgender people, are sometimes mistaken for a gender they are not
Your pronouns are the words people use to refer to you other than your name, like She and they: "Fatima got a new dress. Have you seen her?" A few other helpful concepts in English that you are likely to hear are trans and cis. If you hear people say cisgender, they are referring to someone who identifies with the gender that the medical establishment assigned them at birth. Transgender simply means someone who does not.
People who do not identify as men or women are commonly referred to in English as “nonbinary” or “genderqueer”. They may use the pronoun “they”. No special grammar is needed. Use this as you normally would in English: "Emme is so great, I’m glad they came to the TCU Global Gathering."
Pronouns can tell the world what you think someone else’s gender is. For someone who is often mistaken as a gender they are not, like a trans person, or someone who does not use the more common pronouns of he and she, it is frustrating to have to explain what your pronoun is. Similarly, many cisgender people feel uncomfortable asking.
That’s why we are asking everyone to write down their pronoun. We want to make respecting gender identity normal- and easier for everyone! If only transgender people have to write their pronoun down, it gives the impression that their gender identity is abnormal.
All that being said, please remember that the TCU Global Gathering is a global conference and not everyone has the same ideas about gender, nor do all languages have gender neutral options. Also, pronouns can be difficult in any language for a non-native speaker. Let’s respect each other as we work to get this right together!
If you have any questions, please feel free to reach out to either a staff member or emailing team [at] digitalrights [dot] community. We have many volunteers that are knowledgable that would love to help you!
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Women have come a very long way the workplace in the past thirty years. The industries that have always been dominated by men are becoming more diverse, with companies explicitly targeting women to attract them to their open positions. These industries include plumbing, building, and the military, and yet there are industries like IT and technology that have a much smaller percentage of women in their roles.
According to a 2018 survey, 34% of the employees in technology are women, with 21% of those women in leadership roles. Part of this is due to external factors, such as there being little interest from women in technology-related careers. Internally, there is a lack of women in the workplace because of the shortage of female role models in management positions. It also comes down to the gender stereotyping that occurs in the science, technology, engineering, and maths sectors, that men are "better" at those roles than women. If this is putting women off of working in the technology sectors, then there will be fewer women studying technology-based subjects at school, and this leads to a lack of interest from women to work in this sector in the first place. Without the right female role models, young women will not want to work in a company dominated by men, for fear that their gender will define their ability.
The technology industry needs women in the industry, and females are not considering these careers as worth thinking about because there is such a lack of information and gender diversity in the workplace. It can be intimidating to work in a company dominated by men when you are the only woman there, and it shows women that this is a business that doesn't understand what makes a female employee feel empowered and motivated to work. None of this is going to attract women to the technology workplace.
If technology-based companies want to attract females to their industry, they need to highlight what makes their company inclusive. When women see a sector that doesn't feel "friendly" to them, they will not apply for roles within it. Take Apple, for example. The health app that was released was exclusively made to track steps, heart rate, height, and weight. However, it did not account for female menstruation, which can cause fluctuations in weight every month. When this was addressed, though it took a year, Apple saw a surge in women being more active within their app. When a company in technology takes steps to close the gender gap, the perception of the industry being male dominated can begin to change.
Sectors that are balanced in their offerings to both men and women - from salary to benefits and environment - are lifting women out of poverty and it allows for women who are talented and exceptional in their work to rise to the top of the career ladder. These women are then able to be role models for the next generation to come.
Opinions expressed by the author are not necessarily those of WITI.
Are you interested in boosting your career, personal development, networking, and giving back? If so, WITI is the place for you! Become a WITI Member and receive exclusive access to attend our WITI members-only events, webinars, online coaching circles, find mentorship opportunities (become a mentor; find a mentor), and more!
Founded in 1989, WITI (Women in Technology International) is committed to empowering innovators, inspiring future generations and building inclusive cultures, worldwide. WITI is redefining the way women and men collaborate to drive innovation and business growth and is helping corporate partners create and foster gender inclusive cultures. A leading authority of women in technology and business, WITI has been advocating and recognizing women's contributions in the industry for more than 30 years.
The organization delivers leading edge programs and platforms for individuals and companies -- designed to empower professionals, boost competitiveness and cultivate partnerships, globally. WITI’s ecosystem includes more than a million professionals, 60 networks and 300 partners, worldwide.
Inspire Future Generations.
Build Inclusive Cultures.
As Part of That Mission WITI Is Committed to
Building Your Network.
Building Your Brand.
Advancing Your Career.
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Water quality standards for drinking refer to the guidelines and regulations set by governments and health organizations to ensure the safety of drinking water. These standards are put in place to protect public health by limiting the presence of harmful contaminants and ensuring that water is pure, clean, and safe for consumption. In this introduction, we will take a closer look at why water quality standards for drinking are important, how they are determined and enforced, and the impact they have on public health.
Understanding Water Quality Standards
Water is essential for life. It is the most abundant substance on Earth, and it makes up over 70% of the human body. However, not all water is safe to drink. Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, which determine its suitability for various uses. Water quality standards are set by regulatory agencies to protect public health and the environment.
Water quality standards for drinking water are established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The EPA sets maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for various pollutants that may be present in drinking water. These MCLs are based on the best available science and take into account the health effects of exposure to these pollutants over a lifetime of consumption.
Common Contaminants in Drinking Water
There are many different types of contaminants that can be present in drinking water. These can include bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemicals, and heavy metals. Some of the most common contaminants include:
A key takeaway from this text is that clean drinking water is essential for good health and economic and social development. However, many people around the world still lack access to safe and reliable sources of water due to challenges such as infrastructure, pollution, and climate change. Implementing solutions such as water treatment, source protection, and education and outreach can help ensure that everyone has access to safe and clean drinking water. It is important to understand the common contaminants in drinking water and the water quality standards set by regulatory agencies to protect public health and the environment.
Chlorine is a disinfectant that is used to kill bacteria and viruses in drinking water. However, it can also react with organic matter in the water to form harmful byproducts, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). THMs have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems.
Lead is a toxic metal that can leach into drinking water from pipes and plumbing fixtures. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause developmental delays in children and other health problems.
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be found in drinking water. It is a known carcinogen and can also cause other health problems, such as skin lesions and cardiovascular disease.
Nitrate is a chemical that is commonly found in fertilizers and can leach into groundwater. High levels of nitrate in drinking water can cause a type of poisoning called methemoglobinemia, or “blue baby” syndrome, which can be fatal in infants.
The Importance of Clean Drinking Water
Clean drinking water is essential for good health. It is important for the proper functioning of the body’s organs and systems, and it can help prevent a wide range of health problems, including:
Access to clean drinking water is also important for economic and social development. It can help reduce poverty, improve educational outcomes, and promote gender equality.
One key takeaway from this text is the importance of understanding water quality standards for promoting public health and development. Clean drinking water is essential for the proper functioning of the human body and can prevent a multitude of health problems. However, many challenges exist in ensuring access to safe and reliable sources of water, such as lacking infrastructure, pollution, and climate change. Implementing solutions like water treatment, source protection, and education and outreach can help address these challenges and ensure that everyone has access to clean drinking water.
Challenges to Ensuring Clean Drinking Water
Despite the importance of clean drinking water, many people around the world still lack access to safe and reliable sources of water. There are many challenges to ensuring clean drinking water, including:
One key takeaway from this text is the importance of water quality standards for protecting public health and promoting economic and social development. Clean drinking water is essential for the proper functioning of the body’s organs and systems, and access to it can help prevent a wide range of health problems. However, ensuring clean drinking water can be challenging due to issues such as infrastructure, pollution, and climate change. Solutions such as water treatment, source protection, and education and outreach are available to address these challenges and ensure that everyone has access tosafe and reliable sources of water.
In many parts of the world, the infrastructure needed to provide clean drinking water is lacking. This can include everything from treatment plants and pipelines to storage tanks and distribution systems.
Pollution can be a major source of contamination in drinking water. Industrial, agricultural, and urban runoff can all contribute to the presence of harmful chemicals and pathogens in water sources.
3. Climate Change
Climate change is expected to have a major impact on water resources around the world. Rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events can all affect the quantity and quality of available water.
Solutions for Ensuring Clean Drinking Water
Despite the challenges, there are many solutions available for ensuring clean drinking water. These can include:
1. Water Treatment
Water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from water to make it safe for consumption. This can involve a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes, depending on the nature of the contaminants and the characteristics of the water source.
2. Source Protection
Protecting the source of drinking water is another important strategy for ensuring clean water. This can involve everything from regulating land use around water sources to implementing best management practices in agriculture and industry.
3. Education and Outreach
Education and outreach can also play a key role in ensuring clean drinking water. By raising awareness about the importance of clean water and the risks associated with contamination, communities can work together to protect their water sources and promote safe water practices.
In conclusion, water quality standards for drinking water are essential for protecting public health and promoting economic and social development. By understanding the challenges to ensuring clean drinking water and implementing solutions like water treatment, source protection, and education and outreach, we can work together to ensure that everyone has access tosafe and reliable sources of water.
FAQs – Water Quality Standards for Drinking
What are water quality standards for drinking?
Water quality standards for drinking are a set of guidelines set by government agencies to ensure that drinking water is safe for human consumption. The standards define the acceptable levels of contaminants and pollutants that may be present in the water supply and determine the maximum levels of harmful substances that should not be exceeded. By adhering to these standards, public health officials can safeguard the health of consumers by preventing waterborne illnesses and diseases.
Who sets the water quality standards for drinking?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets the water quality standards for drinking in the United States. Each state may also have its own drinking water standards that are based on the EPA guidelines. The EPA regularly reviews and updates the standards to ensure that they continue to reflect the latest scientific knowledge related to safe drinking water. Additionally, the World Health Organization (WHO) provides international guidelines regarding drinking water safety.
What kind of contaminants are monitored in drinking water?
The EPA’s water quality standards for drinking may include monitoring for several contaminants, including pesticides, disinfectants, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and chemicals. The most widespread of these are microbial contaminants, which come from animal or human sources and can cause gastrointestinal illnesses. Inorganic chemicals such as arsenic, lead, and mercury, and organic chemicals like benzene and vinyl chloride, can also contaminate drinking water and lead to significant health issues.
How often is drinking water tested?
The frequency of drinking water testing varies depending on the source of the water and the potential contaminants that may be present. Public water systems that supply water to a large number of people, like cities, are tested regularly and may provide annual water quality reports that show the results of the tests. Private wells and small water systems, which serve fewer people, may be tested less frequently or not at all. It is recommended that homeowners test their private wells every year to ensure the safety of their drinking water.
What happens if water quality standards are not met?
If water quality standards are not met, the responsible agency is required to notify the public and take appropriate actions to correct the issue. These actions may include issuing a boil-water advisory, providing bottled water to affected households, or implementing treatment methods to remove the contaminants. Authorities may also fine and penalize the entity responsible for failing to meet the standards. In severe instances, water may need to be shut off until the issue can be addressed.
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Water scarcity is a growing concern in many parts of the world, and it’s a topic that deserves more attention. In this essay, we’ll explore what water scarcity is, how it affects people and the environment, and some of the causes and solutions to this issue. We’ll also look at some of the misconceptions surrounding water scarcity and what we can do as individuals and communities to help address this problem.
Water scarcity is a significant geographical issue that refers to the lack of reliable access to adequate quantities of clean water. It is a complex problem that affects many regions around the world, and it can have severe environmental, social, and economic impacts. In this context, it is essential to understand the causes and consequences of water scarcity, as well as the strategies and solutions that can be implemented to address it.
What is Water Scarcity?
Water scarcity is a situation where the demand for water exceeds the available supply of fresh water. This can be caused by natural factors such as drought or human activities such as over-extraction or pollution. Water scarcity can be further divided into two types: physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity.
Physical water scarcity is when there is not enough water to meet the demands of a region’s population. This can occur in areas with low rainfall or limited access to freshwater sources. Economic water scarcity, on the other hand, is when there is enough water available, but the cost of accessing it is too high for the majority of the population. This can occur in areas with limited infrastructure or where water resources are controlled by a small group of people.
The Global Water Crisis
Water scarcity is a global issue affecting millions of people worldwide. According to the United Nations, around 2.2 billion people lack access to safe drinking water, and this number is expected to rise to 3 billion by 2025. In addition, over 4 billion people lack access to basic sanitation services, which can also contribute to water scarcity by polluting freshwater sources.
The effects of water scarcity are far-reaching and can have serious consequences for both people and the environment. For example, water scarcity can lead to crop failures, food shortages, and increased poverty. It can also cause conflict between different groups competing for access to limited water resources.
Causes of Water Scarcity
There are many factors that contribute to water scarcity, including natural and human-made causes. Some of the most significant causes include:
Water scarcity is a global issue affecting millions of people, and there are many factors that contribute to it, including climate change, overuse and pollution of water resources, population growth, and poor infrastructure. However, there are also many solutions to this problem, including conservation, infrastructure development, and policy changes. It’s important to address the misconceptions surrounding water scarcity, such as the belief that water is an infinite resource or that technology alone can solve the problem. Addressing water scarcity will require a combination of efforts from individuals, communities, and governments around the world.
Climate change is causing changes in rainfall patterns and increasing temperatures, which can lead to droughts and water shortages. This is particularly true in areas that are already dry or prone to drought.
Overuse and Pollution
Overuse and pollution of water resources can also contribute to water scarcity. This is especially true in areas where there is high demand for water, such as agricultural or industrial areas. Pollution can also make water resources unusable, which can exacerbate water scarcity.
As the global population continues to grow, the demand for water also increases. This can put a strain on freshwater resources, especially in areas where there is already limited access to water.
Poor infrastructure can also contribute to water scarcity by making it difficult to transport and store water. This can be particularly challenging in rural areas, where access to water resources is often limited.
Solutions to Water Scarcity
There are many solutions to water scarcity, ranging from conservation to infrastructure development. Some of the most effective solutions include:
One key takeaway from this text is that water scarcity is a global issue that can have serious consequences for both people and the environment, and there are many factors that contribute to this problem, including climate change, overuse and pollution, population growth, and poor infrastructure. However, there are also many solutions available, such as conservation, infrastructure development, and policy changes, and it’s important to address some of the misconceptions surrounding water scarcity to effectively solve this issue.
Conservation is an essential tool in addressing water scarcity. This can include simple measures such as fixing leaks and reducing water usage, as well as more complex measures such as rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse.
Infrastructure development can also play a significant role in addressing water scarcity. This can include building new dams and reservoirs, improving irrigation systems, and investing in water treatment plants.
Policy changes can also help address water scarcity by regulating water usage and protecting water resources. This can include measures such as water pricing and pollution regulations.
Misconceptions About Water Scarcity
There are many misconceptions about water scarcity, which can make it difficult to address this issue effectively. Some of the most common misconceptions include:
Water is an Infinite Resource
Many people believe that water is an infinite resource that will always be available. However, this is not true, and water scarcity is a growing concern worldwide.
Water Scarcity Only Affects Developing Countries
While water scarcity is a significant issue in many developing countries, it is also a problem in developed countries. For example, many parts of the United States are currently experiencing water shortages due to drought and overuse.
Technology Will Solve the Problem
While technology can play a role in addressing water scarcity, it is not a magic bullet. Conservation and infrastructure development are also essential components of any solution to this problem.
FAQs – What is Water Scarcity in Geography?
What is water scarcity?
Water scarcity is a situation when the demand for water is greater than the available or accessible supply of water. It refers to a condition where there is insufficient water to meet the diverse needs of people in a particular region or a community. It can happen due to a variety of reasons, including natural occurrences such as drought or human activities such as overuse and pollution of water bodies.
How does water scarcity affect people?
Water scarcity can have serious consequences for people, communities, and ecosystems. It can lead to the depletion of groundwater, water source contamination, and shortage of clean water for drinking, agriculture, and hygiene. It can affect the health and wellbeing of individuals, especially in developing countries, where water resources are not adequately managed. Lack of water can also lead to conflicts and social unrest, particularly in communities where water is a valuable resource.
How is water scarcity measured?
Water scarcity is measured using various indicators that take into account the physical, social, economic, and environmental factors that affect the availability and distribution of water in a region. Some of the commonly used indicators include water withdrawal per capita, water storage levels, and freshwater availability per capita. These indicators offer valuable insights into the degree of water scarcity in a particular region, helping policymakers and stakeholders to make informed decisions to manage and improve water resources.
What are the main causes of water scarcity?
Water scarcity can have various causes, both natural and human-made. Natural causes include droughts, floods, and climate change. Human-made causes of water scarcity are related to overuse, pollution, and unsustainable development practices. The increasing demand for water due to the growing population, urbanization, and industrialization is also a significant contributor to water scarcity.
What are the consequences of water scarcity?
Water scarcity can have far-reaching consequences for individuals, communities, and ecosystems. It can lead to agriculture and food production decline, ecosystem degradation, and water-borne diseases. Water scarcity also affects socio-economic development, as communities struggle to access clean water for their daily needs. Furthermore, water scarcity can lead to regional conflicts and political instability, as nations or communities compete for limited water resources.
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Considering the problems previously notes, are reusable bags the answer? They are made of strong, durable material such as canvas. Reusing them reduces landfill waste and the energy consumed during production, transportation, and recycling. Almost perfect, right? Not completely! For example, a leak from a meat package collecting in the canvas fibers may provide a safe haven for bacterial growth, especially when left in a warm car. In May 2012, a girls’ soccer team in Beaverton, Ore., was sickened by a norovirus traced to their contaminated, reusable team snack bag. Ensuring safety will required special care of reusable bags.
What Should We Do?
To check out regulations in your area, search online for the “National Conference of State Legislatures” and “plastic bag legislation.” Soon, scientific research may come to our rescue. The GreenDiamond bag company has developed a process using chitin from discarded crab shells to make their bags microbial resistant. They advertise "the only triclosan-free, antimicrobial reusable shopping bag." In the meantime, read more on recycling in the article titled “It’s Not Easy Being Green… Or Is It?” on p. 12 of the print issue.
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Itchy, watery eyes, hives, bloating, gas and even pain… all of these could point to some kind of allergy or reactivity to the food you are eating. You’re not alone with these kinds of issues and I’d bet you’d be surprised to find out just how many others like yourself suffer a similar fate.
Years ago food sensitivities whether allergies or intolerances were less common, with the occasional story of a peanut reaction at school or someone blowing up after eating shellfish. But recent reports suggest that food allergies are on the rise (and have been for years) and it’s estimated that about 15 million adults and children suffer from this condition. More women than men report having these kinds of issues and approximately 1:13 children afflicted; the latter is a growing concern for schools, daycare centers, and popular after-school activities attended by kids.1
Even more alarming are the escalating instances of food intolerances like gluten, dairy, corn, soy, etc. Don’t be fooled by information downplaying potential health risks with food intolerances, especially gluten. Often times you won’t encounter allergy-like symptoms immediately following an exposure to a problematic food, but that doesn’t mean the gut and immune system aren’t slowly being compromised. Also systemic gut issues triggered by food intolerances like leaky gut, malabsorption, and dysbiosis, can result in a host of “non-digestive related” symptoms and conditions in other parts of the body.
Do You Have an Allergy or Intolerance?
Many people are confused about the most common types of food issues and which one they might have. This is understandable because even the medical community has slightly different views on the topic.
So let’s just make it simple…
This is where you have an acute reaction to a food and the body (immune system) responds fairly quickly (usually within 30 minutes of eating the food). You’re probably familiar with these kinds of reactions e.g., hives, skin rash, asthma, sneezing, diarrhea, itching and even anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing) that may require a visit to the emergency room. Studies are also showing that your mood can also be affected, causing states of depression or anxiety. You can also have a delayed allergic reaction, which can produce more complex immune responses and antibodies.
Food allergens come into the body by several routes most commonly the mouth, but you can breathe in or encounter allergens on your skin, hair and lips. No matter where allergens enter, they can cause symptoms throughout the body because they travel in the bloodstream.
According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention, food allergies are estimated to affect 4-6% of children and 4% of adults.
Many people say they are “allergic” to foods when they are more likely intolerant. Food intolerances often occur when your digestive system has a bad reaction to a specific food like gluten or dairy because of difficulty fully digesting and assimilating it. Usually the intolerant issue is due to genetic factors (as with celiac disease), lack of enzymes (as with lactose intolerance), or exacerbating gut conditions (like leaky gut, IBS, etc.).
When you have a food intolerance, usually the gut is the first to call for S.O.S. Typical food intolerance symptoms can include gas, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, cramps, nausea, vomiting, headaches, etc. But while symptoms with a food allergy can often be immediate and acute, most food intolerance results in mild and slower degradation of the integrity and function of the gut.
Just because some of the common symptoms of food intolerance can possibly be ignored for a short time, be aware that these are signs of something more systemic (or deeper) going on within the gut (and possibly beyond). Some food intolerances (namely gluten) can result in a host of more serious and complex problems for some people. Gluten has been shown to cause issues outside of the digestive system, such as brain fog, rheumatoid arthritis or autoimmune thyroid.2,3
The most common food intolerances tend to be foods that you eat the most, like wheat (which is practically in everything), milk, corn, and more recently some preservatives, soy, and legumes.
Gluten Sensitivity & Celiac Disease
I bet you’d be surprised to find out that more people have celiac disease or a non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) than ever before and… strangely enough most of those afflicted have no idea what’s going on. This can be a real problem for long-term health, including potential risk for leaky gut and autoimmune disease.
Research done at Harvard University conducted by one of the top experts on gluten and celiac disease, Dr. Alessio Fasano, points to between 5%-10% of all people may suffer from a gluten sensitivity of some form.4 Those estimates are probably on the low side because gluten-related diseases can be complex and impact non-gut systems, so getting a proper diagnosis from a doctor can be challenging.
The notion that wheat and in particular gluten can cause an entire cascade of gut and immune health issues is not an urban myth. There are close to 2000 research articles linking gluten to a wide-range of degenerative health issues from heart disease to autoimmune conditions and asthma to chronic skin problems.
Common Issues & Symptoms
Most food sensitive and intolerant people don’t realize that their acute or long-standing symptoms are related to the food they’re eating on a daily basis. Many sensitivities to food can show up in the form of brain fog, fatigue, mood swings, depression, joint pain, skin conditions, IBS-like conditions and even belly fat that just won’t go away.
For some strange reason we’ve gotten into the habit of assuming these little nagging symptoms and discomforts are just a part of daily life, seasonal or perhaps just part of “getting older”, but nothing can be further from the truth. I see it time and time again with food-related issues… most people push dealing with these kinds of nagging symptoms to the bottom of their busy to-do list, allowing the body (and immune system) to deal with the on-going assault and ill effects throughout the body.
Get the Right Kind of Testing
Food intolerances are much more prevalent than allergies; however, because the symptoms are milder and often don’t show up symptomatically quite as rapidly, people are often not sure if a particular food caused a reaction. But there are ways to test for the differences.
Keep in mind there’s no perfect test used to confirm or rule out a food allergy. You’ll need to consider a number of factors before confirming any assumptions. These factors include: evaluating symptoms, addressing your family history, and performing a variety of tests including an oral challenge, elimination diet, skin prick, or blood test.
Probably the best home test for food sensitivities is an elimination diet. By eliminating a food for 2-3 weeks and then re-introducing it back into the diet, you can assess with a good deal of certainty if you have a food sensitivity. The simple steps of this process include removal of a particular food entirely from your diet, waiting for a period of time then slowly reintroducing it to see if you have any negative reactions.
Keep a journal of what you remove and how you feel with the food in your diet and with it removed. Make sure you look for both immediate and delayed reactions such as stuffy nose, itching, headaches and brain fog, joint stiffness, and constipation. If your symptoms go away even by a little without the food and come back when you reintroduce it, best to keep this food out of the diet for an extended period of time.
An elimination diet would not be ideal for instances where you already know you have a severe reaction to a food i.e., anaphylaxis (difficulty breathing). For this kind of known reaction, it is best to proceed with caution and work with a dietary professional.
Sometimes it is not obvious if a food is causing symptoms, so there are several kinds of tests you can do. For allergies, you can do a skin-prick test (most commonly done by doctors) or blood test to measure IgE antibody response. For intolerance, sensitivities and inflammation, I prefer to go a bit deeper with the investigation and recommend doing a blood test to check for elevated IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE antibodies.
There is really no known “cure” for food allergies or intolerances. Many sufferers adopt a diet without the offending foods for a specific time period or even for life. Some people are lucky enough to outgrow their allergies, while others must be vigilant to keep even the smallest spec of problematic food out of their diet.
With food sensitivities that are not life threatening, you can usually get relief with antihistamine and over-the-counter medication, but it is best to pin point the problematic food and just eliminate it. Medications tend to cover up the symptoms rather than deal with the issue. If the gut or immune system remain in an irritated or overtaxed state for too long, conditions like leaky gut and inflammation may take root, setting you up for others kinds of conditions down the road.
If you are looking for alternative relief remedies, Acupuncture has been found to be beneficial for the treatment of hives and other allergy-related symptoms and eating a low-inflammatory diet or including things like apple cider vinegar, nettles, or quercetin in your diet could reduce the body’s immune response.
Recapping Allergies and Food Intolerance
- Issues with food are more common these days than you may think
- Get to the root cause of food sensitivities with the right testing and detective work
- Don’t mask sensitivities with medication (unless with the case of extreme reactions)
- A sensitivity to gluten can often go undetected for years and unfortunately cause real long-term damage
If you’d like to find out more about food allergy and intolerance testing and work with me to discover what could be at the root cause of your health problems, click HERE to join one of my functional nutrition or wellness programs.
1 Sourced (2018) from Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America at: http://www.aafa.org/page/allergy-facts.aspx
2 G.W., Yelland. Gluten-induced cognitive impairment (“brain fog”) in coeliac disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;32 Suppl 1:90-93.
3 M., I., Liontinis, E., E., Mazokopakis. A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients. Hell J Nucl Med. 2017 Jan-Apr;20(1):51-56.
4 Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003;163(3):268–292.
Disclaimer: the views and nutritional advice expressed in this publication are not intended to be a substitute for conventional medical advice. No information provided should be interpreted as a diagnosis of any disease, nor an attempt to treat or prevent or cure any disease or condition. All information in this publication is for educational purposes only and Aine-Marie and Advesta Health encourages its clients and members to continue to work in a partnership with qualified medical professional. If you have or suspect that you have a medical problem, promptly contact your health care provider or seek medical assistance. Reading, sharing, or downloading this publication does not establish a doctor patient relationship with Aine-Marie or any Advesta Health employee or consultant including any of our licensed health practitioners, coaches, dieticians or nutritionists.
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Die-cutting refers to the process of cutting a material using a die press. It is typically a part of mass-scale printing, packaging, and signage work. However, the die (blade) is custom-built and different for each process.
If you're starting out as a sign-making business, die-cutting machinery will be one of your biggest investments. It's important to know which type of die cutter is the most suitable for your projects.
Flatbed cutting systems are not offered in types, but we do have another type of die-cutter–the rotary die-cutter. Let's explore the differences between a flatbed die cutter and rotary die cutter.
What Is a Flatbed Die Cutter?
A flatbed die cutter is a hydraulic machine with a flat surface that can be used to cut flat materials with the help of blades. As the material moves through the feeder, the die cutter presses the blade into the material to create the desired shape. This results in a straight cut with no curvature.
A flatbed die cutter is also used when:
- Materials are thick
- Materials come only in a flat sheet
- You have a low number of deliverables
Flatbed die-cutters are also cheaper than other options in the market. However, there are downsides to using a flatbed die-cutter. During the cutting process, it presses the blade into a material and then lifts it up. This particular break in movement wastes a lot of time and slows down the production rate. Plus, it cannot laminate, print, or perforate a material.
What Is a Rotary Die Cutter?
As the name suggests, a rotary die cutter has a cylindrical structure with multiple integrated blades. This means it cuts material in a continuous circular motion.
The raw material is also fed to the rotary cutter at a high speed. When high speed is combined with non-stop rotation, this type of die cutter is able to produce massive quantities quickly. No production time is wasted, which makes it a popular choice amongst manufacturers.
Some other reasons to use rotary die cutters include when:
- The product needs to be thin
- The design is complex and intricate
- The order quantity is huge
- The product must have a kiss-cut
However, one downside is the rotary die cutter comes with a hefty price tag. You want to have a customer base that can justify the cost of a rotary die cutter.
Flatbed Versus Rotary Die Cutter: Key Differences
Now that we have discussed the main types of die cutters, let's summarize their key differences below:
- A flatbed die cutter makes only straight cuts, whereas a rotary die cutter is capable of both straight and curved cuts.
- A flatbed die cutter is suitable for thick materials, while a rotary cutter is better for thin materials.
- Rotary die-cutters can handle basic and complex designs easily, whereas flatbed die-cutters are good at only basic ones.
- The continuous movement makes the production rate fast in rotary die-cutters. Flatbed cutters, on the other hand, have a slower production rate.
- Flatbed die-cutters are more difficult to set up than rotary ones.
- Flatbed die-cutters are capable of grouping the cuts closely so that waste is reduced. This is something rotary cutters can’t do.
- Rotary die cutters are multi-purpose. They can laminate, print, perforate, and kiss-cut, whereas flatbeds only cut.
- While rotary die-cutters are suitable for bulk orders, flatbed die-cutters are best for smaller orders.
- Flatbed die-cutters are less expensive than rotary die-cutters.
Which One Should You Choose?
Both flatbed and rotary die cutters have unique purposes, which is why it’s important to assess your business needs when choosing between the two types. If you plan to stick to flat products and have limited capital, a flatbed die-cutter would be suitable. However, if you plan to extend to kiss-cutting and other procedures, a rotary die-cutter will turn out to be a better investment.
For more helpful cutting information, be sure check out our latest posts on flatbed cutter Coroplast and cutting a plastic corrugated board!
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In previous years, big advances have been made in understanding of dog genetics. Different traits or inherited diseases differ among each other in modes of inheritance. Progress in the field of dog genetics, the CanMap project and recognition of a dog as a model for a number of inherited diseases in humans led to identification of mutations associated with many different diseases and traits found in various dog breeds.
Now breeders can take care of their breeding stock by DNA testing for neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, sensory, renal, metabolic and other numerous disorders. A lot of information of dog disease genetics was acquired in a short amount of time. Although it will take time to fully come to understanding all of the findings, it is necessary for breeders to understand the DNA tests results they get for their dogs. To be able to put the results to use in practice, basic knowledge of modes of inheritance is needed.
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Cumin is an annual spice that is a dried, white natural product with a dun hue. The natural product’s outer layer has five necessary edges, but really just four less obvious optional edges with various short hairs. The plant’s height ranges from 15 to 50 cm. The stretched, ovoid, three to six millimeter-long, slightly harsh, sweet-smelling natural product has a powerful taste and is oval in shape. Little umbels of white or rose-hued blooms are present.
Wellbeing edges of Cumin
Utilizes: Edible seeds have a pungent flavor and a sweet-smelling aroma. It is used as a fixing and added to cheddar, bread, cake, and curry powder tastes. South American and Focal regional cuisines utilize it. It is used as an energizer, carminative, stomachal, and astringent in medicine. Consumable seed oil is used in flavor mixes, cordials, and perfumes.
Cumin offers several health benefits, and it has long been used in traditional medicine. Additionally, fashionable investigations have supported several of the health benefits that cumin is commonly known for. Here are some of the benefits of cumins for health:
Cumin aids in digestion. It is beneficial for a few natural cycle difficulties, such as heartburn and farting, and is well recognized for its carminative effects. Cumin seeds include phenol 1, which also serves to stimulate the digestive organs that help with food processing. Additionally, it will increase the flow of chemicals involved in the natural cycle, so raising assimilation.
Additionally, it increases the nerve’s release from the liver. Nutrients that are attached to lipids and aid in digestion. Additionally, cumin is beneficial for sensitive internal organ disorders (IBS).
Analyze the effects on our absorption and digestion of several regularly used tastes, such as ginger, fenugreek, fennel, curry leaves, cumin seeds, coriander, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom, cove leaves, basil, asafoetida, and aniseeds.
Cumin includes cancer-preventive compounds that reduce the harm that revolutionaries cause to our bodies. Fundamentally, free revolutionaries are desolate leptons. Electrons like to be in pairs, and when they separate, they lose their sound. These single, or “free,” electrons take free electron partners removed from other manmade materials in your body. “Oxidation” is the name of this tactic.
Your diet’s oxidization of unsaturated fats causes clogged conduits and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, the oxidation of desoxyribonucleic acid will worsen the condition. Oxidation also contributes to the progression of diabetes. Cumin’s cell reinforcements offer an extreme electron that is without a partner an electron, increasing its stability.
To combat infections like cancer, coronary disease, and hypertension, cells can be strengthened. Fundamentally, inhibitors can strengthen your foundation and keep you healthier and more active.
According to some studies, harmful compounds known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may also have a significant impact on our metabolic health. However, we don’t care about that tonight. AGEs are created when restricted food types are cooked at high temperatures and accumulate naturally as we age. In one study, it was discovered that certain cumin supplements were effective in treating early polygenic disease symptoms in overweight individuals. Numerous components in cumin reduce AGEs.
Contrary tastes like garlic, curry leaves, fenugreek, coriander, cloves, cove leaves, and basil can all help manage diabetes.
aids in decreasing fat and weight loss.
For weight loss, you should also check out ginger, fenugreek, curry leaves, cloves, cinnamon, chilies, spice, and aniseeds.
you’ll also want to filter out diet and weight loss.
Cumin seeds are known to be made of iron and are thus beneficial in illnesses. Every single cause of weakness is thought to be due to low blood iron levels.
You should also consider fennel, curry leaves, and fenugreek for their areas of vulnerability.
Cumin helps to lower cholesterol levels due to its inhibitory qualities, which further build cholesterol. Cumin powder was used as a dietary supplement in yogurt as a cholesterol reducer. The results of many tests have demonstrated beyond a doubt that taking cumin caused the level of LDL cholesterol to significantly decrease.
Supply of Iron
reducing: There are several medicinal components in cumin. The revitalizing ointments in cumin provide an effective congestive drug restriction that reduces mucus and mucous discharge buildup inside the digestive tract.
Additionally, consider the moderating effects of Curry Leaves, fennel, cloves, cinnamon, chiles, cardamom, Inlet Leaf, and basil.
A few Cumin components exhibit qualities that are unfriendly to bacteria and are anti-microbial. They contribute to reducing the growth of food-borne bacteria.
Disease is prevented by the anticarcinogenic qualities of cumin seeds, which are adaptable enough to stop cancerous growth cells from proliferating. Cumin seeds contain active ingredients that are generated within the cancer-inhibitor thymoquinone, including proteins, alkaloids, saponins, and rejuvenating ointments.
Cumin seeds work to improve memory and reduce emotions of worry, which relieves stress and confusion. Additionally having calming qualities, cumin seeds are advantageous for those who struggle with sleep loss.
Further develops mental component Capability
Expands mental component capability: Cumin will cooperate with your body by energizing your focal frame to be more captivating. It aids in combating perspective and gives you more control over your appendages. It lessens the strain as well, which contributes to distraction. Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease infections can be fought using cumin seeds.
Mint, Ginger, fenugreek, cinnamon, spice, and chilies are flavors that are more often used and have been shown to aid memory.
More: Top 20 best games tagged Backrooms game
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Deforestation presents in an abundance of ways, including fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change. The foremost reason of deforestation in Latin America is the requirement for food, fuel, shelter, and foreign exchange. Year on year, a space of tropical forest the size of Great Britain is "converted" from an area equal to the size of Europe. Ever since 1950, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), half of the world 's forests have disappeared. “Latin America has lost 37 percent of its tropical forests,” says the FAO. As more and more of Latin American forest are degraded, more and more detrimental effects are being seen. Deforestation is changing a number of resources for tribal groups, altering their way of life, temperatures are increasing at a dangerous rate because of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, habitats and species such as plants and wildlife are being annexed due to the destructive effects of deforestation. Deforestation is inarguably helpful to supplying money to countries that sell the products from the forest, but huge wealth being generated from the forests comes with large-scale environmental and social costs. The local residences are not benefitting and the funds are being siphoned out of the region.
Today, the total percentage of forest cover of the earth is approximately thirty percent (“Deforestation”). That is about nine percent of the world’s total surface. The largest rainforest is the Amazon River Basin, located in South America. The Amazon is home to many species of animals, insects, plants and trees. Many of the trees and plants in the Amazon produce about twenty percent of the oxygen on earth, and absorb carbon. However, the Amazon is decreasing in size every day due to the ongoing deforestation of the land. Deforestation is when the forest of the land are cleared or destroyed, in order to be used for other actions (“Deforestation”). The Amazon is twenty percent less than it was about forty years ago (Wallace). In just about
Deforestation is the clearing of a forest and/or cutting down of trees for human benefits such as agriculture, wood exports, etc. Deforestation is the cause of numerous environmental impacts such as habitat loss, flooding and soil erosion. It can also cause climate change, by reducing the amount of rainfall and changing the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface and increases the risk of forest . Tree growth is important for biodiversity because they absorb carbon dioxide which is a harmful greenhouse gas . However, since deforestation reduces natural carbon sinks, it disrupts the balance between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air causing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air to increase. This poses a serious
In Middle and South America, it is evident that human interactions affect the physical features. The human interaction that affects Middle and South America is deforestation. In 1970’s a period of deforestation began in Brazil with the construction of the Trans-Amazon Highway; the road allowed migrant farmers to grow crops (Pulsipher & Pulsipher 2012). Deforestation continued throughout Middle and South America. The use lodging of hardwoods, extracting minerals, oil, gas, stones and clearing off land for raising cattle, and growing crops has impacted most of the land in Middle and South America (Pulsipher & Pulsipher 2012). The human interaction of deforestation has led to many environmental issues, changes in physical features. There are loss
From 1990 to 2005, deforestation, or the removal of trees, was happening at an average rate of 13 million hectares (32.11 million acres) per year (Hope 247). In many ways, deforestation has been the reason for great economic success which turns people on to the idea even more. Deforestation is an essential element in promoting and encouraging developmental growth. Some places around the world may feel obligated to resort to deforestation due to population increases around the world. The concept of deforestation may seem to have a positive impact on society, but many people fail to consider the importance of replanting the trees that were harvested and removed. Deforestation mainly affects North and South America, but because of the Transamazon
Individuals have been deforesting the Earth for a large number of years, fundamentally to clear land for yields or domesticated animals. "Deforestation" is the lasting devastation of timberlands with a specific end goal to make the area accessible for different uses; what's more, as indicated by the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization an expected 18 million sections of land of backwoods, which is generally the nation's extent of Panama, are lost every year; Although tropical woods are to a great extent bound to creating nations, they aren't simply meeting nearby or national needs; monetary globalization implies that the needs and needs of the worldwide populace are hunkering down on them also.
The Amazon rainforest, known as well as the Amazonia, is considered as the “lung of the planet,” due to it produces about 20% of earth’s oxygen. The Amazon is contained by the countries of Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, and the three Guianas (Amazon Rainforest). Unfortunately, one phenomenon that has been affecting the Amazon rainforest is the deforestation; according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, deforestation is the transformation of forest to non-forest land cover by human activities.
During the past 30 years, deforestation in the Amazon has been a huge problem. The Amazon Rainforest is home to an estimated one-third of all known animal species and makes up about half of the world’s rainforests. The reasons for the deforestation is to expand pastures for cattle production, and fields to grow soybeans. ("Brazil Geography-Introduction." N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2016.)
Deforestation is an environmental problem everybody gets affected by; but not equally. Cutting down trees and degrading the soil of an eco-system can change it for the worse and leave it unrecoverable. The Amazon Rainforest is a large and very biodiverse ecosystem that stretches across 5,500,000 kilometers. The Amazon Rainforest is not a stranger to deforestation since the late 1960’s. Deforestation in the amazon forest will cripple all organisms that rely heavily on the forest to provide for a sustainable life, while others not directly impacted may benefit from it. Other people may benefit from the deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest from the profit that comes with the use of land for agriculture/livestock. However, the tribes, plants, and animals, that live in the Amazon Rainforest suffer from the loss of Biodiversity, the habitat and resources that are being taken away from clearing forests, and the reduced air quality along with the increased carbon emissions. Deforestation is a process of demolition towards the ecosystem.
Indigenous tribes are having their lands destroyed as a result of deforestation. In the Amazon, deforestation threatens 180 indigeous groups that depend on the rainforest (Visser). Water vapor, which is necessary for the water cycle to work, has decreased because of deforestation. Deforestation has caused a 4 percent decrease in water vapor flows from land (Bradford). A large part of the world’s diet comes from the rainforest which is at risk because of deforestation. Eighty percent of third world countries food intake comes from rainforests which puts their diet at risk (“Tropical Rainforest Destruction: Reasons and
“The lungs of the Earth,” the Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world and is home to a countless number of species (National Geographic, 2015). In 2013 the rate of deforestation in the Amazon rose by 29 percent and was largely observed in the states of Para and Mato Grosso in Brazil (Teixeira, 2014). The latest images taken by NASA’s satellite, Aqua reveals that multiple fires took place in these mentioned regions and were reported to have been intentional in order to clear land area (NASA, 2014). Earlier this year Sao Paulo faced severe draughts and the “drizzle city” was compared to a desert with 20 million settlers facing water cuts (Lean, 2015). Scientists believe the reason for this is the clearing
In the entire world, about 7 million square miles get enough rain to be rainforests, but as a result of human inhabitants, housing and buildings interfere. Most farmland on the earth is from deforestation of rainforest, and as these farms expand, more land is taken. When the land is cleared, it can either result in permanent or temporary deforestation, permanent clearly being the most environmentally harmful. If rainforest land is cleared, built on, and used frequently, the plants and trees will not grow back. However if a plot of land is left unattended, tree cover will return over time. In the Amazon rainforest, much of the land has been permanently taken from nature and the natives, shown by the fact that the number of natives has gone from around 7 million to less than 200 thousand in the area.
A study published by an international team of scientists warns the Amazon is being largely impacted by dams, mining, overfishing, and deforestation. In this transect the focus will be deforestation
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SummaryRead the full fact sheet
- Amoebiasis is a cause of diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries.
- Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of amoebiasis.
- When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to ‘cook it, peel it or leave it’.
Gastroenteritis (gastro) can be a problem for travellers to countries with poor sanitation. Amoebiasis, a type of gastro, is a cause of diarrhoea among travellers to developing countries. It is caused by a parasite known as Entamoeba histolytica that infects the bowel. Amoebiasis most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults.
Proper handwashing helps prevent the spread of amoebiasis. When travelling overseas, especially to developing countries, remember to ‘cook it, peel it or leave it’.
Symptoms of amoebiasis
Signs and symptoms include:
- diarrhoea (which may contain blood)
- stomach cramps
Amoebiasis can also cause abscesses elsewhere in the body, such as the liver.
After you are infected with amoebiasis it may take days, months or years before you become ill. However, the illness usually develops two to four weeks after infection.
Causes of amoebiasis
Amoebiasis occurs when the parasites or their eggs (cysts) are taken in by mouth. People with amoebiasis have Entamoeba histolytica parasites in their faeces (poo). The infection can spread when infected people do not dispose of their faeces in a sanitary manner or do not wash their hands properly after going to the toilet.
Contaminated hands can then spread the parasites to food that may be eaten by other people and surfaces that may be touched by other people. Hands can also become contaminated when changing the nappies of an infected infant.
Amoebiasis can also be spread by:
- drinking contaminated water
- eating contaminated raw vegetables and fruit
- unprotected oral-anal sexual contact.
Some people carry the parasite or cysts in their faeces without having symptoms, but they can still pass the disease on to other people.
If you develop gastroenteritis
If you develop gastro after returning home from overseas, contact your doctor. They may arrange for a stool (faeces) sample to be tested. If the results show that you have amoebiasis, your doctor will provide appropriate advice and treatment.
You may need to take time off work until the symptoms stop. People with amoebiasis must not attend school or children’s services until the diarrhoea has ceased. If you are a food handler or healthcare worker, it is recommended that you do not attend work until the diarrhoea has ceased.
Prevention of amoebiasis
To help prevent the spread of amoebiasis around the home:
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and hot running water for at least 15 seconds after using the toilet or changing a nappy.
- Clean bathrooms and toilets often. Pay particular attention to toilet seats and taps.
- Avoid sharing towels or face washers.
When preparing food, food handlers are advised to make sure that:
- hands are thoroughly washed with soap and hot running water before touching food. Use paper towel or an air dryer to dry hands
- raw vegetables are thoroughly washed and cooked
- the internal temperature of reheated food reaches at least 75 °C
- microwaves are used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
When travelling and visiting developing countries:
- Avoid eating uncooked foods, particularly vegetables and fruit which cannot be peeled before eating.
- Drink only packaged drinks, boiled water or chlorinated and filtered water.
- Avoid drinks containing ice.
- Remember, ‘cook it, peel it or leave it’.
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Eyelid surgery, otherwise known as blepharoplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to improve the appearance of the eyelids. This surgery can be performed on the upper eyelids, lower eyelids or both. Blepharoplasty is considered a reconstructive surgery or a cosmetic surgery, as it can restore functionality to the eyes or improve the aesthetic appearance of the eyes. People with deformities or disfigurations of the eyes will benefit from this type of procedure. Likewise, eyelids that have begun to sag or droop due to old age can also be modified with a blepharoplasty. Generally, there is minimal to no scarring during the post-operative recovery process and patients can return home with minimal down time soon after the surgery is completed.
Information about blepharoplasty
There are a number of defects of the eyelids that a blepharoplasty can fix. Most commonly, a person will opt for this procedure if their eyelids begin to droop or sag with age, as this can interfere with the patient’s peripheral vision. The sagging of the eyelids, also known as ptosis, is a common problem that occurs when the muscles surrounding the orbits (eye sockets) wear down and become weak over time. Ptosis may also occur in reaction to a medical condition, concussion, or other injury that causes trauma to the face. Ptosis may be unilateral (affecting only one eye) or bilateral (affecting both eyes). In addition to correcting ptosis, a blepharoplasty may be performed to reduce fatty deposits and puffiness around the eyes, under eye bags, drooping of the lower eyelids, and excess skin or fine lines surrounding the eyes.
Surgically treating droopy eyelids is achieved by removing excess skin from the eyelids and tightening the supporting muscles. Sometimes, the lower eyelids will also be surgical modified in addition to the surrounding tissues of the eyebrows. Some patients will want more extensive changes to the facial anatomy surrounding the eyes, so a surgeon can make modifications to the upper nasal-bridge portion of the nose as well as the upper regions of the cheeks. A blepharoplasty is usually performed by making external incisions along the skin creases of the upper and lower eyelids. The natural creases in the skin do a good job of masking the scars that result after the procedure. A typical operation will take around 1-3 hours to complete. Any post-operative bruising or swelling that occurs usually resolves after 1-2 weeks.
· In a 2014 poll, 85% of blepharoplasty patients were female
· East Asian blepharoplasty procedures are different from the classic blepharoplasty
· Double eyelid surgery is the most popular procedure in Korea
· Eyelid surgeries can be traced back all the way to the ancient Greeks and Romans
· The term “blepharoplasty” was coined in 1818 when the technique was used to address deformities of the eyelids caused by cancer
· A blepharoplasty can be performed using a scalpel or a laser
Biodermis is an innovative market leader with 30 years of expertise in the medical silicone industry. Visit Biodermis.com today to explore a complete range of scar management and post-operative care solutions.
PHYSICIANS AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS: REFER OR RESELL?
Biodermis offers custom tailored referral programs designed to simplify and reduce the cost of your patients' post-op care. Additionally, we offer professional pricing if you opt to retail our products. Give us a call at 800.322.3729, and we will be happy to provide additional details on these programs.
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Baroness Maria Augusta von Trapp was born on January 26, 1905, on a train heading from her parents’ village in Tyrol to a hospital in Vienna, Austria. She was subsequently orphaned on her seventh birthday. She attended the State Teachers College for Progressive Education in Vienna at the age of 18, and graduated in 1923. She then entered Nonnberg Abbey, a Benedictine, Roman Catholic, monastery in Salzburg with the intention of becoming a nun. Still a novice, Maria was asked to teach one of the seven children of widowed naval commander Georg Ludwig von Trapp and his first wife, Agathe Whitehead von Trapp who had died from scarlet fever. Maria and George were later married on November 26, 1927.
In 1935, Trapp lost his fortune, after it had previously been safely invested in a bank in London. Georg, to help a friend in the banking business, Mrs. Lammer, withdrew the money from the English bank and deposited it in her bank. Her bank failed, shortly after, due to the economic pressures in Austria as result of German influence and other factors at the time. The Trapps dismissed most of their servants, moved into the top floor and rented the empty rooms to students of the Catholic University to survive. The Archbishop sent Father Wasner to stay with them as their chaplain and the family began turning its love of music into a career.
Their popularity came after performing at a festival in 1935. Shortly after the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938, the family moved to Italy and then to the United States; their former home in Austria became the headquarters of Heinrich Himmler, who was one of the most powerful Nazi men in Germany.
The initially called themselves the “Trapp Family Choir,” when they began to perform in the United States and Canada. The gained attention after a performance in New York City at The Town Hall on December 10, 1938. Following an unsuccessful engagement with Charles Wagner, they signed on with Frederick C. Schang. Thinking the name “Trapp Family Choir” was too churchy, he Americanised their repertoire, and at his suggestion the group changed its name to the “Trapp Family Singers.” By then, their family had included ten children, and the entire band became famous in a new context and was soon touring the world.
After the war, they founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc., which sent hundreds of thousands of pounds of food and clothing to impoverished Austrians. In the 1949s, they moved together as a family, to Stove, Vermont, where they managed a music camp when they were not touring. The Trapp family made a series of 78 rpm discs for RCA Victor in the 1950s, some of which were later issued on RCA Camden LPs. The family also made an appearance on an Elvis Presley Christmas record, and in 1957, the Trapp Family disbanded and went their separate ways. Maria and three of her children went on to become missionaries in the South Pacific.
In 1944, Maria applied for U.S. Citizenship. George, however, never filed to become a citizen. A few years after her husband’s death in 1947, Maria von Trapp died on March 28, 1987, of heart failure in Morrisville, Vermont, three days after surgery
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Why did we choose to do this trip in South America? To leverage Kacia’s Spanish so we can get to know our fellow Americans to the south, and to experience the incredible landscapes.
Surprising high-elevation lushness
Colombia is shaped by plate tectonics, erosion, volcanoes and glaciers, as is the Pacific Northwest of the U.S where we call home. However, Colombia’s ecosystems are very different from what we’re familiar with. We’re drawn to the mountains, so we’ve been roaming the higher-elevation terrain of Central Colombia (we didn’t visit the coasts or the sparsely populated Amazon river basin). We have been surprised by the lush, tropical vegetation that covers the slopes at high elevation. Crops of banana, mango, papaya, passionfruit, and soursop grow thick at elevations well over 2,000 m (6,600 ft). In Oregon, trees don’t grow at elevations over 6,000 ft. Here in Colombia, at all elevations, fresh-squeezed fruit juice is included with the meal at every open-air roadside restaurant and sold from push-carts along the road.
Evidence of a changing climate
Colombia lacks the seasons that we are familiar with up north. Being so close to the equator, the temperature is warm and constant year-round. The locals tell us that historically they had distinct periods of wet and dry, but the climate has changed noticeably over the last 10 years or so, becoming more uniformly wet throughout the year, without the dry periods. So now they appear to be in a constant state of harvest (and replanting for non-perennial crops). A coffee farmer in the told us they used to have two big harvests per year, but now they pick the ripe fruit from each tree every 20 days, as each tree now has all stages of growth from blossom to ripe fruit at all times during the year. In other signs of climate change, our mountain guide showed us multiple marker rocks indicating how far the glacier we hiked to had receded in the past 10+ years, with the dates painted by local scientists.
Forest, rocks, and rivers
Our route from Medellín to southern Colombia passed through some beautiful country. After climbing out of Medellín, which sits in the bowl of a high valley surrounded by higher mountains, we road through, Medellín’s huge public park and land conservation area that is accessible also by overhead tram.
From there we rode to the national monument of, a surprising monolithic granite dome that rises dramatically above the hilly countryside and reservoir that surround it. We climbed the 650 or so concrete stairs that have been affixed to its vertical face to the top for a fantastic view.
Next, we descended to , a beautiful marble and limestone remnant of an ancient inland sea, now carved by the river into a canyon with exquisite rock formations. We hiked/swam with headlamps through a one km-long cavern filled with water running through smooth marble channels and deep pools, stalactites and stalagmites, and – large, loud nocturnal bat-like birds that nest high on the walls of the cavern. It was hot and humid, and the river was a welcome, refreshing treat for us.
Then we entered the broad, flat between two of Colombia’s three mountain ranges. The lush valley was dotted with steep karst mounds, reminiscent of those we saw in Southeast Asia. Sweating buckets in the humidity, we turned inland to ascend again to the high mountains.
Hiking the páramo
We embarked on a 3-day trek through páramo”. It consisted of clumps of tall grasses, flowering bushes, mounds of tightly packed colonies of green, hardy groundcover plants, and, most strikingly, the very unique plant. – an area with multiple, snow-covered volcanoes (one of which is currently active) that are the source of 37 rivers and water for millions of people. We walked through an enchanting high-altitude ecosystem which we had never experienced before: the “
Apparently of the sunflower family, the frailejón has rabbit ear-like soft, fuzzy leaves that capture water from the clouds. The water is stored in the plant’s thick trunk and later released through the roots into the ground. It grows in a thick, peat-like topsoil. The frailejón plant reminded us of the saguaro cactus in the Sonoran desert, with its vertical shape, its dramatic sponge-like ability to store water, and its porous/braided woody core (visible after it has died).
As we ascended, the páramo gave way to the superparamo, with rocks covered with large frilly lichens and dry mosses, and small flowering ground-hugging plants. Higher up, walking in light rain and snow, we crossed rocks carved smooth by glaciers, until we reached the bottom of the Santa Isabel glacier, obscured by clouds, at 4,700 m (15,400 ft).
During the second night of the trek, we slept in the home of one of the farmers that have been grandfathered in to live in the national park and use it for grazing livestock. They live in a very remote (roadless), picturesque place, but the impact of livestock on the otherwise protected, fragile páramo ecosystem was evident.
Clark's knees pass the test
On the third day, we descended from the páramo at 4,300 m through multiple ecosystems back to 2,300m with tropical fruit trees, coffee farms and wax palms – Colombia’s national tree, the tallest palm in the world and the only one that grows above 2,000 m.
Note: This 2,000 m (6,600 ft) descent was epic. Clark’s bad knee caps had previously prevented him from hiking multiple consecutive days, and never would have survived such a descent. But his new knees performed miraculously!
Flora and fauna
During the trek we saw three high-soaring and numerous large eagles. In the lowlands we had seen leaf-cutter ants, termite nests, spiders and some birds. To learn more about the flora and fauna of the region, we visited the near Calarcá. The garden is a successful conservation effort in which a former coffee farm was replanted with a huge variety of native trees and shrubs. The effort so far has increased the diversity of the bird population from 90 to 170 species, including many colorful hummingbirds. The garden has a mariposario (butterfly house) in which they maintain the different and specific plants that each butterfly uses to lay its eggs. We also visited the , where we saw our first anteater – a large, toothless creature with a showy coat and a grand plumage-like tail. We were impressed with the zoo, which is operated by a private foundation dedicated to conservation. The animals appeared healthy and active, with beautiful coats and plumage.
Views from the bikes
Every day that we rode in Colombia, we were presented with beautiful views. Although we’ve had little rain so far, the partly-sunny skies have been filled with dramatic clouds, and we’ve seen five rainbows in five weeks. The roads pass through steep terrain covered with lush, green farms and orchards, and through flat river valleys filled with sugar cane. Colorful blossoms falling from trees adorn the roads. We’ve crossed many rushing rivers, passed waterfalls cascading over cliffs, and cooled off in fountains of spring water shooting from pipes at roadside truck washing stands.
We have just left Colombia and are continuing south along the Ecuadorian Andes. Stay tuned for one more blog update about the cities and towns of Colombia. For up-to-date information about where we are on our tour, check out our Track My Tour page, where you can see our location on a map, a photo, and a few words for each location we stay overnight. (You can also see the map on our homepage.)
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Mammals are a wonderfully diverse group of warm blooded vertebrates (have backbones) including humans and animals!
All mammals have hair or fur, a unique jaw structure and produce milk to feed their young. Almost all give birth to live babies but there are a few egg laying mammals (known as monotremes).
Scientists have identified more than 6,495 mammal species on Earth, roughly one-fifth of which are known to be endangered, threatened or extinct.
The ICUN Red List identifies species at risk and you can see the status of each on their listing. When visiting Lemur Heights you'll meet our red-ruffed and ring-tailed lemurs, examples of critically endangered and endangered species here at the park.
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Voters on Vancouver Island are heading into a federal election on the heels of an unprecedented heatwave, drought, and a wildfire season that started earlier this year than ever before.
As a result, it’s no surprise that one of the key issues for many this election is surrounding climate change.
It’s not just Islanders, either. Polling data from Angus Reid shows that for 45 per cent of British Columbians, climate change is an election priority.
Liberal leader Justin Trudeau knows that, announcing his environmental policy in Richmond on Tuesday.
“We need to stand strongly on a plan to fight climate change and grow the economy,” said Trudeau, standing shoulder to shoulder with Andrew Weaver, the former leader of B.C.’s Green Party, who endorsed the Liberal climate plan.
The Liberals are promising to reduce Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions by 40-45 per cent.
The NDP is promising bigger cuts to emissions, albeit with a less detailed plan. Even the Conservatives are promising to reduce emissions by 30 per cent.
Meanwhile, one Island Green politician vying for a seat says high-speed trains into city cores and restrictions on cars, would be a start.
“The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) came out with a report just a few weeks ago, saying ‘code red’. Usually, when people say there’s an emergency there’s a response. We don’t have a plan and we need one,” said Lia Versaevel, the Green Party candidate for the Cowichan-Malahat-Langford.
“We should have had one in place 20-30 years ago.”
So why have Canadian climate change policies been so weak?
“The short answer is, what we actually have to do, is probably not going to get anyone elected,” said Robert Gifford, a UVIC professor of psychology and environmental studies.
Climate scientists say the changes we need to make are massive.
“Canadians use about 18 tonnes of carbon dioxide a year on average. But at least one expert says we need to cut down to a tonne or a tonne and a half per year,” said Gifford.
That’s a 9-10 fold reduction in our average, individual consumption. It would be a complete change in the way we live, and Gifford says the majority of people aren’t ready to do that.
“The root of it is, whether we like it or not, is self-interest. We disguise it in different ways, we make token attempts,” said Gifford. “The average person is using more carbon than he or she should because it’s justified for personal growth.”
Gifford argues that because the majority of Canadians are unwilling to make the changes, they’re not asking them of their politicians.
“People like to say the government isn’t doing a good job. But hello, at least here in Canada, the government is us! It’s who we vote for. I don’t actually blame the politicians because if they made statements of what’s really necessary they would just lose their jobs,” said Gifford.
“This really comes back to us, as voters and citizens, not really governments or politicians.”
Step one, he says, is self-reflection and identifying the gaps in your green, like where you choose yourself now and the environment later. Then, vote accordingly.
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Views: 368 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2022-04-07 Origin: Site
1. The color of the eggshell is determined by the hen's genes
An egg takes about 26 hours from formation to lay, and the formation of the eggshell begins at the 6th hour. The main component of the eggshell is calcium carbonate, and the eggshell remains white as calcium carbonate until the last 3-4 hours. Thereafter, what and how much pigment is deposited on the shell determines the final color of the shell.
If there is no pigmentation, the eggshell is white.
If there is protoporphyrin pigment deposition, then the egg shell will appear brown, also known as the "red shell".
If biliverdin is deposited, then blue eggshells form.
If there are both brown and blue pigments, the mixture of the two gives a green color.
As for what kind of pigmentation there is, it is controlled by the genes of the hen. Scientists still don't fully understand the genetic regulation of these pigments, but a wealth of data shows that the color of an egg's shell is determined by the breed of the chicken -- a hen that lays white eggs, no matter how you feed it, it is impossible to make eggshells colored; a hen that lays colored eggs cannot lay white eggs either.
2. Other factors that affect the color of eggshells
Genetic factors are the root cause of what color eggshells take on. In addition, there are many factors that, although not changing the color, have a certain effect on the depth of the color. Of these factors, the most influential is the age of the hen.
The hens in the early stage of laying are prone to laying double-yolked eggs and their size will be larger, but if the first laying is normal eggs, the eggs will usually be smaller in size, and then gradually become larger as the chicken age increases. However, even though the eggs subsequently increased in size, the calcium carbonate and pigment deposited by the hens on the eggs did not increase accordingly.
The larger the egg, the larger the surface area. Since there is no corresponding increase in the raw materials for forming the eggshell, it can only be dealt with by reducing the thickness of the eggshell; the pigment deposited on the eggshell also does not increase accordingly, so the density of the pigment can only be reduced— - Large eggs in the late laying period are lighter in color.
In addition, in recent years studiers have found that the color of eggshells of the same breed of hens under free-range conditions is lighter than that of caged ones, and adding probiotics to the feed will improve the quality of "red shells"; If hens are frightened or disturbed when eggsells are synthesizing or secreting pigment, abnormal or insufficient pigment secretion will occur, which will make the color of the eggshell lighter; diseases and certain drugs will also affect the color of the eggshell.
LONGMU Animal Husbandry Equipment Co., Ltd. is committed to the research, production, and sales of livestock breeding equipment. Professional chicken coop equipment manufacturer in China. Main sale products: poultry drinker and feeder, chicken drinking line, chicken feeding line, ventilation/exhaust fans, egg incubator, pig, cattle, sheep, rabbit, pigeon, birds breeding equipment.
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Take a look at the previous articles.
TAKE A LOOK : INTRODUCTION TO PIC 167F877
TAKE A LOOK : PIC 16F877 – ARCHITECTURE AND MEMORY ORGANIZATION
TAKE A LOOK : REGISTER MEMORY ORGANIZATION IN PIC 16F877
The data EEPROM and Flash program memory is readable and writable during normal operation by electrically erasing or direct writing methods. The memory of this register space is not directly mapped in the register memory space. It can be indirectly addressed through SFR registers. The commonly used SFR registers (for read and write this memory) for this purpose are given below.
When interfacing a data memory location into this EEPROM, the EEDATA holds 8 bit data (for reading and writing) and the register EEADR holds the address of the EEPROM location. The PIC16F8XX devices have 128 or 256 bytes of data EEPROM (depends on the type of devices).
The address range of EEPROM memory starts from 00h to FFh (256 byte devices) and 80h to FFh (128 bytes devices). When interfacing the program memory block, the EEDATA and EEDATH registers form a two-byte word that holds the 14-bit data for read/write and the EEADR and EEADRH registers form a two-byte word that holds the 13-bit address of the program memory location being accessed. These devices have 4 or 8K words of program Flash, with an address range from 0000h to 0FFFh for the PIC16F873A/874A and 0000h to 1FFFh for the PIC16F876A/877A. Addresses above the range of the respective device will wrap around to the beginning of program memory. The EEPROM data memory allows single-byte read and writes.
The Flash program memory allows single-word reads and four-word block writes. Program memory write operations automatically perform an erase-before write on blocks of four words. A byte write in data EEPROM memory automatically erases the location and writes the new data (erase-before-write). The write time is controlled by an on-chip timer. The write/erase voltages are generated by an on-chip charge pump, rated to operate over the voltage range of the device for byte or word operations. When the device is code-protected, the CPU may continue to read and write the data EEPROM memory.
EEADR and EEADRH
EEADR register pair can be address up to a maximum of 256 bytes of data EEPROM or up to a maximum of 8K words of program EEPROM. When selecting a data address value, only the LS (least significant) Byte of the address is written to the EEADR register. When selecting a program address value, the MS Byte (most significant) of the address is written to the EEADRH register and the LS Byte (least significant) is written to the EEADR register. If the device contains less memory than the full address reach of the address register pair, the Most Significant bits of the registers are not implemented. For example, if the device has 128 bytes of data EEPROM, the Most Significant bit of EEADR is not implemented on access to data EEPROM.
EECON1 and EECON2 Registers
EECON1 is memory accessible control register. The control bit, EEPGD, determines the type of memory that will be access (program memory or data memory). When clear, as it is when reset, any subsequent operations will operate on the data memory. When set, any subsequent operations will operate on the program memory.
Control bits, RD and WR, initiate read and write or erase, respectively. These bits cannot be cleared, only set, in software. They are cleared in hardware at completion of the read or write operation. The inability to clear the WR bit in software prevents the accidental, premature termination of a write operation. The WREN bit, when set, will allow a write or erase operation. On power-up,
The WREN bit is clear. The WRERR bit is set when a write (or erase) operation is interrupted by a MCLR or a WDT Time-out Reset during normal operation. In these situations, following Reset, the user can check the WRERR bit and rewrite the location. The data and address will be unchanged in the EEDATA and EEADR registers. Interrupt flag bit, EEIF in the PIR2 register, is set when the write is complete. It must be cleared in software. EECON2 is not a physical register. Reading EECON2 will read all ‘0’s. The EECON2 register is used exclusively in the EEPROM write sequence. The structure of this register module is given below.
- Bit 7 (EEPGD): Program/Data EEPROM Select bit which select program memory or data memory according to the applications. If this bit is ‘1’, it can be access program memory and if this bit is ‘0’ ,it can be access data memory.
(1 = Accesses program memory
0 = Accesses data memory)
- Bit 6-4 (Unimplemented): Read as ‘0’
- Bit 3 (WRERR): this bit used as an EEPROM Error Flag bit
(1 = A write operation is prematurely terminated (any MCLR or any WDT Reset during normal operation)
0 = the write operation completed)
- Bit 2 (WREN): this bit generally acts as an EEPROM Write Enable bit
(1 = Allows write cycles
0 = Inhibits write to the EEPROM)
- Bit 1 (WR): Write Control bit which control the writing instructions.
(1 = Initiates a write cycle. The bit is cleared by hardware once write is complete. The WR bit can only be set (not cleared) in software.
0 = Write cycle to the EEPROM is complete)
- Bit 0 (RD): Read Control bit which controls the read instructions.
(1 = Initiates an EEPROM read; RD is cleared in hardware. The RD bit can only be set (not cleared) in software.
0 = Does not initiate an EEPROM read)
Registers/bites that associated with data EEPROM and FLASH program memories in PIC16F877 are given in the table below.
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By Peter Deacon
At the Marlborough Earth Day Party on Saturday 21st April at the A&P Park, Climate Karanga will be encouraging all Marlburians to ‘Travel green’ - but what does ‘Travel green’ really mean?
You probably know about global warming, climate change, sea level rise and ocean acidification and how these are being caused by humans spewing billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere every year. One of the major sources of these gases are our cars, trucks, buses, trains, planes and ships burning fossil fuels inside their engines. These account globally for about 15% of human greenhouse gas emissions.
So if we want to stop putting these gases into the atmosphere we need to - STOP BURNING FOSSIL FUELS!! It really is that simple.
The only problem is that our entire economy and way of life has become so dependent on energy from burning these fuels that we don’t know how to quit. We have unwittingly become oil addicts, but now it is clear we have to find alternative sources of energy quickly, if we do not the planet to continue warming, and extreme weather, droughts and floods to become more frequent and damaging.
So what are some of the solutions?
There are dozens of things you can do to reduce your own transport emissions but the obvious first step is to choose alternatives to using internal combustion engines or at least use them less often.
The easiest and cheapest option is to leave your car at home and either walk or use a bicycle, an e-bike, a mobility scooter if you own one, or public transport if available.
Some parents and schools organise ‘walking buses’ where they supervise groups of children walking to school each day, or one day a week, and this helps the children become fitter and healthier as well as eliminating vehicle fumes. Imagine how many car journeys are saved by this simple step?
Another option is to car share with friends or work-mates so instead of 2 or 3 cars being on the road each day with one person inside, there is just one car with 3 people. This reduces overall fuel and running costs, alleviates traffic congestion, reduces pollution and helps lower greenhouse gas emissions.
If you are likely to replace your car in the foreseeable future you could consider purchasing either a plug-in hybrid vehicle such as a Toyota Prius or a fully electric vehicle (EV) such as the Nissan Leaf or Hyundai Ioniq. Vehicles powered by electric motors and battery technology are clearly the future for road transport as they are cleaner, simpler to make, have fewer moving parts, cost much less to maintain and operate than petrol and diesel vehicles and emit much less greenhouse gas.
Most car companies are now rapidly converting their vehicle ranges to be fully electric or hybrid and several countries/states including Britain, France, India, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Netherlands and California have stated their intention to completely phase out all internal combustion engine vehicles within the next few decades.
Finally if you must use your car you can now offset all your emissions by purchasing carbon credits from either:-
EKOS:- https://www.ekos.org.nz/ OR
These organisations invest the money you pay for the credits into permanent reforestation programmes that sequester the equivalent amount of carbon you have emitted from your car and store it in the trees. This helps lower greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and conserves habitat for our wildlife.
These are a collection of opinion articles principally written by CKM member Tom Powell for the Marlborough Express. Tom is a retired geologist who came to New Zealand in 2004 to work in the geothermal industry on the North Island, is a New Zealand citizen and now lives in Blenheim. Some articles have been written by other CKM members, and their names appear with those articles.
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| 0.950502 | 791 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Recently, things haven’t exactly been going our way. However, that doesn’t mean that your kids have to stop learning! This month’s top 10 is focused around different resources that will help your kid learn to code — even during the quarantine.
The recent pandemic has pushed parents to start looking into online coding programs. This article gives parents things to think about — starting from the basics, all the way to how to ensure that children remain happy and motivated in an online platform.
Youth Code Jam, a wonderful non-profit based out of San Antonio, is taking an opportunity to make a difference during these trying times. See what Youth Code Jam is doing to teach kids how to code while in quarantine!
The coronavirus has sparked solidarity and selflessness among many circles in our community. See what fun activities some people are doing to make the lives of others easier.
Scratch Jr. is an app and programming language created for kids ages 5 to 7 and it’s our choice program for teaching elementary school kids. Scratch Jr. has already had 13 million people use the app since 2014, read this article to see what all the fuss is about!
NASA has decided to dip its toes into helping kids all over the world learn how to program. If your kids love space and science, there are podcasts, tutorials on different STEM experiments, VR tours, and e-books!
The Boys & Girls Club is creating new ways for students to continue learning and to stay entertained! Read this article to take a look at what inspiring ideas they’ve come up with so far.
What are the consequences of increased screen time in young children? Now that the Coronavirus has pushed parents to let their kids stay on electronic devices for longer periods of times, we are about to find out.
Jassby Inc, the creator of a family finance app, has partnered with us to bring coding to kids around the country. Wondering how this all came to be and where it is going? Find out for yourself!
If you’re still looking for ways to teach your kids how to code during lockdown, this article offers a wide array of activities for young children! From games to classes, there are many different opportunities for your child to learn.
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| 0.962499 | 469 | 2.953125 | 3 |
See the video below
It was a rather different take off for space the shuttle Discovery on Tuesday. Instead of being strapped to a rocket for blast off, the shuttle was placed atop a Boeing 747.
The Space Shuttle Discovery mounted on top the plane took off from Florida today in route to Washington. Flying at a little over 1,500 feet the spectacle could be seen at many locations. The U.S. government did not release the flight information but did give several locations where onlookers could see space shuttle Discovery’s final flight.
District of Columbia
●The Mall, including Memorial Bridge, the Lincoln Memorial, the Washington Monument and the east end.
●Hains Point at East Potomac Park, south of Jefferson Memorial and 14th Street Bridge.
●Southwest Waterfront Park.
●Long Bridge Park, 475 Long Bridge Dr., Arlington.
●Old Town Alexandria waterfront.
●Gravelly Point, just off George Washington Parkway, near National Airport.
●National Harbor, just off the Woodrow Wilson Bridge in Prince George’s County.
Space shuttle Discovery is the oldest surviving space shuttle and underwent 39 successful trips into space. It will be retired just outside of the nation’s capital at the Smithsonian institution’s facility at the Dulles International Airport.
The transfer of space shuttle Discovery comes after the end of the space shuttle program in NASA. Although this seems to be a sad end to the shuttle era, many hope that this end will bring a new beginning, and that new doors will be opened for space exploration.
One will surely be the launch of the SpaceX shuttle, which will mark the first private space shuttle to dock with the International Space Station coming at the end of the month.
See the first part of the final flight made by the space shuttle Discovery:
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https://www.collegenews.com/article/space_shuttle_dicoverys_final_flight_kind_of/
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| 0.915453 | 372 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The Crimean War (1854 - 1855)
When asked to volunteers to support the wounded soldiers : five sisters faced the sea and storms to go to Constantinople with Florence
For several months they remained helping the surgeons and nurses, cleaning, comforting, caring for the dying in those "kilometres of human suffering" in the
only existing hospital in Scutari ( Üsküdar - Constantinople).
Roseau (British West Indies) : 1857
An urgent appeal by Mgr. Désiré-Michel VESQUE, native from Honfleur in Normandy, former chaplain in Norwood, new Bishop of Roseau :
"I need nuns", resulted in the departure of seven sisters who received the blessing of Pope Pius IX before leaving. In Roseau they found conditions very
precarious. They took in hand the Church, the bishop’s residence, the cathechism for the children and adults. After a few days they were adopted by the population and the sisters opened an
orphanage and a boarding.
The initiatives of Our Lady of Fidelity overseas today are to found in India, Russia and Africa.
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https://www.congregation-notre-dame-de-fidelite.com/welcome/mission-1/
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en
| 0.955708 | 240 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Dartmouth Hitchcock researchers working on nasal vaccine for COVID
Researchers at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center in Lebanon are working to develop a new COVID-19 vaccine that would be administered using a nasal spray.
No nasal vaccines are currently available in the U.S., though several are under development.
The researchers are working with the National Institutes of Health and Belgium-based manufacturer Exothera to bring the vaccine to market.
Dr. Peter Wright, an infectious disease physician at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and professor at Dartmouth College's Geisel School of Medicine, is leading the research team.
He said the nasal vaccine would be easier to administer than existing vaccines, which are given by injection, and wouldn’t require storage in an ultra-cold freezer.
“That limits the use of the vaccine in many parts of the world,” he said. “So this vaccine would not be exclusively for the developing world, but might have a particular application there.”
Wright said nasal vaccines could also do a better job preventing viral transmission. Existing vaccines, like those made by Pfizer and Moderna, are highly effective at lowering someone’s risk of severe illness, hospitalization and death from COVID-19. But they don’t necessarily stop someone from spreading the virus to other people.
Wright said there’s reason to think nasal vaccines could do that more effectively, by strengthening immunity in the upper respiratory tract.
“There's a lot of scientific data to back up the fact that this is a very effective way of giving a vaccine,” he said.
Wright said the vaccine has shown promise in animal trials, and the first clinical trials could begin in about six months. He expects it to be at least a year and a half to two years before the vaccine hits the market.
“We're anticipating, though, that COVID is going to be around in one form or another, for that period of time and longer,” he said.
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https://www.ctpublic.org/2023-08-17/dartmouth-hitchcock-covid19-coronavirus-vaccine-nasal
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| 0.953023 | 414 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The total amount of microplastics deposited on the bottom of the oceans has tripled in the past two decades, scientists have determined.
The progression corresponds to the type and volume of consumption of plastic products by society, according to a study developed by the Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB) and the Department of the Built Environment of Aalborg University (AAU-BUILD), which provides the first high-resolution reconstruction of microplastic pollution from sediments obtained in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Despite the seafloor being considered the final sink for microplastics floating on the sea surface, the historical evolution of this pollution source in the sediment compartment, and particularly the sequestration and burial rate of smaller microplastics on the ocean floor, is unknown.
This new study, published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology, shows that microplastics are retained unaltered in marine sediments, and that the microplastic mass sequestered in the seafloor mimics the global plastic production from 1965 to 2016.
As ICTA-UAB researcher Laura Simon-Sanchez explains:
“Specifically, the results show that, since 2000, the amount of plastic particles deposited on the seafloor has tripled and that, far from decreasing, the accumulation has not stopped growing mimicking the production and global use of these materials.”
Check out the study here.
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https://www.deeperblue.com/microplastics-on-the-seafloor-have-tripled-in-the-past-20-years/
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| 0.902191 | 300 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Endodontics refers to the discipline in dentistry that deals with maintaining the health of the living tissues inside a tooth (pulp) and preventing infection of the surrounding tissues. Where infection is already present, the aim is to resolve it and restore the tooth to a good appearance and function.
As other structures in the facial, head and neck region may mimic toothache, an endodontist can play an important role in making an accurate diagnosis and undertake appropriate clinical procedures. Where the problem may be non-ondontogenic in origin (i.e. not tooth related) an appropriate referral to a Pain Specialist can be made.
One of the most common therapies performed by an endodontist is Root Canal Treatment.
Why is root canal treatment needed?
The root canal system in a healthy tooth contains living tissue (the pulp), including nerves and blood vessels. This tissue may be damaged by decay or traumatic injury to the tooth, resulting in infection with bacteria and the formation of an abscess.
Symptoms range from mild discomfort, particularly on biting, to significant pain and swelling. Occasionally, the infection presents as a shadow over the roots on an x-ray with no associated pain. Click here for more information.
Root canal treatments can be technically demanding, and so can prove challenging for non-specialist dentists to resolve. We have registered specialists in the field of endodontics/ root canals who are able to deal with the most complex cases.
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https://www.dentalrooms.co.uk/endodontics.html
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| 0.939131 | 301 | 3.265625 | 3 |
According to the experience of various countries in the world on diesel generator sets, the emergence of such market demand peaks is inevitable. This is not only a question of regulating the power supply capacity, but also a possible reason for the safety of the power grid, such as the United States, which appeared in the past few years. Canada's massive blackouts and last year's European blackouts, India's biggest blackout this year, left its 600 million people without electricity. The main reason is not that the power supply is insufficient, but that the power grid cannot bear too much load over the years, causing the power grid to be paralyzed. And after the power outages in the United States and Europe, both stimulated the market to form peak demand for backup generators. This may be a modern version of the diesel generator's alternative power supply.
The start-up speed of the diesel generator is rapid, generally only takes a few seconds, with full load within 1min of emergency download, and full load within about 5-10min of normal working state, and the steam power unit is generally required from start to full load. 3-4h.
Diesel engine shutdown process is also very short, can frequently start and stop.
So diesel generator sets are very suitable for use as emergency or backup power, and many real estate, schools, hospitals, hotels and hotels are very suitable for using diesel generators as backup power sources.
Nowadays, the application field of the generator is becoming more and more extensive, and its performance is also improved. We all know that the fuel injection nozzle is one of the main equipment of the diesel generator and, after a period of time, there is sometimes a burn-in failure. The following is a brief analysis of the reason why the fuel injection nozzle of the diesel generator is burned.
When the diesel engine runs at idle speed for a long time, because of the low temperature in the cylinder and the insufficient combustion of fuel, it is easy to form carbon deposit on the combustion chamber and the fuel injection nozzle, which makes the working conditions of the fuel injection nozzle deteriorate. Especially in the cold winter climate conditions are more serious. Because of the carbon deposition in the combustion chamber, the heat dissipation is slow, which may cause the nozzle to block or drop oil.
If the fuel injection advance angle is too small, the fuel injection time will be too late and the fuel combustion situation will worsen. If the fuel is not adjusted for a long time, the local high temperature will make the fuel injection nozzle and heat insulation sheath burn and melt.
Small particles of impurity in the fuel will wear the needle valve and needle valve body at the fuel injection nozzle, and the severe needle valve will be stuck in the needle valve body. Needle valve lag, fuel can not be fixed, quantitative, rapid injection into the combustion chamber, there will be oil dripping or oil ejection phenomenon. The fuel atomization is not good, the burning speed is decreased, and the combustion time at the fuel injection nozzle is prolonged, which leads to the fuel injection nozzle and the heat insulation sheath burning and melting.
If the nozzle insulation sheath is not cleaned and installed, the nozzle head and the insulation sheath have a gap, so that the gas into the gap, resulting in reduced heat insulation and heat dissipation, fuel injector and heat insulation sheath burning melt. If the heat insulation sheath is installed too tight, the injector will produce additional stress. Under the joint action of thermal alternating load and fuel injection high pressure load, the nozzle head will break and the needle valve will get stuck and dripping oil.
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https://www.dieselgeneratortech.com/diesel-generators/Why-Diesel-Generator-Can-Be-Used-As-Backup-Power-Source.html
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A digital monocular is a type of image enhancement and magnification device that uses digital image processing to improve and modify an image for a single eye. Digital monoculars have a variety of different functions, and are most frequently used as night vision aids or as rangefinders. Many are also designed to be used as rifle sights, allowing night-time hunting, particularly of small game.
A digital monocular captures images from the world, manipulates them, and then displays them on a small digital display. This display is usually integral to the monocular unit. Some monoculars also feature standard look-through eyepieces as well, and many include the capability to output video from the digital monocular to a digital storage device, so that images can be archived.
One key feature of many digital monoculars is their ability to serve as rangefinders. Typically these devices will use built-in laser rangefinders to determine the range to the object being viewed through the lens of the monocular. Small game hunters certainly benefit from the range information that a digital monocular can provide, but these devices have other uses as well. They can be used by hikers and climbers to ascertain elevation and distance and by people doing surveying work.
Night vision capability is another popular feature on a digital monocular. A night vision monocular offers almost all the capabilities of a vision system for both eyes, but has fewer expensive optical components, as it needs to provide vision enhancement only for a single eye. Night vision monocular models are available using light intensification, passive infrared, and active infrared. In the latter case, a small infrared spotlight is built into the digital monocular, making for a small but complete night vision package.
Monoculars with night vision capabilities are most often used as aids in hunting because they allow game to be spotted easily after dark. In some cases, they can be mounted to serve as rifle scopes. A digital scope is, after all, a type of digital monocular. These monoculars have other uses as well. With their video recording capability, they can be used in security or in wildlife monitoring and control. They can also be a great help to anyone who needs to move in low-light or dark conditions. Cavers, for example, can use digital monoculars with active infrared to move through caves that are completely dark.
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https://www.easytechjunkie.com/what-is-a-digital-monocular.htm
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en
| 0.949959 | 481 | 3 | 3 |
Plastics that decompose naturally into substances like carbon dioxide, water, and biomass are called biodegradable materials. Depending on the type of polymer employed, the biodegradation process can take anywhere from a few months to a few years. It's crucial to understand that these polymers aren't biodegradable in the conventional sense of being composted or rotting away; rather, they are made to degrade more slowly while maintaining their original form. In addition to reducing the usage of petroleum-based plastic, biodegradable plastics are also better for the environment because they break down naturally without releasing any harmful chemicals into our ecosystems.
Visit this Page for More Information: Start a Business in Biodegradable Products Industry
Uses and Applications:
In the field of plastics, bio-degradable plastics are a relatively recent innovation. These plastics can be used for a variety of things and naturally decompose. Although there are many distinct kinds of biodegradable plastics available, they all have the ability to degrade naturally over time and are all biodegradable. Polymers made from corn are one type.
Watch Video: Start Production Plant of Bio Degradable Plastic Polymer from Corn
You must combine maize starch with either acetic acid or oxalic acid to create this substance. When acetic acid is combined with warm water, it decomposes into carbon dioxide, water, and acetate. Because acetic acid breaks down more quickly than oxalic acid, nevertheless, because it forms stronger connections to the polymers than acetic acid does, it does increase the product's stability.
Related Business Plan: Bio-Degradable Plastic Polymer from Corn
The finished item will resemble translucent plastic and, if you sniff it closely enough, will smell terrible. Remember that depending on where they are thrown away, some corn-based polymer products could take up to six months to breakdown. However, because their manufacturing process doesn't release greenhouse gases, these plastics don't pollute and are better for the environment. The replacement of no biodegradable plastic objects (bags), production of packaging materials, food wraps, dishware, toys, and many other uses are all examples of applications for bio-degradable plastic.
A recent development in bio-plastics that can be produced from locally obtained materials is bio-degradable plastic polymer. The technique for creating this polymer begins with heated maize husks that are combined to form a slurry. This slurry is subsequently filtered and dried to create corn oil, a solid black powder. After that, a liquid organic acid is added to this solid black powder to create the biodegradable plastic that will eventually be used.
Download PDF: Business Plan of Compostable Bio-Degradable Plastic Polymer from Corn Bio-Degradable Plastic Polymer from Corn Production Plant
Biodegradable plastics may break down at the same rate as organic things like leaves, thus unlike other types of plastic, they won't take decades to break down in landfills. The materials' creators assert that they are just as strong and have all the same qualities as conventional plastics.
Read Similar Articles: BIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS
Benefits of Starting Bio-Degradable Plastic Polymer from Corn Production Business:
More reasonably priced than polythene. Both dispensed-with and degradable a renewable resource that reduces our dependency on fossil fuels (especially oil). Our ability to preserve energy will have a tremendous positive impact on our society, economy, and environment. Reduces landfilling, which is often considered to be a serious environmental problem. --> Better for the environment than any other material. —> Slow-releasing nitrogen, which improves soil quality and increases soil fertility, is delivered. Toys, containers, cutlery, and other items can all be made from materials with great compressive strength.
Watch Video: Top 6 Biodegradable Products Business Ideas Green Business Ideas for Eco Minded Entrepreneurs
Market Size in India:
Rising consumer eco-awareness, mandates and regulations, corporate sustainability activities, technology stabilization, and cost-cutting are some of the factors driving the India bio-plastics market. The main factors for this growth are non-biodegradable polymers like bio-based PET and PE (polyethylene terephthalate). Production revenue for biodegradable polymers including polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, and polylactide (PLA) is gradually rising. The packaging industry is using more polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate, which is increasing demand for non-biodegradable plastic. Market expansion is being restricted by a lack of awareness and substitute products.
Related Feasibility Study Reports: How to Make a Successful Business Out Of Bio-degradable Plastic Polymer From Corn
Global Market Outlook:
Plastics that completely degrade in the environment are referred to as "biodegradable plastics." This is accomplished by microorganisms that break down and metabolize the structure of the biodegradable plastics. Both renewable resources, such as corn, sugar, or sugar cane, as well as non-renewable ones, such petroleum-based polymers, can be used to create the biodegradable polymers. The market for biodegradable plastics is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 11.49% from 2018 to 2026. The base year for the study is 2017, and the forecasted period is from 2018 to 2026. Several factors driving market expansion include: 1. Increased output of raw materials
2. It is easy to find bio-based raw materials to create biodegradable polymers.
3. Emphasizing the appropriate handling or disposal of plastic garbage
Read our Books Here: Bioplastics & Biodegradable Products Manufacturing Handbook
4. Legislative initiatives to encourage the use of less petroleum-based plastics
5. Increasing demand for packaging materials that are environmentally friendly
6. Additional applications for biodegradable plastics
7. There is still a global movement toward eco-friendly items.
The primary drivers of the worldwide biodegradable plastic business are government support for green buying practices and the superior properties of biodegradable polymers.
Watch other Informative Videos: Production of Bamboo Toothbrush. Eco-Friendly Toothbrushes | Small Manufacturing Business Ideas
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profile-details/Business%20Plan%20of%20Compostable%20Bio-Degradable%20Plastic%20Polymer%20from%20Corn%20Bio-Degradable%20Plastic%20Polymer%20from%20Corn%20Production%20Plant
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Every one of us has played a game of tag once in a lifetime. It is like a universal children game. Kids are chasing each other, laughing and screaming, playing variations of this game. Besides, kids usually play it outdoors; they run and tag each other. It’s a favorite past time many love, kids playing tag become active and energetic. It is a fun-filled activity kid’s play at playgrounds or in open spaces. Additionally, we all can play the tag game, irrespective of age and gender.
Laser tag is the variation to this game; nowadays, kids are super-fast and love challenges. Laser tag is a shooting sports activity in which using an infrared-emitting light guns players hit the targets. However, it is an entirely safe game; the players wear infrared sensitive signaling devices that detect the hits. People play the game indoors, in a room that has flashing black lights to give a feel.
Kids playing tags develop various skills.
Kids are learning different skills as they grow up. So, the games they play teach them a lot. The game of tag builds physical literacy in children. Along with keeping them busy, the children get to know various movements which help them in future years of life. Whether playing tag regularly or using laser guns in the arena, it’s an enjoyable activity. Few benefits of playing it are;
- Kids develop the skills of staying alert and quick in their movements, along with balancing, coordination, and spatial awareness.
- Kids are always thinking in the game to avoid the hits; therefore, brain development enhances.
- Different players of different age groups can play this game. So, it teaches socialization and acceptance. Everyone’s playing together, having fun, and running here and there.
- The body stays active, the heart is pumping soundly, and muscles strengthen in the movements.
- As we all are aware that active kids are good learners; therefore, the game helps in boosting the learning capacity of kids.
Kids playing tags grow up to be smart individuals. Whether a laser tag or physically touching each other, both are beneficial. Laser tags are a significant activity; however, if you are looking for it, visit Flip N Fun or call us for more information (832) 602-5400.
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https://www.flipnfuncenter.com/kids-playing-tags-have-fun-and-acquire-numerous-skills/
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| 0.955394 | 474 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Portuguese Accent Marks: Rules and Pronunciation [with Audio and Examples]
Portuguese accent marks give the language a huge diversity of sounds.
The accent mark above or below a given letter can change its pronunciation just slightly… or completely.
If you want to sound more like a native, learning these different accents and how to use them is essential.
In this post, we’ll go over the five types of Portuguese accent marks and how to pronounce them.
With plenty of examples and audio from a native speaker, you’ll be able to practice your pronunciation and see how accents are used in various contexts.
- What are Portuguese Accent Marks?
- Portuguese Accent Marks and Pronunciations
- How to Type Portuguese Accent Marks
What are Portuguese Accent Marks?
In Portuguese, there are five types of accent marks: acute accent (á, é, í, ó, ú), grave accent (à, ò), circumflex accent (â, ê, ô), tilde (ã, õ), and the cedilla (ç). As a Portuguese learner, you should pay attention to accent marks because:
- They can completely change the meaning of a word.
- They tell you where to place emphasis within a word.
- They show you how to pronounce a certain letter.
- They exist in all varieties of the Portuguese language, from Portugal and Angola to Brazil.
On that last note: Luckily, accent marks don’t vary in meaning—they have the same effect on pronunciation wherever you go.
But be careful! Just because accent marks are pronounced the same way across countries, it doesn’t mean that they’re always used in the exact same words everywhere—more on that below.
Portuguese Accent Marks and Pronunciations
In the following sections, we’ll go over each of the five different types of Portuguese accent marks, how they change words and how to use them.
The Acento Circunflexo, or Caret (^)
Letters that use it: â, ê, ô
What it does: Turns a regular letter that would be pronounced very openly into a letter that’s pronounced with a closed mouth.
How to use it:
It’s simple. All you have to do is pretend you’re drinking from a straw while pronouncing these letters!
Can you tell the difference between the letter a in the English word “father” and the absolutely different type of a you’d find in the word “alphabet”?
This difference also exists in Portuguese, too—we just sometimes use an accent mark to change a into the kind you find in “alphabet.”
The same is true for the letters e and o.
For instance, in a word like ferro (iron), the letter e will sound like in the English word “better.” That would be the typical e sound in the Portuguese language.
However, words that use a caret will transform into something similar to the English sound in the word “sin” or “win.”
Similarly, while the letter o would regularly be heard in Portuguese either as a very open letter (like in the English word “odd”) or as pretty much the same as the letter u (like in the English word “troops”), the caret changes everything once again!
Can you think of the o sound in the English word “flow”? That’s the effect of this little “hat” in the Portuguese vowel!
Inês (female name)
pôr (to put)
Remember: Not every word that includes this sound will necessarily have an accent mark to signal it.
For example, the words amigo (friend), dentro (inside) and porco (pig) all have vowels that are pronounced exactly as if they had a caret on them, but they don’t. You’ll learn as you go… promise!
The Agudo e Grave, or Acute and Grave Marks (´, `)
Letters that use them: á, à, é, í, ó, ú
What it does: Forces any letter to be very, very open, and places the stress on that letter.
How to use them:
Open your mouth and say “Aaaah”!
Here’s a guide to the equivalent sounds in English:
- á, à — aaahhhh (like in “father”)
- é — eh (like in “seven”)
- í — ee (like in “peak”)
- ó — oh (like in “odd”)
- ú — oo (like in “roof”)
You might be wondering what the difference is between á and à. In terms of pronunciation, they’re exactly the same.
Actually, the difference is only found in writing—you’ll only find à when the letter stands alone or with an s in front of it with the meaning of “to” or “on.” I know, it’s so specific!
Here are some examples of this:
Eu só como sopa às sexta-feiras. (I only eat soup on Fridays.)
Estou à espera! (I’m waiting!)
Vou à Alemanha. (I will go to Germany.)
Fui às cidades mais bonitas da Europa. (I went to the most beautiful cities in Europe.)
When using this accent mark in any other situation, always use the one pointing to the right side, like in the examples below.
há (there is, there are)
má (evil or mean female)
à (to, on)
Remember: Just like with the caret, this sound isn’t always accompanied by an accent mark.
The following words, for example, all have vowels that are pronounced exactly as if they have an acute accent mark on them, but they don’t:
Step by step, you’ll start getting used to these specific words.
Also: Remember the caret? Keep in mind that where European Portuguese (in Portugal) uses ó, Brazilian Portuguese will often use ô instead, with the necessary pronunciation changes.
Examples of this are:
arquitetónico (PT) → arquitetônico (BR)
atómico (PT) → atômico (BR)
anatómico (PT) → anatômico (BR)
This means that European Portuguese actually has some open vowel sounds that transform into very closed sounds in Brazilian Portuguese, and vice-versa.
The Til, or Tilde (~)
Letters that use it: ã, õ
What it does: Changes a regular letter into one with a nasal sound.
How to use it:
Think of the English word “part.” Now think of the English word “train.” Can you hear how the letter becomes slightly more nasal in the latter—that is, you use your nose to create the sound more than usual?
Similarly, the regular o in Portuguese would sound either like in the English word “boy” or “roof” (depending on the position of the letter inside a word… but that’s a story for another post!), but the letter õ would be pronounced as in the word “ointment”—again, a little bit more nasal.
põe (he/she/it puts, or imperative “put”)
One thing you’ll soon notice about the Portuguese language is that whenever a word ends in –ão in the singular, it’s likely to use the sounds –ãos and –ões in its plural version.
Additionally, if the word ends in –ãe in the singular, it’s likely to end with –ães in the plural version.
Here are some times when this happens:
coração → corações (heart → hearts)
mão → mãos (hand → hands)
canção → canções (song → songs)
mãe → mães (mother → mothers)
By the way, did you know that the letter e can also have its own nasal version, even though it’s not signaled with an accent mark?
Check the pronunciation of these words: sem (without), cem (one hundred) and tem (he/she/it has). See how that sounds extremely similar to ãe? That’s because it’s the exact same sound, only written a different way!
You’ll find this a lot in the Portuguese language: several sounds are similar, just written differently.
The Cedilha, or Hook (¸)
Letter that uses it: ç
What it does: Turns a regular hard c into an s sound.
How to use it:
In Portuguese, we have at least four different ways of writing the regular, normal sound s: with an s, with a c (only when followed by an e or an i), with a double s (ss) and with a ç.
This means that these words all have the same s sound, despite being written differently: cedo (early), saco (bag), sede (thirst), massa (pasta), sedar (to sedate), cela (prison cell), segundo (second), segredo (secret), seca (drought), cimento (cement) and Cinderela (Cinderella).
Add the letter ç to this repertoire! Whenever you see the letter ç, you must pronounce it as a strong s.
maçaneta (door handle)
praça (city square)
How to Type Portuguese Accent Marks
On a Mac Device
If you’re in an app that supports accent marks, follow these steps:
- Press and hold a letter key on the keyboard (like a) to display the accent menu.
- The menu will only be shown if the key has any possible accent marks.
- Select a character in the menu (for example, á) by clicking on it with your mouse, pressing the corresponding number key shown in the menu, or using the arrow keys to move to the character and then pressing the Space bar.
If you’re in an app that doesn’t support accent marks, try the dead keys option.
On a PC/Windows Device
To type accent marks in an application like Word or Outlook, follow the instructions below. Keys separated by a plus sign must be pressed at the same time while keys after a comma should be pressed right after releasing the previous keys.
- For the caret mark (â, ê, ô): CTRL + SHIFT + caret key (^), the letter key you want to add the accent to
- For the acute mark (á, é, í, ó, ú): CTRL key + apostrophe key (‘), the desired letter key
- For the grave mark (à): CTRL + accent grave key (`), the a key
- For the tilde (ã, õ): CTRL + SHIFT + tilde key (~), the desired letter key
- For the hook mark (ç): CTRL+ comma key (,), the c key
If you need an accent on an uppercase letter, turn on Caps Lock before using the shortcut keys above.
Portuguese accent marks can be tricky, but as you get exposed to more written and spoken Portuguese, you’ll naturally get more familiar with the accent marks and the sounds they produce.
So gather a few learning resources and let those little accent marks lead the way to expert pronunciation!
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GEORGETOWN, Texas - Ground spraying is scheduled for the evenings of Oct. 8 and 9 weather permitting due to a positive West Nile virus mosquito sample.
The positive sample was collected on Sept. 27 from a trap site on the Yellow Rose Trail in Sun City.
Since the Williamson County and Cities Health District began this year’s testing in May, 26 mosquito samples have tested positive for West Nile virus. Williamson County has reported one positive human case of West Nile Virus to date.
Spraying Oct. 8 & 9 in Sun City
The City is following the Health District’s best practices for Integrated Mosquito Management which, at their recommendation, calls for truck-mounted spraying, along with enhanced monitoring and testing and increased public outreach and education. Enhanced mosquito control efforts will also continue with the treatment of standing water with larvicide.
Although the mosquito control product poses no significant health risk, if possible, people and pets may want to stay indoors during spraying.
What you can do
The most important way to prevent West Nile virus is to reduce the number of mosquitoes where people live, work, and play. Health officials strongly encourage everyone to remain vigilant about protecting themselves from mosquito bites and preventing mosquito breeding on their personal property. Mosquitoes breed in standing water, needing as little as one teaspoon. By draining all sources of standing water in and around your property, you reduce the number of places mosquitoes can lay their eggs and breed.
Eliminating places where mosquitoes can breed and reducing the chances of mosquito bites are the most effective lines of defense against exposure to West Nile virus. As part of its Fight the Bite campaign the Health District recommends:
- Draining standing water in flowerpots, pet dishes, clogged gutters, irrigation valve boxes, water meter boxes, and any drainage inlets. Even very small amounts of standing water can be a harborage for mosquitos to breed.
- Using an EPA-registered insect repellent.
- Dressing in long sleeves and pants when outdoors.
- Treating standing water with EPA-approved larvicides which are applied directly to water sources that hold mosquito eggs, larvae, or pupae. When used consistently, larvicides can help reduce the overall mosquito burden by limiting the number of mosquitoes that are produced, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
For more information, go to the WCCHD website or visit the Texas Department of State Health Services West Nile website.
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Lots of people suffer from sensitive teeth. Sensitivity increases as the protective enamel on your teeth wears down, causing sharp, shooting pains. It is usually triggered when you eat or drink something hot or cold, and some people find that even just breathing in cold air can be uncomfortable. Sensitive teeth range from being mildly annoying through to painfully debilitating. They can also cause sufferers to dread dental appointments as the cold water and air used can be hard to tolerate.
Causes of Sensitive Teeth
Sensitive teeth are most commonly caused or exacerbated by:
- Brushing too hard or too often and using a hard-bristled toothbrush. Many people believe that brushing hard will make their teeth cleaner, when in fact this isn’t necessary and can cause damage to the tooth enamel. Brushing gently for 2 minutes, twice per day and flossing daily is the best way to keep your teeth clean. Some electric toothbrush models have a pressure sensor to alert you if you are pressing too hard while brushing which can be helpful.
- Acidic food or beverages as the acid naturally erodes the outer layer of our tooth enamel. Citrus foods and drinks, wine, vinegar, sports drinks and carbonated drinks are all big acidic culprits. Sugary foods like lollies are also contributors.
- Tooth decay, worn fillings, cavities or broken teeth where the dentin of your tooth is exposed.
- Gum disease and receding gums that expose the root surface.
- Grinding or clenching your teeth at night as this causes tooth wear.
- Over-the-counter tooth whitening products. Professional teeth whitening treatment and products are carefully controlled by your dentist to achieve the best effects while minimising and managing any potential tooth sensitivity. However, retail whitening products – including some whitening toothpastes – can contain hydrogen peroxide or bleaching agents that are very damaging to your tooth enamel and can even lead to permanent damage.
Ways to Reduce Teeth Sensitivity
Although it’s not possible to grow back tooth enamel or gums that have receded, there are definitely things you can do to help improve sensitive teeth.
- Firstly, see your dentist. They will diagnose any underlying oral health issues contributing to your sensitivity and treat them.
- Ask your dentist for product recommendations. There could be a particular model of toothbrush, paste or even special product like tooth mousse that will help to prevent further damage and minimise the sensitivity. They can also advise you on the correct brushing method and pressure to use if this is likely to be contributing to the problem.
- If you have the habit of clenching or grinding your teeth at night, a custom-made nightguard is an effective way to prevent your teeth from wearing down. These are designed to be as comfortable as possible for sleeping.
- Avoid having acidic and sugary foods and drinks, or ensure that you rinse your mouth out with plain water immediately afterwards so the acid and sugar doesn’t linger on your teeth and gums.
If you have any concerns regarding sensitive teeth, please contact us for an appointment.
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How to Grow: Controlling Apple Pests
Learn how to control common apple pests including diseases and insects.
Listen to podcast:
Apples are the quintessential Vermont tree fruit because they grow so well in our climate. Unfortunately, even after watering, fertilizing, protecting and generally pampering your trees, sometimes for years to get fruit, you only end up with misshapen, small fruits with black spots on the skin. While apples grow well here, so do their pests.
The first step to growing apples without cursing or resorting to harmful chemicals is to plant disease resistant varieties. ‘Liberty’, ‘Williams’ Pride’ and ‘Priscilla’ are some of the apple scab, fire blight, cedar apple rust and powdery mildew resistant varieties available that will reduce the need for spraying.
Insects, though, are another matter. Apple maggots and codling moths are the chief culprits responsible for those wormy, misshapen apples. To prevent the apple maggots from infesting your crop, hang 2 to 3 red spherical balls coated with tanglefoot (a sticky, vaseline-like substance), on your trees starting in late June. These red balls will lure the apple maggot fly to the tree to lay eggs only to have them get stuck on these fake apples and die. Although they won’t provide complete control, this trap will reduce the amount of bad apples.
There are traps to control codling moths as well. Commercial traps look like a tent hanging from your tree. Hang one trap per dwarf fruit tree starting at bloom time. Another way to reduce codling moth numbers is to wrap a 2 to 3 inch wide piece of corrugated cardboard (corrugated side in) around the trunk of your tree and staple it together. The larvae like to pupate in the cardboard, so you can check it every few weeks to remove any codling moth cocoons you find there.
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The fight against HIV provides hopeful lessons on how we could emerge from the current COVID-19 crisis. Both necessitate bold action – and hold the promise of a secure society in which all individuals are safe
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a profound crisis. It also provides an opportunity for leaders around the world to transform how we ensure people’s health. UNAIDS can share learning from four decades of experience in the AIDS response to help do so.
Today, millions of people around the world are alive and thriving because of the actions taken to push back AIDS. Yet AIDS is not finished, nor can victory be assumed: today 25.4 million people are on life-saving HIV treatment; 12 million more need to receive treatment. We are not on track. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to knock progress on AIDS off course. Applying insights from the successes and the challenges in tackling AIDS can help us overcome the COVID-19 pandemic – and enable us to finish the fight against AIDS, ensure the health and rights of all, and equip ourselves to manage the challenges to come.
Here are just six insights from our experience from HIV and AIDS.
First, the power of collaboration. Pandemic responses must go well beyond health. The most successful strategies to support people living with HIV and to reduce new cases of HIV have involved multi-sectoral action across ministries, including on education, social protection, economic policy, law reform and public information. Tackling COVID-19 likewise requires a whole-of-government approach, and a willingness to radically change existing ways of working. That collaboration must be international. Solidarity across borders has been at the heart of responding to HIV. No one ministry, and no one government, can solve any pandemic alone.
Second, the power of community. Community-led responses have been critical to the HIV response. The same holds for communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. They hold the key to flattening the curve, supporting affected people, ensuring equal distribution of commodities and ensuring recovery. Ultimate success hinges on how we involve affected communities in governance and policy, service delivery and monitoring and accountability.
In battling COVID-19, we must harness the power of communities and support community-led responses by funding community organisations, designating them as essential and ensuring the civic space to facilitate their potential. Boosted by the HIV response, strong community systems are in place in many countries. A skilled workforce already provides, or is fully ready to provide, community-led service delivery on COVID-19, as well as HIV. Workers must be paid fairly. Governments must change national policies that prevent communities from realising their full potential due to lockdowns, restrictive social contacting policies and constraints on their operations.
Third, the importance of rights. Many countries’ initial HIV responses disregarded rights. Too often, the same mistakes from the earliest damaging days of HIV are reappearing in responding to COVID-19. The HIV response only started to win once rights and voices were put at its heart. Building on those lessons, UNAIDS has supported the work of human rights defenders in all regions to ensure everyone’s rights are fulfilled in the COVID-19 response. We have provided joint guidance and policy and material support on rights. Aspects of these lessons have successfully been applied in some COVID-19 responses, although there is still much catching up to do. We must ensure that the rights of everyone, especially the most marginalised and vulnerable, are respected, protected and fulfilled, including by ending criminalisation. We will beat AIDS, and we will beat COVID-19, by valuing the rights and dignity of every person.
Fourth, life-saving science as a public good. The mass production of AIDS medicines by generic manufacturers, and assertiveness by developing countries in using them, unblocked the twin obstacles of prices much too high and volumes much too low. We have aimed high on realising everyone’s right to the fruits of the best science in fighting AIDS.
Now, as we face COVID-19, leaders, experts and civil society organisations globally have united in a call for a People’s Vaccine. There must be prior international agreement that any vaccines and treatments for COVID-19 will be made available to all countries, making a monopoly impossible for any single company or country. This will enable the multi-location, simultaneous mass production required to ensure that new vaccines are produced at the needed speed and scale. Developing countries must not be priced out or left at the end of a pharma queue.
Success remains at risk from backdoor deals between countries and pharmaceutical companies. It is vital to maintain a collective approach – because it’s the right thing to do, but also because ultimately it is in everyone’s enlightened self-interest: pandemic vaccines and treatments depend on mass use, so no one is safe until everyone is safe.
Fifth, universal health coverage as an investment that we cannot afford not to make. We have seen with HIV how removing financial barriers to accessing prevention, treatment and care has been key to huge progress, and that the costs of tackling threats to health are much less than the costs of not tackling them.
COVID-19 has again highlighted that health care is a shared investment benefitting all. Excluding anyone hurts us all. Many countries report severe shortages of necessary equipment, medicines and human resources to tackle COVID-19. We must now guarantee people’s health through stepped-up national public investments in strong health systems and take ambitious international action to facilitate the needed fiscal space by raising – not cutting – aid, cancelling more debt and making ambitious tax reforms.
The costs of health cannot be left to individuals. Every year, user fees block one billion people from health care. This puts everyone at risk: viruses cannot be contained if people cannot afford testing or treatment. It is in everyone’s interest that people who feel unwell should not check their pocket before they seek help. As the struggle to control an aggressive coronavirus rages, the case to end user fees in health immediately has become overwhelming.
Sixth, crises as opportunities. The AIDS crisis showed that crises can generate possibility, rather than make bold action impossible. It led to universal health coverage in Thailand, the repeal of discriminatory laws in countries on every continent, new norms on intellectual property and debt cancellation that freed up vital resources. Amid the pain and fear, the COVID-19 crisis generates an opportunity for bold, principled, collaborative leadership to change the course of the pandemic – and of society.
Like AIDS, COVID-19 necessitates bold action, and provides the impetus for taking it. AIDS once seemed it would overwhelm us forever. Our progress in pushing it back gives hope. Conversely, the continuing challenges we face on HIV and AIDS, and the risk of progress being thrown off course, remind us that there is no quick fix.
Our leaders across government and society can beat both pandemics. But this demands we take politically difficult decisions that redress the structural inequalities that hold back all who have been economically or socially excluded; and that we embrace a progressive multilateralism in which we share know-how, investments in our common future and power. The prize is a secure and prosperous society where all are safe, and where all belong. I am optimistic that together we will win.
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Today April 7th, 2023 started the Commemoration of the Genocide in Rwanda against Tutsi and Moderate Tutsi. This was used as excuse to massacre 10million Congolese, but what happened to the Hutus Civilians who fled to DRCongo by then Zaire since 1994 up to now?
Rwanda starts today a one week commemoration of the genocide that claimed the lives of 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutus, at least these are now known 29 years after. This forced an unknown number of Rwandans mainly Hutus to flee to DRCongo (by then Zaire) where they lived in camps near the border with Rwanda mainly in North Kivu and in South Kivu. Unanswered remain how did the UN and the DRCongo accept to keep put camps near the border which is against UNHCR standards of at least 55 Km? Who took such decision? Who backed such decision? Why were Civilians mixed up together with armed Rwandan groups in camps? The real number of these refugees is not yet known despite the presence of the United Nations and the DRCongo Government, some estimations indicate these Hutus at around 2millions, others at around 3millions and the Hutus themselves believe they could have been 4million people. How many were armed groups and how many were poor civilians in these refugee camps in Congo?
Two years after the genocide, Rwanda and Uganda deployed their armies in DRCongo in the pretext of dealing with the genocidaires who were hidden in refugee camps in Zaire. These foreign armies destroyed all the refugee camps and killed thousands of refugees, but again up to now we do not know how many refugees were massacred in DRCongo since 1996 up to now. Not only Rwandan refugees but also Congolese people were massacred by these foreign armies, and estimations indicate that more than 10million Congolese have been massacred since 1996 up to now by Rwanda and Uganda Armies deployed in DRCongo.
So, after the attacks on refugee camps in DRC, and after the massacres, how many were killed and how many survived up to now? Among those refugee killed how many were in armed groups and how many were civilians?
We remain forced to a culture of lack of information yet we want to know, what happened exactly and why it happened in that way. The number of refugee camps attacked and destroyed completely in DRCongo are known by the few people, the number of refugees in those camps massacred and bunt alive is not yet known, why they were killed and why the camps were targeted yet those who had guns and participated in the genocide in Rwanda had already left the camps? Why did Rwanda and Uganda target poor civilians in these refugee camps in Zaire, why should Uganda and Rwanda burn the refugee camps which were defenseless and not harmful anymore after the capture of the eastern parts of DRC by Uganda and Rwanda.
During these attacks, Rwandan refugees took different directions, while some were scattered in DRCongo, others crossed to neighboring countries mainly Uganda, Central Africa Republic, Congo-Brazaville, Tanzania, Zambia and Kenya among others. Again how many are these refugees? What legal status do they have in these countries? That also still a mystery up to now.
Okay, it is now 29 years since the genocide in Rwanda, how many civilian Rwandan refugees do we have in DRCongo now? Where do they live? How do they live? What is their legal status in DRCongo? Why are they not protected by the United Nations? These questions and many more remain unanswered up to now, yet we need clear responses.
Can we depend on UNHCR and the CNR in order to get information about Rwandan refugees in DRCongo?
As per now, No,
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the Democratic Republic of Congo does not have statistics about these Rwandan refugees, UNHCR is not even in contact with so many, and in some cases refugees accuse UNHCR of being a mere implementer of the Rwanda Agenda against them. UNHCR is struggling, part of her staffs are either perceived as Rwandans or pro-Rwanda, the others live in Rwanda while working on refugee issues in DRCongo, and by nature UNHCR does not seem to work towards the protection of refugees but rather to push them to go back to Rwanda. But again, on this why should donors especially the European Union, the United States and others give their money to fund a forced repatriation of refugees back to Rwanda? What is the benefit of the donors in this operations? And who does the protection of refugees in DRCongo threaten?
The Congolese National Commission for Refugees known as CNR, in itself was established by the pro-Rwanda backed rebel group of RCD Goma in 1998 in order to facilitate in a human way the forced repatriation of Hutus refugees back to Rwanda, that was the main purpose and this continued up to now, the CNR is not oriented towards the protection of refugees. As both UNHCR and CNR may have various explanations about these forced repatriations of refugees back to Rwanda, the refugees themselves have a different view and look at these institutions as merely Rwandan operations.
Yes, we want to know more about the victims of the genocide in Rwanda, but at the same time and on equally basis we want to know about the victims of various attacks against Rwandan refugees in DRCongo. Researchers around the world still have a big work to do in this field but we do not see them come to DRCongo.
Once that is done, they Rwandan Refugees in DRCongo will also commemorate the genocide.
COJESKI/DRC COORDINATION OF NORTH KIVU.
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Growing Edible-Podded Peas in Your Garden
Edible podded peas Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon are a productive and easy-to-grow garden vegetable. Also known as snow peas or Chinese peas in Hawaii they’re a local favorite for stir fry and oriental noodle dishes. There are many varieties that can be grown in Hawaii, but the key is adaptability to your specific conditions and disease resistance.
Hawaii Organic Seed Summit
On March 25-26, the Hawai’i Seed Growers Network partnered with the Organic Seed Alliance (OSA) the leading national education, research, and advocacy organization advancing organic seed, UH Manoa CTAHR Extension, and GoFarm Hawai’i our statewide farmer training program, to bring the first statewide Organic Seed Conference to Hawai’i highlighting everyone’s work to develop more biodiverse local community food and agriculture resources.
Commercial Vegetable Production in Hawaii - June, 1932
Frederick G. Krauss, Director of Agricultural Extension Service
This 1932 publication from Fred Krauss, Director of University of Hawaii's Agricultural Extension Service is a treasure of a resource, offering specific management techniques that are as relevant today as they were in 1932.
The Story of The Blue Lake Bean
The Historic Courthouse Museum has a large collection of Native American baskets, particularly those created and used by the Eastern Pomo of Lake County. These works of art and utility rightfully garner a large amount of attention and are given a place of honor...
Pollinators in Hawai'i
UH Honey Bee Project
Most flowering plants rely on animal pollinators. Worldwide, there are over 200,000 species of animals involved in pollen transfer including birds, mammals, and insects, such as bees and flies. Animal-assisted cross-pollination is often required to fertilize flowers and for fruit formation...
Finding A New Crop
"What crop should I grow?" is a common question farmers new and old commonly ask. With changing tastes and also changing weather, farmers have to stay ahead of the curve and not get complacent about what and how they farm. In a place where hundreds of different crops...
Pollinator Friendly Gardens
Our islands are a diversity of not only people, culture and ideas, but also climatic diversity. From the mountains to the shore, we have over 140 soil types and most of the climatic zones in the world. We have thousands of microclimates when you add in topography and how trees and windbreaks affect surface and air temperatures...
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Figo Stages For Cervical Cancer
Doctors assign the stage of the cancer by evaluating the tumor and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Staging is based on the results of a physical exam, imaging scans, and biopsies.
Stage I: The cancer has spread from the cervix lining into the deeper tissue but is still just found in the uterus. It has not spread to other parts of the body. This stage may be divided into smaller groups to describe the cancer in more detail .
Stage IA: The cancer is diagnosed only by viewing cervical tissue or cells under a microscope. Imaging tests or evaluation of tissue samples can also be used to determine tumor size.
Stage IA1: There is a cancerous area of less than 3 millimeters in depth.
Stage IA2: There is a cancerous area 3 mm to less than 5 mm in depth.
Stage IB:In this stage, the tumor is larger but still only confined to the cervix. There is no distant spread.
Stage IB1: The tumor is 5 mm or more in depth and less than 2 centimeters wide. A centimeter is roughly equal to the width of a standard pen or pencil.
Stage IB2: The tumor is 5 mm or more in depth and between 2 and 4 cm wide.
Stage IB3: The tumor is 4 cm or more in width.
Stage II: The cancer has spread beyond the uterus to nearby areas, such as the vagina or tissue near the cervix, but it is still inside the pelvic area. The cancer has not spread to other parts of the body. This stage may be divided into smaller groups to describe the cancer in more detail .
Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
Cancer that starts in the cervix can spread to lymph nodes in the pelvis. To check for lymph node spread, the surgeon might remove some of these lymph nodes. This procedure is known as a pelviclymph node dissection or lymph node sampling. It is done at the same time as a hysterectomy or trachelectomy.
Removing lymph nodes can lead to fluid drainage problems in the legs. This can cause severe leg swelling, a condition called Lymphedema.
Who’s Affected By Cervical Cancer
Following the success of the NHS Cervical Screening Programme and the early detection of cell changes, the number of cervical cancer cases in the UK has reduced. Around 3,000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the UK each year.
It’s possible for women of all ages to develop cervical cancer, but the condition mainly affects sexually active women aged between 30 and 45. Cervical cancer is very rare in women under 25.
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Stage : Cancer Has Spread Beyond The Uterus/cervix To The Vagina Ovaries Fallopian Tubes And/or Lymph Nodes In The Pelvis Or Abdomen
Stage 3 is subdivided into the following:
- Stage 3A: Cancer is in the outer layer of your uterus or the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
- Stage 3B: It has spread to the tissues around the uterus or vagina.
- Stage 3C1: The cancer has spread outside of the uterus and to the lymph nodes of the pelvis.
- Stage 3C2: Cancer cells are inside the body of the uterus and the lymph nodes of the higher aorta.
In Stage 3, in addition to unusual vaginal bleeding, you may experience discomfort or pain in the abdomen, bloating, feeling full quickly, and difficulty or pain urinating.
Symptoms Of Advanced Cancer
Advanced cervical cancer means that a cancer that began in the cervix has spread to another part of the body.
Symptoms depend on where the cancer is in the body. They might include:
- tiredness and feeling unwell
- griping pain in your tummy
- feeling bloated
- vomiting large amounts
It might not mean that you have advanced cancer if you have these symptoms. They can be caused by other conditions.
Tell your doctor or specialist nurse if you’re worried about a symptom or if it continues for more than a few days.
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Mechanisms Of Tumor Spread
The mechanisms and pathways by which malignant tumors of the abdomen and pelvis spread are determined by regional anatomy and tumor pathophysiology. Abdominal and pelvic organs are suspended in the peritoneal cavity by ligaments and mesenteries formed by the peritoneum as it reflects from the extraperitoneal surface. The abdominal ligaments and mesenteries serve as conduits through which blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics may travel. They also may serve to facilitate tumor spread between organs or restrict tumor spread between compartments. A variety of descriptions are in common usage regarding the mechanisms of tumor spread. Tumors can spread in several ways: directly from organ to organ without regard for fascial planes or anatomic compartments via the subserous connective tissue, blood vessels, or lymphatics of the abdominal mesenteries and ligaments or throughout the peritoneal cavity. Chapter 6 provides additional information regarding the spread of disease within the abdomen and pelvis.
Direct Contiguous Spread
The intraperitoneal organs are suspended within the peritoneal cavity and are interconnected via a scaffolding of supporting ligaments and mesenteries. Beneath the peritoneal lining lies the subperitoneal space. This space contains connective tissue, lymphatics, and blood vessels, all of which can serve as conduits for tumor spread.
Subperitoneal Tumor Extension
BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT LYMPH NODES
Urinary Outcome And Fistula Formation
A total of 23 patients had VVF in their disease history. Eight patients had VVF prior to any treatment and four of them without urinary symptoms received brachytherapy. VVF disappearance was observed in two of them: one at 18 Gy of RT , and one six months after BT . Among the 63 patients without VVF prior to treatment, 15/63 developed VVF during follow-up, with 13/15 occurring the year following the start of radiotherapy . Median time to onset was 3.1 months after the start of EBRT . Six out of 15 VVFs were associated with local relapse, while nine patients out of the 48 patients with no VVF at diagnosis and no local relapse, developed a VVF which were therefore considered as complications.
Eleven of the 23 patients with VVF underwent surgery related to VVF: anterior pelvectomy + cutaneous uretero-ileostomy , isolated cutaneous uretero-ileostomy , continent ileocolonic urinary reservoir , total pelvectomy , VVF repair . Five patients also had a colostomy for associated recto-vaginal fistulae or severe digestive symptoms. At the last follow-up, 12/23 patients had no urinary symptom, while five still experienced repeated urinary tract infections or dribbling.
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Tests For Cervical Cancer Staging
To determine the stage, doctors may use the following tests, or a combination of these procedures:
- Positron emission tomography scan
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Ultrasound exam
- Chest X-ray
Your care team may also need to perform a procedure to collect more information about the cancer. These may include:
What Are The Treatment Options For Bladder Cancer
There are four types of treatment for patients with bladder cancer. These include:
Sometimes, combinations of these treatments will be used.
Surgery is a common treatment option for bladder cancer. The type of surgery chosen will depend on the stage of the cancer.
- Transurethral resection of the bladder is used most often for early stage disease . It is done under general or spinal anesthesia. In this procedure, a special telescope called a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. The tumor is then trimmed away with the resectoscope, using a wire loop, and the raw surface of the bladder is then fulgurated .
- Partial cystectomy is the removal of a section of the bladder. At times, it is used for a single tumor that invades the bladder wall in only one region of the bladder. This type of surgery retains most of the bladder. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy is often used in combination. Only a minority of patients will qualify for this bladder-sparing procedure.
- Radical cystectomy is complete removal of the bladder. It is used for more extensive cancers and those that have spread beyond the bladder .
This surgery is often done using a robot, which removes the bladder and any other surrounding organs. In men, this is the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, the ovaries, uterus and a portion of the vagina may be removed along with the bladder.
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What Stages Have To Do With Cancer Spread
Cancers are staged according to tumor size and how far it has spread at the time of diagnosis. Stages help doctors decide which treatments are most likely to work and give a general outlook.
There are different types of staging systems and some are specific to certain types of cancer. The following are the basic stages of cancer:
- In situ. Precancerous cells have been found, but they havent spread to surrounding tissue.
- Localized. Cancerous cells havent spread beyond where they started.
- Regional. Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues, or organs.
- Distant. Cancer has reached distant organs or tissues.
- Unknown. Theres not enough information to determine the stage.
- Stage 0 or CIS. Abnormal cells have been found but have not spread into surrounding tissue. This is also called precancer.
- Stages 1, 2, and 3. The diagnosis of cancer is confirmed. The numbers represent how large the primary tumor has grown and how far the cancer has spread.
- Stage 4. Cancer has metastasized to distant parts of the body.
Your pathology report may use the TNM staging system, which provides more detailed information as follows:
T: Size of primary tumor
- TX: primary tumor cant be measured
- T0: primary tumor cant be located
- T1, T2, T3, T4: describes the size of the primary tumor and how far it may have grown into surrounding tissue
N: Number of regional lymph nodes affected by cancer
M: Whether cancer has metastasized or not
Does Cervical Cancer Spread Fast
After diagnosis, many patients have the question, Does Cervical Cancer Spread Fast?. In most cases, cervical cancer is a slow growing disease. However, the various types of cervical cancer can behave differently, with some more aggressive than others. Roughly 90% of cases are identified as squamous cell carcinoma. The rest of the cases are labeled as Adenocarcinoma. Approximately 200 of the over 11,000 total cases diagnosed in the United States each year will be classified as small cell cervical cancer or large cell cervical cancer, both aggressive variants. Every patient is different, some precancerous cells in the cervix can be present for several years before developing into cancer.
Cervical cancer starts as precancer in the cells on the cervix floor. Untreated cervical cancer can spread to the bladder, intestines, lymph nodes, bones, lungs, and liver. Cervical cancer happens when cells in the cervix develop and divide uncontrollably. Unlike many different cancers whose causes are largely still unknown, cervical cancer is most frequently attributable to human papillomavirus .
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What Are Stage 4 Cervical Cancer Treatments
Because stage 4 cervical cancer is advanced, the treatments are more aggressive. However, if you decide that you do not want to undergo the above treatments, there are options for palliative care to improve your quality of life. These options include:
- For stage 4A cervical cancer, both chemotherapy and radiation are given. The chemotherapy drug or drugs are delivered every 4 weeks to make radiation therapy more effective. Brachytherapy can also supplement the EBRT.
Figuring Out Your Stage
Doctors use two ways to decide the stage of uterine cancer. One is a method created by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics . The other is the American Joint Committee of Cancer TNM staging system. The two methods are almost the same.
Both systems are based on three categories: tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis . In the TNM staging system, the categories are assigned letters:
Tumor . How big is the main tumor, and has it spread to nearby organs?
Lymph nodes . Has the disease moved into nearby lymph nodes? These are the small, bean-shaped glands found throughout the body that are part of your immune system — your body’s defense against germs.
Metastasis . Has the cancer spread to far-away lymph nodes or other organs? This is called metastasis.
In TMN staging, doctors also assign numbers after the letters T, M, N that explain how advanced your cancer is.
Once your doctor works out the TMN staging, they’ll also figure out a broader set of stages that use Roman numerals. There are four stages of endometrial cancer: I, II, III, and IV.
Lower numbers mean that the cancer hasn’t spread as much. If you have stage IV, the cancer cells have spread to parts of the body that are farther away.
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How Is Metastatic Uterine Cancer Treated
Treatment of metastatic uterine cancer requires the expertise of a multispecialty team that has a high level of experience with this malignancy such as the specialists at Moffitt Cancer Center. Our team collaborates as a tumor board, ensuring every Moffitt patient with metastatic uterine cancer receives a treatment plan tailored to her unique needs. Additionally, Moffitt is at the forefront of cancer research and offers a number of clinical trials that patients may be eligible to participate in. These clinical trials provide access to the latest and most advanced treatments before they have been made widely available. Virtual visits appointments are also available.
Symptoms If Cancer Has Spread To The Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are part of a system of tubes and glands in the body that filters body fluids and fights infection.
The most common symptom that happens when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes, is that they feel hard or swollen. Cervical cancer can spread to lymph nodes in the area between the hip bones .
Cancer cells can also stop lymph fluid from draining away. This might lead to swelling in your legs due to fluid build up. The swelling is called lymphoedema.
Symptoms if cancer has spread to the liver
You might have any of these symptoms if the cancer has spread to your liver:
- discomfort or pain on the right side of your abdomen
- feeling sick
- poor appetite and weight loss
- swollen abdomen
- yellowing of the skin
- itchy skin
Symptoms if cancer has spread to the bones
Cervical cancer may spread to the bones. The most common symptom if cancer has spread to the bone is bone pain. It is usually there most of the time and wakes you up at night. It can be a dull ache or stabbing pain.
Your bones might also become weaker and more likely to break .
Having bone pain does not mean that your cancer has definitely spread to the bones. There may be other reasons for your bone pain. Speak to your doctor or nurse if you are worried.
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What Causes Cervical Cancer And Am I At Risk
Cervical cancer is much more common in developing nations than it is in developed nations. Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in developing nations, with 84% of all cervical cancer cases occurring in Africa, Latin American, and Caribbean underdeveloped areas. It is fairly rare in the United States. Every year, an estimated 13,800 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in the United States. There has been a 75% decrease in deaths from cervical cancer in developed nations over the past 50 years. Most of this decrease is attributed to the effective institution of cervical cancer screening programs in developed nations.
One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV . It should be stressed that only a very small percentage of women who have HPV will develop cervical cancer. Just because you have HPV doesn’t mean you will get cancer. However, almost all cervical cancers have evidence of the HPV virus in them, so HPV infection is a major risk factor for developing it. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection that is incredibly common in the population. In fact, most college-aged men and women have been exposed to HPV.
Because having an STI is a risk factor for cervical cancer, any risk factor for developing STIs is also a risk factor for developing cervical cancer. These include:
What Is Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer occurs when previously healthy cells in the cervix become abnormal. As they grow, they crowd healthy cells. If the abnormal cells spread to other areas of the body, it makes it harder for the body to function correctly.
Cervical cancer used to be one of the most common causes of cancer death for American women. Fortunately, because of the Pap test, rates of cervical cancer have dropped dramatically. During a Pap test, your doctor collects cervical cells for microscopic examination to find precancerous or cancerous cells. A Pap test is typically done every 3 to 5 years in your healthcare providers office unless you are at an increased risk for cervical cancer. It is crucial to catch cancer early, and routine cervical cancer screening allows most women to do that.
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What Screening Tests Are Used For Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is considered a preventable disease. It usually takes a very long time for pre-cancerous lesions to progress to invasive cancers. Effective screening programs in the United States have led to the drastic decline in the numbers of cervical cancer deaths in the last 50 years. For women who do develop cervical cancer in developed nations, 60% of them either have never been screened or haven’t been screened in the last five years. The importance of regular cervical cancer screening cannot be overstated.
The mainstay of cervical cancer screening has been the Pap test. Pap is short for Papanicolaou, the inventor of the test, who published a breakthrough paper in 1941. A Pap test is easily performed in your provider’s office. During a pelvic examination, your provider uses a wooden spatula and/or a brush to get samples of cervical cells. These cells are placed on a slide, or in a liquid preservative, and sent to a laboratory where an expert in examining cells under a microscope can look for cancerous changes. Many women find the exam uncomfortable, but rarely painful. Depending on the results of the test, your provider may need to perform further examinations.
The American Cancer Society recommends the following guidelines for cervical cancer screening:
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Writer: Arda Bora Karahan
Either before or after technology, people always have been producing waste via substances they consumed or any non-utilizable objects. However, financial needs associated with the development of technology and industry based on population growth increased the amount of waste rapidly, which also made their classification necessary. One of the largest fields is definitely medical waste. Medical wastes are objects which compose of sharp, pathological, or infected wastes that are obligated from medical facilities and threaten the balance of the environment. Also, disposal of them plays a huge role in terms of the health of the environment and people. Although there are lots of cases in both consumption and disposal of waste, even if not, they can suffer people.
While the medical wastes are classified, they are separated by taking into consideration the cases such as substance conditions, whether it is infected or not. On the other hand; despite all of the bad effects on the creatures, only 10% of medical wastes are poisonous, so 90% of them are only enrolled in polluting the areas. WHO (World Health Organization) separated medical waste into nine parts:
Infectious(Biohazardous) Waste: These are wastes that can excrete ‘’pathogen’’ if all conditions are met (Pathogen means every type of morbid virus, bacteria, or fungi). These wastes may be welded because of the objects contracted to ailing persons, places where the operations of the contagious disease have been made, etc. Pathological Waste: The dangerous substances which may be accounted for anatomically, either as waste blood, the parts of the body or frameworks of animals, etc.
Sharps Waste: It is a form of biomedical waste that contains any of the objects used to puncture the skin. Vaccines, syringes, or bistoury are some examples.
Pharmaceutical Waste: It contains expired, virgin, damaged, or any non-utilizable medicine anymore because of other reasons. Besides the medicines, gloves, boxes, and connection tubes are in this group.
Genotoxic Waste: Right along with being so dangerous and risky, they possess a carcinogenic impact on the person. The cytotoxic medicines in this group (It is a type of medicine to kill or prevent the growth of bad cells and specially used in chemotherapy) entail risk since they contain radioactive substances. Any of the tools while it is prepared or puke, urine, or stool of practice are in this group.
Chemical Wastes: They are defined as unusable or non-green chemicals. They might be solid, liquid, or gas substances, wastes that consist of disinfection materials, etc.
Heavy Metal Waste: Since they possess high-level toxicants, they are accepted as a subcategory of dangerous wastes. Fortunately, the utilization of these objects as mercury thermometers has decreased because of new products such as electronic thermometers or sphygmomanometers.
Pressure Vessels: The gasses to use in treatment need to be stored in pressure vessels or aerosols( a device helping disintegration of a solid or liquid in a gas field). Most of them could be reused except arousals but they generally must be closed out and effaced.
Radwaste: A type of waste that is generated from experiments on the body of a human or expended X-Ray paper.
We already stated that these wastes could damage both people and the environment. Let’s look at the environmental and health dimensions of problems that cause medical waste. Firstly, let me say that, even though a person and his/her environment look irrelevant, there is only one piece and that person's environment, nature, and even the universe are an extent of their body. In this sense, every time nature gets harmed, it will be affecting the people, either. Firstly, taking into account of effects on the health of people, the number of diseases that occur because of medical waste can not be overlooked. The major reason for these incidents is hardened blood samples on medical waste. It is also likely to have some viruses, bacteria, or parasites in it. The blood samples and wastes may cause the spreading of some diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. In this respect, risks that medical wastes have constituted are accepted as one of the reasons for fatal diseases. Nevertheless, sharp wastes in this group can endanger if it is not effaced if it is not in a safe manner. Additionally, the wastes which are named "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)" are polluting the environment constantly because of their biological properties. They are the objects that can outlast nature without resolution and pile up in adipose tissue, also entail risk to the environment and health of people. To sum up, of the chemical energy they possess, they can pollute the areas where they appear.
It is important to destroy the waste snugly. Scientists found a lot of types of disposal to efface the waste in safe ways. There are two major types of disposal and while some are just to cut up a small number of substances, the rest of them can dispel very large amounts of them.
Incineration: It is a way of disposal that effaces the wastes by burning them. Some facilities have furnaces and they burn the substances there instead of dropping them off at the waste storage areas. Even though incineration is the most commonly used method, it is not suggested because it is both expensive(because of the oil used for burning them) and non-green(due to carbon emissions).
Thermal Treatment(Autoclave): In this order, the wastes are destroyed by using a pressure chamber powered by a high-pressure system. Because it uses radioactive waves while wastes destruction, it is definitely more eco-friendly.
Consequently, medical wastes which didn’t use to entail risk for humanity became a ‘’tough nut’’. Either their production or consumption are significant matters for everyone’s health. Be aware of usage and recycling of them in your environment.
How to dispose of medical waste ' evreka. Evreka “How To Dispose of Medical Waste”. (2022, July 25). Retrieved December 2, 2022. https://evreka.co/blog/how-to-dispose-of-medical-waste/
2707 - ayk.gov.tr. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2022. https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/SENGUPTA-Anirban-CONSCIOUSNESS-ABOUT-ENVIRONMENT-IN-ANCIENT-INDIA.pdf
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We hear the term sustainability a lot these days. With the spotlight on global warming and our dwindling water resources, many companies, governmental agencies, industry influencers and even our neighbors can’t stop talking about it. And rightly so. We have to figure out a way for society to thrive while at the same time limit the amount of resources we use to do so. But where do we start?
There are three key pillars to sustainability: Environment, Society and Economy. The three pillars all work in tandem with each other to create balance in the world. They push and pull each other. Regardless of society and the economy, the environment will continue to exist. In which state the environment exists depends on society and the way we approach our economy.
The environment needs water to run more through the rivers of the world and less through our pipes. Society wishes to keep a high quality of life and the economy has typically dictated the extent to which society can accomplish that. At High Sierra we’ve developed a technology that will not only cut your water and energy usage, but you won’t have to sacrifice your quality of life to accomplish it.
Our shower heads have a feel-good, low-flow that people like you enjoy. They’re made of all-metal materials and built in the USA. Our sustainability experts make products that are good for the environment, society and the economy.
Sustainabilty Experts Focus on the Details
We’re all-metal, they’re plastic. Metal shower heads like High Sierra’s are highly durable. Because you typically won’t replace them nearly as often, they use fewer resources. That’s a big sustainability win.
Plastic shower heads are more breakable. When a shower head made of plastic has a chip or crack due to impact, it often needs to be replaced. Plastics also break down due to wear, temperature fluctuations, and naturally occurring minerals found in the water supply.
Each time a broken plastic shower head is thrown away, it adds waste to landfills – or elsewhere in the environment. Also, each time you have to get a new shower head, that’s a negative for your wallet and for sustainability. That’s yet more energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from the new shower head’s manufacture, transport, and packaging.
Many shower heads come with extra packaging. Like hard plastic cases for shelf display, which you have to laboriously cut away and then throw away, going into a landfill. Those are a sustainability ‘minus.’
In contrast, High Sierra’s products ship with less packaging. And of a more ecologically-friendly kind.
Our compact Classic PLUS model, for instance, is packed in an equally compact, recyclable cardboard box. A box that’s just big enough to hold and protect it – and not a bit larger.
Sustainable Building Partnerships
Planning a green building project? Such as a project guided by certifications and standards such as LEED, Passive House, or Net-Zero Energy?
High Sierra’s shower heads are a perfect fit for these projects. They’ll help you save on both your water and energy use budgets and meet your sustainability goals.
See our profile on Mortarr, a leading site for design ideas. There, you’ll find examples of green building projects using High Sierra’s 1.25 and 1.5 gpm shower heads.
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In medical terms, the spread of cancer kind one component of the body to an additional is referred to as hosting. The early days of the cancer cells, when the cancer has just started in the lungs, are known as stage one lung cancer. At this moment, the malignant growth is limited to simply one area and also it somehow starts it’s infect various other parts of the body. The spread which starts in the lungs entails the deadly cancer cells being really tiny and also existing in the lungs but beginning to infect other organs of the body while destroying the cells. Known as the primary growth, this growth tends to expand from the tissues within the lungs where it is located. At this specific phase, despite how early it may be, the lung cancer survival rate is not as high in comparison to various other types of cancer.
Lung cancer is called among the most harmful kinds of cancer in the world today as well as it is in charge of over 100,000 deaths every year. Despite such shocking stats dominating, there are still many people that are unaware that smoking tobacco or cigarettes for that issue is the prominent factor for the instances of lung cancer. On the other hand, second hand smoking which is additionally called involuntary inhalation is much more harmful than the 1st hand smoking specifically relating to phase 1 lung cancer. Cigarettes are usually full of nicotine which is addictive yet harmful to people. If there is excessive direct exposure to the carcinogenic products or contaminants, after that there is the fear that the cells in the lungs may experience uncoordinated and irregular growth patterns. This unskillful growth of the cells normally causes a tumor which can be viewed as the start of the malignant intrusion. In the early stages, the lymph nodes are not influenced by the cancer cells and survival price at the onset stands at 50-60% chances of complete remedy.
Stage one cancer usually manifests itself in numerous methods as well as if determined rapidly, it can be treated as well as there are higher possibilities that one could not come under a dieu tri ung thu phoi. The very early signs and symptoms of this condition consist of extremely superficial breath as well as hissing sounds. The area around the upper body is generally where all this pain is felt as well as the breast discomfort comes to be a really common occurrence when it involves the development of the tumor in the locations of the lungs. There is normally persistent or occasionally chronic coughing which is likewise referred to as cigarette smokers cough. Several infections begin to emerge within the lungs as an example respiratory disease or perhaps in some cases pneumonia as well as these all contribute to accumulate of lung cancer. In instance any one of these symptoms appears, a medical professional should be alerted for a remedy to be developed. The specialist will advise one of the most suitable therapy strategies for you after reviewing your problem with the disease.
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Humus soil is soil made up of decayed organic material. Popularly, it refers to soil that is light in texture, dark brown or black in color, and sweet-smelling. It is considered the richest soil and is usually described as the ideal soil type. Most soils are a combination of the soil types, and tend have either more clay or more sand, with varying amounts of humus.
In terms of chemistry, humus is made up of completely decomposed plant and animal material. The material is broken down to its elemental form, and it is largely composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and a small amount of nitrogen. Humus does not contain active bacteria or microbiotic life, which makes it a stable substance because it will not decompose any further.
With regular cultivation, including the addition of soil amendments such as minerals to balance pH and fertilizers made of organic materials, the humus content of soil gradually increases over time. Although gardening stores sell bags of material labeled as “humus,” it is not really possible to create or harvest the pure substance. In nature, it is generally a combination of materials at various stages of decomposition. Pure humus soil contributes to the soil's overall quality. It is an integral part of healthy soil structure, which also includes minerals from sand or clay and organic matter that is still decomposing.
Colloquially, humus can refer to any organic soil matter. It is often confused with compost, since the two can look alike. Finished compost should bear little to no resemblance to the original material that went into it and, like humus, compost has a light texture, dark color, and sweet-scent. The difference between compost and humus is that compost is still undergoing decomposition, and it contains live bacteria and other nutrients that directly contribute to plant growth.
Almost no soil is completely sand, clay, or humus. Sandy soil is generally poor in nutrients, and cannot hold water well, so it may not be able to hold up shallow-rooted plants. Clay soil is generally richer in nutrients, but water cannot drain from it and plants' roots often cannot penetrate it. Humus has the ability to hold moisture, which is why it improves sandy soil. At the same time, its light texture allows moisture to drain and oxygen to circulate, which is how it improves clay soil.
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Estimated reading time: 3 minutes
I overheard a conversation recently bashing the use of learning styles. As a refresher, the three traditional learning styles are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic.
- Visual learning involves graphs, charts, pictures, and video.
- Auditory learning includes discussions, podcasts, and also video.
- Kinesthetic learning involves role plays and hands on practice.
Honestly, I don’t see anything wrong with the concept of learning styles. BUT like a lot of models, if the information isn’t being used in a productive way, then it can make it lose its value and become the target of negative conversation. Here are a few things to consider when it comes to learning styles.
Understand the learning styles you prefer. Each of us has preferences toward learning. Some people like books. Others might want to watch a video or attend a class. All those learning activities are perfectly acceptable. It’s important to understand the types of learning that you gravitate toward.
Recognize the circumstances you prefer a learning style. I would guess that most of us like to learn different topics in different ways. For example, I might like to learn about a theory by reading a book. But I would like to learn how to make gnocchi in a hands-on class.
Use all the styles. As you’re thinking about your learning plans, make sure you consider all the styles. In fact, as you’re putting together your goals, ask yourself “What’s the best way to learn this topic?” instead of “How do I want to learn this topic?”. Maybe there’s perfect alignment with your preferences and the best way to learn the topic. But also, be prepared for the best way to learn something not to be in your preferred style. If we use the example above, I might love learning via books, but that’s not the best way to learn how to make gnocchi. If I want to learn how to make gnocchi, maybe I need to attend a hands-on class. Not my preference, but it’s the best way to learn.
Look for opportunities to venture out of your comfort zone. Some topics can be learned a variety of different ways. Let’s say you’ve been attending a few in-person training sessions lately. Does it make some sense to try a virtual program to encourage a different type of learning experience? Sometimes pushing ourselves to learn something new in a different style heightens our focus and enhances the experience.
Consider a personal debrief to understand more about self-learning. As you’re learning, remember to think about your own self-awareness. Ask yourself, “What went well with this learning experience? What did I find valuable?”. Also ask, “Is there anything I’d do differently next time to get a better learning experience?”.
The value in learning styles isn’t to understand our preferences and always use them. The value in learning styles is to understand our preferences and not always use them. Because that’s how learning happens.
The same applies when designing training. The goal isn’t to design programs that are filled with activities that the instructional designer loves. It’s to offer all the styles and align activities with the topic.
This has always been a time of year for me where I’m thinking about goals. The organizations I worked in were coming up with strategies for the next year. We were planning department goals as well as individual goals. It’s a great time to think about what you want to learn … and the best way to learn it.
Image captured by Sharlyn Lauby while at the Wynwood Art District in Miami, FL54
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Resistance to toxins produced by certain plants and toads has evolved independently through a similar molecular mechanism across an unprecedented range of animals, from insects to snakes to hedgehogs. The work, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week, suggests that there is some predictability to evolution.
Examples of convergent evolution are everywhere: bat, bird, and pterosaur wings, for example, or the body shape of dolphins and fish. But at the molecular level, documented examples of convergence are rare and limited to specific groups. In this new study, Nicholas Casewell from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and colleagues present evidence of convergent molecular evolution spanning the breadth of the animal kingdom.
Cardiac glycoside toxins are produced by true toads and milkweed, foxglove, and oleander plants as a defense. These toxins act as molecular corks that plug sodium-potassium pumps on nerve cell membranes, New Scientist explained, causing heart failure. Reptiles that feed on these toads have developed toxin resistance, which is conferred by mutations that have evolved on four separate occasions: in three snake lineages and one lizard family. The sodium-potassium pumps of these animals can’t be blocked by the toxin.
Resistance to cardiac glycosides appears to have evolved independently via a similar molecular mechanism in insects, frogs, toad-eating toads, rodents, and European hedgehogs as well. The team found similar changes to the pump in each of the animals they looked at. “There are very few options for a gene to modify itself to develop resistance without impairing function,” Casewell told New Scientist. “It suggests that in this system, evolution can be highly predictable.” When the range of possible solutions is sufficiently limited, they found, evolution can follow expected pathways.
Another paper, published last week in BMC Evolutionary Biology, also examined the predictability of evolution. When the changing climate surrounded isolated ant colonies with desert, the queens in different populations all lost their wings, Science explains. Flight was too risky because they could be blown out into the desert.
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These three areas of developmental care (replicating the womb; individualised care and family-centred care) are incorporated into a policy that is called the Newborn Individualised Developmental Care Policy (NIDCAP). The NIDCAP policy acknowledges that every baby is unique and has their own threshold of reactivity and sensitivity to external stimuli. By individualising care, staff have has the ability to understand what even the smallest of babies want as well as what the caregiver (you and/or the medical team) can provide to ensure an environment structure that brings out the best in you and your baby.
NIDCAP is like a unique voice for each baby. This kind of care knows that every little sign, or behavioural cue, is like a word or way of your baby communicating with you. By using NIDCAP, the medical staff aims to recognise your baby’s needs and tailor your baby’s environment accordingly. The medical staff will also help you to begin interpreting these cues so that you can get to know your baby as a whole person. The time you spend watching your baby will help you to learn about their unique way of responding to you and the world and it will make all the difference to their future.
The video below will give you an idea of NIDCAP in action:
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How 3D Printed Ceramics Are Made
Posted by Tom Evans on August 19, 2022
3D printing is quickly becoming the preferred manufacturing process for customers seeking small quantities of ceramic shapes with complex designs but still excellent results. Using CAD software and specialist technology, 3D printers allow you to produce ceramic shapes that have complicated designs with tiny features that would be unachievable through other methods, are more economical to produce in lower quantities, and are simpler to change and update the designs over time.
IPS Ceramics provides bespoke 3D printed pieces (amongst many other ranges). Similar to typical plastic 3D printing, there are many different methods which can be used to 3D print ceramic materials. Each one offers different benefits and choosing which method best suits your requirements should be done with the utmost care and attention.
Method 1: Paste Extrusion
This form of 3D ceramic printing is currently the most common; however, it is typically only used with clay-based ceramics. Ceramic powder is mixed with a binder to form a thick paste. This paste is then extruded through one of two types of 3D machines: the first has a static nozzle head and a base which moves to form the shape, the other a fixed base and a nozzle which moves. The paste is extruded in a string-like formation, resembling the hand-coiling method of craft pottery.
The higher build rate of this method allows for larger pieces to be created with a limited risk of deformation.
Method 2: Binder Jetting
During the binder jetting process, a layer of ceramic powder is laid down and a binding solution is jetted onto it. Another layer of powder is then laid down over the solution, then another layer of binding solution is jetted on top of it, and so on. This process slowly builds up the final product layer by layer, creating the final 3D design. Once any excess powder has been removed, the finished piece is then fired to complete the production process.
This method uses one of the largest bases, allowing its users to produce relatively large pieces.
Method 3: Photo Polymerization
For photopolymerization 3D printing, ceramic powder is combined with a liquid resin. This combination allows the mixture to be hardened layer-by-layer using either a laser light source or a digital projector.
Unlike other 3D printing options, this method allows for detail of fewer than 100 nanometers, ideal for intricate and precise ceramic printing.
Method 4: Nano-Particle Jetting
Nano-particle jetting, considered to be similar to inkjet printing, is a process in which nanoparticles of ceramic are suspended in a liquid and jetted onto a heated base alongside a support material. The heated base evaporates any excess liquid, leaving the ceramic material ready to be fired and finished.
Method 5: Laser Sintering
Laser sintering, also known as selective laser sintering, is an additive manufacturing technology which uses a high-powered laser to sinter nanoparticles of ceramic powder into a 3D model. This form of 3D printing is completed inside of a build chamber. The bed on which the powder is dispensed lowers with each level that has been lasered. The surrounding powder acts as a support to the final structure of the piece until the final structure is cooled and removed from the chamber.
Unlike 3D printed plastics, 3D printed ceramics require further processing to ensure that they are finished and ready for use. Firstly, many of the printing methods require the removal of excess ceramic powder from the piece. The method of removal will greatly depend on the structure of the piece, the amount of excess powder and the specific requirements for the finished structure.
The product will then move to the de-binding stage. In this stage, any organic binders used are slowly removed by heating the piece to about 500oC in a furnace over a period of 24-48 hours. The slow process minimises the risk of damaging the still rather fragile product.
After the de-binding process, the product will immediately go through a sintering process, which will raise the temperature to 1200oC or higher. At these high temperatures, small portions of the ceramic melt to form a liquid (and atoms become energetic enough to move), drawing the ceramic particles together. As the piece changes from a weekly held collection of particles into a strong, solid item, there is often significant shrinkage in size.
Finally, the piece goes through a cleaning process in which any imperfections can be noted and addressed. This can include polishing of the finished item, should it be required.
Ceramic 3D printing, while not an entirely new industry, is still one that is being heavily experimented with. New techniques and uses for it are being developed all the time. If you or your business would like any further information on 3D ceramic printing from IPS Ceramics, please contact the team today who will be happy to discuss this with you.
IPS ceramics supply all manner of high-quality ceramic-based products and services, whether you are looking for kiln furniture, silicon carbide, or ceramics for EV batteries, we can help you. We service many areas all around the globe, including the USA, so what are you waiting for? Please contact us today.
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Updated: Mar 2, 2021
What is tennis elbow?
Tennis elbow, (or lateral epicondylitis) is a painful condition of the elbow often caused by overuse. As the name suggests, playing tennis or other racquet sports can cause this condition. However, several other sports and activities besides sports can also put you at risk.
Tennis elbow is inflammation or, in some cases, microtrauma of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. The forearm muscles and tendons become inflamed from repeating the same motions again and again. This leads to pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow.
There are many treatment options for tennis elbow. In most cases, treatment involves a non-
Your elbow joint is a joint made up of three bones: your upper arm bone (humerus) and the two bones in your forearm (radius and ulna). There are bony bumps at the bottom of the humerus called epicondyles, where several muscles of the forearm attach. The bony bump on the outside (lateral side) of the elbow is called the lateral epicondyle.
Lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow, involves the muscles and tendons of your forearm that are responsible for the extension of your wrist and fingers. Your forearm muscles extend your wrist and fingers. Your forearm tendons attach these muscles to bone.
Causes and risk factors
Recent studies show that tennis elbow is often due to damage to the forearm muscles. The wrist extensor muscles help extend and stabilise the wrist, they are heavily involved when performing a backhand swing in tennis (therefore given the name tennis elbow). When the wrist extensors weaken from overuse, microscopic tears form in the tendon where it attaches to the lateral epicondyle. This leads to inflammation and pain.
Athletes are not the only people who get tennis elbow. Many people with tennis elbow participate in work or recreational activities that require repetitive and vigorous use of the forearm muscle or repetitive extension of the wrist and hand.
Painters, plumbers, and carpenters are particularly prone to developing tennis elbow. Studies have shown that cooks, and even butchers get tennis elbow more often than the rest of the population. It is thought that the repetition and weight lifting required in these occupations leads to injury.
If you are aged between 30 and 50 you are more at risk of developing tennis elbow. However, it can affect people of all ages.
Sometimes tennis elbow can begin with no significant cause or change in activity, this is known as an idiopathic or unknown cause.
In most cases tennis elbow symptoms develop gradually over time. It begins with a mild pain in the forearm and outer elbow which worsens over weeks and months. This often begins without any significant injury.
Common symptoms include:
- Pain into the outer part of the elbow
- Pain into the forearm
- Reduced grip strength
- Tenderness to touch/press over the outer elbow
Symptoms will often worsen with forearm activities such as holding a saucepan, shaking hands or lifting a kettle. This can affect either your dominant or non-dominant hand.
Assessment/tests/imaging (what to expect)
Your doctor or physiotherapist will have to consider many factors when providing a diagnosis. To do this they will ask questions surrounding your occupation, daily activities and hobbies to determine how much stress is going through the tendons in the forearm on a regular basis.
They will ask you for a full past medical history to determine if there could be any other cause of your symptoms so it is important to tell your doctor or physiotherapist if you have any other medical conditions.
During the physical examination your doctor or physiotherapist will conduct a variety of tests to pinpoint the diagnosis. For example your physiotherapist may ask you to try and straighten your wrists or fingers against resistance. If this test is painful it suggests a positive test and it tells them that those muscles may be aggravated.
Your doctor or physiotherapist may request further imaging to rule out any other cause of your symptoms these may include:
- Xrays: these provide clear images of dense structures in the arm such as bone and can rule in or out if arthritis is a cause of your symptoms.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI scan provides images of the body soft tissue including muscles and tendons. An MRI can be ordered to determine the extent of inflammation within the tendons and rule out any other injury. If your physician thinks your symptoms could be related to your neck they may order an MRI scan of your neck to see if there are any other conditions such as arthritis or disc pathology.
- Electro myography (EMG)/Nerve conduction: your doctor or physiotherapist may order an EMG to rule out nerve compression. Many nerves travel down the arm and surface around the elbow and the symptoms of nerve compression can be similar to those of tennis elbow.
Approximately 80 to 95% of patients are treated non-surgically for tennis elbow with one or a combination of the following treatments:
The first step in recovery should be to rest the forearm if it is regularly exposed to repetitive loading. This means that you should stop participating in any sports, heavy work or activities that may aggravate the pain for at least two weeks.
If avoiding aggravating activities is not possible some pain relief medication may be appropriate to help manage the pain. Often anti-inflammatory based medication is effective in reducing tennis elbow pain.
Specific loading exercises prescribed by a physiotherapist will help strengthen the muscles in the forearm. This will help to increase the load capacity of the tendon so that it can better cope with the demands it is put under through your activities. They may also provide stretching based exercises to help lengthen the muscles in the forearm. Follow the link below to view a video showing some exercises that help improve tennis elbow pain.
Acupuncture/dry needling and massage:
If your pain is particularly severe manual therapies such as massage and acupuncture can be considered. This will help reduce the pain in the forearm and temporarily lengthen the muscles in the forearm allowing further benefit from the strengthening and stretching exercises given by your physiotherapist.
Follow the links below to watch a video on acupuncture for tennis elbow and self massage techniques for tennis elbow.
To help manage your pain when completing daily activities, a tennis elbow brace/clasp may help to reduce the pain. They work by providing support to the tendons in the forearm when using the muscles. The link below will take you to a page for a tennis elbow clasp we recommend to help manage your pain
Adapting equipment e.g. tennis racquet
If your tennis elbow has originated from over use from either an occupation or playing sports such as tennis adaptations can be made to your workspace or your equipment to help reduce the pain and reduce the load on the tendons of the forearm. For example, tennis racquet grip sizes can be changed to adapt the amount of stress on the tendons in your forearm when playing. Follow the link below to view tennis racquet grips that may help reduce your pain.
If you suffer from tennis elbow and would like to be assessed please contact us to book an appointment with our physiotherapist who can further guide you on treatment options and provide any manual therapies required.
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THE LEOPOLD COLLECTION
The Leopold Museum, with more than 8.300 works, houses one of the world’s most important collections of Austrian art from the second half of the nineteenth century and Modernism. As a couple, Rudolf and Elisabeth Leopold created this unique collection over the course of five decades. Their extraordinary passion for art enabled them to collect artists like Egon Schiele and Gustav Klimt – who, up to the 1960s, were considered taboo.
With more than 220 works, they established the world’s most comprehensive Egon Schiele collection. Other highlights among the collection include major works by Gustav Klimt, Richard Gerstl, Oskar Kokoschka, and Alfred Kubin as well as works from artists of the nineteenth century such as Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller, August von Pettenkofen, Emil Jakob Schindler, and Anton Romako. In keeping with a holistic concept of art, Rudolf Leopold also gathered furniture and decorative works from the Jugendstil and Wiener Werkstätte movements by the likes of such artists as Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser, as well as objects from Africa, Oceania, and East Asia. In 1994 with the support of the Republic of Austria and the National Bank of Austria, a large portion of Rudolf Leopold’s private collection, which until then resided with the family among other art treasures, was introduced into the Leopold Museum Private Foundation. In 2001, the collection moved to the specially-founded Leopold Museum in the MuseumsQuartier. Today, the expansion of the collection is one of the central tasks of the Leopold Museum, which aims to broaden the focus of the collection beyond its core inventory.
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By slicing rocks very thin and using special filters, geologists can turn a drab-looking rock sample into a slice of color. These photographs zoom in on tiny sections of rock just a few millimeters across. The images can tell geologists about the formation and composition of a rock, or, as Italian geoscientist Bernardo Cesare discovered, they can provide a palette for artistic beauty.
Above, a sample of slag (a byproduct from smelting ore into metals) provided by Ivana Angelini. Read the full article.
Plastic Under the Lens
Rocks aren't the only material that can reveal colors using the technique. This is a fragment of a plastic bag.
This is one of Cesare's favorite images, a type of metamorphic rock called a schist bearing the mineral charoite.
A garnet peridotite from Alpe Arami, Switzerland.
Graphite (the mineral used to make pencil "lead") in a metamorphic rock called a granulite from Kerala, India. The sample was provided by Satish Kumar.
Ocean Jasper from Madagascar is on of Bernardo Cesare's favorite rock micrographs, due to its flower-like patterns.
Charoite-bearing rock from Yakutia, Russia
A granulite (a type of metamorphic rock) from Manitoba, Canada, provided by Martha Growdon.
Crystals in a chunk of lava from Lipari, Italy, take the shape of a heart.
Crystals of the mineral plagioclase in gabbro, an igneous rock.
Ocean Jasper from Madagascar.
Live Science newsletter
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Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, covering topics ranging from geoscience to archaeology to the human brain and behavior. She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthly magazine of the American Psychological Association. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
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One of the most serious parasites your pet could become infected with is heartworm. This disease has always been quite common in southern states, but in recent years, the rates of infection in pets in the north have been increasing at an alarming rate. While the term “heartworm” is often familiar to many pet owners, there are often a lot of misconceptions surrounding it. Below we will break down the most common misconceptions and discuss the facts surrounding this deadly disease.
MYTH: Heartworm is a Mild Infection Causing GI Symptoms
Heartworm is, just as it sounds, a parasitic worm that invades a host’s body. When people hear parasites, they often assume an infection will cause mild symptoms and usually affect the GI tract. Unlike intestinal parasites, however, heartworm enters an animal through the bloodstream. Tiny worms enter the blood in their immature larval state from a mosquito bite. Over the course of several months, the larvae travel through the body until they finally reach the lungs. The larvae slowly grow and, by about six months after infection, reach adulthood. Female worms can grow up to a whopping 14 inches in length inside an animal’s body. As the worms grow, they begin to damage blood vessels and reduce the heart’s pumping abilities leading to symptoms of heart and lung disease. If male and female worms are both present in the body, they can mate and produce infant heartworms known as “microfilaria.” Microfilaria can cause the animals’ body to mount an immune reaction causing damage to other organs.
"As the worms grow, they begin to damage blood vessels and reduce the heart's pumping abilities leading to symptoms of heart and lung disease."
MYTH: Cats Don’t Get Heartworm
While heartworm disease might be more common in dogs than cats, it is a mistake to think cats cannot get heartworm disease. In cats, heartworm disease is often characterized by a different disease process, and diagnosing heartworm infection is much more challenging in cats. When a cat becomes infected with heartworm, the worms typically only live for 3-4 months. This might make it seem like cats can fight an infection on their own, but unfortunately, during that 3-4 month span the heartworms can cause significant damage to the cat’s body. Cats who have been infected with heartworm often show signs of what is known as heartworm-associated respiratory disease. Some symptoms include coughing, wheezing, vomiting, decreased appetite, and nausea as the worms cause an inflammatory response. There is no safe treatment for cats with heartworm disease; it can only be prevented.
"Cats who have been infected with heartworm often show signs of what is known as heartworm-associated respiratory disease."
MYTH – Heartworm Disease is Not a Concern in Pennsylvania
While heartworm disease used to be considered a problem in the south, in recent years we have seen an alarming increase in dogs in our area that are testing positive and requiring treatment for heartworms. As we experience milder winters in the north, and an influx of puppies and adult dogs rescued from other parts of the country, the trend looks to continue. Mosquitos are the most common host to transmit the disease and even indoor-only pets are at risk of infection. Mosquitos are often able to enter homes, and many indoor-only animals spend at least a small percentage of time outdoors whether intentionally or unintentionally. One bite from an infected mosquito is all it takes to cause infection.
"Mosquitos are the most common host to transmit the disease and even indoor only pets are at risk of infection."
MYTH – Heartworm is Easily Treated
While parasites that live in the GI tract are typically easy to treat and leave little to no lasting complications, heartworms are much more serious. The treatment for heartworm in dogs involves a series of painful injections spread out over many weeks, and time spent in the hospital. The goal of treatment is
to kill the adult worms while ensuring the pet’s body does not experience an inflammatory reaction to the dying worms. During treatment, dogs’ activity must be restricted, as exertion could lead to the dying heartworms causing too much inflammation and internal damage. It can take months of treatment and follow-up care to be sure a dog is heartworm free. Testing cats for heartworm infection is not very straightforward, and there is no safe treatment option. If your veterinarian suspects your cat might have heartworm, they will typically use supportive care and medications to treat inflammation and symptoms.
MYTH – Preventatives Are Not Needed in Winter
Many people believe that heartworm prevention is not needed during the winter months when mosquitos die off. While the risks might be lower during the colder months, mosquitos are a risk year-round in our area. Over the winter, mosquitos do not actually die, they become dormant and will hibernate until the weather warms again. Studies have found that mosquitoes are able to function during weather above 50 degrees. As those who have seen Pennsylvania winters in recent years recognize, there are often unseasonably warm days that climb into the 50s and 60s even during the “coldest” months of the year.
"Studies have found that mosquitoes are able to function during weather above 50 degrees."
FACT - Heartworm is Preventable
The good news when it comes to heartworms is that infection is almost 100% preventable. The best way to prevent heartworm disease is to keep your cat or dog on monthly prescription heartworm preventatives all year long. At Main Street Vet, we carry both dog and cat-specific preventatives that are easy to give and offer comprehensive protection. Call or stop in and ask a member of our team to discuss options for protecting your pet. When it comes to heartworm disease, an ounce of prevention truly is worth a pound of cure.
PERKIOMENVILLE 1335 N. Gravel Pike, Perkiomenville, PA 18074 Telephone: 610-287-5100
SOUDERTON 201 North Main Street, Souderton, PA 18964 Telephone: 215-660-3699
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Understanding the Work of the UN Human Rights Council
Created in 2006, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is the main international organization within the UN tasked with protecting and promoting human rights. The council replaced an older organization within the UN that had a similar remit.
The council consists of 47 UN member states who serve three-year terms. Membership is allocated on a regional basis, with 13 seats available to African states, 13 for Asia-Pacific, six for Eastern Europe, eight for Latin America and the Caribbean, and seven for Western Europe and others. Members are elected by the UN General Assembly. In addition, the council maintains a trust fund to help so-called Least Developed Countries and Small Island Developing States participate in UNHRC.
UNHRC meets about 10 weeks per year at UN offices in Geneva, Switzerland, to discuss violations of human rights and means of promoting human rights. Emergencies and country-specific issues are often the focus of discussion. The council also has the power to launch international fact-finding missions and inquiry commissions to investigate, identify, and publicize human rights violations and violators. Sometimes, UNHRC calls special sessions when there is an urgent need.
Human rights violations are often brought to the attention of the council via a formal complaint. Complaints can be submitted by any person, group, non-government organization (NGO), or UN member state, and they can accuse any UN member state, not just members of the UNHRC. The council stipulates that complaints must be submitted in writing and must focus on patterns of serious human rights violations, like oppression of a minority ethnicity or inhumane prison conditions for detainees. They should also contain the relevant facts, such as names of victims, dates of abuse, and other evidence.
Additionally, the council conducts a review of the human rights records of 42 UN member states every year and makes recommendations for improvement. Each state’s records are reviewed once every four and a half years. This Universal Periodic Review gives member states the opportunity to report on what they’ve done to improve human rights within their borders and the challenges they face in the process, as well as to request help.
The UNHRC also relies on an Advisory Committee that conducts research to inform the work of the council. Its past studies have examined issues like post-disaster recovery, missing persons, corruption, the human right to food, and hostage-taking by terrorists. The committee’s members have a variety of professional backgrounds and are elected by the council.
The UNHRC has faced criticism about its effectiveness and fairness. When the creation of the council was proposed in the 2000s, the U.S., under President George W. Bush, opposed it, pointing to the membership of repressive states. Subsequent administrations have flip-flopped back and forth on U.S. involvement in the council. The Obama administration sought a seat, the Trump administration withdrew from the council, and President Biden campaigned for the U.S’s return to the UNHRC for its current 2022-2024 term. The membership of certain states continues to be controversial—most recently, NGOs have criticized the human rights records of Cameroon, Eritrea, and the UAE, all of whom are serving on the council alongside the U.S. for the 2022-2024 term.
Observers have also noted that some countries cynically seek a seat on the council only to protect themselves from human rights complaints. Human Rights Watch Deputy Director John Fisher, in an article in 2019, stated that China has used its UNHRC membership to try to silence international scrutiny of its own record on human rights.
Bloc voting is a related concern. In 2020, 53 UNHRC members backed China’s national security law in Hong Kong, which was implemented without input from Hong Kong’s government and meant to “prevent, suppress, and impose punishment” for actions deemed subversive, secessionist, terrorist, or committed in collusion with foreign or external forces. Details of the law were not revealed until after it was passed. Protestors and human rights organizations have described the law as an oppressive crackdown on dissent and freedom of speech. Of the 53 UNHRC members that defended the law, more than 40 were participants in the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, an infrastructure development project involving investments in over 150 countries and organizations.
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine last year, that conflict has been one of the council’s most-discussed topics. Russia’s recent attempts to rejoin the council is another prominent news story.
The council is working with other UN organizations, governments, and NGOs to provide relief on the ground in Ukraine. With UNICEF and other partners, it has established Blue Dot Safe Space, Protection and Support Hubs in areas where refugees are arriving. People can find safe refuge, support, and information on finding health care, education, and other services there.
The council has also created a special independent commission to investigate human rights violations during the conflict. In an update on September 25, 2023, the commission reported that it had documented evidence of war crimes by Russian armed forces, including attacks on civilians and medical institutions where there was no Ukrainian military presence, the use of torture in detention centers, and rape and sexual violence against women. The commission also said it was investigating allegations of genocide; the previous week, Ukrainian President Zelenskyy told the UN General Assembly that Russia was “clearly” committing genocide and had kidnapped tens of thousands of Ukrainian children.
Despite this, Russia is simultaneously seeking to rejoin the UNHRC after being expelled in April 2022. The BBC reported that it had obtained a copy of a document that Russian authorities were distributing to UN members to try to gain their support. The document contained promises to find “adequate solutions for human rights issues” and Russia’s intent to prevent the council from serving as an “instrument which serves political wills of one group of countries.”
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Lily of the valley
Lily of the valley is a flowering plant. Lily of the valley poisoning occurs when someone eats parts of this plant.
This article is for information only. DO NOT use it to treat or manage an actual poison exposure. If you or someone you are with has an exposure, call the local emergency number (such as 911), or the local poison center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States.
Poisonous ingredients may include:
Note: This list may not include all poisonous ingredients.
The flowers, fruit, and leaves of the lily of the valley plant are poisonous.
Poisoning symptoms can affect many parts of the body.
HEART AND BLOOD
EYES, EARS, NOSE, MOUTH, AND THROAT
STOMACH AND INTESTINES
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Stomach pain
- Excessive urination at night
Note: Depression, loss of appetite, and halos are usually only seen in chronic overdose cases.
Seek immediate medical help. DO NOT make a person throw up unless told to do so by poison control or a health care provider.
Before Calling Emergency
Get the following information:
- Person's age, weight, and condition
- Name and part of the plant swallowed, if known
- Time it was swallowed
- Amount swallowed
Your local poison control center can be reached directly by calling the national toll-free Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does not need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
What to Expect at the Emergency Room
The provider will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Symptoms will be treated as appropriate.
The person may receive:
- Activated charcoal
- Blood and urine tests
- Breathing support, including oxygen, through a tube through the mouth into the lungs, and a breathing machine (ventilator)
- Chest x-ray
- ECG (electrocardiogram, or heart tracing)
- Fluids through a vein (IV)
- Medicines to treat symptoms, including an antidote to reverse the effects of the poison
How well you do depends on the amount of poison swallowed and how quickly treatment is received. The faster you get medical help, the better the chance for recovery.
Symptoms last for 1 to 3 days and may require a hospital stay. Death is unlikely.
DO NOT touch or eat any plant with which you are not familiar. Wash your hands after working in the garden or walking in the woods.
Graeme KA. Toxic plant ingestions. In: Auerbach PS, Cushing TA, Harris NS, eds. Auerbach's Wilderness Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 65.
Latham MD. Toxicology. In: Kleinman K, Mcdaniel L, Molloy M, eds. The Harriet Lane Handbook :The Johns Hopkins Hospital. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 3.
Lim CS, Aks SE. Plants, mushrooms, and herbal medications. In: Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 158.
Last reviewed on: 11/13/2021
Reviewed by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Postmodernism is a broad term used to describe movements in a wide range of disciplines, including art, philosophy, critical theory, and music. Many view it as a response to the preceding modernist movement, but where modernism simply reacts against classical concepts, particularly in the arts and literature, things that are postmodern take this reaction to its extreme conclusion. Indeed, some see it not as a separate movement, but simply as a continuation of the modernist struggle.
The word itself has been used so widely as to strip it of much of its meaning. There is hardly a discipline of the arts or social sciences that has not spawned numerous movements given this label, and the aims of many of these movements seem to be contrary to one another. Nonetheless, most of the time when the term is applied, it indicates one of a smaller handful of meanings.
In a pejorative sense, postmodernism implies an almost nihilistic outlook, stripping whatever the targeted sphere of any innate meaning. Views seen as being very relativist are often given this label in an effort to disparage them.
In the creative disciplines, such as painting, literature, music, and sculpture, postmodernism tends to lean heavily on using forms not traditionally perceived as artistic. Heavy use of kitsch or overly simplistic styles are two examples of this mode. Many artists appropriate earlier modernist and classical works and combine or alter them to create a new, ironic piece. In literature particularly, but also in much theater, traditional barriers between audience and narrator are broken down. A self-awareness of a character's role as a character in a novel is a prime example of this mode. Many would argue that the presence of a self-aware irony is a necessary cornerstone of any work claiming to be part of this movement.
In critical theory and philosophy, postmodernism serves as a striking counterpoint to classical foundations of philosophy. While earlier philosophers and theorists were devoted to the ongoing exploration of a universal system, postmodernists focus on the role of that search in creating what is known as truth itself. To most of these theorists, it is the discourse itself that gives rise to any sort of perceived universality.
Architecture that falls under this category — exemplified by the school known as deconstructivist architecture — tends to invert traditional elements, such as placing interior elements on the exterior, and visa versa. It might also place symbolic elements in highly visible and thought-provoking locations, and emphasize jarring and discordant aesthetics.
Fundamentally, postmodernism may best be viewed as any form of thought and action that places an emphasis on a strongly ironic self-consciousness, intentional discontinuity with other elements of a work, or knee-jerk responses without self-censoring. It is based on preconceived notions of what is proper but done with a spirit of liveliness and joyousness, verses modernism's rather dismal view of this subjectivity.
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Zydeco music is a type of folk music whose birth was in the United States in the late 1800’s. It originated as a vehicle for socialization of the French-speaking Creoles and free people of color in southern Louisiana. To understand what zydeco music is, it is important to remember that zydeco’s mixture of influence comes from the melting pot of cultures in southern Louisiana in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.
At this time in history Louisiana had a large population of Acadians that were expelled from Nova Scotia, Canada a century earlier. Acadians brought Cajun music with them which was French folk music, also called la-lamusic that had been influenced by other European countries. Southern Louisiana also included immigrants from the West Indies and slaves from West Africa that were freed prior to the Louisiana Purchase. The exact amount of influence from other cultures on zydeco music remains cloudy. However, the easiest way to understand zydeco is by coupling Creole influence on Cajun music.
During this era the primary form of entertainment for rural Creoles were dance hall dances or dances houses. The Creoles were playing la-la music at these dances. Once the French-influenced la-la music was given a blues and R&B twist by the Creoles, it then took on the name of zydeco music. The music was best personified by the King of Zydeco, Clifton Chenier.
Chenier was born in the rural Creole area of Opelousas, Louisiana in 1925. In 1958 he moved to Houston, Texas where his music took on influences from local blues music. The King of Zydeco recorded on the same label as popular artists, Sam Cooke and Little Richard, which helped bring zydeco music into the mainstream. Chenier is also responsible for popularizing the term “zydeco” by linking the word to some of his songs.
The name zydecocomes from the French phrase that means, “The snap beans are not salty.” Les haricots (the snap beans) is pronounced “lay-zydeco.” The phrase is a metaphor for hard times. Creoles traditionally seasoned their food, including their snap beans, with salted meant. When times were bad, salted meat became too expensive, which explained why "the beans aren’t salty."
Although zydeco music can contain a wide spectrum of musical instruments, the core instruments used are an accordion and a frottoir, which is a special kind of washboard also called a rubboard which was invented by Clifton Cheier. Throughout the 20th century, other instruments such as electric guitars, fiddles and horns have been added to the standard instruments plus a bass and drums.
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New mothers often joke that the lack of sleep they get during those first months with their newborn has taken years off their life. New research from UCLA suggests that joke may have some truth to it.
In a recent study of 33 new moms in the Los Angeles area, UCLA researchers found the biological age of women losing sleep in the first year after giving birth increased more than that of women who slept enough.
It's the first study to show biological aging in new moms, according to first author Judith Carroll, UCLA's George F. Solomon professor of psychobiology.
What Are Biological Age and Epigenetics?
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A person's "biological age," or epigenetic age, can be different from their regular chronological age.
Epigenetics, according to the CDC, is the study of how your environment, your behaviors, and the things you've experienced change the way your genes are expressed.
The DNA sequence, the genetic code of who you are, is not reordered. But your body may read that sequence differently based on the unique factors you experience, turning pieces of that genetic code "on" or "off."
It's the same natural process used by genes to decide whether a cell is a muscle, heart or nerve cell, the CDC says. The parts of the genetic code that make proteins in a muscle cell are turned on when your body grows muscles, while that same cell's genes will turn off the code used to grow a nerve cell.
As people age, different genes turn on and off over time.
"The process of biological aging is something that occurs over a lifetime," Carroll said, changing due to different factors that could range from UV exposure to diet. The process is seen to be a key factor for diseases that occur with age, she added.
That pattern of changes can also estimate how old a person is biologically, through methods like the algorithm designed by Steve Horvath, a professor of biostatistics at UCLA and co-author in the study.
The age estimates led UCLA researchers to conclude the sleep deprived new moms in their study were biologically older than moms who got enough sleep.
How Did Sleep Affect New Moms' Ages?
The researchers split the 33 participants into two groups. One got at least the CDC recommended amount of sleep each night, seven hours or more. The other group got between five and six-and-a-half hours of sleep each night.
Blood samples were taken from those mothers, and researchers used the blood to estimate the biological age of the participants.
The researchers found, one year after giving birth, the biological age of the sleep deprived new mothers was between three and seven years older than their chronological age.
The mothers participating in the study were between 23 and and 45 years old, and the effect was independent of their chronological age, Carroll said.
Those mothers also had shorter telomeres, "small pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes act as protective caps," in their white blood cells, a UCLA news release said. Shorter telomeres are "linked to a higher risk of cancers, cardiovascular and other diseases, and earlier death."
The period of time right after having children is known for lacking in good sleep, Carroll said. Her own experience and anecdotal evidence from her friends with children "was one of the bigger factors" leading to the research, as did her interest in the role of sleep in health.
"I have definitely lived through that, and thought it might have a pretty big impact biologically," she added.
She teamed up with co-author Christine Dunkel Schetter, professor of psychology and psychiatry who leads the Stress Processes and Pregnancy Lab at UCLA.
This study and others on postpartum mental health should incentivize support for new mothers so they can get enough sleep, Schetter said. That includes methods such as "parental leave so that both parents can bear some of the burden of care, and through programs for families and fathers," she said in the release.
What Do The Results of This Study Mean?
This study alone can't definitively state the link between sleep and aging in moms.
"It’s the first study, with a really small sample [size]," Carroll said. "We need to replicate this before we take it to the bank."
The study also can't explain whether the increase in biological age can be reversed.
"We don’t want the message to be that mothers are permanently damaged by infant care and loss of sleep," Schetter said in the release. "We don't know if these effects are long lasting."
Even so, the study moves sleep research into new territory. Future studies could look at how sleep deprivation affects fathers and others losing sleep to care for children, and at the social factors preventing moms from getting enough sleep now.
It also matches general findings from previous sleep research, which suggest less than seven hours of sleep each night has negative health effects.
"Sleep is important for overall health, and it needs to be considered as part of one of those lifestyle factors," just like exercise and diet, Carroll said.
That may be difficult for moms who work early shifts, work two jobs, or can't catch a break, which the authors recognize. But if they can, new moms should try and get as much sleep as possible, she emphasized. Sleep while the baby is sleeping, take naps when the moment comes, and ask family members to help if those moments aren't materializing.
"These are things that are really just critical that we can adjust societally" to make life for new mothers easier, Carroll said. In the meantime, "if they’re feeling like they need more sleep, look for opportunities to sleep."
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In wireless telecommunications, multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths. Causes of multipath include atmospheric ducting, ionospheric reflection and refraction, and reflection from water bodies and terrestrial objects such as mountains and buildings.
Multipath causes multipath interference including constructive and destructive interference, and phase shifting of the signal. Destructive interference causes fading. Where the magnitudes of the signals arriving by the various paths have a distribution known as the Rayleigh distribution, this is known as Rayleigh fading. Where one component (often, but not necessarily, a line of sight component) dominates, a Rician distribution provides a more accurate model, and this is known as Rician fading.
In facsimile and (analog) television transmission, multipath causes jitter and ghosting, seen as a faded duplicate image to the right of the main image. Ghosts occur when transmissions bounce off a mountain or other large object, while also arriving at the antenna by a shorter, direct route, with the receiver picking up two signals separated by a delay.
Radar multipath echoes from an actual target cause ghosts to appear.
In radar processing, multipath causes ghost targets to appear, deceiving the radar receiver. These ghosts are particularly bothersome since they move and behave like the normal targets (which they echo), and so the receiver has difficulty in isolating the correct target echo. These problems can be overcome by incorporating a ground map of the radar's surroundings and eliminating all echoes which appear to originate below ground or above a certain height.
In digital radio communications (such as GSM) multipath can cause errors and affect the quality of communications. The errors are due to intersymbol interference (ISI). Equalisers are often used to correct the ISI. Alternatively, techniques such as orthogonal frequency division modulation and rake receivers may be used.
GPS error due to multipath
In a Global Positioning System receiver, Multipath Effect can cause a stationary receiver's output to indicate as if it were randomly jumping about or creeping. When the unit is moving the jumping or creeping may be hidden, but it still degrades the displayed accuracy of location and speed.
In wired media
Multipath propagation may also happen in wired media, especially where impedance mismatch causes signal reflection. A well-known example is power line communication.
High-speed power line communication systems usually employ multi-carrier modulations (such as OFDM or Wavelet OFDM) to avoid the intersymbol interference that multipath propagation would cause.
The ITU-T G.hn standard provides a way to create a high-speed (up to 1 Gigabit/s) local area network using existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables). G.hn uses OFDM with a cyclic prefix to avoid ISI. Because multipath propagation behaves differently in each kind of wire, G.hn uses different OFDM parameters (OFDM symbol duration, Guard Interval duration) for each media.
Mathematical model of the multipath impulse response.
The mathematical model of the multipath can be presented using the method of the impulse response used for studying linear systems.
Suppose you want to transmit a single, ideal Dirac pulse of electromagnetic power at time 0, i.e.
At the receiver, due to the presence of the multiple electromagnetic paths, more than one pulse will be received (we suppose here that the channel has infinite bandwidth, thus the pulse shape is not modified at all), and each one of them will arrive at different times. In fact, since the electromagnetic signals travel at the speed of light, and since every path has a geometrical length possibly different from that of the other ones, there are different air travelling times (consider that, in free space, the light takes 3 ?s to cross a 1 km span). Thus, the received signal will be expressed by
where is the number of received impulses (equivalent to the number of electromagnetic paths, and possibly very large), is the time delay of the generic impulse, and represent the complex amplitude (i.e., magnitude and phase) of the generic received pulse. As a consequence, also represents the impulse response function of the equivalent multipath model.
More in general, in presence of time variation of the geometrical reflection conditions, this impulse response is time varying, and as such we have
Very often, just one parameter is used to denote the severity of multipath conditions: it is called the multipath time, , and it is defined as the time delay existing between the first and the last received impulses
Mathematical model of the multipath channel transfer function.
In practical conditions and measurement, the multipath time is computed by considering as last impulse the first one which allows to receive a determined amount of the total transmitted power (scaled by the atmospheric and propagation losses), e.g. 99%.
Keeping our aim at linear, time invariant systems, we can also characterize the multipath phenomenon by the channel transfer function , which is defined as the continuous time Fourier transform of the impulse response
where the last right-hand term of the previous equation is easily obtained by remembering that the Fourier transform of a Dirac pulse is a complex exponential function, an eigenfunction of every linear system.
The obtained channel transfer characteristic has a typical appearance of a sequence of peaks and valleys (also called notches); it can be shown that, on average, the distance (in Hz) between two consecutive valleys (or two consecutive peaks), is roughly inversely proportional to the multipath time. The so-called coherence bandwidth is thus defined as
For example, with a multipath time of 3 ?s (corresponding to a 1 km of added on-air travel for the last received impulse), there is a coherence bandwidth of about 330 kHz.
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1813-1815 Wars of Liberation, Prussian state reform
The Wars of Liberation from 1813 to 1815 fought by Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, Austria and other nations mark the end of French dominance by Napoleon Bonaparte.
All ethnic groups take part in these Wars of Liberation against the French foreign power. Patriotic appeals results in generous donations and the foundation of various associations such as the Vaterländischer Frauenverein for charity support in Hamm.
The "French Period", the dominance of France in parts of Germany since 1807, comes to an end. The Kingdom of Westphalia dissolves. The Congress of Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815 serves to restructure Europe.
Senior officials and military personnel with a will to reform seize the opportunity to now initiate pioneering reforms in the western provinces after the end of the war. The reforms are oriented to the civic achievements of the French Revolution as well as economic and social role models in England and Germany. The aims are a modernised and performative state along with a society consisting of citizens instead of subordinates. The reforms relate to the financial structures of the towns, cities and the state (Emancipation of the Serfs, freedom of trade etc.), financial and fiscal legislation, public administration, civic self-administration and emancipation, the army and the educational establishment. Decisive modernisers included Karl August, Fürst von Hardenberg (1750-1822), Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein (1757-1831), Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (1755-1813), August Wilhelm Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau (1760-1831) and Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr von Vincke (1774-1844).
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Did Mozart Invent the Gig Economy?
You might have heard the term “gig economy” recently. The media love to use the term, but what does it mean? Will it help you or hurt you?
The word “gig” comes from music industry slang, where a short-term entertainment job is often called a gig—playing an instrument, singing or giving a theater performance for a night, a weekend, or a month.
[endif]--My grandfather and his seven siblings were talented musicians, and as a family they traveled widely, playing band music at afternoon and evening performances in towns across the country. Here's a picture of the Hruby Family Orchestra in 1910. My grandfather is in the back row, second from the right.
Traveling musicians were an early example of the gig economy. Perhaps musicians invented “gigs” during the Middle Ages, when traveling troubadours entertained audiences across Europe.
I’ve been part of the gig economy since 1984, long before it acquired the nickname. Even though I worked in marketing research, it was just like my grandfather’s era—my small firm traveled widely to work for clients from paper mills in Maine to electronics companies in Southern California, and many places in between.
Beyond a single occupation like music or marketing, the gig economy simply means people working on their own, performing some identifiable service for others. It’s that simple: self-employment.
These individuals are their own bosses in terms of what they do, when they do it, what they charge, and how specialized they choose to be. But by choice they work as a business, selling their services to customers who could be called their clients, customers – or their audience, in the case of musicians and performing artists. Different professions use different terms for buyers of their services, but never think of their buyers as their "employers."
[endif]--More than two centuries ago, musicians were all employed. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the legendary musician and composer, began his professional career in the usual way, as a full-time employee of Prince-Archbishop von Colleredo of Salzburg, in Austria (shown at left). But young Wolfgang chafed as an employee, sensing better prospects elsewhere. Mozart eventually felt so financially constrained that at age 25 he left the Prince-Archbishop’s employ, after a disagreement over money, to become a self-employed composer. Seeing a better way is the sprouted seedling of the gig economy. ![endif]--![endif]--
Mozart is an excellent example of what motivates most people to join the gig economy: the desire to pursue their occupation for more freedom, more money, and to fulfill their ambitions. Mozart went on to enjoy long-lasting musical composing success. Maybe there’s a little bit of Mozart in your future.
[endif]--Mozart saw how he could be more financially successful: by composing pieces for money, publishing his musical works for payment, teaching pupils for a fee, and giving performances. Mozart’s idea became the typical gig economy business model: he broke down his profession into projects that buyers of musical service wanted that he could deliver. For Mozart, the projects were compositions, performances, and lessons. Each of his activities became a specific deliverable, each having a consumer and a provider, a beginning and an end, and standards for performance, no pun intended. ![endif]--
The gig economy consists of doing work that can be organized, performed and paid for on a project basis; projects are a distinctive feature of the gig economy, thoroughly different from employment.
My grandfather’s family followed Mozart’s business model, using the same formula of compositions, performances and lessons. After traveling for many years, as a family they taught music lessons to more than 10,000 youngsters in Cleveland for 52 years. Mozart had formulated a business model many self-employed musicians, like my family, could follow into self-employment.
Sadly, while Mozart was musically brilliant, he was unsuccessful in his business efforts, and literally died penniless. The need to combine professional skill and business skill is another key feature of the gig economy. Employees often rely on their employer for business savvy, but the self-employed need an underlying business model. Mozart invented a model that many others can adopt, even in different fields. In fact, one later prominent musical composer excelled at both his music and his business. For now, we'll just say that one of that second composer's most well-known short pieces is Rage Over a Lost Penny.
If your future is to be bright as a member of the Gig Economy, you’ll need a marketable skill and a strong business model.
Think of the occupations you, your family and your friends are in: engineering, marketing, accounting, software coding, landscaping, all types of research and analysis, repairs and maintenance, law, public relations, many parts of medicine, writing and creative occupations—these and many other fields include work that can be purchased and delivered on a project basis. They all have service elements that buyers will pay for individuals as projects. Mozart would tell you, “think big about what you can achieve if you work independently.”
So, Yes. Mozart started the gig economy! In addition to composing his wonderful music, he showed us a new way to success through self-employment.
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Knife wounds are unusual because victims don't always notice their injuries until later due to a surge of adrenaline and extreme stress. If you're the one administering first aid, you can take advantage of the patient's initial shock period and get them to lie down.
Doing this has some benefits:
But there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, you shouldn't put knife wound victims on their backs if the wound is located on their back or if lying down would affect their airways. (Related: Survival medicine: Healing herbs for your first aid kit.)
Before SHTF, make sure your first aid kit includes the following supplies so you can treat knife wounds properly:
You should have a pair of trauma shears in your first aid kit so you can safely remove any clothing around the patient's knife wound. If you don't have scissors in your survival first aid kit, carefully use your survival knife.
Always wash your hands before treating knife wounds. If possible, put on gloves. Using gloves will also help prevent wound infection.
If you don't have gloves in your kit and no access to soap and running water, clean your hands with alcohol or antibacterial hand sanitizer.
The amount of blood in your body depends on your age and size. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a man who weighs 154 pounds has between five to six liters of blood in his body.
A smaller woman might have between four to five liters of blood in her body.
Hemorrhagic shock begins when a patient loses about 20 percent (one-fifth) of their body’s blood or fluid supply. Once this happens, their heart isn't able to pump sufficient amounts of blood through their body.
Also, if the knife wound hits an artery, the rate of blood loss can be very fast. Fatal exsanguination from an arterial wound may only take 20 seconds to several minutes.
Venous bleeding could also cause death within four to five minutes if the injury is large enough.
Types of bleeding:
Applying pressure to the wound will help stop the flow of blood.
If you are treating arterial bleeding, you will have to apply pressure to the major artery leading to the wound. Use both hands.
For example, if the knife wound is in the thigh, apply pressure to the femoral artery. Applying 10 to 15 minutes of direct pressure should help control the bleeding of most wounds when SHTF.
The heart pumps blood throughout the body. If the wound location is below the heart, the patient will experience blood loss faster.
To prevent this, position the victim so the wound location is above the heart. This means if the knife wound is in the leg, help the patient lie down and elevate the legs.
Getting stabbed in the chest and having the knife penetrate the lungs is one of the worst possible knife wounds. When this happens, the outside air entering the lung will cause it to collapse, and the victim will die quickly.
When dealing with these types of knife wounds, you must seal the wound ASAP to prevent air from getting into the lung.
Do this by putting any of these items over the wound:
Even with this step, the victim may experience complications from pressure buildup. This is why you need a chest seal in your first aid kit.
When to use a tourniquet
Studies suggest that early use of a tourniquet can be beneficial when trying to stop severe bleeding.
However, there are some potential complications so it's best to learn how to apply a tourniquet properly.
Normally, you shouldn't remove the knife if it's still in the victim's wound. But when you can't call 911, you might need to remove it.
However, before you remove the knife you must be ready to stop the blood flow, which could start gushing out immediately.
Once you have stopped the bleeding, you need to clean the wound properly to prevent infection.
Cleaning an injury is an essential part of first aid, but it is vital when you can't call for professional medical help. If a wound isn't cleaned properly, an infection may develop into gangrene or spread throughout the body.
Dilute the wound site to get out any contaminants that may cause infection.
Apply copious amounts of antibiotic ointment over the wound. This will help prevent infection and prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound.
Remember that antibiotic ointments aren't a substitute for cleaning a wound. Flush the wound carefully before applying antibiotic ointment.
Under normal circumstances, if you can take the patient to the hospital, it's not advisable to close a knife wound. This can trap bacteria and other contaminants in the wound, which can cause infection.
But when treating a wound, closing the wound will reduce airspace, prevent further contamination and help speed up healing. If a wound is closed and develops an infection, the pus won't be able to drain, which can then result in a life-threatening illness.
This means the safest way to treat a knife wound is to leave it open.
Leave a knife wound open if:
Close a knife wound if:
An open wound doesn't mean leaving it open to the elements. When caring for an open wound, you must dress it properly to prevent contaminants from entering it. This also prevents bacteria from entering the wound through the air.
Let the wound dry before closing it. Use butterfly bandages to close the wound.
If you don’t have butterfly bandages, use pieces of adhesive tape to make a butterfly closure. Avoid using tape to cover the closed wound because removing the tape may damage the wound further.
A wound left open or closed must be monitored for signs of infection.
If an open wound has developed a severe infection, the victim's skin will become very painful and harder. Their skin will also turn bright red or become hot to the touch. Clean the wound again.
Closed wounds also need to be monitored. If the wound area swells up, gets red and crusty or starts to smell bad, the patient has developed an infection. Reopen the wound and clean it again. Leave the wound open and monitor it for signs of a worsening infection.
Before SHTF, learn how to treat knife injuries so you can treat yourself or someone else with a stab wound.
Watch the video below for tips on how to pack a first aid kit for your everyday carry kit (EDC kit).
This video is from the Geordie Prepper channel on Brighteon.com.
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| 0.937764 | 1,351 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Certain regions, particularly those with a heavy reliance on one industry such as coal mining, will see job losses in the move away from fossil fuels. But overall employment figures related to the green transition are bullish. The move to clean energy will mean a net gain in jobs globally of 18 million by 2030, according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), a UN agency. The Abu Dhabi-headquartered International Renewable Energy Agency estimates that as many as 42 million jobs will be created in the renewables sector by 2050.
Digitisation, and indeed automation, will be an important enabler of this shift. When it comes to concerns that an increased role for artificial intelligence (AI) will mean fewer opportunities for human brains, most experts are sceptical.
Rather than putting predictions of job creation at risk, “digitalisation can be a net job creator, including in the context of rapid technological change towards a zero-emission economy”, says Marta Wieczorek, spokesperson for economic affairs, jobs and social rights at the European Commission.
AI is already used to produce parts of solar panels and wind turbines, and is expected to play an increasing role in managing the production, transmission and consumption of variable renewable energy in electricity grids. Engineers are also exploring how AI can help repair offshore wind turbines, or how it can work with drones to inspect power facilities and identify potential faults.
Ensuring AI helps solve the “complex problems of climate change and does not leave humans without employment, while producing positive social gains, means having the right policy frameworks”, says Camilla Roman, policy specialist at the ILO.
“We also need large investment in retraining and re-skilling workers,” she adds. Data on skills gaps globally is scarce, admits Roman, but the information available suggests these gaps are “widespread, especially in less developed countries”. Science, technology, engineering and mathematics skills are especially lacking, she says, and these voids could “act as a constraint to sustainability”.
Many issues relating to AI, jobs and the green transition are “being ignored or not reflected properly”, says her colleague Ekkehard Ernst, chief macroeconomist at the ILO. “Governments are aware lots more skills are needed. This does not mean everyone has to be an engineer, but people need basic digital skills.” If countries don’t invest in these skills, “the private sector may simply move production to where these skills exist, and this could slow the energy transition in some regions”, he warns.
Economists disagree about how many jobs will be displaced by AI and whether work that will be automated will be replaced by new or alternative work, says Devashree Saha, senior associate at the World Resource Institute, a US-based think tank. She believes that rather than net job losses there will be a “re-shifting of jobs”. In the energy industry, AI will generate more roles for humans and machines, says Saha, with AI leaving space for “human creativity and judgement, and machines doing routine, iterative tasks and jobs where they outperform humans such as in predictive analytics”. She also envisages hybrid roles, where humans and machines “augment each other’s capabilities”.
Saha recognises AI, like the energy transition, will cause “significant job displacement in certain sectors, geographies and even socio-economic groups, raising concerns about exacerbating existing inequalities”. Ultimately, though, she is confident “that AI is likely to create more jobs than it destroys”.
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Energy recovery using Pyrolysis requires the construction a custom-built power plant.
The plant would use Solid Recovered Fuel produced by Mechanical Biological Treatment.
Pyrolysis means that during the reaction process, no air is present in the reaction chamber with the SRF.
Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide are produced as reactions create temperatures of over 700 degrees celsius.
The organic elements of the SRF are decomposed by the heat, creating a synthetic gas which can be used to generate electricity for the local grid.
Pyrolysis also creates ash and flue gases as by-products. These are treated to ensure that they comply with strict European environmental standards.
The flue gases are passed through a sophisticated filter system where they are cleaned, and constantly controlled and monitored
The small amounts of fly ash are captured for landfill and the bottom ash is recycled for use in the construction industry.
Pyrolysis could generate enough electricity in the North West Region to provide energy to power the equivalent of 6,000 homes a year – that’s 30 Giga Watt hours of electricity.
This would require 60,000 tons of Solid Recovered Fuel which could be sourced from the region’s residual black bin waste over the course of a year. The electricity will also count towards Northern Ireland’s renewable energy targets.
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| 0.944338 | 274 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Construction of Battery Marcus Miller--the first in the Endicott-era Harbor Defense of San Francisco--began in 1891. To accommodate the new battery, ten platforms for 15-inch Rodman cannons were removed from Battery West. Construction of the battery was put on hold pending determination of which type of "disappearing carriage" the government would adopt; consequentially, the battery was not armed until 1897, when three 10-inch guns were mounted. Designed to protect the San Francisco Bay from seaward attack, they had a range of seven miles.
At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898, Battery "E", Third Artillery was assigned to the battery. For several years, the fortification was managed as part of Battery Cranston and was sometimes called "Battery Cranston 2." However, such terminology was deemed unsatisfactory and the three emplacements were redesignated Battery Marcus Miller in 1907. The guns were removed in 1920.
Origin of Name
Battery Marcus Miller was named in honor of Brigadier General Marcus Miller of the U.S. Artillery. A West Point graduate and veteran of the Civil War, the Modoc War, and the Nez Perce War, General Miller was the commanding officer of the Presidio of San Francisco in 1898.
Access and Current Condition
The battery is located on the coastal bluffs adjacent to the Golden Gate toll plaza. It can be reached via Lincoln Boulevard to Merchant Road. Parking is available along Merchant road in the gravel parking area. The Coastal Trail runs adjacent to the gun battery. Access to the interior magazines is not allowed.
Encroaching vegetation was recently removed from around the battery and preservation work to stabilize it is in progress.
Last updated: February 28, 2015
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This year, we are raising awareness about it by bringing together the best of both worlds: creativity and sustainability. Join the #GreenHalloweenMovement and keep reusing! Here are four ways you can add meaning to all the fun:
1. DIY costumes
Let’s face it: most standard Halloween costumes today are disposable. They are made from single-use plastics and shipped from halfway around the world. That is why they carry such a huge carbon footprint.
So, what can you do? It’s super simple: reuse whatever you have at hand: plastic bottles, extra fabrics, old accessories and so on – just get crafty. You can either create your own dazzling outfit, a kids’ spooky costume or even a little mask for your adorable pet!
Call your kids and have a creative family time! Let kids' imaginations run wild by making a game of turning old clothes into new costumes and ultimately reducing the impact of Halloween costumes on the environment. Browse through ideas on the web and use items you already own around the house. For us, upcycling and giving a second life to unused materials instead of throwing them into trash is the way to go.
2. Carry reusable bags
Just fact-checking: Americans use more than 100 billion plastic bags a year. These plastics end up as litter, kill thousands of marine mammals annually, and break down slowly into small particles that continue to pollute soil and water. But are paper bags more environmentally friendly than plastic ones? Regarding paper bags, its production also consumes more than 14 million trees annually in the U.S. They also weigh more than plastic, meaning their transportation requires more energy, consequently making a bigger carbon footprint.
Who needs plastic buckets anyway? To replace plastic jack-o-lanterns and paper bags, try a cute fabric tote bag or even a pillowcase! They are washable and reusable all year round. What more can you ask for?
For parents who are reading this, while you're outside teach your children to keep candy wrappers in their trick-or-treat bags until they return home, or to dispose of them in specific trash cans along their route. Preventing candy wrappers from becoming Halloween litter on the street is the right way to treat the environment.
On this note, are you aware of the candy wrapper dilemma? In fact, most of our favorite candies are wrapped in not-so-eco-friendly materials that make their way into the landfill (even when placed in the recycling bin). These wrappers are way too difficult to recycle!
Eco-conscious US company TerraCycle can help reduce candy-wrapper-waste with what they call a zero-waste box. The process is to simply order the box, collect the waste, and ship it back to TerraCycle for recycling. This reliable, amazing project will make sure it gets to where it needs to go instead of polluting our planet.
3. Halloween parties
If you’re planning a Halloween party, start by sending electronic invites instead of paper – or, at least, use recycled paper. For entertainment, playing traditional games – such as bobbing for apples or pin the broom on the witch – can be both environmentally friendly and great fun.
Use regular dishes and silverware instead of disposable plates and plastic forks and knives. Remember to put out recycling containers for your guest’s bottles and cans.
All in all, the thing is to reuse as much as you can from year to year. You will see that is possible to throw the best Halloween party on the block and still be environmentally responsible.
Making your house look as welcoming (or as haunting) as possible greatly enhances the experience. However, just like costumes, most Halloween decorations are disposable plastic getting thrown out after the holiday is gone. Instead of buying new décor items, why not gathering supplies, arts and crafts throughout the year?
Another unique idea is to decorate with nature! A few examples are hay-bales, leaves and sticks, pumpkins (duh!) and dried flowers. These elements add incredible accents that no others can.
It’s pumpkin season! If you’re going eco-friendly, the best care for Mother Earth while shopping is to select local and, if possible, organic pumpkins. What about pumpkin seeds? Don’t throw them out! You can eat them right out of the pumpkin or let them dry out overnight.
Other than that, you can turn mason jars into lanterns, old stockings can become spider webs, cardboard boxes quickly become tombs. Once you start looking, you will find there are so many things you already have in your home!
Try keeping these tricks in mind to a greener Halloween! Share the message with friends, family and neighbors, so that together we can turn this thrilling holiday into a more eco-friendly celebration! We’re aiming for no more disposable costumes ending up in landfills.
Do you plan on trying to cut back on waste this Halloween? Tell us what other ideas you might have. Get involved, go trick-or-treating and spread the word further! Take the challenge, tag us on social media or share this post if you feel the same.
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Asthma can be diagnosed by providers who work in primary care or by specialists including allergists or pulmonologists (lung specialists).
What to Expect?
When you see our board pediatricians at Longwood Pediatrics for evaluation of asthma you will likely be asked a series of questions regarding your child’s symptoms to include what makes them worse. These are considered triggers. You may also be asked about your child’s past medical history, birth history, and family history. After taking a through history your provider will then perform a physical exam on child and may order tests to evaluate your lung function. These exams may include a peak flow measurement or a pulmonary function test. Other tests may be ordered depending on what triggers you may have reported to your provider. For example, allergy testing may be ordered if you have allergy symptoms that make your breathing worse and exercise breathing tests may be ordered if you report exercised induced symptoms.
How Asthma is Diagnosed?
A pulmonary function test called spirometry is the gold standard test used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma. During a pulmonary function test, you are coached on various breathing maneuvers involving deep inhalations and full, rapid exhalations. You may also be given an inhaled medication called a bronchodilator during this test to. A significant improvement in your lung function after the inhaled medication can confirm the present of airway reactivity or asthma. Sometime the diagnosis of asthma is made clinically based on your symptoms and response to medication therapy.
How Asthma is Treated?
Treatment for asthma can range from avoiding known triggers, allergy medications, inhaled medications, and medical procedures to reduce airway tightening. Inhaled medications are aimed at treating the inflammation within the airways and/or relaxing the smooth muscle surrounding and tightening the airways. If asthma symptoms are mild you may only need a bronchodilator or “reliever” inhaler to use only when you have asthma symptoms. If your asthma symptoms are more frequent or severe you will often be placed on maintenance (“controller”) medication therapy to be used every day routinely. Often times a combination of both are given.
Living with Asthma
If you are diagnosed with asthma it is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to help manage your disease. With proper avoidance of triggers and the right medications you will have more control over your symptoms.
What to Expect?
Living with asthma may require daily medication to prevent symptoms and/or taking medications as needed for flare up of symptoms. It is important to avoid triggers that make your symptoms worse, as well as remain in contact with your healthcare provider, and keep up to date on your flu and pneumonia vaccines. Your healthcare provider may ask you to monitor your breathing at home to watch for any change that may suggest your asthma is not well controlled. An asthma action plan may be developed which will outline actions and medications to be taken based on your symptoms.
Indoor Air Quality
Asthma symptoms can be managed by improving your indoor air quality.
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What is an online assessment tool?
What does online assessment exactly mean? The goal of online assessment is to get to know your participants on a certain subject or get an overall impression of the student’s performance. Educational assessment is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. By taking the assessment, teachers try to improve student learning.
Our system uses two types of assessments: multiple categories and single scale. I’ll give some more details about these two types. With these two types of testing, there is no difference in questioning your students. These are several question types within our tool to use: multiple choice, free text, checkboxes, dropdown, scale and even image answer questions.
There are up 10(!) answer options to fill in, of course you don’t have to use all of them. For each answer you can add category, and attribute points to each answer. This seems all a bit much, but I will give an example to give you a better impression. For example, you want your students to work together with each other. You want to know what kind of students you have, because in each group you want to have leaders and group workers. So, you’ll ask questions about leadership and group workers, if there are answers that are distinctly for leaders, you can attribute more points to that answer.
With the single scale is easier to test how students are dealing with the instruction you have created. You test whether the students are really learning what they should be learning. Read more about the two different types of assessments below:
The difference between multiple category and single scale category is how the final outcome is shown. With the multiple category you see on which category you scored best at. For each category you see how many points you got. Multiple categories are easier to use when the categories are nominal. Examples of nominal categories are: jobs and personality types.
When your category is an ordinal scale, it would be better to choose the single scale category assessment type :) With the single scale category you will see a bar with the outcome when students complete your assessment. Example of an ordinal scale: type of runner (beginner-intermediate-expert). With our tool it’s easy to create assessments. With one click you have got the results and are able to export them to an Excel file. So, start using our tool!
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| 0.934397 | 496 | 3.46875 | 3 |
4 Mean and standard deviation for repeated measurements
In everyday terms, everybody is familiar with the word ‘average’, but in science, technology and statistics there are actually several different kinds of average used for different purposes. In the kind of situation exemplified by Table 1, the sort to use is the mean (or more strictly the ‘arithmetic mean’). For a set of measurements, this is defined as the sum of all the measurements divided by the total number of measurements made.
Activity 1 Calculating the mean
What is the mean of the results in Table 1?
The sum of all the measurements is 24.544 nm. There are 10 results, so the mean value is , or 2.4544 nm to five significant figures. (The reason for giving the result to this number of significant figures will be discussed shortly.)
To turn this description of how to calculate a mean into a formula, each element has been allocated a symbol. So say that you have made n measurements of a quantity x. Then you can call the individual measurements x1, x2, x3, … xn (where x1 is properly said either as x ‘subscript one’ or as ‘x sub one’, but also sometimes as ‘x one’ e:
However, the sum is tedious to write out, so a special ‘summation’ sign, Σ (capital Greek letter sigma), is used to denote the adding up process, and the mean of n measurements can be neatly written as:
The i = 1 below the summation sign indicates that the first value for xi in the sum is x1, and the n above it indicates that the last value in the sum is xn. In other words, all integer values of i (x1, x2, x3, etc.) are to be included up to xn. (The summation sign with the information attached to it is usually said as ‘sum of x sub i from one to n’.)
You now want a quantitative way of describing the spread of measurements, i.e. the extent to which the measurements ‘deviate’ from the mean. There are 5 steps required to do this, which are laid out below, and Table 2 shows the results of following this ‘recipe’ for the data in Table 1.
Calculate the deviation of each measurement. The deviation di of any individual measurement is defined as the difference between that measurement and the mean of the set of measurements:
Notice that the value of di may be positive or negative depending on whether a particular measurement is larger or smaller than the mean of the set of measurements.
At this stage the deviations have been expressed as decimal numbers.
Calculate the squares of each of the deviations (i.e. di2). These will, of course, all have positive values.
By this stage the values have become very small so the column has been headed in such way that the numbers entered in the column represent the value of di2 divided by 10–5.
Add together all the squares of the deviations i.e.
Divide by the total number of measurements (i.e. n) to obtain the mean of all the square deviations. This may be written as:
Take the square root of this mean to obtain the ‘root mean square deviation’ sn. It is this quantity sn that is known as the standard deviation. Step 5 may be written as:
or, substituting for di2 from Equation 5, as:
Since di was defined in Equation 4 as (xi–x̅) one final substitution into Equation 6 gives sn in its most easily used format:
The standard deviation sn for n repeated measurements of the same quantity x is given by
At the end of this process, you can summarize all the data in Table 1 just by saying that the ten measurements had a mean of 2.4544 nm and standard deviation 0.0046 nm. The calculation of standard deviation is given in Table 2.
There are several things worth noting about this result and the data in Table 2.
First, all the quantities have units associated with them. The values of xi were measured in nanometres, so deviations will also be in nanometres and the squares of the deviations in nm2, as shown in the column headings in the table.
A second useful feature to notice is that the sum of all the deviations is equal to zero.
If you are interested in knowing why this is always true, there is an explanation in Box 2 (though you do not need to work through the full explanation in order to make use of the result). At the end of Step 1 it is well worth adding up all the values you have calculated for the deviations to ensure that they do indeed total zero. If they don’t, you have made an arithmetic slip somewhere which needs to be put right before you proceed to Step 2.
Looking now at the details of the calculation, the original measurements of length were made to the nearest picometre (i.e. 0.001 nm), represented by 3 decimal places (i.e. 3 digits after the decimal point). More digits were carried in the calculations to avoid rounding errors. However, what is the appropriate number of digits to quote in the final answer? Well, when all the 10 results were added up in Table 1, this value was obtained
(i.e. 5 digits in total). This sum was divided by an exact number (10) so it is appropriate to retain 5 digits in the result of this division, giving x̅ as 2.4544 nm. It is therefore valid to retain one more decimal place in the mean value than in each of the measurements individually. After all the whole point of repeating the measurement many times and averaging is to improve confidence in the final result! Having quoted the mean as x̅ as 2.4544 nm, it then makes sense to quote the standard deviation as 0.0046 nm.
Box 2 The sum of the deviations is always equal to zero
It is quite easy to work out from first principles the reason for the sum of the deviations being zero in the special case in which the set consists of just two measurements, x1 and x2. The mean would then be:
This argument can be extended to any number of values of x; as an exercise in algebra you might like to try it for three measurements. However many values of x are chosen, it is always the case that the sum of the deviations is zero.
The fact that here the standard deviation is quite small in comparison to the mean shows why, in this context, it is more sensible to think in terms of places of decimals rather than significant figures. Because leading zeroes do not count as significant, the standard deviation is actually only given to 2 significant figures, whereas the mean is given to 5. In such circumstances, it is easier to think of the mean and the standard deviation as being expressed to the same number of decimal places (always assuming of course that they are given the same units).
In summary, the easiest procedure is to give the mean to one more decimal place (or one more significant figure) than was used for each of the individual measurements, and then to quote the standard deviation to the same number of decimal places as the mean.
Even with a small number of values in a data set it is easy to make arithmetical mistakes when calculating the mean and standard deviation by hand. Most experimental data will consist of many more than 10 observations. The next section looks at what the tools you can use.
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In this age of skyrocketing medical costs, more and more people are taking responsibility for their own health. They are turning to herbs, nature’s “super-medicines.” Many people are already including herbs in their diets, not just to season foods, but for maintaining and restoring vibrant health. Even researchers have found that chimpanzees are attracted to plants that contain natural antibiotics and are known to dose themselves with herbs in times of sickness. There isn’t a culture on earth that doesn’t include the use of herbs as medicines in its historical record, so it is doubtful that mankind could have survived on earth without herbs. Generally, people are encouraged to use herbs as a supplement to help them stay well, rather than just when they become ill. An herb generally works on the body in one of three ways: it can purge the body of impurities, it can build up the immune system, or it can strengthen the constitution of an organ so it will heal itself. Individual herbs can accomplish one or more of these functions, and specific herbs are used for specific ailments although there is often more than one herb which can aid in the treating of an ailment. Here are some of the most popular, potent and readily available herbs being used all over the world:
Good For Nausea and Flatulence: Anise
Infused as a tea, anise seeds relieve nausea, aid digestion and stops flatulence. It is also a natural antacid. To make this wonder tea, add seven teaspoons of aniseed to a quart of water, simmer down to one and a half pints, strain and sweeten with honey.
Good For Digestion: Basil
Basil aids digestion, relieves gas, and reduces nausea, stomach cramps and migraines. Its antibacterial effect works against yeast infections of the mouth and throat. It acts as a tonic for the nerves and soothes tired muscles.
Good For Sleep: Chamomile
The fresh or dried flowers prepared as tea is an effective night cap to aid sleep. Its relaxing effect works on headaches and calms a nervous stomach. As a mouthwash, it relieves toothache. Chamomile tea bags dipped in ice water soothe eyes when placed on closed eyelids for several minutes. Chamomile tea is commonly served after meals to aid in digestion.
Good For Immunity: Echinacea
This is a popular antibiotic in the herb world. Its roots are used to treat fevers, viral infections, insect bites and to relieve allergies. It is found to stimulate the body’s defenses, hence, is used in AIDS research.
Good For Mood and Memory: Sage
Healthy young volunteers who were given capsules with high doses of sage essential oil in a study at Northumbria University said their mood was consistently enhanced. In older people, Australian research found extract of sage improved memory and attention. The herb is thought to inhibit breakdown of acetylcholine, a brain chemical associated with attention span and sharp memory.
Good For the Blood: Garlic
Garlic is considered the greatest of all herbal antibiotics. Tests confirmed its effectiveness in treating yeast infection, staphylococcus, salmonella poisoning, and colds. It purifies the blood and reduces high blood pressure, cholesterol and clotting.
Good For Thrush: Oregano
This contains the powerful antifungal agents thymol and carvacrol. A study at Georgetown University Medical Centre in Washington showed that carvacrol inhibited the growth of the fungus Candida albicans (which causes thrush) better than a common antifungal medication
Good For The Brain: Ginkgo biloba
A mainstay of traditional Chinese medicine for more than 5,000 years, ginkgo biloba improves blood and oxygen supply to the brain and central nervous system. The extract from the yellow autumn leaves is said to promote brain efficiency and mental alertness, vitality and peripheral circulation.
Good For Anemia: Rosemary
Rosemary leaves are high in iron — a lack of this mineral can cause fatigue and anaemia. The herb also contains carnosic, which can shield the brain from damaging free radicals. This lowers the risk of strokes and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s, says a study in the Journal Of Neurochemistry.
Good For High Blood Pressure: Basil
A study at Xinjiang Medical University found an extract of the herb reduced blood pressure in a similar way to medication. It’s thought it affects levels of endothelins, proteins which constrict blood vessels.
Good For Diabetes: Fenugreek
A daily extract of its seeds improves diabetics’ blood sugar control and decreases insulin resistance, say researchers at the Jaipur Diabetes and Research Centre in India. It may also increase inadequate breast milk supply, nursing mothers have reported. But as the spice is also a traditional remedy to induce childbirth, the seeds shouldn’t be taken during pregnancy.
Good For Stomach Ulcers: Cardamon
If you’ve had a stomach ulcer, or are prone to them, try adding cardamom to spicy dishes or rice pudding. Indian researchers found its oil extracts protected the stomach lining and helped guard against ulcers induced by alcohol and aspirin. The active ingredient is thought to be nootkatone, obtained from ground pods
Good For Energy: Ginseng
Ginseng strengthens the body by increasing the efficiency of the endocrine, circulatory and digestive systems and body metabolism. It reduces physical, mental and emotional stress by increasing oxygen-carrying red blood cells and immune-strengthening white blood cells, thereby eliminating toxins. Tests show ginseng inhibits cancer cells and increases alertness, reflex actions and stamina. This potent herb should not be taken continuously. Of course, we strongly recommend you consult with one of our trained health professionals in all matters relating to your physical and mental health so the correct diagnosis and care can be given to your specific condition. The above information should not replace the services of trained professionals. Call us today to find out how herbs can help your health.
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April 21, 2015
Running a marathon is often compared to childbirth, which, as any mother will tell you, is no walk in the park.
So why then do runners often return to the racecourse time after time to willingly submit their bodies to aching pain,
exhaustion and dehydration? Maybe because they forget how much pain they were
According to a 2012
study by Przemyslaw
Bąbel, Ph.D., a professor of psychology at Jagiellonian University in Poland,
similar to giving birth, the sense of accomplishment, happiness and pride
associated with completing a 26.2-mile race trumps the feelings of discomfort
In other words, the reward is worth the sacrifice.
To complete the study, Bąbel surveyed 62 marathon runners immediately after they crossed the finish line and again several months later and found the level of pain they reported experiencing significantly decreased as time went on.
Those contacted six months later, they remembered the pain intensity as being around 3.2 on a 7-point scale, on average, whereas their actual average pain intensity rating after the marathon was 5.5.
Read more on the study here.
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https://www.phillyvoice.com/marathon-runners-misremember-race-pain-/
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| 0.963804 | 243 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Using a proxy to access the internet is a great way to maintain your privacy and security while browsing. However, there are common issues that can arise when using a proxy that can make your connection unreliable or even dangerous.In this article, we'll discuss the common issues with proxy usage and how to address them. We'll also provide tips on how to ensure a safe and secure browsing experience.So, if you're having trouble with your proxy connection, read on to learn about the common issues and how to troubleshoot them.
What is a proxy and why might it be used?A proxy is an intermediary between your computer and the internet. It acts as a gateway, allowing you to access web pages and other online content that would otherwise be blocked or restricted.
Proxies are commonly used for privacy and security, as they can hide your IP address and prevent your online activities from being tracked. Proxies can also be used to access geo-restricted content, bypass censorship, and connect to gaming servers.
What are the different types of proxies?There are several different types of proxies available, including web proxies, VPNs, and SOCKS. Web proxies are the most common type of proxy, and they can be used to quickly access websites without revealing your true IP address. VPNs are more secure than web proxies, as they create an encrypted tunnel between your device and the internet.
SOCKS proxies provide a secure connection over a network protocol and are often used for gaming or downloading files.
What are some common proxy usage issues?While proxies can be a great way to protect your online privacy, they can come with their own set of issues. Some of the most common problems include slow connection speeds, limited access to certain websites, and potential security risks. Slow connection speeds can be caused by using a proxy server that is far away from your location or has limited bandwidth. Limited access to certain websites is usually caused by IP address blocking or firewalls preventing you from connecting.
Potential security risks include data leakage, malware infiltration, and malicious server operators.
How can these issues be addressed and prevented?The key to avoiding common proxy usage issues is to choose the right type of proxy and ensure adequate bandwidth. When selecting a proxy server, make sure that it is close enough to your location so that you don't experience slow speeds. You should also make sure that it has enough bandwidth to handle your traffic load. Additionally, it is important to use strong encryption protocols such as SSL or TLS to prevent data leakage.
Finally, it is important to use reputable and trusted proxy services that have strong privacy policies.By following these tips, you can minimize the potential issues associated with proxy usage and ensure that your online activities remain safe and secure.
Understanding Proxies and Their BenefitsA proxy is a server, computer, or application that acts as an intermediary between you and the internet. It allows you to access websites, services, or applications without directly connecting to them. When you use a proxy, your computer connects to the proxy server and requests the content you want to access. The proxy then sends the content back to you.Proxies can be used for a variety of reasons, including improving privacy and security.
By using a proxy, your IP address is hidden from the websites you visit, making it more difficult for them to track or identify you. Proxies can also be used to bypass geographic restrictions and access content that would otherwise be blocked in your location.Proxies are also often used to improve performance. By caching frequently-requested content on the proxy server, load times can be reduced when accessing websites or applications.
Troubleshooting Proxy Usage IssuesWhen using a proxy to protect your online privacy, it is important to be aware of the potential issues that can arise. To ensure smooth and secure browsing, it is essential to choose the right type of proxy, ensure adequate bandwidth, and use strong encryption protocols.The first step in troubleshooting proxy issues is to choose the right type of proxy for your needs.
Proxies come in many forms, such as VPNs, SSH tunnels, web-based proxies, and dedicated proxies. Each type of proxy has its own set of features and benefits, so it is important to understand the differences between them and make an informed decision.Once you have chosen the best type of proxy for your needs, you need to ensure adequate bandwidth. Without enough bandwidth, your connection will suffer from slow speeds and frequent interruptions. It is important to check with your internet service provider to make sure you have enough bandwidth for your proxy usage.Finally, it is essential to use strong encryption protocols when using a proxy.
Encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS and SSH provide an added layer of security and protect your data from being intercepted or stolen by third parties. It is important to use the latest version of these protocols to ensure maximum security.By following these steps, you can prevent and address common issues associated with proxy usage. Choosing the right type of proxy, ensuring adequate bandwidth, and using strong encryption protocols will help you enjoy a secure and fast browsing experience.
Different Types of ProxiesProxy usage is a great way to protect your online privacy, but it can come with its own set of issues. One of the most common problems people encounter is understanding the different types of proxies available.
In this article, we'll explore the different types of proxies, including HTTP proxies, SOCKS proxies, and VPNs.
HTTP ProxiesHTTP proxies are the most basic type of proxy. They act as an intermediary between your computer and the internet, allowing you to access websites anonymously. They are easy to set up and use, but they don’t offer any encryption or additional security features.
SOCKS ProxiesSOCKS proxies are similar to HTTP proxies, but they offer a few additional features. SOCKS proxies offer additional security features such as encryption and authentication.
They also allow you to bypass certain types of restrictions, such as firewalls.
VPNsVPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are another type of proxy. They offer the same features as HTTP and SOCKS proxies, but they also offer additional features such as encryption and authentication. VPNs are generally considered more secure than other types of proxies, as they provide a secure tunnel for all your internet traffic.In conclusion, there are a few different types of proxies available, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Depending on your needs, one type may be better suited for you than another.
Be sure to do your research and choose the best option for your particular situation.
Common Issues with Proxy UsageProxy usage can present a number of issues, including slow connection speeds, limited access to certain websites, and potential security risks. Slow connection speeds can occur when your proxy server is located in another country, or if the proxy itself is overcrowded. You may also experience issues connecting to certain websites if they have blocked the IP of the proxy server you are using. Additionally, if you are using an unsecured proxy, your data could be at risk of being exposed.It's important to be aware of these common issues with proxy usage in order to be able to troubleshoot them quickly and efficiently.
Here are some tips for resolving these issues:Slow Connection SpeedsIf you're experiencing slow connection speeds with your proxy, there are a few things you can do to improve it. First, try switching to a different proxy server located closer to your physical location. This will reduce latency and improve your connection speed. Additionally, if you're using a shared proxy, try switching to a dedicated proxy which will provide you with more resources.
Limited Access to Certain WebsitesIf you're having trouble accessing certain websites, first make sure that your proxy is set up correctly.
If it is, then it's likely that the website has blocked the IP address of the proxy server you are using. In this case, try switching to another proxy server. You should also check if the website requires a specific type of connection such as HTTP or SOCKS5.
Security RisksWhen using a proxy server, it's important to make sure that it is secure. If the proxy is unsecured, your data can be exposed and vulnerable to malicious attackers.
Look for a proxy that offers secure encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS or SSH. Additionally, check to see if the provider offers any additional security features such as two-factor authentication.Using a proxy can be a great way to protect your online privacy. However, understanding the different types of proxies and their associated benefits, as well as being aware of the common issues that can arise with proxy usage, is essential. Knowing how to troubleshoot any issues that come up is also key.
Ultimately, while there are potential issues with using proxies, the advantages they offer often far outweigh the risks.
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https://www.proxydump.com/proxy-troubleshooting-common-issues-with-proxy-usage
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| 0.951878 | 1,809 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Angela Schaefer
Even though we have to protect ourselves through hand washing and social distancing, from contracting Covid-19 during this lockdown period, we can also assist by giving some thought to the little guys on the frontline – our immune system.
In a previous health article, we discussed how to boost our overall health as the threat of Corona looms, but taking care of our immune system, specifically, is worth turning our attention to.
The microbiome has been under the spotlight in recent years as scientists try to understand the full impact of it on our health, but what they do know is that it is intricately linked to our immune system. In fact, some authors state that as much as 75% of our immune system is housed in our gut. “Some have suggested that the immune system should be renamed to reflect its true role as what might be called a ‘microbe interaction system’”, states Justin Sonnenberg in his book, Gut Reaction.
Our bodies are hosts to a few microbiomes but for the purposes of this article, we will be discussing the gut microbiome.
Unbeknownst to many of us, there is a community of a hundred trillion microorganisms (belonging to over 2000 species and potentially containing 150 to 500-fold more genetic material than human DNA) that have taken up residence in our guts. They have evolved with us as a species, and if looked after well, have many health-promoting benefits, one of which is a vibrant and effective immune system.
Unfortunately, modern day lifestyle and the Standard American Diet (SAD) which many people have adopted, largely due to convenience and lack of time, does not support a healthy microbiome. According to David Perlmutter in his book, “The Grain Brain – Whole Life Plan”, an unhealthy intestinal microbiome can be caused by:
• diets high in refined carbohydrates, sugar and processed food
• diets low in fibre (especially the kind that feeds the microbes)
• dietary toxins such as gluten and processed vegetable oils
• chronic stress
• chronic infections
• the use of antibiotics and other medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acid-reflux drugs like proton pump inhibitors.
Justin Sonnenberg adds meat and saturated fats to this list.
That said, how can we go about improving the state of our intestinal microbiome, and thereby fine-tuning our immune systems? Firstly, the diversity of gut flora is very important. We’re able to increase the numbers and, more importantly, the varieties of microbes by consuming a broad range of plant-based foods. Think vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices, legumes, pulses, nuts and seeds. Not only will some microbes be present on these foods from the soils they’re grown in (preferably organic) but all of these different foodstuffs feed different microbes, hence developing as many populations as possible.
For most individuals, fermented foods should be part of our diets as these are responsible for populating our guts with microbes. A good start would be a bowl of sugar-free yoghurt (by the way, artificial sweeteners are damaging to the gut flora and ultimately result in weight gain in most individuals.) Home-made is always better. From yoghurt to kefir (fermented milk) to water or coconut water kefir, to sauerkraut or other vegetable krauts. Kimchi (a spicy Korean dish made from fermented vegetables), tempeh (a fermented soy bean dish from Indonesia), miso (a Japanese paste made from fermented soy beans and rice, barley or seaweed), natto (another Japanese product made from fermented soy beans) and pickles. Unfortunately shop-bought pickles are stored in vinegar and are not made using the same fermentation process so these do not afford our bodies the probiotic benefit.
We also need to eat prebiotic foods such as dandelion greens, Jerusalem artichokes, garlic, onions, leeks, asparagus, artichokes, bananas, apples, konjac root (contains glucomannan), cocoa, burdock root, flax seeds, jicama root and seaweed. The fibres in these foods feed the microbes in our guts by fermenting them and forming Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA.) These, in turn, nourish the cells of the gut lining and assist in the amelioration of inflammatory responses to pathogens. One of the reported concerns with Covid-19 has been, in some patients, an over-reactive immune system resulting in the overproduction of mucus and inflammation, damaging the lungs and resulting in respiratory failure and death.
According to PubMed (see reference below), a large study performed on a cohort of 168,999 women and 219,123 men showed that, in both genders, dietary fibre intake was significantly linked to a 22% decrease in mortality rates from infectious, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases.
So while time is available to you during this lockdown period, why not spend some time in your kitchen, preparing some of these dishes and give your immune system a little boost of nurturing.
Justin and Erica Sonnenburg’s Bacteria-Boosting Granola
(6 grams of fiber per serving, not including added fruit)
Store-bought granola usually has an overabundance of added sugar, which is unfortunate because granola has great potential for supporting microbiota health. This recipe keeps all the great dietary fiber but eliminates much of the added sugar. To keep it interesting throughout the year, we often add seasonal fruit when we eat the granola.
• 4 cups mixed rolled cereal grain (or 1 cup each of flakes from oats, barley, rye, and quinoa; substitute as desired)
• 1 cup unsweetened dried flake coconut
• 1 cup chopped almonds
• ½ cup pumpkin seeds
• ½ cup pumpkin puree
• 3 tablespoons olive oil
• ½ cup water
• 2 tablespoons maple syrup
• 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
• 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
• ½ cup raisins
INSTRUCTIONS: Preheat the oven to 180˚C. In a large bowl, mix together the rolled cereal, coconut, almonds, and pumpkin seeds. In a small bowl, whisk together the pumpkin puree, olive oil, water, maple syrup, cinnamon, and vanilla. Pour the wet mixture over the cereal mixture and stir to coat. Spread the mixture onto a large baking sheet and bake for 40 minutes or until golden brown, stirring halfway through. Add the raisins to the cooked granola. When cooled, store the granola in a covered container in the refrigerator. Granola keeps well for at least a month. Serve about ¾ cup over yogurt or kefir with seasonal fresh or thawed frozen fruit.
* Angela Schaefer is a director of the Prue Leith Culinary Institute and a Functional Medicine Health Coach
Interested in Fermentation? Attend our short course to learn more.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.prueleith.co.za/news/fermented-and-plant-based-food-will-boost-your-microbiome-and-immune-system/
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| 0.933063 | 1,445 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The European summer of 1816 has often been referred to as a “year without a summer” due to anomalously cold conditions and unusual wetness, which led to widespread famines and agricultural failures. The cause has often been assumed to be the eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815, however this link has not, until now, been proven. Here we apply state-of-the-art event attribution methods to quantify the contribution by the eruption and random weather variability to this extreme European summer climate anomaly. By selecting analogue summers that have similar sea-level-pressure patterns to that observed in 1816 from both observations and unperturbed climate model simulations, we show that the circulation state can reproduce the precipitation anomaly without external forcing, but can explain only about a quarter of the anomalously cold conditions. We find that in climate models, including the forcing by the Tambora eruption makes the European cold anomaly up to 100 times more likely, while the precipitation anomaly became 1.5-3 times as likely, attributing a large fraction of the observed anomalies to the volcanic forcing. Our study thus demonstrates how linking regional climate anomalies to large-scale circulation is necessary
to quantitatively interpret and attribute post-eruption variability.
The Model data consists 50 HadCM3 Model simulations with volcanic forcing for the period 01/12/1814 to 01/12/1816.
The dataset is divided into atmosphere monthly mean and ocean monthly mean files. With each containing 24 monthly values for each of the 50 simulations.
The files are in the UK Metoffice pp format. This can be read using the iris python package:
Example_script.py is an example of a simple python script which reads the model data.
Schurer, Andrew. (2019). HadCM3 Model data used in the article "Disentangling the causes of the 1816 European year without a summer" by Schurer, Andrew; Hegerl, Gabriele; Luterbacher, Juerg; Broennimann, Stefan; Cowan, Tim; Tett, Simon; Zanchettin, Davide; Timmreck, Claudia, [dataset]. University of Edinburgh. School of GeoSciences. Institute of Geography. https://doi.org/10.7488/ds/2601.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/datasets/hadcm3-model-data-used-in-the-article-disentangling-the-causes-of
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
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| 0.881463 | 477 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Accumulation of damages during the service life of a structure can reduce its safety. Every structure that is constructed has a particular age but these structures can deteriorate before their service life due to various factors such as harsh environmental conditions, fatigue due to service loading, etc. To access the information regarding the health index of structure the need for various unconventional damage assessment practices and dependable structural health monitoring systems is presently high. Structures to perform efficiently damage assessment and appropriate retrofitting are required. Structural health monitoring (SHM) has been verified to be an economical technique for damage assessment in structures over the past several decades. In reinforced concrete beams flexural cracks distribute non-linearly and propagate along with all directions. The crack continues to propagate until the structure or structural component fractures. Due to this complex behavior of cracks, simplified damage simulation techniques such as reductions in the modulus of elasticity or section depth or stiffness of rotational spring elements cannot be applied to simulate flexural cracks in reinforced concrete components. Besides these simplified techniques, dynamic properties have been used extensively in the past. But this methodology has many disadvantages such as dynamic characteristics obtained through experiments can vary due to measurement errors, noise, and environmental changes, which can greatly affect precision. This research will address the above gap in knowledge by developing a model that can represent the complex behavior of cracks and then utilize artificial neural networks to assess damage in RC flexural members. In this study, consideration is given to the fundamental strategy for developing Plasticity Damage Models and ANNs to predict the extent and location of the damage from beam structures' measured detection data. ABAQUS finite element software is used with properly validated models of material throughout the study. A promising approach to evaluate and detect damage makes use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to solve these two problems. ANNs are a strong artificial intelligence (AI) technique that has been widely accepted in predicting the extent and location of structural damage. ANNs are trained using deflection data obtained from intact and damaged beam structures simulations of finite elements. It is also found that reducing the number of required outputs significantly improved the quality of predictions made by ANN. The findings obtained were fair and they demonstrated strong alignment with the real values. This means that using ANNs is an excellent method for measuring damage and the issue of detecting damage. When using ANNs, some essential problems of traditional approaches to detecting damage can be solved and the precision of identification of damage can be improved.
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<urn:uuid:ef2b0335-e803-4bd0-a156-066165ccff74>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353158856_Damage_detection_in_RCC_beam_with_ANNs
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100081.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129105306-20231129135306-00799.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944816 | 494 | 2.65625 | 3 |
No limit to plastic in the ocean
Published on October 1st, 2023
Australian world record solo sailor Lisa Blair has revealed the shocking extent of microplastic pollution in the Southern Ocean in the most comprehensive data collection achieved with the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), recorded during her non-stop record winning race around Antarctica in 2022.
She set a new world record, becoming the fastest person in the world to sail solo, non-stop and unassisted around Antarctica and the first women to do so. Lisa completed the journey in 92 days in 2022, taking 10 days off the previous record set by Fedor Konyukhov in 2008.
Working in partnership with the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and supported by the Integrated Marine Observing Systems (IMOS), she was able to complete the first near-continuous microplastics survey in Southern Ocean waters. A total of 178 seawater samples were collected from the sub-surface of the Southern Ocean and 83 samples have been processed and analyzed.
“While I was expecting to find some plastic in the Southern Ocean, I wasn’t at all prepared for every sample collected to have microplastics present,” she said.
This finding confirms that like other oceans, the Southern Ocean is similarly broadly contaminated with microplastics regardless of proximity to land sources and at Point Nemo, Blair was in the most isolated place on earth.
Across all samples, the average concentration of microplastics collected was equivalent to 58,500 particles per an average Olympic size swimming pool.
Microplastic concentrations even around Point Nemo, were around the average, indicating that ocean currents are likely to be influencing the levels of contamination rather than proximity to anthropogenic activity areas.
“The logistical challenges of working in the remote Southern Ocean means continuous samples sets, such as that collected by Lisa Blair during her recent circumnavigation, provide us with a unique opportunity to establish baseline knowledge of this environment, and the data shows microplastics are everywhere,” said Dr Cherie Motti, research scientist with the Biomolecular Analysis Facility at AIMS.
Key voyage findings:
• The highest concentration of microplastics sampled was found in the waters below Australia and is equivalent to 357,500 particles of plastic in an Olympic size swimming pool
• Fibres were more abundant than fragments, comprising 64.8% of all microplastics found
• On average, the volume of water collected per sample was 1400 L and the distance covered was at least 200 km
• Provided data sets on ocean acidity, salinity, and PCo2 for ocean health measurements with the 24/7 RAN micro lab
• Supplied seafloor depth data to the Seabed 2030 Program
• Deployed 8 weather drifting buoys and one A.R.G.O research float for the Bureau of Meteorology, becoming a mobile weather station
• Contributed to the UN Decade of Ocean science through the Oceans Ops Odyssey Program
“I am a huge believer that as an adventurer I have a responsibility to our communities to support science,” said Blair. “The Southern Ocean is such a data-sparse area of our planet and it would have been almost impossible for scientists to collect the data I was able to generate.
“I want to see a happy and healthy planet and people won’t protect what they can’t understand so I try to share my love of the ocean and this planet with my records. I think all adventurers have a responsibility to become story tellers and communicators.”
Blair was named 2022 Australian Geographic Adventurer of the Year, with her journey first starting in 2012 while sailing around the world in the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race.
“We were more than 20 days from land sailing across the southern oceans from South Africa to New Zealand. I was at the helm looking out when we crested a wave and there, off our bow was a Styrofoam box floating past. We were thousands of miles from land in the most remote regions of the planet and I was seeing plastic. I couldn’t believe it.”
Alarmed at the sight of human impact so far from land, she felt overwhelmed and lost as to how to change things.
“I used to bury my head in the sand and sooth myself with the idea that it was okay to do nothing because my little bit wouldn’t matter. It wasn’t until this mindset changed that I started to understand the power of individual action.”
In 2015, she launched her Climate Action Now message and began collecting post-it note messages from people in the public. Her yacht ‘Climate Action Now’ is adorned with thousands of messages of environmental actions from members of the community.
“If a million people think like I did ‘that their bit didn’t matter’ then that was going to be a million more negative impacts but if we could shift this thinking and empower a million people to realize that their micro-actions matter then we would be creating a large impact.
“I am living proof that just one person can make a difference and there are many things that people can start doing today to make a difference. We all have the power to create change, it just starts with one action.”
Lisa’s top tips:
• Install a filter on your washing machine
• Buy natural material clothing
• Be mindful of plastic pollution in the streets and waterways
• Dispose of your bottles correctly
• Drive less – to reduce CO2 and also minimize microplastics from the tire erosion
• Invest in quality products
• Repair over replace
• Spend wisely – you are voting with your dollar
Lisa currently holds 5 world records in sailing and is working to establish a World Record sailing from Sydney, Australia to Auckland, New Zealand as the fastest solo time. Departing in February 2024, Lisa aims to set a new record as the fastest person and a second record as the first woman. The solo monohull record of 12d 14h 41m 15s, was established on January 22nd,2020, by retired Australian Veteran James Prascevic sailing to raise awareness of PTSD.
Departing soon after the completion of the Sydney to Auckland voyage, Lisa is aiming to set a new Auckland-to-Auckland speed record sailing solo, non-stop and unassisted around New Zealand. Both records will be ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council. Lisa also has plans for an Arctic world record in the near future.
“Sailing has become a fantastic avenue for me to create change, the more projects I complete the more impact I can create.”
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In 1562 Jean Ribaut (also spelled Ribault) sailed to the New World from France with a group of Huguenots. Deeming there “no faurer or fytter place” than the land along the Beaufort River, he named the settlement Port Royal.
The French established their new colony at today’s Parris Island, just south of Port Royal, and called it Charlesfort. Ribaut then sailed back to France to acquire more ships and supplies. The settlers he left behind did not fare well, as they had not planted any crops and their provisions burned. They built a boat caulked with rosin and Spanish moss and attempted to sail across the Atlantic, but the voyage ended in disaster. As Dr. Walter Edgar writes in South Carolina: A History, “The return journey was a hell of starvation, cannibalism, and madness.”
Above is a monument to Ribaut, which reads, Here stood Charlesfort / Built 1562 by Jean Ribaut for Admiral Coligny / A Refuge For Huguenots and to the Glory of France. The monument was erected in 1925, after an archaeologist believed he had found the remnants of Charlesfort. However, these remnants were actually Spanish. In 1995, archaeologists from the University of South Carolina discovered Charlesfort’s true location nearby – under a later Spanish fort called San Felipe, which served as the anchor of the 1566 settlement of this same site by Spaniards.
Though Port Royal is often credited as the site of the first European settlement in our state, it is possible that it was actually the site of the first European settlement in the continental United States. In 1514, nearly 50 years before Charles Fort was established, Pedro Salazar of Hispaniola was commissioned by wealthy Spanish officer Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon to explore more of the New World. Salazar landed somewhere along the coast between North Carolina and Georgia at a site he named “Land of the Giants” in honor of the natives’ size.
Excited about Salazar’s discovery, Ayllon commissioned subsequent Spanish voyages in 1521 and 1525. On August 18, 1525, Captain Pedro Quexos came upon a point he called La Punta de Santa Elena after the virgin Saint Helen of Auxerre, France, whose martyrdom is remembered that day. Though the location of this place is no longer known, scholars now suspect it may have been Tybee Island in Georgia.
Salazar, Quexos, and Quexos’s fellow captain Francisco Gordillo did not linger along the Atlantic Coast but reported back to Hispanola (Quexos’s ship was lost during the return of his second trip). In 1526 Allyon himself sailed with six ships and more than 600 West Indian settlers and slaves. Their colony, San Miguel de Gualdape, predated Jamestown by 45 years and Saint Augustine by three years. Many twentieth century historians believed they landed at Port Royal, though others now place their location nearer the mouth of the Savannah River.
Regardless of its location, San Miguel de Gualdape was short-lived. Disease, hunger, and slave rebellion caused most of the group to perish during their first winter, including Allyon. The few who survived sailed back to Hispaniola. Lawrence Sanders Rowland, author of The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861, describes their voyage as follows:
Faced with the onset of winter with no supplies, surrounded by hostile natives, and thoroughly demoralized, the settlers of San Miguel de Gualdape abandoned their colony and set sail for Hispaniola. On the bitter cold passage home seven men froze and one man, driven insane by hunger, ate the frost-bitten flesh from his own bones. The body of … Lucas Vasquez de Allyon was lost at sea; of the 600 original colonists only 150 survived to return to Hispaniola in 1527.
Interestingly, one lasting result of these early explorations came in the form of a name. Santa Elena carried over to a later Spanish settlement at Parris Island, established in 1566, and today Saint Helena is the name of an island located near Port Royal. This makes it one of the oldest names in America.
Various settlers claimed Port Royal over the subsequent years, including the Spanish and French (again), along with the Dutch, English, and Scottish. Troops fought for the port town in two wars: Colonists defended Port Royal from the British during the Revolutionary War, and Confederates surrendered it to the United States Navy during the Civil War.
After the Union victory, the town became the site of the Port Royal Experiment. The Port Royal Experiment was a government program that taught newly-freed slaves to operate and manage land abandoned by plantation owners. On January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was read to thousands of former slaves at nearby Camp Saxton. Camp Saxton was the site occupied by members of the First South Carolina Volunteers, the first black regiment of the United States Army. On January 1, 2013, the town celebrated the 150th anniversary of the reading of the Emancipation Proclamation at the Camp Saxton site under what is now known as the Proclamation Tree.
Learn more about the history of Port Royal and Parris Island.
Reflections on Port Royal
Contributor Josh Whiteside shares his experience photographing the beautiful Port Royal marsh scene at the top of this page: “I wanted to capture the sunrise over the marsh with an oak covered in Spanish moss. This image sums up what its like to be in the Lowcountry of South Carolina.”
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As architects, we have heard the drumbeat about the impending end of Moore’s Law for at least a few decades, and in more recent years, the end of Dennard scaling. It is this latter phenomenon that has been extremely impactful to the power consumption of the processors and systems we build. While the industry has continued to produce new process technologies with smaller feature sizes and astonishing ingenuity, the fact is that power consumption is no longer scaling with feature size, and we are seeing systems with increasingly high power envelopes. At the same time, smaller features sizes have made leakage current an increasingly important problem, and so system temperatures must be tamped lower and lower to prevent excessive leakage.
The graph above shows this trend for some previous generations in Azure. Note that TDP is on a clear superlinear path in CPUs, and the beginnings of a superlinear in path for GPUs. Meanwhile, the T_c metric is the max rated case temperature of the system — i.e., the maximum temperature that a system enclosure can reach before problems (like excessive leakage) ensue. These plots show a clearly unsustainable trend – the power consumption of our systems is increasing, and yet we must keep them even cooler with each passing generation. It should be clear that spending more energy on ever more HVAC to blow cold air to make increasingly hotter systems drop to ever lower temperatures is a losing proposition. In a previous blog post, I wrote about the importance of thinking about end-to-end systems, and this is one of those cases – whereby if an increasing chunk of the datacenter energy budget is spent on cooling the datacenter and not on computation, we need to rethink cooling technology.
As a result, the industry has been exploring alternative ways to cool datacenters using liquid instead of air. One such technology is liquid cold plate cooling, where components are outfitted with plates and pipes, such that cold liquid can be pumped through them and carry heat away. Since this kind of heat transfer is more effective than blowing air, this is one way to enable higher power densities while maintaining acceptable component temperatures. However, while this is more efficient than air cooling (i.e. the liquid does not have to be cooled as cold as air does to carry away heat), even more dramatically effective is 2-phase immersion cooling, whereby servers are fully immersed in fluid. While anyone who has ever had a toddler drop a phone in a glass of water has an immediate reaction to the idea of submersing electronics in fluid, this fluid is most definitely not water. It is a non-conductive and non-reactive liquid. When kept at a boiling temperature of 50C, it will carry heat away through an evaporative process (hence the 2-phase moniker). This evaporative method of carrying heat away is 10x more effective at heat transfer than air, and incredibly, can be totally passive. To put it very simply and qualitatively, to keep case temperatures low, we have to spend lots of energy to make very cold air to blow away heat, some energy to make cool liquid to pull away heat, and basically no energy to circulate outside ambient air for evaporative cooling, thus leaving a larger portion of total energy budget for computation instead of cooling.
To explain more deeply, you may remember from chemistry classes that liquids do not get hotter than their boiling points and instead evaporate to maintain constant boiling temperature. Thus, the electronics in the liquids essentially maintain a constant and stable temperature. But as anyone who has forgotten about a pot of spaghetti knows, eventually, the liquid in a boiling pot boils off and evaporates away – but not in this closed system. If we cool the vapors to lower than 50C, it will condense and return to the pool of liquid. Cooling vapors to less than 50C is a much simpler proposition than creating very cold air or even cold liquid, because ambient air temperatures nearly everywhere in the world are less than 50C most of the time. In other words, if we maintain mostly passive system of pipes that carries outside ambient temperature liquid throughout the datacenter, that could be enough to condense the liquid so that it falls back in the tank in a closed system. Thus, this is not only a closed system, where the liquid is conserved, but it is essentially passive – the only energy consumed is to fans to circulate outside air.
This is a dramatic leap in energy efficiency, as it leaves significantly more budget in the datacenter to spend on computation instead of cooling, and enables much higher power and thermal densities, which leads to requiring less space to support a certain amount of compute – in other words, you can pour less concrete to support the same amount of computation.
What does this really mean for architects? In this paradigm, the server components can essentially ignore thermals, because as long as the server is immersed in this liquid, the liquid will boil at 50C and heat will be effectively carried away. So many things that have governed our field – power density, thermal runaways, and even the form factor of boards (flat, planar, and spaced out enough for air to blow through and carry away heat) can be reconsidered. One example of what can be done is overclocking processors hotter than previously considered wise – recent work on this exciting topic can be found here. What can you think of? It’s time to go hog wild!
About the Author: Lisa Hsu is a Principal Engineer at Microsoft in the Azure Core group, working on strategic initiatives for datacenter deployment.
Disclaimer: These posts are written by individual contributors to share their thoughts on the Computer Architecture Today blog for the benefit of the community. Any views or opinions represented in this blog are personal, belong solely to the blog author and do not represent those of ACM SIGARCH or its parent organization, ACM.
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The Roman Empire, a colossal civilization that thrived for centuries, has left an indelible mark on the pages of history. As one of the most influential and enduring civilizations, the Romans built a legacy that shaped the course of Western civilization. Beyond the tales of gladiators, emperors, and grand architectural wonders, there are intriguing aspects of the Roman Empire that often escape the limelight. In this exploration, we delve into some lesser-known but captivating facts about this ancient powerhouse.
Engineering Marvels – Aqueducts and Roads
When we think of the Roman Empire, grand architectural achievements immediately come to mind. While the Colosseum and Pantheon are iconic symbols of Roman history, the empire’s lesser-celebrated engineering marvels are equally impressive. The Romans were master builders of aqueducts, structures designed to transport water over vast distances. The Aqua Claudia, completed in 52 AD, stretched over 68 miles, showcasing the Romans’ prowess in hydraulic engineering.
Equally remarkable were the Roman roads, an extensive network that connected far-flung corners of the empire. The roads facilitated efficient communication, trade, and the swift movement of troops. The famous Appian Way, constructed in 312 BC, was one such road, linking Rome to the southern regions. These engineering feats underline the Romans’ commitment to innovation and efficiency in their quest for empire-building.
The Colossal Roman Army – A Force to Reckon With
At the heart of the Roman Empire’s military prowess was its formidable army. Comprising well-disciplined legions, the Roman military machine was a force to be reckoned with. What set the Roman army apart was its strategic organization, advanced weaponry, and the implementation of innovative battle tactics. The Roman soldiers, known as legionaries, wore distinctive armor and wielded the iconic short sword, the gladius.
One fascinating aspect of the Roman military was the use of military engineering. The construction of elaborate siege weapons, such as the ballista and catapults, showcased the Romans’ commitment to staying at the forefront of warfare technology. The efficiency of the Roman army is evident in its ability to conquer vast territories, creating an empire that spanned three continents.
Bread and Circuses – The Roman Approach to Public Welfare
Intriguingly, the Romans had a unique approach to keeping their citizens content and distracted. The concept of “Bread and Circuses,” or panem et circenses in Latin, was a strategy employed by emperors to appease the masses. This involved providing free bread and organizing elaborate public spectacles, including gladiator contests, chariot races, and theatrical performances.
The Colosseum, a colossal amphitheater in Rome, was the epicenter of these spectacles. With a seating capacity of over 50,000, it hosted gladiatorial combat, animal hunts, and mock sea battles. The provision of free food and entertainment not only diverted the public’s attention from political issues but also served as a means of social control. The Roman emperors understood the importance of keeping the populace content, and “Bread and Circuses” was a masterstroke in this regard.
Latin Influence – A Linguistic Legacy
The Roman Empire’s impact on language extends far beyond the confines of its historical existence. Latin, the language of the Romans, evolved into a linguistic juggernaut that significantly influenced many modern languages. Romance languages, such as Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian, trace their roots back to Latin.
Moreover, Latin served as the language of scholarship, science, and religion for centuries. The Roman Catholic Church, with its central seat in Rome, continued to use Latin as the official language until the mid-20th century. Even today, Latin phrases and words permeate legal, scientific, and religious discourse, exemplifying the enduring linguistic legacy of the Roman Empire.
Gladiators – Myth and Reality
The gladiators of ancient Rome have become mythical figures in popular culture, but the reality of their lives was far more complex. Contrary to the common perception of gladiators as slaves forced into combat, many were free individuals who willingly chose the gladiatorial profession. These individuals, known as auctorati, signed contracts to become gladiators for a fixed period.
The life of a gladiator was perilous, but successful gladiators enjoyed a level of fame and adulation akin to modern-day sports stars. They even had fan clubs, and their victories or defeats were matters of intense public interest. The gladiatorial games, though brutal, were a multifaceted spectacle that blended violence, skill, and showmanship, reflecting the complex nature of Roman entertainment.
The Decline and Fall – A Complex Tapestry
The decline and fall of the Roman Empire remain a subject of fascination and scholarly debate. While external pressures, such as invasions by barbarian tribes and the economic strain of maintaining an extensive empire, played a role, internal factors also contributed to the downfall. Political corruption, social unrest, and military decay eroded the foundations of the once-mighty empire
In 476 AD, the last Roman emperor of the West, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer, marking the traditional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, continued for nearly a thousand years until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The decline and fall of the Roman Empire is a complex tapestry woven with a myriad of factors, and its lessons continue to resonate through the annals of history.
The Roman Empire, with its grandeur and intricacies, stands as a testament to the heights humanity can reach and the vulnerabilities that accompany such greatness. From engineering marvels to linguistic legacies, the Romans have bequeathed a rich tapestry of history. By exploring the lesser-known facets of this ancient civilization, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity of Roman society and its enduring impact on the world. The rise and fall of the Roman Empire remain a captivating saga, reminding us that even the mightiest empires are subject to the ebb and flow of time.
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Since the completion and filling of the Lake Conroe Dam and Water Supply Reservoir in 1973, water quality data has been collected routinely by both the San Jacinto River Authority (SJRA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) has administered a strict set of water quality standards that Lake Conroe’s water quality must meet, or risk being deemed an “impaired” water body. Throughout its history, Lake Conroe has met the standards set forth by the TCEQ and has not been listed as an impaired water body. With that being said, as more development occurs, and population growth increases, so does the risk of pollution. SJRA has created several different water quality initiatives to ensure clean water in Lake Conroe for future generations. SJRA’s water quality initiatives consist of an On-Site Septic System (OSSF) approval and inspections monitoring program, Clean Rivers Program (CRP), Native Aquatic Planting Program, Stormwater Approval Program, a Watershed Protection Plan, and public education and outreach.
SJRA has been assigned to be the designated representative of the TCEQ tasked with regulating all OSSF systems within 2,075’ from the waters edge of Lake Conroe. To comply with the rules and regulations of TCEQ and SJRA, any new OSSFs must be approved and inspected by SJRA to ensure that all standards are met and all aerobic OSSFs must have a maintenance contract to ensure they are running properly in order to avoid any potential contamination into Lake Conroe. To ensure efficiency with this program, SJRA has all OSSFs systems mapped and logged into a database to help with tracking, monitoring, and inspection logs.
In conjunction with USGS, SJRA has been conducting water samples within Lake Conroe since 1973. As a way for the State of Texas to monitor the health of the State’s water, in 1991, TCEQ created the Clean Rivers Program (CRP). SJRA manages the CRP program for Lake Conroe and collects water samples on a monthly basis. These monthly water samples are conducted at ten different locations across the lake and consist of both instantaneous data collection throughout the water column, as well as bottled samples that will be sent for laboratory analysis by the City of Houston.
SJRA has also partnered with Texas Parks and Wildlife (TPWD) and Seven Coves Bass Club to create a Native Plant Re-Establishment Program on Lake Conroe. Because the lake is a complex natural ecosystem that has a multitude of moving parts, including vegetation within the Lake, SJRA has taken a proactive approach in maintaining a healthy native aquatic plant population. SJRA maintains a native aquatic vegetation nursery at the Lake Conroe Dam where we can propagate and grow native plants in a controlled environment. When these plants are ready to be introduced into the natural environment, SJRA staff will conduct several plantings along the shorelines of Lake Conroe throughout the growing season. To monitor the status and success rate of this program in Lake Conroe, an in-depth native aquatic plant surveying program has been established and based on the results of these surveys we can evaluate where particular plants thrive and adjust future plantings accordingly.
With the booming development of the Lake Conroe area, stormwater runoff can be a major contributing factor to water quality issues due to its ability to pick up pollutants as it flows over land and enters the lake. SJRA works with developers to implement stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) around Lake Conroe’s shoreline in an effort to mitigate any problematic stormwater that might impact the water quality in the lake. There have been several different BMPs implemented around the lake, such as vegetated swales, permeable pavers, trash collectors, and oil catchment systems.
In May of 2015, SJRA completed a comprehensive Watershed Protection Plan (WPP) for the Lake Conroe watershed. The WPP focuses on monitoring the water quality in Lake Conroe, reducing problems from future growth and other activities in the watershed, as well as educating the public about water quality and how they can improve the already excellent water quality in Lake Conroe. This plan was developed in partnership with area stakeholder groups included government agencies, non-profit groups, local cities, and bordering counties. Two of the main components of the WPP are to characterize the watershed and its potential issues and develop water quality initiatives in an effort to combat the issues. Major initiatives that have been put in place as a result of the WPP are the Stormwater Inlet Marking (SwIM) program, stronger OSSF regulations, public outreach, and special case water quality monitoring. This is a “living plan”, and as the watershed continues to develop, so will the WPP.
SJRA is has been and will always be in the business of working for your water and protecting the water quality in Lake Conroe for future Generations. For more information on SJRA please visit www.sjra.net.
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What Colors Are Police Lights?
During a typical day of driving, you’re likely to pass at least one police car. You’ve probably never stopped to consider, though, why the lights on police cars always feature the same colors. Police lights are typically blue and white, though, in many regions in the United States, it is a combination of Red and Blue lights next to each other. Many other emergency vehicles are red and white, however, the blue light is what separates the blue lights from any other emergency vehicle. This consistency makes it easier for citizens to recognize a police officer, no matter where they may travel to. To help you understand why police cars use certain lights, here is a basic explanation of the purpose of lights on police cars.
Blue and Red Are Always Seen
Most police cars use light bars that are half red and half blue. One big reason for using two colors is to ensure that other motorists and pedestrians can see the police car at any time, day or night. Interestingly enough, however, red is actually the least visible color at a distance and green is actually the easiest color to see during the day. However, red stands out against all of the green in nature, making it more likely to be seen than any other color during the day. Green is also the easiest color to see at night, which is why it is a typical color for laser pointers. The next most visible colors at night is yellow and blue. However, between the two colors, blue stands out the most against nature during the day, which makes blue lights an ideal color for visibility. Adding these lights makes police cars visible from miles away so that you’ll know to get out of the way before it’s too late. Additionally, this makes it so even if the light bar isn’t on top of the car and is, instead, more stealthy inside the car, you will still be able to see it. No matter what the lighting is like outside.
Help Is on the Way
Although many types of emergency vehicles sport red flashing lights, only police cars use blue lights. This is to let other people know that there is a police officer nearby, even without looking at the emergency vehicle. This helps people in multiple ways. Police officers are specially trained for a ton of different scenarios. This doesn’t just include criminal instances, they are also trained to help with any disturbances in your area. If you are concerned that someone broke into your home, the blue lights can make you feel a sense of security that someone will be there to help you as well as caution those that may be considering breaking into your home. Plus, when police officers respond to an emergency at night, blue lights provide extra visibility that red lights can’t provide.
If you’ve done much traveling, you’ve likely noticed that police lights tend to vary from region to region. This is especially true when it comes to the sound of the sirens. However, there are also differences between the lights too. That’s because there’s no single protocol for flashing lights on police cars. Some regions use only blue lights for their police vehicles, while others use both red and blue. Some vehicles have a light bar located on top of the vehicle, while others use a light bar mounted in the windshield. However, there is always some sort of blue light that is always used in the United States, no matter what region you are in. The main requirement for lights is that they’re easily visible when they are turned on to prevent confusion and help reduce accidents.
Other Types of Lights
On a police car, you won’t just find the red and blue flashing lights that help draw attention to the vehicle. You might also find flashing yellow lights in the headlight and taillight areas. These lights are used to indicate the need for passing motorists and pedestrians to use caution. Most patrol cars also have some type of bright spotlight that police cars can use when performing a traffic stop or other type of search. This is also useful if it is dark and the police officer needs to see a large space around them to stay safe at night.
If you see blue lights or red and blue lights behind you, then slow down and pull over to the right shoulder of the road. Even if the police officer isn’t targeting you with their lights, by slowing down and getting over, you provide the police personnel with the space they need to speed ahead to the emergency situation or to whatever they need to do in a safe manner. If you see emergency lights on in front of you, slow down and give the police officer at least a lane’s worth of space. That way you don’t accidentally interfere with whatever they are trying to do and it helps prevent injuries or issues.
If you’re considering lights for your own vehicle, it’s important to keep the above information in mind as you make your selection. Many locales limit the types of lights that you can have on your vehicle so that your car be mistaken for an emergency vehicle. For example, using blue lights for headlights or even as lighting under your vehicle is likely illegal. However, colors like purple may be legal to include. Make sure to research local laws before installing lights that will make your vehicle one-of-a-kind.
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The thermal insulation pipeline is the thermal insulation pipeline, which is used for the transportation of liquids, gases and other media, and the thermal insulation projects of petrochemical, central heating, central air conditioning and other pipelines. Common pipeline insulation materials are: rock wool pipe, polyethylene, silicate composite material, aluminum silicate, high temperature glass wool, rubber and plastic sponge. So what is the thickness of the pipe rock wool insulation?
Rock wool is made of basalt and other natural ores as the main raw materials. After being melted at high temperature, it is formed into fibers by high-speed centrifugal equipment. At the same time, appropriate amount of binder and dust-proof oil are added, and then heated and solidified to make various specifications of rock wool insulation. Tube. It has the advantages of low thermal conductivity, high operating temperature, fireproof and non-combustible, convenient construction and high performance-price ratio. It is suitable for heat preservation, energy saving and antifreeze of various pipes.
The importance of pipeline insulation: pipeline insulation is a protection technology to prevent condensation or freezing of pipeline transport media. For general oil (gas) pipelines, the most common method is to add a layer of insulation to the pipeline. Rock wool pipe is a kind of thermal insulation material mainly used for pipelines. Uetersen rock wool is added with special adhesives and waterproofing agents. The rock wool insulation layer of the pipeline is composed of resin rock wool pipe shell and waterproof rock wool.
Pipeline rock wool insulation thickness is generally between 120-200 mm, the unit is kilograms per cubic meter. During the construction, it is required to formulate a special construction plan for energy conservation and thermal insulation of the project in accordance with the requirements of the design and this regulation and related technical standards, and provide technical disclosure and professional technical training to the construction personnel. For pipeline insulation, it is necessary to remove the original protective layer insulation layer, install rock wool tube shell after inspection, and then install galvanized iron sheet, and finally complete the acceptance.
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Exercise and Gym for Tiny Tots
Even little ones need to keep active, and encouraging children from a young age to be physical will encourage them to stay fit and healthy when they're older. That doesn't mean your one-year-old needs to take weight-lifting classes down the gym, but there are loads of fun exercises the two of you can do together at home – or at a parent/child activity course.
Exercises for BabiesBabies cannot move much on their own, and are used to spending a lot of time sedentary: strapped into carseats and prams and lying in their Moses baskets and cots. Encouraging babies to explore and play from a young age can have benefits when they're older and develop increased motor and other coordination skills. Simple at-home exercises include:
- Lie your baby on a blanket and put toys in front. Encourage him or her to reach for them and try to grasp them. A baby gym with hanging toys is great for a very young baby.
- Play peek-a-boo or other games that will encourage your baby to imitate you.
- Give your baby supervised tummy-time every day so he or she will get used to not lying just on their back, although sleeping babies should always be placed on their backs to reduce the risk of cot death.
- Take your baby to different parts of your home to explore and show him or her new things every day. Make sure all areas are baby-proofed first and stay with your child, especially in unfamiliar surroundings.
Toning Up Your ToddlerToddlers have loads of energy and it's better for both of you to try to use it up during the day to encourage restful nighttime sleep. Did you know that it is actually recommended that toddlers from age one on up indulge in at least half an hour of structured physical activity daily? Simple exercises can include:
- Have your toddler help you do easy chores at home, such as putting clothes in the clothes basket or carry non-breakable dishes to the dinner table.
- Play fun games that require both action and imitation, such as “Follow the Leader”, “Farmer in the Dell” and “Mulberry Bush”.
- Have toys on hand that encourage physical activity – trikes, balls, skipping ropes.
- Take your toddler to the playground regularly to encourage not only physical coordination but also much-need interaction with other children.
Activities Away from HomeBabies and toddlers can also benefit greatly from participating in activities away from home that encourage physical movement.
Baby MassageBaby massage is arguably one of the best ways for mums to learn how to physically and emotionally bond with their babies, and for babies this hands-on experience is both soothing and relaxing for them.
Even newborns can benefit from baby massage classes. At a baby massage class you will be required to bring a blanket or pillow for your baby to lie on, clean nappies and baby or olive oil. Instructors will teach simple massage techniques and gentle touches that will help stimulate all your baby's senses and make him feel good all over.
You can easily do baby massage yourself at home, although many mums, especially first-time ones, prefer to take a class instead. It's also a great way to meet other mothers and have a bit of socialising away from the daily grind of feeding and nappy-changing.
Baby and Toddler YogaBaby yoga usually incorporates baby massage as well, and is a great way to encourage baby-parent interaction. Through free-flowing movement, touch and sound, babies learn better coordination, sitting and standing techniques, and motor skills. Proponents of yoga says it also help alleviate common problems such as colic and constipation and builds a strong parental bond.
Toddlers can also benefit from yoga classes. At this age, they are old enough to understand and enjoy doing simple poses, such as Cat, Tree and Dog. If you encourage them to make animal noises and allow them to copy what you are doing, they will have fun and learn simple relaxation and stretching techniques at the same time.
Tumbling for Tots and SwimmingMany gyms, community centres and parent-toddler groups offer tumbling, or its equivalent, for tiny tots. These classes aim to teach toddlers about rhythm, movement, coordination skills and dance through a series of fun tumbling exercises. Gyms and leisure centres also have swimming classes for kids, which in some cases accept children as young as a few months old – with their parents, of course.
The majority of tumbling classes rely on parental involvement, as small children cannot be left unattended, especially with equipment. So as a parent, you will not only have the chance to see first-hand what your child is learning, but you may also get a bit of exercise yourself!
What you will get depends upon where you go, but many places offer lessons that include the use of ball pits, trampolines, basic gymnastics equipment, soft play areas etc. The vast majority of children love attending both tumbling and swimming classes as the atmosphere is fun and relaxed, and they learn something without even realising it!
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Anxiety is a normal emotion in us all, but sometimes it can get out of control and become a mental health problem, but there are a few things you can do before it gets to that stage.
The NHS says: “evidence suggests there are 5 steps you can take to improve your mental health and wellbeing. Trying these things could help you feel more positive and able to get the most out of life.”
Connect with other people – good relationships are important as they can:
Be physically active – being active is not only great for your physical health and fitness, it can also improve your mental wellbeing by:
Learn new skills – research shows that learning new skills can help by:
Give to others – small acts of kindness towards other people, or larger ones like volunteering in your local community can help improve your mental wellbeing by:
We have a range of volunteering, counselling and wellbeing mentoring, and nature based opportunities available to help you engage with others and your community, learn new skills, and improve your wellbeing. And of course, our Surrey 5 Peaks Hikeathon is a great way to meet others, get active, and boost your confidence. Contact us to find out more.
Of course, if your feelings of anxiety are not going away, and are having a negative impact on your life, seek support. Speak to your GP or healthcare professional about the support available in your area.
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OverviewThis course introduces participants to the causes and impact of neglect on children, including its impact on development, health, attachment patterns and resilience. It will equip practitioners with the knowledge and skills to recognise and assess for neglect amongst children and understand the concept of thresholds. It will allow participants to expand their knowledge in the causes and impact of neglect on children in terms of their development and well- being and to look at how neglect is assessed and the concept of thresholds of harm.
Who is Neglect aimed at?Social Work staff, both children/ families and generic
Course Length1 day
On conclusion of the course participants will:
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What is Facial Recognition? Applications and How it Works
Within the field of computer vision, facial recognition is an area of research and development that deals with giving machines the ability to recognize and verify human faces. Researchers primarily work on creating face recognition technology that can improve businesses and better human lives.
To help strengthen your understanding of the technology, this guide will explain what facial recognition is, how it works, its various applications and how accurate it is today.
What is facial recognition?
Facial recognition software has countless applications in consumer markets, as well as the security and surveillance industries.
There are two main tasks that facial recognition models perform. The first is verification, which is the task of comparing a new input face to a known identity. A good example of this is the unlocking of smartphones with facial identification. When setting up the system, the phone will register your face as the phone’s owner. Therefore, the only task when unlocking is to compare new input faces to your registered face on the device.
The second is recognition, which is the task of comparing an input face to a database of multiple face identities. This task is often used for security and surveillance systems. A good example is facial recognition in law enforcement. On the INTERPOL website, there is a forensics section that explains how they use facial recognition to identify persons of interest at airports and border crossings.
How does face recognition work?
With a lot of interest in the field, data scientists develop new approaches to facial recognition every year. This section will briefly discuss the basics of how facial recognition models work and the main differences between two methods of creating facial embeddings.
At the very basic level, facial recognition models follow these steps:
- An input image is fed to the algorithm.
- The algorithm creates a facial embedding for the input image.
- The algorithm compares the input image’s facial embedding to the embeddings of known faces in the database.
Every approach has a different training method and researchers often adjust or add elements to established methods in the field. However, most systems employ triplet loss for the training of the algorithm. In regards to facial recognition, triplet loss works by feeding the algorithm three images (see below).
Figure 1: Triplet loss
Two of the images are of person A and the remaining image is of person B. The algorithm creates a facial embedding of each image and then compares them.
After the comparison, the network will be adjusted slightly so that embeddings of person A are more similar to each other than they are to the embedding of person B. Subsequently, this teaches the algorithm to use facial measurements that allow it to accurately classify images of the same person as being similar to each other. This process is then repeated hundreds of thousands or even millions of times. Finally, the network should then be able to produce accurate facial embeddings for faces it has never seen before.
Before the algorithm can compare faces, they must be converted into data that the algorithm can understand. To do this, the system calculates measurements based on facial features and landmarks. Fig. 2 is a visualization of 68 facial landmarks, also known as facial keypoints.
Figure 2: Face embeddings, image via Adrian Rosebrock at PyImageSearch.
Depending on the neural network, these landmarks may or may not be used in creating the embedding. Sometimes the landmarks are just used to crop the face image and remove noise in the background of the image.
Deterministic face embedding
Essentially, by creating face embeddings you are converting a face image into numerical data. That data is then represented as a vector in a latent semantic space. The closer the embeddings are to each other in the latent space, the more likely they are of the same person.
However, the accuracy of models that use deterministic face embeddings depends on the clarity of the input images. Furthermore, such models are often tested under constrained settings. In practice, input images (from surveillance video, for example) are often taken in unconstrained or uncontrolled settings. The image quality may be low or portions of the face may be covered in the image. In such cases, approaches that use deterministic face embeddings suffer in performance.
Probabilistic face embedding
In a paper published by Yichun Shi and Anil K. Jain, there was a proposal for an alternative approach to facial recognition — PFEs. Probabilistic face embeddings represent face images as a distribution rather than a point estimation.
Figure 3: Probabilistic face embedding, image via Shi and Jain.
The image above provides a good visualization of the difference between deterministic and probabilistic embeddings. On the left, the facial embedding in the latent space is represented as a point estimation with no indicators to the uncertainty of the embeddings. Whereas, with PFEs, the mean of the distribution represents the best estimation of the facial features in the image. The variance in the distribution represents the uncertainty.
Of course, with blurry images where the facial features are missing or ambiguous, there will be a higher degree of uncertainty.
How accurate is facial recognition?
We’ve discussed what facial recognition is and how it works. However, perhaps the more important questions are: Can we rely on it? How accurate is the facial recognition tech that we have today?
There is likely no single concrete answer to those questions. Obviously, facial recognition accuracy varies depending on the algorithm and the conditions we test it in. A 99.63% accuracy may sound pretty high. However, acceptable accuracy levels are all a matter of scale and context. For example, when we look at that number in the context of airport security, it’s difficult to decide on an acceptable margin of error.
The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport receives over 260,000 passengers daily. At such a scale, most security officials would not accept even a 0.37% error rate. However, researchers are constantly exploring new approaches to facial recognition. As computing power increases, facial recognition accuracy should continue to improve as well.
Quality, quantity, and responsibility: Three key data pillars for successful AI implementations
In this IDC Info Snapshot, learn about the three key pillars for any successful AI implementation and the advantages of partnering with a trusted advisor to create and deliver your AI vision.
What is facial recognition used for?
The applications of the technology are vast and varied. The following examples are just a few of the most interesting ways many businesses use facial recognition today.
Numerous popular smartphone applications rely on facial recognition. Some famous examples would be the face filters on Instagram, Snapchat and LINE. By locating the user’s facial landmarks, aps using extended reality can accurately superimpose image filters over the user’s face in real time.
While not yet available in most countries, there are numerous merchants that now accept facial recognition payments in China. Moreover, on October 16th, 2019, SnapPay announced their launch of face recognition payment technology in North America.
Another application of this technology involves security gates or doors. Whether it be the entrance to your apartment complex, the front lobby of your office, or even train station ticket barriers, facial recognition technology can be used to allow or deny entry. While this technology isn’t that common yet in most countries, many businesses in China seem to be warming to the technology rather quickly.
As you can see, there are numerous beneficial applications of facial recognition. As the accuracy of the models increase, more and more countries will likely adopt the technology into their infrastructure.
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If the truth is that we live in a simulation, then it is apparent that we would not care about others. We would live for the present day, we would work to become rich and famous, we would start participating in pivotal events, and we would be more entertaining. And we would try to keep people who are recognized and interested in us around us.
Through movies and stories based on virtual reality, we make people feel as though they are watching the same events and places they imagine. Role-playing is also getting better, with game devs creating an environment where many people can observe how they would act in another place and time. It is possible that such role-playing could become so perfect that people would not feel they are watching something unreal; they would assume it to be real.
This makes us remember some exciting movies such as 13th Floor, Truman Show, Dark City, and the most famous movie based on virtual reality, The Matrix. What would happen if future humans could create a perfect role-playing simulation in which people would never know that they are only a part of some simulation. This thought can go even deeper; what if posthumans have already created a simulation utterly identical to reality. If this possibility is real, then how sure can we be about the reality of our existence? How can we know that we are not in some role-playing simulation right now?
Let’s look at an example of a similar scenario that appeared on the television show Star Trek Generation. There was a fictional device called the Holodeck that offered an entirely computer-generated environment. This computer-generated environment allowed people to role-play, not only with each other, but also with experienced computer-generated people. The computer-generated people of today are only a pale shadow of real humans in the present day. If we keep making better simulations rapidly, it is highly likely that someday a simulated human would be indistinguishable from a real human. A simulated being in a Holodeck might not be aware that they are simulated. So, how can we be sure that we are not a sophisticated, unreal being in a future Holodeck?
We cannot be so confident that we are not in a simulation. The more likely our descendants are to be rich, technologically advanced, and interested in creating simulations, the more likely simulated people like us will exist. Given the likelihood of our descendants developing impressive technology, it’s likely that we are already in a simulation.
If we are the same as the characters in those movies who have discovered specific evidence that tells them they are not living in a real world, we should take those clues seriously to see what they say about our lives. However, many observers have asserted that there are no indications and there is no strong evidence that we are in a simulation.
This is not quite right. We should make our decisions based on the average possibility of what worlds we may live in. Suppose there is a non-zero probability that our descendants will run an advanced simulation that will include people like us. In that case, there must be a non-zero possibility that we are living in a simulation now. We care about this question because the results of our actions would be different in a simulated world, and a non-zero probability of being in a simulation could impact our decisions. The possibility of our actions being more significant and more widely known when performed within a simulation will influence our choices.
We should think in more detail about how our decisions would be impacted by recognizing that we might exist in a simulation. If we consider that we are in a simulation, several factors might be changed. We would wish to live a longer life and to avoid pain, we would want this to be true for other people, and we would like to influence others. The mixture of simulation types and the reasons behind these behaviors would be different from today’s decision making processes. It would change more than we could possibly imagine. However, this addresses a rough idea of some of the changes we could expect.
There are several possible reasons that our descendants may run historical simulations. The first one could be to know exactly what happened in the past and how circumstances have changed. Another possibility could be that posthumans would decide to run simulations for entertainment.
If every simulation, including simulations of the future and human history, is a faithful reproduction, then the only decision would be for those who care about leaving an impact on real history or who care about what the real people are considering. People who care about such things should understand that it is not as easy as it looks. The only way to influence the real world would be to find a way to control someone who is observing or running this simulation.
Running this simulation would be costly if the simulation reproduces the entire universe in complete detail. This is why today most computer simulations differ in the amount of information they use to simulate events. For example, a vibrating airplane wing is generally simulated in excellent detail in places where it curves more or where air currents around it differ more. Usually, the quality and level are appropriate for any position depending on how expensive it would be to create such detail. These shortcuts could create robust errors that would create additional errors that could impact the outcome. As it is hard to differentiate the people in role-playing simulations from real people, these people have some limitations in selecting when and where the simulation ends.
The probability of living in a bounded simulation that differs from reality provides many suggestions on how we should live this life. We can show this with an example from a simulation of a party celebrating the new millennium that was created to allow a specific future guest to participate. Such a computer simulation might be planned only for a night. Also, it might be possible that a few people from another building could also experience that party. If the guest came from the future and decided to leave the party and walk around the city, then there is a possibility that people at the party might be deleted. It’s also possible that these people would be replaced by other simulated beings to populate the street where the future guest decided to walk.
If you were aware that you were not a real person at the party, and if you desired to live as long as possible, you might motivate people to leave. If a simulation ends early, then it can mean that the future guest would have become bored; it is also possible to make sure everyone at the party had a good time to prolong your life. Your dedication to helping poor people in Ethiopia might end upon realizing that your Ethiopia does not truly exist; what you see is also a simulation.
You certainly know nothing about whether you are in a party simulation to benefit that guy with red hair. However, the average suggestion of other possible simulations makes you consider what is implicated by the probability of living in a simulation.
If you are not living in a simulation, then there is a higher chance for the world to end soon. After all, you should not care much about your future or about humanity. Rather, you should focus more on living for the day you have been given: today. This would even be right if you are not confident how long this simulation would exist.
Additionally, many people’s behavior would be far from the simulated people who were created randomly based on statistics from former simulations or cashed records of the previously simulated being. Much as actors are often used multiple times to create crowded scenes in a movie. If you did not care about any simulated being, it might lead you to not care about your actions and their influence on the world.
Suppose that if enough people became aware of the reality that they are in a simulation,the simulation would cease. In that case, if you have a wish to live longer, it is highly possible that you would stop other people from knowing that they are living in a simulation. Presuming that our posthuman’s real history included many people who said they were in a world produced by Simulation Creationism, it should not be a problem if the same number of people in a simulation say this. If very few people said this, then that might also be a problem.
If there is a possibility that our descendants would simulate a world, then it would be more similar to the world of their history. Hence, if you wish your world to continue, then you would like to look more like what was recorded in their history. As the the simulated forebear of rich and powerful descendants, you would want the world you are living in to look the same as their history.
Suppose our posthuman is more interested in creating a simulation of central people and events from their history. In that case, you should estimate the probability that the people and events around you will be important to your descendants. If you try to make your surroundings more important, your actions might make the simulator drop the project. If you can observe and identify the exciting incidents around you, then the simulation may end tight after the desired event ends.
If there are any chances our descendants would prefer their simulations to be delightful, everything would be equal, and you should wish for things around you to be enjoyable. Then the world would seem similar to the stage, and people would be simple players. However, what is assumed to be entertaining is quite different across various times and cultures. The tastes of our descendants will probably differ from ours. Hence, someone should focus on sharing features for pleasurable stories. Be outrageous, violent, sexy, pathetic, heroic in the world. Being a martyr may be a proud feeling for you. If doing this can make your story influential, then there are chances that our descendants would wish to simulate you.
If the case is quite different, such as our descendants playing a role in their simulation, such as taking the place of famous people, they might soon feel bored, leading them to turn off or end the simulation. You should be careful and try to keep famous people happy around you if you do not want our descendants to stop the simulation. Another possibility is that if they’re going to keep those people in the simulation happy or excited, you should try to stay attractive to those famous people around you.
Let’s discuss another possible situation. Our descendants could play a righteous God in their simulation who decides to punish or reward inhabitants according to their deeds and how they lived their lives. Maybe you will align with their ideals so well that they will think about your praiseworthy life. Without any second opinion, you will try to sort out the standard features of righteousness according to descendants preparing to play a role as God.
In short, if it is right that your descendants might create simulations of lives similar to yours, then it is possible that you are not living in a base reality but a Simulation Creation. As you probably cannot learn in-depth about the simulation where you live, you can draw a rough sketch and draw comparisons to the types and causes of simulations today. Suppose you are confident that we are living in a simulation. In that case, everything will be the same as whatever you observe, or experience as part of the simulation. Then you shouldn’t worry about others and live more for the present day. It would be best to make your world more entertaining, rich, praiseworthy while keeping famous people around you who make you feel happy and interested.
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