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Christianity without Christ?
David Friedländer’s attempts to establish a religion of reason based on unifying Christianity and Judaism
Keywords:David Friedländer, Haskalah, Provost Teller, Friedrich Scheliermacher, Jewish historiography, Jewish-Christian relations
Ever since the publication of Dohm’s Ueber die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Juden (On the Civil Improvement of the Jews) in 1781, which argued for Jewish political equality on humanitarian grounds, more and more voices joined those demands. Prominent among them was David Friedländer, a friend and disciple of Moses Mendelssohn. One of the leading figures of the Berlin Haskalah, he worked towards establishing equal legal status for Jews in Prussia. Friedländer did not accept the given view of his times, the antithesis of Jew and German. For him only the antithesis Jew–Christian existed and even that he tried to reconcile by finding common ground in a religion of reason, the groundwork of which he laid out in an Open Letter in 1799. What he proposed at that time may have been illusionary, but it certainly met with approval in enlightened Jewish circles. Friedländer therefore not only stands for those who dared to break with the traditions, but also for the generation of those who consciously aimed at the denationalization of traditional Judaism – and thus decided in favour of the confessionalization and the Germanness of the Jews.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2023 Julius H. Schoeps
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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In today’s fast-paced world, agreements and contracts have become an essential part of various industries and sectors. Whether it’s a collective agreement between an employer and employees or a purchase agreement for a film production, these legal documents lay out the terms and conditions that both parties must adhere to. Let’s delve into some key aspects and examples to gain a better understanding.
Collective Agreement Parmalat Winchester
A recent victory in the realm of collective agreements is the Parmalat Winchester case. This case highlights the importance of fair negotiations between employers and unions, ensuring that the rights and interests of the employees are protected.
Option Purchase Agreement Film Template
For filmmakers and production companies, having a clear and comprehensive option purchase agreement is crucial. This template outlines the terms of acquiring the rights to a particular story or concept, providing a legal framework for the production process.
Non-Payment by Subcontractor to Supplier
Instances where a subcontractor does not pay a supplier can cause disruptions and financial challenges. It is important for all parties involved to have a well-defined contract that clearly states the payment terms and consequences of non-compliance.
One-Year Contract Example with Modal Verbs
An example of a one-year contract between an employer and applicant can be a useful reference for understanding the usage of modal verbs in legal documents. Modal verbs such as “shall,” “will,” and “may” help establish obligations, permissions, and possibilities within the contractual relationship.
Rev Services Agreement
The Rev Services Agreement is a comprehensive document that outlines the terms and conditions for providing revenue services. This type of agreement is commonly used in the finance and consulting sectors, ensuring a clear understanding of the expectations and responsibilities of both parties involved.
Data Protection Agreement in Canada
In today’s digital age, protecting personal information is of utmost importance. The data protection agreement in Canada ensures that organizations and individuals handle personal data in a compliant and secure manner, safeguarding privacy and preventing unauthorized access or misuse.
Washington Agreement of 1946
The Washington Agreement of 1946 is a milestone in international relations. This agreement established a framework for cooperation and mutual defense among the signatory nations, playing a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in the post-World War II era.
License Agreement in Rocket League
Non-Compete Agreement for Internship
When embarking on an internship, both the intern and the organization benefit from having a non-compete agreement. This agreement prohibits the intern from directly competing with the organization during or after the internship, protecting trade secrets and maintaining confidentiality.
Understanding the Collective Agreement
Finally, it is crucial to understand what a collective agreement entails. A collective agreement is a negotiated contract between an employer and a union or employee representative, which governs the terms and conditions of employment for a group of employees. It ensures fair treatment, wages, benefits, and working conditions for the workforce involved.
By familiarizing ourselves with various agreements and contracts, we can navigate the legal landscape more confidently and make informed decisions in our personal and professional lives.
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Google Books is a service from Google that searches the full text of books that Google scans, converts to text using optical character recognition, and stores in its digital database.
The place to start is the Library Catalogue. The Catalogue includes printed and electronic books held by the Library.
Enter your search terms and then use the options on the left hand side of the screen to refine your results. You can use the Advanced Search option if you wish to combine specific terms such as author and keyword.
Each item has a map available showing the location of the material .All books have a Call Number, made up of letters, then numbers and finally a filing suffix.
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| 0.900344 | 134 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Three Ways to Outline Fiction
Whether you’re a plotter or a pantster, the more you write the more likely you are to outline at some point. Outlining before, during or after your draft is finished can show you your story’s strengths and spot flaws.
Writing Tip for Today: Here are three ways to use outlining in your writing process:
OK this is the same method you used in writing those dreaded high school papers, but with a twist. Think of your story as a beginning, a middle and an end. Where is your character at the onset? Using either chapter or scene divisions, plan out how you’ll move your character and story to the next major story event. Do this for the entire story before you write or opt to plan out one chapter at a time. The popular program Scrivener is a fancier version of this method.
The goal here is to help you move your story. What does this mean? Your character’s goal is far off at the opening. Think of a board game—you must move your hero closer to the goal with every square (scene or chapter). Without this kind of outline, you may waste time writing scenes that don’t move your story, are too digressive or just belong to another story altogether.
Please note that this PRE-Outline can and should change as you write, getting to know your characters, obstacles and story goals/motivations in depth.
The In-Progress Outline
Once I write about a third to one half of my story, I use this method to check my pacing and be sure subplots are represented in a pleasing ratio. If I’ve written too many scenes on the same event, my pace will feel slow. If I’ve zipped past important scenes, the pace will seem too fast. This type of outlining is often called storyboarding.
One easy way to do this type of outline is with a pile of sticky notes. Write one sentence summaries of your scenes on each note. Assemble them in order and step back. You’ll be surprised at how different your story looks now. You may spot redundant scenes, missing scenes, scenes with the wrong timeline or scenes that “march in place.” You can see at a glance how far toward the goal your character has come and compare it to the standard three-act structure.
Use a different color note for each subplot or point of view, and you can see places where you’ve overloaded these changes or skipped too far without bringing them in. Remember, readers crave patterns.
After your draft has cooled off for a few weeks, go through your manuscript again, matching those sticky note scene summaries to your chronological story order. Use different colors for different aspects such as subplots, character arcs or plot points.
One nifty way to do this is with a tri-fold stand-up poster—like a science project display board. Use the three sections to map out scenes for Act I, Act II and Act III. If your story unfolds in a classic way, the middle section should contain the most notes.
Outlining for fiction isn’t every writer’s cup of tea, but even for us pantsters, an outline can help us speed up our revisions—and keep us from wandering down quite so many rabbit holes as we write.
Three Ways to Outline Fiction
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The aim of the "SuperSharp" research project is to investigate a manufacturing technology for circular blades used in the food industry. For this purpose the incremental flow-forming process in combination with innovative stainless materials is used.
The flow-forming process enables excellent shape and dimensional accuracy while ensuring high surface quality. Furthermore, this manufacturing technology has a high potential for cost savings especially due to reduced waste of material and energy.
By integrating a heat treatment in the flow-forming process the part properties can be influenced positively. Within the scope of this project innovative materials are explored. In addition to high strength and corrosion resistance these materials have the potential to handle microbiological aspects well.
Finally a design tool will be developed for these special materials which determines optimal process parameters and increases the efficiency of the process.
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I have encountered many, many Messianic people who claim that the English name “Jesus” is of pagan origins. Does this have any substantial basis to it? I am an intelligent person, and I do know that the Messiah did not speak English, and that “Jesus” is not what He was originally called.
One area that receives some discussion, in various parts of the Messianic movement, is whether or not the five books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy)—which we usually refer to as the Torah—should ever be called the Law. A statement that can be heard from time to time in our Messianic faith community, is: The Torah is teaching. The Torah is not the law. It is said that Torah just means Teaching or Instruction, and should never be referred to by the term law.
Messianic Apologetics editor John McKee was the designated reader for Greek, from Acts 2.
Languages in order: English, Hebrew, Greek, German, French, Ukrainian, Romanian, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hebrew, English
Many Messianic Believers think that it is important to learn the Hebrew language, the language of the Tanach or Old Testament. This is to be commended and encouraged, as these texts make up the first two-thirds of our Bible that many Christians, sadly, ignore or feel are important only for Bible history. However, there is another portion of the Bible, the Apostolic Scriptures or Messianic Writings, commonly known as the New Testament, which were not written in Hebrew, and should not be cast by the wayside.
The claim that the New Testament was originally written in Hebrew is something that must be substantiated by those who believe it with historical references, textual support, and most of all extant manuscripts in Hebrew. These references must be credible, the textual claims must be supported within a relatively conservative framework of exposition, and the manuscripts must be verified as authentic by organizations such as United Bible Societies or the American Bible Society. Thus far, no one in the Messianic community has been able to prove a written Hebrew origin for the entirety of the New Testament on the basis of these factors.
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Today we will examine three Sinaloa Judio masks that demonstrate the evolution of these masks to ones that have larger wooden faces than the traditional masks and with more graphic and dramatic features. Large mask-like faces have replaced the much smaller face plates that were an earlier innovation, sixty years ago. When my friend Tom Kolaz first sent me photos of this mask in 2007, I felt very skeptical about the whole concept, and I suspected that Sinaloa Mayo performers were importing masks from other states in Mexico to enhance their Judio masks. At that time there were not yet YouTube™ videos available of these dances. But then Tom sent me a photo of a Mayo man who claimed to be the carver, and he was holding this mask before it had been combined with a fur cowl to form a Judio mask. That carver’s name was Cesar Velasquez. He sold the mask to Tom after it had been danced, and I purchased it in September 2008.
This mask appears to represent an American Plains Indian, perhaps an Apache. In the recently available YouTube™ videos included in my last two posts, you may have noticed that such Apache type Judio masks have become popular during Semana Santa performances, along with many other formerly unusual types such as Diablos.
Today we will examine three Judio masks that were collected by a Tucson tourist/collector at the conclusion of the Easter 1995 fiesta in Jahaura, Sinaloa, a Mayo village that is about 10 miles east of the Rio Fuerte, I obtained them 10 years later.
The first of these masks is another that seems transitional (like the final mask in last week’s post), a face plate mask that has the vision slits of a traditional Mexican mask, rather than the screen covered vision openings that are more traditional, but yet another example of the female face plate masks that we saw in last week’s post; we have them to compare to this one.
This would seem to be a Caucasian face.
During Semana Santa (Holy week, the week ending on Easter Sunday), the Yoeme (Yaqui), Yoreme (Mayo), and Cora Indians perform dance dramas that depict the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ. In Sinaloa Mayo towns, there are masked Judios who portray “Soldiers of Rome;” in such portrayals, they persecute Jesus and then repent after his resurrection. The Yaquis believe that the masks of these dance figures collect the evil that has accumulated in the village over the past year, and so their masks are most definitely burned on Holy Saturday to dissipate this evil. The Mayo Indians usually burn these masks, but sometimes they sell them to collectors instead, and the Cora performers routinely sell their masks to attending collectors. Traditionally the Mayo Judio masks were made entirely of goat-skin, but by the 1960s the Mayo Indians of Sinaloa had begun to construct their Judio masks with wooden face plates that are attached to goatskin cowls. James Griffith wrote about this innovation in a KIVA article—”Mochicahui Judio Masks: A Type of Mayo Fariseo Mask From Northern Sinaloa, Mexico” (Kiva, Vol. 32, No. 4, April 1967, pp. 143-149). Here is one of those face plates. I bought this one and the next from Jaled Muyaes and Estela Ogazon of Mexico City, in 2001.
Today I have just four more Pascola masks from Sinaloa to show you. Three of them have prominent teeth. The first of these appears to be worn, and most of the hair has been lost. I bought this mask from Tom Kolaz in 2007, It lacked provenance.
I doubt that this mask was ever painted.
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Twin Lakes Academy Middle School Students Are STEAMING
William Jackson, STEAM Educator
Brand: My Quest to Teach
Students at Twin Lakes Academy Middle School are learning
how their future career choices will be influenced by
the continued commercialization of Space. The growth and
collaboration of SPACEX, NASA, Blue Origin and other
companies are providing new career choices that require
new skills that were not needed just 5 years ago.
The internet, metaverse and Web 3.0 has changed how
students will be educated, access to digital tools that are
increasingly interactive, intuitive, engaging and involved.
Education is slowly adapting to the needs of digital worlds
and parents should be keeping track of the future
employability of their children. Career choices are not
based just on gaming and entertainment, students need
coding, programming, creativity training, critical thinking,
The Arts as a solid foundation for learning.
Schools that do not have dedicated STEAM Education and
Art Education programs are putting their students at risk of
not preparing them for digital careers that require these skills.
Technology is allowing more of our youth, teens and young
adults phenomenal growth potentials as digital leaders,
digital creatives and digital innovators. The growth of
Block Chain, NFTs, and the Metaverse are challenging how
education will prepare the future workforce.
We are transforming into a society of thought leaders,
digital collaboration and a digital artistic renaissance that will
shape how we explore the planets, the oceans, and seas and
even face global climate changes.
Duval County Public Schools is doing phenomenal works and
should continue to grow its partnerships with space agencies
like NASA, SPACEX and others so students can go forth to the
next level of learning and careers.
The collaboration of STEAM Education and STEAM Learning is
needed to excite students to apply new learning and extend
their visions to the future, into outer and inner space environments.
New digital tools like digital newspapers, podcasts, video
productions should be provided to students in elementary,
middle and high schools. Preparation is key to student growth
and successes. I have been a part of studios in elementary
schools and now middle school where students are learning
so much that they appreciate the experiences that will follow
them a lifetime of careers.
TLAM has a newspaper and podcast club that the community
is invited to view. They are sponsored by Ms. Canepa and
Mr. Jackson, both teachers at TLAM and digital content creators.
New teachers must have diverse technology skills to inspire and
educate the next digital entrepreneurs in their students.
If teachers lack computer skills students respect for educators
will diminish and teachers will be seen as “old folks’ that
are not worth listening to and not with the times we are
in with technology.
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Nanoscopic tool assesses alternative COVID-19 prevention
Researchers at Kanazawa University report in Nano Letters how high-speed atomic force microscopy can be used to assess the effectivity of spike-neutralizing antibodies for preventing COVID-19. The use of such antibodies offers a promising alternative to vaccines.
Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) developed and produced during the COVID-19 pandemic offer a significant degree of protection. However, after the second dose of a vaccine, protection only lasts up to 8 months and requires multiple booster doses afterwards. An alternative pathway to prevention and treatment of COVID-19 lies in so-called spike-neutralizing antibodies (SNABs) that neutralize the effect of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the protein mediating entry of the virus into a host cell. Being able to properly study the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and SNABs is crucial for developing effective treatment — dynamically visualizing these interactions is particularly desirable. Keesiang Lim from Kanazawa University and colleagues have now succeeded in video-imaging protein–SNAB interactions by means of high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM). They were able to identify the molecular mechanisms at play, and by doing so demonstrated that HS-AFM offers a unique nanoscopic assessment platform for evaluating the intermolecular binding properties of SNABs.
One of the main reasons for the need to study protein–SNAB interactions is to check that they do not lead to a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which refers to the situation when a virus enhances its entry potential by binding to a ‘suboptimal’ antibody. Lim and colleagues used HS-AFM to investigate the ADE risk, as the method is a powerful nanoimaging tool for visualizing molecular structures and the dynamics of biochemical interactions involving viruses.
The scientists first looked at how a SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein binds to a SNAB. They identified how the structure of the protein–SNAB complex blocks infection, and could conclude that, based on the obtained structural information, ADE risk is negligible. Then, to simulate the dynamic interaction between SNABs and variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Lim and colleagues created small extracellular vesicles (‘biocontainers’ surrounded by a membrane, residing outside cells) capable of producing spike proteins. From these experiments, the researchers concluded viral surface roughness can enhance the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants. They also found that SNAB could neutralize the Delta variant spike protein.
The work of Lim and colleagues shows that HS-AFM provides an excellent nanoscopic assessment tool for studying the binding pattern of SNABs and the dynamic interaction between SNABs and spike protein-mimicking extracellular vesicles. Quoting the researchers: “These results are essential for the screening of appropriate SNABs with a lower risk of ADE to treat COVID-19.”
High-speed atomic force microscopy visualization of a spike-neutralizing antibody reacting with a spike protein.
© 2023 Lim, et al.
High-speed atomic force microscopy
The general principle of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is to make a very small tip scan the surface of a sample. During this horizontal (xy) scan, the tip, which is attached to a small cantilever, follows the sample’s vertical (z) profile, inducing a force on the cantilever that can be measured. The magnitude of the force at the xy position can be related to the z value; the xyz data generated during a scan then result in a height map providing structural information about the investigated sample. In high-speed-AFM (HS-AFM), the working principle is slightly more involved: the cantilever is made to oscillate near its resonance frequency. When the tip is moved around a surface, the variations in the amplitude (or the frequency) of the cantilever’s oscillation — resulting from the tip’s interaction with the sample’s surface — are recorded, as these provide a measure for the local ‘z’ value. AFM does not involve lenses, so its resolution is not restricted by the so-called diffraction limit as in X-ray diffraction, for example.
HS-AFM results in a video, where the time interval between frames depends on the speed with which a single image can be generated (by xy-scanning the sample). Researchers at Kanazawa University have in recent years developed HS-AFM further, so that it can be applied to study biochemical molecules and biomolecular processes in real-time. Keesiang Lim and colleagues have now applied to method to study the process in which a spike-neutralizing antibody binds to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, thereby preventing it from entering a host cell.
- Nanoscopic Assessment of Anti-SARS-CoV‑2 Spike Neutralizing Antibody Using High-Speed AFM
- Keesiang Lim, Goro Nishide, Elma Sakinatus Sajidah, Tomoyoshi Yamano, Yujia Qiu, Takeshi Yoshida, Akiko Kobayashi, Masaharu Hazawa, Toshio Ando, Rikinari Hanayama, and Richard W. Wong.
- Nano Letters
- Publication date
- Jan 15, 2023
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As defined by A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic (Geir Zoëga):
- a. eastern, coming from the east; austrœn gola, easterly breeze; ~ maðr-austmaðr; ~ viðr, timber from Norway.
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᛅᚢᛋᛏᚱᚢᚾᚾ
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages closely related to Old Icelandic.
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While traumatic experiences are not out of the realm of possibility for most people, the impact of such experiences on children deserves special consideration. For a child, events ranging from fires or tornadoes to in-home abuse and exposure to drugs can be especially disruptive and have a negative effect on both cognitive and academic development.
What is the impact of this trauma on the classroom? How can teachers respond? Here are some of the things we know about trauma and why the trauma-sensitive school model is an important one.
What Is a Trauma-Sensitive School?
While all schools should aim to provide a safe and welcoming environment for every student, a trauma-sensitive school is focused on addressing the impact of trauma on students. Because these schools use an inquiry-based method to learn about and respond to student needs, students come to class with the confidence that they will be supported. In addition, teachers grow in their abilities to care for a myriad of adverse circumstances faced by the next generation.
A trauma-sensitive school not only seeks to address issues in the classroom, it also works holistically to involve the entire learning community in the child’s care. This approach models how a child can participate in a healthy way in a larger group, while keeping teachers, administrators and support staff apprised of any trauma-related behavior issues. Teamwork and collaboration are the hallmarks of a truly effective school experience.
Note that “trauma-sensitive” is not the same as “trauma-informed.” The latter is a term used by behavioral health professionals to describe the delivery of services across the community. Since teachers do not fill the same role as behavioral health providers, the expectation should not be the same. There is a different language to describe what teachers do in offering a welcoming environment to all children, with the expectation that if trauma does become apparent, they can refer it to the proper teams. The main goal of trauma-sensitive educators is to provide a safe space for every student.
How to Create a Trauma-Sensitive School
The process of making a trauma-sensitive school is mostly experimental. Some examples of schools exist, but even they admit that the work is largely reactive to what they see in the classroom. Since trauma is often invisible and often depends on the student’s willingness and ability to share with a teacher or other school professional, educators have to assume that anyone could be suffering. Some of the tactics schools have implemented include:
- Calm corners, designed to offer an optional, self-imposed “time out” for students who need it
- Scheduled brain breaks
- Mindfulness prompts, including posters that depict yoga poses or lessons for collecting personal thoughts
- Creation of “zones” that help children self-identify with the mood or stress level they experience each day
- Personalized greetings from staff
- Optional, in-home visits by teachers
The biggest shift, according to teachers, however, has been one that moves from punitive consequences to fact-finding conversations and opportunities to nurture.
Your Role in the Trauma-Sensitive Learning Space
Designing the best approach to teaching kids with trauma will take time. Schools will try new methods to gain confidence that they are getting it right.
One way to become involved with this and other innovative school initiatives is to further your own education through an advanced degree. The Master of Education – Early Childhood Education online program offered by Eastern Washington University, is 100% online, so you earn the degree while you continue working. With courses like Positive Learning Environments for Young Children, EWU’s online program supports the goals of educators who aim to provide children with a strong foundation for success.
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The Department of Special Collections and University Archives presents The Great War, 1916: Bleed Them White, an exhibit focusing on the third year of World War I. To honor the thousands of men who were injured or lost their lives during the ‘year of battles’, Special Collections has created an exhibit showcasing photographs, artefacts, and books focused on the three major battles: Verdun, Jutland, and the Somme.
The exhibit also focuses on key events that occurred in 1916, including Romania’s official entry into the war (and subsequent defeat) and the British surrender at Kut Al Amara, as well as highlighting important politicians of the day who were involved in the war effort. Great figures of the year have their own case, including major politicians and rulers like Franz Josef, as well as Marcelle Semmer, a brave Frenchwoman who received the Legion of Honor.
This exhibit will run from June 27 to September 16, 2016. Everyone is invited to come visit the exhibit. The Department of Special Collections and University Archives is open from 8 AM to 5 PM Monday through Friday. It is free and open to the public.
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Our work together on PEX10 and PBDs will contribute to
the fight against many other diseases!
Peroxisomes are fantastically complex organelles involved in many critical functions throughout the body. While our work is focused on understanding the function of peroxisomes in order to help PEX10 patients and other patients of Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders, our efforts will help to improve our overall understanding of peroxisomes in a variety of contexts.
Current research suggests that:
» SARS-CoV-2 virus (the cause of COVID-19) directly attacks peroxisomes and peroxisome-boosting drugs have been shown to be effective against the virus in cell cultures.
» West Nile and Zika viruses use multiple mechanisms to reduce peroxisomes as a way to inhibit the production of interferon immune response.
» HIV subverts innate immune responses and causes neurocognitive dysfunction by repressing peroxisome biogenesis factors.
» Numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease have been linked to peroxisomal dysfunction.
» Peroxisomal dysfunction appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including diabetes and cancer.
2021© All rights reserved by PBD Project
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- What number is after 999 Octillion?
- What is after a billion?
- What is the order of numbers after million?
- What is Undecillion?
- What’s after quadrillions?
- How much is a Quinvigintillion?
Then comes quadrillion, quintrillion, sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, and decillion. One of my favorite challenges is to have my math class continue to count by “illions” as far as they can.
We call 1,000,000 a million, 1,000,000,000 a billion, 1,000,000,000,000 a trillion, 1,000,000,000,000,000 a quadrillion, 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 a quintillion, and 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 a sextillion.
Numbers Bigger Than a TrillionNameNumber of ZerosGroups of 3 ZerosMillion62 (1,000,000)Billion93(1,000,000,000)Trillion124 (1,000,000,000,000)Quadrillion155•21 Sept 2019
Definition of undecillion US : a number equal to 1 followed by 36 zeros — see Table of Numbers also, British : a number equal to 1 followed by 66 zeros — see Table of Numbers.
In our last blog, we discussed that we go from a million to a billion and then to a trillion, of course. Now, after a trillion, there comes a number known as quadrillion, and then we have other numbers following it. These numbers are quintillion, sextillion, septillion, octillion, nonillion, and decillion.
A unit of quantity equal to 1078 (1 followed by 78 zeros).
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World News, also known as international news or foreign coverage, is the news media jargon for any story about a place or subject outside a country’s borders. This is a broad field, which can include such subjects as war (although much of that reporting is often national for media in belligerent countries), international politics, global economics and environmental issues. It also encompasses reporting from abroad by foreign correspondents and, more recently, news agencies that are not based in a single location.
Correspondents are full-time reporters based in one or more foreign cities who cover a region, a country or sometimes an entire continent. They regularly file stories to their news editor, gathering materials from local officials and members of the public as well as from events that they witness firsthand. They may also be used to provide a “bulk” service to other news organizations, corporations or intelligence agencies through wire services that originally transmitted via telegraphy and now use the Internet.
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In recent years, those in the Western world have become accustomed to viewing Arab countries as the origin of terrorist groups and Israel and various Western countries as the victims of terrorist activities. However, terrorism played a key role in the establishment of Israel, and many Western nations provided support for the terrorist attacks that were undertaken as part of the Jewish Independence Movement.
Historical Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
According to Slater, Zionism, the Jewish nationalist movement, arose early in the past century in response to 2,000 years of anti-Semitism in Europe. This rampant anti-Semitism had left the Jewish people essentially homeless, so that they saw no choice but to found a Jewish state. Unfortunately, there was no available land on which such a state could be established. Although initially somewhat open-minded regarding potential locations, Zionist leaders eventually fixated on Palestine. This desire was based on Palestine being the Jewish Biblical homeland before the expulsion of the Jews by the Romans 2,000 years previously. However, both Christians and Muslims also held historical claims to Palestine, and for more than 1,300 years, Arabs had inhabited the land. The Palestinians at first attempted to maintain their claim to the region through non-violent resistance, but after being subjected to a campaign of terror undertaken by several Jewish military organizations, they eventually adopted terrorist tactics similar to those that had been used against them for the establishment of the Israeli state.
From the 1920s onward, the Zionists adopted an approach known as the Iron Wall, which involved "the systematic but calibrated use of force to teach Arabs that Israel, the Jewish state-on-the-way, was ineradicable, regardless of whether it was perceived by them to be just" (Lustick, 2008, p. 30). Herman asserts that Israel's long-term deportations and killing of non-Jewish individuals, part of this Iron Wall strategy that has been in place since before the establishment of the Israeli state, are a form of ethnic cleansing. According to Lustick, the Iron Wall approach provoked a large number of military encounters in which Arabs suffered humiliating defeats and devastating losses.
The result of the aggressive takeover of Palestine was that entire villages were rendered stateless, dispossessed, occupied, impoverished, and politically oppressed, their citizens living out their lives as miserable refugees. A large number of Jews were forced out of Arab countries as well - approximately 560,000. Although Israel views these Jews as displaced in the same manner as those Palestinian Arabs rendered homeless by the Israeli military, there is one critical difference. Because all displaced Jews are automatically granted citizenship in Israel, none are forced to reside in miserable refugee camps like so many of those who had formerly called Palestine their home.
During the Jewish takeover of Palestine, many Palestinian Arabs fled the region for fear of being killed, particularly after the various massacres undertaken by Israeli terrorist groups. Many more left because they were ordered to evacuate. By contrast, although Israeli citizens have had to live with the threat of Palestinian terrorism since the state of Israel was established, these terrorist acts do not threaten the country's national security, and individual Israelis are significantly more likely to die in traffic accidents than to become the victims of terrorist acts.
A 1947 United Nations resolution granted the Jews approximately 50% of Palestine but certain Jewish terrorist groups were dissatisfied with this solution and angry that Britain continued to place limits on Jewish immigration to the region. The British government, which had become disillusioned with the Israeli project due to the actions of several Jewish terrorist organizations, withdrew from Palestine in 1948, after which Palestine's Jewish settlers quickly proclaimed Israel to be an independent country and sought to expand their borders well beyond those established by the U.N. resolution. As a result of these expansionist activities, in 1949 alone, 750,000 people were displaced; by 2006, this number had reached 6 million, with 1.5 million remaining as wards of the U.N. The majority of these people have one goal: to reclaim Palestine and return to their homes.
Britain's Early Involvement
According to van Oord (2008), Britain had a long history of involvement in the region prior to the establishment of an Israeli state, stretching back to concern over Napoleon's failed attempt at conquest in the area in 1799. Napoleon's interest in the region triggered a desire in Britain to establish a connection with the Holy Land, which manifested in the creation of a British consulate in Jerusalem in the late 1830s and the Palestine Exploration Fund several decades later. Because the sympathies of British protestants lay with the Jews of the Bible, they came to view the Jews as the Chosen People. This allegiance that was to have disastrous consequences for Palestine's indigenous, predominantly Muslim population, as they came to be viewed by the British protestants as invaders who could claim neither natural or nor religious rights to the land, and the Muslims were equally suspicious of the British. Ozacky-Lazar and Kabha note that the Arabs believed the British to be not only collaborating with the Jewish settlers, but even providing weapons and military instruction.
Prior to the establishment of Israel, the Western world viewed Palestine as a backward, primitive country that had changed little in 2,000 years. It was this perception that provided intellectual legitimacy for Western involvement, for many believed that the region could only be redeemed through modernization and a shift from Muslim to Judeo-Christian values. This also enabled the Western world to characterize acts of imperialist conquest as charitable initiatives designed to support primitive peoples in making the transition from wretched squalor to affluent modernity, and this was the attitude that shaped Britain's involvement in the region.
Zionists demanded that the League of Nations and Britain impose Jewish policy and support Jewish settlement in the region. Although peace in the region was Zionism's ultimate objective, it was to be "a peace based on resignation of the enemy to an unchangeable reality rather than acceptance of the justice of the Zionist cause" (Lustick, 2008, p. 31). In response to these pressures from Zionist interests, with the 1917 Balfour Declaration, Britain promised to help establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine (it is worth noting that this was not originally specified to be an independent state). However, despite Britain's colonial imposition on Palestine, no real moral argument can be made on behalf of Britain's right to dispose of Palestine as it saw fit.
British opinion of the situation began to shift as Jewish terrorist sects stepped up their activities and the displaced Arabs became increasingly desperate. According to van Oord, in 1929, ethnic riots gave rise to violence that took the lives of 250 Jews and Arabs. Tension and violent clashes increased over the years, and the British Shaw Committee, set up to investigate the problem, concluded that "Jewish immigration and land acquisition was turning the Arabs into a landless and discontented class, who rightly feared that their national aspirations were jeopardized and their economic future endangered" (Van Oord, 2008, p. 221.). This conclusion was at odds with the general Western belief that the Jewish influx would have a positive, modernizing effect on the Arab populace and contributed to the decision of British authorities to temporarily limit Jewish immigration to the region. However, the majority of Europeans and North Americans continued to blame the Arabs for the violence that was forever erupting. In addition, the horrors of the Holocaust ensured that Western sympathies lay even more firmly with the Jewish cause.
The Roots of Jewish Terrorism
According to Perliger and Weinberg (2003), there is an ancient historical precedent for Jewish terrorism. The authors note that as early as 66-73 CE, the Zealots, members of a militant Jewish sect, committed public murders as part of their rebellion against Roman rule. Their goal was to trigger increased Roman repression, which would ideally lead to Jewish rebellion. They believed that although they were in a relatively powerless position, God was on their side and would enable them to achieve victory despite Rome's military prowess. The campaign was ultimately unsuccessful, leading to the sacking of Jerusalem. As a result of this disaster, Talmudic literature developed the tradition of the Three Oaths, which in essence advised the Jewish people not to provoke government authorities. However, later revolutionaries were to reject this pacifist stance. Such individuals, primarily intellectuals, used terrorism to fight the Tsarist autocracy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Combat Organisation of the Socialist Revolutionaries was one such group. Their methods, along with the view of terrorism as a means of self-defense, were adopted by the Zionists in Palestine in the early twentieth century.
Beginning in the 1920s, Zionist military strategy revolved around building, training, and equipping an army that would be able to protect the Jewish people, and later the state of Israel, and that could deliver "painful preemptive or retaliatory blows against Arab enemies . . . to ensure victories of such vividness and consequence that Arabs would come to regard Israel's existence as an immutable, if unpleasant, fact of Middle Eastern life" (Lustick, 2008, p. 46). According to former Israeli Prime Minister Moshe Sharett, Israel's military ruthlessly provoked clashes and even invented incidents on many occasions in order to have an excuse to retaliate and escalate the violence.
Jewish terrorism prior to the establishment of Israel is most strongly associated with two radical right-wing organizations - the Irgun (later known as Etzel) and the Lehi. However, many Arabs view the more moderate Hagana, which was to become the foundation of the Israeli military, as a terrorist organization as well.
Perliger and Weinberg describe the evolution of Jewish military groups, beginning with the Ha-Shomer, whose goals were to defend the Jewish presence in Palestine. The Ha-Shomer organization, established in 1909, was elitist, clandestine, and nationalistic. This organization disintegrated in 1914, making way for the Hagana, which was to become the prominent Jewish military organization in the post-WWI years. The Haganah evolved as "a countrywide self-defense organization" whose goal was to establish "an underground military organization that would act to guarantee the achievements of the Zionist program and the conversion of Palestine into a Jewish national homeland" (Emile Shofani, qtd. in Ozacky-Lazar & Kabha, 2002, p. 46).
The Hagana, which rose in power from 1919 to 1921, was quite similar to the Ha-Shomer in its nationalistic and leftist goals, though its leadership eventually shifted from labor interests to those of the elected establishment. As Arab attacks on Jewish targets intensified throughout the 1920s, support for The Haganah grew, as did its military prowess and infrastructure. The orientation of the group gradually shifted from defense to active combat and helping to establish new Jewish settlements, and the organization eventually evolved to become the mainstream Israeli military.
Lustick describes the shift in the Israeli military approach whereby "force against Arabs and Muslims [was] increasingly treated as a kind of rattonade," or "rat hunt," which was a "term used to characterize the French practice in Algeria of entering casbahs and other Muslim quarters, killing the inhabitants, and then quickly returning to European areas or bases; in other words, "a violent strike against the enemy on the other side of the wall for purposes of punishment, destruction and psychological release" (p. 47). Herman (2002) lists the methods used by Israeli terrorists who acted as part of the Hagana or on behalf of various splinter groups. These terrorist activities included bombardments to drive Arab peoples from their homes in order to clear the land for Israel, murder of Arab civilians, and leaving explosives in public places for detonation by remote control. Despite their claims of targeting Palestinian terrorist infrastructure, the Israeli military has attacked not only civilian residences but also hospitals; has deprived civilians of food, water, and electricity; bulldozed and rocket bombed homes; and committed acts of vandalism. However, the Haganah (which had participated in a number of these terrorist activities), and later the Israeli military, were by no means the most aggressive in their persecution of those perceived as standing in the way of an independent Jewish state.
Over the course of the 1920s, a number of additional small, right-wing organizations with nationalistic goals formed, and these were to become the foundation for Jewish terrorism against the Palestinians. One such group was Brit Habirionim, which was active in the early 1930s. Strongly influenced by Italian fascism and far more radical than the mainstream Jewish settlers of the time, they considered both the British Mandate and Zionist establishment to be corrupt and inefficient, unable to ensure that the Jews fulfilled their perceived destiny of establishing an independent state. After engaging in a flurry of terrorist activities, the organization was dismantled in 1933 when the British Mandatory Authority arrested its leaders. Other groups that were to play an even more significant role in Jewish terrorism included the Irgun and the Lefi.
The Irgun (Etzel)
The Irgun (later known as the Etzel) was established in the 1930s in Palestine "as the armed wing of the right-wing Revisionist party," led by Menachem Begin, who would later become Israel's prime minister. Perliger & Weinberg detail the history of the Irgun, a clandestine military organization with a far-right political mandate that helped enormous numbers of Jews immigrate to Palestine despite Britain's efforts to quell the influx. The group also was also responsible for a variety of terrorist acts against both the Arabs and the British occupiers in Palestine. When the Arab uprising took place in the late 1930s, the Haganah adopted a policy of restraint, whereas the Irgun launched a reign of terror that included more than 60 arbitrary attacks using guns and explosives against Arab civilians, careful to always label these attacks as retaliations. The methods used, such as leaving explosive devices in a crowded marketplace, were remarkably similar to those utilized by the displaced Palestinians later on.
Although the Haganah's official position was to condemn the terrorist activities of more extreme groups, such as the Deir Yassin Massacre undertaken by the Irgun and the Lehi, historian Aref al-Aref asserts that there is evidence that this massacre of Arabs "took place with the consent of the the Haganah command in Jerusalem" because the Haganah "forces occupied the village immediately after the massacre and raised the Zionist flag" (Ozacky-Lazar & Kabha, 2002, p. 47). This, along with later cooperation between the Hagana, the Irgun, and the Lehi, suggested that although the Haganah sought to avoid the greatest excesses, its sympathies lay with the more aggressive terrorist sects overall.
According to Rowley and Taylor, in 1944, as it became apparent that the Allied Forces would be victorious, the Irgun ended its cease-fire. Significant contributing factors to the group's resumption of activities included the perception that the British were not sufficiently grateful for Israel's assistance during the war and the continued restriction of Jewish immigration by the British. The organization demanded that British interests withdraw from the area in favor of a Jewish government. The Irgun's three primary goals post-WWII goals were to wrest Palestine from British control through any possible means and establish Jewish rule throughout Palestine. The Irgun expanded and consolidated its operations in the run-up to the establishment of the Israeli state. The organization had developed a military philosophy that justified acts of terrorism, which were carried out by small, compartmentalized units. Such acts were highly effective, as they had the element of surprise on their side. These attacks, committed against the British occupiers as well as the Arabs, were condemned by Arabs, British, and mainstream Jewish establishment alike. British authorities made a number of arrests and imprisoned a number of Irgun activists, but despite these measures, the Irgun continued with its terrorist attacks undaunted until WWII when an umbrella organization called the Hebrew Rebellion Movement was created, encompassing the Irgun, the Lehi (a radical splinter group of Israeli Liberation Fighters), and the the Haganah. However, cooperation among the three organizations was soon demolished when the Irgun blew up Jerusalem's King David Hotel, targeting the headquarters of various British authorities. The attack took the lives of at least 82 people and injured many more, and many of the victims were innocent civilians. When their union with the more moderate Haganah was dissolved, the Irgun and the Lehi again stepped up their terrorist activities.
According to Rowley and Taylor, after the British had withdrawn due to increased targeting of British authorities by Jewish terrorists, the Haganah and the Irgun, along with WWII veterans from the Jewish Brigade, came together to form the Israeli military with the goal of seizing all of Palestine. A number of Arab countries including Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Transjordan then invaded Palestine, hoping to drive out the Israelis, but they faced a formidable enemy. The Israeli military was 100,000 strong and had arms provided by France (as an act of hostility directed against Britain) and Russia (via Czechoslovakia), and was able to expand its borders to encompass 80% of Palestine. Arabs responded by murdering 1,300 Israelis between 1949 and 1956, and Israel retaliated by launching increasingly severe attacks against the Arab nations. Egypt and Syria remained militant and continued to put up fierce resistance for quite some time, whereas Jordan and Lebanon took a more duplicitous approach, establishing under-the-table land settlement contracts with Israel. In 1967, the four countries again gathered to attack Israel but Israel achieved a decisive victory, seizing the Sinai Peninsula, capturing all of Jerusalem, occupying the Golan Heights, and conquering Jordinian territory west of the Jordan River. In 1973, Egypt and Syria again launched a surprise attack against Israel, and while they had some initial success, within three weeks Israel, with the support of the United States, had again gained the upper hand.
Despite their earlier resolve, in more recent years, many Arab nations have been less enthusiastic about engaging in a fierce fight with Israel on behalf of the displaced Palestinians. Egypt has on several occasions refused to be drawn into war with Israel on the Palestinians' behalf, and since the mid-1970s, Syria has refused to allow Palestinians to use Damascus as a base to launch raids against Israel.
The Irgun, otherwise known as Freedom Fighters for Israel or the Stern gang after its leader Abraham Stern, was a splinter group that broke away from the Irgun when the latter group agreed to a cease-fire with the British at the start of WWII. According to Perliger and Weinberg, the Lehi was even more radical than the Irgun. Lehi members believed that Jewish independence could be achieved only through violent struggle and terrorist actions. Like the other Jewish terrorist groups, the Lehi was influenced by both Italian fascism and the Bolshevist Revolution. However, the group was even more vehement in its belief that Jewish religion, race, and national values were superior to all others and that violence was the only means to achieve an independent Jewish state. The group adopted a policy of political assassination and deliberate targeting of civilians to achieve its aims.
According to Perliger and Weinberg, religion played a stronger role in the Lehi than in other Jewish terrorist groups. The outlook of the organization was very right wing, characterized by xenophobia, national egotism, and the expectation that the individual sacrifice his own needs to those of the nation. Poorly planned terrorist attacks on British targets carried out by Lehi members led to the death of innocent civilians and police officers, some of whom were Jewish, which provoked the mainstream Jewish establishment to cooperate with the British Mandate in working to expel the radical, quasi-fascist group. By 1942, the majority of Lehi activists had been captured and the group's leader killed. A small number of remaining Lehi members tried to carry on the organization's work, reflexively opposing the Zionist socialist movement, which they saw as nothing more than a tool of the British Mandate. The Lehi believed that the British supported the Arabs because they preferred to rule over a people they considered primitive, rather than the Jewish, which the Lehi considered to be cultured. The Lehi's position was that Arabs must be removed from Palestine either through expulsion or slaughter, and that there was no room for compromise.
Perliger and Weinberg note that although the Haganah had formerly sided with the mainstream Zionist and British authorities, in 1945 it shifted its alliance to the Lehi. Two factors influencing this shift were the horrors suffered by the Jewish people during Holocaust and Britain's continued restriction of Jewish immigration to the region. However, the Lehi soon found the Haganah too moderate and once again the two groups split. Even after the United Nations created the two states, one Jewish and one Arab, the Lehi continued with its terrorist mandate, which included the assassination of Swedish Count Folke Bernadotte, a U.N. diplomat. This assassination was part of the group's attempts to thwart the efforts of the mainstream Israeli government and the U.N. to establish a cease-fire between Israel and the Arab world, fearing that this would lead to a loss of control by Israel as former colonialist powers sought to re-establish control over the region. When the Israeli army prepared to go into battle against a number of Arab states, Lehi members joined the mainstream military, and the Lehi was officially dissolved in 1948. However, many former leaders of the group remained active in Israeli politics.
Jewish terrorist groups such as the Irgun and the Lehi did not operate in isolation. They drew support from a number of different countries, including Italy and Poland.
Italy: Fascist Support for Jewish Terrorist Organizations
At the height of the Jewish Independence Movement, Italy's sympathies lay with the Palestinians due to concern about the potential for places considered holy by the Catholic Church falling under Jewish control. The Mussolini regime was openly pro-Arab and pro-Islamic. Italy's preference for the Arabs is evident in the fact that the leaders of certain Libyan Arab tribes had awarded Mussolini the gold Sword of Islam. Despite this sympathy for enemies of the Jews, support for Israel's primary terrorist organizations - the Irgun and the Lehi - came from Italy, largely because many officers there felt that they were sincere fascist organizations that would help to spread the fascist ideology throughout Europe. Also, as Pinto notes, because the Revisionist Movement, from which the Irgun drew its mandate, appeared to have widespread sympathy among Zionists, it was in Italy's interest to establish useful relationships with the movement's leaders and ideally gain some influence and control over it rather than risking France gaining such leverage (p. 97). As for why the Irgun would seek an alliance with fascist Italy where anti-semitism was rife, in addition to the group's right-wing outlook, it was desperate for an ally that could help drive the British from Palestine.
Despite ordinances in the 1930s that gave rise to the Unione delle Comunita Israelitiche Italiane or Union of Italian Jewish Communities, pro-Arab sentiment remained strong in Italy, largely due to Italy's hostility toward Britain and France, as well as aversion to what was perceived as the American way of life and Zionism, the latter of which was thought to have socialist undertones. Some in Italy feared that Israel could become the "Trojan Horse of Russian penetration into a region where Catholics and Italians still had a great deal of support" (Graziano, 2007, p. 293). As the strength of socialist and pro-British elements within the mainstream Zionist movement grew, Italy increasingly distanced itself from the Jewish cause. However, it should be noted that Italy's formal policy was one of impartiality after the birth of the Israeli state.
Although Italy's sympathies lay with the Palestinians for many years, there has been a recent shift, with the majority of Italians now favoring Israel. There are a number of reasons for this change. First, support for Israel is now associated with the political right wing, and support for Palestine with the political left. Also, the 1991 Gulf War and Islamic terrorist attacks in the United States, the UK, and Spain, as well as the assassination of Theo van Gogh, a Dutch director who produced a controversial film about Islam, all contributed to the shifting of alliances.
Poland: A Training Ground for the Irgun
According to Brumberg, Poland was once a haven for Jews. The country had been home to a large Jewish population since the 800s, and from the late 1300s, they enjoyed political, social, and religious freedoms well beyond what other countries had granted them. It was not until the 1600s that anti-Semitism began to spread throughout the country due to the Counter Reformation zeal of the Jesuits, and this new attitude was accompanied by increasing political restrictions on the Jewish population, along with harassment, assaults, and even murder. This hatred escalated and reached a fever pitch during WWII when the country suffered much hardship and Polish citizens sought a convenient scapegoat for their troubles. Although some Polish citizens aided the Jews during the Holocaust, many more expressed indifference to their fate.
According to Wentling, Poland was awash in anti-semitism in the years leading up to WWII. Poland's premier, Ignace Paderewski, feared that the Jewish people planned to create a Palestine within Poland. Although there was no evidence that this was true, the fact that the Hebrew names for Palestine and Poland were identical provoked suspicion, hostility, and outright violence in which many Polish Jews were massacred. These unfortunate people made convenient scapegoats for economically desperate Poles who needed someone to blame for foreign interference in their country's affairs, and were angered at the outpouring of support for the Jews coming in from the United States. Despite the fears of the Polish nationalists, the Polish Jews were not a homogenous entity that aimed to take over part of Poland. The reality was that Poland's Jews belonged to various fragmented political orientations which included mainstream Zionists, Mizrachi Zionists for whom religion was a focus, the Agudath (ultraorthodox), the Revisionists, the Labor Movement Zionists, the Assimilationists, and the Bund, a socialist party that had come to dominate the political life of Jews in Poland by the second half of the 1930s.
Given the extreme anti-Semitism in Poland and the desire for a racially homogenous Poland, it was decided that the most expedient way to get rid of the large Jewish population in the country was to support the creation of Israel. It was assumed that once Israel was established, Poland's Jews would emigrate en masse. Thus, the country was a significant source of support for the Jewish Irgun group, supplying arms and offering the services of the Polish military to train elite Jewish officer corps.
France: A Nuclear Ally
France was traditionally a strong supporter of the Jewish cause, supplying arms to the Haganah and later the Israeli army in defiance of Britain. The two armies, French and Israeli, exchanged both military plans and secret information, and France promised that it would assist Israel if the Arabs attacked.
Heiman identifies many of the primary motivations for France's continuing support of Israel. In the 1940s, the Jews and the French began to cooperate on nuclear projects. A number of French nuclear scientists were Jewish, and others who had taken part in the French Resistance over the course of World War II had strong sympathies for the Jews due to the horrors of the Holocaust. Their profound connection with the victimized Jewish people was a factor in military and scientific cooperation, though the practical desire to secure the assistance of talented Jewish nuclear physicists such as Teller and Oppenheimer and brilliant Israeli computer experts also played a role. In addition, ties with Israel would increase the likelihood of receiving nuclear aid from the United States. France later resumed its ties with the Arab world and withdrew its nuclear cooperation from Israel, though it remained friendly and sympathetic toward the Israelis.
The Soviet Bloc: Shifting Alliances
According to Kelemen, the Soviet Union had originally taken a strong stance against the Zionists, which it viewed as an oppressive, imperialist force. However, the Soviet bloc modified its position somewhat during World War II. Two factors that influenced this shift were Germany's attack on Russia and the atrocities committed against the Jews during the Holocaust. Although many were still concerned about the forcing of an independent Jewish state overtop of an unwilling Arab populace, the Soviet bloc soon came to see that a Jewish state would be more effective in advancing its aims in the Middle East than an Arab one, and so Czechoslovakia began supplying arms to the Hagana in 1948. Eventually the Soviet position on the Arab-Israeli problem became dichotomized because the communists wished to "reconcile the traditional communist support for Arab nationalism with [their] wish to see the Zionist movement's confrontation with Britain lead to a diminution in the latter's power in the Middle East" (Kelemen, 2006, p. 147). This desire to see the British ousted from the region led the Soviets to support the creation of an Israeli state.
The United States: Israel's Primary Defender
Herman asserts that Arab civilian targets were chosen consciously, deliberately, and strategically by various Israeli terrorist groups and also as part of the Jewish strategy prior to the establishment of Israel, and that the Israeli military continues to act with full confidence that Western governments will take Israel's side and that mainstream Western media will turn a blind eye, and there is plenty of evidence to support this hypothesis. Jewish settlers and military interests in Palestine received aid from the large American Jewish population at the height of the Jewish Independence Movement, and American sympathies still tend to lie with Israel. While much of the Arab world continues to view Israel as nothing more than "an outpost of Western Imperialism," Israel's staunchest defenders in the West are inclined to view it as "the front line of the Western world in its civilizational battle with the Muslim and Arab fundamentalist, obscurantist forces" (Lustic, 2008, p. 39).
According to Khalidi, divisions between the Arab world and the West have deep roots in the past. Arab experiences with western colonialism were a major factor in this divide, which existed even before the creation of the Israeli state, and Western, particularly American, support of the Israeli state exacerbated this divide. As Western Europe grew ever more disengaged from the Israel-Palestine conflict, the United States was increasingly seen to represent Western involvement in the region. In later years, diplomatic and military backing of Palestine by the Soviet Union was seen as a counterforce. From Russia's perspective, the ongoing conflict represented a good opportunity to side with a popular Arab cause, thus setting itself against the West, and particularly, the United States. However, although the Arabs favored the Soviet Union over the West, since WWII, they became increasingly reluctant to join the military network of either of the superpowers of the era.
Herman notes that the United States has been the primary backer of Israel, providing massive subsidies; offering diplomatic, political, and military protection; looking the other way as Israel expels, tortures, and slaughters Palestinian civilians; and siding with Israel as it periodically invades neighbouring countries such as Lebanon. This unwavering support has been evident in the fact that the U.S. has vetoed approximately 60 U.N resolutions that would have implemented international sanctions against Israel, enabling the Israeli military to continue its systematic violations of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. Herman asserts that although the U.S. tends to refer to the Israeli-Palestine conflict as part of an ongoing war against Arab terrorism, given the enormous imbalance of power between Israel and Palestine, it is more correctly characterized as a slaughter.
The Zionist lobby gained North American support in the early 1940s due to the thesis of a scientist named Lowdermilk. Lowdermilk asserted that Jewish settlement in Palestine would benefit the local populace, because the Arabs would have a larger market in which to sell their produce and more labor and investment opportunities. This hypothesis contributed to both European and North American support of Jewish immigration to the region. Although neither a Jew nor a Zionist, Lowdermilk's work was somewhat influenced by both political and spiritual allegiance, as he was more inclined to identify with the ancient Israelites than the Palestinians.
According to Herman, there are three factors that have historically influenced the U.S. policy in the Middle East with regard to the Jewish settlers and later, Israel. First and foremost, the U.S. requires a strong ally in the oil-rich Middle East, which is of great strategic and economic importance. Israel has also helped the U.S. by supporting American imperial interests in places such as South Africa under apartheid, Mobutu, and various unpopular Latin American regimes. This has enabled the U.S. to maintain its involvement in such places, but avoid being seen as aiding various unsavoury regimes. Another key driver of the U.S. support for Israel is the power of the United States' influential pro-Israel lobby. These interests have had a profound effect on media coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict and have successfully pressured various politicians. An additional factor that comes into play is racism. Stereotypical views promoted by the mainstream Western media ensure that Arabs in general and Palestinians in particular are presented in a negative light, whereas the Jews are portrayed in a sympathetic manner.
It is also worth noting that given the historical role of the Jewish people as victims, it has been relatively easy for the Western world to continue viewing them as victims of terrorist acts rather than perpetrators. Herman asserts that the mainstream media in the U.S. has historically designated any attack perpetrated against Israel by Palestine an act of terrorism, whereas any aggressive act committed by Israelis against Palestinians is described is counter-terror or retaliatory action. He points out that by definition, terrorism encompasses acts designed to coerce, intimidate, and inspire fear in order to achieve political ends. As such, Israel's frequent use of force throughout the years against the Palestinians should be defined as terrorism. In fact, even former Israeli U.N. Ambassador Abba Eban has agreed, noting that casualties are frequently inflicted against innocent Arab civilians. In addition, over the years, Israel has routinely used torture with only occasional criticism from mainstream Western media. An estimated 5,000 Palestinians were tortured in 1991 alone, according to B'Tselem, an Israeli human rights group.
Throughout history the Jewish people have often been persecuted and pushed to the margins of most societies they have inhabited, and as a result, have tended to form vigilante groups in self-defense. These groups historically deployed terrorist tactics, as such tactics are the only way for a relatively powerless group to effectively attack a powerful adversary. However, even after the Jewish people had attained a position of power within the Middle East, many of these groups, entrenched in the old philosophy of self-defense, carried on as though still fighting a much more powerful adversary.According to Perliger and Weinberg, what made the Jewish terrorist groups unique was the dual incorporation of both socialist and fundamentalist-messianic elements in their philosophies. Key elements of these groups included selective interpretation of traditional texts to justify violent actions, the belief in simplistic notions of good and evil with no shades of gray in between, and a strongly authoritarian outlook that drew upon fascist traditions. When the Jewish people attained their goal of sovereignty, such terrorist groups largely dissolved, though terrorist acts committed against Arab people carried on as part of a broader government strategy, which included the traditional tendency toward vigilantism that such groups had adopted.
What conclusions can be drawn from Jewish terrorism in the establishment of the Israeli state and beyond? Shughart asserts that the main lesson is that "terrorism can succeed" because "the Irgun was instrumental in securing national independence . . . Israel," which shows that "relatively small groups of urban guerrillas, though outmanned and outgunned . . . can demoralize great empires by waging campaigns of carefully planned attacks on targets inevitably left pregnable by the larger, but less flexible forces arrayed against them" (p. 20). He also notes that repressive countermeasures taken by moderate governments or other authorities will likely serve to advance the interests of the terrorist entity by shifting public opinion in their favor. Ironically, the tactics used by the Palestinian terrorists against Israel in an attempt to regain their homeland, so fiercely denounced by the Israelis and the Western world, are the very same strategies as those once deployed by Jewish terrorists in the establishment of Israel.
In recent years, although many Israelis on the political left can envision a future in which two states exist peacefully side by side, those on the political right have been less likely to endorse this vision. The Iron Wall approach is being gradually abandoned (although unilateralist, coercive policies are still embraced by many), leaving a large number of Israelis confused and anxious about the future. They now face a hard decision: "engagement with the real Middle East and the demands it makes upon Israel for justice, democracy, and territory, or escape from it" (Lustick, 2008, p. 51).
Brumberg, A. (2002). Poles and Jews: Coming to terms. Foreign Affairs, 81(5), 174-186.
Graziano, M. (2007). The rise and fall of "Mediterranean Atlanticism" in Italian foreign policy: The case of the Near East. Modern Italy, 12(3), 287-308.
Heiman, G. (2010). Diverging goals: The French and Israeli pursuit of the bomb, 1958-1962. Israel Studies, 15(20), 104-126.
Herman, E.S. (2002). Wholesale terrorism escalates [HTML version]. Arab Studies Quarterly, 24(2/3). Retrieved 10 May 2010 from the Literary Reference Center database.
Kelemen, P. (2006). British communists and the Palestine conflict, 1929-1948. Holy Land Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 5(2), 131-153.
Khalidi, W. (1981). Regiopolitics: Toward a U.S. policy on the Palestine problem. Foreign Affairs, 59(5): 1050-1063.
Lustick, I.S. (2008). Abandoning the Iron Wall: Israel and "the Middle Eastern Muck." Middle East Policy, 15(3), 30-56.
Ozacky-Lazar, S., & Kabha, M. (2002). The Haganah by Arab and Palestinian historiography and media. Israel Studies, 7(3), 45-60.
Perliger, A., &Weinberg, L. (2003). Jewish self-defense and terrorist groups prior to the establishment of the State of Israel: Roots and traditions. Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions, 4(3), 91-118.
Pinto, V. (2004). Between imago and res: The Revisionist-Zionist movement's relationship with fascist Italy, 1922-1938. Israel Affairs, 10(3), 90-109.
Polish-Dictionary. The Best History Museums to Visit in Poland. Online. https://polish-dictionary.com/poland-museums
PolishForums.com - Resources about the history of Poland. Online: https://polishforums.com
Rowley, C.K., & Taylor, J. (2006). The Israel and Palestine land settlement problem, 1948-2005: An analytical history. Public Choice, 128(1/2), 77-90.
Shughart, W.F. (2006). An analytical history of terrorism, 1945-2000. Public Choice, 128(1/2), 7-39.
Slater, J. (1998). Netanyahu, a Palestinian state, and Israeli security reassessed [HTML version]. Political Science Quarterly, 112(4). Retrieved 10 May 2010 from the Academic Search Premier database.
Van Oord, L. (2008). The making of primitive Palestine: Intellectual origins of the Palestine-Israel conflict. History and Anthropology, 19(3), 209-228.
Wentling, S.P. (2008). Prologue to genocide or epilogue to war? American perspectives on the Jewish question in Poland, 1919-1921. Journal of the Historical Society, 8(4), 523-544.
Zouplna, J. (2008). Revisionist Zionism: Image, reality and the quest for historical narrative. Middle Eastern Studies, 44(1), 3-27.
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This is a short introduction to the subject:
Anxiety is a word with a negative connotation. It conjures images of stress and unease. What if anxiety were reframed to be a gift? When harnessed, anxiety can be a powerful force that leads to personal growth and transformation. This article will explore anxiety as a positive opportunity. We will explore its evolutionary roots, the impact it has on human psyche, and practical methods to transform anxiety into strength.
Understanding Anxiety: A Natural Response
Since thousands of years, anxiety has played a role in our evolution. Anxiety is a body response to perceived threats or challenges. Anxiety was vital to the survival of our ancient ancestors. It helped them focus and prepare for dangerous situations.
The Modern Dilemma: Anxiety in a Fast-Paced World
The anxiety triggers in our modern, fast-paced world have changed. Even though our physical dangers are not as great as they were in the past, modern life can be just as stressful. Modern life can be stressful due to work deadlines and financial concerns, as well as social expectations.
Embracing Anxiety: A Paradigm Shift
Anxiety is not something to be avoided, but rather an opportunity to unlock our potential. Anxiety can be a sign we are about to leave our comfort zone. It’s a good time to grow and expand your horizons.
Harnessing anxiety to personal growth
Mindfulness and awareness. By cultivating mindfulness we can observe anxiety without judgment. By recognizing anxiety, we can better understand its underlying causes.
Set realistic goals. Break down larger tasks into smaller, easier to manage steps. This method helps reduce feelings of overwhelming and gives a clear path forward.
Perspectivity is the key: Instead of viewing anxiety as a barrier, consider it a sign of progress. Accept discomfort as a necessary step in achieving your goals.
Self-Care and Well-Being – Make self-care a priority. Regular exercise, balanced nutrition, etc. These practices provide a solid basis for emotional well-being.
Professional Support: What Is it?
Self-help is very useful. A mental health professional can provide invaluable guidance. Counsellors and therapists can offer specialized techniques to manage anxiety and facilitate personal growth.
Accepting a Gift
Conclusion: Anxiety does not have to be endured. It is a gift you can open. By changing our perspective and accepting anxiety as an emotion, we can be more open to opportunities and growth. The goal is not to eliminate all anxiety but to learn to dance with it and harness its power to help us on our journey of self-discovery. Watch as anxiety becomes a powerful force that propels you towards your full potential.
Understanding Anxiety’s Ebb and Flow: Navigating Peaks & Valleys
Anxiety is no different. As we face new challenges and successes, anxiety fluctuates. This natural rhythm can help us better understand our emotional landscape.
How anxiety can catalyze innovation
Anxiety can be a powerful creative catalyst. When we are under pressure or feel a sense of urgency, our minds can often be triggered into action. The best ideas and artworks often come out of places of discomfort and restlessness.
The Wisdom of Vulnerability: Connecting through shared experience
Anxiety is not limited by age, gender or background. When we share our struggles, we create real connections. We develop empathy by sharing our stories. But we also learn that we’re not alone.
Fear as Fuel – Resilience is the key
Resilience allows you bounce back from adversity. Anxiety offers many opportunities to develop resilience. Each time we conquer our fears, we build a reservoir of inner strength.
The Mind-Body Connection: Harnessing Anxiety for Physical Well-Being
It may be hard to believe, but anxiety is a powerful motivator for adopting a healthier lifestyle. Anxiety can make us more sensitive and aware, leading to better decisions in terms of diet, exercise, and self-care.
When you feel anxious, or intuitive, trust your inner guide
In times of stress, intuition can be a powerful tool. It is important to trust our gut instincts in order to face life’s challenges. Listen to the signals from your body and mind and trust that you have the wisdom to make good decisions.
Accepting imperfections: the beauty of humanity
In our desire to be better, we often ignore the beauty of our imperfections. Anxiety helps us to realize that it’s okay to fall and be vulnerable. These experiences allow us to become stronger and more resilient.
Unwrapping the Gift and Accepting the journey
Anxiety is just one thread of the tapestry we call human experience. Anxiety can be a masterpiece of personal growth, resilience, and connection when it is woven with intention and care. You can turn anxiety into something positive. Accept it, use it as a guide to a purposeful and meaningful life. Anxiety can be a wonderful gift. Unwrap your gift and start your journey.
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A new & improved 4-week preteen series exploring locations that are important to the Christmas story and what we can learn from them.
The Christmas story happened in more than one location. Each location was a significant part of what God was doing. Throughout this series, preteens are encouraged to make a place in their heart where God can do His work, just like He did in each place they explore each week.
ONE YEAR PRETEEN CURRICULUM, VOLUME 3
This series is one of many in the One Year Preteen Curriculum - Volume 3. Get one year of exclusive preteen ministry curriculum designed to help 4th-6th graders explore their faith and wholeheartedly follow Jesus.
You can get this series in the one year curriculum or individually here on this page.
This item, like all our resources, is only available as a download.
Week 1: Back to Nazareth
Bottom Line: We can make a place for mercy, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience to be our response this Christmas.
Bible: Luke 1:26-37; Luke 1:38; Matthew 1:19-24; Colossians 3:12
Week 2: Bethlehem
Bottom Line: Let this season be a place where we each discover more of God’s purpose for our lives.
Bible: Isaiah 7:14; 9:6-7; Micah 5:2; Luke 2:1-12; Psalm 32:8
Week 3: Egypt
Bottom Line: Today we each have a chance to be rescued from darkness. God has provided a way through His Son Jesus.
Bible: Matthew 2:1-18; Isaiah 9:1-2; John 8:12; (Romans 10:9; Revelation 21:4)
Week 4: Nazareth
Bottom Line: Christmas is a place where we can make a decision to grow and mature in our relationship with God and with others.
Bible: Matthew 2:19-23; Luke 2:39-52; (Matthew 1:18-24; Luke 2:1-20; Matthew 2:1-15; Luke 2:39-40)
WHAT YOU GET
- 4 weeks of lessons (Word & PDF)
- Series graphics (text and cover image)
- Social media graphics
- Fun opening game for each lesson
- Creative teachings for each lesson
- Hands on small group activities for each lesson
- Engaging discussion questions for each lesson
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Animal cells are some of the most fascinating cells in the world. Not only do they contain a nucleus, but they also have a variety of other organelles and structures, including one of the most interesting: the nucleolus. But what is the nucleolus, and do animal cells have one? The answer is yes, they do. Animal cells contain a nucleolus, which is a small, round organelle found within the nucleus of the cell. It is responsible for the production of ribosomes, which are essential for producing proteins. The nucleolus is small but powerful, and it is an important part of the cell’s functionality. In this article, we will explore what the nucleolus is and why it is so important in animal cells.
Do Animal Cells Have A Nucleolus?
Animal cells do not have nucleolus. Unlike plant cells, which have a large central nucleolus, animal cells typically lack a conspicuous structure in the nucleus that appears to be devoted to ribosome synthesis. This does not mean that animal cells do not produce ribosomes; it just means that the process is less centralized. In fact, some of the earliest evidence for ribosome production came from studies of isolated animal cell nuclei.
What Does The Nucleolus Do In Animal Cells?
1. The Nucleolus Is A Key Part Of The Cell’s Metabolism
In animal cells, the nucleolus is responsible for producing ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins, which are essential to all cellular functions. These proteins are used by the cell to carry out different tasks, such as creating new cells or repairing damaged ones. For example, if a cell has been damaged and cannot repair itself using other mechanisms, it can turn to ribosomes within the nucleolus to produce new proteins that allow cells to rebuild themselves and repair damage.
2. The Nucleolus Is Responsible For Creating New Ribosomes
The nucleolus is also responsible for synthesizing new ribosomes within the nucleus of an animal cell when needed. This process begins when the DNA in an animal cell is damaged or altered in some way. When this happens, protein synthesis stops working correctly in that cell and it becomes unable to repair itself. The nucleolus is responsible for helping the cell to create new ribosomes that are capable of repairing the damaged DNA.
3. The Nucleolus Is A Key Part Of The Cell Division
The nucleolus is also responsible for helping to divide animal cells. When a cell divides, it produces two new cells that are identical to the parent cell. This process is called mitosis, and it occurs in all animal cells throughout their lives. However, during mitosis, dividing animal cells must produce two copies of their DNA and two copies of their ribosomes. This process begins when the DNA within a cell divides into two separate strands, which each contain half of that cell’s DNA code. The ribosomes within a nucleus also split into four smaller parts during this process as well, creating eight new ribosomes per cell. When these processes happen correctly, mitosis results in each daughter cell having all of its original genes and all of its original ribosomes.
4. The Nucleolus Is A Key Part Of Cell Death
The nucleolus is also responsible for helping animal cells to die when they have outlived their usefulness or are no longer needed. This process is called apoptosis, which means “to fall off” in Greek and refers to the fact that the nucleolus detaches from the nucleus of an animal cell at this point in time. When apoptosis occurs in a cell, it can no longer divide or repair itself and must die. If a cell has been damaged beyond repair, it may not be able to make new ribosomes within its nucleus and must die as well.
How Does The Nucleolus Fit Into The Structure Of The Cell?
1. The Nucleolus Can Be Found In The Cytoplasm Of The Cell
The nucleolus can be found in the cytoplasm of the cell. This is why it is often referred to as a “cytosolic” organelle, which means it is located within the cytoplasm of the cell. The nucleolus is not attached to other organelles or structures within the cell, but it does have a membrane that surrounds it.
2. The Nucleolus Contains Ribosomes
The nucleolus contains ribosomes, which are essential for producing proteins inside animal cells. In fact, without ribosomes, animal cells cannot survive and function properly. These ribosomes are produced in a process called “transcription” and they are formed from RNA molecules that allow them to produce proteins inside of cells. Without these ribosomes, animal cells would not be able to survive and function in the same way.
3. The Nucleolus Is An Important Part Of Protein Synthesis
The nucleolus is an important part of protein synthesis, and it can be found in all animal cells. Proteins are crucial for animal cells because they are the building blocks that allow cells to function properly. These proteins perform a variety of functions within the cell, but without them, the cell would not be able to function properly.
4. The Nucleolus Is A Key Part Of Mitosis And Meiosis
The nucleolus plays a key role in mitosis and meiosis, which are processes that occur inside animal cells when they divide or undergo mitosis. During these processes, ribosomes play a role in creating proteins that help with these types of cell division processes. Without these ribosomes, animal cells would not be able to survive and function properly during certain stages of their life cycle. In fact, without this ribosome activity, animal cells would not be able to reproduce.
What Are The Benefits Of Having A Nucleolus In Animal Cells?
1. The Nucleolus Is Important For The Production Of Ribosomes
One of the most important functions of the nucleolus is to produce ribosomes. Ribosomes are small organelles that are responsible for producing proteins in animal cells. They are very important in animal cells because they enable them to replicate and divide. Without ribosomes, animal cells would not be able to replicate and divide and would not be able to perform their functions. The nucleolus produces ribosomes, which is why it has such a significant role in an organism’s life cycle.
2. It Provides Protection For The Nucleoli From Damage
The nucleoli are small structures within the nucleus that act as protection for the DNA within it. They provide a way for DNA within the nucleus to protect itself from damage, which might cause damage if it were outside of its own shelter. This is why many organisms have a protective structure like this built into their cells. The nucleolus is a way to protect DNA from damage, so it is important in animal cells.
3. It Serves As An Energy Source For The Nucleus
The nucleolus is an important part of the cell because it provides energy for the nucleus. The nucleolus produces ribosomes and thus requires some form of energy to fuel its production. This means that without the ability to produce ribosomes, most animal cells would not be able to function at all. Without the ability to produce proteins, animal cells would not be able to grow or divide and would eventually die out completely. The nucleolus provides this energy and thus is essential in animal cells.
4. It Promotes Cell Growth And Division
The nucleolus plays a crucial role in promoting cell growth and division in animals. If it was not present, then animal cells could not replicate or divide because they would not have enough energy or ribosomes available to do so. The nucleolus is an important part of animal cells, as it ensures that they can replicate and divide and thus perform their functions.
5. It Protects The Nucleus From Damage
The nucleolus protects the nucleus from damage, which is why it plays such a vital role in animal cells. The nucleolus protects the DNA inside it from damage, which would be detrimental to the DNA if it was not protected by the structure. Without this protection, there would be nothing to keep the DNA safe and ensure that it stays intact and functional. This is why a lot of organisms have a protective structure like this built into their cells to ensure that their DNA stays intact and functional at all times.
6. It Promotes Cell Growth And Division
The nucleolus plays an important role in promoting cell growth and division in animals because without it, animal cells could not replicate or divide at all because they would not have enough ribosomes available to do so. The nucleolus is an important part of animal cells because it ensures that the cell can replicate and divide and perform its functions, which is why it plays such a crucial role in maintaining the cell’s integrity.
The nucleolus is an interesting organelle that is responsible for producing ribosomes. Ribosomes are important for the production of proteins, which are necessary for the functionality of all cells. Therefore, the nucleolus is an important part of the functionality of all cells, including animal cells.
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Since its publication in 1960, Harper Lee’s novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” has become one of the most challenged works of literature of all time. Parents, students and school officials alike have pushed for its removal from curriculum because of the language, racial themes and inclusion of adult topics, such as rape and discrimination, according to the American Library Association. Despite this, many school districts have retained it on reading lists in middle and high school curriculums, as they should.
Unfortunately, for eighth graders in Biloxi, Miss., it was announced in early October that “To Kill a Mockingbird” was being pulled from their curriculum. According to the New York Times, the book would remain in the school’s library, but would no longer be a required novel for the school’s English courses. The reason for its removal was the fact that some of the language in the book made people uncomfortable. It is true. Lee’s novel does contain language that is offensive and makes people uncomfortable. Lee uses derogatory terms throughout that were part of the vernacular of the time period, such as “n—–”. However, that is no reason to pull the book from the classroom. If the word (or any other offensive term from the time period’s vernacular) were removed from “To Kill a Mockingbird,” it would remove some of the historical accuracy of the novel, which is important for providing context to the plot. The usage of such words illustrates just how strong racial tensions were in the south at the time.
Additionally, good books are supposed to make people uncomfortable, because they—especially those taught in English classes—are meant to encourage thinking. Novels provide a platform for students to be introduced to and begin to discuss controversial topics. With “To Kill a Mockingbird,” students have the opportunity to discuss race relations and discrimination, morals and the cost of choosing to do what is right. All of these are important topics for student development and the understanding of past and present events in our country.
One of the primary arguments for the removal of any book from a classroom or school is that parents, especially, have the right to choose what their children read and are exposed to. Certainly, this is true to some degree as age appropriateness is important. I would never hand “To Kill a Mockingbird” to a third grader. However, as children grow, they need to be exposed to more, including topics and events that cause discomfort. This is how they become well-rounded and well-informed individuals.
Parents cannot protect their children from everything. They will see or hear about race relations and violence on the news because, unfortunately, it still runs rampant in the United States. They will hear offensive language used by another person. Sexual assault is a serious problem that we, fortunately, are beginning to talk about. Some of these things students might—God forbid—experience in school.
There is no protecting a person from the realities of the world, no matter the restrictions on books, television, music and other media.
This is why exposing students to these topics through books in schools is important. We need to teach children to think and grapple with topics so they can continue to do that as adults, not protect them from challenging and uncomfortable subjects and situations. By addressing these things in the classroom, teachers can facilitate discussion in age appropriate ways and support their students as they grapple with difficult topics. Students can learn from their peers and from characters in the books they read. Providing children and young adults with an understanding of controversial issues and the opportunity to formulate their own opinions and perspectives in a safe environment eliminates the shock that comes when protective barriers are removed.
According to the Washington Post, on Oct. 29, Biloxi Junior High School announced that students would have the opportunity to do an in-depth study with their teachers during class and in optional after-school sessions. The book still will not be required reading for all students, and a parent’s permission to participate in the study is required. It’s hard to know for certain whether this study was planned prior to the novel’s removal from the curriculum or was simply a response to the backlash the school received for its decision.
This is better than pulling “To Kill a Mockingbird” completely. However, it is still a disservice to the students who will not be able to participate in the study, either because of their own choice or their parents’ choice. Books like “To Kill a Mockingbird” create opportunities for important conversations about challenging topics. Until we as a society, understand and value books for that
reason (and others), each novel pulled from a classroom eliminates an opportunity for discussion, understanding and the ability to learn from our discomfort and our past.
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for W3c validation
Friday Faves is our weekly blog series highlighting a few select pieces from the REG team’s reading lists. You can catch up on past Friday Faves on the archive.
Neuroscience Explains Why Instagram Is So Bad For Teen Girls
Anne says: There are many self-claimed neuroscientists (with little or no qualifications) claiming all sorts of unsubstantiated effects of social media (read my Digital Distraction Friday Fave from February 2019). However, this article is based on several reputable research reports (yes, I’ve checked them for credibility) and the findings are disturbing. While the digital distraction crowd are quite literally distracting us from some of the important issues, this article should serve as a reminder that we need to pay attention to the effects of social media and how they can impact people – in particular young women. The series of research reports has investigated the development of the teenage brains reflected by their social interactions, critical thinking and impulse control (risk-taking behaviours). None of these behaviours are new, but what is becoming evident is how the connection between the use of smartphones and social media is driving their need for peer approval and reward-seeking behaviour.
In particular, one of the research reports has singled out Instagram and studied the effects on psychological well-being in young women. The intentional engineering (manipulation) by social media companies to attract the users to self-compare and view “idealized” images is causing depression, anxiety and feelings of inadequacy. More disturbing is the fact that it is very difficult to knowingly override or counteract these engineered strategies. Another report from Stanford reveals evidence that teenagers can be easily misled online.
So, while it’s easy to say use your smartphone less, reduce social media usage, I think we need to remind ourselves that our young adults are being manipulated and it is difficult for them to stop as it is part of their brain development that is creating the need to continue. Simply stopping using a device, or even being made aware of the consequences will not be sufficient to protect them. The social media companies, such as Instagram, will need to be called to account and take positive steps to neutralise and support young adults, not manipulate them!
Billboards — yes, billboards — are having a heyday in a digital world
Helen says: Over the past decade, growth in advertising has been enjoyed predominately by online channels but more recently one of the oldest forms of advertising around, the billboard, has consistently outperformed most other non-internet media. This fact piqued my interest and whilst the article focuses on the US market, the trend is also apparent in Australia where, since 2014, out of home advertising (OOH) has experienced annual growth of 10.5%.
Through the use of data sets not previously available, and integrating with digital technology, OOH is becoming more responsive and creative.
By processing and incorporating many industry-changing data sources such as connected cars, weather data, population growth factors, and the locations & trips of hundreds of millions of anonymous mobile devices, our systems will be able to do things like respond to seasonal, daily, & hourly variation, provide post-campaign delivery information, and much more.
Some examples given of how this can play out include Kmart promoting snow shovels when a snowstorm hit Chicago; ads being adjusted in length or message to reflect the speed at which traffic is moving (or not moving as the case may be); an iPhone user seeing a different ad to an Android user; medications being advertised following a surge in searches about the flu; and Equinox Fitness targeting Delta Airlines passengers coming in on specific flights, with free gym vouchers to overcome jetlag.
Brands also have the ability to look at who has been exposed to an ad campaign on a digital billboard and track the behavior of the consumer afterward.
According to Geopath, a US not for profit membership organisation focused on OOH audience location measurement and consumer insights, 45% of daily trips are for shopping and errands and daily travel in the US averages 11 billion miles or 40 miles per person per day. With audiences of this size, coupled with their significant investment in digital technology, I expect this industry will continue to enjoy growth for some time to come. I will, however, be looking at billboard advertising in a whole new light.
Moon landing footage would have been impossible to fake — a film expert explains why
Joel says: I love it when two of my favourite things have the chance to crossover in the same article, in this case, it’s space travel and conspiracy theories. I’m pretty crazy about both. Whether you actively search out and research conspiracy theories or not, there are quite a few that are so popular that you’re likely to have heard about them regardless. Did Hitler really die in 1945 inside a bunker in Berlin? Are there really alien remains inside Area 51? But I’d argue that one of the most well-known conspiracies has to do with the Moon and whether the landing footage was actually filmed in a movie studio and is fake.
In this piece I found over at The Conversation, Howard Berry, the Head of Post-Production and Programme Leader for MA Film and Television Production at the University of Hertfordshire uses his technical expertise to refute many of the common claims of people who say the Moon landing footage was fabricated. Claims such as “the moon landings were filmed in a TV studio”, “the flag is blowing in the wind, and there’s no wind on the moon”, “lighting in the footage clearly comes from a spotlight” along with quite a few other statements from non-believers.
I found this piece interesting not only for the reasons I mentioned above, but because the article is presented from the opposite angle to what we see so often in news these days. I’m sure we’ve all read articles in the past about technology proving alien footage we watched to have been doctored or how new algorithms are being written to spot deepfakes. But this piece uses facts, science and technology to prove that something made back in the 70’s appears to be legitimate.
I’d love to hear what your opinion on the Moon landing was and is your opinion the same? Or has it changed after checking out the full article?
These Seven Emotions Aren’t Deadly — They’re Your Secret Career Superpowers
Most of us buy into a certain set of myths when it comes to feelings on the job. Even though emotions play a central role in our lives, we’re trained to check them at the door before we head into work… But in reality, the cost of ignoring emotions is steep.
Jakkii says: Ah, emotions. Things we often think we shouldn’t have (or wish we didn’t), but that play an important evolutionary role, as well as a social one. There’s a whole bunch of gender issues at play in regards to emotions generally, but particularly with regards to crying – ‘women shouldn’t cry at work’ or ‘women only cry to get what they want’, and ‘men shouldn’t cry at all’ – each unhelpful to individuals and to us collectively in its own way.
I’ve spotted articles around the traps of late about crying at work: is it ever okay to cry at work?; why you shouldn’t feel bad about crying at work; what crying at work says about you and America’s work culture; and emotions in the workplace: why women shouldn’t have to play it cool. It’s an issue that comes up a lot, and with so much stigma around and focus on the negative side of emotions, it’s really no wonder collectively we’ve tended to view strong emotions as inappropriate in the workplace. It’s from that perspective that this piece caught my attention, given its much broader focus than just crying in the workplace!
In the article – and the podcast, embedded in the piece – the point that being aware of our emotions makes us smarter is made, though somewhat surprisingly the term ‘emotional intelligence‘ is never used. Given the place of publishing, this piece has a focus on startups, however, the messages translate across workplaces and work types – and indeed, into a book (No Hard Feelings: Emotions at work and how they help us succeed) which is the basis for the piece.
The seven emotions:
- Not belonging
There’s a ton of detail provided about each of these emotions and tactics for using them to your advantage. You’ve probably heard – and tried to embrace – the idea that stress can be good for us, and it’s with a similar frame of mind I think we can approach other challenging emotions such as the ones highlighted in the article. I’d encourage you to set aside a bit of time to give this a good, focused read and reflect on your own experiences of emotion at work and how these tactics might help in future.
This Week in Social Media
Politics, democracy and regulation
- Facebook is ripe for exploitation – again – in 2020
- The YouTube candidate
- Trump can’t block foes on Twitter: court
- The White House’s social media summit may not include Facebook and Twitter
- Frydenberg puts Facebook and Google on notice over market power
- Media call to regulate Google, Facebook
Privacy and data
- Behind closed doors: the politics of privacy
- FTC to Ask About Disabling YouTube Ads for Kids’ Privacy
- TikTok under investigation again over collection of children’s personal data
Cybersecurity and safety
Society and culture
- Social media could make it impossible to grow up
- Aboriginal community Yarrabah turns social media into force for good with #postpositive
- WeChat is running a natural experiment in human generosity
- They turn to Facebook and YouTube to find a cure for cancer — and get sucked into a world of bogus medicine
- Monkfluencers: how #monklife became a social media sensation
- Social media shaming and forgiveness: why nobody’s beyond the pale
- This colourful London neighbourhood doesn’t want to be on your Instagram
- This Chrome extension makes you ponder your mortality while wasting time on social media
Extremism and hate speech
- Reddit’s ‘manosphere’ and the challenge of quantifying hate
- Twitter will now remove tweets that dehumanize religious groups
- The fight for the future of YouTube
Moderation and misinformation
- Why social media managers must read the comments
- Facebook built a tool to track misinformation about itself
- Twitter’s disinformation data dumps are helpful — to a point
- Inside Facebook’s information warfare team
Marketing, advertising and PR
- Facebook will offer more info on the ads you see
- LinkedIn updates Campaign Manager, adds brand awareness, conversion campaign options
- BIG W taps Snapchat AR tech to animate toy catalogue
- Facebook will start taking a cut of fan subscriptions in 2020
- Irreverent app TikTok is pulling in millions of dollars from Australia
- TikTok’s mounting privacy issues are unlikely to hurt its ad business
- Tencent and Weibo are the gatekeepers to China’s luxury market
- ASA defines anyone with over 30,000 social media followers as a ‘celebrity’
- Instagram analytics guide: 10 of the best tools to get insights
- Google’s taking another crack at building a social network
- How will Instagram’s new anti-bullying features actually work?
- Is Snapchat recommitting to its creative community?
- Pinterest introduces new video tools for brands and creators
- Twitter will let you pin your favorite lists in its app
- YouTube is making it much easier for creators to deal with copyright claims
- Facebook gives creators more ways to make money
- Instagram accidentally made emoji fun again
- Facebook gets experimental with new apps to reel you in
- Facebook’s image outage reminds us how bad social media accessibility really is
Facebook’s Libra and Calibra
- All the hype around Libra is a red herring. Facebook’s main game is Calibra
- Facebook Libra cryptocurrency a ‘serious concern’ for Federal Reserve, report says
- Facebook’s digital currency has put China’s central bank on high alert
- Facebook’s Libra cryptocurrency faces more backlash
- Beijing begins imagining a WeChat China cryptocurrency
- Regulators to monitor Facebook’s currency
- Why Australia’s banks should fear Facebook’s Libra
- Will Facebook’s digital money Libra be good for Africa?
- We won’t control Libra, promises Facebook’s blockchain boss
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for W3c validation
Friday Faves is our weekly blog series highlighting a few select pieces from the REG team’s reading lists. You can catch up on past Friday Faves on the archive.
Are digital devices altering our brains?
Anne says: Time for some myth busting from a reliable source (not #fakenews).
The summary at the beginning of this article provides just a glimpse at some of the topics that have been reviewed, in detail:
- Research shows that by constantly distracting us, the Internet affects cognitive performance but does not radically alter our brains.
- The findings also suggest that although video games and brain training influence aggression and cognitive performance, respectively, the extent of that influence is much less than many would think.
- The risks of digital devices might be minimized by educating people in ways to enhance concentration, self-control and critical-thinking skills.
So – let’s take a look at some of the claims that this article has reviewed – remember, the value of research is acknowledged when it’s repeatable.
Myth (or unsubstantiated claim): Nicolas Carr, you may recall, authored a text: The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, in 2011. He claimed that the Internet was making us stupid (actually – he named Google). He cited a number of neuroscience reports that highlighted the plasticity of the brain – hence using the internet will make our brains adapt to different ways of working.
Busted: BUT – a group of psychologists rebutted the claim:
“There is simply no experimental evidence to show that living with new technologies fundamentally changes brain organization in a way that affects one’s ability to focus…”
The article then takes up the “stupidity” headline and examines where it’s coming from. Essentially, it’s about distractions and how we’re behaving. Remember, behaviour is an output/response, NOT how the brain processes information. Then there’s multitasking – literally doing more than 1 thing at a time. We think we can multi-task – BUSTED – we can’t effectively divide our attention without impacting our performance. (But that doesn’t mean we’re becoming stupid).
Solution: Rather than claiming the Internet is making us stupid – you could try to reduce distractions and develop ways to focus your attention – one task at a time!
Myth (or unsubstantiated claim): Video games make us aggressive.
The claim: “…the more they played violent games, the more aggressive their behavior was.”
Busted: Rather than dispute the claim, the article highlights the deficiency of the research to support the claims. The claim, is, in effect, unsubstantiated.
Myth (or unsubstantiated claim): Brain games improve cognition and performance.
Busted: Rather than challenging the performance during the game, the reviews have focused on how this has transferred into real-life contexts. The verdict – it’s questionable. The conclusion being that careful scientific research needs to be conducted (and repeated) before claims and assertions can be demonstrated to improve brain function.
So if you’re trying to improve your brain performance – think about reducing distractions and applying information in a variety of contexts. Learn something new – and difficult – like another language (and then apply it in context), a musical instrument (and trying playing in a group) – versus rote performance based upon online skill repetition.
The conclusions: We need more research that is repeatable across a range of contexts. We need to question claims made with little evidence (disregard the size of study – look at the methodology and question whether it was a valid way to test the claim).
I’m fully behind the approach of carefully tested research, rather than unsubstantiated claims – the underpinning of our research approach is based on uncovering a deep understanding of why people are doing things – not based on anecdotal, single event, personal experiences.
I particularly like the example in the article that translates this into practice:
“…rather than training your recall with abstract tasks that have little bearing on reality, try testing your memory regularly and making the information as meaningful to your own life as possible: If you memorize a shopping list, ask yourself what recipe you are buying the ingredients for and for which day’s dinner.”
Before blaming technology for new ways of behaving, try to understand why and how to manage the behaviour. It’s just too easy to blame the internet and our devices.
Owning less, is it a good thing?
Helen says: This opinion piece talks of the concept of property ownership and how it is changing in society, a change that has been brought on by technology – more specifically, software and the internet. Tyler Cowen, a professor of economics, observes that whilst we used to own books, these days many download copies and these copies actually remain the property of the supplier. Similarly, we used to own records, CDs and DVDs but with the onset of streaming, the majority of us no longer own movies or music, we subscribe to them instead.
Car ownership is also losing ground with a growing urban population and the share economy (maybe not such a bad thing). Even our phones are not really ours, software updates are imposed on us and we don’t have a right to fix our own device if needed. He suggests
“The libertarian political theorist might tell you that arrangement is simply freedom of contract in action. But the … broad libertarian intuitions … encapsulate a more … direct sense that some things we simply own and hold the rights to.”
Referring to AI services and their growing application in the home, Cowen foresees that with ‘the internet of things’, apart from owning our actual home (if you can afford it), “most of the value in that home you will in essence rent from outside companies or, in the case of municipal utilities, the government.”
He points out that we, “as parents, often give our children pets or other valuable possessions to teach them basic lessons of life and stewardship.” So how does not actually owning something impact society? Does it alter the way we connect to things, are we losing autonomy through conformity and software standardisation and could this all be impacting entrepreneurship into the future? These are interesting questions to consider – what do you think? Let us know your thoughts in the comments.
Will artificial intelligence spell the death of the artist as we know it?
Joel says: While the title of this article sounds like yet another fear mongering ‘Technology is coming to take all our jobs’ piece it actually provides a really good insight into AI and Machine Learning and explains the concepts behind how artistic AI algorithms are built.
O, if you were a feeble sight, the courtesy of your law,
Your sight and several breath, will wear the gods.
That’s not a passage from Shakespeare, it was generated by a recurrent neural network (RNN) — a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that has been taught the signature writing styles and flairs of William Shakespeare.
Chris Rodley, a PhD candidate at the University of Sydney who makes his own computer-generated art, thinks it could be a watershed moment:
“What I think we’re going to see with AI is perhaps a gradual erosion of this idea that artists have this absolutely unique insight that really puts them on this other plane from the rest of us.”
“AI is the broad area of technology that seeks to emulate human skills or human abilities,” explains Rodley.
Most of the digital art Rodley generates uses a recent form of AI called deep learning, based on deep neural networks. The neural style transfer algorithm allows the style of one artist to be transposed onto the shape of another image. Using the neural style transfer algorithm, Rodley has also transferred the style of old lithographs of flowers onto the shapes of dinosaurs.
You’d be hard pressed to find someone who wouldn’t consider this image a cool piece of art. But, technically, it didn’t come from the hand or mind of what we would call an artist.
Check out the article yourself to read about Rodley’s thoughts on AI, machine learning and about his upcoming stage show ‘Death of a Playwright’ where he’ll be reading several AI generated texts.
Sexism and misogyny are just bad business
Jakkii says: Nat would’ve particularly loved Joel’s piece this week – not only for the dinosaur art! She often talked about art and technology and would have been all over it from a philosophical standpoint. As someone unafraid to call out sexism, I think she’d also have been right into my topic this week.
I’ve mentioned before that I’m a craft beer hobbyist. I’m reasonably involved in the craft beer community, both online and off, and yesterday was quite a doozy of a day. Gold Coast brewery, Black Hops Brewing, published posts across their social media channels to promote a new beer. Sounds innocuous enough, but the beer was named ‘Pussy Juice’ and the posts contained lewd copy that many deemed inappropriate for its graphic content. Some went so far as to describe the copy as “rapey”, with many concerned about the sexist nature of the marketing.
Black Hops removed the posts, and posted an apology of sorts that did not address the lewd copy but sought to explain the in-joke meaning behind the name while stating they acknowledge they “stuffed up” in using the name, and that they believe in inclusion.
There’s a lot to be said about the incident, including what businesses should be doing to avoid making such missteps in future. You might think, upon reading the content, that your business would never post something so outrageous so this doesn’t apply to you. Truthfully, however, we have seen a great many social media missteps over the years and it really could happen to anyone who doesn’t have strong governance or a strong understanding of how to manage a brand presence online – or manage the community of people around their brand and their industry.
Today though, what I want to say is this: sexism and misogyny is bad business. The risk of alienating half of the population because you let an in-joke grow into something more than it should’ve been is very poor business indeed. As one Facebook commenter put it:
All issues of offence aside: I like great beer. I make pretty decent money, and I’m willing to spend some on beer. I’m going to choose how and where I spend that money based on marketing. Marketing matters… unless you don’t care about selling your product to as many people as possible?
Women are decision-makers regarding spending in many households no matter the household makeup, as research shows – for instance, they’re responsible for 80% of travel decisions. In a traditionally (and still) male-dominated industry this isn’t irrelevant; in fact, it’s even more relevant – as craft beer grows and more and more women are brought into the fold, this only becomes more important to consider.
Ultimately, if we want craft beer to continue to grow, we need more people drinking craft beer – turning half the population off that by being sexist in your marketing and allowing misogyny to propagate in your online community is not only not being a good corporate citizen, it’s just straight up bad for your business.
Sydney Business Insights – The Future This Week Podcast
This week: What’s in a museum? Give us words, and ancient blockchain. Sandra Peter (Sydney Business Insights) and Kai Riemer (Digital Disruption Research Group) meet once a week to put their own spin on news that is impacting the future of business in The Future, This Week.
The stories this week:
Other stories we bring up:
Join us September 21 for DISRUPT.SYDNEY™ 2018: Robots against the machine?
DISRUPT.SYDNEY™, in its 6th year, is Australia’s first and oldest disruption conference. In recent years we talked a lot about what makes innovations disruptive. This year we look at the other side of the coin: Managing for innovation, disruption and change from within. With two Q&A panels, parallel workshops after lunch, and an interactive futures session on ‘digital humans’ in the afternoon, DISRUPT.SYDNEY 2018 is shaping up to be another engaging highlight.
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Are you having internet problems? Do you have slow internet, or are web pages loading unusually long? There is nothing more annoying than waiting and waiting – and waiting! – Page loading, or Internet so slow that it lags behind you. Fortunately, checking your internet connection speed is easy to do, and it can give you an idea of ??what’s going on.
Today, a high speed Internet connection is one of the most important factors for ensuring high-quality and comfortable work on the Internet.
Internet speed test allows you to check the status of the channel, measure its functionality. Thanks to our test, you can find out and check the real connection speed that your Internet provider provides! And you can also tell other users about it, leaving your feedback about the provider. After all, there are not rare cases when one speed is claimed, and we get a completely different one!
What determines the speed of Internet Connection?
Connection speed varies depending on many factors. This is a type of communication line (fibber-optic communication lines, cable communication lines, etc.), provider, and number of visitors at the moment, and others. If the result deviates from the declared provider by an amount greater than 10%, network problems are likely, for example, an accident on highways and main routers. If this happens, just repeat the test after a while.
Internet speed check determines
Incoming Internet Speed
- Broadcast data from the Internet to your personal computer.
Outgoing Internet Speed
- Broadcast data from your personal computer to the Internet
Quickly find out PING
- Your ping from the provider to the verification server
- Time when the speed test was conducted
When your internet seems slow, checking your internet connection speed is one of the tools you’ll need to identify the causes of slow work. Checking the speed of your Internet connection is actually a measure of the speed of your Internet connection, which gives you specific figures for the speed of downloading and downloading data on the Internet.
It is important to have these specific indicators, because slow download and download speeds may indicate a problem with your Internet service provider, or a potential problem with your router. On the other hand, if checking the Internet connection shows that you have a normal Internet connection speed, this may indicate possible problems with the site you are trying to access, or perhaps your Internet speed is insufficient for the browsing that you use.
How to speed up a slow internet connection
- If you are dealing with a slow Internet connection, these tips can help you diagnose what is causing the problem and determine how to speed up your Internet connection.
- Do a lot of checking your internet connection speed throughout the day. Speed check automatically logs the results of each test so that you can easily view the results in the future. These checks can also help you consider and understand the real speeds you’re dealing with. If the speeds are too low, then an increase in the tariff plan or the purchase of a new router can help.
- Rate your router. Sometimes a slow or damaged router can lead to slow internet speeds and connection problems. Make sure that your router is not old and not outdate, and that it provides the speed that you need. Try replacing it with another router, if you have one, to see if it speeds up your connection
- Reduce the number of people connected to the network. If you connect a lot of people with many devices to your home network, this can also reduce the speed of the Internet. When used simultaneously, phones, tablets and computers require more speed than what you need when using a single computer. Try to reduce the number of simultaneously used devices, and observe the difference. If there is a difference, then perhaps you need to increase the tariff plan to better support all devices.
- Try using the internet at different times. Remember, during busy periods of using the Internet, Internet speed may decrease. Try using the Internet at different times when fewer people use the Internet, for example, late at night or early in the morning.
- Create a strategic download schedule. If you need to download a heavy program, make a download schedule to distribute it in the early morning, when fewer people use the Internet. This will save your time, as well as provide the opportunity to use the Internet during busy hours, when it is the fastest.
Image credit: Speedtest via Imilian/Shutterstock
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This study compared the learning effectiveness, speaking time length, communication competence, foreign language speaking anxiety, and cognitive loads of high and low English proficiency students playing the roles of both assessors and practitioners in a mobile-assisted language learning activity. This study integrated a concept-mapping application as a mind tool with an oral recorder application on tablets to support EFL learners speaking English. The system, named CMAS (i.e., the Concept Mapping-Assisted Speaking system), includes peer assessment and evaluation of concept maps at the end of each round of activities. After three rounds, the results indicated that the overall speaking effectiveness including appropriateness of vocabulary, pronunciation, intonation, fluency, grammar, and accuracy of the high proficiency students was significantly higher than that of the low proficiency students. The cognitive loads of the low proficiency students were higher than those of the high proficiency students. However, there was no significant difference between the length of speaking time of the two groups. There was no remarkable difference between the speaking anxieties of the two groups after the experiment. The CMAS benefited not only the high-proficiency students but also the low-proficiency students, especially in terms of the speaking time length and the speaking anxieties of the low-proficiency students so future research directions were identified based on the results.
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Dietz Fire Department Lantern, circa. 1906. The Dietz Fire Department of lantern was widely used by fire department companies around the United States. It was manufactured in two similar forms, the older from featured a drop down cage. Those manufactured after 1906 were hinged caged.
A majority of this style of lantern were made of brass, copper, or other soft materials. It is estimated that production of this lantern ceased in 1939.
Information provided is altered from W.T. Kirkman Lanterns. https://lanternnet.com/
Date of Entry
Height with Handle Extended (inches)
History | United States History
R. E. Manufacturing Company, "Dietz King Fire Department" (2021). Morehead History & Railroad Museum Lantern Collection. 63.
Download Full Text (757 KB)
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Why is Java Popular among Programmers and Developers?
Java is an all-around universal programming language that is class-based, object-oriented, and concurrent, originated by Sun Microsystems in 1995. In the present digital era, an uncountable number of websites and applications cannot operate unless you install Java. Java is being used aggressively by programmers and developers, and plenty of new websites and applications are developed through it every single month. In this blog, we will shed light on what makes Java so popular among programmers and developers.
Why is Java so Popular?
If you want to know one key reason behind Java’s popularity, then its ‘independent’ nature is that one reason. From data centers to laptops, scientific supercomputers to game consoles, and the internet to smartphones, Java is seen running everywhere. Java can run on several kinds of computers if Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is installed in the computers. The majority of the computer types are compatible with JRE, such as Windows PCs, Linux or Unix computers, Macintosh computers, and others, along with mobile phones.
Java is present in the programming world for many decades now, and because of that, many big organizations of the world are built using Java. It is being used in banks, manufacturers, insurance companies, utilities, retailers, and plenty of other sectors.
Key Statistics showcasing Java’s Worth
- Java is the most used development platform with over 10 million worldwide Java developers.
- 97% of desktops of organizations run Java.
- 89% of U.S. computers run Java.
- Over 3 billion mobile devices run Java.
- Over 125 million TVs run Java.
- Developers’ first choice is Java.
- Java is associated with all Blu-ray disc players.
- Over 5 billion Java Cards currently in use.
Some of the invaluable reasons behind Java popularity for developers are:
- Empowers programmers to develop programs that can run inside a web browser and can access the available web services.
- Enables developers to write resourceful, in-depth, and efficient applications for any electronic device, such as microcontrollers, remote processors, mobile phones, gateways, sensors, wireless modules, and many more.
- Allows using Java language to combine services or applications to develop highly-customized services or applications.
- Create server-side applications for polls, stores, online forums, and many more.
- Write software on one platform, while execute it on another platform virtually.
Other than providing the resources and platform that developers need, Java’s success is also due to its ability to let developers upgrade the model to address the latest technological advancements. Java API possesses thousands of classes with thousands of methods that you can deploy in your programs. Besides that, the robust nature of Java code also attracts developers, as the Java objects do not contain references to data outside of themselves.
Is Learning Java still Valuable?
Java is a decades-old programming language, but there are no signs of its decline in the present or near future. It is because Java has integrated so much with the technology sector that it is almost impossible to replace it. Besides that, it is quite easy to learn, as the English-like syntax with very few special characters makes the learning process quick. Due to that, most developers keep it their first preferred programming language. In addition, Java belongs to the family of languages that are influenced by C# and C++, so mastering Java also makes learning the other two languages easy. The main areas where Java finds most application are as follow:
- Developing Android Apps
There are many ways to develop Android apps, but the majority of the applications are written in Java via Google’s Android API. Android adopts different packaging and JVM methods, but the code is mostly Java.
- Software Development
Plenty of software and other tools commonly used by developers are developed in Java, such as NetBeans IDE, IntelliJ IDEA, Eclipse, etc.
- Web Applications
Many web applications of healthcare, insurance, government, defense departments, and education are built in java. A prominent example of it is Gmail.
- Scientific Applications
Java is a popular choice these days for carrying out scientific applications, mainly because it is portable, safe, maintainable, and provides better performing high-level concurrency tools compared to what is seen in other languages, such as C++.
Learning Java does not confine you to one programming language. Instead, the syntax, styles, tools, patterns, and ideas you learn in Java are transferable to many other languages. If you are learning java, then it opens up your career route as a game, desktop application, mobile application, or web application developer.
Learning Java will enable you to understand how one language works in comparison to others. Similarly, learning Java and understanding the core principles of other languages will make you a resourceful developer.
With the rapid technological advancements, it is uncertain whether the programming skillsets you learn today will be effective in the near future or you have to learn new skillsets. But it is not the case with Java because it is an all-around universal programming language. The importance and enrollment of Java in the present era is evidence of its worth despite being an old language. Java is shaped in a manner the future technology is going to flow for the next two decades, so it will find application in many upcoming game-changing technologies.
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Becoming an apprentice can offer several benefits and opportunities that make it an attractive choice for many individuals. Here are some reasons why someone might choose to become an apprentice:
- Hands-On Learning: Apprenticeships provide practical, hands-on experience in a specific trade, profession, or industry. This type of learning can be more engaging and effective than traditional classroom education for many people.
- Skill Development: Apprenticeships focus on developing specific skills and competencies related to a particular job or field. This practical training can lead to mastery of the skills required for the chosen profession.
- Earn While You Learn: One of the most appealing aspects of apprenticeships is that you can earn a good wage while you’re training. This allows you to support yourself financially while gaining valuable experience.
- Job Opportunities: Completing an apprenticeship can increase your employability and job prospects. Many employers highly value real-world experience, and having completed an apprenticeship can set you apart from other candidates.
- Industry Connections: During your apprenticeship, you’ll have the opportunity to build a network of contacts within your chosen industry. These connections can be invaluable for future job opportunities, collaborations, and mentorship.
- Practical Application: Apprenticeships focus on applying theoretical knowledge to real-world situations. This practical application helps bridge the gap between academic learning and actual job requirements.
- Career Progression: Many apprenticeships lead to long-term employment with the company or organization where you trained. Some apprentices even progress to leadership positions within their field.
- Personal Growth: Apprenticeships often come with challenges and responsibilities that encourage personal growth and development. You’ll learn problem-solving, time management, and communication skills that are transferable to various areas of life.
- Supportive Environment: Apprenticeships usually involve working closely with experienced mentors or professionals who can guide you, offer feedback, and help you grow in your chosen field.
- Multiple Fields: SIGTA apprenticeships are available in a wide range of fields, from Technical CAD to Electrical/Electronic Engineering to Engineering Fitting to Business Administration and more. This means you can find an apprenticeship that aligns with your interests and goals.
- Qualifications: Our apprenticeships lead to formal qualifications, certifications, or licenses that are recognized within the industry. These credentials can enhance your credibility and career prospects.
- Path to Entrepreneurship: For those interested in starting their own businesses, an apprenticeship can provide the skills and knowledge needed to become a successful entrepreneur in a specific industry.
It’s important to note that while apprenticeships offer numerous benefits, they also require commitment and hard work. The specific advantages you’ll gain from becoming an apprentice will depend on the field you choose, the program’s structure, and your own dedication to learning and growth.
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Sleep Apnea is considered one the of the most serious sleep disorders. LEARN MORE
There are two types of sleep apnea, obstructive which is more common and caused by blockage in the airway, and central which is caused by the brain failing to signal the muscles to breath. Sleep Apnea can occur in anyone including children.
There are some factors that put you at a higher risk including being male, overweight, or over 40 years old.
A person who is affected by sleep apnea will stop breathing while they are sleeping, sometimes up to 100 times during the night.
This can lead to serious side effects such as heart attack and diabetes because the brain and body do not get enough oxygen.
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What are Knowledge Graphs? Knowledge Graphs Explained
A knowledge graph is a structured representation of knowledge that captures relationships between entities and concepts in a specific domain. It is a way to organize and connect information, allowing for a rich and meaningful semantic understanding of data. These graphs are commonly used in artificial intelligence, data management, and semantic technologies.
Here are some key aspects and characteristics of knowledge graphs:
Graph structure: A knowledge graph is typically represented as a directed graph, where entities and concepts are represented as nodes, and the relationships between them are represented as edges. This graph structure allows for flexible and efficient querying and traversal of the data.
Semantic relationships: These graphs capture not only the entities but also the relationships between them. These relationships define the semantics and connections between different concepts, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of the data.
Ontologies and schemas: These graphs often incorporate ontologies or schemas that define the structure, hierarchy, and properties of entities and relationships. These provide a formal representation and common vocabulary for the domain being modeled.
Linked Data principles: Knowledge graphs can leverage the principles of Linked Data, which promote the interlinking and sharing of data on the web. By following these principles, knowledge graphs can connect and integrate data from multiple sources, enabling a broader and more interconnected knowledge representation.
Inference and reasoning: They can support inferencing and reasoning capabilities. By applying logical rules and inference engines, it is possible to derive new information and make implicit connections within the graph.
Scalability and extensibility: Knowledge graphs can handle large-scale data and are designed to be extensible. New entities, relationships, and attributes can be easily added, enabling the graph to grow and adapt to evolving knowledge requirements.
Applications: Knowledge graphs have a wide range of applications, including question-answering systems, semantic search, recommendation systems, data integration, knowledge management, and more. They facilitate the understanding, discovery, and utilization of complex information in various domains.
Popular knowledge graph technologies and frameworks include RDF (Resource Description Framework), OWL (Web Ontology Language), SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language), and graph databases like Neo4j and Virtuoso.
Knowledge graphs play a vital role in capturing and representing structured knowledge in a machine-readable format. They enable advanced reasoning, semantic search, and more intelligent and context-aware applications by leveraging the relationships and semantics encoded within the graph.
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Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.
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The answer is No. Worms do not have two heads. Worms are simple invertebrate animals with a long, tubular body and no limbs.
Worms typically have a simple nervous system consisting of a nerve cord running the length of their body and a small concentration of ganglia (nerve cell clusters) in the head region. Some species of worms, such as planarians, have the ability to regenerate their heads if they are injured or removed, which can sometimes create the appearance of two heads. However, this is not a normal characteristic of worms.
Do Worms Have 5 Hearts?
Worms do not have five hearts, but rather a simple circulatory system consisting of vessels and pumps that move fluid throughout their body. Some species use a muscular vessel called the aortic arches to pump the fluid.
Do Worms Have Boold?
Worms have blood or hemolymph that circulates throughout their body, responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Some species of worms have blood that contains hemoglobin, which helps transport oxygen throughout their body.
Do Worms Have Feelings?
Summary: Worms do not have emotions like humans do because they lack a central nervous system or brain. They can, however, detect changes in their environment through sensory receptors.
Do Worms Have Genders?
Worms are mostly hermaphroditic, meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs and can mate with any other worm of the same species. However, some species of worms are either male or female, but this is less common.
Worms have a simple circulatory system, blood or hemolymph, sensory receptors, and are usually hermaphroditic, but they do not have two heads, five hearts, or emotions like humans.
SoundVegan, Inc. disclaims all liability and does not advocate the use or abuse of any goods, products, or medications. Although we make every effort to ensure the authenticity of our material, we cannot make any promises. We work hard to give you useful information so you may choose the best course of action for your lifestyle and health.
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China’s role in the international economy is one of the more unique cases in present day. One of the essential factors to note is Chinas system of governance which is mainly socialist in nature. China adopted the communist way of life which embraced the observation of collectivism. Collectivism involves the combination of all the economies resources so as to distribute them equally amongst the nationals. Chinas entrance into the open market was thus unexpected owing to the government’s control of a vast majority of the countries resources (Clesse, 2004).
One of the tactics that China used to venture into the international market was the use of the adaptation of the FDI policies. The use of foreign direct investments set the country apart from its competitors owing to the adaptation of the policies by hosting countries. Chinas government managed to appeal to the international market through their injection of a colossal amount of capital to the host countries. The receiving countries in turn, allowed China to enter into their market. This promoted the countries relations with their neighbors improving their strategic position in the global market (Fung & Zhang, 2006).
The implementation of the FDI policies would not be effective without the countries hard working population. The country has as a result dominated the manufacturing industry across the globe. China exports more than half of the world’s commodities making its economy record the fastest growing rate to date. This is credited to readily available human capital that is skilled in various aspects of the job market. The investment in both human and monetary capital ensures that country is able to fund projects while maintaining the highest forms of management (Fung & Zhang, 2006).
A look at the countries trading dynamics shows the economy’s ability to maintain its position in the market. China produces its goods and services at cheaper prices as opposed to their competitors. This makes them the preferred investors owing to their thriving trading environment. It is difficult to refer to China as a communist regime seeing as they dominate a large percentage of the global business transactions.
The countries entrance into the open market reduced the control from the western countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. One of the major global partners associated with China is the United States, India and Germany and a large percentage of the developing countries. The United States economy is dependent on China for most of its products both industrial and domestic. The purchase of multiple investments in alternative countries improves the strategic position of Chinas nationals who are now key players in the global market (Clesse, 2004).
China’s fast growing rate and massive FDI investments continues to face a lot of scrutiny by financial experts. Chinas competitors accuse the country of creating an unsteady economy that will face possible recession in the future. The question on whether Chinas economy will be viable in the future continues to take centre stage. With Chinas supporters dismissing the claims as propaganda, a large number of people agree with this notion. Some of the economic statistics show that the country may not maintain their high growth rate. The living standards of the citizens do not reflect on the recorded statistics. The rate of poverty continues to rise which seeks to discredit the impressive statistics presented to observers (Fung & Zhang, 2006).
Clesse, A. (2004). The vitality of China and the Chinese. Amsterdam: Dutch Univ. Press.
Fung, H.-G., Pei, C., & Zhang, K. H. (2006). China and the challenge of economic globalization: The impact of WTO membership. Armonk, NY [u.a.: Sharpe.
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Salmon photo courtesy of the National Marine Fisheries Service/Southwest Fisheries Science Center; Salmon Ecology Team.
Right now, it’s more important than ever to celebrate environmental successes. This month, we’d like to spotlight how a coalition of restorationists in Marin County is bringing a holistic, watershed-level approach to salmonid habitat in Lagunitas Creek – and how a Sustainable Conservation-sponsored permitting program helped them get the job done.
A Habitat Once Lost …
Lagunitas Creek winds through stunning scenery and communities for 22 miles, from Mt. Tamalpais to Tomales Bay. It’s the largest drainage in Marin County – spanning over 103 square miles – and boasts one of the most significant and stable populations of Coho salmon on California’s Central Coast. The watershed also historically provided key habitat for a Central Coast-distinct population of Steelhead, as well as Chinook. Over time, reservoir dams and towns like Tocaloma and Jewell cut off access to nearly half the watershed. The soil hauled in to build the towns made its way into the creek and impaired the health of the waterway, cutting off access to side channels, floodplains and other salmonid pit stops along their journeys to the ocean.
As you might recall, young salmon make their way to the ocean before returning to their upstream spawning grounds. It’s an evolutionary imperative and a perilous journey made all the more difficult by streams that have been artificially modified, high flows, drought conditions and rising water temperatures. If the fish can’t access areas like floodplains and side channels to stop, rest, feed and grow, their chances of survival drop dramatically.
“With several of California’s salmonid species listed as critically endangered, and dwindling each year, the need for restoration across the state is vital. And the need for permitting programs that help regulators and restorationists save time and money, and get restoration projects shovel-ready more quickly, has never been greater.” – Ashley Boren, Chief Executive Officer.
… Restored, and Renewed
In partnership with the Marin Municipal Water District and others, SPAWN has worked for years to clear debris from the historic floodplain, install large wood in the stream, create side channels for salmonid habitat and restore the riparian corridor by removing invasive plants and planting natives in their place. This most recent project removed 20 million pounds of soil from now-abandoned Tocaloma to re-create floodplains, with bonus habitat efforts for endangered California freshwater shrimp and migratory birds threatened by habitat destruction. Restoring floodplains also protects downstream communities from flooding, as the creek can spread out and slow down during storm events and allows sediment to settle, improving water quality. Projects like this that serve both the environment and people have recently been termed “multi-benefit.”
The first phase of the project began in 2016, and the second in August of last year. The results were almost immediate, with juvenile salmon spotted resting in the woody debris and in the side channels, and the work continues. Congratulations to SPAWN and partners for a successful restoration effort!
Programmatic Permits Speed Species Recovery
The project used the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration’s Programmatic Biological Opinion for Restoration on the Central Coast – originally developed in 2006 as a result of Sustainable Conservation’s efforts and renewed by the NOAA Restoration Center in 2016. Currently, we’re hard at work on multiple permitting initiatives to make sure restoration proponents in our Golden State maximize their time, funding and efforts on what matters most: the projects themselves.
“SPAWN works every day to restore critical habitat for endangered Coho salmon, and programmatic permits help us receive regulatory coverage for permits that can be very difficult to obtain for a non-profit. Restoration is a critical tool in species recovery, that’s why it’s important it be done right to create the most benefit to our watersheds and wildlife.” – Preston Brown, SPAWN Watershed Conservation Director.
The problem is clear. If fish can’t survive in their historic habitats, other creatures can’t survive, either. Food chains are disrupted, invasive plants take hold and biodiversity is lost. Restoration centers human effort where it’s needed most.
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Entering the River Tay could be a challenge for the early sailing ships under a combination of adverse weather and tidal conditions. J. S. Neish (1890) relates a story from circa 1840 when a ship was wrecked on the shore near Lucky Scaup with a cargo of wine kegs. “ On Lucky there was wine for nought; They say there was a battle fought ………..The church bells rang but few did meet, There was many an empty seat, The people ran with nimble feet, In a hurry for the wine kegs.” The poem recording the minister’s dismay at the painfully thin church attendance was recorded in song for the short prize winning film “The Wine Harvest” produced in 2000 by Yvonne Cook and Hamish Tough to reflect the local practice of recounting significant events in verse.
World War II
The war brought the threat of a potential invasion force landing on the sandy beaches of Tentsmuir. This resulted in an extensive system of linear defences being constructed by the Polish Army between RAF Leuchars and Tayport, as far as the location of panel 21. The Polish Army had a large presence throughout Fife during the early years of WW II including in 1942 :-1st Rifle Battalion, (Tents Muir), 1st Engineer Company, (Tayport) and Searchlight Platoon, (Tents Muir). www.Rothwell.force9.co.uk/polisharmyUKFeb42.htm Polish Camp Road in Tentsmuir and the extensive remains of the beach defences are testimony to the welcome Polish presence, some of whom settled in the area after the cessation of the conflict. Polish Camp Road identifies the location of their billets where both the Polish Eagle and the Scottish Lion emblem were formed on the side of the well.
The Shanwell Upper Air Station was established in the late 1950s when the facilities were transferred from RAF Leuchars. It was taken over by the Met Office in 1981 and closed in 1992 leaving the abandoned complex as a reminder of the extensive operation. The weather balloons became a familiar sight throughout the town during this period as they quickly rose above the clouds 4 times daily.
The Shanwell Farm
The farm was shown originally on the 1769 Hope Map included in a large area described as “Shaunwell Links” as well as “Easter Fethers”, both of which are now part of the forestry area. The farm was also often referred to as The Channel and bounded by the Garpit Links and also the Morton Farm, which formed the march with “the Lordship of Luchers”. The Auld Kirk graveyard contains the lair 137 – John Pattie tenant Channel 1806 and the stone is recorded with the mark of a plough. The house and steading was constructed in the 1820s by the Dalgleish family as Lairds of Scotscraig. The proximity to Tayport of RAF Leuchars was underlined as early as 1930 when a Fairey 3EF aeroplane got lost in fog and crash landed in a field at Shanwell Farm. Fortunately, the three airmen on board escaped with minor injuries
Shanwell farm bothy lads 1912 l-r/ G.Hanlin, J Bisset, R Ramsay & W Briggs
A Military Exercise
A peacetime military presence descended on the community in 1970, when Army engineers established both a temporary residential camp in the Craig Meadow field beside Coffin Walk and a large stores area on the Canniepairt, close by the former council rubbish tip. The objective was to provide a temporary fuel supply pipeline route from a loading point in the river outside Tayport harbour and then onto RAF Leuchars. The Tanker R.F.A. Green Rover duly pumped fuel ashore via a specially constructed transfer pipeline/connection at the harbour and onwards to Leuchars via a temporary surface pipeline through the roads of Tentsmuir forest. The military left the immediate area in an improved condition which facilitated the formation of the enclosed football ground on the area of the former Canniepairt Farm.
1970 Army Exercise on Canniepairt (Polex Leuchars)
The Canniepairt Farm
A 6 acre tenancy from Scotscraig Estate, which included an acre of uncultivated sea grass and also had grazing access to the Common. On the 1769 J Hope Map of Scotscraig Estate it is recorded as Ballirnie’s Feu. It was farmed from 1874 by the Robertsons and their extended family for a 55 year period, and their first description of the farmhouse cottage was “… the house is not so bad. The room end has been papered and has a good flag floor. There is two beds in each end only the ceiling is just jists but they are white washed …. A good roomy byre with three stalls and the barn has a dead floor.” They were often reported as the first in the district to commence cutting their rye and supplied milk & eggs to those families in Henderson’s Land and nearby. Their association with this area of land continued through their descendants the Oswald family, who initiated the development of the area for the Football Club in the 1970s and also played a leading role in guiding the Club to their subsequent period of major success (refer to tenancy letters in the Gallery section).
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What makes this book lovable?
- You’ll be tickled pink by the author’s descriptive language.
- You certainly won’t feel blue as you enjoy the vibrant illustrations.
- You may be macaroni & cheesin’ about the “How To” writing that highlights how modern-day crayons are made.
Exactly one year ago today (March 19, 2019) The Crayon Man: The True Story of the Invention of Crayola Crayons added color to our world! In Tammy Mulligan’s #NF10for10 post, she shared “I love how this book helps students understand that behind every item in their lives, there is an inventor.” I wholeheartedly agree. 4Q and I are circling back to share a bit more about this biography.
Let’s begin by noticing what the author is doing to keep us interested. Put your craft lenses on!”
- The author presents problems and explains the solutions.
- There is (literally) colorful language.
- Fact boxes are shared with a teaching voice.
- We spotted onomatopoeia.
- Questions are asked and sometimes answered.
During read aloud time, I invited my readers to jot in their reading notebooks with crayons. Why not, right?! Here are some of the colorful ideas they shared:
We paused to discuss the extra text offered on several pages. Fourth graders noticed the “fun facts” that were offered outside of the narrative of Edwin Binney’s life. This was a great reminder of storytelling voice vs. teaching voice. Check out some of the expert vocabulary below!
Brown School’s art teacher, Mrs. Parven (@BrownArtRoom), and I had been secretly planning an extra art class for 4Q in connection to this read aloud. Due to school closures, that plan is on hold, and we’ve decided to team up in a different way. Here are some activities for young writers and artists to try at home!
For Storytellers & Poets:
- Write a silly story featuring a crayon as your main character! You can use this story arc planner to bring your ideas to life:
- Create a FOUND POEM using words around the house! Okay, word collectors. Are you ready? Gather up some resources such as books, newspapers, mail, food packaging- anything that has words can help you!
Step 1: Go on a scavenger hunt with the resources you collected. I tried this with The Crayon Man book. Collect words and phrases that speak to your heart and mind. You might write them down and circle them on a page like I did.
Step 2: Decide on your topic. Is there a topic that might make sense to write about based on the words and phrases in your collection? I chose kindness.
Step 3: Let your heart lead the way. Create lines of your poem using the words you found in your scavenger hunt. Do you notice how I added my own language in between? Do you notice how I adjusted the way some phrases were said? I underlined the phrases from my scavenger hunt collection throughout the poem. You can study how I brought them to life in my writing then try it on your own!
For Eager Artists:
- Marble crayon melting! Line a muffin tin with paper liners and have an adult pre-heat the oven to 275. Peel the labels off of old or broken crayons. Put a mixture of crayons in each muffin cup and “bake” for about 20 minutes, until they are liquified. Have an adult take the tray out and be careful as the wax will be hot! Use a toothpick to swirl the colors together. Let cool completely, pop out of the tin and enjoy!
- Design your own crayon sculpture! Use a paper towel tube and some cardboard for the tip and tape together to “build” a crayon structure. If you have paint, use it to paint the tip your desired color. Make a label out of paper, design the label and wrap around the tube. Voila!
- Crayon Resist Art! Since crayons are made out of wax, they resist water-based items like paint. Draw a picture or just some abstract designs with crayon, pressing hard. Paint over with watercolor paint and watch your drawing magically “show up” through the paint. Don’t have watercolor? You can make your own by soaking an old or dry marker in a small cup of water (you can put more than one marker in, as long as its the same color, for a stronger pigment). Let sit for about an hour – the water will absorb the color from the marker to make watercolor paint!
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Malaysia and Singapore have had their share of rows, but few have been as sensitive as the question of water. September 29 marked the 59th anniversary of the 1962 water agreement between the Malaysian state of Johor and Singapore, which was followed by a supplementary agreement in 1990. The two agreements, which grant Singapore rights to the use of water originating on the Malaysian side of the border, will expire in 2061.
Water is a precious and scarce resource for Singapore due to its limited land catchment. The city-state currently uses about 430 million gallons of water per day, and imported raw water from Johor is important in sustaining its growing demand for water. When Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965, the two water agreements were construed as “mutual government guarantees” in the Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on August 9, 1965.
The water agreement that was signed on September 19, 1962 between the city council of the state of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor abrogated two earlier agreements between Johor and Singapore that were signed in 1927 and 1961. The agreement gave Singapore the right to draw 250 million gallons of water per day from the Johor River. For its own part, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore totaling up to 2 percent of the volume of the raw water it supplied.
On top of that, Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used for water catchment areas “at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land.” The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement: 3 cents per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 cents per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency in 1973, the prices were denominated in Malaysian ringgit and sen (1 sen=1/100th of a ringgit).
The 1962 agreement (as with the 1961 agreement) provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed.
The supplementary water agreement was signed on November 24, 1990 between the Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Singapore and the government of the state of Johor. Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across the Linggiu River, near a town called Bandar Tenggara, to facilitate the extraction of water from the Johor River.
Singapore agreed to pay compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of 18,000 ringgit per hectare and an annual rent of 30 ringgit for every 1,000 square feet for the land occupied by a water treatment plant and other ancillary permanent works. The cost of building and maintaining the Linggiu Dam – today Singapore’s main source of drinking water – would be borne by Singapore.
As a consideration of Johor’s consent for the construction of the dam, Singapore was allowed to purchase treated water from Johor generated by the new dam. The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor’s water tariffs plus 50 percent of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor’s price and PUB’s cost of distribution, or 115 percent of the weighted average of Johor’s water tariffs, whichever was higher.
The conflicts over water started in late 2000, when Mahathir Mohamad was prime minister of Malaysia. Under Mahathir, Malaysia requested that the price of raw water be increased to 45 sen per 1,000 gallons. On August 15 of that year, Mahathir met with the late Lee Kuan Yew and both agreed that Singapore would pay 45 sen per 1,000 gallons. According to Malaysia, the price review was needed considering nearly four decades of inflation and to justify a fair share of water price.
In the early 2001, however, Malaysia suggested that the price be hiked further to 60 sen per 1,000 gallons and Singapore countered that such a price increase might be possible only after 2011. Malaysia remained adamant until March 2002, when the conflict reached its peak. Malaysia planned to charge Singapore 60 sen per 1,000 gallons regardless of its agreement and wanted the price to be back-dated to 1986. Malaysia also said the price would be set at 3 ringgit from 2007 to 2011, after which it suggested that it be adjusted upward each year for inflation.
Officials in Malaysia and Singapore exchanged letters and official press releases stating their positions until August 14, 2002, when the state government of Johor officially sent a notice that it was reviewing the water price. Singapore’s PUB subsequently replied that it reserved its right to negotiate a “mutually acceptable price package” between the two governments.
In September, Malaysia presented its price formula to Singapore while Singapore maintained its position that the Malaysian offer was unfair. In early 2003, Singapore published in the media a series of official correspondence between leaders of the two countries over the water dispute, after Foreign Minister S. Jayakumar presented the documents in Parliament. In April 2003, Singapore’s Ministry of Information, Communications, and Arts published an 84-page book entitled “Water Talks? If Only It Could,” which offered the city-state’s interpretation of the Johor-Singapore water spat. Meanwhile in Malaysia, the government initiated a media campaign to rebut the allegations made by Singapore over the water issue, which went on right until Mahathir’s resignation on October 30, 2003.
The water issue has been kept under wraps since then, though the public perception on this matter remained negative in Malaysia until Mahathir’s return as prime minister following his unexpected win in the general election of 2018. In 2019, Malaysia renewed calls for Singapore to cooperate in revising the water price from the 1962 water agreement due to the fact that water reserve areas in the state of Johor had fallen to 4 percent and were on track to reach zero by 2020.
Although calls for a water price review were made, the issue was not discussed properly in Malaysia until September 21 of this year, when Malaysian officials said in Parliament that the review of the water price would resume once the pandemic situation in both countries had “recovered completely.”
At the height of the dispute in the early 2000s, Singapore claimed that Malaysia’s right to a price review under the 1962 agreement has expired because the 25-year review provision contained in the agreement had elapsed. Singapore contended that Malaysia could only review the water price in 1986 and 1987, which marked 25 years since the 1961 and 1962 agreements, respectively, but did not do so.
In truth, the 25-year provision is rather ambiguous. Clause 14 of the 1962 Agreement stated that:
the provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of the foregoing clause of these presents shall be subject to review after the expiry of twenty five years from the date of these presents and shall be reviewed by the parties and the facts that are to be taken into account upon such review shall include inter alia any rise or fall in the purchasing power…
Malaysia interpreted the phrase “after the expiry of twenty five years” literally, which would allow Malaysia to review the water price at any time after the 25th anniversary of the agreement.
In 2002, Singapore’s Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong told Parliament that it was clear that any breach of the water agreement would undermine the existence of Singapore, as the provision of a water supply was guaranteed in the Separation Agreement of 1965.
In a bold move, Mahathir, while speaking about this issue to reporters in Kuala Lumpur in 2002, stated that international agreements have been broken several times by other countries, and that nations have gone to war over such breaches.
What now? It is a fact that the 1962 and 1991 agreements will expire in 2061. To reduce Singapore’s dependence on imported water, the city-state has built up its water supply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater (reclaimed water) and desalinated water (treated seawater), by setting up water treatment plants in various parts of the island. The plan is for Singapore to be self-reliant in water by 2061 if it needs to be.
As for the water price conflicts, in 2019 Malaysian officials considered taking the matter to international arbitration if no consensus was achieved. As stated above, Malaysian officials say that the water talks will resume once the COVID-19 situation in both countries has improved. For Malaysia, resolving the longstanding issue of the water price review is a priority while Singapore has been consistent in its position of maintaining the water price though several negotiations designed to show that they are open to revising the price at a future date.
Finding an amicable solution through direct negotiations or dispute resolution through arbitration is important for both countries in resolving the water issue and removing a persistent obstacle in bilateral relations once and for all.
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Until at least 1936, the Royal Navy did not try to interest the British Air Ministry in the development of high-performance fighters for its aircraft carriers, because the RN’s air officers did not think that an effective combat air patrol could be mounted around a carrier. By the time approaching bombers could be sighted and identified, it would be too late. Consequently, the RN carriers that followed Ark Royal, which was laid down in 1935, had armored flight decks so that they could absorb punishment and still operate attack aircraft. The advent of shipboard air-search radar in the first year of World War II, however, changed the situation, and the RN procured Royal Air Force (RAF) and U.S. Navy fighters and experimented with the central control of fighter defenses.
The RN also did not expect before World War II to have to operate its carriers against waves of high-performance land-based bombers—as it would be forced to do first in Norway in 1940 and then, in 1941, in the Mediterranean. The RN’s decision to construct carriers with armored flight decks restricted the number of aircraft such carriers could operate, so it chose to emphasize strike aircraft over fighters. The RN projected the logic of its own decisions about carrier-based strike aircraft upon the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Accordingly, it was surprised by the IJN’s very effective carrier-based attacks in the Pacific and the Bay of Bengal in the spring of 1942.
The leaders of the RN responded to the challenges to the Fleet Air Arm posed by operations against the Germans in the Mediterranean and the Japanese in the Indian Ocean by creating the Future Building Committee (FBC), chaired by the Deputy First Sea Lord, in July 1942. The FBC was “the only organization within the Admiralty charged with the overall review of British naval requirements,” and its deliberations supported those of the Joint (i.e., Royal Air Force/Royal Navy) Technical Committee. At the end of 1942, the Joint Technical Committee had accepted the idea that future strike aircraft would be significantly heavier, and it recommended that all future carrier aircraft therefore be designed to use rocket-assisted takeoff equipment. The committee also approved an increased carrier-landing speed for all aircraft. In February 1943, the FBC specified that “carrier interceptor fighters should be the equals (in performance) of their land counterparts,” which implied significant increases in the size and weight of carrier fighters. In March 1943, the Aircraft Design Subcommittee of the FBC was split off to become a distinct organization—the Naval Aircraft Design Committee. This committee was an “early proponent of the catapult as the primary means of launching aircraft” from carriers.
Also in 1943, the RN’s famous test pilot Eric Brown successfully landed a combat-loaded, twin-engine Sea Mosquito fighter on a carrier, and the Future Building Committee recommended that the Mosquito design be modified to create a long-range carrier fighter equipped with radar.
The resulting aircraft, christened Sea Hornet, first flew in April 1945. In September 1944 the First Sea Lord, Adm. Andrew B. Cunningham, asked the chief of the RAF’s Air Staff to provide the RN with Mosquitoes modified for use on carriers. Admiral Cunningham was thinking in early 1945 about long-range attacks from RN carriers against Japanese bases like Singapore. The Admiralty asked for two hundred Sea Mosquitoes “for delivery in 1945 and 250 to follow in 1946.”
That same month (September 1944), the Naval Aircraft Design Committee recommended to the Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP) that it develop a jet interceptor for use from carriers. The members of the committee were aware that “such a fighter would demand catapult-only launching and that no other aircraft could be within thirty feet of it when its engine opened up to full power,” but they felt that the better air-to-air performance of the jet would more than compensate for the problems created by operating it from existing and planned carriers. By late 1944, the MAP had stopped work on new piston-engine designs and was focused on jet turbines and turboprops. In December 1944, the Naval Aircraft Design Committee “proposed that future naval aircraft be designed without undercarriages, to land on soft (flexible) decks,” and in February 1945 the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) at Farnborough “concluded that any future high-performance naval fighter would have to be a pure jet, and that requirements for takeoff, military load, and landing speed would have to be modified.”
Things were moving fast. By 7 June 1945, the Naval Aircraft Department of the RAE had developed a “Proposed Programme of Experimental Work” for determining whether a carrier could operate jets without undercarriages. The “target for flying trials under seagoing conditions” was May 1946. This project was sent forward to the MAP with an endorsement by the director of the RAE two days later. On 4 July, engineer Lewis Boddington, who headed the Naval Aircraft Department at RAE, completed a paper entitled “Assisted Take-off for Future Naval Aircraft,” which he presented on 17 July to the Naval Aircraft Research Subcommittee of the Naval Aircraft Design Committee. He put his main point right up front: “The large increase in take-off speed which will result from the developments in the aircraft and its power plant, and the resulting necessity to remove the present free-deck take-off restrictions will demand assisted take-off under all conditions.”
Boddington’s paper laid out many of the engineering problems entailed by operating jets from carriers, especially the need for catapult launchings that would not be so violent as to damage an aircraft’s structure and the need safely to recover planes landing with their engines running. He argued, first, that “future aircraft will have no undercarriage and will land on flexible decks,” and, second, that “the solution of the problem giving the best handling and deck operating conditions will be a landing deck immediately under which will be the take-off deck. Ranged aircraft for take-off will not obstruct any landing operations.” By 12 July, the deputy director of RAE’s Panel on Flexible Landing Decks had reviewed the feasibility of an approach technique for a carrier with an (as yet only conceptual) flexible deck and had decided to recommend trials of actual landings using jet aircraft.
On 18 September 1945, Boddington presented a second paper for the Naval Aircraft Research Subcommittee, “Landing of Future Naval Aircraft.” As he observed, “The object of this note is to briefly present the problems of landing on a carrier deck in the future and discuss the effects on the equipment and carrier design.” His argument was that the development of jet aircraft “will result in a new approach technique ending in flight parallel to the deck and engaging the mechanical arresting gear under ‘flying’ conditions.” His paper provided the conceptual justification for the angled flight deck. As he noted, “To cover for the baulked landing, the jet engine will be running at 90% full revs….Non-engagement of the wire will allow the pilot to take-off [sic]again depending on the deck arrangements (barriers, parks, etc.) and the carrier design.” To allow a plane that had missed the arresting gear to get back in the air safely, the flexible deck that Boddington advocated would have to be located away from the deck park. His solution—already proposed—was to have “separate landing and take-off decks.”
Boddington also understood that jet aircraft would require more powerful catapults. In Britain, catapult development was shared between the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough and the Engineer-in-Chief Department of the Royal Navy. About 1943 Farnborough began experimenting with a new kind of catapult (Type K) using a flywheel to store energy. In 1946, the catapult engineers supervised by Boddington also explored the potential of gas turbines as power sources for carrier catapults.
As the Allied armies had surged across northern France in the fall of 1944, they had encountered the fixed sites built by the Germans to launch V-1 missiles against London. The missile’s pulse-jet engine could not function until it reached a set speed, about 150 mph. Thus the catapults built by the Germans were not too different from what a streamlined jet, with a similar takeoff speed, might require. Unlike the explosive-driven catapults then in use in the U.S. Navy for launching scout planes from cruisers and battleships, the German catapult applied its force directly to the airplane. It was a tube with a slot running along its upper side. A reaction in the tube pushed a piston along it, and the piston was hooked through the slot to the airplane. In the German case, the reaction was the decomposition of concentrated (“high-test”) hydrogen peroxide, which the British called HTP. This was one of several German applications of HTP, others being as an oxidant in the Me-163 rocket fighter and as an oxidant in the Walter closed-cycle U-boat. In each case, HTP showed lethal properties that more or less disqualified it if any alternative could be found.
The British report on the V-1 catapult was written by C. C. Mitchell, at that time a Royal Navy reservist but in peacetime a catapult designer in an Edinburgh engineering firm that produced what the RN referred to as “accelerators” for use on carriers. He had patented a slotted-tube catapult, which he called a “popgun” catapult, in 1938, but the RN had not adopted it. After the war, while working for Brown Brothers (also in Edinburgh), he realized that steam from a ship’s propulsion plant could substitute for the dangerous HTP. He formally proposed such a catapult (it is not clear exactly when) when trials of the Type K showed that the weight of existing hydro-pneumatic catapults was growing faster than their capacity to launch aircraft at high speeds. After 1947 the British formally chose the slotted-tube steam catapult as the sole direction for future development. By 1950, the prototype, christened BXS.1, was ready for testing on HMS Perseus, a war-built light carrier now used for experiments.
The Royal Navy used low-temperature, low-pressure steam on all of its existing carriers, as well as those under construction. Low steam pressure made it easier to build a gasket that would hold the steam inside a slotted-cylinder catapult as the steam drove the piston—attached to the airplane—forward. However, low steam temperature and pressure made for poor efficiency in ship propulsion. The U.S. Navy used much higher steam temperature and pressure in its carriers’ boilers, which made them more efficient thermodynamically and therefore increased the carriers’ endurance—a valuable capability in the Pacific War against Japan. Wartime contact with the U.S. Navy convinced the British to develop a new generation of high-pressure steam plants for their late-war and postwar fleets.
Because Mitchell’s catapult was adapted to the conditions of earlier British ships, it was by no means obvious that steam was the appropriate choice if new British carriers using higher steam pressures were built. Similarly, American observers of British catapult development knew that it was by no means obvious that a catapult adapted to British steam systems would succeed on board an American carrier. Wartime U.S. Navy boilers operated at about three times the temperature and twice the pressure of British plants, and by 1950 the U.S. Navy was contemplating doubling the pressure used during wartime, to 1,200 pounds per square inch.
British wartime analysis produced the conceptual foundation for the modern aircraft carrier operating high-performance jet aircraft. Because jets accelerated slowly, jet aircraft would need assistance at takeoff. Because jets landed at higher speeds and needed to do so with their turbines turning over at close to maximum revolutions per minute, the axial deck—with the deck park forward, shielded by a barrier—had to be modified. In effect, the Royal Navy had defined the “problem set” by the end of the summer of 1945. From that point forward, attention focused on possible solutions.
The choice of the steam catapult coincided with the beginning of design work on carrier modernization. As originally envisaged, modernization would have combined a steam catapult, new heavier-duty arresting gear, and a U.S.-style deck-edge elevator, the latter to provide an easier flow of aircraft between hangar deck and flight deck. For the British, the new elevator—the one major American-inspired element of modernization—was by far the most expensive part of the project. It was incompatible with the enclosed, protected hangars that had formed the cores of the existing British fleet carriers. To install the U.S.-style elevator the British had to remove the carrier’s flight deck and tear open its hangar deck. That they were willing to do so suggests the extent to which they considered the U.S. wartime experience, rather than their own, the key to the future In effect, the Royal Navy ended World War II with a policy of developing jet aircraft to replace propeller-driven types; experimenting with the flexible and angled flexible deck; and placing steam catapults in its new and modernized aircraft carriers. A lack of funds limited the speed with which these innovations could be developed, tested, and installed. However, incremental development of new equipment and techniques, rather than concurrent development, allowed RN engineers and aviators to identify problems and potential “dead ends” before large sums had been appropriated or spent.
A classic “dead end” they encountered was the “carpet,” or flexible, flight deck, which was tested successfully at sea on the carrier Warrior in the fall and winter of 1948-49.23 The combination of the flexible deck and jet fighters without landing gear appeared successful, but it had a major flaw. As Rear Adm. Dennis R.F. Cambell, RN, who is closely identified with the origin of the angled deck for carriers, put it years later:
It soon became obvious that there was a world of difference between one-off trials [of the flexible flight deck proposed by Lewis Boddington] and practical front-line operation. Two major points needed to be resolved—how were aircraft with no wheels to be dealt with ashore? . . . The one other big problem was how to ensure that speed of operation wasn’t to be sacrificed by imposing some elaborate mechanical substitute for the previous easy routine of just taxying [sic] forward into the deck parks; and the vulnerability of the whole scheme was surely obvious.
Moreover, it took a very skilled pilot to put his aircraft down on the “carpet” safely. For example, in the first test of the flexible rubber deck at Farnborough at the end of December 1947, RAE’s test pilot, Eric Brown, crashed his aircraft. Brown was fortunate to survive, and his description of what happened is vivid:
After crossing the arrester wire the plane continued to swing nose-down towards the deck and plunged into it with such violence that the nose completely vanished and penetrated right down to the bottom layer. . . . Then it was thrown harshly up again in a nose-up attitude. I opened it up to full power and was climbing away safely when I realized that the stick was jammed solid, with the elevators keeping the plane in a nose-up attitude. I throttled back gently and she settled on to the grass ahead of the deck. The crash split the cockpit all round me.
This initial accident, however, was followed by many successful attempts, once formal tests began again at Farnborough in March 1948. Brown says in his memoir (Wings on My Sleeve) that he made forty successful landings on the flexible deck at Farnborough in the spring and summer of 1948. By November of that year, the light carrier HMS Warrior had been fitted with a full-scale flexible deck, and Brown landed a small jet fighter (a Vampire) on it. As his memoirs have it, “The plane’s belly scraped the wire, the hook caught. The arrester wire and the deck had been deliberately set hard and the chock was uncomfortable, though only for a split second.” Not all his landings were as successful, but Brown nevertheless came away from the trials confident that the system would work. He noted in his official report, “It may even be that future swept-back and delta plan form aircraft will be forced to adopt this method of landing on carriers, since all calculations point to serious wheeled landing problems on such aircraft.”
Films of Brown landing his aircraft on the flexible deck were shown to staff in the U.S. Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics when Lewis Boddington and two colleagues visited the United States in March 1949. The British team members spent most of their time at the naval aviation test center at Patuxent River, Maryland, the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, and five aircraft manufacturing firms—Grumman, McDonnell, Chance Vought, Douglas, and North American. In his report of the trip, Boddington noted that “discussions were at all times free and open” and that “in general, similar methods of solving difficulties [were] in progress in both countries.” Facilitating this exchange of ideas was Capt. Frederick Trapnell, who had commanded an escort carrier in World War II and was in March 1949 the chief test pilot at Patuxent River.
The discussions among the technical specialists went into great detail and covered such topics as carrier-landing approach techniques, the coordination problems associated with high-speed approaches, the gravitational forces imposed on airplane structures by arrested landings and catapulted takeoffs, safe and functional barriers to shield the already-recovered aircraft in the deck park from those still landing, the problems associated with getting a jet to an adequate airspeed at the end of its catapult run, and the difficulties of moving increasingly heavy aircraft around on a carrier’s flight deck. Boddington and his colleagues observed that it was evident to officers in BuAer that “the direct application of present requirements and methods for catapulting and arresting is not satisfactory,” especially for large (hundred-thousand-pound) aircraft. This need to place very large aircraft on U.S. carriers was based on the formal requirement to develop nuclear-capable bombers. It drew the Americans away from the British, though the two navies otherwise shared the same basic problems that stemmed from the innovations—jet aircraft, radar, and missiles—produced during World War II.
The parallels between the two navies in the immediate postwar period are striking. Because of their wartime experiences, both naval air arms wanted larger, heavier, and longer-range aircraft for their carriers. Both had officers and engineers who believed that it was possible to develop ways to launch and recover high-performance jet aircraft on carriers. Although, as Boddington observed, American engineers in aircraft firms and military and civilian officials were working on similar problems, it was the British who first grasped all the problems entailed in adapting existing carriers to jet aircraft. Their initial solution to this set of problems—the flexible landing deck—did not survive careful scrutiny, but the idea of the slightly offset flexible deck led to the angled deck, and it was the angled deck that opened the way for the large modern carrier.
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As technology advances, the line between science fiction and reality becomes blurred. What was once thought impossible has become commonplace, and our understanding of the world is changing at an unprecedented rate. One of the most significant changes has been the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration into every aspect of our lives. From voice assistants to self-driving cars, AI is changing the way we live and work, and it’s only going to become more prevalent in the years to come. But with this new age of AI comes new challenges, and we must prepare for what lies ahead.
The Intelligence Delta: The Haves and Have Nots
AI is quickly becoming the new dividing line in society. Those who have access to the latest technology and can afford to invest in AI research are pulling ahead of those who cannot. This gap is only going to widen as the capabilities of AI continue to grow. In the future, the most significant source of inequality will be the intelligence delta between the haves and have nots.
To mitigate this gap, governments and private companies must work together to ensure that everyone has access to the benefits of AI. This means investing in research and development, ensuring that everyone has access to training and education, and creating regulations to prevent monopolies from forming. If we don’t take action now, we risk creating a society where the few hold all the power, and the rest are left behind.
The “Suma” for a New Age
One of the most significant benefits of AI is the ability to collect and analyze vast amounts of data. This data can be used to solve some of the world’s most pressing problems, from climate change to poverty. But to do this, we need a new kind of tool, a “Suma” for a new age.
A Suma, or Synthetic Universal Measurement and Analysis system, would be a powerful tool for understanding complex systems and predicting their behavior. By integrating AI with real-world data, Suma could help us solve problems that were once thought impossible. Imagine a world where we could predict natural disasters before they happen or find new treatments for diseases faster than ever before. Suma could be the key to unlocking this future.
Mitigating Evils and Bad Actors
But with every new technology comes the potential for abuse. AI is no exception. Bad actors could use AI to spread misinformation, manipulate public opinion, and even create new weapons. To prevent this from happening, we need to be vigilant and take steps to mitigate the risks.
One way to do this is by creating regulations that ensure AI is used responsibly. We need to create ethical guidelines for AI research and development, and we need to hold companies accountable when they violate these guidelines. We also need to invest in AI safety research, so we can identify potential risks before they become problems.
The Promise of a New AI-Powered Future
Despite the risks, the promise of a new AI-powered future is too great to ignore. AI has the potential to transform every aspect of our lives, from healthcare to transportation. It could help us solve some of the most significant challenges facing humanity, from climate change to poverty. AI could even help us unlock the secrets of the universe and discover new forms of life.
To realize this future, we need to invest in AI research and development. We need to create a culture of innovation that encourages risk-taking and experimentation. And we need to ensure that everyone has access to the benefits of AI, not just the privileged few.
From the “Industrial Age” to the “Star Age”
We are living in a time of transition, from the industrial age to the new “star age.” The industrial age was defined by mass production and the rise of capitalism. It created vast wealth but also significant inequality. The new “star age” will be defined by the integration of technology into every aspect of our lives, and the rise of AI will be the driving force behind this transition.
The new age will be characterized by rapid change, constant innovation, and a focus on solving the world’s most significant problems. It will be a time of unprecedented scientific discovery and exploration, as we use AI to unlock the secrets of the universe and push the boundaries of what is possible.
However, this new age will also be defined by significant challenges, such as the widening intelligence delta and the potential for AI to be used for malicious purposes. We must be prepared to face these challenges and find solutions that ensure the benefits of AI are distributed equitably and that AI is used ethically.
The Star Child: An Evolutionary Branch of Homo Sapiens
As AI becomes more prevalent in our lives, it will also change the way we think and evolve as a species. The Star Children, a new evolutionary branch of Homo Sapiens, will emerge as a result of this change.
The Star Children will have an innate understanding of AI and its capabilities, and they will be able to integrate AI into their lives seamlessly. They will be the innovators and creators of the new “star age,” pushing the boundaries of what is possible and shaping the future of humanity.
But the emergence of the Star Children also raises significant ethical questions. Will they be viewed as a separate species? Will they have rights that are different from those of Homo Sapiens? And how will society adapt to this new evolutionary branch?
These are questions that we must answer as we move forward into the new age of AI. We must ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed equitably and that we do not create a society where the privileged few hold all the power.
The future of thought is bright, but it is also fraught with challenges. The rise of AI will change every aspect of our lives, from the way we work to the way we think and evolve as a species.
To ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed equitably and that AI is used ethically, we must invest in AI research and development, create ethical guidelines for AI, and hold companies accountable when they violate these guidelines.
We are living in a time of transition, from the Industrial Age to the new “Star Age.” The emergence of the Star Children will be a defining characteristic of this new age, and we must be prepared to face the challenges that come with it.
The future of thought is in our hands, and we must ensure that we use AI to create a better future for all.
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Type 2 diabetes means your pancreas is not producing enough insulin or the insulin it does produce is not being taken up by the cells. The primary role of insulin is to regulate blood sugar – the main type of sugar found in blood. Consistently high blood sugar levels can have a devastating impact on the body so people with diabetes must find alternative means of controlling blood sugar levels.
Diet provides a crucial lever in lowering high blood sugar levels.
Specific items have been shown to possess blood sugar-lowering capabilities, such as pomegranate juice.
“Although the effects of pomegranate juice on type 2 diabetic conditions have been reported, a clinical study focusing on the short-term effects on different diabetic variables is still needed,” researchers wrote in a study published to the journal Elsevier.
To remedy this, they set out to assess whether pomegranate juice consumption would decrease blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetic patients three hours after juice ingestion.
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The study demonstrated the direct effect of “fresh” pomegranate juice on blood sugar and insulin levels in type 2 diabetes patients.
Blood samples from 85 participants with type 2 diabetes were collected after a 12-hour fast, then one and three hours after administration of 1.5 mL of pomegranate juice, per kg body weight.
Generally, the results demonstrated decreased blood sugar levels and decreased insulin resistance among type 2 diabetes participants three hours after pomegranate juice administration, the researchers wrote.
The effect appeared to be more marked in participants who had lower blood sugar levels to begin with.
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“The effect of PJ [pomegranate juice] was also not affected by the sex of the patient and was less potent in elderly patients,” the researchers wrote.
“In conclusion, this work offers some encouragement for T2D [type 2 diabetes] patients regarding PJ consumption as an additional contribution to control glucose levels.”
General tips to lower high blood sugar levels
There’s nothing you cannot eat if you have type 2 diabetes, but you’ll have to limit certain foods.
The worst culprits are foods that rank high on the glycaemic index (GI) – a rating system for foods containing carbohydrates.
They include some fruit and vegetables, pulses and wholegrain foods, such as porridge oats.
Physical exercise helps lower your blood sugar level. “You should aim for 2.5 hours of activity a week,” advises the NHS.
Type 2 diabetes – do you have it?
Many people have type 2 diabetes without realising. This is because symptoms do not necessarily make you feel unwell.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include:
- Peeing more than usual, particularly at night
- Feeling thirsty all the time
- Feeling very tired
- Losing weight without trying to
- Itching around your penis or vagina, or repeatedly getting thrush
- Cuts or wounds taking longer to heal
- Blurred vision.
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Estimated reading time: 6 minutes
If you plan on living through a major disaster or economic collapse, you’re going to need a certain amount of ingenuity. Almost everything around you has multiple uses if you know how to think outside the box. Nothing is “just a can” or “just a bag” or “just a milk jug.” Everything can be something more if you know how.
In a post-disaster world where the sanitation service is unreliable at best, you’ll need to recycle and repurpose as much trash as possible. But you should practice doing this now because after the SHTF you might not have time to sit around reading survival books and articles. Here, then, are 18 survival and homestead uses for milk jugs.
1. Make a Mini-Shovel
There are a couple ways to do this. You can leave the cap on and cut diagonally below the handle like this, or you can cut off the handle and the side of the jug below the handle like this. The first method is a little more sturdy, but do what you like. This works best with loose, light soil. You could also use this scoop to clean out ash from a fire pit.
2. Mini-Greenhouses for Plants
If you’ve planted your seeds and they’ve sprouted but it’s still a little chilly outside, cut off the bottom of a milk jug and place it over the plant. The plastic will act as a mini-greenhouse and keep the plant protected from the cold.
3. Keep Plants Warm at Night
Fill jugs with water and place them around young plants in the garden in early spring. During the day, the water will heat up because of the sunlight. At night when the temperatures drop, the heat from the water will help protect the young plants from the chilly night.
4. As Plant Containers
Cut off the top half of a jug and poke four X-shaped holes into the bottom using a razor blade. Now you can fill it with soil and grow a plant on your windowsill or wherever you prefer. But if you have your plants inside, be sure to use a drain tray so you don’t get water everywhere.
5. As a Drain Tray
Cut off the bottom half of a milk jug and place one or more plant pots inside. This way you can capture and reuse the water that drains out of your plant pots. Since there’s a bump in the bottom of most milk jugs, add some gravel to level it out.
6. As a Watering Can
You could also use milk jugs to water your plants. Just poke a couple dozens holes near the top of the jug and in the cap, fill it with water, screw on the cap, turn it over and let the water flow.
7. Make Some Compost Tea for Your Plants
Simply add a bit of compost to the milk jug, fill it up with water, and let it sit in the sun for a day or two. Water your plants with the compost tea to give them a healthy boost of nutrients without using any fertilizer.
8. As Weights to Hold Things Down
Fill the jugs with dirt or water, put the caps on, and use them to hold down row covers or tarps. Windmills or other yard décor that tend to blow over in the wind can also be tied to milk jug anchors to keep them in place.
9. To Store Plant Fertilizer
This ensures you don’t accidentally use a watering can that has fertilizer mixed in on plants you’re trying to grow organically, or accidentally use a jug that your family uses for drinking water. Use a Sharpie to mark the jug as “plant fertilizer.”
10. Store Food
Fill your old milk jugs with things like rice, flour, sugar, coffee, oatmeal, etc. But first, thoroughly wash the jug out with soap and water and set it in the sun for an hour to make sure it’s completely dry. This isn’t ideal for long-term food storage, but it’s convenient for foods you eat on a regular basis. You might need a funnel to get the food in there.
11. As a Funnel
Cut off the bottom just below the handle, remove the cap, flip it over and you’ll have a funnel with a handle. Use it in the kitchen or the garage or wherever else you need it.
12. Keep Your Things Organized
Cut off the tops and fill the jugs with bolts, screws, nails, and whatnot. You could also use the jug to hold your sewing notions. If you have the space, screw the jugs to the wall to free up space on your work bench. If you’re going on a picnic, cut the base off a jug and place napkins in it. Then stack another base on that for your plasticware, and another base on that for sandwiches, etc.
13. Make Fishing Bobbers
This is a great way to multitask. Put your line out with your giant bobber, then get busying chopping wood or building a fire on the shore while you wait. You can’t miss the big white milk jug bobbing up and down when you get a bite.
14. Use as a Water Marker
Empty the jug, screw on the cap, tie a string or fishing line to the handle, and tie the other end to an anchor such as a heavy rock. The jug will float on the water and mark a spot you need to be aware of, such as the spot where there’s a thick stand of seaweed or the place where a large rock scrapes the bottom of your boat.
15. Make Outdoor Lights
This is easy. Just cut off the top half, fill the bottom with a layer of sand, and set a short candle on the sand (preferably a votive candle).
16. Fill the Empty Spaces in Your Freezer
Just fill up the jugs with water (not completely, since water expands when frozen) and put them in your freezer. Your freezer operates more efficiently when it’s full, and if the power goes out it will take a lot longer to defrost. Once it does, you’ll have cold drinking water.
17. Make a Blender
You can make ice cream, smoothies, or milkshakes in a jug. Add your ingredients, put the cap back on, and shake it vigorously. For ice cream or thick shakes, you may need to cut off the top to get the creamy goodness.
18. Make a Dustpan
Cut off the lower half of the jug on the handle side like this. The bottom that will lie against the floor should be flat. Hold the handle at an angle and sweep dirt and debris into the jug. Keep the cap on to keep dirt from going right out the top.
These are just a few of the ways you can reuse old milk jugs. You can probably think of several more as you go about your daily duties around the house and in the garden. If you do, leave a comment and let us know!
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Report on Poas (Costa Rica) — 3 September-9 September 2014
Smithsonian Institution / US Geological Survey
Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 3 September-9 September 2014
Managing Editor: Sally Sennert.
Please cite this report as:
Global Volcanism Program, 2014. Report on Poas (Costa Rica) (Sennert, S, ed.). Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 3 September-9 September 2014. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey.
10.2°N, 84.233°W; summit elev. 2697 m
All times are local (unless otherwise noted)
OVSICORI-UNA reported that three consecutive phreatic eruptions occurred within the crater lake of Poás on 27 August, each within 2 minutes of the previous one. One explosion generated a plume up to 200 m above the surface of the lake. Based on seismic energy released, this event was similar to the eruption on 1 June, one of the largest of the year which partially destroyed a gas-measuring station.
OVSICORI-UNA noted that phreatic eruptions from Poás tended to occur impulsively, have short durations (within 5-10 seconds), and frequently lack precursory activity.
Geological Summary. The broad vegetated edifice of Poás, one of the most active volcanoes of Costa Rica, contains three craters along a N-S line. The frequently visited multi-hued summit crater lakes of the basaltic-to-dacitic volcano are easily accessible by vehicle from the nearby capital city of San José. A N-S-trending fissure cutting the complex stratovolcano extends to the lower N flank, where it has produced the Congo stratovolcano and several lake-filled maars. The southernmost of the two summit crater lakes, Botos, last erupted about 7,500 years ago. The more prominent geothermally heated northern lake, Laguna Caliente, is one of the world's most acidic natural lakes, with a pH of near zero. It has been the site of frequent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions since an eruption was reported in 1828. Eruptions often include geyser-like ejections of crater-lake water.
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Since 1974, the Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network has been an electronic funds-transfer system operated by the former National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA).
In the United States, the ACH payment system facilitates ACH transactions for payroll, direct deposit, tax refunds, consumer bills, tax payments, and various other payment services. To read more about AGMARK, click here.
How the ACH Network Functions
NACHA is a self-regulatory organisation that manages, develops, administers, and rules for the ACH Network. The operating rules of the organisation are intended to facilitate growth in the size and scope of electronic payments within the network.
The ACH Network is an electronic system that serves financial institutions in the United States to facilitate financial transactions. It represents over 10,000 financial institutions, and in 2019, ACH transactions totalled more than $55 trillion, enabling nearly 25 billion electronic financial transactions.
The ACH Network serves as a financial hub, allowing individuals and businesses to transfer funds from one bank account to another. ACH transactions include direct deposits and direct payments and business-to-business (B2B) and government-to-consumer (G2C) transactions.
An originator uses the ACH Network to initiate a direct deposit or direct payment transaction. Individuals, organisations, and government agencies can be the originators of ACH transactions, including debit or credit. The originating depository financial institution (ODFI), also known as the originator’s bank, accepts the ACH transaction and batches it with other ACH transactions to be sent out at regular intervals throughout the day.
The ODFI sends a batch of ACH transactions to an ACH operator, either the Federal Reserve or a clearinghouse, including the originator’s transaction. The ACH operator sorts the collection and makes the transactions available to the intended recipient’s bank or financial institution, also known as the receiving depository financial institution (RDFI). The transaction is received by the recipient’s bank account, which reconciles both accounts and concludes the process.
Benefits of the ACH Network
Because the ACH Network groups financial transactions and processes them at regular intervals throughout the day, online transactions are swift and straightforward. The average ACH debit transaction settles within one business day, and the average ACH credit transaction determines within one to two business days, according to NACHA rules.
The use of the ACH network to facilitate electronic money transfers has improved the efficiency and timeliness of government and business transactions. ACH transfers have recently made it easier and less expensive for individuals to send money to each other directly from their bank accounts via direct deposit transfer or e-check.
Personal banking services traditionally took two or three business days for funds to clear, but in 2016, NACHA started to roll out same-day ACH settlements in three stages. Phase 3, which began in March 2018, requires RDFIs to make same-day ACH credit and debit transactions available for withdrawal to the receiver no later than 5 p.m. in the RDFI’s local time on the transaction’s settlement date subject to the right of return under NACHA rules. Do you want to know what is advertising, click here to read about it.
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Biting the tongue during sleep is a common phenomenon that can be a source of discomfort and concern for many people. While the exact causes of tongue biting during sleep are not fully understood, there are several factors that may contribute to this condition.
One possible cause of tongue biting during sleep is bruxism, which is the involuntary clenching or grinding of the teeth during sleep. This condition can be caused by stress, anxiety, or other underlying medical conditions. Bruxism can also lead to other symptoms such as headaches, jaw pain, and tooth sensitivity.
Another possible cause of tongue biting during sleep is sleep apnea, a condition in which breathing is interrupted during sleep. This can cause the tongue to fall back into the throat, leading to tongue biting and other symptoms such as loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness.
In addition to these medical conditions, certain medications and substances can also contribute to tongue biting during sleep. For example, alcohol and sedatives can cause muscle relaxation and impaired coordination, which can increase the likelihood of tongue biting.
Individuals who experience tongue biting during sleep should consult with a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause of their symptoms. Treatment options may include medication, therapy, or lifestyle modifications such as stress reduction techniques or changes to sleep habits.
It is also important to practice good oral hygiene and seek dental care as needed. Frequent tongue biting can lead to irritation and sores on the tongue, which can be painful and increase the risk of infection.
In conclusion, tongue biting during sleep is a common condition that can be caused by a variety of factors. Seeking medical attention and practicing good oral hygiene can help alleviate symptoms and prevent further complications.
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Ride towards a great future
There’s something truly magical about your child’s first few unsupported metres on a bike! In fact, it’s hard to know who is most proud – parents or child? Either way, the best thing about learning to ride is that once learned, never forgotten!
At the beginning of anyone’s two-wheeled journey, the fundamental aim is to instill the love for cycling into your child. Keep reading to find out how you can be proactive in helping your child’s development on a bike.
Let’s begin by covering a few basic pointers: As your child’s first cycling endeavors can often be characterized by worry or even fear of falling off, it’s crucial to create a safe and encouraging environment:
- Make sure they are riding a child-specific bike; not only does this guarantee safety and smiles, it also drastically improves the speed with which they’ll pick it up. Check out this article for what makes a good child-specific bike.
- Tumbles are inevitable. But a little crash every now and again should not result in injuries. For this reason: always wear a helmet! Double-check it is fitted correctly on your child's head. Cycling gloves and knee and elbow protectors are also sensible for added protection from bruises and scratches. They will also boost your child’s confidence.
- Pick a practice area that’s away from traffic and free of any potentially stress-inducing elements. Look for a courtyard, park or pedestrianized road. Avoid tarmac if possible; using a grassy area, lawn or patch of woodland will be less intimidating for the little crash pilot on their first few wobbly attempts.
- No stabilizers or training wheels, please! Just because rickety training wheels were once the norm for our generation, that does not mean they should be inflicted on our children. By riding with training wheels, your child is granted a false sense of security, which ultimately has a counterintuitive effect on how they develop their balance skills. Later down the line, the transition to a pedal bike will be more difficult as your child will have to re-learn how to balance. We therefore stand by our recommendation:
All hail balance bikes!
Thanks to balance bikes, learning to ride as a kid is so much easier these days! Why’s that, you ask? Because it’s just playing. By riding one of these miraculous inventions, kids are acquainted with the fundamentals of cycling in the most fun way imaginable and get a gentle introduction to just how good it feels to glide over the ground.
- In their earliest attempts, your child will probably keep their feet on the ground or simply prop the balance bike between their legs and shuffle along.
- But once their confidence grows, they’ll begin to lift their feet off the ground more often as they train their sense of balance.
- Within no time at all, your child will be able to cover increasing distances, continuing to develop their balance skills and even brave some changes in direction.
- We highly recommend that their balance bike is equipped with child-specific rim brakes – this introduces them to hand-operated braking right from the start, which means one less skill to learn when they move up to a pedal bike. If you’re in any doubt about what type of brakes are best for kids, we have outlined the drawbacks of coaster brakes and explain our standpoint in this article.
Sturdy shoes are also important because their feet will probably be used for braking at the beginning. If you’re in any doubt about what type of brakes are best for kids, we have outlined the drawbacks of coaster brakes and explain our standpoint in this article.
On your pedals, ready, go!
Once they have mastered balance biking, the only thing left is the small matter of pedalling – a skill usually acquired in record time! But don’t worry; even if your child is not a balance bike graduate, this will not stop them from making a success of pedalling! Here goes:
- Make time to show your child how pedaling works. Do this by lifting the rear wheel and turning the cranks. This shows your child how the cranks and wheels work together. Now show them what happens when you brake. We are guessing that by now, they will be very keen to have a go at pedaling.
- It’s totally normal that your child will be a little wound-up before their first attempt at riding. You can boost their confidence by gently resting your hands on their shoulders, or supporting the saddle as you run or walk alongside them. Once they pick up some speed, they’ll balance without realizing it!
- Now you are just moments away from the magic! Once they master the pedalling motion and how to keep balance, your support will no longer be needed – now is the time to raise your hands as your child rides on their own. Stay alongside them to help them stop safely, or to keep them upright and prevent a crash if they look as though they are at risk of toppling to one side.
- After a few tries, it’s time for them to brake independently. Encourage them to use the brake lever before putting their feet on the ground.
- Some children find it hard to push off freely from stationary. Try this approach: the dominant leg needs to be at 1’o clock when they’re ready to push off. From here, use that leg to push down on the pedal while raising their free leg off the ground at the same time. Alternatively, your child could try a rolling start – like on a balance bike – and simply raise their feet onto the pedals when they have reached a good speed. This is best practiced on a gentle downhill slope.
As the observing adult, it’s important for us to act casual at this early stage in their learning. Be patient and offer words of encouragement if needed – it might not always be straightforward. Make sure your expectations are not too high; regular short bursts of practice for a few minutes at a time will work. Being in an environment with lots of other kids on bikes could also provide additional motivation, with contagious enthusiasm and a high likelihood that your child will pick up some useful tips.
As time goes on, your child will feel more and more confident before they eventually yell with pride: “Look, I’m riding a bike!”
When is the right time for my child to learn how to ride a bike?
Young children are yet to fully develop their cognitive and motor processes. This includes skills that are fundamental to cycling – such as keeping balance, dexterity of hands and fingers, reaction times and sense of orientation. As such, the right moment depends less on a child’s age and more on a child’s current state of development. Some children won’t learn how to ride a bike until they start primary school, whereas others will cruise comfortably on a balance bike at the age of three or four – already in a fit state to transition to a pedal bike. If you try to rush the process with a child that lacks sufficient motor skills, there is a risk that it becomes too much like hard work, or – worse still – they develop a sense of fear or anxiety at the prospect of riding a bike. As this is something we’d like to avoid at all costs, the best thing is to continue having fun on the balance bike until your child is truly ready for the transition.
In general, the speed of your child’s learning should be dictated by their motivation and fueled by their inspiration for two wheels. Attempting to speed up this process through pressure could result in the opposite.
By including your child in the family passion for bike rides from a very young age – whether in a child’s seat or bike trailer – means that they are highly likely to develop a genuine fascination for cycling, simply by being in the moment and surrounded by two wheels.
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For your Research Paper, select one aspect of cultural diversity from the following list that you would like to study:
* (For improved memory and increased awareness, remember the mnemonic, GARREACS.)
Once you have chosen one aspect of cultural diversity to study in depth, prepare a Research Paper with the following components:
Summarize the pertinent historical, political, social, economic and cultural factors related to your chosen aspect of diversity.
Consider and summarize any relevant developmental theory models related to your chosen aspect of diversity.
In regard to your chosen aspect of diversity, identify and evaluate the relevant laws or programs that have either helped or restricted access to care and support.
Evaluate how your chosen aspect of diversity, in combination with two other aspects of diversity, can lead to increased needs or issues. For example, if someone is female, African American, and lesbian, will there be additional challenges? Select any combination of 3 aspects of diversity to discuss.
Describe at least two resources currently available in your area for someone needing special services related to your chosen aspect of diversity.
Explain how your personal characteristics will either complement or conflict with this diversity issue. Consider your own biases and prejudices or those of your family of origin.
Discuss relevant concerns, cautions or insights necessary for you to be a culturally competent human service professional.
Writing the Research Paper
The Research Paper:
Must be eight- to ten double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title page with the following:
Title of paper
Course name and number
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement.
Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
Must use at least seven scholarly sources.
Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
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GLEN COVE, NY—Like Popes Pius VI and VII, Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) faced anti-Catholic revolutionaries. His enemies were Italian rather than French, but their ideals and their hatred of the Church and the old social order were the same as those faced by these two Popes. The Catholic Church bestowed the title “Blessed” on him in 2000 in recognition of his holy life and a miracle attributed to his prayers.
He was elected Pope in 1846 and perceived as a liberal reformer. Initially, he did make some reforms, but he quickly realized that liberals and revolutionaries were untrustworthy. A revolutionary uprising in Rome in 1849 resulted in a brief Republic and sacrileges in Saint Peter’s Basilica.
By 1860, the more radical forces and the anti-Catholic liberals had made common cause behind a newly created Kingdom of Italy. In that year, this anti-Catholic Kingdom initiated a war against the Pope and seized two large regions from him.
The year 1871 was one of dire events for the Church. In Paris, the Communards seized power and murdered their archbishop. The new German Reich took the first tentative steps toward the Kulturkampf, which would ripen into a full blown anti-Catholic persecution that drove much of the German clergy into exile. The Kingdom of Italy seized Rome.
The Blessed Pius IX excommunicated the government and king of the Kingdom of Italy. He lived the last seven years of his life as a prisoner in the Vatican, unable to leave without fearing for his life. When he died in 1873, Italian revolutionaries unsuccessfully attempted to ambush his funeral procession and throw his body in the Tiber.
His vast legacy includes the condemnation of Modernism (a heresy that would allow Christianity to be changed to fit the fashions of the time), the solemn definition of the Immaculate Conception, and the convocation of the First Vatican Council. The Council defined, among other things, the unchangeable nature of dogma and the infallibility of solemn dogmatic definitions by the Pope; the Holy Ghost preserves the Pope and the bishops from certain forms of error. Vatican I also proclaimed that once a council of the bishops of the Church provides a solemn formulation of one of the doctrines of Christianity, the meaning cannot be changed by reason of the progress of knowledge.
In the process of conferring the title of “Blessed” on Pius IX in 2000, it was discovered that his body was incorrupt. Certain holy people sometimes escape the normal process of decomposition of their bodies, even for centuries, and there is no scientific explanation for this.
The Confederate Lawyer column is copyright © 2009
by Charles G. Mills and the Fitzgerald Griffin Foundation, www.fgfBooks.com.
All rights reserved.
Charles G. Mills is the Judge Advocate or general counsel for the
New York State American Legion. He has forty years of experience in
many trial and appellate courts and has published several articles
about the law.
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Sustainability and Green Business: How MBA Graduates Can Drive Environmental Responsibility
Why shall businesses embrace sustainability?
All organisations worldwide are increasingly concerned about environmental, social and governance issues. According to the McKinsey Global Survey, investment professionals and business executives believe ESG programs will help increase shareholders’ value (Caldera et al. 2019). Additionally, the shareholders will have a higher annual total return. By taking into account how an organisation performs in the social, ecological, and economic surroundings, sustainability in business helps to produce long-term value. In addition, corporate social responsibility also increases as the organisation’s transparency becomes more prominent. Organisations believe in the Triple Bottom Line for measuring their environmental and social impact. The triple bottom line focuses on profit, people and the planet. The firms use these categories to determine the negative impact, if any, they contribute to the environment (Raut et al. 2019). In other words, the companies implement sustainable practices into their business strategies so that it leaves a positive impact on society and it can earn profits in return.
What are the benefits of green business?
Green business has various benefits. It helps in attracting customers because they wish to pay a premium price for green products and services. While providing green products, the companies can build customer loyalty and make more efforts to make the business sustainable (Raut et al. 2019). In other words, sustainability helps eliminate waste and save more money. Workplaces can promote sustainability by recycling ink cartridges, paper, using LED lights instead of fluorescent bulbs, hybrid working, virtual meetings, and the like. In addition to these flexible working environments, improving staff’s mental and physical health, creating a resilient and motivated workforce helps recruitment and retention. Nowadays, organisations prefer having a green strategy as it is significant for investors. Due to this, the business can adopt sustainable policies. Many businesses are growing green to stay ahead of the legislation (Raut et al. 2019). Businesses are aligning with their new sustainable policies to keep the environment around them cleaner and greener. Adopting green marketing strategies helps reduce carbon footprints, which helps save the environment and the triple bottom line.
How MBA students help driving environmental Responsibility
Across the world, companies are integrating sustainable business practices. It has been agreed by many business executives that sustainability helps the business to thrive. MBA is a powerful tool in the business world to drive sustainable change. Business schools are addressing these concerns, and MBA programs are being implemented with sustainability with the motto of creating a generation of responsible leaders across the globe. This suggests that the necessity to incorporate sustainability into the MBA curriculum has been recognised as a result of the growing awareness of it. The curriculum includes themes on specialised courses like corporate social responsibility, sustainable innovation, and preparing students with the information and abilities required to comprehend sustainability. Students who enrol in MBA programmes learn how to argue and reason critically about how business tactics affect society. This will enable future leaders to think about the environment. Whatever the students learn in the MBA course, social responsibility is kept at the core (Shakeel et al. 2020). This is because the world is encountering many challenges ranging from climatic change to inequality in biodiversity. As a result, MBA programmes are made to provide students with knowledge of ESG concerns and to connect that knowledge with the practical skills required to address them.
Skills that the student’s ingrain help in getting access to a large number of career options that are focused on sustainability. In this context, many MBA graduates are looking for organisations and roles that emphasise sustainable management and corporate social university to directly and optimistically effect the environment (Shakeel et al. 2020). The internship placement opportunity given by the business schools enables the students to develop the expertise to develop sustainable practices. Leaders, if successful, are capable of driving sustainability. In other words, a team that adds value to sustainability can help integrate changes that enable the organisation to make a difference and positively impact the world.
MBA programs will persist in integrating sustainability into their programs to create an optimal change in the future. The courses prepare the students in such a way that they can tackle sustainable challenges and think critically about the largest outcome of the work done by them. Students in MBA programmes graduate with the knowledge and abilities necessary to infuse their organisations with sustainability, social responsibility, and environmental awareness. Social responsibility is one of the prime components in advancing towards a greener and cleaner planet.
Acquiring an MBA degree helps professionals integrate sustainability in the workplace (Shakeel et al. 2020). This is because they help spread awareness and education that helps in environmental conservation. A green MBA degree enables students to enter businesses that use innovative ways to deal with complex environmental issues. Sustainability practices are taught to the students so that later on, they can implement them in their work while focusing on environmental, social and economic protection within the organisation. Both the business and the planet benefit from implementing sustainable business practices.
Read More: Why Consider Taking MBA Dissertation Help?
MBA professionals with advanced business degrees focus on sustainability to integrate environmentally friendly practices into various business areas. The various areas comprise business ethics, business law, marketing, accounting, government relations and accounting. This helps in the creation of a cleaner and greener business process. Sustainability does not focus on recycling, reducing and reusing. Instead, it can be referred to as a mindset taught in class, and the values are further carried ahead in the workplace. An MBA graduate also spreads environmental concerns. He empowers professionals to implement and embrace environmental changes dauntlessly and confidently. Similar to the job market, the environment around us is constantly changing.
Thus, students with an MBA degree are equipped with the knowledge and information required to take action while confronting environmental challenges. A few of the issues that business leaders can deal with are climate change, the protection of wildlife and the promotion of a healthy workplace environment. MBA students in their workplaces educate their colleagues with training sessions, workshops and retreats. They empower, inspire, train, and teach their colleagues so that they can work towards a cleaner and greener environment. An
MBA program provides an inept understanding of the concepts, fields of study, specialised areas of interest, and classes of small sizes for individual attention. The MBA programs provide new advancement opportunities in the workplace. A few of the highest-paid job roles of green MBA include chemical engineers, environment engineers, sustainability managers and sustainability executives. This implies that a sustainable MBA helps address sustainability, social responsibility, and environmental concerns in the workplace.
Some sustainable businesses in the UK
Unilever Plc is a British multinational company aiming to make sustainable living commonplace. According to them, sustainable business helps in driving better performance. They are changing towards using renewable energy and looking for low-carbon ingredients. In addition to this, they are also trying to expand their plant-based range of products. Similarly, Beazley PLC believes in creating a sustainable world and a positive procurement. The Seven Trent PLC, one of the biggest companies in Britain, relies on a green plan as it aims towards sustainability.85 per cent of their energy comes from renewable sources, and they have also pledged to reach zero carbon emissions by 2030.
- Caldera, H.T.S., Desha, C. and Dawes, L., 2019. Evaluating the enablers and barriers for successful implementation of sustainable business practice in ‘lean’SMEs. Journal of cleaner production, 218, pp.575-590.
- Raut, R.D., Mangla, S.K., Narwane, V.S., Gardas, B.B., Priyadarshinee, P. and Narkhede, B.E., 2019. Linking big data analytics and operational sustainability practices for sustainable business management. Journal of cleaner production, 224, pp.10-24.
- Shakeel, J., Mardani, A., Chofreh, A.G., Goni, F.A. and Klemeš, J.J., 2020. Anatomy of sustainable business model innovation. Journal of cleaner production, 261, p.121201.
Ans: Businesses that follow sustainability are more concerned about their customers, employees and society. In addition, they also protect the environment and ensure that resources are available for everyone. Sustainable businesses can acquire a competitive advantage.
Ans: A sustainable business helps to earn increased profits and helps the company to save money by incorporating energy efficiency measures. In addition to this, it also helps create a positive brand image and greater satisfaction among the employees. The social responsibility of the business also increases when sustainability is adopted.
Ans: An MBA graduate empowers others to embrace and incorporate environmental changes. They can deal with various issues, such as protecting wildlife and promoting a friendly workplace environment.
Ans: MBA graduates always participate in sustainable practices as they are concerned towards the environment. They use renewable energy sources and aim to indulge in activities leading to zero carbon emissions. In addition to this, they also create awareness among others to act responsibly towards the environment.
Ans: The two sustainable businesses of the UK are Unilever PLC and Beazley PLC.
Author Bio: Meet Mark Edmonds, a dedicated writer at Academic Assignments, your guide to top-notch MBA assignment help. With a passion for sustainable practices, Mark enriches students’ knowledge and empowers them to champion environmental responsibility. From MBA assignments to business plan assignment help, Mark’s expertise fuels academic success and conscious entrepreneurship.
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Ancient tools evolved in Australia thousands of years before they appeared in Europe
Australia receives relatively little attention in academic literature when it comes to examining the origins and development of ancient weapons and tools. But neglecting to examine the capabilities of the ancient inhabitants of Australia would be missing out on an important piece of the puzzle. New research has shown that purposely sharpened or ‘retouched’ stone axes evolved in Australia thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This suggests two possible scenarios – either the development of material culture evolved independently in various parts of the world, or the indigenous inhabitants of Australia had contact with other populations and passed on their tool-making capabilities.
According to a recent paper by scientists from the University of Western Australia and Australian National University, ground-edged axes were found at a site near Windjana Gorge in the central Kimberley dating back 30,000 years, challenging common assumptions about paleolithic innovations.
"The suggestion that all innovation has to come from the Old World is not true because clearly ground-stone axes were created here," said Professor Jane Balme, archaeologists from the University of Western Australia.
The researchers maintain that the stone axes were just one stage in the development of tools or weapons, but most likely not the first. They suggest that the first tools, such as spears, came from wood, and plants may have been used to create string for fishing.
The researchers suggest that the Australian Aboriginals developed the ground stone axes as a solution for chopping trees and plants, while the Europeans developed the same type of tools independently several millennia later, possibly to aid with hunting migrating game, which was common in Europe.
However, they appear to dismiss altogether the possibility that the Australian Aborigines could have passed on their innovations to other cultures. This is a view held by Steven and Even Strong, authors of ‘Forgotten Origin’, and other titles, who present the theory that Australian Aboriginals people “set sail from Australia, not to, 50,000 years ago. We claim that Australian Original people sailed to and settled in America over 40,000 years ago, and visited many other places including Egypt, Japan, Africa, India etc. They were the first Homo sapiens who evolved before the Sapiens of Africa, and who gave the world art, axes, religion, marine technology, culture, co-operative living, language and surgery.”
Indeed, researcher Professor Balme has indicated that ground-edged axes have also been found in Japan dating to several thousand years after those found in Australia.
Steven and Evan Strong add that “Many may not know that Professor Alan Wilson, the person responsible for the claim that we evolved from Africa, recanted his theory and now believes a small group of Homo erectus got to Australia 400,000 years ago. He believes they evolved into Homo sapiens and then spread from Australia well before the Africans.”
Featured image: Ground-edged axes like this one were found at a site near Windjana Gorge in the central Kimberley. Photo credit: Chris Langeluddecke
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My Cat Is Panting Like a Dog
See files for Cats
Panting is a behavior we most often associate with canines, not felines. Although dogs of all sizes will pant, it is often most noticeable in big dogs which pant with a large tongue sticking out. In comparison, a cat sticking out their tongue and panting is not something we associate as much with cats. This is such that, when we do see a cat panting like a dog, we might think there is something wrong. While a cat may pant due to environmental factors, there are some diseases and conditions which have panting as a symptom.
At AnimalWised, we understand why my cat is panting like a dog. We help you to understand when this is a normal responsive behavior and when it might be a sign they need some veterinary help.
Normal panting in cats
If you see your cat panting like a dog, there are times when this is considered normal. Panting is a dyspnoic (labored) and excessive breathing which requires the mouth to be open. Cats breath quickly when panting, usually with their tongue sticking out. Cats normally breathe through their nose, meaning normal panting is usually due to one of the following causes:
- Excitement or exercise: when a cat is excited due to certain stimuli or they have just exercised, it is normal for them pant. Since kittens are generally more energetic, playful and active than older cats, it is more common for kittens to do so. When exercising, cats of all ages will have an increase in heart rate and respiration. This leads to excessive breathing which results in panting. The cat needs to pant to respire more oxygen for their organism to function.
- Childbirth: the effort and exhaustion of labor has an acute effect on the mother cat. Their body will respond in many ways, including in panting. It is normal for cats to continue panting hours after giving birth. However, if this panting lasts for days, it may be a sing of labor complications. If this is the case, take the cat and kittens to a veterinarian. Our article on common cat birthing difficulties can provide some background.
- High temperatures: if you observe your cat panting when it is hot, it is important to remember felines do not have sweat glands on most of their body. For this reason, they need to find other ways to regulate their body temperature. Panting is one of them. This is the same as canines and one of the main reasons a cat pants like a dog. However, if we see the cat is drooling when they are panting, it could be a sign they are overheating. This may also be accompanied by other signs such as hypersalivation and general weakness. In these cases, we need to hydrate the cat and keep them cool. Do not shock them cold. Learn more with our article on heat stroke in cats.
- Fear or stress: the reasons why a cat is panting are not only physiological. This can also be a psychological response. If a cat is panting, it could be due to stressors in their environment. These can be acute such as loud noises or traumatic incidents. They may also be chronic and as a result of prolonged exposure to stressors, especially when it involves other members of the household. Stress in cats can result in panting, dilated pupils piloerection or increased heart rate, among others.
Why is my cat panting like a dog?
If your cat is panting like a dog, i.e. they are panting a lot, it may be cause for concern. Not only may they be affected by the acute problems indicated above, but it is possibly a symptom of a certain disease. Often these diseases are respiratory and cause breathing difficulties, but not all of them do. Anemia, heart disease, hormonal imbalance and endocrine disorders are some others.
One of the most common respiratory diseases which leads to panting in kittens is feline asthma. You may notice this first from other symptoms such as wheezing when breathing, but panting can occur with asthma attacks. The symptoms of asthma are due to constriction of the lower respiratory tract which makes it difficult for aire to pass through. The cat will pant as a means of opening up their airways.
Asthma is not the only respiratory disease which can cause panting like a dog. Pleural effusion consists of an accumulation of fluid in the space between the lung and its covering membrane, known as the ‘pleura’. This fluid can be blood (hemothorax), water (hydrothorax) or lymph fluid (chylothorax). It can be a result of high blood pressure, infectious peritonitis or various other causes.
Cats can suffer from various types of anemia, some of which are very serious. They reduce the hematocrit (percentage of red blood cells in the cat's blood volume) and cause poor oxygenation of the tissues by blood cells. Signs associated with anemia in cats are tachycardia, increased respiratory rate, panting, weakness and pale mucous membranes.
Heart disease is another clear cause of pathological panting in cats. Among them, congestive heart failure stands out. It is often caused by a heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, sometimes related to feline hyperthyroidism or restrictive cardiomyopathy. Other problems can affect the heart's functionality. By increasing the cat's blood pressure, chronic kidney disease can also predispose to the development of congestive heart failure that produces a pleural effusion and makes it difficult for cats to breathe, causing them to pant.
Some drugs, foods or plants toxic to cats can intervene in the respiratory center of the animal. This affects the correct lung expansion for gas exchange and causes them to present respiratory distress (dyspnea). Panting like a dog is the result of this distress.
Cats may also pant when the chest space for lung expansion is reduced by the presence of abdominal viscera in the chest cavity, as happens with a diaphragmatic hernia. In diaphragmatic hernias, there is a discontinuity of the diaphragm, a structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. This can result in viscera such as the stomach, spleen, liver or intestine entering the wrong cavity.
Cats with diaphragmatic hernia will have shortness of breath and panting. They may also present with other signs such as thoracic rumbling, reduced lung sounds, regurgitation, vomiting, anorexia and dysphagia.
What to do if my cat is panting a lot?
If your cat has started panting like a dog, it is important we differentiate between a physiological response and a pathological symptom. It is possible the cat pants like a dog as a physical response, but they have conditions which exacerbate it. For example, obesity in cats can put strain on their respiration and result in excessive panting, especially after exercise.
When the cat has a pathological problem which has panting like a dog as a symptom, treatment will correspond to this issue. However, there are ways we can help the cat avoid panting due to various environmental and physiological factors. They include:
- Keep your cat hydrated: although cats love sunbathing and warm temperatures, they need protected when temperatures exceed 30 ºC/86 ºF. In this case, ensure they have shade, air condition the indoors where possible and maybe even prevent the cat from going outside. Most importantly, have plenty of cool fresh water to help them avoid dehydration. Our related article shows you some tips to encourage your cat drinking water.
- Avoid ingestion of toxic substances: poisoning from the ingestion of toxic substances can cause your cat to pant like a dog. This can be a precursor to toxic shock. Ensure you do not leave any substances in the home which can cause intoxication and always put them away after use. We should also avoid dirt and bacteria by keeping a clean home and cleaning their litter tray regularly.
- Control their weight: obesity and being overweight can also worsen certain diseases and make breathing more difficult. Keeping the cat healthy and ensuring they have a suitable diet will help to avoid these issues.
- Regular veterinary appointments: if your cat is panting like a dog and you do not know why, it is best to take them to a veterinarian. However, some diseases progress slowly and panting will not occur until they are advanced. Regular veterinary health checkups help to diagnose problems early and ensure a better prognosis after treatment.
This article is purely informative. AnimalWised does not have the authority to prescribe any veterinary treatment or create a diagnosis. We invite you to take your pet to the veterinarian if they are suffering from any condition or pain.
If you want to read similar articles to My Cat Is Panting Like a Dog, we recommend you visit our Other health problems category.
- Aybar, V ., et al. (2018). Clinical Manual of Feline Medicine. Ed.SM Publishing LTD. Sheffield, UK.
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The knifefishes of the New World (Gymnotiformes), with at least 173 known forms, constitute a species-rich order. However, only a very few species are regularly seen in the aquarium hobby: the Black Ghost Knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), its brown-colored relative A. leptorhynchus, and a number of Eigenmannia species (glass knifefishes). The mighty Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus), which likewise belongs to the New-World knifefishes, is more frequently imported, for public aquaria – and thus ends the list of species always available in the hobby. So it is all the more pleasing that several very unusual New-World knifefishes have just been imported simultaneously from Peru.
The reason for the rarity of knifefishes in the trade isn’t, of course, because they are rare in the wild. The opposite is the case, as they represent a significant percentage of the biomass in Amazonia. But the demand for such unusual aquarium occupants is small, as, apart from a very few exceptions, New-World knifefishes are unsuitable for the standard community aquarium. Being chiefly crepuscular and nocturnal creatures, the small knifefish species can easily go short of food, and large knifefish species regard small tankmates as snacks. Some particularly attractively colored species are also very quarrelsome among themselves. Hence the majority of species of New-World knifefishes are suitable only for species aquaria and kept only by very specialized aquarists, and there aren’t that many of them. But a few more would be very welcome, as New-World knifefishes are highly interesting creatures about which far from everything is known – a To better distinguish the New-World knifefishes from the Old-World knifefishes (Notopterus, Chitala, & Co.), with which they aren’t closely related at all, the New- World knifefishes are often also known as knife eels. All knife eels belong to the electric fishes that constantly emit electrical impulses. They use these impulses for the location of prey, for spatial orientation, and for intraspecific communication. Only in the Electric Eel are the impulses so strong that they can be used to stun prey fishes or enemies. All other knife eels are so weakly electric that a human who grasps them won’t feel a thing, and any tankmates in the aquarium will likewise come to no harm from the electric impulses.
Gymnorhamphichthys cf. hypostomus
The sand knifefishes (Rhamphichthyidae) are assigned to their own family within the New-World knifefishes. There are currently three genera with 16 species known. The genus Gymnorhamphichthys, sometimes called thermometer knife eels, contains six described species. Not much is known about these fishes, as they are strictly nocturnal and bury themselves in fine sand by day. Hence comprehensive field observations are practically impossible. The Gymnorhamphichthys presented here, like the other species discussed in this article, was obtained from Peru by Aquarium Glaser, Rodgau. According to the Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South America, however, there are so far no Gymnorhamphichthys reported from Peru. The markings of the fishes are most reminiscent of G. hypostomus, though they have a significantly longer snout. So perhaps this is an undescribed species, and for this reason we have chosen the species designation G. cf. hypostomus to be on the safe side. These knife eels are peaceful among themselves. However they don’t possess any teeth or other ways of harming one another. They are easy to feed as they enjoy eating bloodworms, which are also a major dietary element in the wild, as shown by stomach contents analysis. Maximum size for G. hypostomus is given as somewhat more than 20 cm, while the imported specimens are currently some 14-18 cm long. In addition to G. cf. hypostomus, the consignment of knife eels from Peru contained a further member of the genus Gymnorhamphichthys, which differs from the rest of the fishes by having a different pattern and a different head form. This means that there are at least two species of Gymnorhamphichthys in Peru.
This knife eel, a member of the family Apteronotidae, is probably the most bizarre of all the New-World knifefishes. Many Apteronotidae develop distinct sexual dimorphism, in that with the onset of sexual maturity the males develop a much-elongated snout or undergo other changes in the head region; in addition the males often grow larger than the females. The differences are so considerable that they have often led to double descriptions because male and female were thought to be different species. The males of Compsaraia samueli develop such long jaws that one cannot help but wonder how they manage to feed at all! Were this fish a cultivated form rather than a natural species, it would undoubtedly be regarded as a case of animal cruelty by so-called animal protectionists. This prolongation of the jaws is used by the males during mock battles. Two males face one another, open their mouths wide, and push each other to and fro with their jaws, very much like deer during the rut. Unfortunately we know very little else about this knifefish, which attains a length of around 20-25 cm. One has to wonder whether the females are in some way impressed by the “luxury-model jaws” of the males. Only extensive aquarium observations can answer this and further questions. Unfortunately to date only a very few specimens of the species have reached Europe, although it occurs in the immediate vicinity of Iquitos and is by no means uncommon there. A specimen of an identically colored species of the genus Sternarchella reached Aquarium Glaser as a bycatch with the Compsaraia samueli. Could this be a case of mimesis in knife eels, ie species that mimic one another? And what could be the purpose of such a mimesis? Again, only aquarium observations can provide answers to such questions. Adontosternarchus nebulosus The genus Adontosternarchus also belongs to the Apteronotidae. It currently contains five species, one of which, A. nebulosus, wasn’t described until 2007. These species are generally of moderate size, rarely exceeding 20 cm total length. In this genus the males remain somewhat smaller than the females and the differences between the sexes are nothing like as eye-catching as in other species of the family. On the other hand, Adontosternarchus have an attractively marbled pattern. The coloration is speciestypical and serves as an important character for distinguishing the different species. These knife eels are fairly tolerant of one another, so group maintenance should at least be tried.
When keeping New-World knifefishes there are a few fundamental rules that should be observed. Firstly, never forget that these are weakly electric fishes; it has proved very beneficial to offer PVC pipes as hiding-places, as these at least partially shield the electrical fields so that the fishes don’t get on one another’s nerves.
Moreover, of possible live food should be offered at least during the acclimatization period. Bloodworms and Tubifex are particularly well suited. Even if the food animals creep into the substrate (which should ideally consist of sand in knife-eel aquaria), the knife eels can detect them using their electroreceptors and capture them. Small food fishes are the best option for species with prolonged snouts. The chemical composition of the water is of rather secondary importance, even though soft and slightly acid water predominates in the habitat of the majority of species. Particular attention should be paid to the tip of the tail, a favorite target for biting during intraspecific skirmishes. In fact knife eels possess an astonishing ability to regenerate and can even recreate large parts of the tail (more than half the body length!) in the event of loss; but fungaland bacterial infections of the tip of the tail are, however, very poorly tolerated and can lead to the death of the fish.All in all the New-World knifefishes are highly interesting fishes. It is greatly to be wished that they should be kept more often!
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In Focus: Corporate Solar Responsibility and Its Potential
The building sector consumes 49 percent of all energy produced in the United States and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) has reported that this percentage is only going to grow. Furthermore, fossil fuels supply 76 percent of building energy consumption, a figure that is expected to grow by 12 percent by 2030, according to the same source.
Considering that there are 10 billion square feet of office space nationwide, office buildings consume an enormous portion of our national energy production, impacting both the environment and company pocketbooks. It is time that office-building owners begin to explore solar system options, especially now that solar panel efficiencies are able to overcome the challenges presented by office buildings, whose roof areas are often compromised by HVAC and other equipment. Long-term cost savings and the environmental benefits of "going green" are a real draw for companies looking at their financial and social bottom lines.
Let me give you an example. We recently installed an 80-kilowatt rooftop solar system on a three-story office building in Clifton, N.J. This system is expected to offset 10 percent of the building's electricity load and 28 tons of CO2 annually, the equivalent of removing 10 passenger vehicles from the road. Additionally, due to the Section 1603 Treasury Grant Program; the one-year federal 100 percent bonus depreciation allowance; earnings from Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SREC), a state solar incentive; and savings in energy bills, this system has an expected payback period of under five years.
The office-building owner made an intelligent long-term investment, expecting to break even on the system within five years, and continuing to save on operating expenses during the 25-year lifespan of the system. The building is also now more marketable to tenants and prospective buyers and can boast impressive carbon savings.
If U.S. companies nationwide installed solar systems that offset only 10 percent of a building's electricity load, they would collectively save at least $1.5 billion a year in energy expenditures and offset the carbon emissions of approximately 1.5 million cars. Plus, as solar technology improves, these energy and carbon savings will only increase.
Unfortunately, the high upfront cost of solar means that the only states in which rooftop solar on office buildings is viable are those with liberal solar incentives. The long-term cost savings of solar technology are undisputed, but many companies must rely on incentives to overcome upfront costs. Adding further importance to state incentives is the fact that federal incentives, like the treasury grant and 100 percent depreciation bonus programs, are due to sunset at the end of this year.
Thus, for companies to be able to make this important switch to solar, states must improve on current solar incentives or, in most cases, begin to implement solar incentives so that solar technology becomes economically viable in the short-term. The time is now for companies and state legislators to come together to understand the enormous benefits of solar for office buildings - and for the businesses and public officials who have publicly stated their desire to improve their carbon footprint, it is time to practice what they preach.
2023 Top States for Doing Business Meet the Needs of Site Selectors
The Rise of Mid-Size U.S. Cities: The Industrial Development Boom
Front Line: Brownfields Offer Redevelopment Opportunities
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Immigration: A Potential Fix for Labor Shortages?
Workforce Q4 2023
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Backup power promotes operational continuity by mitigating the risks of power issues such as utility outages or faults. One approach to protecting commercial buildings from power interruptions is practicing selective coordination to localize overcurrent conditions. Specifying transfer switches properly rated to withstand fault and short circuit currents helps make selective coordination possible. This article lists considerations when selecting transfer switches for selectively coordinated systems.
Selective Coordination is the practice of setting overcurrent protection device trip times to minimize the amount of equipment deenergized when faults are cleared from electrical circuits. Where the same trip times are applied to multiple circuit levels, the opening of a single breaker to clear a fault current could depower an unnecessarily large amount of load equipment, reducing the impact to facility operations. Additional information is available in the ASCO Power Technologies Technical Brief entitled Selective Coordination Basics.
Figure 1 compares systems without and with a selective coordination strategy. The diagram at left shows an uncoordinated system where breakers at each level use the trip time. The diagram at right shows a selectively coordinated system that tiers trip times, causing only the breaker closest to a fault to open. This clears the fault while depowering the least amount of load equipment.
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The Road to Recovery: Overcoming Social Anxiety Step by Step
Social anxiety, commonly referred to as social anxiety disorder (SAD), is a mental health condition identified by extreme fear and concern in social settings. People who suffer from social anxiety are prone to be excessively distressed about being judged, abashed, or negatively assessed by others. This condition can be so intense that it impedes their basic human ability to participate in regular social activities.
Bodily symptoms, like sweating, trembling, blushing, and a racing heart, are indicative signs of social anxiety. People suffering from this disorder may make a big effort to avoid social interactions that provoke their anxiety, resulting in isolation thereby affecting their quality of life. Fortunately, certain treatment procedures can be applied to the patients for overcoming social anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), medicinal drugs, or a combination of both are implemented widely to help people handle and allay the symptoms of social anxiety.
Overcoming Social Anxiety: 17 Actionable Steps
People can be successful in overcoming social anxiety and managing their symptoms by implementing certain doable actions in their lives, which are –
- Introspection: Begin by acknowledging and understanding your social anxiety through self-awareness. Recognize the situations that provoke it and the symptoms, both physical and emotional, you feel. This awareness is the initial step in handling the issue.
- Set Feasible Goals: Split your confidence-building journey into small, attainable goals. They could be as elementary as saying “hello” to a coworker or making a short phone call. Accomplishing small victories like these will help to boost your confidence.
- Optimistic Self-Talk: Challenge the negative self-talk in you. Swap self-criticism with positive affirmations. Rather than saying, “I can’t do this,” tell yourself, “I am capable enough to do this, and I can learn and grow as I go.”
- Breathing and Relaxation Exercises: Practice techniques of deep breathing to control anxiety in social settings. Exercises such as diaphragmatic breathing can help soothe your nerves.
- Exposure Therapy: Expose yourself slowly to situations that evoke your social anxiety. Begin with less overwhelming scenarios and steadily work your way up to more intimidating ones. For instance, if public speaking frightens you, start by speaking in front of a mirror by looking at your reflection, then to a small group, and progressively work up to larger audiences.
- Ask For Help: Consulting with a mental health therapist in South Carolina who specializes in social anxiety or undergoing online mental health counseling in Vermont will help you in the long run. They can offer tactics and coping mechanisms personalized to your needs.
- Connect with Support Groups: Joining a support group for people dealing with social anxiety or talking to a mental health counselor in Virginia can be advantageous. Support groups provide a safe space to share and learn from each other’s experiences.
- Develop Social Skills: Improve your social skills through practice. Take part in conversations, be an active listener, and try to ask open-ended questions. The more you practice, the more confident you will become.
- Physical Well-being: Regular exercise, coupled with a balanced diet and adequate sleep can profoundly impact your mental health. A healthy body supports a healthy mind.
- Challenge Pessimistic Assumptions: Often, irrational beliefs of oneself fuel social anxiety. Defy these assumptions by asking yourself if they are based on facts or simply fears.
- Mindfulness and Meditation: Mindfulness and meditative strategies can help you stay calm and present in social situations, lessening anxiety about the past or future.
- Role Play: Practice social interactions through role-playing with a trusted friend or family member. This can help you rehearse appropriate responses and gain confidence.
- Celebrate Achievements: Acknowledge and celebrate your successes, no matter how trivial. Positive reinforcement can dramatically boost your self-esteem.
- Accept Faults: Embrace the fact that nobody is perfect, and it is okay to have flaws. Accept your imperfections as they are, work on them, and focus on your strengths.
- Time Management: Planning your social interactions and commitments can help in reducing stress. Give yourself adequate time to prepare, which will reduce anxiety.
- Use Technology: In today’s digital age, you can practice social skills online. Join forums or social media groups related to your interests to build confidence.
- Patience and Consistency: Be patient. Building confidence and overcoming social anxiety is a time-consuming process. Keep moving forward, even when you face setbacks.
Overcoming Social Anxiety through Treatment: Are There Any?
Overcoming social anxiety may feel like a daunting and never-ending task. Fortunately, certain treatments, whether the rapeutical or medicinal, are there to alleviate the symptoms.
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a frequently used therapy for social anxiety. It helps people recognize and challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs that tend to contribute to anxiety. Through carefully structured sessions, patients get to learn new coping strategies and practice gradual exposure to anxiety-inducing situations.
- Medication: In certain cases, doctors prescribe medications namely selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or benzodiazepines to alleviate symptoms of social anxiety. These should be used under the medical supervision of a practitioner.
- Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): Mindfulness procedures, like meditation and deep breathing, can help patients stay in the present moment and control anxiety effectively.
- Professional Guidance: Consulting with a specialized mental health counselor, such as a psychologist or a psychiatrist, is necessary for a proper diagnosis and tailored treatment plan.
- Self-Help Resources: Books, online courses and blogs, and apps specializing in social anxiety can offer valuable guidance and techniques for people in overcoming social anxiety by themselves.
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We think the amount of waste created in the UK is a load of rubbish! With landfill volumes at bursting point and plastic taking over our oceans, we’re keen to do what we can to reduce our impact.
Some waste stats to make you think
The amount of plastic waste generated annually in the UK is estimated to be nearly 5 million tonnes (WRAP)
There are believed to be 46,000 pieces of plastic in every square mile of ocean (WRAP)
It’s believed to take between 450 and 1,000 years for plastic items to decompose
We waste 500,000 tons of food per year worth £400 million and disposal costs another £50 million (cheaperwaste)
Organic matter creates harmful gases such as methane when it breaks down in landfill - take it out of your bin and pop it in a composter.
To do our bit, Barracudas has created the ‘waste free lunch challenge’. We’d like to encourage the children attending our activity camps to create as little waste as possible from the lunches brought in to camp. The added benefit is this could also save you a pretty packet!
We’ve come up with some useful tips to help parents create a waste free lunch
Tips for creating a waste free lunch
Use a reusable container for sandwiches or wrap in kitchen roll / greaseproof paper (which can be composted) instead of foil and clingfilm
Bring drinks in a reusable bottle rather than cartons or foil pouches
Instead of buying separate individual servings of snacks (yoghurt, raisins, biscuits, crisps etc), buy one large pack and then put a serving each day in a smaller reusable container - also a money-saver!
Use cutlery that can be washed and used again
Choose fruit as your snack of choice, not only is this a healthy option, but the leftovers can be composted - win-win!
Only pack what they can eat. This will save your pocket, as well as the environment!
Check what they like and don’t like - don’t waste time and money putting something in that’ll just end up in the bin
Waste not, want not - pack up last nights leftovers in reusable containers for a lunch time treat
Things to avoid in a waste free lunch
Foil or clingfilm
Individually packed items i.e. yoghurt, biscuits, fruit, cheese, chocolate, crisps
Drinks in cartons or foil pouches
Tips for reducing your workload
If you don't do so already, try packing lunches the night before and keeping them in the fridge overnight
Make extra of your evening meal to include in the lunch pack
Get the kids involved!
They could be responsible for adding the ice pack and placing their own lunchbox near the door or in the car
Teach your older children how to make nutritious, waste free lunches and then let them make their own lunches - and any younger siblings too!
Older children can also be responsible for washing their reusable lunch containers or rinsing them and putting them in the dishwasher
Children of all ages can take responsibility for putting recyclables in the recycle bin
Small changes really can make a difference. By making minor adjustments we can all help reduce the negative impact we have on the environment. These waste free lunch tips are an easy way to be part of the solution. Not only that, but it’s a good opportunity to educate your children and help them to develop some core skills, as well as potentially saving you money!
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How do u know if u have astigmatism?
Astigmatism symptoms can include: Blurry vision. Distorted vision (things look wavy or “off”) Discomfort with reading, on a computer or in print.
Is an axis of 180 bad?
The last and 3rd number (180 and 175) is the axis, or the direction of your astigmatism. An axis of 180 degrees, for example, means the astigmatism is horizontal. Therefore, this prescription means that the patient is moderately nearsighted, with a moderate degree of astigmatism in a horizontal direction.
What causes increase in astigmatism?
It’s not known what causes astigmatism, but genetics is a big factor. It’s often present at birth, but it may develop later in life. It may also occur as a result of an injury to the eye or after eye surgery. Astigmatism often occurs with nearsightedness or farsightedness.
How can I test myself for astigmatism?
While you wait for your eye test appointment, you can try this simple astigmatism self-test.
- Place yourself at about 35-40 cm from the picture.
- Look at the image with one eye covered at a time.
- Then, look again at the image with both eyes.
- If you wear glasses, repeat the test both with and without them.
How do you fix astigmatism?
“Astigmatism can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery — like LASIK. It also can be corrected during cataract surgery,” Gary Heiting, OD, an optometrist and senior editor at All About Vision tells WebMD Connect to Care.
What is a high astigmatism?
What is considered high astigmatism? A high astigmatism refers to the numbers on your contact lenses or glasses prescription. Generally, the higher the number for the axis and cylinder on your prescription, the stronger your astigmatism is. The picture below depicts how viewers with severe astigmatism would see.
What is cyl and axis in eye prescription?
In the context of an eye prescription. ‘Sphere’ is basically a measure of how strong your prescription needs to be. The number marked ‘axis’ describes the orientation of astigmatism. It will be a number between 1 and 180. The number under ‘cylinder’ provides the lens power needed to correct the astigmatism.
What are the two most common causes of astigmatism?
Astigmatism may be present from birth, or it may develop after an eye injury, disease or surgery. Astigmatism isn’t caused or made worse by reading in poor light, sitting too close to the television or squinting.
How do you fix presbyopia?
Treatment options include wearing corrective eyeglasses (spectacle lenses) or contact lenses, undergoing refractive surgery, or getting lens implants for presbyopia….Eyeglasses
- Prescription reading glasses.
- Progressive multifocals.
- Office progressives.
Can presbyopia be cured?
How Is It Treated? There’s no cure for presbyopia. But there are a lot of ways to improve it. Readers: Yes, those cheap glasses you see at the drugstore can often do the trick.
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Food for Wilson disease
In addition to appropriate medications, it is very important to apply the correct diet for the treatment of this disease. It essentially consists on controlling the ingestion of food containing copper.
To know which foods contain a lot of copper is very important when someone has to choose a low-copper diet. (More information about Foods rich in copper)
RECOMMENDED AND NON RECOMMENDED FOOD FOR WILSON’S DISEASE DIET
The main recommended and non suitable food are the following:
- Vegetables: They are in general very convenient. Most of them can be eaten as desired, except spinach, tomato, asparagus, beets, pumpkin, and broccoli that posses a medium content of this mineral, so they have to be eaten moderately. You have to avoid eating vegetable juice, mushrooms and potatoes.
- Fruits: Most of them can be eaten as desired, except papayas, pears, mangoes and pineapples that have to be eaten moderately. You have to avoid eating dry fruits (raisins, dates, prunes, etc.), chocolate or other cocoa products. Fruit juice or lemonade can also be drank at will.
- Cereals and derivatives: Packaged cereals with less than 0,1 g. of copper per serving, refined wheat flour bread or products derived from refined wheat flour with no added minerals and oatmeal (White bread, refined pasta dishes, etc) can be eaten at will. Whole bread and whole wheat flour products should be controlled since they contain medium quantities of copper. The same with cereals with 0.1 and 0.2 g. of copper per serving and dehydratated soups.
- Legumes: Legumes are very rich in copper, so they should be avoided in this diet (dried beans, lentils, garbanzos, dried peas) (Green beans and green peas can be eaten with moderation)
- Milk: Milk can be drank although one should moderate its intake, because it contains a lot of fat which posses the liver a great effort to digest it. It is better to choose non-fat milk or non-fat milk derivatives (cheese, yogurt, etc)
- Fats: Better to use all of them moderately.
- Meat: You can eat beef, turkey and chicken or other products made with chicken meat, such as sausages. Fish in general can be eaten moderately. Do not eat other types of meat (lamb, pork, duck, etc), entrails (kidneys, brains, liver, etc.) or shellfish (oysters, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, etc) Vegetable soy meat must also be rejected.
- Beverages: You should not drink mineral water containing more than 100 mg of copper per liter. Tap water is not very convenient either because it contains large amounts of copper by dissolution of rocks and water pipes. Soy beverages are not allowed
It is best to drink demineralized water which is different to distilled water. You can drink coffee or tea moderately. You must completely abandon the use of alcohol.
- Vitamin E supplements may be of interest to alleviate the damage that this disease can cause to the liver.
- Do not use copper utensils, since it dissolves with the heat and copper is ingested.
More information about Wilson’s disease.
4 May, 2021
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[Wikipedia] Range, Habitat, Description: Micranthes integrifolia is a species of flowering plant known by the common name wholeleaf saxifrage. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Montana and northern California, where it grows in moist habitat, including meadows, prairies, and grassy mountain slopes. It is a perennial herb growing from a caudex and system of rhizomes, and producing a basal rosette of leaves. Each leaf is up to 7 centimeters long with a toothed or smooth-edged blade borne on a short petiole. The inflorescence arises on a stout, hairy peduncle up to 35 centimeters tall. White-petaled flowers occur in a cluster or dense array at the top. (contributed by Mary Ann Machi)
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2021 Art Clark:!2021 Art Clark:!2020 David popp:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2018 Matt Berger:!2008 Steven Perry:!2008 Keir Morse:!2008 Keir Morse:!2015 John Doyen:!
Information on California plants for education, research and conservation,
with data contributed by
public and private institutions and individuals.
[web application]. 2023. Berkeley, California:The Calflora Database
[a non-profit organization].Available:
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NASA solar spacecraft captures comet Atlas streaking past the sun
Atlas shrugs off talk of disintegration in magnificent video, using images from the Stereo-A spacecraft.
Jackson RyanFormer Science Editor
Jackson Ryan was CNET's science editor, and a multiple award-winning one at that. Earlier, he'd been a scientist, but he realized he wasn't very happy sitting at a lab bench all day. Science writing, he realized, was the best job in the world -- it let him tell stories about space, the planet, climate change and the people working at the frontiers of human knowledge. He also owns a lot of ugly Christmas sweaters.
On Wednesday, Karl Battams, an astrophysicist at the Naval Research Laboratory, posted a magnificent short video of Atlas on its way through the solar system. Battams lead the Sungrazer Project, which uses images from solar telescopes maintained by NASA and the European Space Agency to look for moving objects around our star.
uses a series of images from NASA's Stereo-A spacecraft, a space-based observatory studying the sun, from May 30. Against a backdrop of stars, Atlas moves through the image on its journey through the solar system.
The end result is stunning, but spacecraft imagery, Battams says, is "not inherently pretty".
"There are always various instrumental and astronomical effects in the raw data that we need to remove to better enhance the features we're interested in," he says. In this case, Battams averaged out the background to help contrast it against the comet
But Atlas isn't the only interesting phenomenon appearing in the animation. Because the footage is captured by Stereo-A's heliospheric imagers, which are able to detect the solar wind, ghostly wisps of the stellar outflows are visible.
Another bonus? The planet Mercury, which sneaks into view from the upper-left quadrant as the animation continues. As Battams notes in his tweet, Mercury "has a tail," a trail of gas caused by the solar winds that pass over the planet. Mercury recently reached perihelion -- the point in its orbit closest to the sun -- when it was around 29 million miles from the star.
The European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter, which launched in February to study the sun, passed through the comet's ion tail between May 31 and June 1 and is expected to pass through its dust tail on June 6 -- giving astronomers a rare chance to study the space rock in greater detail.
You can watch the full video below:
Cosmic dead ringers: 27 super strange-looking space objects
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In celebration of Women’s History Month, March Object of the Day posts highlight women designers in the collection. Today’s blog was originally published June 22, 2013.
My student rental on one of the famous hills in Cincinnati yielded a one bedroom first floor apartment in an older house on a busy street. It seemed safe, was affordable, but most important and the selling point for me, were the Rookwood tiles embedded in the fireplace and doorway frame. Such tiles were popular at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, both on the exteriors of buildings for fireproofing qualities in response to the Chicago fire of 1871, and on interior surfaces, reflecting the public’s desire for more sanitary conditions. Aesthetics also played an important role as Americans embraced a décor that was uplifting and appeared hand-crafted, rather than machine-made.
The Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati, the largest of the over 100 potteries in the U.S. at the time, embraced the Arts and Crafts philosophy, describing the company as a “work-shop art industry and not a factory.” Well known for simple brown and green glazed vessels, Rookwood introduced an architectural faience (tile) department by 1902, producing a range of fireplace mantels and wall tiles, including tiles for the New York Subway system in 1903.
This Rookwood plaque was made specifically for the pottery’s showrooms to advertise the full range of available matte glaze colors and textures. The dull finishes were well suited to architecture. Sarah Alice Toohey (see the artist’s relief monogram on lower left), in charge of the architectural department, created the plaque’s simple design incorporating the company’s namesake, two rooks or ravens, in a flattened landscape.
Though I lived with that Rookwood fireplace for only a brief period, I recall it vividly. The memory of those simple architectural design elements re-connects me to that particular geographic location, where my everyday surroundings were transformed through design.
Cynthia E. Smith is the Curator of Socially Responsible Design at Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum.
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It is not uncommon to feel body pains or aches. It’s normal to feel some ache from a part of your body from time to time, and it is just a normal phenomenon. Even the healthiest person will have some sort of pain any day of the week.
One body part that is common to aching is the back. This applies to both active people and those who stay put for too long.
For those who follow an active routine, this pain can be caused by fatigue in the body part. Sometimes it can be caused by overextension or some situation of that effect. At the very least, strenuous activities increase the risk of injury.
Meanwhile, those who live a more sedentary lifestyle are not exempt from having pain. In fact, they are more prone to back pain than their more active friends. The reason is that they are less active and have weaker muscles.
By living a sedentary lifestyle, some muscles in the body grow weaker while others become overdeveloped. This will all depend on how the person stands. Over time this will lead to multiple body pains.
Poor posture is a major cause of back pain. This causes most back muscles to be overdeveloped and imbalanced. If the individual wants to, milder back pain can be treated.
Some back pain is more difficult to treat. It is a good idea to seek medical attention if you or someone you love experiences back pain.
If you have back pain, seek professional help.
- Sharp pain is more common than dull ache. This could be a sign that you have torn a muscle or ligament. This could also be a problem with an internal organ in the back or on the side. Before it gets worse, consult a doctor.
- Radiating or moving pain – If the pain seems to move or shoots to the glutes or legs, this could indicate a nerve compression condition.
- Affecting your legs, and then suddenly weakening them. This could be due to compressed nerves in the spines. Some conditions that could cause this include spinal stenosis and sciatica. A stroke could be the cause of sudden leg weakness.
- Making you Incontinent – Some back pain comes with the inability to control the bowels or bladder. This might be a sign of serious nerve compression. This could also be a sign of serious nerve compression.
- Numbness, pins and needles in your groin or glutes is known as saddle anesthesia. This is an indication of a serious spine or nerve condition that must be treated immediately.
For those who like a visual experience, this video review is from Reviews For Life’s YouTube channel. To get a comprehensive overview of Back Pain Breakthrough, you may still want to check out our article below.
Allergy for non-serious back pain Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
Not all back pain can be serious. Some back pain can be minor and treated in your home. Here are some ways to relieve back pain:
- Getting Better Sleep
Proper sleep is the best way to relieve back pain. It might not be simple to say, but it can be difficult to get good sleep when you have back pain.
But that’s the thing; You may get back pain because you are not sleeping properly. And you are not sleeping properly because of the back pain’s discomfort.
However, this could stem from poor sleep position. You might try a different or more comfortable sleeping position. This can be done by lying on the side. It seems to work well if you keep your spine aligned with the rest of your back.
Of course, a comfortable mattress does wonders in giving better sleep and comfort against body pains.
- Maintaining Good Posture
You are getting older and feel multiple pains in your body.
This is bad news when all your work has to be done in that position. To avoid making your back pain worse, it is important to not slump over your keyboard. Instead, sit straight up.
Try to keep your shoulders relaxed and your body supported against the back of your chair. You can also place a pillow, a towel, or something similar between your lower back and the chair. Keep your feet flat on a hard surface such as the ground. Maintain this posture, and you might slowly alleviate your back pain.
- How to Get Medication
Over-the-counter pain relief medications can also be used to ease back pain. These come in two forms: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and acetaminophen. These drugs may not be for everyone and can cause side effects.
It is a good idea to consult your doctor before you start any medication. Also, medication is not the end-all-be-all solution to back pain problems. Research has shown that medicine should not be used alone to achieve the best results.
- Getting Prescription Pain Relievers
Depending on the severity of the pain and the doctor’s advice, some might have to take prescription-strength NSAIDS or opioids. It is important to consult your doctor or pharmacist before you start any treatment. There are risks of getting too much of certain active ingredients.
- Antidepressant medication
Do not be surprised if antidepressant medication is prescribed to you even though you were only asking about your back pain, particularly if it’s chronic low pain.
While the connection between back pain and antidepressants is unclear, what is clear is that, somehow, an antidepressant can help ease back pain. There are beliefs and studies that this is due to the chemical messengers that the antidepressants carry over to the body.
- Physical Therapy
As an alternative treatment to taking medication, physical therapy can also be an option. A physical therapy course teaches you how to properly sit, stand, and move while maintaining your spine alignment.
Physical therapy also shows specialized exercises that strengthen the core muscles that serve as back support. This is for the belief that being stronger, more flexible, and having more endurance can decrease back pain.
- Do not rest your back
This might seem like the opposite of the first one, but closer inspection reveals that it is. The first advice only addresses getting good sleep. This one focuses on not resting too much.
Doctors believe that too much bed rest can exacerbate and complicate back pain. Rather, a day or two’s is enough. Your back will be better if you get up and start moving again. Some exercises to help with your back pain include swimming, walking, and yoga.
- Using Ice and Heat
Regularly icing your back can reduce inflammation and pain from injuries. You can do this several times per day, for 20 minutes each. You can wrap the ice pack in a thin towel or cloth to avoid hurting the skin.
After a few days, switch to heat. To help relax your muscles, you can use a heating pad and a warm pack. This will increase the blood flow in the affected area. Warm baths can be used to relax if you are able. Of course, remember to avoid burns and tissue damage.
Back Pain Breakthrough Overview
Back Pain Breakthrough is a program created to treat chronic back pain safely and naturally. This program uses the Targeted Spinal Release method, which is highly effective.
Back Pain Breakthrough was created by Dr. Steve Young. It is a unique guide that promises to help you get rid of all your backaches once and for all. To do this, the program aims at the root cause of back pain. The program provides permanent relief by providing the appropriate techniques.
Back Pain Breakthrough does not contain any medication or an ointment, unlike many other purported back pain reliefs. No, with Back Pain Breakthrough, you get a training program that teaches you how to overcome back pain.
This digital program is focused on spinal release formulas that target specific movements to relieve back pain. All the training techniques presented by Back Pain Breakthrough were approved by experts and were made sure to provide better spinal health.
Users who have experienced the following techniques presented in the program have felt greater effects. For one, they feel less pain daily (back pain breakthrough does not cure heartaches). They feel better overall because their muscles have been strengthened.
The pain-relief methods have also been known to help reduce inflammation, improve posture and even add energy to the user’s body.. When the guide is followed properly, you get nothing but benefits from the Back Pain Breakthrough Program.
The Back Pain Breakthrough Program was designed and manufactured by the same people who invented it. They claim there are no risks when using the spinal release techniques. Users can practice and exercise the methods for five to 10 minutes a day and get amazing results in the end.
This program can be used by all ages to improve health and well-being. Of course, it is still recommended to only do the exercises when you are in good condition and are not injured or have a medical condition to allow one hundred percent movement.
How to Breakthrough Back Pain
Back Pain Breakthrough uses the aforementioned Targeted Spinal Release that was developed by Dr. Steve Young.
To understand how Targeted Spinal Release works, we must look back at what happens inside the body that can cause back pain.
Our spine comprises vertebrae, discs, and the spinal nerve. The gap between the spine nerve and the vertebrae is necessary for a healthy back. This space is not present in most people, as they don’t have healthy backs. Hence the vertebrae and the spinal nerve start to collide with each other.
Now, this spinal nerve is very sensitive (which is the case with every other nerve found in our body). When it gets hit by the vertebrae, it causes pain to occur through your back. The stronger the force that hits these nerves, the more severe the pain you feel in your back.
Your back pain is caused by this and the iliacus muscles. The iliacus is a lower back muscle that connects our spine to our legs. It is also the muscle that is mostly used when we are sitting to support the spine.
Now, like all muscles, the Iliacus muscle is stimulated every time it is used. Since our contemporary lifestyle involves a lot of sitting around, this muscle becomes overstimulated. This causes it to become tighter. In turn, it causes the vertebrae to push the nerve, causing more pain.
These muscles are the focus of Target Spinal Release. This exercise is designed to loosen and straighten the iliacus muscles. When followed properly, users will find that the pain goes away almost immediately.
Now Back Pain Breakthrough targets three major pressure points involving the correct body and muscle movements to realign the spine. This program uses specific movements. To restore spinal health, most exercises take only five to ten seconds.
These techniques reduce sciatic pain and target the bulging or plunged discs. The movements are done to eliminate inflammation in the muscles that bind the spine and legs. It will strengthen and repair muscle tissue.
Movement techniques can improve cognitive health, fitness and sleep quality. They also help to focus, memory, and focus. You don’t need any equipment or much effort to release muscle tension.
The Back Pain Breakthrough: Who Does It Benefit?
The program is available to anyone suffering from back pain. From people who experience mild back pain to those who just want to exercise and want to keep their backs healthy.
Many people ignore their lower back pain, which can lead to other illnesses. Back pain can also get more severe and stronger sometimes. This can cause problems at work and in daily life. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
The program works for all, regardless of how sore their backs may be.
Features of Back Pain Breakthrough
Back Pain Breakthrough customers get a 6-video series and 2 manual bonus guides. These guides contain all the instructions, tips, and steps needed to understand and apply the pain-relief techniques.
This masterclass is recorded by Dr. Steve Young. He goes through each step in great detail. So you will learn to do all the movements and even the duration for each. These can be seen as photos, videos, or diagrams to make it easy for you to use.
The 6-video masterclass includes the following topics:
- The real Cause of your Back Pain
- Target Spinal Relief
- How to Instantly Fix Pain
- The Warrior Method
- Here are some Life Hacks to Live a Pain-Free Life
- Muscular Imbalances, Easy Solutions
Back Pain Breakthrough also has plenty of bonuses you get with the main package that includes:
The Back Pain Extinguisher
This movement can be done at any time your back is stiff. The exercise does not require even 2 minutes and can be done instantly wherever you are. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
The Sciatica Soother
The Sciatica Soother is another basic exercise that provides everlasting relief from sciatic pain. This requirement is even shorter and only requires merely 30 seconds. Once done, the exercise can automatically realign your spine.
Back Pain Breakthrough is also available in an e-book format. Back Pain Breakthrough’s creators recorded a masterclass and also provided detailed instructions for the exercise.
The E-book version is called “The Targeted Spinal Release Manual”. It contains a detailed description of each step and a picture. This makes understanding the steps easier, especially for those who prefer reading.
The package also includes other E-books. One includes a simple stretch you must perform every morning and before sleep. The morning stretch helps to stop the pain throughout the day by removing pressure from the spinal nerve.
The evening stretch helps you loosen your spine before falling asleep. This can help you sleep better, freeing you from back pain in just a few seconds. This evening exercise is a godsend for insomniacs who find it difficult to sleep because of back pain. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
As an additional bonus, there is another ebook. This one is called “Advanced Healing Techniques: Bonus Guide.” This guide is made for those who are in a hurry to cure their back pain.
Advanced Healing Techniques include techniques that can accelerate healing and tailor the Targeted Spinal Release to your pain. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
You will also find additional tips to help with different types of pain. The book also contains helpful tips for correcting bad postures. These tips will ensure that your pain does not return.
Customers will not have to repeat Targeted Spinal Release if they do it correctly.
Back Pain Breakthrough provides everything you need to find back pain relief. Users must follow the instructions step-by-step correctly and consistently to get back pain relief.
Back Pain Breakthrough Benefits
- Permanent Back Pain Treatment
Back Pain Breakthrough allows a novel approach with Targeted Spinal Release. This Targeted Spinal release releases undue pressure in the spine and realigns the body to its original alignment. This reduces the risk of severe back injuries as well.
- Improves sleep
The program’s primary goal, however, is to relieve back pain. However, the secondary goal is for your body to feel more at ease. Sleep is one of the most vulnerable to back pain.
Back Pain Breakthrough offers steps that can relieve pressure from three points within the body. A relief from these three pressure points enables the body to get the deep sleep it needs. This activates the healing phase of the body.
- Get Hip Flexors
Back pain can be caused by tight hip flexors. Targeted Spinal Release exercises help to loosen and improve mobility. It is also a quick 15-minute exercise that can easily be done every day. It can get rid of stiff flexors.
- Better Blood Circulation
Those suffering from chronic back pain have a high chance of getting circulatory issues. This is because there is a high chance of the blood being restricted to different body parts.
This increases your risk of high blood pressure and heart disease. This problem can be solved by the Targeted Spinal Release Methods. It will help improve your sleep by reducing pain.
This leads to an increase in energy and mobility. Some users even report that their blood circulation improved because of the exercise.
Of course, there are also minor benefits that Back Pain Breakthrough brings to its users. Some of these include
- It erases back pain without using medication or surgery
- The program is used to heal all types of back pain
- Exercises increase blood circulation by increasing blood flow.
- This program will help you live an active life and create an active, thriving body.
- People will feel better sleeping without any back pain
- These pain relief methods improve posture and mobility so that you can perform more physical activities.
- The program has also the added benefit of losing weight
- It can provide immediate alleviation from back discomfort within the first seconds
- The Back Pain Breakthrough can help realign your spine
- Training can help increase energy levels.
Using Back Pain Breakthrough
To gain the benefits of Back Pain Breakthrough, it must be followed religiously and consistently.
This simple routine is part of the Back Pain Breakthrough program. These routines are very brief and take only five to ten minutes each day. It is important to use the program daily to reap the benefits.
It also doesn’t require any equipment. The only thing that is required to use the program is a place where it can be comfortably positioned. In fact, there are some exercises that you can perform while lying in your bed.
Each series of movies is designed to ease stress caused by contracted back and spinal muscles. Significant changes can be anticipated by just doing the program into its first week. However, it is still recommended to follow the routine daily for at least one to three months to get the best effect.
Back Pain Breakthrough Pricing
The creator of Back Pain Breakthrough, Dr. Steve Young, wanted to make this program affordable for everyone. As a result, the program’s price range is less than that of a back pain specialist who will charge you for only one session.
Back Pain Breakthrough often offers discounts and promotions, so make sure to check their website before you purchase the product. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
At the time of writing this review, Back Pain Breakthrough’s Price is broken down as follows:
|Back Pain Breakthrough|
|6-Part Video MasterClass||$37|
|Targeted Spinal Release 3-Step Process||$47|
|Step-by-Step Video Instructions||$27|
|Bonus# 1 – Advanced Healing Techniques||$19|
|Bonus #2 – The Back Pain Manual||$27|
|Bonus #3 – 60-Day Refund Period||No cost|
Back Pain Breakthrough is completely digital. The program is delivered free of charge.
Back Pain Breakthrough can only be purchased from the main website. You can’t find it anywhere else in the world.
Back Pain Breakthrough Refund Policy
Back Pain Breakthrough also has its own refund policy. If you are not satisfied with the program or find it is not for you, you may contact customer support within 60 days to request a refund. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
Pros and cons of Back Pain Breakthrough
- The program has multiple free bonuses even at its cheap price point
- All the methods included in the program are one hundred percent natural and safe
- The Back Pain Breakthrough is affordable and even still has bonuses to make it even cheaper
- Back Pain Breakthrough is not time-consuming to practice
- The Back Pain Breakthrough program is open to all.
- The Program is legal and accepted worldwide
- The Back Pain Breakthrough is suitable for any individuals of different ages, gender, and fitness levels;
- Doctors approve the program as safe.
- The Back Pain Breakthrough offers a 60-day money-back guarantee for unsatisfied customers
- It’s easy to use a smartphone, tablet or computer to access it.
- You can download the Back Pain Breakthrough program so you can use it anytime anywhere.
- Back Pain Breakthrough can only be accessed online via its official website. It can be pretty hard to access it without access to these things.
- The Back Pain Breakthrough program is not a physical product. You do not have a tangible item you can get for your purchase. Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
- The program’s outcome may be different for different people.
- The program does not replace doctor and expert diagnosis or medical consultations.
Verdict: Back Pain Breakthrough
Back Pain Breakthrough is a great product for back pain. It is very easy to do and does not interfere with my daily life.
Chronic back pain has been a problem for me for quite some time. It is very distracting. It also gets worse as my works involve a lot of sitting around. Over time, I noticed a significant improvement in my back pain with Back Pain Breakthrough.
It has been two weeks since I’ve started the program and every day just gets better and better. I look forward to seeing if my back improves at the end of the treatment.
I pray that my back will be able to get through all this pain (pun intended).
Back Pain Breakthrough Frequently Asked Questions Physical Therapy Video Sciatica
When I pay for the program, will I have to wait for it in my email?
No, Back Pain Breakthrough can be accessed immediately after buying it.
You can instantly download the entire masterclass and Ebooks.
Are there any side effects reported while doing the Back Pain Breakthrough Program? What about other parts of my body that feel pain?
No, The whole process is entirely painless.
The movements that must be executed in the program are pretty simple and painless. They can be done in just a short period of time. There will be no medications or surgery needed when following the program.
Do you need to do the program several times per day?
No, the program only needs to be done once a day.
The program is very quick, as stated earlier. The program takes only a few minutes and you’re done for the day.
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Chemical biology of nucleic acids
Recent advances in understanding nucleic acid function have shown that alternative secondary structures and the chemical modification of nucleotide bases have key regulatory roles in diverse cellular processes, from transcription and translation to cell division and genome stability.
Genetic information is carried not only by the sequence of nucleic acids, but also their secondary structures and chemical modifications. For example, guanine-rich sequences can form stable four‑stranded structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s), while certain cytosine bases in DNA can become methylated. We hypothesise that such alternative structures, or chemical modifications, have critical functions in normal cells and cancer. By identifying where base modifications and G4 structures are located in the cancer cell genome, and through the application of synthetic small molecules that selectively target G4 structures, we aim to understand the oncogenic process and develop novel approaches for potential use in treatment and diagnosis of cancer. We are also exploring new strategies to target the DNA binding activity of FOXM1, a key cancer-related transcription factor involved in cell cycle control.
In guanine (G)-rich regions, G bases can adopt stable arrangements to form four-stranded G4 structures comprising stacked G-tetrads (Figure 1).
Figure 1: G4 formation mediated by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding between four guanines and co-ordinated by a central metal cation (left). Stacked G-tetrads in an intramolecular G4 (right) (see Balasubramanian et al, Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2011; 10: 261).
Sequences with potential to fold into a G4 structure are common in the human genome and many are found in cancer-related genes such as KIT, RAS and SRC. G4s are implicated in biological processes ranging from chromosome stability to the regulation of gene transcription, and we seek to understand their biological function and validity as drug targets.
We are identifying where in the genome G4s form and their regulation in cancer phenotypes. By synthesising small chemical probes and engineering antibodies to recognise G4 structures with high specificity and affinity, we have visualised G4 formation G4 in the nuclei of cancer cells (Figure 2).
Figure 2: The G4 stabilising ligand, pyridostatin, leads to DNA damage at oncogenes including SRC. SRC gene structure is shown below (black). The sites of DNA damage, indicated by the γH2AX marker, before (Unt) and after pyridostatin treatment (1) are shown above. Predicted G4 sequences (PQS) in the SRC gene are indicated in purple (see Rodriguez et al., Nature Chem Biol. 2012; 8: 301).
Using chromatin immunoprecipitation and next‑generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we have localised G4 structures genome-wide in human DNA and shown that expression of G4-containing genes is modulated by small molecule ligands. Indeed, our G4-binding small molecule, pyridostatin (PDS), imparts growth arrest of human cancer cells through the activation of a DNA damage response in which sites of DNA damage localise to several oncogenes, including SRC (Figure 2). PDS causes down-regulation of SRC expression and inhibition of SRC-mediated cellular motility. Furthermore, we have found that G4 DNA is a molecular target for synthetic lethality of cancer cells since PDS acts synergistically when DNA repair pathways are inhibited or mutated. This work provides a novel framework for defining functional drug-DNA interactions and their potential use in cancer therapies.
During cell division, chromosome ends (telomeres) are protected from damage by recruitment of a protective protein complex called shelterin. Telomeres can form stable G4 structures in vitro and we have now used our antibody probe to demonstrate their presence at telomeres and across the genome in human cancer chromosomes (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Detection of G4 structures (red) in the nuclei (circles) of breast cancer cells using an engineered structure-specific antibody before (A) and after (B) stabilisation with pyridostatin. C) Detection of G4 structures (red) in breast cancer metaphase chromosomes (blue), the arrow indicates localisation to the telomere.
As 85% of primary tumours show increased expression of the telomere maintenance enzyme telomerase, targeting telomeres may lead to cancer cell death. We have found that PDS treatment releases shelterin from telomeres leading to DNA damage and cell death. Telomeres are also known to be actively transcribed into a G4-containing telomeric RNA called TERRA. While TERRA forms stable G4s in vitro, it is not known whether this holds true in vivo. We have now demonstrated that shelterin proteins bind to TERRA via the G4 structure, and we are aiming to understand how this influences telomere function.
Predicted G4 structures are common in RNA, and their position suggests they have key roles in RNA biology. We have shown in vitro that a conserved G4 motif in the NRAS oncogene 5’-UTR modulates protein translation, and can be targeted by small molecule ligands. Despite this, the functional relevance of G4 structures is not known in vivo, nor whether G4 structures normally form in RNA. Recently, using our antibody probes, we have provided evidence for the presence of RNA G4s in the cell cytoplasm. We have also used a ‘click-chemistry’ procedure to synthesise small molecules that are selective for RNA over DNA G4s and used these in cells to selectively stabilise cytoplasmic RNA G4s. We are now using such chemical biology tools, together with genome-wide approaches, to identify and map RNA G4s within the transcriptome and to understand their roles in RNA biology in cancer cells.
Epigenetics and Modified Bases
We are interested in understanding chemical modifications to DNA and the effect of such changes to the structure and function of DNA. DNA is made up of four bases – cytosine, guanine, adenine and thymine. However, these bases can naturally undergo chemical modification leading to new bases. Changing one of the bases in a strand of DNA in this way alters its property and function by controlling how the sequence is interpreted. This can affect how genes are switched on and off in different cell types, tissues and organs.
The modified base 5-methylcytosine (5mC) is a well-known epigenetic mark that can regulate transcription of the genome. Since 2009 three further modified bases have been detected in the mammalian genome. These are the TET-enzyme generated bases; 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). The presence of these modifications opens up questions as to their function in normal cellular biology and disease states.
We are developing chemical tools and genomic methods to map and elucidate the function of these modified bases (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Oxidative bisulfite sequencing of 5mC and 5hmC. By oxidising 5hmC to 5fC followed by bisulfite treatment, C and 5hmC are read as T while 5mC is read as C. Without oxidation mC and 5hmC are read as C following bisulfite treatment, thus 5mC can be determined by subtraction (see Booth et al., Nat Protoc. 2013; 8: 1841)
We are also exploring the molecular basis for their involvement in biological mechanisms. Part of this work exploits state of the art genomics technologies. We have already created methods to quantitatively sequence 5mC, 5hmC and 5fC at single-base resolution. Such tools allow much more accurate study of these epigenetic marks.
The scope of our work will also include the identification, mapping and elucidation of the biological function of other base modifications in the DNA and RNA of various organisms.
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According to the GLOBOCAN database, throughout 2018 breast cancer was the main cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide - with a million new diagnosed cases and approx. 627,000 deaths. French statistics in 2017 painted a similar picture, with this form of cancer cited as the reason behind 11, 883 deaths and 59,000 new cases. The Swiss estimates, published for 2018, further described 6000 new cases of invasive cancer, with 1372 deaths over that period; equating to the main cause of Swiss female mortality between the ages of 40 – 50 years. But these difficult statics needn’t be so - when detected early, this form of pathology can often be cured in more than 90% of cases.
Mammography – an efficient method, but onerous and costly
Currently, breast cancer prevention methods in France and Switzerland rely on patient’s individual and/or organized screening. Most commonly, mammography is used to assess patients’ health, and presently it still remains the most effective and scientifically proven method to detect cancerous tissues. However, despite this technique’s effectiveness it comes with various barriers, including: access to care, the uncomfortable nature of the technique, and availability of appointments. Moreover, this method is expensive, requiring it to be performed by specialized doctors, which rules it out for large-scale screening programs in some countries. Therefore, the development of new screening method is a major need and issue within the public health sector.
The SBra project aims to study the feasibility of a solution combining non-invasive and non-intrusive technologies, based on the measurement of electrical and thermal properties of the mammary tissues. The ultimate objective is to design an effective, comfortable, portable and personalized system that is not only capable of detecting early stage breast cancer, but poses no risk to human health - and what better way to achieve these needs, than by creating the system in the form of something most woman are highly familiar with – the humble bra.
Easier access to screening
The SBra project aims to develop an intelligent bra, equipped with sensors, capable of effectively detecting this cancer early, comfortably and without risk to health. The device would be intended primarily for women considered to be at high risk, not those who are scheduled for a routine screening or check-up.
The project relies on French-Swiss cooperation involving: CSEM (Neuchâtel – CH), the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM Besançon – F), the Hôpital Nord Franche-Comté (HNFC Belfort – F), the Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM Belfort – F), and the company ZTC Technology (La Chaux-de-Fonds – CH). The teams are made up of around twenty people in France and around ten in Switzerland, including experts in Engineering, IT, Medicine, Philosophy and Sociology, as well as Clinical Research Coordinators.
The project was selected within the framework of the French-Swiss Interreg European territorial cooperation program for a duration of 24 months, with a budget of € 991,000 (CHF 1,102,000). It also benefits from financial support from the European Union via the European fund for regional development FEDER (€ 321,000 / CHF 383,000), the Swiss Confederation (€ 142,700 / CHF 158,500) and the canton of Neuchâtel (€ 140,900 / CHF 156,500).
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Moving Past Awareness to Action
- BY Cal State East Bay
- April 18, 2022
The world is celebrating Earth Week — investing in our planet, in hopes that everyone will be accounted for and accountable.
For Patty Oikawa, this is her focus every day. The Cal State East Bay Assistant Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences studies how we can use natural ecosystems to fight climate change.
“It is time to move past awareness to action,” Oikawa said. “We need to vote for policies that will help combat climate change and let politicians and representatives know that this is an urgent matter — not something we can wait to act on, 10 years from now or even 20.”
Oikawa says on a personal level, we can make a big impact by electrifying our life. She says to watch where you use energy, from what you drive to how you heat your home.
“We need to transition from natural gas and petroleum to electricity,” Oikawa said. “We use a lot of energy in our homes. This is a natural place to make an impact. If your water heater breaks — switch from another natural gas to an electric one. If your heater, dryer or stove breaks, consider switching to electric systems.”
In 2021, Oikawa was given a grant from the United States Department of Energy to further her research on how greenhouse gasses are stored in the soil, particularly on tidal wetlands in San Francisco Bay. Oikawa and her students are quantifying how much carbon is being sequestered from the atmosphere and stored in the soil, and then how long it stays there.
“There is a lot of understanding and awareness about the importance of ecosystems for fighting climate change, but there's not enough financial support for implementing this type of work and restoring wetlands, in particular,” said Oikawa. “It is very expensive, so we need more national and international policy and investment in order to do the work at a large scale and make a big difference globally.”
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As mentioned before, reading scientific research papers can be tricky because they are not only written in academic language but also due to the many components that make up a paper. There is an abstract, a conclusion, supporting evidence and, finally, the main body of the paper.
The main body usually contains either arguments or examples that support the study’s hypothesis. These hypotheses may seem obvious (e.g., drinking eight glasses of water per day is better for your health) but studying them as an outsider can sometimes be difficult to evaluate.
When reading a new paper, you should consider what parts appeal to you and why, how well the researchers supported their claims, and whether there were any significant weaknesses. When doing so, remember that this paper was designed to convince other people about its findings – it will likely try to draw attention to itself by making strong statements.
It is very important to do your own homework first and understand what experts have said about similar topics before coming to conclusions.
Look for the author’s explicit or implicit assumptions
As we have seen, making an assumption is a very common tactic in writing. An assumption can totally change how you read a piece of literature, talk about it, and interpret its messages.
Making an assumpton means assuming something that the writer does not explicitly state but which he or she probably thinks about more than anything else. For example, when reading through this article, you might assume that people are born with a sense of morality within them.
This belief in a natural moral compass exists because most people agree with certain morals even if they know few individuals who violate those rules constantly. Because of this, society comes down hard on unethical behavior, creating a “culture” of ethics.
However, this assumption is not universal – there are many cultures where ethical conduct is less prevalent. In these cases, external forces such as other people’s actions play a much larger role in shaping your own moral code.
As scientists, we make assumptions about nature all the time. We assume that atoms exist, that energy can be transformed into other forms, and so forth. These assumed truths influence what we do and how we apply science to understand new phenomena.
When reading scientific research papers, look out for examples of internal reasoning and logical thinking that may or may not include made assumptions.
Check the logic of the paper
The first thing you should do when reading an academic paper is check the logic of the article. Make sure that the arguments are solid and that the writer made sound conclusions based on appropriate evidence.
A common mistake writers make is thinking that because their ideas were once accepted, then they must be correct. This isn’t always the case!
Many flawed theories have been published under the guise of truth, so it is important to evaluate the proof behind the claims.
Remember, even reputable scholars can be wrong! However, if there is no convincing proof or evidence to back up their claim, then the better option is to believe the opposing view.
By having alternative views, we grow as individuals by exploring different concepts and philosophies. It also helps us form our own opinions, which is a key part in developing good reasoning skills.
Are there any gaps in the data or the analysis?
Gaps in the data are an important part of scientific research, as they ensure that your conclusions are valid. If everything you analyzed has no variability, then you cannot make statements about the topic!
Data can be limited by several things- you may not have enough samples, there may be inconsistencies in how you gathered the information, or there could be faulty equipment or procedures used while collecting it.
If there is one major area where this happens most often, it is when researchers test a new product for efficacy before using it in humans.
Such a testing procedure should include looking at whether the product works for example, by comparing it with a placebo (an inactive substance) or another tested treatment.
By doing so, we get rid of bias because people might believe the product does something even if there is no evidence proving it. Testing such a thing is very expensive though, which is why only big companies typically do it.
Is the conclusion supported by the results?
As mentioned earlier, the conclusions of an article should be backed up by the findings. If there are some parts that seem out-of-place or that do not make sense, it is your duty as a reader to call out these flaws so that other readers can evaluate whether the author effectively communicated their message.
It is important to note that even if the content of the paper seems completely logical, it does not mean that its argument holds true for the topic at hand. A well designed paper may use logic that applies to a different issue. For example, a paper about why dogs eat their poop might also include reasons such as keeping bacteria levels down or learning how to digest nutrients.
Furthermore, although scientific papers typically contain enough information to reproduce what was done, they often fail to describe certain steps clearly. This makes it difficult to understand what was modified and why. When reading a new paper, try to compare yourself to someone who has done similar work before and see what changes you can find.
Are there any conflicts of interest?
As mentioned before, as an academic researcher, you will probably write about or study topics that are in your field or area of research.
As such, there may be some similarities with the topic under review and projects or studies that you are working on at present.
This could be due to a similar focus or area, or it could be because the same publisher published both papers.
And while no paper is perfect, readers should look out for instances where significant parts of the paper seem like they were written with the aim of promoting the author’s own project or theory.
By using appropriate sources, other experts in the field can check whether these claims hold up and if so how well.
Is the methodology rigorous enough?
A methodological paper or article is an interesting read because it goes into great detail about how the author conducted their research and what steps they took to ensure their findings are credible.
A strong theoretical framework, appropriate use of statistical tests, and solid evidence supporting conclusions all contribute to making the reader believe that what was tested and analyzed under the given topic is correct.
When reading a scientific research paper, you should be looking for these things as well as consistency in terms of writing style, formatting, and tone.
Is the sample representative?
As with any research, your conclusions will be limited by how well you sampled the population. In this case, it’s important to make sure that the samples being used represent the whole population.
It is not enough for the researcher to include only people of color in their study if they claim to focus on diversity. They must also ensure that the participants are represented across all socioeconomic status (SES), gender, age groups, and geographical locations.
By including these components, we can be certain that our results apply to the general population. This way, we get more accurate information!
Another thing to note is whether or not the researchers adjusted for confounding variables. These are things such as race, income, etc. that may influence the outcome measure. If they were not included, then we cannot determine if the differences between the groups was due to the variable or not.
How many times has the study been done?
The next step in critiquing an article is looking at how many times their hypothesis was tested and whether they conducted research with and without their hypotheses being supported.
This article talks about how important it is to do this, and why! It also goes into more detail by giving examples. Check out the link below for these and other tips.
It’s very important to remember that even if someone else did the same experiment as you, that doesn’t make their findings valid. You must determine if their results match your assumptions or not, and if so, what conclusions can be drawn from them.
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A good dog teacher uses the same philosophy as successful parents do with their kids, as science now confirms that dogs and children have similar brain capacities. Regardless of the species, both respond to:
As a mom of a multispecies household (as well as a trainer), I can affirm that what works for one works for the other. Follow these seven signature rules to experience the same.
Consistency is the key to raising happy children, no matter how many legs they walk on. Achieving it, however, in a two-parent household can be challenging even in a mindful partnership.
Heaven knows my husband and I are not cut from the same cloth: He is a King Charles Cavalier Spaniel to my hyper vigil Border Collie-ness. With effort, we work to be consistent with both our dogs and kids, encouraging our children to mind their Ps & Qs and our dogs to sit and look up politely for pats, treats, and toys.
Both dogs and kids do anything for attention, and neither care if it’s negative or positive. Catch your child swearing, and he’s likely to swear again. Yell at a dog for jumping on the counter or stealing your shoe, and you’re guaranteed a repeat performance, too.
Alternatively, catch your child in the act of being kind or your dog lying on his mat or chewing his toy, and watch those routines blossom overnight!
Dramatic reactions to unwanted behavior, whether yelling or in the form of physical punishment, are still attention and rewarding to both dogs and kids.
A better coping strategy is a redirection. When mischief mounts, children can be refocused with a project or game; dogs can also be redirected with a bone, toy, or walk.
A recent study now shows that dogs, like kids, respond to the tone of our voice adding fuel to the phrase: it’s not what you say, it’s how you say it!
We all can recite our mom’s voice telling us to “Clean up your room,” “Set the table,” and “Stand up straight.” It turns out, dogs respond well to simple words and phrases too: “Sit,” “Go to your mat,” “Outside and get busy.”
Studies show that kids, dogs, and all mammals for that matter have the same basic needs. Children and dogs need to eat, drink, sleep, potty, and play.
Organize each of your dog’s need with words and routines, scheduling times for the Top Five:
Schedule times for these basic needs, and your dog’s behavior will be far more predictable. And predictable is good, especially when you’re their parent!
Both kids and dogs feel better knowing what to do in a given situation. For example, what should they do when:
- It’s time to eat
- You’re on the computer
- People come to visit
Children pick up our routines naturally, while many dogs must be taught. A dog can learn to go to his dog bed when he wants a pet, chew his bone when everyone’s busy, or play with a toy during all doorway interactions.
Nothing screams “I Love You” faster than playing with a child or a dog. Discover your dog’s passion, whether following a scented pathway, socializing with friends, or fetching a ball, and take the time to do the things that make him happy!
My philosophy? Dogs are family. Like furry, four-legged kids, they thrive on love, understanding, and structure.
So, if you’ve ever called yourself your dog or puppy’s mom or dad, just remember you’re not alone! I do it all the time. In a world where two-thirds of all dog lovers consider their dogs family, you’re in the majority. Raised like kids, by parents who follow these seven signature rules, they grow up respectful and happy. And happy is good.
About the author: Sarah Hodgson is the author of Modern Dog Parenting: Raising Your Dog or Puppy to Be a Loving Member of Your Family, from St. Martin’s Griffin. A 30-year dog training veteran, Hodgson is an Associate Certified Dog Behavior Consultant with the IAABC, and her positive training methods are endorsed by the American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Humane Association, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and the American Veterinary Society of Animal Behavior among others. She is a Huffington Post blogger and author of 12 dog training books. Visit her at WhenDogsTalk.com.
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by Justin Fox
When the pandemic hit last year, young adults moved back in with their parents in a big way. Now the share of 18-to-29-year-olds living with parents and grandparents is back about where it was before COVID-19 arrived.
Still, you might think that 42.8% of 18-to-29-year-olds living in their childhood bedrooms or maybe the basement — which is the September percentage estimated by University of Maryland sociology professor Philip N. Cohen from Census Bureau data — sounds like a lot. And yes, by the standards of the six decades preceding the Great Recession, it really is. (One caution on all these statistics is that the Census Bureau wrestled with a big rise in the share of people not responding to its surveys last year, which may have done some strange things to its numbers.)
That the percentage has risen every decade since the 1960s is an indication that some long-run social forces have been at work. More young adults are attending college and thus delaying getting their own permanent lodgings, and in general the growing-up process has become more drawn-out. Immigrant families, of whom there are far more in the U.S. now than in 1960 and 1970, are more likely to embrace multi-generational living.
Still, the big jump from 2000 to 2010 had some obvious short-term economic causes too. In the latter part of that decade, huge numbers of Americans were entering adulthood amid the worst economic environment in 75 years, and they couldn’t afford to move out on their own. Things didn’t get much better in the 2010s as the job market slowly improved but inadequate housing supply in job-rich places plus tightened mortgage-lending standards kept making it hard for young adults to get their own places.
Another way to track this phenomenon is simply by counting how many households there are.
The number of households grew rapidly in the U.S. in the decades after World War II, initially because the war and Great Depression had held back household formation, and then because the many, many Baby Boomers started entering adulthood and moving out on their own. Household formation slowed as the growth in the young-adult population slowed and then began declining in the 1990s. But even as members of the giant millennial generation started entering prime moving-out age, household formation kept dragging, with the 2010s delivering the lowest percentage growth in at least 160 years.
So what happens now? The great pandemic return-to-the-nest has reversed, but there’s still a much higher share of young adults living at home than there was two decades ago. That might signify a lot of pent-up demand for housing, sort of like there was after World War II. And yes, household growth has been picking up in recent months, according to data gathered by Apartment List senior research associate Rob Warnock from the same Census Bureau survey as the living-with-the-parents statistics in the top chart.
But a key reason why household growth was so slow before the pandemic was that young people (and not-so-young people) couldn’t afford to move out on their own. With a 15.8% increase in rents nationwide over the past 12 months according to Apartment List and an 18.4% increase in home purchase prices according to Zillow, that’s still going to be the case for many. After spiking early this year, the National Association of Realtors’ Housing Affordability Index has fallen back to about where it was in 2018 — with rising incomes and low mortgage rates not enough to make up for the big increase in prices.
The move to remote work over the course of the pandemic has had its own perverse effects. It made housing more affordable for those who could keep jobs in expensive cities while moving to cheaper housing markets, and at first it reduced prices in expensive cities. But it made those cheaper markets much less affordable for the non-remote workers already there, even as prices have mostly recovered in the expensive places. “The affordability gains that were enjoyed in places like San Francisco and Seattle have been far more transitory than the affordability losses in places like Spokane and Boise,” said Apartment List’s Warnock.
Some of this should work itself out eventually, in part because it’s usually easier to add more housing in places like Spokane and Boise than in San Francisco or Seattle. But the case for a sustained housing boom over the next few years does seem to depend on there not being too much more of a boom in prices.
After that another significant development looms. According to the Census Bureau’s most recent projections, the number of Americans aged 25 through 34 will decline in the second half of this decade and after that grow extremely slowly for decades to come. What’s more, because these projections date from 2017 and don’t reflect subsequent drops in both birth rates and immigration, they’re probably on the high side.
The most obvious takeaway here is that demand for housing will slow. But who would have predicted half a century ago that the percentage of young adults living with their parents would rise so much? Slower growth in the young-adult population could, if it translates into slower growth in housing prices, conceivably enable a reversal of that rise.
Or not: It’s relatively easy to project demographic trends; it’s much harder to assess their impact on the economy or asset markets or politics or anything else. But the propensity of young people to move out of the parental home seems like an indicator worth keeping an eye on.
Justin Fox is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering business. He was the editorial director of Harvard Business Review and wrote for Time, Fortune and American Banker.
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Vaishnavism (Vaisnava dharma) is one of the major branches of Hinduism along with Shaivism, Smartism, and Shaktism. It is focused on the veneration of Vishnu. Vaishnavites, or the followers of the Vishnu, lead a way of life promoting the central importance of Vishnu and his ten avatars.
Followers worship Vishnu, the Supreme Lord and preserver of the Hindu Trimurti ('three images', the Trinity), and his ten avatars, including Rama and Krishna. The adherents of this sect are generally non-ascetic, monastic and devoted to meditative practice and ecstatic chanting. They are deeply devotional. Their religion is rich in saints, temples and scriptures.
Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, and the Padma Purana, Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana.
Example via www.ramdass.org: Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
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A Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body
There is no doubt that is you want to keep your brain healthy, you should also pay attention to your body! The Roman dictum mens sana in corpore sano would indicate that we have known for some centuries about the benefits of regular physical exercise for the brain. More recently, Dr. Henriette van Praag, who studied opiate receptor function at Bar Ilan University in Israel, has worked on brain regeneration after injury and diseases at the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute at La Jolla, California. She examined the hippocampus – the site of the long-term memory – of mice who had access to a running wheel. Compared with mice deprived of exercise, the active mice had twice the number of cells in the region involved in memory.
And the same trends seem likely to be true for humans. Studies performed in the USA showed that children’s reading scores were boosted considerably when they performed a short dance exercise every day for six months. A recent educational study has shown that just five minutes of general jumping around at the start of the day results in improved concentration and more efficient learning of material. A simple explanation for this is that any physical activity raises our heart rate and increases blood flow to areas throughout the body, including the brain.
Different types of exercise can have varying effects on our mental health. A Harvard Study in 1994 demonstrated that men who burn more than 2500 calories a day in aerobic activity were 28% less likely to suffer from depression. This might have something to do with endorphins – the natural opiates produced within the brain after physical activity. We have all experienced the warm, contented feeling that suffuses us after completing a physical chore, like running, working in the garden or walking (it doesn’t matter what our physical preference is).
This may have less to do with our sense of achievement and more to do with the fact that our brains are flooded with endorphins.
In our technological driven world, children play far less outside than years ago. This is leading to children with under developed core muscles who cannot sit still in class, not because they are hyperactive, but because their core muscles are not strong enough to keep them sitting upright in a chair for the duration of a lesson. This all leaves a big question mark related to our kiddies that need to move more than normal. Those children with three or four modalities that switch off during stress should move even more than the average child.
It’s time to switch off the TV, put away the iPad and let children play, physical play, outside – on jungle gyms, exploring nature, learning how to balance, and get the benefits of strong core muscles and healthy brains!
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Air pollution is amongst the gravest public health concerns worldwide, and indoor sources are the largest contributors in many developing countries. In our study in central India, we randomly assigned villages to a campaign by rural public health workers to either raise awareness about the adverse health effects of smoke from cooking with solid fuels and measures to mitigate them, or combined health awareness with information on the universal cash-back LPG (liquid petroleum gas) subsidy program or a control group in which neither information is provided. Using LPG sales records, we find an insignificant effect of the campaign on the purchase of LPG refills when measured at annual frequency. However, there was an almost 13% rise in refill consumption per month in the combined treatment, accounting for seasonality, monthly price variation and unobserved sub-district heterogeneity. Self-reported electric stove use rose by almost 50%, over the baseline mean of 6%, and the probability that the household had an outlet for smoke or separate kitchen increased by about 5 percentage points due to the treatment. There was no decline in use of solid fuels at the extensive margin, but the intensity of usage fell on some measures. The findings highlight the salience of financial constraints and the importance of the design of public subsidy schemes in inducing regular usage of clean fuels.
Afridi, F., Debnath, S., & Somanathan, E. (2021). A breath of fresh air: Raising awareness for clean fuel adoption. Journal of Development Economics, 151, 102674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102674
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Hello! Today, we are going to draw an octopus together. Like in all of our tutorials, we make our drawing in just ten simple steps with pictures to follow along with. If you like this format, we’ve got a lot more for you on this site!
Chances are you’ve never seen one in person, but they are still well-known due to their unique body structure. There are roughly 300 species of octopus, and they normally live in tropical and temperate ocean waters. A few species are pelagic, meaning they live near the water, but most octopuses stay on the ocean floor.
There are several fascinating facts about octopuses. Did you know that octopuses have a total of three hearts? They can also eject a thick ink to distract the predator while quickly escaping using a siphon jet. And, for the most part, octopuses are solitary creatures, meaning they live alone.
Alright, let’s start this tutorial. Are you ready? Let’s go!
How to Draw an Octopus — Let’s get started!
- a piece of paper
- a pencil for the guiding lines and sketching
- an eraser
- a black sharpie or a pen for the outlines
- markers or colored pencils for coloring
- our printable drawing guide (Join my Email List below to get this Tutorial)
Get the FREE Printable Drawing Guide
Here are my RECOMMENDED Art Supplies!
- Crayola Coloring Set (140 Pieces – Mega Value!)
- 24 Colored Crayon Set
- A4 Printer Paper
- Crayola Coloring Pencils
- HP Home Printer with Instant Ink!
Step 1 – Draw the head of the octopus.
In the center of the page, draw a wide curve. It should be four or five inches wide, and should be like a big upside-down U shape. This is the octopus’s head!
Leave plenty of room below the head for the rest of the body.
Step 2 – Draw the first arm.
Octopuses have several arms. This is one of the most unique features of octopuses. Most of the neurons of an octopus are actually in their arms! They are quite strong which helps them survive in the deep ocean waters where they live.
From the left side of the head of the octopus, draw a long, skinny, curved line for the first arm. Refer to the photo. We’re going to draw a total of six arms.
Step 3 – Add another arm to the octopus.
We’ve got more arms to draw! Draw another arm very similar to the first one, but mirrored on the right side. The octopus should look symmetrical right now.
Step 4 – Draw a third arm!
Let’s keep adding more arms to the octopus. On the left side, draw another arm. It should be the same length as the first two, and again, slightly curved to show the flexibility. Good job!
Step 5 – Add a fourth arm.
Let’s draw another arm. It should be centered below the head of the octopus. Check out the photo! Make it curve just slightly to the right at the bottom.
Step 6 – Draw the last arm!
Let’s finish drawing the arms. Draw one more on the right side. Check out the photo! It should be the same length, of course, like the rest of the arms.
Step 7 – Draw the eyes of the octopus.
Octopuses are known to have very good eyesight. Let’s add eyes to our octopus friend now. Draw two small dots in the middle of the head.
Step 8 – Draw a smile on the face!
We want our octopus to look happy. Right underneath the eyes, draw a small upwards curve for a smile. Good job!
Step 9 – Add suckers to the arms!
Octopuses have suckers on their arms, making them a very interesting animal! They are often misinterpreted as tentacles, but they are technically called suckers. They help them move, pick things, hold things, and more. They are actually very versatile and useful for the octopus.
On the bottom of each arm, draw two little bumps to show the suckers. They should all be evenly spaced apart. Check out the photo. Good job!!
Step 10 – Color in your octopus!
Octopuses can be different colors—they can be gray, brown, pink, green, or even blue and can switch colors to visually blend in with their surroundings. Find some colors and have fun! Pick any colors you want! Color in the rest of the page, too. Make it look like your octopus is swimming in the ocean!
Pin it now, Draw later!
Congratulations! You’ve finished drawing your octopus!
It’s always smart to learn more about the many species who live on the planet with us. Although octopuses aren’t technically endangered, they still face dangers from humans, like habitat destruction or overfishing. So, we hope you had fun following this tutorial and learned some interesting facts about these marine creatures!
If you know anyone who might like this tutorial, go ahead and share it with them! And of course, browse our site for more tutorials. If you’re looking for another marine animal-themed tutorial, you can do the whale, shark, and dolphin tutorials!
Thank you for drawing with us! See you next time!
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While scientists have made quantum leaps in genetic research, we wondered what else they might have learned that affects what our children may inherit from us.
He’s got Mama’s eyes, Daddy’s smile and Aunt Edna’s earlobes. She’s got Grandpa’s button nose and looks just like you did as a baby. They’re just so beautiful that you sometimes wonder how in the world you created such a miracle. You might also wonder how your son got red hair when his parents are both brunettes, or if he’ll even keep his hair since all the men in your family are balding. Or if your daughter will be a sweet soprano like you or wind up tone deaf like her father.
Although scientists have decoded the human genome (the three billion “letters” or chemical building blocks that make up human genetic material), modern science is still years away from clearly understanding parental inheritance. Since doctors are first attempting to identify the genes that cause illnesses like cancer and Parkinson’s disease, the genes for eye color and athletic ability will remain a mystery for a while longer. But we’re not completely in the dark; and with the information we already know, we can make some pretty good guesses about our future NFL quarterbacks and Mozarts.
Most cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes, but Dad’s sperm and Mom’s egg each contain just 23 chromosomes. When egg meets sperm, they join to form the 46 chromosomes of a single cell that will rapidly divide until it becomes the approximately 100 trillion squirming cells that you lovingly diaper, feed and babble to all day.
Each chromosome carries many genes, which also come in pairs. Since half of your baby’s genes come from mommy and the other half are from daddy, the probability of a baby getting any particular gene is similar to the probability of flipping a coin. Sounds like predicting the possible combinations that make up your baby’s looks and personality should be easy, right? No such luck. Only a few traits, such as blood type, are controlled by a single gene pair. Most traits, like skin color, hair color and height are the result of lots of genes working together, many of which are still unidentified.
Blue, Green, and In Between
“We know some factors influencing human pigmentation, including skin and eye color, but we definitely don’t understand this fully,” says Dr. Kathryn E. Beauregard, PhD, and deputy editor of The American Journal of Human Genetics. So can you predict eye color? Not exactly, but you can get close. Light-colored eyes like blue, gray and green are recessive and more likely to show up when both parents have light eyes and less likely to appear when one or both parents has brown eyes. But it is possible for two brown-eyed parents to have a blue-eyed child if the genetics are right.
Hair color follows the same basic principles as eye color. The degrees of darkness depend on the amount of melanin produced, with genes for less melanin (or lighter hair) being recessive and darker hair being dominant. What about those fiery redheads? Red hair results from a special recessive gene for red hair. When combined with genes for brown or black hair, the red gene is obscured and often goes unnoticed. But combined with genes for lighter hair shades, and you get strawberry blonds, light auburns and flaming orange carrot tops.
What about those with no hair at all? One popular misconception is that the mother’s side of the family passes along the gene for male pattern baldness. This belief has had men monitoring the scalps of their maternal grandfathers and uncles for years. In truth, baldness is a complicated genetic trait that can be inherited by either the mother, the father or both. So don’t blame your mom for hair loss!
Thoroughbred Jockey or Pro Wrestler
Height is another complicated trait that’s influenced not only by a child’s genetic makeup, but also by outside forces like health and nutrition. Gender plays a role as well, since boys tend to grow taller than girls. Scientists approximate that genetics and gender count for about 70 percent our height, while 30 percent is determined by environmental factors such as diet, exercise and overall health. Popeye was right when he extolled the virtues of spinach! Humans have been growing steadily taller over the centuries as our nutrition and health care improve.
For a fun and fairly accurate method to determine your baby’s adult height, add the parents’ heights together, divide by two, then add 3 inches for a boy or subtract 3 inches for a girl. While this method is relatively good, your child’s ultimate height can vary by as much as 5 inches above or below this calculation.
Mozart to Manilow
Although specific genes affecting musical ability have yet to be identified, there is undoubtedly a link between musical ability and heredity. In most cases, great musical talent shows up at a very young age, and great musicians usually have parents or close relatives with similar talent. But genes can’t do it alone. A child who inherits “musical genes” will rarely exhibit any talent without environmental stimulus like music played in the house, singing lessons or early exposure to musical instruments. The University of California San Francisco is currently conducting a study of people with perfect pitch. Their research shows that 40 percent of children who begin formal musical training by age four develop perfect pitch. In contrast, only four percent of those who began training after age nine did.
On the other hand, a person can be trained and coached to become a solid musician, but without the right DNA, will never become a virtuoso. UCSF scientists found that musicians with perfect pitch were four times more likely to report a family member with perfect pitch than those without it.
Smart Alecs and Alices
Like musical ability, research indicates that intelligence has both biological and environmental bases, but that genetics play a powerful role in intelligence potential. Studies show that the IQ difference between identical twins (even those raised in different homes) is miniscule (5.9 points), and many research studies indicate the more closely related two people are, the more similar their IQ’s are likely to be.
Although genetics have a lot to do with intelligence levels, environment has a lot to do with how those innate smarts actually develop. For example, a challenging environment may boost your IQ, but your score could drop again if your environment changes. Researchers in Canada found that baby rats whose mothers gave them more attention learned more easily, while doctors at UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas say spending time with your children, reading to them, playing games and otherwise showing you care not only makes your children feel good, but it could help them be smarter.
What about so called “genius genes”? Science sees genius as a rare combination of superior genes, which may not even require a high level education to flourish. Two of history’s greatest minds, Leonardo de Vinci (sculptor, mathematician, engineer, artist, musician and poet) and William Shakespeare came from obscure backgrounds and had very little formal education. Despite lack of flashcards and preschool classes, both displayed dazzling intelligence and talent from the time they were young children.
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We’ve all experienced how difficult it can be to keep the numbers on the scale steady. Unless you have a naturally fast metabolism, maintaining your weight necessitates certain wise methods, especially if you have recently lost weight. According to a Cleveland Clinic research, 80-95 per cent of persons who lose weight regain it with time.
Here are some habits that help people never really gain weight:
– They shun the “all or none at all” mentality
Simply do better at the following meal or snack if you consume anything rich in fat, calories, or sugar. Don’t allow this to spoil your day. If you have a flat tyre, you replace it. You don’t cut the last three tyres! Also, keep in mind that food has no moral worth. You are not a horrible person because you did not eat the healthiest foods.
– Every meal and snack include a source of protein
Make sure to consume protein at regular intervals throughout the day and during each meal and snack. Many people consume low-protein items earlier in the day, then eat a large dose of protein after supper. However, your body does not store protein and cannot digest big quantities at once. If possible, try to eat every four to five hours. Protein also keeps you fuller for longer, which might help you keep your weight in check.
– They don’t have any illusions about reaching the major milestone
Trying to seem to be someone else who is pursuing the horizon. It’s the equivalent of attempting to fit a square peg into a round hole. Don’t let Instagram photoshops deceive you. Determine your healthy weight (you may do so here or here) and strive for it. That’s all there is to it. Take pleasure in your progress. Take care of yourself.
– They do not forego breakfast
Breakfast kick-starts your metabolic activity. Breakfast eaters also appear to have better behaviours in general, which may be attributed to the fact that skipping breakfast might lead to obesity. While breakfast may not be as important as some belief, having a high-protein meal will help keep cravings at bay and stimulate physical activity.
– They stay hydrated all-day
We frequently believe we are starving when, in fact, we are parched. Drink plenty of water throughout the day. Carry a water bottle with you and have a glass of water in your line of sight, at work, or next to you when watching TV.
– They consume a diverse diet
Foods high in fibre and healthy fats are fantastic for keeping you satiated for long durations! Lean protein diets are another excellent source of satiation. Include whole eggs, avocados, salmon, beans, cottage cheese, yoghurt, untreated mixed nuts, and fruits and vegetables.
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| 0.959142 | 582 | 2.703125 | 3 |
International treaty aims to put rules on geoengineering.
The parties to the London Convention, an international treaty that governs ocean pollution, have agreed that large-scale ocean ‘fertilization’ isn’t yet justified, given gaps in scientific knowledge.
The convention, which regulates activities such as the dumping of garbage at sea, had not previously taken a stand on the notion of throwing nutrients into the ocean with the intention of promoting plankton growth. Such projects have been proposed to help increase ocean productivity and thereby boost the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, combating climate change. But critics warn that little is known about the ecological effect of dumping large quantities of nutrients into the sea.
At its meeting in London last week, the convention endorsed concerns issued in June by its scientific advisory group about the possible effects of large-scale fertilization activities.
Representatives from 35 countries agreed that all forms of ocean fertilization should fall under the convention’s oversight. They agreed to study the issue further and create rules to govern such procedures, next year at the earliest. The rules would be binding to countries signed up to the treaty. Until then, they have urged national marine authorities to use the “utmost caution” when considering proposals for large-scale ocean fertilization operations.
Environmental groups have applauded the move. “We certainly welcome the outcome,” says David Santillo of Greenpeace’s science unit in Exeter, UK. “This intention to regulate ocean fertilization has a lot of political weight, and the view that such operations should not proceed at this time is just the sort of clear message we had hoped for.”
In the past, scientific experiments have created algae blooms by dumping iron or other nutrients into patches of ocean. But their findings about the rate of carbon sequestration and the effects on marine ecosystems were ambiguous. The methods have not yet been applied on a large or commercial scale.
Several private companies, including Planktos, based in Foster City, California, plan to fertilize patches of the ocean with iron, with a view to generating verifiable carbon credits that could be sold on evolving global greenhouse-gas-emissions markets.
The Australian company Ocean Nourishment Corporation in New South Wales is also planning to test the idea, this time using urea as a nitrogen-based fertilizer. The firm wants to dump 500 tonnes of dissolved urea in the Sulu Sea between Borneo and the Philippines.
“We do not have a fixed date for this experiment to take place,” says John Ridley, managing director of the corporation. “It is part of our ongoing R&D programme in demonstrating the feasibility of ocean nourishment.” The firm has not yet filed a formal application to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources for permission to perform the test.
The statement of the London Convention will not in itself interfere with the experiments planned by Planktos and the Ocean Nourishment Corporation, which are currently only regulated by any countries overseeing the waters in question.
But environmentalists maintained calls for a voluntary, nation-by-nation moratorium on all fertilization operations until international regulations are in place.
Many also urge other international bodies to set up rules for other acts that interfere on a large scale with the ‘global commons’ of air and water. “We urge governments meeting at the United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change in Bali next month to follow the London Convention’s lead and begin an international process to put all geoengineering technologies under international oversight,” says Jim Thomas of ETC, an environmental group based in Ottawa, Canada.
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What Is Prostate Cancer
Growth in the prostate can be of two types
Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland and may spread to the nearby areas: lymph nodes, organs, or bones in other parts of the body.
White Patients Derive A Larger Conditional Mortality Benefit Than Non
In order to determine whether race interacted with survival, we repeated our initial analyses after stratifying by race and by modeling an interaction term. Among patients with M1 disease, conditional mortality was similar between white and non-white patients . However, among patients with N1 disease, non-white patients did not have a significant reduction in conditional mortality at 5, 10, or 15 years of survival compared to diagnosis , while white patients had similar mortality as the overall cohort, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.10 , 0.898 , and 0.712 , respectively. While non-white patients with T4 disease had improved 5-year PCSM after having survived 5, 10, or 15 years, their improvements were 20-39 % smaller than those of white patients .
Also Check: Prostate Cancer Prognosis By Age
How Prostate Cancer Is Diagnosed And Staged
Cancer staging helps you and your doctor understand how advanced your cancer is and how much it has spread at the time of diagnosis. Knowing your cancer stage also helps your doctor determine the best treatment options for you and estimate your chance of survival.
The most widely used staging system for cancer is the TNM system that classifies cancer from stage 1 to stage 4.
TNM stands for:
- Tumor: the size and extent of the tumor
- Nodes: the number or extent of nearby lymph node involvement
- Metastasis: whether cancer has spread to distant sites in the body
The TNM scale is used for many types of cancer. When a doctor uses it to determine your prostate cancer stage, theyll consider several other factors as well, including:
Also Check: New Prostate Cancer Treatment 2021
Survival For All Stages Of Prostate Cancer
Generally for men with prostate cancer in England:
- more than 95 out of 100 will survive their cancer for 1 year or more
- more than 85 out of 100 will survive their cancer for 5 years or more
- almost 80 out of 100 will survive their cancer for 10 years or more
Survival of prostate cancer is also reported in Scotland and Northern Ireland. But it is difficult to compare survival between these countries because of differences in the way the information is collected.
Cancer survival by stage at diagnosis for England, 2019Office for National Statistics
These statistics are for net survival. Net survival estimates the number of people who survive their cancer rather than calculating the number of people diagnosed with cancer who are still alive. In other words, it is the survival of cancer patients after taking into account the background mortality that they would have experienced if they had not had cancer.
Questions To Ask Your Doctor Or Nurse
- What type of hormone therapy are you offering me and why?
- Are there other treatments I can have?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of my treatment?
- What treatments and support are available to help manage side effects?
- Are there any lifestyle changes that might help me manage my cancer, symptoms, or side effects?
- How often will I have check-ups and what will this involve?
- How will we know if my cancer starts to grow again?
- What other treatments are available if that happens?
- Can I join any clinical trials?
- If I have any questions or get any new symptoms, who should I contact?
Recommended Reading: Where Does Prostate Cancer Spread To
What Does It Mean To Have Stage 5 Prostate Cancer
Ask U.S. doctors your own question and get educational, text answers â it’s anonymous and free!
Ask U.S. doctors your own question and get educational, text answers â it’s anonymous and free!
HealthTap doctors are based in the U.S., board certified, and available by text or video.
What Is Your Prostate Cancer Stage
Your prostate cancer stage is set after testing. Stage describes if the tumor was detected or felt during the digital rectal exam. The prostate cancer stage also indicates whether or not the cancer may have spread to lymph nodes or other organs. Clinical stage is based on all information available prior to any treatment and designated by the TNM system as shown below.
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Stage 2 Prostate Cancer
In stage 2, the tumor is still confined to your prostate and hasnt spread to lymph nodes or other parts of your body. A doctor may or may not be able to feel the tumor during a prostate exam, and it may appear on ultrasound imaging. The survival rate is still .
The PSA score for stage 2 is less than 20 ng/mL.
Stage 2 cancer is further divided into three phases depending on the grade group and Gleason scores:
- Gleason score: 6 or less
Screening For Prostate Cancer
There are no tests available with sufficient accuracy to screen populations of men for early signs of prostate cancer. However, early detection and treatment can significantly improve prostate cancer survival.
The test most commonly used to aid early detection of prostate cancer is the prostate specific antigen blood test. This is not a diagnostic test as it can only indicate changes in the prostate. If you are concerned about prostate cancer you should talk to your doctor and make an informed choice about whether to have one of the tests designed to find early signs of prostate cancer, in view of the potential risks and benefits.
There are no proven measures to prevent prostate cancer.
How Long Can Someone Live With Stage 4 Cancer
Doctors usually describe a persons outlook using the 5-year survival rate. These are calculated based on data from thousands of other people with a similar cancer at a similar stage.
The original location of the cancer determines its type. Survival rates vary, depending on the type of cancer and how far it has spread within the body.
Below, we describe the survival rates for some of the most common forms of cancer in stage 4:
Survival Rates By Tnm Stage
The first approach is based on the TNM stage statistical survival times are matched to the stage of the disease.
|TNM Lung Cancer Stage|
By contrast, the one-year survival rate for stage 4 lung cancer was reported in one study to be between 15% and 19%, meaning this portion of patients with metastatic disease lived for at least a year.
Stage 4 Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials
Clinical trials provide cancer patients with life-extending and curative new medicines. Clinical drug trials are critical in getting new medicines to patients who need them the most, as well as securing data so that regulatory clearances may be secured, and new drugs can enter broad clinical practice. Patients who take part in clinical trials benefit both treatment science and their fellow patients.
There are currently 100 Phase III drug trials and more than 500 Phase I/II trials related to prostate cancer treatment in progress in the United States alone. Those that are approved will join the 12 new drugs that have been approved for men with advanced/metastatic disease since 2010 and further improve outcomes for patients:
Using our AI-powered approach, Massive Bio leads patients through the most extensive clinical trial matching process available.
We can assist you if you have been diagnosed with any of the following prostate cancer subtypes:
- Transitional Cell Carcinoma
- Small Cell Carcinoma
If you do not know which type of prostate cancer you have, that is okay. Additional testing can help you determine your exact diagnosis.
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Coping With Prostate Cancer
The diagnosis of cancer can cause great anxiety to the individual and his family and friends. At times, one may have troubles coping with the diagnosis, the disease, and its treatment. Searching online for information may prove overwhelming also and may not be the best resource. Ask your physician or local hospital about local resources. Often, there are local prostate cancer support groups which may help you cope with your feelings and provide local resources for more knowledge.
You may consider contacting one or more of the following organizations:
- US Prostate Cancer Foundation,
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ,
- American Cancer Society, and
- Patient Advocates for Advanced Cancer Treatment.
The Internet has provided access to a number of sites focusing on prostate cancer treatment and outcomes. The National Cancer Institute and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network have patient information, as well as the American Urological Association.
Recommended Reading: Can A Prostate Biopsy Cause Problems
Stage 4 Prostate Cancer Prognosis
Doctors need to know how far the cancer has advanced, or its stage, in order to choose the best treatment. A pathologist, a specialist who specializes in studying cells obtained from a prostate biopsy, will provide two starting points: the cancers grade and Gleason score.
- Cancer grade: When the pathologist looks at prostate cancer cells, the most common type of cells will get a grade of 3 to 5. The area of cancer cells in the prostate will also be graded. The higher the grade, the more abnormal the cells.
- Gleason score: The two grades will be added together to get a Gleason score. This score tells doctors how likely the cancer is to grow and spread.
After a biopsy reveals prostate cancer, the patient may be subjected to additional testing to determine whether the disease has spread to other regions of the body via the blood or lymph nodes. These are typically imaging examinations, such as a bone scan, positron emission tomography scan, or computed tomography scan.
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Treatments To Help Manage Symptoms
Advanced prostate cancer can cause symptoms, such as bone pain. Speak to your doctor or nurse if you have symptoms there are treatments available to help manage them. The treatments above may help to delay or relieve some symptoms. There are also specific treatments to help manage symptoms you may hear these called palliative treatments. They include:
This is the team of health professionals involved in your care. It is likely to include:
- a specialist nurse
- a chemotherapy nurse
- a diagnostic radiographer
- a therapeutic radiographer
- other health professionals, such as a dietitian or physiotherapist.
Your MDT will meet to discuss your diagnosis and treatment options. You might not meet all the health professionals straight away.
Your main point of contact might be called your key worker. This is usually your clinical nurse specialist , but might be someone else. The key worker will co-ordinate your care and help you get information and support. You may also have close contact with your GP and the practice nurses at your GP surgery.
What Are The Possible Treatment Options For Prostate Cancer
Staging is not the only information that doctors need. Symptoms and the patients age, life expectancy, co-existing health conditions and personal preferences may also be considered when deciding on treatment. Doctors use a general guideline for treatment based on stage groups.
Stage I prostate cancer:
Staging Prostate Cancer Grades And Stages
Overview by Professor Chris FosterProfessor of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineMedical Director of Pathology HCA Healthcare UKPAGE AWAITING APPROVAL
Staging prostate cancer
Grades and Stages are used to describe what a cancer looks like under a microscope and the size and spread of the tumour.
The Cancer GradeThe Cancer Stage The TNM Staging system
- Tumour : How large is the primary tumour ? Where is it located ?
- Node : Has the tumour spread to the lymph nodes? If so, where, and how many ?
- Metastasis : Has the cancer metastasized to other parts of the body? If so, where and how much?
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Tnm Staging System The Most Widely Used Staging System For Prostate Cancer Isthe Ajcc Tnm System For Prostate Cancerthere Are 4 Stages Often The Stages 1 To 4 Are Written As The Roman Numeralsi Ii Iii And Iv Generally The Higher The Stage Number The More The Cancerhas Spread The Stages Can Be Further Divided Into A B Or C An Earlier Lettermeans A Lower Stage Talk To Your Doctor If You Have Questions About Staging Tnm Staging Is Based On The Following: T Describes Thetumour And Whether Doctors Can Feel It Or See It On Imaging Tests It Alsodescribes Whether The Tumour Has Grown Outside Of The Prostate To Thesurrounding Tissues T Is Usually Given As A Number From 1 To 4 A Highernumber Means That The Tumour Takes Up More Of The Prostate Or That The Tumourhas Grown Outside Of The Prostate Into Nearby Tissues Some Stages Are Alsodivided Further Into A B Or C An Earlier Letter Means A Lower Stage The Clinical T Is Your Doctor’s Best Estimate Of Theextent Of The Cancer Based On A Physical Exam A Digital Rectal Exam A Prostatebiopsy And Imaging Tests If You Have Surgery To Remove Your Prostate Apathological T Will Be Given Pt Is More Accurate Than Ct T The Tumour Has Grown Outside The Prostate And Into The Seminal Vesicles T4 The Tumour Has Grown Outside The Prostate And Into Nearby Structures Suchas The Bladder Rectum Pelvic Muscles And Pelvic Wall
N describeswhether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the prostate. N0 means that thecancer hasn’t spread to any nearby lymph nodes. N1 means that it has spread tonearby lymph nodes.
M describeswhether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. M0 means that the cancerhas not spread to other parts of the body. M1 means that it has spread to otherparts of the body.
PSA level describes the amount of the prostate-specificantigen in the blood.
Grade Group is a measureof how likely the cancer is to grow and spread.
Stages Types And Grades Of Prostate Cancer
The tests and scans you have to diagnose prostate cancer give information about:
- the type of cell the cancer started in and where it began
- how abnormal the cells look under the microscope
- the size of the cancer and whether it has spread
In the UK, doctors use the Grade Groups or Gleason score to grade prostate cancer. Doctors now use the Grade Groups and other information to divide prostate cancer into 5 groups. This is called the Cambridge Prognostic Group .
You might also be told about the TNM stage, or you may see this on your pathology report. Another way doctors may describe your cancer is as localised, locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer.
Recommended Reading: Can Your Prostate Make Your Testicles Hurt
General Prostate Cancer Survival Rate
According to the American Cancer Society:
- The relative 5-year survival rate is nearly 100%
- The relative 10-year survival rate is 98%
- The 15-year relative survival rate is 91%
Note: Relative survival rate means the percentage of patients who live amount of years after their initial diagnosis.
Keep in mind, however, that because the compiled list figures are of cancers diagnosed up to 15 years ago, you may have an even greater chance of survival than these indicate due to advances in prostate cancer treatment technology
Experimental Treatments For Advanced Prostate Cancer
Researchers are currently testing many new approaches and treatments for prostate cancer, including new medications. These include the following:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
The immune system uses âcheckpointsâ to stop it from attacking the bodyâs healthy cells. These checkpoints are proteins on immune cells.
Cancer cells often use these checkpoints to keep the immune system from attacking them.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that can these checkpoints on cancer cells. Inhibiting these checkpoints can allow a personâs immune system to attack the cancer cells.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy
This treatment involves taking immune cells from the personâs blood. A scientist then alters these cells in a lab to have receptors called chimeric antigen receptors on their surface.
These receptors help the cells attach to proteins on the surface of prostate cells. A scientist then multiplies these altered T cells in a lab before putting them back into the personâs blood.
Scientists hope these T cells can then find prostate cancer cells and launch a targeted immune attack.
However, this treatment is complicated and may have some serious side effects. This means it is currently only available as part of clinical trials.
Targeted drug therapies
Targeted drug therapies can act on specific parts of cancer cells and the environments surrounding them.
Two possible targeted therapy treatments are:
Treating prostate cancer that has spread to the bones
Recommended Reading: What Is The Gleason Score For Prostate Cancer
Watchful Waiting And Active Surveillance
Watchful waiting is an adequate approach in patients who are at low risk of death from prostate cancer because of their limited life expectancy due to severe comorbidities.26,27 Watchful waiting resulted in similar overall survival when compared with radical prostatectomy, but disease-specific survival was better in patients who had undergone surgery.26 For some patients it turns out to be hard to persist on a watchful waiting policy, and many men drop out and seek active treatment within several years, mostly when PSA elevation is noted.
Active surveillance is a novel and fascinating approach to distinguish between patients who are at higher risk and need active therapy and patients who are at low risk for disease progression.27,28 This approach avoids the risks of therapy while allowing early detection of those patients who are prone to progress. In these high-risk individuals, delayed active treatment is offered. Periodic monitoring of the PSA serum level, digital rectal exam, and repeated prostate biopsies are performed in patients who are on active surveillance, and active therapy is started when predefined threshold values are reached. This concept makes it possible to offer curative treatment to individuals who are at high risk for disease progression as indicated by active surveillance parameters.
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The Future of Automotive is About Reliable Supply Chains of Sustainable Materials
Every automotive company on earth is researching new materials that can reduce weight while maintaining performance characteristics. The problem the auto manufacturers have faced is that hitting all these targets while reducing price has previously been impossible.
This is the paradox that every engineering, R&D, and procurement division across the industry has attempted to solve.
- Strength – Is the material strong enough to stand the test of time?
- Lightweight – Can the material reduce our weight to increase performance?
- Cost – Can the material reduce our input costs?
- Sustainable – Is this material reducing our carbon footprint?
These are the questions at the forefront of everyone’s mind in the automotive sector. Finding a material that fits all these needs has been difficult in this modern era. But, that wasn’t always the case.
Henry Ford Strength Testing Hemp
As far back as the 1930s, Henry Ford faced the same material problems that we face today. His initial solution was to use hemp as his base material to create dozens of different parts for his automobile. Unfortunately, because hemp became illegal in 1937, he was forced to transition to steel, the heavy material we are stuck with today. Without a reliable supply chain, hemp was not a realistic solution for commercially viable vehicles.
Hemp had been the core component of Henry Ford’s biocomposites. The other bio-based materials alone did not have the strength or supply chains required to build hundreds of thousands of vehicles. When hemp became illegal almost 100 years ago, it destroyed the possibility that any bio-based materials would make it into his vehicles.
Today, we are happy to say that industrial hemp is 100% federally legal with the passing of the 2018 Farm Bill. We now have an opportunity to go back to our roots and begin building a world out of hemp materials. The big advantage we have today (vs the 1930’s) is the technology we have to process and mill the hemp plant.
Even the composite equipment that we have at our disposal today allows us to create highly engineered plastics. For bio-based materials like hemp to be utilized on an industrial scale, we need to provide biocontinuity that has never been seen before.
The 3 specific variables that Heartland is focused on refining are:
- Particle Size
- Surface Area
Among many others, these variables are paramount to the adoption of hemp materials in the modern world.
Biocontinuity is one of the most important parts of Heartland’s business. Our team searched every corner of the world for equipment that meets our ESG mandate. Fortunately, we have found the golden goose that will create the foundation for our industrial hemp supply chain.
We are creating a supply chain that is scalable, sustainable, and provides a consistent output that large manufacturing companies can rely upon.
Join us on the journey as we build a world out of hemp.
– Heartland Team
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Processing uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Study
The study explores how people with OCD display aberrant activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of the brain while processing uncertainty.
A neurological illness called obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by compulsive repetitive behaviours like cleaning and checking even when there is obvious objective proof that the environment is clean, orderly, and proper.
Although the illness is sometimes misdiagnosed as a disorder of "fussiness," the ailment is actually caused by a problem with processing uncertainty. The brain bases for that abnormal processing are still unknown, though.
Now, a recent study in the Elsevier journal Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging employs brain imaging to take a deeper look at the mechanisms underlying uncertainty processing in OCD.
The researchers, led by Valerie Voon, PhD, from the University of Cambridge, looked at three groups of people: OCD sufferers, OCD sufferers who had undergone capsulotomy therapy, which is thought to reduce OCD-related brain activity, and healthy controls. The researchers wanted to look at processing in OCD, but they also wanted to look at how capsulotomy affected processing.
Dr Voon explained, “We used a simple card gambling task like that commonly used in drinking games. Participants faced with an open card simply bet whether they thought the next card would be higher or lower than the open card. At the extremes, with high or low open cards, certainty is high, but uncertainty was much higher with cards near the middle of the deck.”
For the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments, the researchers focused on brain areas implicated in decision-making, namely the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the anterior insula (AI). Participants with OCD displayed aberrant activity in this circuitry compared to healthy controls while determining certainty.
Dr Voon said, “Critically, patients with OCD showed slower decision-making, but only when the outcomes were more certain. Because these impairments appeared in both the OCD patients and those who had improved after capsulotomy surgery, that suggests this cognitive mechanism might be a core feature underlying why OCD develops, irrespective of how severe the symptoms might be.”
Dr Voon added, “The imaging data may provide a representation of how OCD patients might struggle with their symptoms. Whereas healthy individuals might be able to say, 'this is clean' and stop cleaning, people with OCD might struggle with that sense of certainty, and perhaps spend more time wondering 'is this still a bit dirty, or is this clean enough,' and clean further.”
The findings make clear that OCD is not a disorder of over-cleanliness but one of disordered brain processing of certainty.
Cameron Carter, MD, Editor of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, said of the work, “This very interesting study provides an important new perspective on the mechanism underlying the disabling symptoms of OCD and suggests that developing new therapies targeting uncertainty processing in the disorder, as well as the neural systems underlying these processes, such as the dACC and AI, may offer new hope to those suffering from this difficult to treat and disabling disorder.”
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As a personal trainer in San Mateo, I often get asked about the role of vitamins and minerals in a healthy diet and fitness regimen. One vitamin in particular, Vitamin C, stands out as a crucial component for optimal health and fitness.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in many bodily functions. It acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It also helps to produce collagen, a protein that is necessary for the formation of healthy skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Additionally, Vitamin C is necessary for the absorption of iron, a mineral that is important for maintaining healthy red blood cells.
But the benefits of Vitamin C don’t stop there. Recent research suggests that it may also play a role in improving physical performance. A study published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition found that taking a Vitamin C supplement before exercise can reduce muscle damage and improve recovery time. Another study published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition found that Vitamin C supplementation can improve endurance exercise performance.
So how much Vitamin C do we need to reap these benefits? The recommended daily amount for adult men and women is 90 and 75 milligrams, respectively. However, if you’re an athlete or engage in regular physical activity, you may need more. The National Institutes of Health suggests that athletes and active individuals consume at least 120-200 milligrams of Vitamin C per day.
You can easily get your daily dose of Vitamin C from a variety of foods such as oranges, strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, spinach, and broccoli. It’s also available in supplement form, but it’s always best to get your nutrients from whole foods whenever possible.
It’s important to note that while Vitamin C is an important nutrient, it’s just one piece of the puzzle. A well-rounded diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats is essential for optimal health and fitness. And, as always, regular exercise and physical activity are key to maintaining a healthy body and mind.
In conclusion, Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including protecting cells from damage, producing collagen, and helping with the absorption of iron. Furthermore, recent research suggests that it may also play a role in improving physical performance. As a personal trainer in San Mateo, I recommend incorporating a variety of Vitamin C-rich foods into your diet and working with a professional to determine if a supplement is right for you.
If you’re looking for a personal trainer in San Mateo who can help you optimize your health and fitness, look no further than Holly Roser Fitness. I’ll work with you to create a personalized plan that incorporates a well-rounded diet, regular exercise, and all the essential vitamins and minerals your body needs to perform at its best. Contact me today to schedule your first session!
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, “Vitamin C and E supplementation hampers cellular adaptation to endurance training in humans: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial”
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, “Vitamin C supplementation and endurance exercise: what are the potential benefits?”
National Institutes of Health, “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin C”
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The Great Strike of 1877 was not exclusive to Pittsburgh. The first signs of what would become a popular uprising appeared on the B&O Line in Baltimore, on July 16th 1877. Unrest in Baltimore was initially suppressed. The next day, however, trainmen in Martinsburg, West Virginia went on strike. News from Martinsburg helped to re-ignite the flame of discontent in Baltimore. Citizens rose up in support of workers and met violent opposition from the Maryland National Guard.
Within a week, the strike reached more than a dozen lines and extended from New York State west to the Rockies and south to Texas. Mass rallies were held in Buffalo, Albany, Trenton, Boston and New York City. In Chicago, a crowd of 10,000 people fended off police attacks. A general strike in Saint Louis lasted five days. Over all, 100,000 people are estimated to have participated in the strike and the popular uprising that ensued in many cities across the country.
13th Street and Mulberry Way, near the Heinz History Center, Strip District: 40.44675, -79.99158
This historical marker was removed by officials at the Heinz History Museum in the summer of 2008, as it bore "a remarkable resemblance to state historic markers and could lead the general public to believe that they have some official sanction."
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| 0.96891 | 276 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Wine-flavoured toothpaste, anyone?
It might not be as far fetched as it sounds, as a new study has revealed drinking red wine actually offers a number of health benefits that extend far beyond the mere feel-good factor.
After analysing the effect of polyphenols, the antioxidants found in red wine, Spanish chemists found that exposure to such compounds can help prevent bacteria from sticking to the gums that would normally lead to cavities and plaque.
Scientists from the Spanish National Research Council in Madrid examined the oral health benefits of two types of red wine polyphenols: caffeic and p-coumaric acid, both of which are also found in coffee and cranberry juice.
Both were successful in preventing potentially harmful microbes from sticking to the gums which could lead to gum disease and tooth decay.
Published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, the scientists said the effect was stronger when the polyphenols were combined with the oral probiotic streptococcus dentisani bacteria.
Despite the promising findings, the study’s authors were quick to warn that we shouldn’t jump to starting our day with a gargle of Merlot quite yet, as the chemicals analysed in the study were far higher in concentration than those found in wine.
Instead, they advise using the molecules in red wine in preventative medicines that would help curb oral diseases.
Exposure would also need to be fairly extensive in order to really see the benefits, given that exposure to the polyphenols in the experiment lasted for up to 47 hours.
You might think you like red wine, but even the most hardcore of fans would struggle to keep the grape-based drink in their mouths for that long.
Plus, as Dr Gunter Kuhnle, a nutrition professor at the University of Reading, pointed out, the two compounds identified in the study are much more abundant in other foods, such as berries.
“This is interesting work done on cells outside of the body, but it is very preliminary and so one must be very cautious about extrapolating these results to any current health advice,” added Naveed Sattar, a professor in metabolic medicine at the University of Glasgow.
“The findings suggest some compounds called phenols should be investigated further for their roles in preventing bacteria binding to cells and causing infection, but this needs much validation.”
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term that refers to prolonged inflammation in your digestive tract. It covers two digestive illnesses: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are often confused terms because they sound similar, but they are very different from each other. IBD is inflammation and can cause destruction to your digestive tract, whereas IBS is a syndrome that creates uncomfortable and annoying symptoms but is not destructive.
Because inflammatory bowel disease can harm your digestive tract, X-rays are sometimes in order to check your digestive organs. Doctors use these imaging tests to help diagnose your condition so the proper treatment can be prescribed or recommended.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Symptoms
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis have some similar symptoms, including severe diarrhea, stomach pain, reduced appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Diarrhea can occur because the inflamed parts of your bowel (intestine) are unable to absorb water, so the water leaves the body through the rectum. The danger of this is that it can lead to dangerous dehydration.
Stomach pain, bloating, and cramping can occur due to bowel obstruction. You may also see blood in your stool due to bleeding ulcers in the digestive tract.
If left untreated, inflammatory bowel disease can result in serious complications. Examples are colon cancer, blood clots, and inflammation in your joints and organs.
How X-rays Detect IBD Issues
The most frequently used type of diagnostic imaging test for inflammatory bowel disease is the X-ray. If you are experiencing any of the symptoms described above, your doctor may want to order an X-ray to check for signs of inflammatory bowel disease – or to check for any new lesions or growths in the digestive tract. This way, the physician can diagnose and treat your condition properly.
The X-ray will scan your abdominal area to see if there is any obstruction or blockage in your digestive tract. An X-ray may also be used to check for a perforated bowel or toxic megacolon.
Among the various types of diagnostic scanning tests, the X-ray takes the least amount of time and is usually the least expensive. A digital X-ray session can take less than 15 minutes, from conducting the scan to receiving the result.
CT Scan and X-ray
The CT scan is used to diagnose health conditions such as heart disease, vascular disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. A CT scan actually combines several X-ray images taken from different angles, so your doctor can have a more detailed, 3-D image of your digestive system.
The CT scan is also a quick option, although not as quick as a regular X-ray. A typical CT scan can take up to 30 minutes, and it is entirely noninvasive.
Diagnostic Imaging for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
There is no need to wait for your digestive symptoms to become unbearable. If you are experiencing the signs of inflammatory bowel disease, it is best to consult with a doctor and undergo the necessary tests for proper diagnosis.
Here at Independent Imaging, we deliver accurate and comprehensive imaging results using state-of-the-art technology. We have several offices conveniently located across Palm Beach County.
If you have any questions, contact us today by calling us at (561) 795-5558 or request an appointment via our online form. We look forward to serving you.
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PeopleImages/iStock/Getty Images Plus
Nationally, anxiety and depression are more common among students than ever before, and a new study from Harvard’s Graduate School of Education finds young adults are more likely than younger teens to feel on edge, lonely, unmoored and directionless.
Among 709 surveyed 18- to 25-year-olds, 36 percent reported anxiety and 29 percent reported depression. Financial worries (56 percent) and achievement pressures (51 percent) were among the most common negative influences on mental health, but loneliness (34 percent), feeling unimportant (44 percent) and a general “sense that things are falling apart” (45 percent) also impact students. Comparatively, 18 percent of those aged 14 to 17 had anxiety, and 15 percent experienced depression.
Higher education practitioners can support young people’s mental health by encouraging them to find their life meaning, establish relationships and enjoy life outside of achievements.
Researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with 35 teens (age 14 to 17), young adults (18 to 25) and adults who serve as caretakers of young people in 2022. The report also draws on a national survey of 396 teenagers, 709 young adults (18 to 25 years old) and 748 parents or caregivers.
Cultivate meaning and purpose. Helping young people identify a core sense of purpose that prioritizes participation in a larger-than-self mission can improve their academic, physical and mental health.
Focus group conversations revealed young people do not want solutions or for their problems to be fixed for them (around 40 percent of surveyed young adults indicated they have little faith in older adults’ capacity to solve problems), but instead want to receive input on their own perspectives and experiences.
Older adults can cultivate meaningful purpose in young people by listening to and advising them. Individuals leading purpose-fostering interventions—including career, academic and therapeutic counseling—should help students identify long-term goals, agency, self-regulation and gratitude. Researchers also stress the importance of high-quality advising that provides spaces for students to reflect, evaluate their goals and improve their efforts.
To help students find their purpose, Harvard researchers suggest that educators try asking them the following questions:
- What is your “ideal story,” or the life that you aspire to lead?
- What is your “ought story,” or the life your parents expect you to lead?
- What is your “almost story,” or the life you haven’t embarked on but are still curious about?
- What is your “shame story,” or the life you are afraid you will live?
- What is your “existential story,” or the beliefs you hold about the meaning of life?
- What is your “pragmatic story,” or the constraints and realities you face in your life?
By framing the different types of lives students could or want to lead, adults can help young people find their way toward the ideal story.
Develop gratifying and durable relationships. A majority of young people find meaning and purpose in their relationships, so students should be encouraged to invest in interpersonal relationships.
This summer, Surgeon General Vivek Murthy identified social connection as a national public health concern. Researchers believe that older adults should prioritize infrastructure that creates opportunities for young people to connect, educating students about loneliness and how to manage negative thoughts as well as promoting a sense of social responsibility.
Experience life beyond achievements. Achievement-related stress can overpower students’ mental health, and young people can feel their lives are meaningless in a larger context.
Coming-of-age and gratitude rituals that ask students to reflect on their purpose in life beyond their individual participation can help young people root themselves. A capstone project, for example, can push students to consider what constitutes a meaningful life and what they owe to their communities and past and future generations.
Older adults can encourage awe and wonder among young people to find enjoyment outside of work as well. Subjects like the humanities, the sciences, the arts, history, anthropology and nature can frame daily experiences in the “larger life stream,” according to the report.
Do you have a wellness tip that might help others encourage student success? Tell us about it.
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“There is always something new to discover – a quest to take, a hidden object to find”
Our distinct philosophy and innovative curriculum is inspired by the highly regarded Reggio Emilia approach and encompasses the internationally renowned school of thinking, Habits of Mind™
The Inspira Kids Early Learning Centres curriculum is based on the Victorian Early Years Learning Framework and encompasses the internationally renowned school of thinking, Habits of Mind™. Along with our team of experienced educators, the result is an effective child-centric, skills-based learning framework that develops a child holistically.
Our beautifully designed spaces are hallmarks of the Inspira Kids learning environment. We believe that our children learn best in beautiful surroundings, so we work hard in creating spaces that stimulate their senses and encourage their natural urge to explore everything around them.
Our programs are inspired by the highly regarded Reggio Emilia philosophy. Originally developed by Loris Malaguzzi, in the Italian city of Reggio Emilia, this program has been adopted throughout the world. The Reggio Emilia approach to education is committed to the creation of conditions for learning that will enhance and facilitate children’s construction of “his or her own powers of thinking through the synthesis of all the expressive, communicative and cognitive languages” (Edwards and Forman 1993).
Our approach is based on the following principles:
Emergent Curriculum – An emergent curriculum is one that builds upon the interest of the children. Topics for study are captured from the children’s conversation, through community or family events as well as the known interests and ability of the children. Planning is an essential component of the emergent curriculum and Teachers work together to formulate hypotheses on the possible direction of a project, the materials needed, and the possible parent and/or community support and involvement.
Project Work and Investigations – Through their play and learning we allow children to build on their understandings of their world, through many means. Project work is fundamental approach to learning. Project based learning provides children with an opportunity to investigate and explore an area of interest. This includes inquiry based projects, which can last for as long as the children are showing interest in the topic. The project can be viewed in many aspects of the environment, painting and pretend play, modelling and music, ensuring each one of these allow children to use their senses and all their languages to learn.
Each room has a project/s happening across the year (which will change and evolve over time, depending on the children). This allows all children to contribute when present. It is our belief that projects give children an opportunity engage in inquiry based play, to investigate and discover an area of personal interest and provide children with the power to construct their own learning.
Key Focus of the Inspira Kids Curriculum:
- Discovery Learning
- Creative Arts
- Physical Development & Wellbeing
- Problem Solving & Numeracy
- Literacy, Communication & Language
Collaboration – Collaborative group work, both large and small, is considered valuable and necessary to advance cognitive development. Children are encouraged to discuss, critique, compare, negotiate, hypothesize and problem solve through group work. Within the Reggio Emilia approach multiple perspectives promotes both a sense of group membership and the uniqueness of self.
Our Educators – the educator’s role within the children’s learning is a vital . The role of the educator is first and foremost to be that of a learner alongside the children. The educator is a researcher, a resource and guide as she/he lends expertise to children. An educator will effectively listen, observe, and document children’s work and growth, and are to able to provoke, co-construct, and stimulate thinking and children’s collaboration with peers. Educators are committed to reflecting on their own teaching and learning.
Documentation – Alongside the Children’s portfolio, documentation of children’s work in progress is viewed as an important tool in the learning process for children, educators and parents. Pictures of children engaged in experiences, their words as they discuss what they are doing, feeling, thinking and the children’s interpretation of experience through the visual media are displayed as a graphic presentation of the dynamics of learning. We use a variety of tools to document children’s learning.
Partnerships with Families and the Community – We pride ourselves on fostering and sustaining respectful and pro-active partnerships with our families. We believe it makes a tremendous difference to how well a child flourishes, knowing they are in a nurturing circle of families, educators and community members.
We care about getting to know your family and celebrate what makes you unique. We promote family involvement within our centres through our open door policy, family events and participation in our programs.
We have a particular emphasis on the role of the environment both socially and physically. Our centres are designed to create learning spaces that reflect the home environment in terms comfort, colour and calmness.
Inspira Kids centres contain state of the art, high quality equipment, age and developmentally appropriate educational resources, toys and activities. Our landscaped gardens have been designed to enhance and enrich your child’s imagination, creativity and sense of wonder.
Educators carefully organise spaces for small and large group projects as well as small intimate spaces for one, two or three children. We value children’s work, therefore display it at their eye level for them to enjoy.
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Introduction: Make a Musical Bench
The Musical Bench is an exhibit which makes music when people touch, kiss, or hold hands. It uses a micro-controller to detect changes in resistance, via the copper armrests, and plays high or low notes depending on how much current flows through you and a friend. This exhibit is the result of messing around with many different ways of using the human body to complete an electrical circuit.
The original Exploratorium exhibit runs on a prototype board, but for this instructables we’ve used an Arduino instead. This makes it possible for you to build it into a bench, a drinking fountain, or something that we haven’t thought of yet. You can also use this as a personal tool for playfully investigating electricity, conductivity, and capacitance. Have fun and happy tinkering!
Step 1: Materials
Collect these parts:
- Arduino USB (any type will work)
- Sparkfun Musical Instrument Shield
- Arduino Stackable Header Kit
- Two 1k Ohm resistors
- One 39k Ohm resistor (you can use a 47k resistor from this set if you can't find a 39k)
- One 0.1 uF capacitor
- Solid core wire (red, black, and white)
- Stranded wire
- Two Touch Pads (you can use scraps of copper or brass, copper pipes, or other conductive objects)
- DC power supply 9-12V
- Speakers or headphones with ⅛" stereo jack
- Soldering iron (we like this one from Weller)
- Wire stripper
- Wire cutter
- Safety goggles
- A computer loaded with arduino software
If you are new to Arduino Programming here are some helpful links:
How to program an Arduino http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
What an Arduino is http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno
How to choose an Arduino https://www.sparkfun.com/arduino_guide
If you're familiar with schematics
Here are two schematics that should help most experienced arduinio/electronics people figure out how we're making. One is a drawing of the connections done with Fritzing, and the other is an electronics schematics of the sensor interface.
Step 2: Solder the Headers
The musical Arduino shield is capable of generating sounds, but first we'll need to set it up so it can take inputs from the physical world and communicate them with the main Arduino board. The first step is to solder on the headers that connect it to the main board.
Step 3: Add Your Resistors
- Orient your shield so that you're looking at the side with the components on it, and the text "Sparkfun.com" is right side up.
- Place the three resistors next to each other in the center of the prototype area of the Musical Instrument Shield. Place the 39k resistor on the left—we'll call this R1. Place one of the 1k resistors in the middle (R2), and the last 1k resistor (R3) on the right, nearest the audio jack. It helps to spread the legs with two spaces in the middle so that the resistors can lay flat.
Step 4: Add Your Capacitor
Step 5: Add the Red Wire
Now you will add three wires to the board. To keep them easily identifiable we've used red, white, and black but the color of the wire doesn't matter.
Cut a piece of solid core wire (we used the red one) about 2” long and strip both ends.
Flip over the board and solder that end into place.
Bend down the leg of R1 (the side not connected to R2) and solder it to the red wire.
Step 6: Add the Black Wire
Cut a piece of solid core wire (we use black) about 2" long and strip both ends about 3/8".
Flip the board over and and solder the end into place.
Make a soldered connected to the adjacent C1/R3 junction.
Step 7: Add the White Wire
Cut a piece of solid core wire (we use white) about 3" long and strip both ends about 3/8".
Insert one into the board just above the c1/R2 junction (just to the left of the black wire)
Flip the board over and solder the end of the wire in place.
Make a soldered connection to the adjacent C1/R2 junction.
Flip the board over and Insert the other end of the wire into the header socket labeled "A0" (on the middle right side of the shield).
Step 8: Connect the Wires for the Touch Pads
Cut two pieces of the stranded wire as long as you will need to reach from the shield to where you want the touch pads to go.
Strip back 1/4" on one and insert just below R3.
Flip the board over. Solder the wire in place and make a soldered connection to the leg of R3.
Go back to the front of the board. Strip back 1/4" on the other wire and insert just below R2.
Flip the board over. Solder the wire in place and make a soldered connection to the R1/R2 junction.
Step 9: Connect the Wires to the Touchpads
Now you need to connect the other ends of the wires to your metal touch pads. We soldered them but you can also use bolts, alligator clip leads, or any method you wish. You may want to experiment with different materials and sizes for touchpads using alligator clips before soldering the leads.
Step 10: Check Your Work
Step 11: Mount the Shield on the Arduino
Mount the shield assembly to your Arduino by plugging the stackable header pins into the Arduino's header sockets. There may be more header sockets on the Arduino than on the shield, but it's fine. Those sockets will not be used, and if you look closely, you will see that, due to the gaps between headers, there is only one way to plug it in smoothly without bending any pins.
Check to be sure that the USB connector on the Arduino is not shorting out to the bottom of the shield. If it is, you may need to put some tape in between.
Step 12: Load the Sketch to the Arduino
Plug the USB into your computer and load the SingingSnack sketch on to your Arduino.
If you need help with this go to the guide on the Arduino home page (http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage).
Step 13: Start Exploring
Plug your headphones, earbuds or powered speakers into the audio jack on the shield.
Touch both pads and start exploring how different types of touch maps to different notes.
If you hold one of the touch pads and a friend holds the other you can make music by touching fingers, shaking hands, or hi-fiving. Experiment with which parts of your body allow more electricity to flow (higher notes equal more conductivity).
Step 14: Tweak the Sketch
If you go into the sketch on the arduino there are a few variables that are fun to play with. We've labeled which variables are the most tinker-able and the ones are probably better left alone (unless you are an arduino master).
#define SIXTEENTH_NOTE_MS (100) - this number changes the fullness and denseness of the arpeggio (a series of notes played in sequence). We've decided to use the arpeggio to make the sound amore "musical"
#define SENSOR_HYSTERESIS (10) - this variable defines how sensitive the device is to changes jn resistance. We dialed this down to 4 to get a more full sound (although it also can produce more 'noise' in the system).
#define LOWEST_NOTE (48)
#define HIGHEST_NOTE (96) - these two variable controls the range in notes that can be played although the highest and lowest notes are usually not used.
#define MY_INSTRUMENT (0) - it's set to the 'grand piano' instrument but it's fun to play around with the numbers (it goes up to 127 to create some interesting sounds and even percussive effects).
You can also change the volume and "strike force" here if your headphones don't have volume control.
If you want to get more in-depth into programming or electronic music feel free to mess around with the sketch and make changes or additions to the code. You may be able to add a digital numerical display to show the levels of resistance, you might try making the music more melodious, or you can add something we haven't thought of yet. Please share your changes and additions with us so we can improve the code.
Step 15: Hack a Bench!
At the exploratorium, we have a prototype cricket computer board running a similar program built in to a normal museum bench. Follow these steps to turn any bench into a fun and social, musical instrument.
Find a way to mount the arduino on the bench. We cut a hole in the seat of the bench and installed a wooden box with a plexiglass cover. We like that arrangement because its visible to the people sitting on the bench but depending on your furniture and tools available you may want to figure out a different solution.
Solder a ring terminal to each wire and use it to screw the wire to the covered armrest. If you want you can also solder the wire directly to the copper piece.
Step 16: Keep Playing!
What you've made is really a tool to explore the world around you and create interesting sounds from variations in resistance and conductivity. Keep playing with various materials and household objects, have fun, and let us know what other cool discoveries you make.
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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has announced the formation of the NIOSH Center for Workers’ Compensation Studies (CWCS) that will coordinate data in an effort to reduce the burdens of work-related injuries and illness on workers, their families and communities and the economy.
(One 2011 study estimates costs associated with work related injuries and illnesses in the U.S. at $250 billion annually.)
“At NIOSH it is our mission to identify, define, and apply ways to reduce these burdens and impacts,” according to a statement issued by the institute. “One way in which we do this is by conducting surveillance and research using rich sets of data. Workers' compensation systems are one such source of data.”
The CWCS was created to organize workers’ compensation data that are already being analyzed by NIOSH researchers in existing programs, such as the Economics Program, Surveillance Program, and the Center for Motor Vehicle Safety.
“This is important because coordinated workers’ compensation research has been conducted mostly at large commercial insurers, state-based insurers, or organizations such as the National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI), which cannot always widely distribute their research findings,” according to NIOSH.
Analyses will be conducted across a wide range of industry sectors, including:
- Healthcare and social assistance
- Public safety
- Wholesale and retail trade
NIOSH says the mission of the CWCS is to use workers’ compensation data to prevent and reduce the severity of workplace injuries and illnesses.
Click here for information about CWCS.
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Nanotechnology is defined as the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In lay terms, nanotechnology is the molecular level processing and development of devices to carryout biological functions in a simpler way. In medicine, nanotechnology is being used in the drug development process and research that involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level (Nano-medicine).
Nano-medicine has incredible potential for revolutionizing the therapeutics and diagnostics under the premise of developing ingenious nanodevices. Drug delivery nanosystems constitute a significant portion of nanomedicine. In nano drug delivery systems, the efficiency and availability of the drug are not based on the size of the nanoparticle. The drug delivery systems range from nano sized particles to micro particles in the range of 100 μm. Both nano- and micro scale systems have been extremely important in developing various clinically useful drug delivery systems.
Drug delivery system is one of the major areas where nanotechnology has been used to target a drug to the specific cells, tissues or organs. These nanoparticles are engineered in such a way that the drug is incorporated and they are targeted to the specific types of cells (such as cancer cells). This technique reduces damage to healthy cells in the body and allows for earlier detection of the disease. For example, nanoparticles that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells are under development. Tests are in progress for targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs and their final approval for their use with cancer patients is pending.
Nanoparticles are used as drug reservoirs in targeted drug delivery systems. They are attached with ethylene glycol which prevents the white blood cells from recognizing the nanoparticles as foreign bodies after releasing them into the human body and assists nano particles in targeting the tumour tissues. This is at research level and the scientists are in continuous development of more effective methods to target nanoparticles that carry the therapeutic agent directly to the diseased cells.
The current drug delivery systems are useful to deliver a certain amount of drug that is therapeutically effective over an extended period of time. There is need to develop delivery systems that deliver the complete drug to show the therapeutic effect that increases the bioavailability of the drug. Such requirements can be met by the micro scale drug delivery systems manufactured by nanotechnology. In addition, little attention has been paid to the fact that the systems have to be introduced into the human body, requiring approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Nanotechnology has many applications in therapy techniques, Diagnostic and Imaging techniques, anti-microbial techniques, cell repair using manufactured nano-robots, etc.
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ICSE /Class 5
Science MCQ Based On Atmospheric pollution
Our free online Science test quiz for Class 5, ICSE will assist you to improve your Science skills on every concept in a fun interactive way.
ICSE Class 5 Science Atmospheric pollution
Which gas do we inhale from the air surrounding us?
Which out of the given four causes harm to respiratory system?
Vehicle's smoke is one of the reason for lung cancer.
Read the options carefully!!
Which pollution is caused by vehicle smoke?
The girl in the picture is having problem in breathing as shown.
What are the common diseases have you heard that are caused due to air pollution?
Is it dangerous to breathe?
Taj Mahal's marble is turning yellowing due to acid rain.
Due to this white marbles turns yellowish.
At JustTutors, we believe in the power of digital technology to help students get personalized learning and attention from India's best-in-class science, english and math tutors. We are focused on creating a top-class e-learning platform that brings together the best teachers, technology, media, content for creating a seamless and world-class experience for every student.
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English name: Pogonia
Pogonia, genus of two species of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae) native to temperate zones of Asia and North America.
Pogonia species have a slender rootstock and usually bear one leaf about halfway up the stem and several at the base. The pinkish flowers have an odour similar to raspberries and usually are solitary. The lip of each flower is toothed and bearded. Snakemouth (P. ophioglossoides), also known as rose pogonia and adder’s mouth, is common in bogs and swamps of eastern North America. The plant is about 8 to 53 cm (3 to 21 inches) tall. The Asian pogonia (P. japonica) grows in moist open areas of Japan, Korea, and parts of China.
Various other genera in the tribe Pogonieae are commonly known as “pogonias.” The small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides) and the large whorled pogonia (I. verticillata) are North American orchids and the only members of their genus. The small whorled pogonia is listed as an endangered species in many of the states in which it occurs. The small spreading pogonia (Cleistesiopsis bifaria), the large spreading pogonia (C. divaricata), and the small coastal plain spreading pogonia (C. oricamporum) are native to eastern North America.
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The human need to share one’s opinion and views is the reason why websites like Twitter are succeeding. Founded in 2006, Twitter has rapidly become one of the most popular social networking websites, providing millions of people with a platform to share their thoughts.
Over the past few decades, the importance and value of intellectual property has skyrocketed; keeping this in mind, Twitter has been filing trademark applications to register words like ‘tweetstorm’, ‘viners’, ‘revine’, etc. in an effort to protect its intellectual property. Latest to join this list is the term ‘subtweet’, which refers to the practice of tweeting about a person without including their twitter handle; as a result, the person mentioned will not be able to view the subtweet in their Twitter timeline.
A Trademark is a mark which is capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one person from those of others. They indicate the source of goods and services, and thereby protect the customers from being deceived.
The application,for the mark ‘subtweet’, was filed on October 30, 2015, under classes dealing with telecommunications, online journals, online social networking services, etc. On November 19, 2015, the mark was approved by the Examining attorney for publication. Once published the mark would be open for opposition by the public for the period of 30 days from the date of publication in the official gazette. If there is no opposition or if the opposition is refused, then the mark will move towards registration stage.
If previously filed applications are to be taken into consideration, one can only assume that luck was not in favour of Twitter. This can be ascertained from the fact that trademark application pertaining to the mark ‘tweet’ was suspended; similarly the mark ‘tweetstorm’ is now in trouble, having been opposed upon publication in the official gazette. Keeping the above history in mind, one can just hope that ‘subtweet’ does not meet a similar fate.
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| 0.957357 | 423 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which are the air passages that carry air to and from the lungs. Several factors can make bronchitis worse, including:
- Smoking: Smoking irritates the bronchial tubes and can lead to chronic bronchitis.
- Air pollution: Exposure to air pollution, such as dust, fumes, and smoke, can irritate the bronchial tubes and worsen bronchitis symptoms.
- Allergies: Allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, and animal dander, can trigger bronchitis symptoms and make them worse.
- Respiratory infections: Bronchitis is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection, and other respiratory infections can exacerbate the symptoms of bronchitis.
- Cold temperatures: Cold air can irritate the bronchial tubes and worsen bronchitis symptoms.
- Weak immune system: People with a weak immune system may be more susceptible to infections that can lead to bronchitis, and they may also have a harder time fighting off the infection and recovering from it.
- Chronic lung diseases: People with chronic lung diseases, such as COPD or asthma, may be more susceptible to bronchitis and may experience more severe symptoms.
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| 0.91882 | 262 | 4.03125 | 4 |
The Rover JET1 Turbine Car
The story of the gas turbine engine in cars began in 1950 in Great Britain in the form of the Rover JET1. Production on the JET1 began in 1946 as Rover had experience in the production of the first working turbojet engine. Frank Whittle had come up with the design of the original turbojet during the 1930s.
It was hoped that using the turbine motor – smoother at all speeds and featuring considerably fewer moving parts – would represent a breakthrough for passenger cars. Turbines can run on various types of fuel, start easier in cold climates and were thought to produce vastly superior fuel economy than piston engine designs.
The hope was that turbine engines would represent the powertrain of the future and prove reliable and cheaper to operate.
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Unequal at Birth: A Long-Term Comparison of Income and Birth Weight
I demonstrate that although socioeconomic differences in birth weight have always been" fairly small in the United States, they have narrowed since the beginning of this century. I argue" that maternal height, and therefore the mother's nutritional status during her growing years accounted for most of the socioeconomic differences in birth weight in the past implying that in the past health inequality was transmitted across generations. I also show that" children born at the beginning of this century compared favorably to modern populations in terms" of birth weights, but suffered higher fetal and neonatal death rates because obstetrical and" medical knowledge was poorer. In addition, by day ten children in the past were at a" disadvantage relative to children today because best practice resulted in insufficient feeding. The" poor average health of past populations therefore originated in part in the first days of life."
- Author(s): Dora CostaIn 1910-31, 25 percent of babies died by day ten if they weighed between 1500 and 1999 grams; in 1988, only 3 percent of babies in the...
Journal of Economic History, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 987-1009, December 1998. citation courtesy of
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How to win in your School annual Sports?
Today fitness and exercise have become an important part of people’s life. Today’s youth has indulged themselves in many sports activities as they know how important it is for their health and future also. Many schools and educational institutes provide students with these sports facilities with the thought that with these they can relive their stress and can take a break with their curriculum activities. Sports do not only build-up the physical health of the kids but also help them earn some credits by playing and winning the sports. Just a medal (เหรียญรางวัล, which is the term in Thai) can increase their confidence and can help them participate more in games.
How Sports help in Building Character and Confidence of a Kid:
- A pat on the back, handshake, bundling up with teammates easily can increase a child’s confidence and his willingness to participate in sports activities.
- A few words of praise can also increase their self-esteem
- The desire for winning a medal or a trophy can increase their determination of doing something.
- They can release negative energy from their mind.
- It teaches them how to behave in a disciplinary manner.
- By going out for the tournament’s kids can increase their skills of social interaction.
- Sports increase their patience level.
Some Tips to win a Sport:
- Set a mindset and focus on your goal.
- Listen either to a piece of motivational music or to your favorite music before the sport you are going to play.
- Do stretching before going into the field.
- Respect your coach and be attentive with the instructions they give to you.
- Try to make your routine and follow it with a full dedication this may lead you to win a prize.
- Balance your breathing, heavy breathing may result in getting you tired.
- No matter what is going on in the surrounding, ignore and keep all your focus on the sport you are playing.
- Let your skills and talent come out in the form of a flood.
- Take proper care of your diet and eat more healthy food.
We learned about, how sports are beneficial in making someone’s self-esteem and personality and also about the tips of how to win a sport. Winning a medal may result in getting an appraisal from everyone and also result in help you in getting recognition from the coaches and teachers. This also helps you in improving your social accessibility and a sports certificate may help you in applying or getting admission to any school or institutes in the future.
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In 1861, Forrest enlisted as a private in the Tennessee cavalry. As a lieutenant colonel, he defended Fort Donaldson, after which he was promoted to colonel of 3rd Tennessee Cavalry at Battle of Shiloh. In June 1862, he led a raid into west Tennessee, during which time, he captured the garrison at Murfreesboro. In the next month, he received the rank of brigadier general. Initially, he took part in joint operations during the Chattanooga campaign until conflict with General Braxton Bragg led him to receive his own independent command. In December 1863, he received another promotion to major general. In April 1864, he captured Fort Pillow. Subsequently, he led his force into battle at Brices' Crossroads, and later, at Tupelo. In late 1864, he served in the Tennessee campaign before his received his last promotion - to lieutenant general. In April 1865, he was finally captured in Battle at Selma, Alabama.
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by Diana Rupp, Editor in Chief, Sports Afield - Monday, July 18, 2022
Many parents these days are understandably concerned about what their kids are learning in their public schools, where messages about hunting and wildlife are often nonexistent, or worse, blatantly anti-hunting. But what if outdoor skills—including hunting, shooting and fishing—were taught in public schools all around the country? What if such a course also explained sustainable use and the North American Model of Conservation? Such an education program could be a game-changer in terms of helping non-hunting kids understand the basics of wildlife conservation and the importance of hunting.
Sound like a pipe dream? It’s not. Right now, in fact, there is exactly such a curriculum in more than 900 public and private middle and high schools in 45 states nationwide. Tens of thousands of urban kids are getting a full-fledged education in the great outdoors, thanks to the work of the Outdoors Tomorrow Foundation (OTF).
The nonprofit OTF, based in Dallas, Texas, has reached more than 250,000 participants through its Outdoor Adventures curriculum since its inception. The foundation started in 1981 as a regional entity called the Dallas Ecological Foundation. In 2014, the program really took off when the foundation received an infusion of new funding, got a new name and went national. Since then, participation in the program has skyrocketed, adding 30 percent more schools every year. Students get a physical education credit for taking an Outdoor Adventures class, which can be taught in any middle or high school in the country. As of 2022, the program is active in 900 schools in 45 states, with 85,000 students enrolled.
Most participating schools offer Outdoor Adventures in a classroom that provides access to either an outdoor area or a gym. A typical class will start off with a 20-minute classroom lesson—say, learning basic fishing knots—and then will go to the outdoor area or gym and participate in an activity—casting a fishing rod, for example.
“Ninety percent of the participants in the program are from urban areas, and there is a 50/50 split between girls and boys enrolled in the program,” said OTF Director of Education Scot McClure. “As I always like to say, the outdoors has no bias. It doesn’t care about your gender or skin color. Everyone can enjoy it, but someone has to teach you how to do it. That’s where we come in.”
McClure was an Outdoor Adventures instructor himself before taking on his current role with OTF. He likes to tell the story of a high school senior named Andy, who took his class.
“Two weeks into the school year the principal came to me and said, ‘You have to take Andy into your class; he needs a PE credit or he’s not going to graduate,’” McClure remembers. “When Andy walked into class he was dressed like a Goth, and he was cussing me, cussing the school. He was a smart kid, but he did not care about school, and he hated everybody. Turns out he was the child of a single mother who had given up on him. I just said, ‘Andy, I’m glad you’re here.’
“A few days later we started the fishing unit. For the first time Andy showed interest in something; he was tying knots and learning to cast. For the first time he was thrilled to be in school. One Monday morning, he walked into class enthused and excited, saying he wanted to tell me what he did that weekend. I wasn’t sure I wanted to know, but it turns out he had bought himself a rod and reel and had been all over town, fishing in all the local ponds and lakes. He showed me pictures of all the fish he had caught. Of course, he had been trespassing, which I couldn’t condone, but the change in his demeanor was remarkable.” Andy, the kid almost everyone had given up on, ended up going to college, keeps in touch with McClure and remains an avid angler.
“We have many former Outdoor Adventures students who have gone on to become game wardens, biologists, sporting goods store managers, and hunting and fishing guides,” McClure adds.
Of course, the success of the program depends on having good teachers with the knowledge and enthusiasm to bring the outdoors to the students, and OTF provides the resources for teachers to succeed. “All the lessons are completely mapped out; we provide the entire curriculum in electronic format,” said McClure. “The state wildlife agency in each state provides free teacher training for the segments that focus on hunter education, archery and the like.”
McClure says the biggest challenge is finding the resources to help fund the program. OTF charges schools a one-time $1,000 fee for the curriculum, but once the school has purchased it, OTF then gives them $1,000 toward equipment. With this, the school can purchase fishing rods and archery gear. Many schools work with community donors and local conservation groups to purchase additional equipment.
The second biggest challenge, McClure says, is finding the right decision-maker at a particular school who can get the program started. Sometimes it’s a teacher, sometimes an administrator. “We promote the program through physical education teacher conferences, but we really need people who know a decision-maker at a particular school. In quite a few of our districts it started with a parent who was interested and was able to get us in touch with the right person. All we need is an e-mail introduction to the person, and we can take it from there.”
Many schools also create after-school programs as offshoots to the Outdoor Adventures program because of the interest it generates among students. “Our poster child for this program is Allen High School in Texas,” McClure said. “They have four full-time Outdoor Adventures teachers, with 700 students enrolled in the classes. In addition, the school has 125 students on their archery team, 100 on their sporting clays team, and 170 on their bass fishing teams. And 90 percent of those students are not involved in any other sport or activity. The outdoors gave them a place to belong.”
Funding for OTF comes from fundraisers and private donors and an endowment, as well as organizations that include DSC Northeast, Safari Club International Foundation, National Wild Turkey Federation, the Weatherby Foundation, Shikar Safari Club, Midway USA Foundation, Bass Pro/Cabelas Outdoor Fund and many others. “We also look for regional sponsors—people who are interested in funding these programs in their local schools,” said McClure.
In addition, the NRA Hunters’ Leadership Forum has donated copies of its book, “How to Talk about Hunting: Research-Based Communications Strategies,” to OTF instructors. It offers a blueprint for communicating and debating about legal, regulated hunting deliberately and thoughtfully, teaching hunters to be tactical, practical thinkers and communicators.
The Outdoor Adventures program is currently the only place in public schools where the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is taught. Not only that but every student comes out of the course having completed his or her hunter safety certification, even though most of them didn’t know anything about hunting when they enrolled.
“Almost every conservation group has an education program, and I love these programs, but they tend to preach to the choir,” McClure said. “Our program is an in-depth, year-long course as part of a school’s physical education curriculum. Every student who goes through this program hears the true message of why hunting matters. As one of the students told us the other day, ‘I probably will never hunt, but thanks to this class, I now understand why people do it.’ That’s a future voter. Where else can you capture 100 students from the general public and teach them about wildlife conservation?”
To learn more about this program, and to help get it started in your local school district, go to GoOTF.com.
E-mail your comments/questions about this site to:
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Many of the patterns described in this report vary by caste. In India, castes are hereditary social classes. Historically, the caste someone was born into determined their status in the social hierarchy, along with their social circle and what careers they could pursue. Caste also is tied to many family patterns – including sex selection. Sex ratios at birth, son preference and ultrasound use vary widely within religions, by caste.
Upper-caste Sikhs, in particular, have a very imbalanced sex ratio at birth. Indeed, upper-caste families were primarily responsible for the large skew among Sikhs in India over the past two decades. This is partly a result of Sikhs’ relatively high share of upper-caste families.
The most recent National Family Health Survey uses five broad caste categories.36 These include three lower castes made up of groups that were historically disadvantaged and are eligible for tiered affirmative action programs known as “reservations.”
- Scheduled Caste, also known as Dalit (or by the pejorative term “untouchable”), is made up of groups that were traditionally ostracized and were relegated to “polluting” occupations like fishing, scavenging and sewer cleaning.
- Scheduled Tribe is made up of Indigenous peoples. Most of the Scheduled Tribe population lives in rural areas.
- Other Backward Class (OBC) is made up of Indians who inherited other social class identities that have been socially and educationally disadvantaged.
- General Category consists of people who do not fall into any socially or economically disadvantaged caste category. Brahmin – historically the priests and other religious leaders who also served as educators – is the General Category’s highest caste.37
- No caste/tribe is made up of a minority of Indians who do not identify with any caste or tribe.
Most Indian households (73%) belong to a caste category that is eligible for government reservations, according to the NFHS. But shares vary widely by religious affiliation, ranging from 49% of Muslims to 77% of Hindus. About three-quarters of Christian households (74%) belong to a historically disadvantaged caste, including 22% who say they are members of a Scheduled Caste.38 Just 4% of Muslims say they belong to a Scheduled Caste or Tribe, but more than four-in-ten (44%) say they are members of OBCs. In addition, among India’s major religious groups, Muslims are the most likely to say they have no caste or tribe.
Each group’s unique caste composition may influence its patterns of son preference, daughter aversion, and sex ratios at birth. This is not just because caste is an important indicator of socioeconomic status, but also because caste entails cultural norms that may limit women’s autonomy in different ways.
For example, Brahmin women (members of the General Category caste) are less likely to be employed or be allowed to work outside the home. Scheduled Caste women, on the other hand, often experience fewer restrictions on their freedom of mobility and employment, but they are also disproportionately victims of sexual violence.
Despite the caste system’s roots in historical Hindu writings, caste continues to affect the lives of Dalit non-Hindus in India. They are often regarded as socially inferior communities by their non-Dalit co-religionists and experience various forms of discrimination and exclusion, such as segregation in social interactions and in religious spaces.39
General Category women ages 15 to 49 express weaker son preference attitudes than other groups, according to the 2019-21 NFHS. Indian authorities exclude Scheduled Caste Christians and Muslims from government reservations.
When asked about the ideal gender composition of their children, 12% of General Caste women want to have more sons than daughters, compared with 16% of Scheduled Caste women, 16% of OBC women, and 18% of Scheduled Tribe women.
However, General Category women seem to be at least as likely as women from OBCs and Scheduled Castes to practice sex selection to avoid having daughters. The birth ratio after ultrasound use during pregnancy for General Category women is around 110 boys per 100 girls, compared with 109 among OBCs, 108 among Scheduled Castes, and a nearly balanced ratio of 104 boys per 100 girls among Scheduled Tribe women.
Combined with wider ultrasound use among upper-caste women, their sex ratio at birth tends to be more male-biased than that among lower-caste ones, especially in the past when gaps in ultrasound use were wider. For instance, the birth ratio among General Category women was 9 points wider than among women of Scheduled Castes in the 2005-06 NFHS, when the rate of ultrasound use among upper-caste women was twice as high.
Among General Category Sikh women, the sex ratio at birth is 121 boys per 100 girls, significantly more imbalanced than among Scheduled Caste Sikhs (102). The sex ratio gap is smaller between General Category and Scheduled Caste Hindus (112 vs. 108). (The number of births by Muslim or Christian women in these caste categories is too small for this analysis.)
Land ownership may partially explain sex ratio differences by caste among Sikhs. Upper-caste Sikh households are more likely than underprivileged, Scheduled Caste Sikh households to own land (59% vs. 8%), according to NFHS data. Land-owning caste groups may be more motivated than others to avoid having daughters, especially when their regional norms exclude daughters from inheriting family property.40
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| 0.962583 | 1,148 | 3.734375 | 4 |
1. Make sure to wear comfortable shoes for walking. 2. Start slowly and gradually increase your pace. 3. Pay attention to your body and stop if you experience any pain or discomfort.
1. To start walking, take a step forward with your right foot, pushing off with your toes. 2. As your right foot lands on the floor, move your left foot forward to meet it. 3. Keep your arms bent, and swing them in a natural, rhythmic motion as you walk.
1. Breathe in through your nose and out through your mouth. 2. Focus on breathing deeply and slowly.
1. Stand up straight with your feet shoulder-width apart. 2. Hold your arms bent at the elbows, with your hands at waist level.
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Have you ever seen a seagull flying high in the sky and wondered where it was going?
Seagulls are a common sight at beaches, ports, and even in cities.
These birds are known for their characteristic white and gray feathers and their loud, distinctive calls.
But do seagulls migrate?
Yes, seagulls migrate. The migration patterns of seagulls vary depending on the species, with some undertaking long-distance migrations while others undertake partial or altitudinal migrations.
Migration is an important behavior for seagulls as it allows them to access breeding and feeding grounds that may not be available year-round.
In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating world of seagull migration and learn about the different factors that influence this natural phenomenon.
Seagulls are a group of birds that belong to the family Laridae.
They are found all over the world, and there are over 50 species of seagulls.
These birds are characterized by their long wings, hooked beaks, and webbed feet.
Seagulls are also known for their scavenging behavior, and they often feed on fish, crustaceans, and other marine animals.
Bird migration is a natural phenomenon where birds travel from one place to another in search of food, breeding grounds, or better weather conditions.
This behavior is seen in many bird species, and it’s an important part of their life cycle.
Migration is a complex behavior, and scientists are still trying to understand how birds navigate during this process.
Seagull Species and Migration
The table below shows the different seagull species, their identification, size, and migration style:
|Seagull Species||Identification||Size||Migration Style|
|Herring Gull||White head, gray wings||56-66 cm (22-26 in)||Partial Migration|
|Lesser Black-backed Gull||Dark gray back, yellow legs||55-65 cm (22-26 in)||Long-Distance Migration|
|Glaucous Gull||White overall, pink bill||65-74 cm (26-29 in)||Altitudinal Migration|
|Iceland Gull||White overall, yellow bill||56-66 cm (22-26 in)||Long-Distance Migration|
|Western Gull||Gray wings, yellow bill||53-64 cm (21-25 in)||Non-Migratory|
Herring Gulls are an example of seagulls that undertake partial migration.
This means that some members of the population stay in their breeding grounds year-round, while others migrate to other locations during the winter.
Lesser Black-backed Gulls undertake long-distance migration, with some individuals traveling over 10,000 kilometers from their breeding grounds to their wintering grounds.
Glaucous Gulls undertake altitudinal migration, which means that they migrate to higher elevations during the summer breeding season and move to lower elevations during the winter.
Iceland Gulls undertake long-distance migration, with some individuals traveling from the
Factors Affecting Seagull Migration
Seagull migration is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of factors.
Some of the factors that impact seagull migration include climate change, habitat destruction, food availability, predation risk, and competition for resources.
1). Climate Change
Climate change is one of the biggest factors affecting seagull migration.
As temperatures and weather patterns change, seagulls may alter their migration patterns or even stop migrating altogether.
Rising temperatures can affect the timing of breeding and migration, as well as the availability of food and resources.
Changes in weather patterns, such as increased frequency and intensity of storms, can also impact seagulls’ ability to migrate.
2). Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction is another factor that can impact seagull migration.
As coastal habitats are destroyed, seagulls may have fewer breeding or feeding opportunities, which can impact their migration behavior.
For example, the destruction of wetlands or estuaries can reduce the availability of food for seagulls, making it more difficult for them to migrate.
3). Food Availability
Food availability is an important factor in seagull migration.
Seagulls need access to food during their migration, and changes in the availability or distribution of food can impact their behavior.
For example, changes in fish populations or fishing practices can impact the availability of food for seagulls, which can impact their migration patterns.
4). Predation Risk
Predation risk is another factor that can influence seagull migration patterns.
Seagulls may avoid areas where predators are present, or alter their migration routes to avoid areas of high predation risk.
For example, seagulls may avoid areas where birds of prey are known to hunt or alter their migration routes to avoid areas where they are likely to encounter predators.
5). Competition for Resources
Competition for resources can also influence seagull migration patterns.
Seagulls may alter their migration routes or behavior to avoid competition for resources such as food or breeding sites.
For example, seagulls may avoid areas where other seagull species are known to breed or feed or alter their behavior to reduce competition for resources.
Seagull migration is a fascinating natural phenomenon that is influenced by a variety of factors.
Understanding the behavior of seagulls and their migration patterns can help us better understand the impacts of climate change and habitat destruction on these birds.
When we protect the habitats and food sources of seagulls, we can help ensure that these birds continue to thrive and play their important role in our ecosystems.
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| 0.918853 | 1,208 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Anesthesiologists are often the most well paid physicians with a median salary of $321,686 per year in the United States, according to StateUniversity.com. However, the process to become an anesthesiologist as well as the lifestyle and working environment often very well justify this salary. An anesthesiologist basically holds the life of a patient in his hands during surgery and prevents the patient from feeling pain. Few professions have such an extensive list of characteristics needed to perform this work.
Like all doctors, anesthesiologists must complete a four-year bachelor's degree as well as four years of medical school. They must then complete another four years of specialized training in anesthesiology. The first year of this training is a general internship. They must also study cardiology, critical care medicine, internal medicine, surgery and pharmacology. After all of this specialized training, anesthesiologists still regularly attend continuing education courses as medical technology changes.
Video of the Day
All physicians must receive certification by passing the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Anesthesiologists also obtain certification in their area of specialty in medicine. Most anesthesiologists obtain this certificate from either the American Society of Anesthesiologists or the American Board of Anesthesiology. Throughout their careers, they must also update their medical license and show evidence of continuing competency and education.
An anesthesiologist primarily administers anesthesia to patients during surgery and monitors their vital signs. Other responsibilities include obtaining information about the health condition of patients before, during and after procedures, recording the details of anesthesia during operation, and advising, counseling or calming patients before surgery. Like other physicians, anesthesiologists often work long hours, including nights and weekends, and sometimes work more than 60 hours a week.
Any person who expects to study for such long periods of time, such as an anesthesiologist, must first have love, patience and a determination for learning, studying, reading and writing. As a person's life rests in the hands of an anesthesiologist, she must also be extraordinarily detail oriented, calm and clear-headed in stressful situations. Along with this pressure also comes the necessity of active listening, superb judgment and excellent communication skills. Like all doctors and care givers in general, anesthesiologists should have a genuine lifetime commitment to helping people.
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With the option to make purchases online, more customers are using credit cards and more merchants are finding ways to accept credit card payments. While merchants who interact with their customers directly can view and handle credit cards, online merchants and those that accept credit card payments by phone must take steps to ensure that the credit cards they attempt to charge are valid.
Validating a credit card refers to the process of running a computer algorithm that performs calculations using a credit card's number. When the algorithm shows that the card is valid, it means only that the card number is among those that could potentially exist with a given credit card company. For example, a random series of numbers would likely result in an invalid answer from the program, while an actual card number, even from a card that has expired or reached its credit limit, would show up as valid, since the number is one that the credit card company issued.
Video of the Day
To perform a credit card validation, a merchant only needs to type the credit card number, which is between 13 and 16 digits, depending on the credit card company, into a computer program that runs the algorithm. Some simple validation algorithms are possible to perform by hand, but the likelihood of error is much greater. The algorithm uses a check digit, which is a digit within the credit card number, to ensure validity based on a series of arithmetic computations using the other numbers in the sequence. The first four digits of the credit card also signify the card company. For example, all Discover credit cards begin with the sequence 6011. Merchants can check this portion of the card manually, though users can also easily submit false numbers that contain the correct opening sequence.
The primary use of credit card validation is to allow merchants to spot false credit card numbers before requesting an authorization from the credit card company. Merchants who suspect a case of fraud can identify fraudulent payment information more quickly and avoid the time and money losses associated with beginning to process an order that has no chance of being completed.
Credit card validation is the first step in accepting a credit card payment. Following a successful validation, a merchant will input the card number into a merchant software program or credit card machine, which sends the account number to the credit card issuer for authorization. This is the point in the process where a card may be rejected for insufficient remaining credit. Credit card companies will also decline expired cards or cards that represent closed accounts. Successful authorization allows the merchant to place a charge, which completes the initial transaction. Future transactions, such as chargebacks and refunds, remain options for cases of returns or processing errors.
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Asbestos is a human carcinogen with no safe level of exposure. This is truth that sadly thousands of people around the world discover every year when they learn the devastating news that they’ve been diagnosed with mesothelioma, a deadly cancer caused by asbestos exposure.
Yet despite the well-known dangers presented by asbestos, our neighbor Canada continues to export hundreds of thousands of metric tons of this deadly carcinogen to the developing world. Canada is the fourth biggest exported of asbestos after Russia, Kazakhstan and Brazil.
The non-profit organization Global Ban Asbestos Network (GBAN) has started a Facebook campaign called “Voices on the Wall” to tell Canadian Prime Minister Harper to stop exporting asbestos. Please consider adding your voice. All you have to do is go to the Global Ban Asbestos Network Facebook page and post a message, photo or video telling the prime minister to stop the mining and exporting of deadly asbestos to developing countries. Then share the message with your friends and family.
Thank you. For more information, visit the “Voices on the Wall” blog post.
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These simple lifestyle changes improve reasoning, problem-solving, processing speed and may ultimately prevent dementia.
Healthy eating, brain training, exercise and good medical management may prevent dementia, a new study suggests.
The Finnish study is the first ever to properly test a special programme to prevent age-related cognitive decline.
The two-year study had 1,260 people aged 60-77 randomly assigned to either receive some general health advice or the special programme.
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Here is some of the advice those in the special programme group were given:
People were advised to eat plenty of fruit and vegetables, wholegrain cereals and low-fat milk and meat products.
They were also told to eat no more than 50g of sugar each day and to have at least two portions of fish each week.
2. Cognitive training
People were given computer brain training sessions and given advice on memory and reasoning strategies they could use.
This could probably be substituted with generally keeping mentally active.
This might include things like reading, doing puzzles and being engaged with life.
For physical exercise, the advice was to do some strength training, one to three times a week.
Aerobic exercise was recommended two to five times a week.
The exercise advice was tailored to the individual: some were able to do more, others less.
4. Medical management
Blood pressure was checked, along with weight and BMI.
Based on this they were given more recommendations for potential lifestyle changes.
Participants were advised to see their doctor for any medication they might need.
The study found that after two years, those who had received the special programme scored 25% higher on a neuropsychological test.
On a test of processing speed, though, the special programme group did 150% better.
On a measure of executive functioning — which controls memory, reasoning and problem solving — the special programme group had scores 83% higher.
Professor Miia Kivipelto, who led the research, said:
“Much previous research has shown that there are links between cognitive decline in older people and factors such as diet, heart health, and fitness.
However, our study is the first large randomised controlled trial to show that an intensive program aimed at addressing these risk factors might be able to prevent cognitive decline in elderly people who are at risk of dementia.”
The study now continues for at least another seven years to look at whether it can prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s diagnoses.
The study was published in The Lancet (Ngandu et al., 2015).
Time for change image from Shutterstock
Hello, and welcome to PsyBlog. Thanks for dropping by.
This site is all about scientific research into how the mind works.
It’s mostly written by psychologist and author, Dr Jeremy Dean.
I try to dig up fascinating studies that tell us something about what it means to be human.
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