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A 410m long cursus defined by two ditches running NNE to SSW across the broad terrace to the S of Crieff has been identified on aerial photographs. The two ditches are 135m apart at the NNE end, and 105m apart at the SSW end.
The line of the W ditch is broken by what may be a pit-defined circle measuring about 12m in diameter, while the E ditch is intersected by two palisaded trenches.
The site of the Stayt of Crieff – the ancient mound of justice – lies immediately to the E of the W ditch.
Alternative names for Broich
Broich Road Farm; Duchlage
OS Map for Broich
OS Explorer map OL47
Buy from Ordnance Survey
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Answering the question ‘what is electroplating’ is quite simple as a lot of people are quite familiar with the term. In simple terms, electroplating is the process of plating a metal with another one with the help of electricity. It consists of an anode and a cathode, where the anode is the positive electrode and the cathode is the negative electrode. The metal that needs to be electroplated is placed at the cathode and the metal that is used to plate the other metal with is placed at the anode. Then electricity is passed through the system and the redox reaction occurs – the anode is oxidized and the cathode is reduced as part of the chemical reaction.
However, there is a bigger question that needs to be answered – what is electroplating used for?
As can be deduced from the name, electroplating involves plating one metal with another. When a less reactive metal is plated onto a more reactive metal, the former can protect the latter from corrosion. This is why a lot of vehicles are chrome-plated when they start wearing out. Another reason for electroplating could be to make it thicker and hence less brittle than it originally was. Electroplating less conducive metals like aluminum and iron with highly conductive metals like copper can help increase the conductivity of the metal while also improving the wear resistance of the same.
Some of the other applications of this technique are in quite a niche space, but extremely important all the same. Using this technique, it is possible to make a rough surface relatively smooth. Since this process occurs uniformly on the surface, it can be used hence. Another application of this technique is the minimization of friction. When the surface becomes more smooth, it automatically relates to a smoother surface and hence a lesser coefficient of friction. Perfecting this to a great degree is essential when it comes to the manufacture of all land, sea, and air vehicles.
For more free learning resources, click here.
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Secondary school is where most major mental illnesses begin to present, and therefore teachers are on the front lines. However, mental illness is a difficult subject, more so when a teenager may fear being defined by their illness so much that they don’t seek help. This is made exponentially difficult given that symptoms of poor mental health are hard to identify in the most placid of people, much less the hormonally challenged.
As much as labels have a disproportionate allure and impact in a teenager’s life, teenagers tend dislike labels; they want to be individual rather than defined. Rebecca Slack, a PhD researcher explains that “Negative attitudes from the stigma of mental health problems are still very prevalent, and the perception of those who seek help for mental illness is that they are crazy, weak, flawed, or dangerous.” Teenagers are aware of this stigma and, just like adults, will try to avoid it by hiding their need for help.
Body vs. mind
In order to effectively address mental health with students in their teens and tweens, the time when perception and self-awareness are of paramount importance, teachers have to help dispel the stigma surrounding mental health. No matter that mental health issues have been referred to as ‘illnesses’ for almost thirty years, a cast on a leg and an eating disorder don’t weigh the same on the omnipresent teen social-life scale. Casts are signed and much discussed. A ‘disorder’ is behind-the-hand-whispers, silence, or exile. One illness tightens social bonds, while the other destroys them.
The challenge for teachers is coaxing adolescents into a conversation about a topic most people misunderstand or are incredibly fearful of. There aren’t too many access roads onto this expressway. Icebreakers are one simple option, however – a way to educate everyone that mental illness is just something that exists – it isn’t bad or good, just something that is present and needs to be acknowledged.
To discuss mental illness, it first needs to be ‘defanged,’ and Slack has just the technique to achieve this. When giving a talk on mental illness, she deployed the following trick: “I asked everyone to get to their feet and then for everyone who either had, or knew someone with, a mental illness to sit back down again. Amazingly, only two people were left standing. If it is happening to most of the people we know, it can happen to anyone. It is not an ‘us’ vs. ‘them’ thing. It is a ‘we’re all in this together’ thing.”
When an arm or leg is broken, there is a tangible expression of the fracture – the cast and the x-ray. Everyone immediately understands the problem, the treatment, and the likely outcome. In contrast, most psychological maladies are shrouded in mystery. People assume there is something wrong with the brain, but no one knows what it is, how it can be fixed, or often even if it can be fixed. Most students don’t really understand that it can happen to anyone, just like a sprained ankle.
This is where neuroscience can help. Research has shown that discrete areas of the brain light up, or react, depending on what its owner is doing. People working through a mental illness often have brains that are literally working differently from the brains of those without a mental illness. There is evidence to support this and it can be helpful to be able to give a person working through their own mental illness, or their peer group, a visualisation of this difference.
Showing students videos from people who have received CAT scans, or been in an MRI machine, is a great technique to help students understand the mechanical characteristics of mental illness. It can also increase empathy towards those with mental illness – whether it be themselves or a peer.
A Six-stage programme
Given the sheer scope of the issue, and its massively sensitive implications, the problem isn’t resolvable through mere catchy slogans and colourful, hip, anthropomorphic brain posters for students to identify with. Bearing this in mind, the government has ramped up efforts to tackle both mental health stigma in schools and improve teaching with that aim in mind. Pairing with the Personal Social Health & Economic Education (PSHE) Association, the government offers material for educators and administrators that can assist in shaping mental health policy for schools. Lesson plans are also available for individual teachers.
The Association has identified six basic components that need to be focused on in order to successfully satisfy the government’s stated goal. These components must be deployed in stages, the government suggesting over the course of five days. The aim is to create an ongoing conversation broken into discrete parts so students have an opportunity gradually to digest and decompress information, rather than be overwhelmed.
Two of these stages have been addressed above – the icebreaker that leads to group identification and providing a safe environment for young people to contribute and learn, and discussing stigma: what it is, how it affects lives, and how it relates to mental illness.
From there, an overview of mental illness, causes and treatment is required, followed by a presentation facilitated by teachers, counsellors, mental health professionals, and people presently dealing with mental illness. The next phase is to include activities, resources, debriefing, and encouragement to students, offering them support to be proactive about their own mental health and the health of their peers.
A serious matter
Teaching mental health to children isn’t a topic to be taken lightly. Suicide is the leading cause of death for Britain’s children. ChildLine, a toll-free helpline set up to aid children and teens, reported in 2014 that it processed 34,500 calls in 12 months relating to children aged 12-18 who thought about committing suicide.
Six thousand of that number had already tried to take their lives at least once and failed. For this reason, special care must be given when discussing those mental illnesses that have high rates of incidence among teens: such as depression, eating disorders anxiety, and addiction, among others.
In order to effectively address mental health in the classroom, there is a need for open informed conversations, and educators are perfectly positioned to chair these discussions and remove the venom from stigma’s bite.
Tools for educators
YOUNGMINDS IN SCHOOLS (http://ow.ly/Qexs0)
A charity committed to improving the emotional well-being of young people. Resources for teachers include videos, recommended reading, and evidence based advice on classroom practice aimed at improving mental wellbeing.
PSHE has a Resource Pack containing DVDs and lesson plans that cover topics ranging from emotional neglect to bullying, and sexual orientation. These teaching resources are available for purchase on their website.
THE TAVISTOCK AND PORTMAN NHS FOUNDATION TRUST
The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust includes resources, as well as courses, that can be completed both online and in person on-site, in order to increase the educator’s mental health literacy.
About the author
Nicola Davies is a psychologist and freelance writer with a passion for education. You can follow her on Twitter (@healthpsychuk) or sign up to her free blog: http:// healthpsychologyconsultancy. wordpress.com/
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In early October 2011, near the end of her most recent, 3-month trip to South Sudan to survey the country’s small mammals, Bucknell University mammalogist and bat specialist DeeAnn Reeder set out with a small team of wildlife officers and a graduate student just before dusk in search of a colony of bats known as flying foxes.
Reeder was barely five minutes into the expedition when she noticed that her husband, Thomas, who had been trailing behind on his motorcycle, had vanished from the rearview mirror of her Land Rover.
Earlier that day, Thomas had broken his helmet visor and was having trouble keeping the dust from the parched, clay road from irritating his eyes. Moments before Reeder noticed his absence, Thomas had removed one hand from the handle bar to rub his eyes and lost control of the motorcycle.
Reeder immediately backtracked and found her husband in agony on...
It’s like being a kid in a candy store. Everything you catch is something new to you, or maybe even new to science.
-DEEANN REEDER, BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY
The pair returned to Mogiri the next day—Thomas drowsy from taking codeine and sporting a flimsy arm sling to support a snapped collarbone—only to find that Reeder’s graduate student, Megan Vodzak, had fallen seriously ill with malaria and was running a high fever. While Reeder was playing nurse in the days that followed, she got word that her eldest daughter, a type 1 diabetic who had returned from South Sudan to their home in Pennsylvania a month earlier, had been admitted to a hospital after a delayed bout of malaria triggered an episode of diabetic ketoacidosis.
The sequence of disasters cut short Reeder’s trip to South Sudan by more than a week and scrapped a planned expedition to a region near the border of Congo that harbors a profusion of bat species. But despite being plagued by illness (Thomas eventually landed in a hospital with malaria four weeks after returning to the States) and just plain bad luck, over the previous two and a half months the team had still managed to collect hundreds of bat and rodent specimens as well as tissue and blood samples from about 20 bat species—all of which will help Reeder, along with her collaborators at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Smithsonian Institution, understand how small mammal biodiversity relates to disease ecology.
Although she may be best known as coeditor of Mammal Species of the World—the standard text on mammalian taxonomy—Reeder’s particular focus for the past 15 years has been bat physiology and behavior. She helped identify the fungus Geomyces destructans as the cause of white-nose syndrome, the disease that has been decimating North American bat populations for the past several years.
Reeder first traveled to what is now South Sudan in 2004 to accompany Thomas, an Episcopalian minister, on a humanitarian mission to build an orphanage. Very quickly however, she realized the embattled region had untapped research potential. “I just kept looking up at the night sky thinking there are some amazing bats here,” she says.
At least 80 species of bats inhabit South Sudan alone—almost twice the number in the entire United States—and those are just the ones that are known. With the help of funding from the National Geographic Society, the Eppley Foundation for Research, and Bucknell University, Reeder has organized four trips to South Sudan with her family, graduate students, and field technicians, all of whom help Reeder raise nets high into darkened forest canopies to catch bats. “It’s like being a kid in a candy store,” Reeder says. “Everything you catch is something new to you, or maybe even new to science.”
During her latest journey to the country in 2011, and working with no electricity or running water and scant protection from the elements, Reeder and her team performed makeshift experiments in the field to probe the immune capabilities of the captured bats. Vodzak injected bats with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a bacterial membrane component known to induce an immune response in mammals, and also mixed bat plasma with freshly-drained chicken blood to test whether the complement protein system in the bat’s plasma lysed the chicken red blood cells. Although Vodzak has yet to analyze those experiments, the team was surprised to see that the majority of the bats didn’t spike a fever in response to the LPS challenge. It was as if their immune systems were ignoring the LPS, Reeder explains.
“One of the things that has become apparent is that bats are doing some things differently than other mammals,” Reeder says. During her postdoc days at Boston University, Reeder was equally surprised to see that two species of flying foxes did not produce an immunoglobulin response after being injected with the tetanus toxoid.
“This may be related to the fact that bats can carry all kinds of really nasty diseases,” Reeder says. Indeed, in the past decade, an increasing body of literature has pointed toward bats as an important reservoir for deadly viruses such as Ebola and Marburg, notes virologist and Reeder’s CDC collaborator Jonathan Towner.
For her most recent trip to South Sudan, the CDC equipped Reeder with liquid-nitrogen tanks, generator-driven centrifuges, and small refrigerators to preserve the blood, livers, spleens, kidneys, hearts, and lungs of the bats her team captured. “It’s the perfect arrangement,” Towner says. Over the next months, both Reeder and Towner will test the blood and tissue for viral load and cytokine levels, among other things.
Despite all her misadventures, Reeder is eagerly planning a return to South Sudan in June 2012. She hopes not only to finally set up camp near the Congo border, but also to remain the only member of her family not to have contracted malaria.
See the full slideshow.
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Each State in the United States has their own unique laws governing the requirements for becoming a licensed psychologist. For the most part they are usually somewhat similar, with California being the most strict.
Typically the states require graduation from a school approved by the American Psychology Association. This can take anywhere from 4 to 7 years, depending upon the student requiring a bachelors, masters or doctorate degree . After graduation a 1 to 2 year professionally supervised work training program is required. This is followed by national and local examinations.
Pastoral counseling is a successful alternative to the state controlled field of psychological counseling. It is considered by some to be a mixture of a sense of spirituality with the science of psychology. It is because the First Amendment to the constitution states in part, that congress shall make no law respecting the free exercise of religion, that pastoral counseling exists today.
There are affordable 2 and 3 year online universities that offer a program in pastoral counseling.
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Coal,a fossil fuel that has powered civilizations for centuries,holds its origins in the depths of the Earth's ancient past.Understanding how coal is formed is crucial to comprehend its composition,types,and significance as an energy resource.We will delve into the geological processes that give birth to coal,exploring its formation,stages,and the factors contributing to its wide distribution around the world.
Plant Material Accumulation:
Coal formation begins in lush swampy environments,where vast quantities of plant material accumulate over time.The plant matter consists of vegetation such as ferns,trees,and other organic debris.As these plants die,they settle in wetland areas,forming layers of decaying organic material.
The first stage of coal formation involves the accumulation of plant material,which undergoes partial decomposition under anaerobic conditions.The layers of plant material,known as peat,become compacted and saturated with water.Peat is brownish-black and has a high moisture content.It is the precursor to coal and is often used as a fuel source for heating and gardening.
Over millions of years,the accumulated layers of peat become buried under sediment and undergo geological processes,such as heat and pressure.This leads to the transformation of peat into lignite,which is the lowest rank of coal.Lignite is brownish and has a higher carbon content compared to peat.It is often used in electricity generation and as a fuel for industrial processes.
Sub-bituminous Coal Formation:
With further burial and increased heat and pressure,lignite undergoes a transformation into sub-bituminous coal.This type of coal has a higher carbon content than lignite and is darker in color.Sub-bituminous coal is commonly used for electricity generation due to its relatively lower sulfur content and higher energy density.
Bituminous Coal Formation:
Continued burial and geological processes result in the formation of bituminous coal,which is the most abundant form of coal worldwide.Bituminous coal is black and shiny,with a higher carbon content than sub-bituminous coal.It is widely used for electricity generation,steel production,and industrial heating.
Anthracite Coal Formation:
Under intense heat and pressure,bituminous coal undergoes further metamorphosis,transforming into anthracite coal.Anthracite is the highest rank of coal and is characterized by its high carbon content,low moisture content,and high energy density.It is used primarily for heating and in specialized industrial processes.
Several geological factors influence coal formation.The availability of plant material,the presence of oxygen-free environments in swampy regions,and the rate of sediment accumulation play significant roles in the formation of coal.The duration and intensity of heat and pressure during burial also influence the type and quality of coal formed.
The formation of coal is a complex geological process that takes place over millions of years.From the accumulation of plant material in swampy environments to the transformation of peat into lignite,sub-bituminous coal,bituminous coal,and finally anthracite coal,coal formation involves a series of stages influenced by geological factors.Understanding the formation of coal is essential for comprehending its composition,characteristics,and significance as an energy resource.As we navigate the energy transition and strive for more sustainable alternatives,it is crucial to recognize the geological processes that have shaped our reliance on coal and explore cleaner energy sources for a sustainable future.
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The endangered blue whale is the largest animal to have ever lived on Earth — let alone California.
At up to 400,000 pounds (the weight of 33 elephants!) and as long as 90 feet, they migrate up the California coast from May to October alongside several other species, including humpbacks and gray whales, favorites of whale watchers. But unlike those two species, the blue whale has never come close to recovering from the devastation of 20th century commercial whaling, banned internationally in 1986.
Even the biggest animals need help in our changing oceans. As many as 80 endangered whales — among them blue whales, fin whales, and some populations of humpbacks — wash up on California shores each year, often after fatal encounters with container ships. Ship strikes are a top source of whale mortality, killing thousands of whales globally each year. It’s a worsening problem that has even prompted federal investigation by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Every whale loss matters, not just for biodiversity and the loss of cherished individuals — some of whom are bona fide celebrities — but because we run the risk of losing some of these magnificent species forever.
UC Santa Barbara marine biologist Douglas McCauley has good news.
“This is a solvable problem,” he says.
He and his team have developed a solution for alerting ships to the presence of whales so they can slow down and take precautions. Even better: Two years of data suggest it’s working.
With fewer than 15,000 blue whales worldwide, and just 2,000 off the California coast, we can, and must, save the whales.
Falling for the oceans
McCauley grew up in Los Angeles, maybe not the most obvious place to discover a passion for ecology. The sidewalks and built environment of LA were not a natural showcase, but the yawning blue space on the map beckoned.
“For the price of a $15 entry ticket, which was your mask, you could dive underwater in a kelp forest, look up and see the skyline of LA, the zooming cars, then look down and share space with giant sea bass and migrating whales,” he says. “Wildness was waiting for me as a teacher, my earliest lab.”
Working on fishing boats going in and out of the Port of Los Angeles in the summer helped him pay his way for a degree at UC Berkeley. Many of the people he grew up with had family working in the port as longshoremen or worked there themselves. The importance of the towering shipping industry to local families and communities was unmissable, as was its vital role in the overall economy.
“Some people estimate that 80 to 90 percent of the goods that we interact with on a daily basis have actually traveled on a ship across an ocean somewhere,” McCauley notes.
Thousands of container ships and tankers ply our waters each year, a $9 billion industry that continues to grow. The danger to whales has grown with it, even as scientists continue to uncover profound insights about whale intelligence and communication, and the vital role these mammals play in the health of ocean ecosystems.
The songs that changed the world
In the 1960s, when commercial whaling was taking as many as 50,000 whales a year, long after the usefulness of their blubber as a natural resource had expired, scientist Roger Payne was listening to something. Naval equipment called hydrophones monitored the seas, hoping to detect stealthy enemy submarines. But they were also detecting strange underwater sounds that they couldn’t identify. Payne was the first to realize the noises chalked up to mechanical objects were actually whale vocalizations, and more than that, songs they used to communicate. In 1970, he introduced the world to these songs through his best-selling LP “Songs of the Humpback Whale.”
Payne’s scientific discovery helped launch advocacy against commercial whaling and the ubiquitous 1970s campaign to “save the whales.” And it worked — commercial whaling was banned internationally in 1986.
Since that time, and because some whales have been able to recover somewhat, we’ve made even more discoveries. Whales don’t just sing — they have unique dialects that vary within species and pods. Some scientists, among them UC Berkeley faculty, are even trying to understand their language, and possibly “speak” it, as part of an international effort involving endangered sperm whales. We’ve learned that whales grieve, will protect other animals from predation, and may even hold secrets to aging and resilience against cancer. Science’s growing recognition of their complexity reflects the appreciation many Indigenous communities have had for whales going back millennia.
The big elephant in the room — or blue whale, if you will — is that we’ve also just begun to learn how important they are in combating climate change: A single whale sequesters about as much carbon as 1,375 trees when it is able to die naturally and sink to the ocean floor (a lengthy process known as “whale fall”). Even whale poop has value, stimulating the production of phytoplankton, which captures 40 percent of all CO2 on Earth. Today, whale populations as a whole are at just a quarter of their pre-whaling numbers — yet they could be a powerful tool against global warming.
But for all their tremendous size, complexity and impact, even the biggest whales are no match for global shipping.
Everyone’s best interest
While a blue whale at nearly 100 feet is the biggest animal ever recorded on the planet, container ships are at least 13 times their size. Traveling at high speeds, container ships also produce a ton of noise, overwhelming whales’ ability to communicate as they pass through. Picture trying to have a conversation in a crowded bar, McCauley says. Then imagine that midway through the conversation, you suddenly have to come up for breath — that’s when whale strikes happen.
The front of a ship is actually quieter than the rest of it, so when whales head up for oxygen and relief, that’s when they get hit. The strikes don’t hurt the ships, but they pulverize the largest animals on Earth.
“Nobody wins when they come into the harbor with a beloved species wrapped around the bow,” McCauley says. “It’s in everyone’s best interest to avoid this. One of the recommendations from industry was, just tell us when they’re there.”
“We can’t teach whales to avoid ships,” McCauley says. “But we can change shipping.”
A “school zone” for whales
Research has shown the danger to whales is much lower when ships proceed at speeds of 10 knots or less. Unfortunately, as whales migrate in search of a krill buffet, they share their habitat with container ships navigating shipping lanes. There are speed limits, but on the West Coast, compliance is voluntary — and a 2019 study found that less than half of ships comply.
Voluntarily slowing down while your competitors keep trucking is a precarious scenario in the global economy. So McCauley and his team, including colleagues at UC San Diego and UC Santa Cruz, developed a way of producing real-time information on the presence of whales so ships will voluntarily slow down. McCauley compares the tool, known as “Whale Safe,” to the traffic rules that reduce speeds when kids are getting out of school.
Whale Safe works by synthesizing a few data sources into one assessment. Far beneath the surface, a hydrophone — that naval instrument through which Roger Payne revolutionized whale science by analyzing their calls for the first time — listens for whale calls in the nearby area, which are identified by a computer as blue, fin or humpback (the first two species are particularly endangered). Naturalists on whale watching ships also provide data of real-time whale sightings at the surface and transmit that back to scientists at Whale Safe. Data on whale migration patterns is then incorporated through artificial intelligence to analyze the likelihood that whales are in a given area at any time.
It all comes together to form a “whale presence” rating that shipping companies can follow as their vessels pass through the Santa Barbara Channel and the San Francisco Bay Area, the state’s major shipping hotspots.
Right now, compliance with these slow down programs is voluntary, so while many shipping companies do comply — and many genuinely want to help — they aren’t legally bound to do so. But the ratings and compliance are also made available to the public in real-time by Whale Safe, creating an environment where pressure and accountability can be applied to companies that don’t change.
It’s just a start on an international problem, but there are encouraging signs that it works. From 2018 up til the launch of Whale Safe on September 17, 2020, Southern California recorded 10 ship strikes, 6 of those fatal. But in the 2 years that Whale Safe has been in place in the Santa Barbara Channel, McCauley says no ship strikes have been recorded at all.
The system is now being tested in the San Francisco Bay, with the goal of showing that the system and its equipment can overcome the challenges of different marine environments.
“Elon Musk says things are hard in space,” McCauley chuckles. “I don’t begrudge our space community, but sharks biting your tools is hard, too.”
McCauley envisions the system evolving into something similar to Dolphin Safe tuna, with brands advertising that they use the tool to safeguard whales, and consumers rewarding that practice with increased sales.
Keeping whales safe from shipping strikes is an important way of helping their populations rebound, which could also help us fight climate change.
And there are other steps we can take to protect these animals. UC San Diego’s Scripps Whale Acoustics Lab, an important partner on Whale Safe, is working on reducing ship noise and rethinking ship design. Private donors are helping this important work expand. The Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory that McCauley directs, based in UC Santa Barbara, is part of a $60 million gift from Marc and Lynne Benioff to safeguard ocean health through science and technology. Whale Safe is one tangible result of that investment.
Climate change is the other major threat to whales, and one that looms even larger than ship strikes, McCauley says. Whales are adaptable, but to continue their population growth and vital role on the planet, they’ll need some human help. Fortunately, there are thousands of students who — just like McCauley — are passionate about protecting and preserving not only the world’s largest animal, but the entire ecosystem that it helps power.
“There's a lot of environmental trauma out there,” McCauley says, “but I find in my classrooms hundreds of students that are looking to engineer a better future and figuring it out with their hearts and with their minds. And these brilliant students will be the architects of some pretty brilliant innovations.
They’re gonna blow what we’re doing with Whale Safe out of the water.”
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Acton State Historic Site is Texas' smallest state park and is located within Hood County. The total acreage of the state park is .01. The Park is the burial site of Elizabeth Crockett, second wife of Davy Crockett, who married him in Tennessee in 1815. Since Crockett fought for Texas and died at the Alamo, his heirs were eligible for a land grant. The Monument was erected at Acton Cemetery by Legislative appropriation in 1911. In 1949, legislation moved control of the site to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The gravesite of Elizabeth Crockett is located near the center of the Cemetery which surrounds the Park.
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31 major cities, including London, Barcelona, and Milan have recently signed a declaration promising to introduce more greenspace in cities.
The agreement signed by the city's Mayores strives for the C40 Cities Network´s goal: to transform 30 to 40 percent of cities into greenspace with easy access for locals and tourists. For example, these spaces could be parks, tree-lined streets or green spaces that help absorb water and prevent flooding.
Cities can still send in their ideas in order to achieve their goals. Some cities have already made up their mind. Milan has decided to plant three million trees in the city by 2030. Authorities in Barcelona have offered to cover 75% of the expenses of new green rooftops to create urban allotments that can be used to produce and generate renewable energy.
This new way of thinking was brought to life during the Covid-19 crisis. It opened everyone’s eyes to how important it is to make urban spaces greener and healthier.
“The green and just recovery that is needed to create more sustainable and healthier cities sees urban nature as a key element for building back better,” says Giuseppe Sala, Mayor of Milan to Euronews.green.
“In Milan, we are committed to…[using] nature-based solutions to increase resilience and protect citizens from the climate crisis, to refresh our neighborhoods with green areas and water, and to regenerate the urban environment in a sustainable manner.”
The many cities signing this agreement want to create living spaces that promote wellbeing for the citizens, help them adapt to extreme weather while at the same time supporting biodiversity.
These cities signed the declaration: Athens, Austin, Barcelona, Berlin, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Curitiba, Durban, Freetown, Guadalajara, Haifa, Lima, London, Los Angeles, Medellín, Milan, Mumbai, New Orleans, Paris, Quezon City, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, Rotterdam, Salvador, Seattle, Stockholm, Sydney, Tel Aviv, Tokyo and Toronto.
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| 0.919412 | 431 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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A new study has found no evidence of widespread democratic decline.
The paper explores the relationship between subjective and objective measures of democratic backsliding and whether there has been a decline in democratic systems worldwide.
The study analyzed data from over 160 countries over a period of 30 years and found no evidence of widespread democratic decline.
The authors noted that while there have been instances of democratic backsliding in some countries, the data did not support the notion of a widespread decline in democracy globally.
The study counters the prevailing narrative that democratic systems are in decline.
By considering both subjective and objective measures of democratic backsliding, the authors provided a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the state of democracy worldwide.
The study's authors emphasized the importance of their findings, as they offer a positive message of hope and resilience in a time when the state of democracy is often portrayed as being under threat.
They believe that the results of their study demonstrate the need for continued research in this area and highlight the importance of considering both subjective and objective measures of democratic progress.
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If you are an ecology graduate student, you appreciate the importance of extensive research in your program. You have to go further than your classroom texts to understand complex concepts and write quality research papers. While your professor will recommend some texts, you can go further and find more ecology books from the best book writing service. This article explores some of the best ecology books every college student of ecology should rad. They are also suitable for anyone interested in nature. Keep reading.
Fundamentals of Ecology
First published in 1953, this is a classic text in ecology by Eugene P. Odum and Gary W. Barrett. Students will find it as part of the class texts or among the recommended reads. It is a book which Odum used to teach ecological science and explain ecosystems in ecology. It remains a popular book in ecology due to its classic holistic approach to ecosystem science.
Students will find new chapters on landscape ecology, regional ecology, global ecology and Statistical Thinking for Students of Ecology. Odum’s book brings clarity and specificity to 21st Century study of the subject.
Elements of Ecology
The authors of one of the most significant books in ecology are Robert L. Smith, Thomas M. Smith, Graham C. Hickman, Susan M. Hickman. These are among the most experienced experts in this science and they have endeavoured through different publications to ecological processes clearly and concisely. Students will learn, practice, and develop quantitative and analytical skills using this book.
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
The New Yorker first serialized this book in June of 1962. Since then, Carson’s book has become one of the essential reads by anyone interested in the environment and the impact of chemicals on the environment. The publication of Silent Spring in September the same year led to an uproar across the country leading to banning of DDT.
It was the first book to lead to action in protecting the air, land, and water. It was a wakeup call to the global players responsible for decision making and to date, the book’s impact on environmental conservation remains powerful. Students will learn how corporates ignore laws and consequently ruin the ecosystem.
The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
This is a book that will interest anyone who has an interest in what happens around them. The book by Elizabeth Kolbert is a startling read as it recounts what happened before the previous Five mass extinctions over half a billion years.
Kolbert goes on to assess signs of the sixth extinction which is the biggest after the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs. The idea is that humans are the cause of the sixth extinction. This book helps readers understand the importance of taking care of nature.
The Economy of Nature
This book by W H Freeman is a popular read in ecology and environment classes in colleges. The latest publication now features integrated media, downloadable materials and more invaluable resources for students of ecology.
These books are a great entry point in your ecology graduate program. You can also find other books and ecology resources from a reliable ewriting service.
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This model illustrates to us a German fighter used during World War I. Albatros designers Thelen, Schubert and Gnadig produced the D.II in response to pilot complaints about poor upward vision in the earlier Albatros D.I. The solution was to reposition the upper wing 14 inches closer to the fuselage and stagger it forward slightly. The rearrangement of the wing struts also improved the forward view. The basic performance of the two airplanes was unchanged and 100 of the new aircraft were ordered in 1916. With its high speed and heavy armament, the D.II won back air superiority from Allied fighters in the 1917 time period.
Length: 23 feet 3.5 inchesWingspan: 27 feet 11 inchesCrew: one pilot
Empty weight: 1,404 pounds
Loaded weight: 1,958 pounds
Powerplant: Mercedes D.III 6
cylinder inline @ 160 HP
Source: Excerpts from en.wikipedia.org
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At the beginning of 1942, America and its British ally were the underdogs fighting a two-front world war. After losing Singapore (and Tobruk in North Africa), Winston Churchill described 1942 as one of the darkest years in British history.
The United States military was still a small fraction of the combined and combat experienced Germans and Japanese. Also, America had just lost many of its capital ships at Pearl Harbor in December of 1941. For the Japanese, Pearl Harbor became a tactical success, but a strategic disaster that had “awakened a sleeping giant.”
Jimmy Doolittle of air racing fame was among the few people in America with the vision, leadership, and flying skills to pull off an early counter strike on Japan. Risking a portion of the US aircraft carrier force that was outnumbered 2 to 1, Doolittle planned, trained the crews, and led an attack using US Army medium bombers launched from the deck of the USS Hornet I (CV-8) to target Tokyo, Japan.
Leaving Alameda Air Station on April 1, 1942, the Hornet with 16 B-25s lashed to the deck and escorted by the USS Enterprise (CV-6) and a dozen cruisers and destroyers headed towards Tokyo.
B-25 bombers on the crowded flight deck
A day before the launch date, the American task force was discovered by a Japanese picket boat. Before US cruisers could open fire, the boat sent a brief message. The choices were to push the B-25s overboard and head for home, or launch hundreds of miles early with insufficient fuel to fly to the Chinese base at Chuchow.
For Doolittle and his men, the decision was easy! Turning the Hornet into the wind at flank speed, Doolittle’s first B-25 was airborne using only half the flight deck. Flying just above the waves for hours, they achieved complete surprise and dropped small bomb loads over Tokyo and Yokohama before heading for the coast of China.
After about a dozen hours of flying and near fuel exhaustion the pilots decided to bail out or ditch their B-25s along the coast of China.
B-25 Mitchell bomber
The Japanese occupation forces inflicted a horrific price on tens of thousands of the Chinese people who helped guide the remaining American 5-man crews to safety. The Japanese also executed 3 men and imprisoned the remaining two captured crews. Another B-25 diverted and landed in Soviet territory after experiencing engine problems. The crew was somewhat comfortably interred through the war, and Doolittle often laughed at the invoice the Soviets sent each month for rent!
The bombs dropped by the 16 North American B-25s on April 18, 1942, amounted to little more than a tactical slap at the Japanese. However, like a boxer setting up the next few punches, the Doolittle raid angered the Japanese Navy into a hasty strategy in the South Pacific.
Using information from breaking the Japanese code, a few months later in June of 1942, three outnumbered American aircraft carriers (Enterprise, Hornet, and Yorktown) then ambushed the Japanese fleet near Midway Island. Four of the six Japanese aircraft carriers that launched planes against Pearl Harbor were sunk. The US Navy lost the USS Yorktown during the Battle of Midway and in October of 1942, the USS Hornet was sunk off the Santa Cruz Islands. However, thanks to General Jimmy Doolittle, the turning point of WWII in the Pacific occurred just seven months after the devastation of the US Navy at Pearl Harbor.
Mountain View, CA
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The Afghanistan Pup by Mark Wilson
Today we are going to read a narrative based on real events that happened during war time in Afghanistan.
Mark Wilson writes and illustrates many picture books about different wars that Australia has been involved in. He usually retells a story that helps us to better understand how the war impacts individuals.
Look at the front cover
- Read the title and look at the front cover. What do you think this book is going to be about?
- How could the dog and the soldier be connected?
- What do you know about Afghanistan? What type of country is it?
- Discuss the role of Australian soldiers in Afghanistan. You may like to briefly look at the Australian War Memorial Site for some information.
- As you read the story today, we are also going to be thinking about the narrative structure that Mark Wilson uses to create the story of The Afghanistan Pup based on real events.
Read and discuss
In this story the love of the dog offers comfort to both an Afghani girl and an Australian soldier. What bond did the dog have with both the girl and the soldier? How did the dog help them both?
What characters in the story were demonstrating bravery? How?
Mark Wilson is showing us that many are affected by War. Would you say that more than those who are actually fighting the war are affected? How? Who?
Can you identify the elements of narrative in Mark Wilson's book? (Orientation; Complication; Series of events; Resolution?)
Can you identify the series of events in this story?
How does more than one event, help to make the complication more interesting?
How has Mark used media reports to enhance the story? How did this move the story along? Did they fill in any gaps in the narrative? Do you think this was effective? Why or why not?
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Ask a Question
Before the Dawn, by Eugenio Zolli
BEFORE THE DAWN
Perhaps one of the greatest fruits that has emerged in the decades following the Second Vatican Council has been the vastly improved relations between Jews and Catholics, demonstrated most recently by Benedict XVI's visit to the Holy Land.
However, the question of Jews converting to Catholic Christianity is still a sensitive subject. One of the most controversial Jewish figures to become a Christian was Eugenio Zolli (Israel Zoller), former Chief Rabbi of Rome, who together with his wife was baptised on 17 February 1945, following the liberation of Rome.
Before the Dawn is Zolli's apologia for his actions written primarily in response to the charge that he joined the Catholic Church largely to repay a debt of gratitude for his life being saved during the Holocaust.
Although dates and events are recorded, Before the Dawn is for the most part an attempt to trace the development of Zolli's spirituality that led to him embracing Christ-ianity.
Zolli argues that his baptism was the culmination of years of prayer and reflection that went back to his childhood in Eastern Europe. He argues that it began with him seeing a crucifix in a Catholic friend's house. Intrigued by the image of the suffering Christ, Zolli later went on to read the Gospels and was struck by how profoundly Jewish Jesus Christ was.
He gradually came to be convinced of Jesus' claims to be the Messiah in line with the Gospels' portrayal of Him as the fulfilment of the messianic hopes and prophecies in the Hebrew Scriptures. In particular, Zolli came to realise that Jesus was the suffering servant figure prophesied by Isaiah.
Zolli completed his rabbinical education in Florence and would teach at the University of Padua and be Chief Rabbi of Trieste before becoming Rabbi of Rome. During these years his study of and reflections on the person of Jesus grew. Many of his students included Catholic seminarians and priests with whom he established a good rapport.
Zolli's account also covers his actions during the German occupation of Rome and its aftermath. Zolli had always been extremely wary of the Nazis and the dangers they posed to the Jewish community. He responded to their first strategy - attempting to rob the Jews of their assets by demanding an exorbitant amount of gold - by appealing for help from contacts in the Vatican, who forwarded the balance of the gold demanded that the Jewish community had not been able to assemble.
Zolli's critics allege that he focused on saving himself and his family. However, Zolli argues that he actively encouraged members of his community to flee and/or go into hiding. Interestingly, though, Zolli makes no mention of the fact that he hid for part of the period of German occupation in Vatican property, a detail which his critics chide him about.
The climax of Before the Dawn is his account is of the vision of Jesus Christ he received while conducting the Day of Atonement Service soon after the Allied liberation of Rome. In his heart, he believed Jesus said to him, "You are here for the last time" (p. 190).
It seems this vision was confirmed for him by his wife who, that evening, told him before he had made any reference to his mystical experience that she believed Jesus was covering his head with His hands during the service.
Before the Dawn is a moving account of the spiritual experience of a devout and learned rabbi. The very positive approach to Judaism in the pages of the book foreshadows directions the Church adopted at the time of Vatican II. In particular, it underscores the fact that anti-Semitism can have no place in the Catholic Church.
Furthermore, it is problematic to speak of a Jew converting to Catholicism; instead, as Zolli argues, his baptism was not so much a conversion, but rather a completion or fulfilment of his Judaism, since in joining the Church he recognised Jesus as the Messiah for whom the Jewish people longed.
Michael E. Daniel is a Melbourne secondary school teacher.
Reprinted from AD2000 Vol 22 No 6 (July 2009), p. 17
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The Model AS-44 heat exchanger system is a fully functional Air Cycle Machine (ACM) , driven by simulated turbine-engine bleed air,representing a typical system in a modern turbine engine powered aircraft.
Computer Based Training
Computer Based Training (CBT) courseware related to the principles of ACM air-conditioning is included with the trainer.
The trainer includes the following components:
- Air cycle machine (ACM)
- Primary and Secondary Heat Exchangers
- Water Seperator
- Over Temp Sensor
- Temperature sensor
- Temperature control valves
- Digital display of the temperatures of the cabin chamber, bleed air, and ambient air controller
- ACM bypass valve
- Cabin ventilation blower
- Lag chamber
- Simulated bleed air source
- 72 L x 35 D x 72 H Inches
- Uses aircraft components
- Mounted on a sturdy moveable stand
- Simulated Faults insertion
All wiring is numbered to enable easy troubleshooting.
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The information on the ageing population in this country is presented under three sections: 1.) Situation of older people, 2.) Key facts and 3.) Government policies related to older people
Situation of older people
The number of older people is growing
In the Philippines, the number of older people is increasing rapidly, faster than growth in the total population. In 2000, there were 4.6 million senior citizens (60 years or older), representing about 6% of the total population. In two decades, this has grown to 9.4 million older people or about 8.6% of the total population. The World Population Prospects 2019 projects that by 2050, older people will make up around 16.5% of the total population.
Older people need care and support
An ageing population increases the demand for health services. Older people suffer from both degenerative and communicable diseases due to the ageing of the body’s immune system. The leading causes of morbidity are infections, while visual impairment, difficulty in walking, chewing, hearing, osteoporosis, arthritis and incontinence are other common health-related problems.
Older people struggle with poverty
According to the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), a nearly a third (31.4%) of older people were living in poverty in 2000. Currently, this number is estimated to be 1.3 million older people.
More than half of all older people (57.1%) were employed in 2000. More males were employed (63.6%) than women (37.4%). The majority of those employed (41%) were involved in primary economic activities such as farming, forestry work and fishing. According to the latest World Social Protection Report 2017-19, just 39.8% of people older than the statutory pensionable age in the Philippines receive an old-age pension (contributory, noncontributory or both).
Below are the key statistics on the Philippine’s population of older people:
|Population aged 60 and above (total)||9,433,000||23,863,000|
|Population aged 60 and above (% of total population)||8.6||16.5|
|Older women aged 60+ (% of total population)||4.83||9.40|
|Life expectancy (males)||67.08||71.88|
|Life expectancy (females)||75.31||79.5|
|Old-Age Dependency Ratio (Age 65+ / Age 15-64)||8.6||17.7|
|Rural older people (% of total population)||6.48|
|Urban older people (% of total population)||6.54|
|Older persons living alone aged 60 and above (% of total population aged 60+)||5.4|
Government policies related to older people
The Philippine Government has enacted laws that cater to the needs and provides privileges and benefits to older persons.
National policy on older people
Republic Act No. 344 or the Accessibility Law of 1982 provides for the minimum requirements and standards to make buildings, facilities, and utilities for public use accessible to persons with disability, including older persons who are confined to wheelchairs and those who have difficulty in walking or climbing stairs, among others.
Republic Act No. 7876 entitled “An Act Establishing a Senior Citizens Center in all Cities and Municipalities of the Philippines, and Appropriating Funds Therefore” provides for the establishment of Senior Citizens Centers to cater to older persons’ socialisation and interaction needs as well as to serve as a venue for the conduct of other meaningful activities. The DSWD in coordination with other government agencies, NGOs and people’s organisations shall provide the necessary technical assistance in the form of social and recreational services, health and personal care services, spiritual services, livelihood services and volunteer resource services.
Republic Act No. 8425 provides for the institutionalisation and enhancement of the social reform agenda by creating the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC). Through its multi-dimensional and cross-sectoral approach, NAPC provides a mechanism for older persons to participate in policy formulation and decision-making on matters concerning poverty alleviation.
Republic Act No. 10155, known as “The General Appropriations Act of 2012”, under Section 28 mandates that all government agencies and instrumentalities should allocate one percent of their total agency budget to programs and projects for older persons and persons with disabilities.
Republic Act No. 9994, known as “Expanded Seniors Citizen Act of 2010″, an act granting additional benefits and privileges to senior citizens, further amending Republic Act No. 7432 and otherwise known as “an act to maximise the contribution of senior citizens to nation building, grant benefits and special privileges and for other purposes”.
Presidential Proclamations and Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamation No. 470, Series of 1994, declaring the first week of October of every year as “Elderly Filipino Week.”
Presidential Proclamation No. 1048, Series of 1999, declaring a “Nationwide Observance in the Philippines of the International Year of Older Persons”.
Executive Order No. 105, Series of 2003, approved and directed the implementation of the program providing for group homes and foster homes for neglected, abandoned, abused, detached, and poor older persons and persons with disabilities.
The Philippine Plan of Action for Senior Citizens (2011-2016) aims to ensure giving priority to community-based approaches which are gender-responsive, with effective leadership and meaningful participation of senior citizens in decision-making processes, both in the context of family and community. This plan of action aims to ensure active aging for senior citizens where preventive and promotive aspects of health are emphasised in communities and where health services are accessible, affordable and available at all times. Envisioning a population of senior citizens who are self-sufficient and self-reliant, this plan aims to promote financial security and financial independence of senior citizens by developing community-based local delivery systems to address their needs.
Health and care
The Department of Social Welfare Development (DSWD) has issued Administrative Order No. 4 series of 2010, “Guidelines on the Home Care Support Services for Senior Citizens”, establishing community based health care services for older persons.
The RA 9994 provides health care services for poor older persons such as free medical services on government hospitals, discounted services on private hospitals and clinics, free vaccines, discounted medicines, and mandatory PhilHealth coverage.
The Plan of Action on Ageing 1999-2004 included health promotion and disease prevention for adults, by providing free flu vaccinations, osteoporosis screenings and eye tests. The National Action Plan on Senior Citizens focused on aspects of quality of life such as living independently.
Older people’s associations
The Philippine Constitution supports the formation of community-based organisations. The DSWD have facilitated the formation of older people’s associations in every city and municipality. They are also tasked to provide technical assistance to support and strengthen OPAs. The Philippine Plan of Aging included development of the Federation of Senior Citizens Associations of the Philippines throughout the country.
A social pension was introduced in 2011 by the Department of Social Welfare and Development, in which those over 60 who are identified as poor by means testing and not receiving any other pension or social insurance can receive 500 Ph Pesos a month. The Department of Social Welfare and Development is the lead agency tasked with identifying and reviewing social pension beneficiaries. Of those who are over the age of eligibility, 35.4% claim a social pension, 29% have a contributory pension scheme such as The Social Security System that covers the private sector workforce, and all domestic and self-employed workers. 35.6% of the Indonesian population do not have a pension at all.
The following organisations are part of the HelpAge network in the Philippines:
- Coalition of Services to the Elderly Inc. (COSE)
- Confederation of Older Persons Association of the Philippine (COPAP)
The following are publications and resources related to the Philippine’s population of older people.
- Emergency responses in Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam
- Community based homecare for older people in South East Asia
- Phillipines Country Report: Community Services for the Elderly in the Philippines
- Older People Needs in Emergency
- COSE, OP Magazine
- Gerlock, E., Love Grows, 2009
More information can be found on the Philippines Government website:
- HelpAge International. 2012. Ageing in the 21st Century: A Celebration and A Challenge. New York: UNFPA.
- HelpAge International. 2015. Policy Mapping on Ageing in Asia and the Pacific Analytical Report, Chiang Mai: HelpAge International East Asia/Pacific Regional Office.
- International Labour Organization. 2018. World Social Protection Report 2017–19. Geneva: ILO.
- Republic of the Philippines. 2000. Philippine Health Statistics. Manila: Department of Health.
- Pension Watch, 2016. Country Fact File: Philippines. [Online] Available at: http://www.pension-watch.net/country-fact-file/philippines/ [Accessed 5 August 2019]
- UNDESA. 2000. Health and Well-Being in Older Age. New York: United Nations.
- United Nations. 2014. Urban and Rural Population by Age and Sex, 1980-2015. Retrieved from Urban and Rural Population: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/dataset/urban/urbanAndRuralPopulationByAgeAndSex.asp
- United Nations. 2017. Living Arrangements of Older Persons: A Report on an Expanded International Dataset. New York: United Nations.
- United Nations. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019. Retrieved from United Nations Population Division: https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
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Home | Major Sporting Events | Arctic Winter Games
Mini Documentary Arctic Winter Games
[Narrator - Sharon Firth with footage of northern landscape behind her, footage of sign saying First Arctic Winter Games, Pierre Trudeau at opening of first Arctic Winter Games in Yellowknife, athletes competing in Arctic Sports and Dene Games.]
The Arctic Winter Games was established in 1970 as a typical sports event for people in the Circumpolar North. Overtime, the Games have been reshaped to become a cultural event that expresses its own unique character. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau had the honour of opening the first Games, which were held in the city of Yellowknife. The motivation to establish the Games was to provide competitive sport for people living in the Arctic Circle. The Games are an international event which originally included participants from Alaska, as well as athletes from the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, which included the territory now known as Nunavut.
[Footage of cultural dancing, athletes doing head pull, Sharon Firth with Arctic Winter Games flag beside her, footage of hand games, poll push, airplane, head pull, and arm pull.]
With the successful start of roughly 500 participants in 1970, the Arctic Winter Games has grown and now boasts 2,000 athletes along with thousands more volunteers, coaches, friends, and family. The Games have now drawn in many other circumpolar peoples that helped form its vibrant atmosphere including athletes from Russia, Scandinavia, Greenland, Northern Quebec, and Labrador.
The many participants at the Games include various indigenous groups from the circumpolar regions. In Canada, we have two main indigenous groups that compete at the Games, the Inuit and the Dene Nation, which is the First Nations community that spans into Arctic Canada. Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples of the Arctic compete side by side in friendly competition. To ensure that the benefits of the Games are spread through the Arctic, athletes are selected across the many communities that span the Arctic Circle. It is more important that the diversity of the circumpolar peoples come together for the festival than simply selecting the best athletes in a sport.
[Action images of athletes snowshoeing, on podium with ulu medals, action footage of athletes at cultural events, parade of athletes and mascots.]
A schedule of events is created at the Games. Sometimes a schedule is flexible, accommodating the needs of athletes and communities. This is not typical of most sporting events. Many athletes spend their nights participating in the multicultural music, arts, dancing and social activities. These cultural events are a central feature at the Games. They promote key values, such as pride in community and learning about their cultures.
[Sharon Firth with Arctic Winter Games logo beside her, images of athletes skiing, snowshoeing, athletes on podium with ulu medals, biathlon skiing, snowshoe racing, artists colour drawings of hand games, blanket toss, moose skin ball, head pull, one-foot high kick and airplane. Drawings courtesy of Silvia Pecota.]
More than simply a competition, the Arctic Winter Games is a sport and cultural festival. There are many types of events at the Games, including many popular sports like badminton, basketball, figure skating, cross-country skiing, biathlon, hockey and indoor soccer. There are many unique events at these Games, such as snow shoe racing. There are also Arctic sports, a series of traditional games of the Inuit which became an official event in 1974. There are also traditional physical activities of the Inuit people; eleven of them are included at the Games.
[Footage of Meika McDonald describing three kicking events and of Meika doing the Alaskan high-kick in competition.]
Former arctic athlete Meika McDonald describes three different kicking events:
"So there's three kicking events; one is called the one-foot high kick, the two-foot high kick, and the Alaskan High Kick. The One-foot High Kick is a two-foot take off, you kick the target and you land on the foot that you kicked with, maintaining balance. The Two-foot High Kick is a two-foot take off as well. You kick the target with both feet and you have about a one inch allowance on that and then you land on both feet and maintain balance. The Alaskan High Kick you're seated on the floor and you're holding, one hand is holding the opposite foot and then you lift your body up onto just your arm and you kick the target, and then when you land you have only your kicking leg and the hand that is supporting you, you must show balance and then you're attempt it complete."
[Footage of Meika McDonald doing Alaskan high kick and celebrating her success after competing. Meika McDonald speaking with image of her with her three children, images of 2002 Arctic Winter Games participants, Patti-Kay Hamilton and Don True (ski biathlon coaches with Liz Wright (snowshoe coach) at 2016 Arctic Winter Games Territorial Trials, members of Hay River ski club and dog mushing]
Like any other sporting event, Inuit sports are fun, rewarding, and challenging for all the athletes. There is also a kinship value system; it underlies participation in Inuit sports, passing down traditional knowledge.
"The thing about traditional Inuit games is that you really sort of embrace the family concept, like all of us competed, coached, officiate, like there's just this huge passing of knowledge, and I think it should be an expectation than it is that as an athlete and given the opportunity to learn that sport, to that you pass that on and that's traditionally correct."
[Images of hand games, finger pull, poll push, stick pull and numerous images of the snow snake. Peter Daniels speaking about the snow snake, footage of athletes throwing the snow snake in competition.]
More than just a sport, traditional games are important part of Indigenous culture. There are also many traditional physical activities of the Dene peoples. These events became official sports in 1990, alongside the Inuit and mainstream sporting events. One of the Dene Games is called the Snow Snake, which requires the athlete to throw a spear along a track of ice as far as you can. Dene Games coach, Peter Daniels, tells a story of the Snow Snake:
"...Caribou, I guess were a little hard to sneak up on with the actual spears to try and successfully hunt or kill a caribou with a spear or even with your bow and arrow, and lots of times it gets spooked and it would run off so the game that they developed, and this was brilliant, was the Snow Snake. They, these guys practice hunters; they practice them over and over where they can slide this really sharp spear from long distances because Caribou were known to sleep lying down sideways on flat plains so in the morning, especially when it was foggy or they're far away from a great distance, they would throw a snow snake, and try to at least plunge into the stomach of the sleeping caribou. And for the most part it wasn't meant to make the kill, if it was good enough throw it would, but it would at least wound the caribou and it create a blood trail so they would be able to follow the caribou and then eventually chase them down, right? The rest of the tribe would, the women and children and the elders, would catch up to the hunters and that's where they would set up camp and there is a big feast."
[Sharon Firth with images of snow snake beside her, footage of one-foot high kick, Meika McDonald doing Alaskan high kick, other athletes competing in the airplane, Meika McDonald speaking to team members, athletes having fun and laughing, competing in hand games and cultural dancing.]
The Snow Snake is an important way Dene people celebrate their culture. It keeps the tradition of land-based living a life in their youth. Overtime, the Arctic Winter Games has evolved to better reflect the people of the circumpolar region. The vibrant cultures of the Arctic, give light to a very unique experience for its athletes. More than just a sport competition, the Arctic Winter Games is a sport and social festival, bringing people together, celebrating arctic pride, knowledge, and cultures.
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Image from WorldsFairPhotos.com, the Bill Cotter collection, with our sincere thanks.
Pavilion of Canada (also known as "Katimavik")
A huge inverted pyramid - the Katimavik - dominates the buildings of the Canadian Pavilion. It takes its name from the Eskimo word for "gathering place", significant reminder of Canada's welcoming role as host to millions of visitors from every part of the world.
The pyramidal roofs of the principal building give a crystalline effect symbolic of the minerals and metals of Canada. Landscaped grounds slope through terraces to a canal and lagoon.
There are major exhibits areas devoted to: The Land of Canada, The Growth of Canada, The Challenge to Canadians and Canada and the World, while Katimavik exhibits relate to the Expo 67 overall theme of Man and his World.
Separate are the Arts Centre, The Sanctuary, a non-denominational place of meditation, and the Children's Creative Center, a place for directed play by children aged about 6 to 11 years.
The Challenges to Canadians illustrate the response of Canadians to the factors of resources, distance, climate and topography. The emphasis is on energy as the means of using resources whether mining, agriculture or industry. The role of communication and transportation systems is another important subject. In the third section, visitors face personal challenges to greater achievement in work and recreation.
The People of Canada section features a huge reproduction of a maple tree, of which the leaves are hundreds of colored photographs depicting Canadians at work and leisure.
The Growth of Canada exhibit has a revolving theatre to accommodate over 1,000 persons every half-hour. Audiences seated on a revolving platform will be passed through five motion picture theaters, each in a segment of the drum shape building. The sixth segment will provide for entrance and exit. Each theater will show film devoted to a significant aspect of Canada's growth.
Canada and the World is an exhibit devoted to world interdependence and tells of Canadians working with United Nations and other organizations.
In the 500 seat theatre of the Arts Center, Les Feux Follets, famous Canadian folk dancing troupe, give daily performances. There will also be performances by outstanding Canadian artists in classics and popular song. Music, fashion parades and other attractions are presented in a 1,200-seat outdoor amphitheater.
Restaurants and snack bars provide typical Canadian meals and refreshments; "The Tundra" Restaurant draws atmosphere from Eskimo tapestries, carvings, pottery and murals.
Click here to see a model to scale of the Canada Pavilion.
Click here for elevation drawings of the Canada Pavilion.
Click here to see a map of the Canada floor plan.
Click here to see a photo of the construction of the Canada Pavilion.
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Ther informant talks about her family saying that has been passed down from generation to generation of the family-owned lumber mill would tell to their children using very philosophical views to teach.
Informant: In 3rd grade, my grandfather came to stay with me when my parents went to Japan for 2 weeks. I heard my grandfather singing, when I went to compliment his singing, he scolded me saying that it was poetry. And he said my education was a disgrace, and he decided to teach me Tang poetry. He was incredibly well educated and opened his own school. They taught a lot of famous philosophers and martial arts. He began instructing me how to pronounce this poetry, but it was incredibly difficult for a little girl like me to learn.
he told me a story from Zuangzi 莊子, everyone should know their own ancestors and such. Just like the trees that our lumber mill production. We would cut the trees and put it into a river and pick them up downstream. However, when you put the tree in the river, you had to put the tree in the right way, the tip of tree trunk pointing upstream. This is so that it would go down smoothly if you don’t do it properly, then the tree will be confused. Even the trees know where their roots are, so all human beings need to know their roots/ancestry. As a tutor in traditional Chinese, everything with him was didactic, loaded with right vs. wrong, good and better, righteousness and all those Confucius values. This is a story that has been told by our family for the past I think 6 or 7 generations.
Just like trees, us humans need to know our roots and continue the legacy.
This was interesting, learning a little about my one’s ancestry and family teachings that have been passed down for many generations and knowing that using very philosophical views from a very famous philosopher in ancient China to be applied to a family that used to produce lumber in the past 2 centuries is somewhat amazing for me. I feel like the message that was mentioned really is important to not forget one’s ancestry and roots.
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In Australia’s early days of large sheep runs, a key character in the development was the itinerant workers who became known as swaggies. They are remembered today in Banjo Patterson’s poem and song Waltzing Matilda. Walking from property to property looking for work, they provided an important supply of labour to the Squatters as they trudged the tracks with their swag (Matilda) on their back. (a bed roll with all of their worldly possessions rolled up in it).
They would walk for many hundreds of miles, occasionally getting a lift on a wagon, but mostly on foot. They would take on any work and often were put on as a cook, shearer, shepherd, fence builder, rabbit trapper, Dingo trapper or any other job they were offered.
George Everard was such a person travelling the Wimmera and Mallee region. He wandered as far as Adelaide, Melbourne and even Phillip Island. His wanderings would take him up through Mildura to the north when there was no town just a sheep run called Mildura Run, and south to Portland. He visited Melbourne often and spent time in a fledgling Mount Gambia.
George had a good education in England before coming to work for his uncle in Melbourne. He didn’t take well to the work and set out on the path of the swaggy, Keeping a journal as he traveled. In his later years he sat down in a hut at the Albacutya run and put his memories down.
It is rare to get a document from the perspective of the Swaggy but here is one by George Everard. It is a fascinating read and gives an insight to the birth of Australia from the point of view of these famous itinerant workers.
I hope you enjoy it.
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Pouring hot asphalt mix is a complicated process that requires skill and knowledge of a few safety precautions. Asphalt mix is typically used to pave roads, highways, and other surfaces that need a durable and long-lasting coating. While it's not something the everyday DIYer can do on their own, understanding how asphalt mix is poured can help you better appreciate the complexity of this process.
Here's a quick overview of the four steps involved in pouring hot asphalt mix.
Step 1: Preparing the Surface
The first step in pouring hot asphalt mix involves preparing the surface that the asphalt will be laid on. This includes removing debris or vegetation from the area and grading the surface to ensure it's even and level. This step also involves applying a tack coat—an adhesive layer—to ensure that the asphalt adheres properly to the surface underneath.
Once the surface is ready, a layer of gravel is spread over the area to ensure that no potholes or bumps form when the asphalt is poured.
Step 2: Heating the Asphalt Mix
Once the surface has been prepared, the asphalt mix needs to be heated. The asphalt is typically heated in a large tank called an "asphalt kettle" that can reach temperatures of up to 300°F. The heating process usually takes a few minutes and requires constant monitoring to ensure the asphalt is heated evenly and safely.
Once heated, these materials are combined into a homogenous mixture that is ready to be used in paving projects. The asphalt mix should only be heated in a well-ventilated area and away from any potential ignition sources.
Step 3: Transporting and Pouring
The third step involves transporting and pouring the asphalt mixture onto the prepared surface. This process typically requires specialized equipment like dump trucks, rollers, and pavers—all of which must be operated by experienced professionals who understand how each piece of machinery works. The dump trucks transport the heated asphalt mix from the heating unit to the site where it will be poured. The rollers and pavers help smooth out the asphalt, ensuring it spreads evenly over the surface.
Step 4: Finishing Touches
The final step in pouring hot asphalt mix involves finishing up any minor details that may need attention after installation is complete. This includes smoothing out any uneven areas or filling in any small gaps left behind by imperfections in the compaction or application technique. Rollers are then used to compact the asphalt down into its proper shape and size before it cools off completely.
It's also important to keep an eye out for any potential issues related to drainage or weathering during this time as well, so these issues can be addressed before they become major problems later.
Contact a local asphalt paving company to learn more.
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Ambient air quality control is essential in industrial sites and facilities to ensure the health and safety of workers and surrounding communities. Industrial processes often generate emissions and pollutants that can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. By monitoring air quality we can detect these harmful substances and take corrective actions to prevent negative impacts.
There are several benefits to implementing ambient air quality control at industrial sites and facilities:
- it helps to identify potential sources of pollution and enable corrective actions to be taken before significant harm is caused,
- it helps to mitigate the negative impact of industrial processes on the environment by reducing emissions and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards,
- it can improve the overall safety and wellbeing of workers and nearby residents by reducing exposure to harmful pollutants.
Overall ambient air quality control is an essential component of responsible industrial practices. By monitoring and controlling air quality we can minimize the negative impact of industrial processes on the environment and human health and promote a more sustainable future.
Range of controlled pollutants and parameters:
Professional gas and aerosol analyzer "AirNode"™
“AirNode”™ is the premium air quality monitoring system for real-time measurement of gaseous and particulate pollutants. It has the unique implementation concept “reference equipment in the small box”. It provides highly accurate results with a very strong correlation to reference analyzers.
Measured substances and parameters:
CO, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, H₂S, NH₃
Temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction
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When asked how many women would be enough on the Supreme Court, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg famously answered “nine,” wryly drawing attention to the previously unquestioned absence of any women on the highest court in the land. In Ruth Objects, Doreen Rappaport and Eric Velasquez inform young readers about the brilliant and compassionate jurist who has fought her whole life for equality, not in order to achieve strict numerical parity for women, but to ensure fairness for all. Education, employment, political participation, and caring for families are areas of the deepest importance to Ginsburg. Rappaport and Velasquez’s story of her unwavering commitment to the Constitution’s protections for all Americans is lively, accessible, and inspiring.
The book’s large size and bold presentation highlight the impressive dimensions of its subject’s achievements, beginning with her portrait on the cover against a background of the Constitution’s preamble. The text is preceded by endpapers featuring the first of the Justice’s quotes which appear on every page, structuring the narrative. In a striking font against a solid background, the statement contrasts with the equally impassioned assertion of the Founding Fathers’ “We the people,” asserting that “Women will have achieved true equality when men share with them the responsibility of bringing up the next generation.” Throughout the book, both text and pictures support the premise that intellect and compassion, as well as work and family, are the inseparable dimensions of Ginsburg’s life. Ginsburg’s journey begins with her mother, a strong woman confronted with the inevitable limitations of her own generation, who encourages her daughter to be strong but to balance persistence with self-control.
Velasquez’s style, a kind of photorealism tempered with emotion, will be appealing to children. Young Ruth’s mother sits in a wooden chair in their modest Brooklyn apartment facing Ruth and firmly laying a hand on her daughter’s shoulder. This opening image captures the book’s central message of female support, continuing to develop in Ruth’s young life as she lights Shabbat candles with her mother and meets other strong role models, Jo March and Nancy Drew, in her weekly visits to the library.
Attending Cornell University, and later Harvard and Columbia Law Schools, the ambitious young woman learns how to navigate the constant obstacles placed by male prejudice in her path. Rappaport conveys this experience to readers who may be unaware of earlier societal attitudes through simple and emphatic sentences: “Harvard treated men and women differently, too…The old periodicals room was closed to women. Only one building where classes were held had a women’s bathroom.” A key turning point is her meeting Marty Ginsburg, the love of her life, whose constant support was essential as she strove to combine her career with motherhood. A smiling wedding portrait and one of Marty in his crisply tailored army uniform is followed by Ginsburg in maternity clothes, her head turned in a frown as she learns that her pregnancy will be the end of her job as a lawyer. Sexism combined with antisemitism makes career advancement improbable, but Ginsburg refuses to accept obstacles as inevitable, finding mentors and working relentlessly.
Rappaport skillfully avoids the pitfall of portraying Ginsburg as a superwoman who somehow defies reality in a way which normal mortals could never hope to imitate. In arguing her first case before the Supreme Court, she was nauseous with anxiety but “felt a surge of power that carried me through.” This power was rooted in her thorough preparation, but also in the fact that her personal goals were intertwined with social ones and that she practiced law in an era when disempowered Americans were beginning to make their voices heard. Fighting for the rights of female custodial workers who had been laid off at Columbia, she faces the workers without a trace of condescension, working together to get equal benefits: “The women won.” Not every fight leads to victory, either in court or in Ginsburg’s personal life, where the loss of her husband was as difficult as the loss of her mother had been when Ruth was a young woman. Readers learn that Ginsburg’s objections were sometimes overruled, but that her struggles and dedication have incalculably bettered the lives of both women and men.
This is a highly recommended biography which includes a timeline, a bibliography, and a list of additional sources, as well as insightful “Notes” by both author and illustrator.
Emily Schneider writes about literature, feminism, and culture for Tablet, The Forward, The Horn Book, and other publications, and writes about children’s books on her blog. She has a Ph.D. in Romance Languages and Literatures.
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The realm of healthcare is complex and diverse, with an array of medical equipment playing a crucial role in diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. This blog post aims to shed light on some of the most common types of medical equipment, their functions, and their significance in modern healthcare.
Diagnostic Equipment: The Foundation of Accurate Treatment
Diagnostic equipment serves as the backbone of healthcare, enabling medical professionals to identify health conditions accurately. Examples include ultrasound machines, which use sound waves to create images of the body's internal structures; X-ray machines, which use radiation to produce images of bones and certain tissues; and MRI machines, which use magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of organs and tissues.
Therapeutic Equipment: Aiding in Patient Recovery
Therapeutic equipment is used to assist patients in their recovery process. Physiotherapy machines, for instance, help restore movement and function in individuals who have been affected by injury, illness, or disability. Dialysis machines, another type of therapeutic equipment, are used to filter a patient's blood when their kidneys are not functioning correctly.
Life Support Equipment: Sustaining Vital Functions
Life support equipment is designed to maintain a patient's bodily functions when their body cannot do it on its own. Ventilators, for example, aid in breathing when a patient's respiratory system is compromised. Similarly, heart-lung machines take over the role of the heart and lungs during certain surgical procedures, allowing these organs to rest and recover.
Laboratory Equipment: The Cornerstone of Medical Research
Laboratory equipment is integral to medical research and testing. Microscopes, which magnify objects that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases and conducting research. Centrifuges, on the other hand, are used to separate different components of a sample, such as blood, for analysis.
Home Medical Equipment: Facilitating Care Outside the Hospital
Home medical equipment allows patients to receive care in the comfort of their homes. This category includes wheelchairs, hospital beds, oxygen tanks, and monitors that track vital signs like heart rate and blood pressure.
The Pivotal Role of Medical Equipment
In conclusion, medical equipment, in its various forms, plays an instrumental role in healthcare. From diagnosis and treatment to patient care and medical research, these tools not only facilitate the work of healthcare professionals but also contribute to improved patient outcomes. Understanding the different types of medical equipment and their functions is a step towards appreciating the complexities and advancements in modern healthcare. It's not just about using advanced tools; it's about enhancing patient care and pushing the boundaries of medical science.
Contact a medical equipment supplier near you to learn more.Share
7 November 2023
Hi, I’m Neville. When I moved into a big city, I was instantly overwhelmed with driving my vehicle. The process of navigating traffic, finding parking and avoiding tickets became too much to bear. Luckily, I was able to quickly learn how to utilize the vast public transportation options in my area. I can quickly move through the town to each destination on my itinerary using this form of transportation. As an added benefit, my stress levels remain at an all-time low throughout the travel process. I would like to use this site to talk about utilizing public transportation around the world. Thanks.
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1187: The great Saracen general Saladin invests Jerusalem in a bid to break the nearly 100 year reign of Christian kings over the city.
1519: Portuguese explorer and navigator Ferdinand Magellan, on commission Spanish King Carlos I (later Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire), departs on a voyage of circumnavigation in order to confirm a westward connection between Spain and the Spice Islands of the South Pacific. Magellan’s fleet consists of five ships and 270 men.
1598: English playwright and poet Ben Jonson is briefly jailed for manslaughter after killing an actor in a duel. He is released after reciting a Bible verse and getting a tattoo on his thumb. Jonson went on to become one of the most popular men of letters during the Elizabethan era in merrie olde England. He was a peer and theatrical competitor of William Shakespeare.
1641: The British merchant ship Merchant Royal founders at sea and sinks off of the coast of Cornwall, with a cargo of £100,000 of gold, 400 bars of Mexican silver, and 500,000 pieces of eight. It has never been found.
1676: At the climax of three months of agitation by 29 year old planter Nathaniel Bacon, a makeshift “army” of nearly a thousand angry Virginia frontiersmen and farmers, furious that Governor William Berkeley will not stand with them against Indian harassment and raids, storm into the colonial capital at Jamestown and burn the city to the ground. Although Bacon’s Revolt (a.k.a. Bacon’s Rebellion) represented a clear danger to the colonial government, it rapidly fell apart when Bacon himself contracted dysentery and died in late October.
1776: Death of twenty-one year old American patriot Nathan Hale (b.1755), hanged as a spy after being caught scouting around the British encampment of British General William Howe on Long Island. You probably remember his final words as the noose was placed around his neck: “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
1780: Arrest of British major John Andre, General Clinton’s primary aide-de-camp, who coordinated Benedict Arnold’s treasonous surrender of West Point. Andre was captured inside American lines while wearing civilian clothes, along with Arnold’s handwritten copy of the defensive plan for the fort tucked into his stockings. Andre was tried and convicted as a spy, and with the bitter memory of Nathan Hale still fresh, was sentenced to be hanged by the neck until dead instead of being shot like a soldier.
1793: George Washington lays the first cornerstone for the capitol building in the District of Columbia.
1806: Leaders of the 1803 Corps of Discovery, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, arrive in Saint Louis three years after their westward departure, completing their epic exploration and recording of the United States’ new Louisiana Territory.
1845: In New York, the Knickerbockers Baseball Club is formed, becoming the nation’s first professional baseball team.
1850: As part of the Compromise of 1850 Congress passes the Fugitive Slave Act.
1861: Birth of Robert Bosch (d.1942), who came into prominence in the nascent automobile industry with his invention of a dependable magneto for spark plug ignition. He continued to invent and manufacturer a line of the highest quality electrical equipment in his Stuttgart plant. Today, the company that bears his name has added retail electrical tools and equipment to its product line.
1863: The Battle of Chickamauga is fought on the approaches to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The huge clash is a pyrrhic Confederate victory that halts a major Union advance, but at such a cost that the Confederates never really recovered their full fighting capability in the Western theater. The battle carries the distinction of creating the second-highest number of casualties in the entire Civil War, (Union 16,170 (1,670 KIA), Confederate 18,454 (2,312 KIA)), second only to the casualty count at Gettysburg in July.
1881: Death of President James Garfield (b.1831), eighty days (yes) after being shot by a disgruntled federal employee. Garfield’s major accomplishment during his short term as President was initiating a massive civil service reform program, beginning with the post office. You would be correct to recognize the correlation between the reforms with his shooter.
1893: American bicycle maker and inventor Charles Duryea, along with his brother Frank, perform a road test on their first gasoline powered vehicle, a 4 horsepower single-cylinder model. They performed a second test in November, and then decided to go commercial with the idea.
1904: Death of Chief Joseph, last leader of the Nez Perce tribe of the Pacific Northwest (b.1840).
1937: Publication of J.R.R. Tolkien’s magnum opus, The Hobbit. The book has never been out of print
1939: First broadcast by Nazi propagandist Lord Haw Haw, who railed against British combat and diplomatic activities across the European continent.
1939: Death of Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (b.1856).
1942: First flight of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, a pressurized, high altitude bomber which provided the Army Air Corps with a dramatic increase in range and payload over their B-17s and B-24s.
1952: American silent film icon and long-time left wing political advocate Charlie Chaplin leaves for a trip to England, and is immediately barred from re-entry by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the behest of the House Un-American Activities Committee and J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI.
1962: Civil rights activist James Meredith is barred from entering the University of Mississippi.
1964: The first flight of the Mach 3 North American XB-70 Valkyrie supersonic bomber. One of the two prototypes was destroyed in a mid-air collision. The Soviets were worried sick* about this thing, with good reason.
1970: Death of guitarist Jimmi Hendrix (b.1942) from a heroin overdose.
1975: Kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst is arrested a year after her inclusion on the FBI’s Most Wanted list.
1981: The Senate unanimously confirms Sandra Day O’Connor as the first female Justice of the Supreme Court.
1984: Retired USAF test pilot Joe Kittenger complete the first solo balloon crossing of the Atlantic Ocean.
1991: Discovery of 5,300 year old Copper Age mummy, “Otzi the Iceman” by German mountaineers.
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| 0.951955 | 1,395 | 2.78125 | 3 |
NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK
|# Excl Vagrants:||542|
|# Near Endemics:||6|
|Habitat: Grassland, riverine woodland, bush, thickets, gorges, dry forest|
ABOUT THE BIRDING
Nairobi National Park is the only game reserve located just outside a nation's capital. It's home to a wide assortment of game animals, including a good population of the endangered Black Rhinoceros, big cats such as lion, cheetah, and leopard, zebra, giraffe, and many species of antelope. It's also an excellent birding locale, with over 400 species recorded within park boundaries. The habitat in the park is mostly open savanna with scattered Acacia bushes. The Athi River on the southern boundary of the park creates riverine habitat that is home to monkeys and forest birds. The river itself is home to a good population of hippos. The southwestern boundary of the park is an area of steep valleys and rocky hillsides, home to hyraxes and klipspringers.
LOCATION OF SITE
Nairobi National Park is located 7 km south of Nairobi city center.
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http://www.exoticbirding.com/kenya/nairobi-park/description.html
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| 0.878522 | 255 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Unless you have been living under a rock for the past ten years, you probably know about BPA. Bisphenol A is a chemical used in the manufacturing of some hard plastics and liners for canned foods, including infant formula. In recent years, more and more plastic products, especially items like baby bottles, have adopted the “BPA-free” label. Why? It turns out that BPA mimics some effects of estrogens in the body. BPA and chemicals like it, known collectively as endocrine disruptors, have been implicated in a disturbing variety of health problems, ranging from early puberty to cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of BPA in manufacturing of baby bottles and sippy cups in July, 2012. However, its use in can liners and other plastic products is still essentially unregulated. The science of endocrine disruptors is still in its infancy, and consumers are left to decide what constitutes an acceptable level of exposure. So, how concerned should we be?
Is BPA Safe?
This turns out to be a complicated question. The vast majority of studies on BPA and other endocrine disruptors have been done in rodents, whose endocrine systems are not equivalent to those of humans. Many of the early studies of these compounds exposed animals to doses much higher than humans might ever experience or administered the compounds via routes that were unlikely in humans (e.g. intravenously). There was also a widespread lack of consistent methodology across studies, with different labs examining different endpoints, so that results were nearly impossible to compare and interpret. Recent efforts by the FDA, National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control have helped to coordinate multiple, large scale studies and improve methodology.
The Good News and the Bad News about BPA
Based on these more recent studies, there’s good and bad news. The good news: recent estimates of exposure levels for infants are 10-fold lower than previous estimates (0.24 micrograms/kg body weight/day vs. 2.4 micrograms/kg body weight per day) . This may be partly due to increased inaccurate assumptions about how parents prepare bottles. Also, studies in primates, whose endocrine metabolism is closer to humans, suggest that most orally-administered BPA is rapidly metabolized to an inactive form and excreted .
Now, the bad news. A recent study, in which pregnant rhesus monkeys were exposed continuously to low concentrations of BPA, similar to those found in human tissues, found that the ovaries of female fetuses had more unenclosed follicles . This could mean that the female offspring of exposed monkeys would have fewer viable eggs and diminished reproductive success as adults, though this study did not follow the offspring to adulthood. Another study examined the effects of BPA on human breast epithelial cells grown in culture . BPA increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, including the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Women who carry specific mutations in these genes are at five times greater risk for developing breast and ovarian cancers than the general population. The study suggests that women who carry these mutations may be unable to repair DNA damage induced by BPA and may be especially vulnerable to its effects on estrogen-sensitive tissues.
How Concerned Should We Be about BPA?
So, back to our original question: how concerned should we be? While exposure levels are probably fairly low, and much of the BPA we ingest is likely metabolized, there are certain populations, including pregnant women, infants and women at high risk for breast and ovarian cancer, who should be especially concerned. In the absence of tighter regulatory controls on BPA use in manufacturing, there are simple steps consumers can take to reduce their exposure. Bottom line, am I going to stop buying canned foods? Not entirely, but fresh is always nutritionally superior to canned anyhow. Do I buy BPA free bottles for my infant son? Absolutely. Do I spend a lot of time worrying about my family’s exposure to BPA? No. Not because it’s not important, but because there are many other known endocrine disruptors in our environment, and probably many more that haven’t yet come to our attention. BPA is just a small piece of a very complex puzzle.
Department of Health and Human Services. Memorandum: Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) for infants, toddlers and adults from the consumption of infant formula, toddler food and adult (canned) food. 2009
Doerge D.R., Twaddle N.C., Woodling K.A., Fisher J.W. Pharmacokinetics of bisphenol A in neonatal and adult rhesus monkeys, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2010; 248: 1–11.
Hunt P.A., Lawson C., Gieske M., Murdoch B., Smith H., Marre A., Hassold T., Vandevoort C.A. Bisphenol A alters early oogenesis and follicle formation in the fetal ovary of the rhesus monkey. PNAS USA; 2012 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print].
Fernandez S.V., Huang Y., Snider K.E., Zhou Y., Pogash T.J., Russo J. Expression and DNA methylation changes in human breast epithelial cells after bisphenol A exposure. International Journal of Oncology 2012; 41(1): 369-77.
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http://www.hormonesmatter.com/bottom-line-bpa-endocrine-disruptors/
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| 0.941135 | 1,128 | 3.359375 | 3 |
1 Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
2 Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
*Corresponding author: K. Pyrć, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]
Submitted and accepted 5 February 2015
Over the last two decades virus-like particles (VLPs) have become an important tool in biomedical research and medicine. VLPs are multiprotein structures that resemble viable virus particles in conformation but lack the viral genome. Consequently, they are non‑infectious and non‑replicative, but retain the ability to penetrate cells, making them useful for a vast spectrum of applications. Above all, VLPs mimicking genuine viruses in antigenic structure provide a safe alternative to attenuated and inactivated viruses in vaccine development. Moreover, due to their transducing proprieties, VLPs may efficiently deliver foreign nucleic acids, proteins, or conjugated compounds to the organism, or even to specific cell types. Additionally, VLPs are versatile nanovectors due to their flexibility in terms of composition and expression systems. In this review, different approaches for of virus-like particle synthesis and manipulation, as well as their potential applications, will be discussed.
Keywords: delivery platform, vaccines, virus like particles (VLPs)
Virus‑like particles (VLPs) are empty multiprotein structures closely resembling natural virions. Due to the absence of the genetic material, VLPs are replication‑ and infection‑incompetent. They are formed spontaneously by the self‑assembly of viral proteins during infection or by in vitro protein expression, usually in a eukaryotic system. Therefore, VLPs can be classified depending on the original virus taxonomy (e.g., adenovirus, coronavirus, etc.) or depending on the synthesis method (e.g., animal, yeast, plant, or cell-free expression). Another classification of VLPs relies on their architecture and distinguishes enveloped and non-enveloped VLPs, as well as native or chimeric VLPs. Non-enveloped VLPs are typically composed of one or more viral structural proteins, whereas enveloped VLPs consist of the host cell membrane with viral proteins displayed on the outer surface (Fig. 1) (Kushnir et al., 2012). Non-enveloped VLPs are easier to produce and purify, but enveloped VLPs are more flexible, as antigens from different pathogens can be integrated. However, they may also contain host’s proteins, which may affect downstream applications (Buonaguro et al., 2011).
Animal cells are the most convenient expression system for virus-like particles because of their ability to carry out the complex post-translational modifications that are required for proper protein folding. Genes encoding viral proteins of interest are introduced into the host cell by plasmid transfection or viral transduction (using retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, or adeno-associated viruses for mammalian cells, or baculoviruses for insect cells). Depending on the method used, the transgene is integrated into the genome or replicates in an episomal form. The expressed viral proteins spontaneously self-assemble within the cell, as during viral infection. Mammalian (CHO, BHK, HEK-293T, COS-11 and Vero), avian (ELL-0) and insect (Lepidoptera: Spodoptera frugiperda and Trichoplusia ni) cells have been used for VLPs production in animal expression systems (Kushnir, et al., 2012). Examples of VLPs produced in animal cells and other expression systems are provided in Table I. Despite the fact that enveloped and non-enveloped, native and chimeric VLPs are efficiently formed in mammalian cells, this expression system has some limitations, including high production costs, potential safety concerns, and difficulties with scaling up production. By contrast, insect cell expression system offers significant advantages for VLPs production. Not only is this system less expensive, but it is also easier to scale up and can be used for the simultaneous expression of many proteins, facilitating the assembly of VLPs (Liu et al., 2013, Rychlowska et al., 2011). Furthermore, insect cells have the ability to post-translationally process and modify the recombinant proteins, similarly to their mammalian counterparts. Lastly, insect cells can be cultured without supplements derived from mammalian organisms, and therefore the risk of contaminating of VLPs developed for human therapy with opportunistic pathogens is minimal (Roy and Noad, 2008). Importantly, baculoviruses infect only a small group of Lepidoptera and represent no threat to humans.
Yeast cells are a well‑established system for the expression of recombinant proteins. It is, however, important to remember that this system has some drawbacks that are worth considering. Yeast cells differ from mammalian cells in their post-translational modification of expressed proteins, particularly protein glycosylation pattern. For this reason, yeast is used mostly for the production of non‑enveloped VLPs. However, a number of studies have demonstrated successful self-assembly of VLPs in Pichia pastoris or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, and two popular vaccines licensed worldwide; against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV) are based on VLPs produced in yeast. Interestingly, VLPs formation of HBV proteins has never been observed in yeast cells, but it is presumed that self–assembly takes place during the processing of the yeast biomass (Lünsdorf et al., 2011).
Plant expression systems represent another option for VLP synthesis that is cost-effective, scalable, and free of mammalian pathogens. Expression of recombinant proteins in plants can be achieved either via stable or transient transfection of the transgene into the cell. Both enveloped and non-enveloped, as well as native and chimeric, plant-produced VLPs have progressed into clinical development (Scotti and Rybicki, 2013). Interestingly, plant viral vectors used for transformation such as Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (A1MV), Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), and Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) may incorporate recombinant proteins (even if these are not of viral origin) to form chimeric VLPs. This strategy has been used to obtain prophylactic vaccine candidates against viruses HBV, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Norwalk virus (NV), bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus anthracis, and Yersinia pestis) and protozoa (Plasmodium falciparum) (Table I). Cultured cells originating from Nicotiana benthamina and N. tabaccum are widely used plant cells to generate VLPs (Scotti and Rybicki, 2013).
Different expression systems for diverse virus-like particles. Chimeric VLPs are denoted with an asterix*; the exterior protein is in the first position and the scaffold protein in the second. E: enveloped, NE: non-enveloped.
|CHO:||HBsAg||NE||(Soulié et al., 1991)|
|BHK:||Hantaan||E||(Betenbaugh et al., 1995)|
|Vero:||Influenza||E||(Barrett et al., 2009)|
|COS-1||DENV||E||(Chang et al., 2003)|
|HEK:||Ebola||E||(Yamayoshi and Kawaoka, 2007)|
|Marburg||E||(Kolesnikova et al., 2004)|
|Chikungunya||E||(Akahata et al., 2010)|
|Fibroblasts ELL-0:||Nipah-NDV||E||(McGinnes et al., 2010)|
|Spodoptera frugiperda:||Influenza||E||(Pushko et al., 2005)|
|RSV-Influenza M1 protein*||E||(Quan et al., 2011)|
|HIV||NE||(Gheysen et al., 1989)|
|NV||NE||(El-Kamary et al., 2010)|
|RV||E||(Zeng et al., 1994)|
|HCV||E||(Baumert et al., 1998)|
|Trichoplusia ni:||HPV||NE||(Harper et al., 2004)|
|HEV||NE||(Li et al., 2000)|
|Nicotiana tabacum:||HBV (HBcAg)||NE||(Pniewski, 2012)|
|HIV||NE||(Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2012)|
|Bacillus anthracis-CPMV*||NE||(Phelps, et al., 2007)|
|Nicotiana benthamina||Influenza –TMV*||NE||(Petukhova et al., 2014)|
|Rabies- A1MV*||NE||(Yusibov et al., 2002)|
|FMDV- TMV*||NE||(Wu et al., 2003)|
|Arabidopsis thaliana||HIV/HBV (HBsAg)*||NE||(Greco et al., 2007)|
|Pichia pastoris||HBV (HBsAg)||NE||(Lünsdorf, et al., 2011)|
|NV||NE||(Tomé-Amat et al., 2014)|
|HCV||E||(Acosta-Rivero et al., 2001)|
|DENV (Dengue virus)||E||(Tang et al., 2012)|
|Saccharomyces cerevisiae:||HPV||NE||(Woo et al., 2008)|
|HIV||NE||(Sakuragi et al., 2002)|
|RV||E||(Rodríguez-Limas et al., 2011)|
|Hensuela polymorpha:||HBV (HBsAg)||NE||(Seo et al., 2008)|
|Escherichia coli:||HCV- PapMV*||NE||(Denis et al., 2007)|
|P. falciparum-HBcAg*||NE||(Sällberg et al., 2002)|
|Lactobacillus casei:||HPV||NE||(Aires, et al., 2006)|
Bacteria, the most widely used expression system for recombinant proteins are not the host cell of choice for VLPs synthesis, due to the absence of post-translational modifications, imperfect disulfide bond formation, and problems with solubility (Zeltins, 2013). Nevertheless, bacteria are used to produce non-enveloped VLPs, often by means of a recombinant bacteriophage with foreign epitopes fused to surface proteins (Tissot et al., 2010). Another strategy relies on prokaryotic expression of viral protein in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies, followed by purification under denaturing conditions, refolding, and in vitro self-assembly (Sánchez-Rodríguez et al., 2012). Even though E. coli remains the most commonly used bacterial host for VLP production, some groups have successfully produced VLPs in Lactobacillus (Aires et al., 2006) and Pseudomonas (Phelps et al., 2007) host species.
VLPs may also be formed by proteins produced in cell-free expression systems and assembled in vitro. Further modification of this approach is to incorporate expressed proteins into virosomes, which are also categorized as VLPs by some authors. Virosomes, defined as synthetic lipid or polypeptide scaffoldings decorated with viral antigens, were evaluated as vaccine candidates as early as in the 1970s (Almeida et al., 1975, Morein et al., 1979). Two examples of licensed human virosome vaccines are Epaxal and Inflexal, which are used for hepatitis A and influenza prophylaxis, respectively. The critical change in virosome production is that currently proteins of interest are expressed in a system of choice and then incorporated into a liposome or other carrier. Initially, viral antigens originated from infectious viruses, which were inactivated, dissociated, and fractionated before processing.
VLPs have a broad range of potential applications due to the diversity and multigenicity of viruses. As shown with the examples provided above, these particles may be formulated not only of proteins originating from one virus species, but also of proteins from unrelated viruses or even different pathogens, i.e., bacteria and protozoa. Chimeric VLPs are of special interest as highly specific nanovectors for the delivery of antigens or therapeutic molecules.
VLPs as vaccines
Due to their virus-like appearance and repetitive surface structure, VLPs show high immunogenicity and antigenicity. Importantly, they interact with the immune system similarly to their parental pathogens, inducing not only humoral but also cellular response, which is not common for traditional, subunit vaccines. B cell activation and the production of high antibody titers have been shown to be dependent on the conformation and epitope abundance of symmetric VLPs (Buonaguro, et al., 2011). Moreover, VLPs, as exogenous antigens, are efficiently taken up by professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), particularly dendritic cells (DC), which is followed by antigen processing and presentation by MHC class II molecules, leading to stimulation of CD4+ T helper cells. On the other hand, VLPs, similarly to native viruses, are also processed in the cytosol of DC as endogenous antigens and presented by MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic CD 8+ T cells (CTLs) (Grgacic and Anderson, 2006, Groothuis and Neefjes, 2005). This cross-presentation mechanism ensures comprehensive and strong immunological responses. Additionally, numerous VLP vaccines candidates are known to possess “self-adjuvant” properties, probably due to their particulate structure and small size of (~100 nm), which favors uptake by APC (Keller et al., 2010, Manolova et al., 2008). Potentially phasing-out adjuvants in VLPs vaccine formulations is unquestionably beneficial as it would both simplify the production process and increase the safety of the vaccine.
Of the four VLP vaccines currently on the market, those for HBV and HPV are the best described (Buonaguro, et al., 2011) (Table II). The HBV VLPs contains virus surface antigen (HBsAg) and was the first VLPs vaccine to be generated (in 1980s) (Zuckerman, 1980, Zuckerman, 1985). Its successful production was reported in mammalian (Aden et al., 1979) yeast (Valenzuela et al., 1982), insect (Takehara et al., 1988), and plant (Mason et al., 1992) expression systems. Afterwards, HBV VLPs based on the core antigen (HBcAg-VLPs) were also developed. However, these are still in the preclinical stage of evaluation and are mainly used as a platform for the presentation of foreign epitopes from heterologous pathogens or tumor antigens (Kazaks et al., 2008).
VLP vaccines and vaccine candidates
|VLP (protein)||Vaccine||Expression system||Development status|
|HBV (HBsAg)||Hepatitis B (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB, GenHevacB, Euvax B, others…)||Bacteria
(GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, LG Life Sciences)
|HPV (L1)||Human papilloma virus (Gardasil, Cervarix)||Yeast
|HEV (HE antigen)||Hepatitis E (Hecolin)||Bacteria||On market
(Xiamen Innovax Biotech )
|Influenza virus||Influenza virus (Flublok)||Insect||On market USA
(protein Science Corporation)
Cell free, insect, plant
For HPV prophylaxis, VLPs are formed with L1 HPV capsid protein overexpressed in S. cervisiae or T. ni is used to prepare the licensed vaccine, but HPV VLP formation was demonstrated also in P. pastoris (Hanumantha Rao et al., 2011) and plant cells (Deleré et al., 2014; Scotti and Rybicki, 2013). The HPV vaccine, which showed 98% efficacy in protecting individuals from HPV16/18 infections (which are responsible for more than 70% of invasive cervical cancers) became a milestone in cancer prevention (Deleré, et al., 2014).
As for the influenza vaccine, which must be produced de novo each year, development, production, and approval times are critical. Conventional licensed influenza vaccines are prepared from embryonated chicken eggs, inoculated individually with virus strains selected for the season. Viruses are harvested from the allantoic fluid, chemically inactivated, concentrated, and purified to remove non‑viral protein contaminants. The whole production process takes several months and is often hampered by the poor growth yield of some influenza strains (Reperant et al., 2014). Therefore, the VLP-based vaccines which are faster, cheaper and safer to obtain, represent an attractive alternative (Fig. 2). An influenza VLPs vaccine produced in insect cells was approved in US in 2013, but other influenza VLP candidates, produced in plant cells, bacteria, or cell-free systems, demonstrated as effective and safe and are currently in clinical trials (Chroboczek et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2014).
Other VLP vaccines that are currently in clinical trials utilize proteins from different viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (Glenn et al., 2013), Norwalk virus (Herbst-Kralovetz et al., 2010), human parvovirus B19 (Chandramouli et al., 2013), and P. falciparum (chimeric VLP) (Agnandji et al., 2012). VLPs vaccine candidates for human use, that were shown to be immunogenic in animal models but are still under preclinical investigation include: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), RSV, rotavirus (RV), dengue (DENV), rabies (Kushnir, et al., 2012; Roldão et al., 2010), and others.
Veterinary vaccinology is a distinct, broad field, which will not be discussed in this review, but VLPs have also been investigated as vaccine candidates for animal use (Liu et al., 2012).
As mentioned above, the plasticity of VLPs enables the formulation of chimeric vaccines loaded with heterologous antigens. This can be achieved either by co-expression of structural proteins of different viruses or by gene fusion, and results in foreign epitopes displayed on the external surface of the VLPs. The first strategy can be illustrated by the SARS‑CoV VLP, where SARS spike protein is incorporated into an influenza matrix 1 protein scaffold, overcoming the problem of low yield in the production of the native SARS VLPs (Liu et al., 2011). Using the second approach the synthesis of particles that do not form native VLPs at all, becomes feasible. An anti-malaria vaccine, currently in clinical trials, is an example of a VLP displaying a non-viral antigen (S protein of P. falciparum) that is expressed as a fusion partner with HBsAg (Agnandji, et al., 2012).
Alternatively, VLPs may be engineered to modulate the immune response by conjunction of adjuvants or stimulatory molecules such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands and T-cell epitopes. For example, VLPs containing CpG motifs, a ligand for TLR-9, have significantly improved anti-HPV VLP humoral responses in the peripheral blood and in genital mucosal secretions in animal models (Gerber et al., 2001; Hjelm et al., 2014). Similarly, HIV VLPs equipped with cholera toxin subunit B showed increased stimulation of mucosal cellular response (Kang et al., 2003; Ludwig and Wagner, 2007). Another VLP developed to co-deliver interleukin-2 resulted in robust cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation (Juarez et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2004). In addition to enhancing the immune response, including immunity potentiators, improves the pharmaco-kinetic profile of, VLPs reducing nonspecific binding to serum proteins.
Vaccines for non‑infectious diseases
Vaccines for non‑infectious diseases are an interesting application for chimeric VLPs, which are designed to induce specific antibodies directed against self-antigens and thus boost humoral immunity. These VLPs carry antigens typical for cancer (melanoma), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease), autoimmune diseases (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma) and other disorders (Table III).
Therapeutic VLP vaccines
|Qβ-amyloid β epitope||Alzheimer disease||Phase 2||(Chackerian et al., 2006)|
|Qβ-CpG oligodeoxynucleotides||Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma||Phase 2||(Senti et al., 2009)|
|Qβ-IL1β protein||Diabetes mellitus type 2||Phase 2||(Bachmann and Jennings, 2011)|
|Qβ-angiotensin II epitope||hypertension||Phase 2||(Tissot et al., 2008)|
|Qβ-melan A peptide||Malignant melanoma||Phase 2||(Braun et al., 2012)|
|Qβ-nicotine||Nicotine addiction||Phase 2||(Maurer et al., 2005)|
|HPV-TNFα||Arthritis||–||(Chackerian et al., 2001)|
Most therapeutic VLP vaccines are based on the bacteriophage Qβ, which is highly expressed in E. coli, enabling the development of an economical large-scale production process. Importantly, during self-assembly, bacteriophage Qβ packages host-derived RNA (the natural ligand for TLR7 and TLR8), thus activating antigen-specific IgG2a responses (Bachmann and Jennings, 2011).
VLPs as delivery platforms
The remarkable and unique advantage of VLPs as delivery vehicles is theirs specificity, which results from the receptor-mediated transduction mechanism. Similar to native viruses, most VLPs target and penetrate different cell types depending on receptors exposed at their surface. As a consequence, the diverse tropisms of parental viruses provide a range of natural targeting capabilities for VLPs, without the need for further modifications (Seow and Wood, 2009).
Decorating VLPs with foreign molecules may be achieved by various means, including genetic manipulation, non-covalent interactions, or chemical coupling of different compounds. Physical encapsulation of organic and non-organic moieties has been described as well and consists of the disassembly of purified VLPs (by osmotic shock, use of chelating agents, or varying the pH) and reassembly in the presence of the desired molecule. Table IV summarizes VLPs packaging methods and examples of cargo molecules that have been successfully delivered to target cells.
VLPs as delivery platforms for foreign molecules (PyV: Polyoma virus)
|Antibody||PyV||genetic fusion to VLP protein||(Gleiter and Lilie, 2003)|
|GFP||RV||genetic fusion to VLP protein||(Charpilienne et al., 2001)|
|MBP tag||AdV||protein adaptor||(Garcel et al., 2006)|
|Enzyme||AdV||biotin-streptavidin interaction||(Fender et al., 2003)|
|Cytokine (IL-2)||HPV||encapsulation||(Oh, et al., 2004)|
|Plasmid DNA||HPV||encapsulation||(Malboeuf et al., 2007)|
|RNAi||PyV||encapsulation||(Kimchi-Sarfaty, et al., 2003)|
|Gold||AdV||encapsulation||(Fuschiotti, et al., 2006)|
|Magnetic nanoparticles||HBV||encapsulation||(Pushko et al., 2013)|
|Carboxyfluorescein||HPV||chemical coupling||(Bergsdorf et al., 2003)|
|Propidium iodode||PyV||chemical coupling||(Goldmann et al., 2000)|
|Quantum dots||PyV||chemical coupling||(Wojta-Stremayr and Pickl, 2013)|
|Bleomycin||AdV||chemical coupling||(Zochowska, et al., 2009)|
|Doxorubicin||RV||chemical coupling||(Zhao, et al., 2011)|
Delivering drugs into target cells is particularly important for anti-proliferation chemotherapeutics, where systemic administration causes undesired side-effects. Therefore, specific carriers, such as VLPs, are of significant interest in this field. Successful transfer of VLPs packaged with anticancer agents was described for bleomycin (BLM) and doxorubicin (DOX). Both conjugates were chemically coupled to VLPs (BLM to adenoviral VLPs and DOX to RV VLPs) and have demonstrated improved drug bioavailability and growth inhibition of targeted cancer cells (Zhao et al., 2011; Zochowska et al., 2009).
The ability to bind nucleic acids is common for viral structural proteins and is used to pack oligonucleotides and plasmids (as well as other negatively charged substances) into VLPs (Zeltins, 2013). DNA-loaded VLPs were developed for gene therapy and aroused great hope as potential specific carriers of nucleic acids (Petry et al., 2003, Ramqvist et al., 2007). Successful expression of β-galactosidase, encoded by a plasmid delivered by a polyomavirus VP1 VLP to different tissues, demonstrated the feasibility of the VLP-mediated gene therapy concept (May et al., 2002). Up to 17 kb of DNA may be packaged into an SV40 polyoma VLP, as reported by Kimchi-Sarfaty (Kimchi-Sarfaty et al., 2003), but the theoretical capacity of larger VLPs is probably higher. In subsequent years, the increasing interest in use of modified small interfering RNAs as therapeutics resulted in further studies on VLPs as delivery vessels for these molecules (Seow and Wood, 2009). For example, treatment of lupus-prone mice with bacteriophage MS2 VLPs loaded with miR-146a miRNA – a recognized gene silencer – inhibited the production of auto‑antibodies and inflammatory cytokines (Pan et al., 2012).
Protein delivery by VLPs has been described for heterologous antigens, antibodies, cytokines, enzymes, and reporter proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or maltose binding protein (MBP). Cargo proteins are usually tethered to the external surface of the VLP by genetic fusion to structural VLP protein or by exploiting natural interactions between the transported protein and structural proteins present in VLPs (antigen-antibody interactions, ligand-receptor interactions, inter-domain interactions etc.). Conjunction of Herceptin, an antibody directed against a mutated version of the tyrosine kinase receptor HER2 to the polyoma VLP is a good illustration of the potential use of VLPs in directed cancer immunotherapy (Gleiter and Lilie, 2003). Another example of a protein targeting ligand is epidermal growth factor (EGF), which was incorporated into SV40 polyoma VLPs, that selectively transduced cells overexpressing the EGF receptor (Kitai et al., 2011).
Labeling VLPs with fluorophores is another way of tethering foreign substances to these nanovectors but also a powerful research tool. Fluorescent VLPs can be traced within host cell, tissue, or organism. Viral particles can be labeled by covalent or non-covalent chemical methods or by fusion of fluorophores to proteins integrated into the viral particle. Chemical methods consist of inserting fluorescent dyes into the viral membrane. Alternatively, attachment of streptavidin-coupled fluorophores can be achieved by biotinylating target structures of interest (Wojta-Stremayr and Pickl, 2013).
The feasibility of encapsulating metal nanoparticles within the VLP cavity was shown by packaging adenovirus (AdV) VLPs with nanogold molecules (Fuschiotti et al., 2006). Recently, an interesting application for another functionalized VLPs has been described providing proof of concept for the use of VLPs for diagnostic purposes. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) VLP loaded with Gd3+ ions or HBcAg-VLPs loaded with Fe3O4 serve as paramagnetic high contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (Mateu, 2011, Shen et al., 2014).
Even though VLPs seem to be universal delivery platforms, they do possess several limitations, especially to their use as gene or drug carriers. The most challenging problem concerns the pre-existing immunity in most individuals for common viruses. A solution proposed to overcome undesirable immunogenicity of VLPs consists of modifying them with immune masking agents, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has been shown to suppress the primary antibody response (Jain and Jain, 2008). Another concern that must be kept in mind is that like any virus-based treatment, VLPs are not suitable for repetitive administration. The exception here is cancer immunotherapy, where the goal is to stimulate tumor recognition in an escalating manner. Initial enthusiasm for VLP-mediated gene therapy has been tempered by the lack of large-scale methods for adequate internalization and proper release of the desired nucleic acid, and further research will be necessary to overcome this problem (Pattenden et al., 2005). It is also worth noting, that the different mechanism of assembly of non-enveloped and enveloped VLPs impede in vitro encapsulation of foreign molecules in the latter.
Virus-like particles have been produced for a wide range of taxonomically and structurally distinct viruses and have unique advantages in terms of construction flexibility. Moreover, their versatility relies on their unique structural diversity and tailorable functionality. Potential uses of VLPs include vaccine production, vectors for gene therapy and targeted drug delivery, and molecular imaging tools (Fig. 3). However, translation from preclinical research to licensed products requires extensive studies in animal models that remain to be completed. Firstly, effective and scalable loading of cargo onto VLPs vectors requires further investigation. Futhermore, careful evaluation of the toxicity, biodistribution, stability in vivo, and clearance of VLPs will be crucial in order for these nanocarriers to be considered for medical use.
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This infrared image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows what astronomers are referring to as a "snake" (upper left) and its surrounding stormy environment. This object is actually the core of a thick, sooty cloud dozens of times larger than our solar systems. In fact, astronomers say the "snake's belly" may be harboring new stars in the process of forming. The red ball at the bottom left is a "supernova remnant," the remains of massive star that died in a fiery blast. The snake is located about 11,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/S. Carey (SSC/Caltech)
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Sensory explorations are an important role in our daily play experiences. The whole month of December, the Robins were exploring and experimenting with different textures, loose parts, and art materials. Each and every sensory activity offered something new and unique for the children senses. To encourage the children to use multiple of their senses, we used a wide variety of materials such colored sand, table salt, baby oil, flour, various beans, pretend snow, popcorn kernels, and natural and manmade loose parts.
Moon sand was one of the Robins favorite sensory activities. The Robins spent long time exploring moon sand with their sense of touch, smell and sight. To make moon sand, we mixed baby oil and baking flour, this created a unique texture and gentle scent. To stimulate their sense of sight, we added some foil sequins and colorful glass beads. What could spark more curiosity than to dig your fingers into a smooth and fragrant mixture and feel the smoothness of the round glass beads? While touching and feeling the mixture with their hands, the Robins shared their excitement with each other. The children often were heard saying “wow” and “cool” while exploring the moon sand table. The children had big smiles on their faces each time one of them would find a “moon rock” for which they named the various glass beads.
The moon sand activity was a learning opportunity for the Robins. The Robins learned that if you mix baby oil and the flour, you can create a wonderful and exciting material which will provide you with an endless fun, ideas for an imaginary play and to identify which senses they were using. Of course, the children explore with their senses on their own throughout the day, and there are many different kinds of sensory activities. However, we wanted to share this particular sensory activity because it is an activity that you can replicate with items commonly found in your home and the children’s creativity made this an opportunity to travel to the moon!
Seven Oaks Child Day Care Centre is located on original lands of Anishinaabe, Cree, Oji Cree, Dakota and Dene peoples, and on the homeland of the Mètis Nation. We respect the Treaties that were made on the territories, we acknowledge the harms and mistakes of the past, and dedicate ourselves to move forward in partnership with Indigenous communities in a spirit of reconciliation and collaboration.
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by W.A. Steer PhD
|Back to contents||About...|
Sonoluminescence is a little-understood phenomenon whereby light is emitted by tiny bubbles suspended in a liquid subjected to intense acoustic fields. The aim of this work was to construct apparatus to enable the observation of single-bubble sonoluminescence, to investigate its basic properties, and leave a kit and instructions to form the basis of a future final-year undergraduate experiment. It was found that despite the apparent simplicity of the setup, to obtain successful and repeatable sonoluminescence required great care in the selection and tuning of system components, and a good degree of patience. The precision and stability of the signal generator was found to be particularly critical, and (if not building your own as I did) a modern digital piece of instrumentation is highly recommended. The widely-reported increase in bubble brightness at low temperatures was readily confirmed, and a simple Mie scattering arrangement configured to monitor the bubble size gave results consistent with those already published.
Putterman pursued SBSL, published numerous papers, and established many of the characteristics which are now taken for granted. Once per acoustic cycle, coincident with a sharp decrease in bubble size, bluey-white light is emitted in a brief flash shorter than 100picoseconds in duration, with incredible regularity. Despite the results that have been obtained, the actual mechanism by which sound is converted to light remains elusive, not least because of the difficulty in measuring the conditions inside a pulsating bubble whose diameter is measured in micro-meters. It is generally agreed that the adiabatic compression of the bubble leads to very high interior temperatures, but beyond that, shocks, plasmas, ionisation and photo-recombination, Bremsstrahlung radiation, and even fusion are all hotly-debated possible explanations.
In Scientific American, February 1995, Putterman published an introductory overview paper on sonoluminescence together with a practical guide in the "Amateur Scientist" section of the same issue. By making the subject accessible to a wider audience, interest escalated dramatically, and given the apparent ease with which sonoluminescence could be obtained, many university groups attempted it. A revised and more detailed version of their "Amateur Scientist" guide can be found on the World Wide Web at http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~hiller/sl/, and is maintained by Robert Hiller, a student of Putterman.
Within the Physics Department here at UCL, sonoluminescence was offered last year (1996-97) as a final-year undergraduate project. Unfortunately the quest for the glowing bubble proved fruitless for those involved... a story which has been echoed by several other groups around the world. So, I was "commissioned" by the department to get the experiment up and running over the summer, ready for next year.
I too used the Scientific American article as my primary guide, but successfully "saw the light" within a couple of weeks. I found the article to be quite correct as far as it goes but that, probably due to the constraint of brevity, it fails to emphasise some significant details as much as might be desired. Combined with the somewhat optimistic impression of the ease with which sonoluminescence can be obtained, this may explain others' failed attempts and subsequent discouragement. I attribute my success to extensive experience in hands-on practical work and electronics, and ready access to a variety of electronic bits and pieces from home!
The flask was thoroughly washed, using hot water and Fairy Liquid (the original, not Lemon variety), and rinsed. The final rinse was with cold distilled water.
Three piezoelectric transducers, as described by Hiller, were supplied to us by Channel Industries Inc. The two larger transducers, 20mm diameter by 4.4mm thick (and with an 8mm diameter hole through the centre) were used as the drivers, and the smaller transducer, 6mm diameter by 2mm thick, was used as a microphone.
Lightweight hook-up wire (7/0.2mm) was cut into ~10cm lengths to make the leads for the driver transducers, and the ends stripped of insulation and "tinned" with solder. To reduce mechanical stresses on the connections the leads were coiled, by winding them around the inside tube of a biro. Three very small (approx. 2mm dia., 0.5mm high) dabs of solder were then applied to each silvered surface of the transducer, just inside the outer circumference. The exposed part of one end of each lead was cut down to a mere 2mm, and then held over a solder dab on the transducer and gently pushed down with a soldering iron for a second or so, to make the connection. Soldering was carried out quickly as the silvering on such transducers is liable to be destroyed if too much heat is used. It was also discovered that a mild electric shock can be received from the transducer during thermal expansion/contraction following soldering!
Transducers are polarised - applying a DC voltage one way round causes the ceramic to expand, while opposite polarity results in contraction. To ensure all transducers in an application can be wired in phase, they are supplied with one side marked with a red cross. By convention I wired the red sides of the transducers (with red wires) to the signal, and the reverse (with black leads) to the ground. The solder connections described were small enough that they didn't touch the surface of the flask when the transducer was held against it. Photo 2 illustrates the connection to the transducers.
Photo 2: Wired and mounted transducer
For the small microphone transducer, the lightest grade screened audio cable was used (about 2mm outside dia.). About 4cm of outer sleeving was stripped off, and the inner covered wire and screen separately coiled. The end of the inner wire was prepared as above, and soldered to the red side of the transducer using just one tiny solder dab. The screen was soldered to the reverse.
These more rugged connections (compared to Hiller's design) didn't have any adverse effects on the acoustics.
Figure 1: Flask, showing location of transducers
Judged by eye, target positions for the transducers were marked on the flask using an OHP pen. The small transducer was to go at the very bottom of the flask, and the two larger ones diametrically opposite each other on a horizontal axis through the centre of the flask -- see figure 1.
Araldite Rapid was mixed, and a sufficient coating applied to the first transducer site on the flask. Using a three-finger clamp, the flask was then gripped with that site facing downwards. The transducer was placed on a paper towel on the side of a individual-portion breakfast-cereal packet (a "springy" support!) and working swiftly, Araldite was applied to its face. Finally the flask was lowered on to the transducer and left for 20minutes to set.
For safety reasons, the red sides of the transducers, later to be connected to the several hundred volt drive signal, were glued towards the glass where they cannot be touched.
Once the first transducer had stuck, fresh Araldite was mixed and the procedure repeated for the next driver transducer, then again for the microphone.
Piezo-ceramic transducers are the standard "loudspeaker" devices for ultrasonics but, unlike hi-fi speakers, they require several hundred volts to drive them and draw very little current. Because the piezo transducers behave electrically like capacitors, a suitable inductor can be wired in series with them to form a tuned circuit, which "matches" them to the loudspeaker-output of an audio amplifier -- see figure 2. The inductor trades current for voltage, and while presenting a low impedance to the amplifier (output swing around 40Vp-p), generates the necessary 700V or so across the transducers.
Figure 2: Piezo transducer drive circuit. The section shown in red operates at high voltage.
Figure 3: Physical wiring diagram.
The two drive transducers were wired in parallel by soldering the two red wires together, and the two black wires together. Those junctions were each soldered to the core of separate 1metre lengths of standard 50ohm coaxial cable, and the joint covered with sleeving for safety. In each case, the screening of the 50ohm cable was cut away where it emerged from the outer covering. Both the 50ohm cables, and the microphone cable, were firmly clamped to the retort stand using cable ties, to prevent tension on the connections to the transducers. BNC plugs were fitted to the other ends of the two cables, and plugged into to a junction unit linking in the 1ohm resistor and the inductor -- see figure 3. The core of the cable to black wires connects to the 1ohm resistor (current-sense), and the core of the coaxial cable to red wire to the inductor.
By keeping all the cable screens at ground potential in this way, a BNC lead from a scope could be inserted at any point in the circuit using a T-piece without causing short-circuits. The use of screened cables is essential to minimise radiation of 25kHz, which might otherwise interfere with the low level signals involved in measurements.
Given the capacitance of the transducers and the frequency at which we operate, an inductance of around 30mH is required to form a resonant circuit. The inductor needs to be made of thick enough wire to take the required current, but not so thick that it becomes physically huge, which might also lead to a fall in performance. Our "best" inductor consisted of a partially-filled 500g plastic spool of 0.5mm diameter (24swg) enamelled copper wire, tuned by sliding a ferrite rod (usually sold as MW/LW radio aerial) up and down the centre of the spool. It was found that to prevent power loss to eddy currents, owing to the large fringing field, the coil had to be sited well away from any conducting object - particularly that the axis of the coil did not intercept any nearby metal.
The wiring and coil were measured to have a DC resistance of about 10ohms (bypassing the transducers of course), and present an impedance of about 100ohms to the amplifier when tuned to resonance. It is this impedance which determines the upper limit on the power that can be transferred to the transducers given a finite voltage swing from the amplifier. In practice, we found that a mere 1Watt of power needed to be transferred to the drive circuit to achieve sonoluminescence.
The frequency was measured by connecting the separate square-wave output of the signal generator to a digital frequency counter. Note: With some waveforms and signal levels, frequency counters are liable to report wildly incorrect readings. Occasional use of a scope to check the readings are reasonable is mandatory!
* If I'd used a modern digitally-synthesised signal generator such as the Fluke/Philips PM5138A (the luxuries I now get working in an Industrial R&D lab!), then I probably would have avoided a lot of problems! - December 2004
A 100ml quickfit flask was just-over half-filled with distilled water, then heated in an electric mantle at full power, and maintained at a rolling boil for 15minutes. After switching off the heat a rubber bung was gently placed into the neck of the flask before leaving it to cool. As the water cools the bung is sucked in and leaves a vacuum above the water, preventing more gas dissolving back in. Sometimes cooling was accelerated by holding the bulb of the sealed flask under running cold water, and gently swirling its contents. With the bung kept in place, the water can remain degassed for many days if required. The procedure was repeated with a second 100ml flask, so that a quantity of over 100ml of de-gassed water was prepared.
For the experiment, the sonoluminescence flask is held in a 3-finger clamp. If the flask contained water from a previous run, then that was poured away by lifting and tilting the entire stand (not just the flask, which could lead to breakage of the wires or connections). There was a tendency for the water to gain dust, fluff, broken glass... etc., so the last of the water was always swirled out to remove any debris.
Holding the stand at about 45 degrees, the freshly-degassed, room-temperature water was poured into the sonoluminescence flask, letting it run down the side. The flask was filled to the top of the spherical part; I tried to fill so that the lowest part of the meniscus is in a position to form a continuation of the spherical shape, but a millimetre or two either side didn't seem too critical.
The microphone transducer was plugged into the oscilloscope input. As confirmation that all is well, if the scope sensitivity was turned up (and a fairly low sweep rate selected), the trace would jump if the flask was gently tapped.
The amplifier, signal generator and frequency counter were wired up and turned on. Before proceeding, the signal generator was allowed to stabilise - with my generator about 5minutes was found to be ample.
If the ferrite-rod was in the coil (inductor), it was removed at this point, before tuning up. Care was taken not to drop the rod as they are very fragile.
With the scope timebase on 10Ás/div, and sensitivity on 0.1V/div., the gain control on the amplifier and/or oscillator was adjusted to get a reasonable trace on the scope. It was sometimes useful to also monitor the direct output from the amplifier on the second channel on the scope (5V/div) to ensure the waveform was not clipping (as it might if the levels are set too high).
Sweeping through the range of my signal generator (23-26.5kHz), acoustic resonances were located by watching for maximal amplitudes of the microphone signal. One was usually found near 25.5kHz and another at 25.1kHz at room temperature. It is not unusual for the waveshape from the microphone to look skewed or distorted between acoustic resonances. Confirmation that an acoustic resonance has been found is obtained by momentarily touching or gently squeezing the flask - the microphone signal level drops appreciably as the vibrations are damped.
Having located the strongest acoustic resonance, the ferrite rod was placed in the coil and slowly moved in and out to find electrical resonance, which further maximises the signal from the microphone. Because this increased the drive considerably, it was necessary to change the scope sensitivity to 1V/div.
Back-lighting was used to make the tiny bubbles visible: a small torch was placed behind the flask, directed towards its centre.
With the electronics tuned up, the drive amplitude was adjusted to obtain a microphone signal somewhere between 1 and 7Vp-p. With no bubble present, the trace on the scope should be a clean sine wave.
Using a narrow, clean pipette, a small amount of water was withdrawn, the pipette tip lifted above the water surface, and the contents gently dropped back into the flask. This action induces some bubbles, and with practice, a force sufficient to generate just one or two bubbles can be judged.
At the instant the bubbles are injected, the microphone signal usually decreases in amplitude and fluctuates in waveform for a few seconds, before an equilibrium is established.
The general behaviour of the bubble at different sound levels and dissolved gas content is summarised in figure 4.
Figure 4: Dependence of bubble characteristics on sound intensity and dissolved-gas content.
Variations in the threshold levels were observed between runs, with the upper SL level lying anywhere from 3V to 7V. There are inherent practical difficulties in obtaining an accurate record of the form above - when does "a long time to dissolve" become "does not dissolve"? Repeatedly injecting bubbles will invariably lead to increase in the dissolved-gas content, perturbing the very system we are trying to measure. Despite these difficulties, the chart gives a good indication of the main characteristics, namely:If the sound level was high, say anywhere above the upper dancing threshold, then injected bubbles were found to "stream" very rapidly to the flask centre. Above the upper SL threshold they just disappeared at the centre, while below the threshold a bubble remained after the streaming. At lower sound levels the bubbles take a more leisurely drift to the centre. Whenever the trapped bubble was lost, or could not be seeded, the sound level was adjusted, and another bubble injected.
A typical description of bubble-behaviour in intermediately degassed water would run as follows:
"A level of 1 to 1.5 volts p-p on the microphone was sufficient to trap the bubble at the centre of the flask. At around 2.7 volts the bubble began to dance about the centre, spanning a distance of a couple of millimetres. With more power still, the bubble became slightly larger and "fuzzy". At 4Vp-p the jittering started to subside, and between 4.1V and 4.5V the bubble was very small, and stable. At the uppermost end of this range, the bubble visibly glowed if the room was dark. At about 4.5V the bubble suddenly disappeared altogether."
Under all circumstances, best sonoluminescence was observed when the flask was clamped as loosely as possible in the stand.
Figure 5: Ripples seen on the microphone signal when a trapped bubble is present.
The strength of the ripple depends on the exact driving frequency used, and the tightness of grip of the flask in the stand - the loosest grip gives the brightest SL bubble and largest ripple. The ripple is highly characteristic and moves along the fundamental waveform as the drive amplitude is adjusted. It moves rightwards (later in time) as the drive is increased, and when the bubble is glowing at its brightest, at the upper sonoluminescence threshold, the ripple has a peak at the centre of the crest of the main wave and also causes the trough of the wave to flatten out. The ripple appears to be a harmonic resonance of the flask, excited by the shock wave of the collapsing bubble. Hiller et al (private correspondence) have described placing a microphone in the water right next to the bubble and observing merely an instantaneous "click" at the point of collapse. When the drive is increased too far the bubble is lost and the scope trace returns to a pure sinewave -- see figure 6.
Figure 6: Ripples disappear with the bubble if the amplitude is driven too high.
If the scope trace is not steady then something is wrong, and the bubble won't glow. In this case, or just to increase the brightness further, fine adjustment of the drive frequency (up to 30Hz either way) may help. Maximising the amplitude of the ripples on the trace can be a useful guide.
In our particular flask, the 25.5kHz resonance was best at room temperature while below about 16C the 25.1kHz resonance became far better. [The temperature of the water was measured by inserting a digital thermometer probe into the water - but it was found that the probe gave bizarre readings while the sound was on.]
Qualitatively, it was observed that the bubble got much brighter when the water was cooled. Subjectively it also appeared (when back-lit) that the bubble was larger than at room temperature, though this was not confirmed.
Transducer drive: of the order of 700Vp-p swing required.
Inductor specification: around 30mH. Partially-used 500g spool of 0.5mm diameter enamelled copper wire, tuned by sliding a ferrite rod up and down the centre of the plastic spool.
Microphone output: typically between 3 and 7Vp-p for sonoluminescence. [Better guide than drive levels]
Frequency generator minimum spec.: tuneable to within 30Hz at 25kHz. Stable to within 30Hz over ten minutes or more. The output level must remain constant during adjustment of frequency, and the adjustment must be smooth with no jumping about. Watch it on a scope! My experience is that the typical generator found in an undergraduate lab is barely up to the task, though my initial success was with such an instrument.
Highly desirable: Tuneable/stable to 10Hz or better. Use a modern digitally-synthesised signal generator (such as the Fluke/Philips PM5136 or PM5138A. Agilent also seems to have a good series of function generators (although I have no personal experience of these)) and save yourself a lot of trouble!
Flask clamp: the strength of the acoustic resonance is sensitive to the way the flask is mounted - with our three finger clamp we found that the loosest grip gave the strongest resonance and brightest sonoluminescent light. A clamp with cork 'grips' seems to work much better than one with rubber-covered fingers.
Flask resonance: the acoustic resonant frequency of the flask decreases with temperature, falling by about 300Hz from room temperature to near freezing. I actually found two resonances, at 25.5kHz and at 25.1kHz - the former was stronger at room temperature, and the latter much better below 16C. The two resonances are probably specific to our flask.
Flask temperature: the water-filled flask has a fairly large thermal mass, so temperature-induced resonance variations are quite slow. Sonoluminescence is however much brighter at the lower temperatures - below about 10C is really quite bright. Much above 20C it becomes much harder to see the glow.
Bubble size: bubbles reach an equilibrium size for a given set of parameters. Other researchers have established that a sonoluminescing bubble cycles its size between about 50microns and 0.5microns with each acoustic wave.
Flash: Putterman et al report that the upper limit on the flash duration is 100ps, and at room temperature around 106 photons are emitted in each.
Towards the end of my time on the experiment I built an op-amp amplifier for a BPX65 high-speed photodiode, and encased the diode and amplifier in a small die-cast box for electrical screening. With a solid-state laser beam focused on the bubble using a 2" focal length eye-glass, scattered light was collected by a 1" focal-length lens and focused onto the photodiode. Output from the diode amplifier was fed to an oscilloscope, giving a trace of scattered light intensity. With the well-focused beams, optical alignment was quite tricky, and results correspondingly variable. Nevertheless, it proved the idea and equipment worked, and excellent (qualitative) plots of bubble radius vs. time were obtained -- see figure 7. These results were completely consistent with those published by Hiller et al. With more time, careful setting up, and calibration, quantitative measurements could be taken, and relationships of bubble-size against water temperature, gas content, or drive level etc. could be investigated.
Figure 7: Oscilloscope traces showing: 1 the signal from the microphone attached to the bottom of the flask, and 2 photodiode signal for laser light scattered by the bubble (relating to bubble radius). I would like to emphasise that the Mie scattering results shown are obtained from a single acoustic cycle, and they are real data - not some theoretical best fit!!!
Consistent with published results, the brightness of sonoluminescence was seen to increase as the drive level was increased, and as the water was cooled. Regrettably, but for largely logistical reasons, a photomultiplier or similar device for quantitatively measuring bubble intensity was not employed in this study. Despite its simplicity, the Mie scattering configuration set up in the final days of the project gave extremely promising results, with plots of bubble size against time being in almost exact agreement with those of Hiller et al., save for an absolute scale. With a little more care in setting up and alignment, and overcoming the problem of the bubble changing its position in the flask as the acoustic drive is increased, the measurements could be made quantitatively and more easily. This would enable the relation of bubble-size to water temperature, as well as drive-level, to be investigated.
Altogether I am confident that the requirements of the project brief have been excelled, with a reliable sonoluminescence apparatus constructed, the initial problems overcome, major characteristics verified -- and a great deal of expertise gleaned! I await with interest the results of subsequent studies.
Figure I: Definition of peak-to-peak voltage measurement
The peak voltage is half the peak-to-peak, and for a sinewave, the r.m.s. voltage is 1/sqrt(2) times Vpk. Therefore,
Vrms = Vp-p / (2 sqrt(2)) .
Assuming the voltage and current flowing in a circuit are in phase, the power dissipated is equal to the product of r.m.s. current and r.m.s. voltage.
Power = Vp-p x Ip-p / 8 .
When the voltage and current are displaced in phase, for example the high-voltage side of the transducers, driven through the inductor, a phase factor would have to be used to calculate power. Failure to correct for phase shifts in calculation usually leads to the false result that an unrealistically large amount of power is consumed.
Reports are abound (on the Internet etc.) that sonoluminescence requires at least an 100/200/300... Watt amplifier. In fact typically only ONE watt is dissipated in the transducers/drive system during sonoluminescence. More "powerful" amplifiers are really only being used to overcome bad matching by brute force, by providing more raw voltage swing - it's not the available power that counts!
Because the relation between amplifier output and acoustic energy in the flask is so dependent on the drive and its tuning up, I always quote the sound level in terms of microphone level - which directly indicates the sound level in the flask.
The junction between the inductor and transducers will exhibit a potential of order 250V AC (25kHz) when the system is tuned up and at sonoluminescing levels. Take care not to touch anything at this point in the circuit when the volume is up! The 'live' side of the transducers are connected with a red wire, and the corresponding silvered side of the transducer is stuck towards the flask. DO NOT transpose the drive wires at the BNC connections, otherwise the EXPOSED side of the transducers will become 'live'. Similarly, avoid touching the tips of the spare red wires from the transducers, and the live connection to the inductor - they deserve some respect!
We always knew the available electrical drive with the set-up described was only just sufficient, but we have since found that a "universal-type 100V line transformer" can be used successfully to help match the output- impedance of the amplifier to the inductor/transducer circuit: if more power is required (and remember you can have too much power!), connect the amplifier output between the "speaker" side 0v and 4ohm connection, and connect the inductor to the 8- or 16ohm connection - with the transducer or 1ohm resistor going to the 0v connection... all on the same side of the transformer (we're using it as an autotransformer). Don't touch the other side of the transformer (the 100V-line side) as these windings will exhibit a very high voltage when the circuit is energised.
The transducer set are available from:
839 Ward Drive
Tel: [US] (805) 967 0171
Fax: [US] (805) 683 3420
©1997-2005 William Andrew Steer
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from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- noun when the regression line is linear (y = ax + b) the regression coefficient is the constant (a) that represents the rate of change of one variable (y) as a function of changes in the other (x); it is the slope of the regression line
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.
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Since the implementation of the HPV vaccine in 2008, a first-of-kind study to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine programme was released on Friday 3rd November via the Lancet.
The researchers, based at King’s College London, the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), and the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS) found that the programme has prevented roughly 450 cervical cancer cases, and around 17,200 cases of pre-cancerous cell changes over an 11 year period.
The study highlighted that the vaccine had strong protective effects amongst all age ranges, reducing the incidence by the following:
- 34% if vaccinated aged 16-18
- 62% if vaccinated aged 14 to 16
- 90% if vaccinated aged 12-13
Professor Peter Sasieni, lead author from King’s College London, says:
It’s been incredible to see the impact of HPV vaccination, and now we can prove it prevented hundreds of women from developing cancer in England. We’ve known for many years that HPV vaccination is very effective in preventing particular strains of the virus, but to see the real-life impact of the vaccine has been truly rewarding.
Congratulations to Prof. Sasieni and his team at KCL, for their hard work and dedication to the study, and the ground-breaking insights from it. The CRUK-funded research study provides continued evidence into the importance of the work in this field, which Cancer Research UK are also a pivotal component of.
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Some information raised during preparation of GCFA exam
FAT, or File Allocation Table, is a file system that is designed to keep track of allocation status of clusters on a hard drive.
Originally designed in 1977 for use on floppy disks with Microsoft Disk BASIC interpreter, FAT was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades.
As disk drives evolved, the capabilities of the file system have been extended accordingly, resulting in three major file system variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32.
The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system is a simple file system originally designed for small disks and simple folder structures.
The FAT file system is named for its method of organization, the file allocation table, which resides at the beginning of the volume. To protect the volume, two copies of the table are kept, in case one becomes damaged.
In addition, the file allocation tables and the root folder must be stored in a fixed location so that the files needed to start the system can be correctly located.
When a computer is powered on, a POST (power-on self test) is performed, and control is then transferred to the Master boot record (MBR).
The MBR is present no matter what file system is in use, and contains information about how the storage device is logically partitioned. When using a FAT file system, the MBR hands off control of the computer to the Boot Record, which is the first sector on the partition.
The Boot Record, which occupies a reserved area on the partition, contains executable code, in addition to information such as an OEM identifier, number of FATs, media descriptor (type of storage device), and information about the operating system to be booted.
Once the Boot Record code executes, control is handed off to the operating system installed on that partition.
The primary task of the File Allocation Tables is to keep track of the allocation status of clusters, or logical groupings of sectors, on the disk drive.
There are four different possible FAT entries: allocated (along with the address of the next cluster associated with the file), unallocated, end of file, and bad sector.
In order to provide redundancy in case of data corruption, two FATs, FAT1 and FAT2, are stored in the file system.
FAT2 is a typically a duplicate of FAT1. However, FAT mirroring can be disabled on a FAT32 drive, thus enabling any of the FATs to become the Primary FAT. This possibly leaves FAT1 empty, which can be deceiving.
The Root Directory, sometimes referred to as the Root Folder, contains an entry for each file and directory stored in the file system.
This information includes the file name, starting cluster number, and file size. This information is changed whenever a file is created or subsequently modified.
Root directory has a fixed size of 512 entries on a hard disk and the size on a floppy disk depends. With FAT32 it can be stored anywhere within the partition, although in previous versions it is always located immediately following the FAT region.
The Boot Record, FATs, and Root Directory are collectively referred to as the System Area.
The remaining space on the logical drive is called the Data Area, which is where files are actually stored. It should be noted that when a file is deleted by the operating system, the data stored in the Data Area remains intact until it is overwritten.
In order for FAT to manage files with satisfactory efficiency, it groups sectors into larger blocks referred to as clusters.
A cluster is the smallest unit of disk space that can be allocated to a file, which is why clusters are often called allocation units.
Each cluster can be used by one and only one resident file. Only the “data area” is divided into clusters, the rest of the partition is simply sectors. Cluster size is determined by the size of the disk volume and every file must be allocated an even number of clusters.
Cluster sizing has a significant impact on performance and disk utilization. Larger cluster sizes result in more wasted space because files are less likely to fill up an even number of clusters.
The size of one cluster is specified in the Boot Record and can range from a single sector (512 bytes) to 128 sectors (65536 bytes). The sectors in a cluster are continuous, therefore each cluster is a continuous block of space on the disk. Note that only one file can be allocated to a cluster.
Therefore, if a 1KB file is placed within a 32KB cluster there are 31KB of wasted space. The formula for determining clusters in a partition is (# of Sectors in Partition) — (# of Sectors per Fat * 2) — (# of Reserved Sectors) ) / (# of Sectors per Cluster).
Wasted Sectors (a.k.a. partition slack) are a result of the number of data sectors not being evenly distributed by the cluster size. It’s made up of unused bytes left at the end of a file.
Also, if the partition as declared in the partition table is larger than what is claimed in the Boot Record the volume can be said to have wasted sectors. Small files on a hard drive are the reason for wasted space and the bigger the hard drive the more wasted space there is.
FAT Entry Values
- 00x000 (Free Cluster)
- 0x001 (Reserved Cluster)
- 0x002–0xFEF (Used cluster; value points to next cluster)
- 0xFF0–0xFF6 (Reserved values)
- 0xFF7 (Bad cluster)
- 0xFF8–0xFFF (Last cluster in file)
- 0x0000 (Free Cluster)
- 0x0001 (Reserved Cluster)
- 0x0002–0xFFEF (Used cluster; value points to next cluster)
- 0xFFF0–0xFFF6 (Reserved values)
- 0xFFF7 (Bad cluster)
- 0xFFF8–0xFFFF (Last cluster in file)
- 0x?0000000 (Free Cluster)
- 0x?0000001 (Reserved Cluster)
- 0x?0000002–0x?FFFFFEF (Used cluster; value points to next cluster)
- 0x?FFFFFF0–0x?FFFFFF6 (Reserved values)
- 0x?FFFFFF7 (Bad cluster)
- 0x?FFFFFF8–0x?FFFFFFF (Last cluster in file)
Note: FAT32 uses only 28 of 32 possible bits, the upper 4 bits should be left alone.
Typically, these bits are zero, and are represented above by a question mark (?).
There are three variants of FAT in existence: FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32.
- FAT12 is the oldest type of FAT that uses a 12 bit file allocation table entry.
- FAT12 can hold a max of 4,084 clusters (which is 212 clusters minus a few values that are reserved for values used in the FAT).
- It is used for floppy disks and hard drive partitions that are smaller than 16 MB.
- All 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy disks are formatted using FAT12.
- Cluster size that is used is between 0.5 KB to 4 KB.
- It is called FAT16 because all entries are 16 bit.
- FAT16 can hold a max of 65,524 addressable units
- It is used for small and moderate sized hard disk volumes.
FAT32 is the enhanced version of the FAT system implemented beginning with Windows 95 OSR2, Windows 98, and Windows Me. Features include:
- Drives of up to 2 terabytes are supported (Windows 2000 only supports up to 32 gigabytes)
- Since FAT32 uses smaller clusters (of 4 kilobytes each), it uses hard drive space more efficiently. This is a 10 to 15 percent improvement over FAT or FAT16.
- The limitations of FAT or FAT 16 on the number of root folder entries have been eliminated. In FAT32, the root folder is an ordinary cluster chain, and can be located anywhere on the drive.
- File allocation mirroring can be disabled in FAT32. This allows a different copy of the file allocation table then the default to be active.
Limitations with Windows 2000 & Windows XP
- Clusters cannot be 64KB or larger.
- Cannot decrease cluster size that will result in the the FAT being larger than 16 MB minus 64KB in size.
- Cannot contain fewer than 65,527 clusters.
- Maximum of 32KB per cluster.
- Windows XP: The Windows XP installation program will not allow a user to format a drive of more than 32GB using the FAT32 file system. Using the installation program, the only way to format a disk greater than 32GB in size is to use NTFS. A disk larger than 32GB in size can be formatted with FAT32 for use with Windows XP if the system is booted from a Windows 98 or Windows ME startup disk, and formatted using the tool that will be on the disk.
exFAT (sometimes incorrectly called FAT64)
exFAT (also known as Extended File Allocation Table or exFAT) is Microsoft’s latest version of FAT and works with Windows Embedded CE 6.0, Windows XP/Server 2003 (with a KB patch), Vista/Server 2008 SP 1 & Later, and Windows 7.
- Largest file size is 264 bytes (16 exabytes) vs. FAT32’s maximum file size of 4GB.
- Has transaction support using Transaction-Safe Extended FAT File System (TexFAT). (Not released yet in Desktop/Server OS)
- Speeds up storage allocation processes by using free space bitmaps.
- Support UTC timestamps (Vista/Server 2008 SP1 does not support UTC, UTC support came out with SP2)
- Maximum Cluster size of 32MB (Fat32 is 32KB)
- Sector sizes from 512 bytes to 4096 bytes in size
- Maximum FAT supportable volume size of 128PB
- Maximum Subdirectory size of 256MB which can support up to over 2 million files in a singlr subdirectory
- Uses a Bitmap for cluster allocation
- Supports File Permissions (Not released yet in Desktop/Server OS)
- Has been selected as the exclusive file system of the SDXC memory card by the SD Association
Although Microsoft has published some information on exFAT, there are more technical specifications available from third parties.
FAT Filesystem in forensics analysis
Disk Unit Addressing
FAT saves file content in clusters. A cluster is a grouping of consecutive sectors (512-bytes each). When a file is described by the directory entries and File Allocation Table, the cluster numbers are used as addresses. The problem, is that cluster 0 is not at the beginning of the partition. Cluster 0 is in the Data Area, which is after the super block and File Allocation Tables and can be hundreds of sectors into the partition. This creates a problem because if The Sleuth Kit were to use clusters as the addressable units, then there would be no way to identify the non-”data area” sectors.
This problem was solved by making the sector as the addressable unit, instead of the cluster. When a file is described (using istat for example), the sector addresses are given. In the output of fsstat, the File Allocation Table contents are displayed in sectors and when using blkls -l, the sector status is given.
This actually makes manual data recovery easier because one can use ‘dd’ to carve out data using the sector addresses. If clusters were given, the user would have to translate the Data Area address to sectors before carving out data.
FAT describes its files in a directory entry structure, which is contained in the sectors allocated by the parent directory.
The directory entry structures have a fixed size of 32-bytes, not addressed, and can exist anywhere in the partition.
The Sleuth Kit needs some form of Metadata Address for each file, so this became a problem. Also, the root directory does not have a directory entry. In other words, there is no descriptive information for the root directory.
The solution to this problem was to use the same method that is used in many UNIX implementations. Each sector in the data area is treated as though it could be full of directory entries.
As each sector is 512-bytes and each directory entry is 32-bytes, each sector could contain 16 entries.
To keep things similar to UNIX, the root directory is given the value of 2. The first 32-bytes of the first sector in the data area are addressed as 3, the second 32-bytes of the sector are 4 etc.
The Sleuth Kit will scan through the sectors and identify which ones actually contain directory entries.
This method will produce large gaps of addresses between used address values.
Notes on Timezones
FAT does not store the file times in the delta format that UNIX does.
Instead of saving the difference in time from GMT, FAT simply saves the raw hour, minute, and second values.
The Sleuth Kit stores all times in the UNIX GMT offset format and will translate the FAT time to the UNIX offset. This uses the current timezone value when identify the GMT offset.
If the tool displays the time in a nice ASCII format, the same timezone will be used to translate the offset value into a date. Therefore, you can use any timezone value and the time will not change (just the timezone name). On the other hand, if you use a tool such as ils or fls -m, which display the time in the offset format, then it will have the offset of the current timezone or the one specified with ‘-z’. Therefore, ensure that the same ‘-z’ argument is used with mactime to display the correct time in the timeline.
General Notes on Time
Each file in FAT can store up to three times (last accessed, written, and created).
- Last written time is the only ‘required’ time and is accurate to a second.
- Create time is optional and is accurate to the tenth of a second (Note that I have seen several system directories in Windows that have a create time of 0).
- Last access time is also optional and is only accurate to the day (so the times are 00:00:00 in The Sleuth Kit).
- January 1, 0001 — The value 0 as a CLR System.DateTime.
- January 1, 1601 — The value 0 as a Win32 FILETIME.
- December 29/30, 1899 — The value -1 or 0 as an OLE automation date.
- December 13, 1901 — The value 0x80000000 as a time_t.
- December 31, 1969, January 1, 1970 — The value -1 or 0 as a time_t.
- January 1, 1980 — The beginning of the DOS date/time era. (Unlikely to be encountered since 0 is not a valid DOS date/time value.)
- January 19, 2038 — The value 0x7FFFFFFF as a time_t.
- February 7, 2106 — The value 0xFFFFFFFF as a time_t.
- September 14, 30828 — The value 0x7FFFFFFF`FFFFFFFF as a FILETIME.
All of these special values have one thing in common: If you see them, it’s probably a bug.
Typically, they will arise when somebody fails to do proper error checking and ends up treating an error code as if it were a valid return value. (The special values 0, -1, and 0xFFFFFFFF are often used as error codes.)
Recovering directory entries from FAT filesystems as part of recovering deleted data can be accomplished by looking for entries that begin with a sigma 0xe5.
When a file or directory is deleted under a FAT filesystem, the first character of its name is changed to sigma.
The remainder of the directory entry information remains intact.
The pointers are also changed to zero for each cluster used by the file. Recovery tools look at the FAT to find the entry for the file.
The location of the starting cluster will still be in the directory file. It is not deleted or modified. The tool will go straight to that cluster and try to recover the file using the file size to determine the number of clusters to recover.
Other tools will go to the starting cluster and recover the next “X” number of clusters needed for the specific file size. However, this tool is not ideal.
An ideal tool will locate “X” number of available clusters. Since files are most often fragmented, this will be a more precise way to recover the file.
An issue arises when two files in the same row of clusters are deleted. If the clusters are not in sequential order, the tool will automatically receive “X” number of clusters. However, because the file was fragmented, it’s most likely that all the clusters obtained will not all contain data for that file. If these two deleted files are in the same row of clusters, it is highly unlikely the file can be recovered.
File slack is data that starts from the end of the file written and continues to the end of the sectors designated to the file.
There are two types of file slack, RAM slack and Residual slack.
- RAM slack — starts from the end of the file and goes to the end of that sector.
- Residual slack — starts at the next sector and goes to the end of the cluster allocated for the file.
File slack is a helpful tool when analyzing a hard drive because the old data that is not overwritten by the new file is still in tact.
This document contains information on the implementation of the FAT file system in The Sleuth Kit. The Sleuth Kit is…wiki.sleuthkit.org
Some time ago, I discussed several timestamp formats you might run into. Today we'll take a logical step from that…blogs.msdn.microsoft.com
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Liberty means freedom, from the Latin libertas via the Old French liberté.
While it’s a weighty concept, names like Serenity and Trinity rank have topped the charts. Parents love a great meaning.
But libertas was more than a Latin word. A minor goddess known as Libertas appears in the ancient world, often depicted on coins during the later years of empire. In some ways, she’s the forerunner of Lady Liberty in the US, as well as other figures, like France’s Marianne.
Liberty is very occasionally heard as a surname name. Laliberté seems to feature in French Canadian history, so it’s not only an English language thing. But Arthur Liberty opened up the shop that would become a famous London department store bearing his name. Liberty’s sells designer goods, but is also known for their flamboyant fabrics.
While surnames filter into use as first name, that doesn’t seem to be a significant factor in this case.
It’s been part of American symbolism since early days. The Liberty Bell was commissioned in 1752 for use in the Pennsylvania State House, back when ringing bells served as a form of mass communication. The inscription reads:
Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants Thereof
It comes from from Leviticus – it’s spiritual, not revolutionary – at least at first. It’s believed this bell was one of several rung following the Second Continental Congress’ vote for independence in July of 1776. But it would take decades before we saw it as a national symbol. Beginning in 1885, the City of Philadelphia lent it out for tours and exhibitions around the country.
Visit New York City, and you’ll almost certainly see Liberty Enlightening the World – the Statue of Liberty, gifted from France to the United States in 1886.
Lady Liberty stands on her own island in New York Harbor. Frederic Auguste Bartholdi sculpted it; Gustave Eiffel created the framework. The sculpture is modeled on the goddess Libertas, welcoming immigrants arriving by ship. But a broken shackle and chain at her feet suggest another kind of freedom: the abolition of slavery.
It’s become a powerful symbol of the US, among the most widely recognized in the world.
The bell and the statue combine make Liberty an Americana kind of name.
Despite the monuments, Hollywood gets credit for the name’s initial use. Silent film star Marie Walcamp played the part of Liberty Horton in a 20-chapter Western film serial. While the film is presumed lost, Liberty, A Daughter of the USA was a smash hit. No surprise that there’s a rise in girls named Liberty in the few years following.
The name remains big in Western circles. In 1962, John Ford made The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance – but this time the character bearing the name was a villain.
It’s impossible to credit Marie Walcamp with the name’s entry in the US Top 1000 in 1918, though. In 1917, the US declared war on Germany, joining in the fray. Armistice Day came on November 11, 1918.
An upsurge in national fervor during the war seems to explain the name’s sharp rise. In 1918, 150 girls and 14 boys received the name.
It didn’t last, but a second spike occurred in 1976 – the bicentennial. With patriotic fervor at a peak, over 300 girls were named Liberty.
And then came 2001, the year of 9/11. As the US – and especially New York City – reeled, another 300-plus parents named their daughters Liberty.
MODERN WORD NAMES
That early twenty-first century uptick in Libertys wasn’t necessarily a response to world events, though.
Genesis, Serenity, Trinity, and Summer all gained in use in 2001. Journey entered the US Top 1000 for girls; River rose for boys. We were entering a golden age for word names.
BABY NAME LIBERTY: TOP 1000 STAPLE
Like several popular word names, Liberty benefits from its status as a three-syllable, ends-in-y name, making it a sister to surnames like Delaney and Kennedy, as well as more conventional choices like Dorothy and Emily.
Since 2001, baby name Liberty has appeared in the rankings annually. As of 2018, it stood at #578 – a pretty steady spot. So while many of the 2001/2002 girls may have been name in response to 9/11, it’s since become a relatively mainstream name for a girl.
A handful of high profile uses might come to mind:
- One of the charter WNBA franchises is the New York Liberty.
- In 2001, Canadian television series Degrassi: The Next Generation gave us the intelligent, ambitious Liberty Van Zandt.
- Indie hit Juno included a little sister called Liberty Bell.
- Actor Joey Lawrence gave the name to a daughter in 2010.
- Most recently, Netflix original series GLOW gave us pro wrestler Liberty Belle, based on a real-life 1980s wrestler, Americana.
Liberty shares the nickname Libby with evergreen Elizabeth, increasing the name’s wearability factor.
THE CASE FOR THE BABY NAME LIBERTY
File Liberty with modern virtue names. While it can read deeply patriotic, freedom isn’t specific to any country or time. It’s easy to imagine parents with divergent worldviews finding Liberty appealing.
It fits in nicely with modern word names, but with a history of use stretching back into the early twentieth century, it’s far less revolutionary than some word names under consideration today.
What do you think of the baby name Liberty?
First published on July 4, 2008, this post was revised on May 28, 2012 and again on May 21, 2020.
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Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling with WMS
In this hands-on, application oriented training course you will learn how to use automated hydrology and hydraulics tools in the Watershed Modeling System (WMS). Upon completion of the course, you will know how to obtain and use GIS data and digital terrain data in watershed modeling, floodplain analysis and mapping. You will also learn the software tools needed to process this data, create numerical models, and generate digital watershed and flood maps.
This course will provide practical training on the use of software tools to aid in the hydrologic and hydraulic analysis and floodplain delineation. The use of the Watershed Modeling System (WMS) for watershed runoff analysis, coupled with channel hydraulics, will be the focus of the course. An integrated, GIS-based approach to hydrology, hydraulics, and mapping will be presented step-by-step, with computer workshops, to allow participants to implement the concepts presented. Participants will gain experience in using the software to create 1) GIS-based hydrologic simulations using HEC-HMS and 2) hydraulic simulations (HEC-RAS) from the hydrologic model results and GIS data. The final step will be using WMS to interpret hydraulic model results in conjunction with digital elevation data to create flood extent maps, flood inundation maps, flood depth maps, and flood impact maps.
Automated watershed delineation will be covered in detail along with application of GIS data layers to compute common hydrologic and hydraulic modeling parameters (Curve Number, Manning’s roughness, Green & Ampt parameters, travel time, etc.)
Since this course will focus more on application than on theory, a knowledge of basic rainfall/runoff modeling principles is recommended, but not required. The training course will be taught by hydrologic and hydraulic modeling consultants at Aquaveo and will use the latest version of WMS.
Course Outline - 4 Days
- Watershed delineation from digital elevation data (USGS DEMs, survey data, LiDAR data, etc.)
- Use of digital terrain data for basin lag time and time of concentration computations
- Data exchange with GIS systems for hydrologic model development including:
- Use of vector (basin and stream) coverages for creating model input files
- Land use and soil type coverages for composite curve number generation
- Incorporating man-made/urban interference in watershed modeling
- Set up and use HEC-HMS hydrologic model
- Generate HEC-RAS models from GIS and terrain data
- Find out how to link hydrologic and hydraulic models to perform uncertainty analysis in floodplain modeling
- Creation of professional output in the form of images, plots, and video clips
- Preview of additional WMS Modules: EPA-SWMM, GSSHA 2D Modeling
Course AgendaDAILY SCHEDULE
- Introduction and Overview
- Images and Coordinate Systems
- Feature Objects: Using the Map and GIS Modules
- Linking to ArcView with the GIS Module
- Watershed Delineation with GIS Vector Data
- Automated Watershed Delineation with USGS DEMs
- Working with Digital Terrain Data (Importing, editing, converting)
- Using Digital Land Use and Soil Data to Compute CN and Runoff Coefficients
- Computing Time of Concentration and Lag Time from Digital Terrain Models
- Hydrologic Model Interfaces:
- Rational Method
- Review of online data sources
- Digital Terrain Preparation - LIDAR data, Digitizing, DEM Conversion
- Creating a Water-Surface Elevation Dataset
- Floodplain Interpolation
- Flood Mapping - Extents, Depths
- Hydraulic Conceptual Modeling with GIS Tools
- Banks, Centerlines, Cross-sections, Area Properties
- Cross-section Database Management
- Generation of HEC-RAS input from Conceptual Model
- Finalizing and Running HEC-RAS
- Overview of Hydrologic/Hydraulic Model Linkage and Uncertainty Analysis
- Overview of EPA-SWMM
- Overview of 2D Hydrologic Modeling Using GSSHA
- Summary Exercise
Course instructors will be chosen from the following qualified personnel as available:
Dr. Christopher M. Smemoe - Lead WMS developer, Aquaveo, LLC. Primary developer of the WMS software, Chris is experienced in many lumped parameter and 2D hydrologic models. He also has specialized expertise in hydraulic modeling and floodplain mapping methods. Chris is the author of several published papers and has taught various professional courses on hydrologic and hydraulic modeling.
Todd Wood - is a civil engineer and surface-water modeler at Aquaveo. Todd has BS in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Brigham Young Univeristy. He worked for two years as a technical support associate for SMS and now works on surface-water modeling projects at Aquaveo. Todd has experience in teaching at several SMS training courses in the United States and in China.
Tom Moreland - Engineering consultant at Aquaveo and past developer of SMS; Tom has over 10 years of experience working with SMS and teaching SMS courses at locations throughout the world.
The cost of the 4-day course is $1595 (USD) per attendee. Save on all registrations made at least 30 days prior to the course. Add $100 to the price above for late registration.
Registration includes the following:
- Instruction and hands-on use of the Watershed Modeling System (WMS)
- Comprehensive Course Notes
- Software CD containing the WMS software, tutorials, and documentation
- A 30-day trial license of the full Watershed Modeling System
- 25% Discount (up to $500.00) on the purchase of an WMS license (not including subscriptions)
Training Attendee Cancellation Policy
Participants may be required to provide their own computer with the following specifications:
- Windows 7, Windows 8/8.1 or Windows 10
- 4 GB (8 GB recommended)
- CPU: WMS software is CPU intensive. Some models and utilities can take advantage of multiple processor cores simultaneously.
- Graphics Card: For all display features to be enabled, OpenGL 1.5 or higher must be supported. The use of a dedicated graphics card is strongly recommended. Integrated graphics can result in significantly reduced performance and may not support some visualization features.
- 1024x768 resolution (1280x1024 or higher recommended)
Recommendations for hotels can be provided. Each attendee is responsible for their own accommodations.
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AI and Virtual Reality in media have the transformative powers to reshape the entertainment industry with immersive, interactive, and personalized experiences for users. Here at AscentCore, we’ve been keeping a close eye on these technologies for a while, and we’re excited to see how they’re reshaping how media is produced and consumed. Keep reading as we explore how these technologies are transforming the media landscape.
How AI and VR are impacting the media and entertainment industry
- Enhanced Storytelling: AI algorithms can analyze user preferences and behavior to tailor narratives in real-time. This allows for dynamic storytelling where characters, plotlines, and outcomes can change based on individual choices and reactions, creating a more immersive and personalized storytelling experience.
- Immersive Journalism: Journalists can use VR to take audiences to the heart of a story. For example, VR documentaries can transport viewers to war zones, disaster areas, or remote locations where they can feel like they’re physically immersed in the story. AI can enhance the experience by providing real-time information, translations, and additional context.
- Interactive Gaming: One of the most promising applications of AI and VR is in the video game industry. Many developers are using AI to create more realistic and responsive virtual characters, while VR allows players to step into the game like never before. Additionally, AI-powered NPCs (non-playable characters) can make gaming more lifelike and challenging with these characters adapting to player behavior. Similar to immersive journalism, the result is a more engaging and life-like gaming experience that can blur the line between reality and fantasy.
- Personalized Content Recommendations: AI can analyze user preferences and behaviors to curate VR content, whether it’s movies, games, or educational experiences. This personalization ensures users are more likely to engage with the content they find interesting and offers content creators invaluable information and data about their customers that can be used to continually improve their products. Additionally, AI can assist content creators in generating realistic 3D environments, characters, and objects, reducing the time and effort required for VR content development. This can democratize VR content creation and lead to a more diverse range of experiences.
- Improved Accessibility: VR can provide immersive experiences for individuals with disabilities and different needs through the use of AI-powered features such as voice commands, gesture recognition, and haptic feedback. They can make different experiences – from playing games to watching media or listening to music – more inclusive and accessible for all.
- Virtual Social Interaction: AI-driven avatars and social algorithms can create lifelike virtual environments for social interactions, whether socializing, collaborating, or networking. This application can be useful for professional settings, such as a conference or meeting, or for entertainment purposes, such as social media or watching a live TV show with friends from around the world.
A few things to consider
While AI and VR have the potential to transform media and entertainment offerings in a beneficial way, there are a few challenges and ethical considerations to keep in mind when integrating this technology in media, such as:
- Ethical AI: Ensuring AI systems make ethical decisions, especially in immersive experiences that involve real-world scenarios, is essential to avoid harm or bias.
- Cost and Accessibility: Making AI-driven VR experiences affordable and accessible to a wider audience is a challenge and important to ensure accessibility for all.
- Privacy Concerns: Collecting and analyzing user data for personalization can raise privacy concerns. Striking a balance between personalization and privacy is crucial.
- Content Regulation: As VR and AI blur the line between reality and simulation, regulatory challenges related to content, censorship, and age-appropriate experiences need to be addressed.
Moving ahead with AI and VR
AI and VR are reshaping the media landscape by creating more immersive and interactive experiences. As technology continues to advance, addressing ethical, regulatory, and accessibility concerns will be essential to maximize the potential benefits of these immersive experiences in media and entertainment.
If you’re curious to learn how AI technology could help your business, check out our use case or reach out to AscentCore. With a focus on AI and ML, we deliver transformational results for our clients by leveraging the latest technology and empowering companies to disrupt, transform, accelerate, and scale.
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In 1941, sociologist Robert Merton proposed a status exchange theory to explain the high proportion of black men—white women marriages. He suggested that men who have high economic or professional status, but who carry the stigma of being black, trade their social position for whiteness by marriage.
And that continued for a long time. The white women who married black men were usually in fact of lower social class. In a 1993 study, for instance we read: "The status characteristics of these marriages have remained traditional in the sense that intermarriage still occurs primarily when the white woman marries up in socioeconomic status".
In other words the woman was trading her white skin for a richer/better educated black husband. From a social psychological point of view that seems perfectly reasonable. Social psychologists usually regard all marriage as a trade: Each partner gives the other some things that they want.
In a 1997 study, however we see that things have changed slightly. We read:
"Interracial marriage tends to be educationally homogamous and the odds of interracial marriage increase with couples ’ educational attainment. Among interracially married couples with different educational attainments, both men and women from lower status racial groups but with high education levels tend to marry spouses from a higher status racial group with low education levels."
So we now have two groups: Most interracial couples are now of EQUAL status but there are still some unions following the old pattern of low status white woman and higher status black man
And in this century the situation has become overwhelmingly of equal status between the couples, probably associated with the fact that the rate of black/white intermarriage has increased markedly. The influences at work on such marriages have obviously changed. Recent studies tend to show that, as in most marriages, the black/white partners now tended to be of equal status. We read:
"Just as researchers’ assumption that women trade beauty for men’s socioeconomic status may have led to erroneous findings that seemed to support the “trophy wife” stereotype (McClintock 2014), researchers’ tendency to problematize interracial relationships may have generated a misleading focus on race-status exchange. In fact, interracial couples (like other couples) tend toward similarity in socioeconomic status (e.g., they have similar levels of education: Rosenfeld 2005). While I do not deny that social exchange may be a factor in romantic relationships, I think it is time that researchers reconsider the assumptions underlying their theoretical explanations. Do interracial couples really believe that the white partner married “down” in racial status? Or might they believe that in racial equality? Are minority women trading beauty and sexual access for white men’s race and income? Or might the white men also be good-looking? And might not women want sex too?"
"Minorities outmarried to Whites are often assumed to exchange their higher achieved status for an ascribed racial status. This study challenges this traditional exchange perspective by examining three SES measures (education, job prestige and income), using census 2000 PUMS data. Findings indicate that couples have similar statuses in all types of marriages, either endogamous or exogamous, and there is no evidence of status-caste exchange in intermarriage to Whites"
"Socioeconomic status has little effect on whether adolescents choose an interracial partner"
Something else that all observers seem to agree on is that the rate of domestic violence is much higher in Black-man/white-woman marriages. So has that diminished as the marriages have become more equal? A 2009 study is much more interesting than a social survey would be:
"The number of interracial couples in the U.S. is growing, but they often receive little support. Although previous studies have explored the relationship between low social support and decreased relationship satisfaction in interracial couples, there are few studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) in these couples. To better understand IPV in interracial couples compared to monoracial couples, all police-reported IPV events across a municipality were examined. Odds ratios showed differences between interracial and ethnic minority monoracial couples. Interracial couples were more likely to have a history of prior IPV (OR = 2.60), engage in mutual assault (OR = 2.36), and result in perpetrator arrest (OR = 1.71) than ethnic minority monoracial couples. Victims of IPV in interracial couples were also more likely to be injured (OR = 1.37). There were no significant differences between the couples in terms of substance use or children present during the IPV event. Differences between IPV in interracial and White couples also emerged. Interracial couples were more likely to have children present (OR = 1.84), to have a prior report (OR = 1.98), to result in victim injury (OR = 1.73), and to result in perpetrator arrest than White couples (OR = 2.18). Interracial couples were more likely to engage in mutual assault than White couples (OR = 2.94). However, interracial couples were about 50% less likely than White couples to use drugs or alcohol before or during the IPV event. Research is needed to better understand the unique challenges and needs faced by interracial couples to help them sustain healthy partnerships."
So it would seem that the levelling out of social status between black/white partners may have reduced domentic violence in such relationships but it has certainly not eliminated it. Mixed marriages are still much more violent than white/white marriages -- JR.
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Baseline Testing refers to neurocognitive and physical testing typically done before a sports season starts; the baseline test provides a snapshot of how one’s brain and body function in normal, everyday circumstances. This data can be retrieved at a later date if an athlete sustains a concussion.
In the event an athlete sustains a concussion, post injury testing is conducted by Barrhaven Health HUB’s practitioners. We can interpret and evaluate scores and compare to the baseline for deficiencies or abnormalities. Barrhaven Health HUB has a professional team of Physiotherapists and Registered Massage Therapists that have specialized training and credentialing to provide these tests. We work alongside the Athletes, Parents, Coaches, Primary Physician and when needed specialists to develop safe return to play decisions.
Using baseline testing and post injury testing will allow for more consistent, objective, and safer decisions being made about an injured athlete returning to play. Using data as opposed to symptoms we can prevent returning an athlete too soon and causing the cumulative effects of concussion, and athletes can potentially be allowed back sooner, using data often allows an
athlete to return to sport prior to being ‘symptom free’ to progress through the stages of return to sport and school.
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In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Genesis 1:1-5. A true and firm foundation of revelation and faith must be laid in a Divine doctrine of "Genesis," the beginnings out of which have come both the world of nature and the world of grace. In this book we are taught what is the order by which all things must be tried. Coming forth from Elohim, from the Infinite Personality; flowing in his appointed course. The genesis of heaven and earth becomes the genesis of the human family. Out of the natural chaos is brought forth the Eden of rest and beauty. Out of the moral waste of a fallen humanity is formed, by the gracious work of a Divine Spirit, through a covenant of infinite wisdom and loves a seed of redeemed and sanctified human beings, a family of God. The genesis of the material creation leads on to the genesis of the invisible creation. The lower is the type and symbol of the higher. The first day is the true beginning of days. See what is placed by the sacred writer between that evening and morning.
I. THE COMING FORTH OF THE EVERLASTING, UNSEARCHABLE SECRET OF THE DIVINE NATURE INTO MANIFESTATION. "God created." The word employed denotes more than the bare summoning of existence out of nothingness. The analogy of human workmanship ("cutting," "carving," "framing") suggests the relation between creation and the God of creation. The heaven and the earth reflect their Maker. Works embody the mind, the spirit, the will, the nature of the workman. Although the name Elohim, in the plural form, cannot be taken as an equivalent of the Trinity, it points to the great fundamental fact of all revelation, the Divine Unity coming forth out of the infinite solitude of eternity, and declaring, in the manifold revelations of the visible and invisible worlds, all that the creature can know of his fathomless mystery.
II. HERE IS A GLIMPSE INTO GOD'S ORDER AND METHOD. "In the beginning," the immeasurable fullness of creative power and goodness. Formless void, darkness on the face of the deeps apparent confusion and emptiness, within a limited sphere, the earth; at a certain epoch, in preparation for an appointed future. Chaos is not the first beginning of things; it is a stage in their history. The evening of the first day preceded the morning in the recorded annals of the earth. That evening was itself a veiling of the light. Science itself leads back the thoughts from all chaotic periods to previous developments of power. Order precedes disorder. Disorder is itself permitted only as a temporary state. It is itself part of the genesis of that which shall be ultimately "very good."
III. THE GREAT VITAL FACT OF THE WORLD'S ORDER IS THE INTIMATE UNION BETWEEN THE SPIRIT OF GOD AND THAT WHICH IS COVERED WITH DARKNESS UNTIL HE MAKES IT LIGHT. The moving of the Spirit upon the face of the waters represents the brooding, cherishing, vitalizing presence of God in his creatures, over them, around them, at once the source and protection of their life. "Breath;" "wind," the word literally means, perhaps as a symbol at once of life, or living energy, and freedom, and with an immediate reference to the creative word, which is henceforth the breath of God in the world. Surely no candid mind can fail to feel the force of such a witness in the opening sentences of revelation to the triune God.
IV. TO US THE BEGINNING OF ALL THINGS IS LIGHT. The word of God "commands the light to shine out of darkness." "God said, Let there be light," or, Let light be. The going forth of God's word upon the universe very well represents the twofold fact,
(1) that it is the outcome of his will and nature; and
(2) that it is his language - the expression of himself.
Hence all through this Mosaic cosmogony God is represented as speaking to creation, that we may understand that he speaks in creation, as he is also said to look at that which comes forth from himself to behold it, to approve it, to name it, to appoint its order and use. Such intimate blending of the personal with the impersonal is the teaching of Scripture as distinguished from all mere human wisdom. God is in creation and yet above it. Man is thus invited to seek the personal presence as that which is higher than nature, which his own personal life requires, that it may not be oppressed with nature's greatness, that it may be light, and not darkness. There is darkness in creation, darkness in the deep waters of the world's history, darkness in the human soul itself, until God speaks and man hears. Light is not, physically, the first thing created; but it is the first fact of the Divine days - that is, the beginning of the new order. For what we have to do with, is not the. infinite, secret of creation, but the "manifestation of the visible world God manifest. The first day m the history of the earth, as man can read it, must be the day when God removes the covering of darkness and says, Let there be light." The veil uplifted is itself a commencement. God said that it was good. His own appointment confirmed the abiding distinction between light and darkness, between day and night; in other words, the unfolding, progressive interchange of work and rest, of revelation and concealment, the true beginning of the world's week of labor, which leads on to the everlasting sabbath. How appropriately this first day of the week of creation stands at the threshold of God's word of grace! The light which he makes to shine in our hearts, which divides our existence into the true order, the good and the evil separated from one another, which commences our life; and the Spirit is the light of, his own word, the light which shines from the face of him who was "the Word,' "in the beginning with God," "without whom nothing was made that was made." - R.
Parallel VersesKJV: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
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The Short Answer is:
Road bikes have thin tires because they provide better wind resistance and aerodynamics, lighter weight, and better traction on the road. Thin tires also have less rolling resistance, which makes the bike faster and easier to maneuver.
Road bikes have been around for over a century, and they have become a popular choice for many cyclists. One of the most notable features of road bikes is their thin tires. Most high-end road bikes come with 23mm tires, and some pro racing bikes have even narrower tires, as skinny as 18mm.
But why do road bikes have thin tires? In this article, we will explore the question: Why Road Bikes Have Thin Tires, the reasons behind this design choice, and the pros and cons of using thin tires.
Table of Contents
The Importance of Tire Size
Road bikes have thin tires for several reasons. The tire size of a road bike is typically 700c with a width ranging from 23mm to 32mm. The tire size of a bike is crucial to its performance, comfort, and safety.
The width of the tire affects the amount of rubber that comes in contact with the road, which in turn affects the bike’s traction and speed. Narrower tires are more aerodynamic, which is important for road racing. Wider tires provide more comfort, better traction, and control, and can run at lower tire pressure without risking a pinch flat.
Factors Influencing Tire Size Selection
When it comes to road bikes, the tires are typically thinner than those on other types of bikes. But what factors influence tire size selection for road bikes? Here are some key considerations:
- Bike frame: The bike frame is a limiting factor in tire size selection. Some frames are unable to accommodate tires beyond a certain width. Most new road frames can at least fit up to 28mm tires, but it’s important to double-check your frame’s allowance before sizing up.
- Width: When it comes to choosing the best road bike tires for you, width is the key factor to consider. Almost all road bike wheels are 700c, although some bike brands fit 650b wheels to some of their smaller-sized bikes. In the past, 23mm was the typical width for most road tires, but now 25mm is the narrowest tire that is commonly used. Some riders prefer even wider widths of 30mm or 32mm.
- Rider preference: Ultimately, the tire size you choose will depend on your personal preference. Some riders prefer thinner tires for a more aerodynamic ride, while others prefer wider tires for a more comfortable ride.
In summary, the factors that influence tire size selection for road bikes include the bike frame, width, and rider preference. It’s important to choose a tire size that fits your bike frame and provides the level of comfort and performance you desire.
Performance and Efficiency
Performance and efficiency are key factors when it comes to road bikes and their thin tires. Thin tires have less rubber, making them lighter and more efficient to handle.
They also have less traction, which is beneficial on smooth roads as more traction can slow down a bike. High-performance road bikes are used for racing, which is why they are fitted with thinner tires.
Thin tires exert less pressure on the road surface, enabling them to roll at a faster rate compared to thicker tires. Additionally, thinner tires offer less wind resistance when traveling faster, which is why they are used on road bikes.
While a greater tire width may contact the road surface compared to a thin tire, each contact point remains on the surface for a shorter time, reducing the rolling resistance. This means that thin tires provide lower rolling resistance, which helps riders achieve faster speeds and conserve energy during long rides or races.
In conclusion, thin tires on road bikes are designed to provide maximum speed, efficiency, and performance on smooth, well-maintained surfaces like asphalt or pavement, making them an ideal choice for racing and long rides.
Road Bike Design and Geometry
The thin tires on road bikes are a result of the bike’s geometry design. A road bike’s frame is made up of three big tubes in a triangle shape, four thinner ones to support the rear wheel, and a fork to hold the front wheel and allow it to turn.
The lengths, angles, and shapes of these tubes make a huge difference in how the bike rides, its aerodynamics, and what it’s useful for. The measurements add up to the bike’s geometry and can be tweaked by the designer to define the ride characteristics and fit of a road bike. Road bikes can be grouped into two geometry categories: race and endurance.
A race bike will have a more aggressive geometry for improved aerodynamics, while a bike with an endurance geometry (or ‘sportive’ geometry) will be shaped for comfort, with a more relaxed riding position. The steering of a road bike is tuned to be fast with its low trail geometry, making sense in a racing situation.
Handling and Stability
The thin tires on road bikes play a crucial role in the handling and stability of the bike. The geometry of a road bike is designed to favor stable and predictable handling, which is important for longer rides.
The length, angles, and shapes of the tubes that make up the bike’s frame can be tweaked by the designer to define the ride characteristics. The fork also plays a role in the bike’s stability, with a bend in it once it leaves the head tube.
The ideal trail for road bikes is generally accepted to be 55-60mm, providing a good balance of maneuverability and stability. The stability of a bicycle is determined by many parameters that interact with each other, and no single parameter determines whether a bicycle is stable or not. When one parameter is altered, then the other parameters may need to be changed to arrive at a stable bicycle again.
Road Surface and Rolling Resistance
Road bikes have thin tires because they offer less rolling resistance on smooth surfaces. Rolling resistance is the energy lost when the tire deforms as it rolls. The more the tire deforms, the greater the rolling resistance. Tire pressure, tire diameter, tire width, tire construction, and tire tread all affect rolling resistance.
On a completely smooth surface, the higher the inflation pressure, the lower the rolling resistance. Therefore, thin tires with high inflation pressure offer less deformation and less rolling resistance on smooth surfaces. Off-road, the opposite is true, and lower inflation pressure results in lower rolling resistance.
Comfort and Vibration Damping
Thin tires on road bikes are designed to reduce rolling resistance and increase speed. However, this can come at the cost of comfort due to the increased vibration and impact from the road surface. To address this issue, road bike manufacturers have developed various technologies to reduce vibration and improve comfort.
Some bikes use clever frame designs and materials to dissipate shock, while others use super-minimal mechanical shock absorbers. Another way to improve comfort is by using a shock-absorbing seat post, which can move up and down or simply flex.
A study conducted on trained cyclists found that damping contributes to upper body comfort but does not influence short-term performance directly. Other ways to make a bike more comfortable include reducing tire pressure, using carbon bars for vibration damping, and adding suspension.
Overall, while thin tires on road bikes may not be the most comfortable option, there are various technologies and adjustments that can be made to improve comfort and reduce the impact of vibration.
Tire Pressure and Grip
Road bikes have thin tires because they provide better grip and traction on the road. Thin tires are more aerodynamic and cut through the air more easily, making them faster and easier to maneuver. They also have less rolling resistance, which means that they require less energy to accelerate.
Thin tires tend to have a higher pressure, which makes them roll much faster than thicker ones. However, they may be more susceptible to punctures. On the other hand, thick tires are often found on mountain bikes and provide more comfort and safety.
While there may be a compromise in terms of top speed and the “racing edge” of the bike, thick tires offer better grip on the road, especially for cornering and other maneuvers that require a lot of traction.
Tire Width and Aerodynamics
Road bikes have thin tires because they are more aerodynamic, which allows for faster speeds and better performance on long rides. Thin tires also reduce rolling resistance, making the ride smoother and more efficient.
This is because they create less drag, meaning less energy is needed to pedal and more efficient pedaling is possible. Additionally, thin tires put less pressure on the road surface, which allows for faster speeds than larger tires.
The resistance of thin tires makes the bike easy to maneuver, especially when the cyclist wants to gain speed. However, thin tires have some disadvantages, such as being more prone to punctures and less comfortable on rough roads.
Tire Options for Road Bikes
Road bike tires come in three main types: clincher, tubeless, and tubular. Clinchers are the most common type of tire found on road bikes, and they have an open casing that houses an inner tube. Tubeless tires are similar to clinchers, but they don’t have an inner tube.
Instead, the tire is sealed to the rim to create an airtight chamber. Tubular tires are the least common type of tire and are often used by professional cyclists. They are glued to a special rim and require a separate inner tube.
When selecting road bike tires, it’s important to consider the type of riding you’ll be doing. For example, if you’ll be riding on rough inner-city roads or gravel backroads, you’ll want a tire that’s geared towards puncture protection over speed and weight.
The width of the tire also plays a role in its performance. Road bike tire sizes typically range from 22mm to 32mm, with 700c wheels being almost universal for road riding. The tread pattern and rubber compound of the tire can also affect its performance.
Here are some factors to consider when selecting road bike tires:
- Type of tire: clincher, tubeless, or tubular
- Width of the tire: typically ranges from 22mm to 32mm
- Tread pattern: varies depending on the intended use
- Rubber compound: affects traction and durability
- Type of riding: consider the terrain and road conditions
- Recommended tire size: check the bike or fork specifications for a baseline
Finding the Right Tire Size for Your Needs
When choosing the right tire size for your needs, consider the type of terrain you will be riding on, your riding style, and your personal preferences. If you plan to ride on paved roads or asphalt pavements and want to go fast, thin tires may be the right choice for you.
However, if you plan to ride on rough terrain or want more comfort and traction, thick tires may be a better option. Thin tires tend to have higher pressure, thus rolling much faster than the thicker ones. It is essential to find the right tire size for your needs to ensure a comfortable and safe ride.
Frequently Asked Questions Related to the Topic:
Are thin tires on road bikes faster?
Yes, thin tires on road bikes are generally faster than wider tires. This is because they have less rolling resistance, are more aerodynamic, and are lighter, which requires less energy to accelerate and maintain speed.
However, it’s worth noting that wider tires can offer more comfort and grip on rough roads, which can be beneficial in certain situations. Additionally, inflating tires harder can make them feel faster, even though they may actually be slower.
Can you put wider tires on a road bike?
Yes, you can put wider tires on a road bike. In fact, recent research has shown that putting wider tires on a road bike can offer significant advantages, including improved comfort, handling, and lower rolling resistance.
However, it is important to note that larger tires are both wider and stick out more from the wheel, so it is important to make sure that the bike has enough clearance to accommodate the wider tires.
Additionally, wider tires may sacrifice a small amount of aerodynamic efficiency, so there is a balance to be struck between comfort, rolling resistance, and aerodynamics.
Do thinner tires on road bikes mean less comfort?
Yes, thinner tires on road bikes can mean less comfort. Thinner tires are faster and provide less rolling resistance, but they can be less comfortable to ride on rough roads and more susceptible to punctures.
Historically, most road bike cyclists believed thinner tires (19–25C) were faster, but thick tires are so much more comfortable and safer. However, narrow tires exhibit significantly less rolling resistance than larger volume tires, which has benefits and drawbacks, with the benefits being speed and the drawbacks being less comfort.
Conclusion: Why Road Bikes Have Thin Tires?
In conclusion, road bikes have thin tires primarily to reduce wind resistance and weight, which allows for faster speeds and easier maneuverability. However, there is a growing trend to replace thin tires with wider ones that provide more comfort and better grip.
While thin tires have their advantages, they are also more susceptible to punctures and may not be the best choice for all riders. Ultimately, the decision to use thin or wide tires on a road bike depends on the rider’s preferences and the type of terrain they will be riding on.
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Yes, hummingbirds will eat seeds. Hummingbirds consume a variety of food sources, including small insects, nectar, and even some small seeds.
Hummingbirds will feed on seeds such as thistle, dandelion, and mallow from a bird’s feeder or even from wild plants.
Hummingbirds are small birds with a rapid metabolism that requires a high-energy diet.
The primary source of this diet is flower nectar, which is high in sugar, providing the energy these little birds need.
They also feed on small insects and spiders for protein. However, their beak and body structure aren’t designed to eat seeds.
Hummingbirds have specially adapted, curved bills and lengthy tongues, which allow them to effectively and efficiently feed on various types of food, including small seeds.
Additionally, they have an incredible metabolism, allowing them to consume large amounts of food in order to maintain their weight and energy levels.
By having access to a wide variety of food sources, hummingbirds can stay healthy and strong for a long time.
8 Hummingbirds Species: Do They Eat Seeds?
|Hummingbird Species||Do they Eat Seeds?|
Five Facts About: Hummingbirds’ Diet and Seed Consumption
DID YOU KNOW
Hummingbirds eat up to eight times their body weight every single day.
Introduction to Hummingbirds
Hummingbirds are amazing creatures known for their quick and acrobatic flying abilities. They are the only birds that can fly backward, hover in midair and fly in any direction.
Hummingbirds are found only in the Americas, from Alaska to the southern tip of South America. With over 300 species of hummingbirds documented, they come in many shapes, sizes, and colors.
Hummingbirds feed on nectar from flowers, and they use their long, thin beaks to reach into the flower to get the nectar.
They also feed on small insects that they catch while they are flying. Hummingbirds are constantly in motion and need to consume a lot of food to keep up their energy requirements.
Hummingbirds have amazing adaptations that allow them to survive in their environment. They have a high metabolism and their hearts beat more than 1,000 times per minute!
To cool down they can divert up to 80% of their blood flow away from their body core. They also have the ability to enter into a state of torpor where they can lower their heart rate and body temperature to conserve energy.
Hummingbirds are truly fascinating creatures, and it is no wonder that they are so beloved. They are a reminder of the beauty and wonder of nature and its amazing creatures.
let’s watch a video: feeding hummingbirds!
What Types of Seeds Do Hummingbirds Consume?
Hummingbirds consume a variety of different types of seeds in the wild.
The primary types of seeds that they eat include:
- Sunflower seeds – Sunflower seeds are a favorite of many species of hummingbirds, as they are packed with protein, fats, and other essential nutrients.
- Safflower seeds – Safflower seeds are also high in protein, fats, and essential vitamins and minerals, making them an ideal seed for hummingbirds to eat.
- Thistle seeds – Thistle seeds are often a favorite of hummingbirds, as they are full of protein and fats, as well as other essential nutrients.
- Millet seeds – Millet seeds are also a favorite of many species of hummingbirds, as they are high in essential vitamins and minerals, as well as other essential nutrients.
- Nyjer seeds – Nyjer seeds are small black seeds that are a favorite of many hummingbird species, as they are packed with essential nutrients.
In addition to the above types of seeds, hummingbirds will also eat a variety of other seeds, such as small bits of fruit and nuts, if they can find them.
Hummingbirds also consume nectar from flowers and small insects as part of their diet. All these sources of food provide hummingbirds with the necessary energy and nutrients they need to live healthy lives.
Where Do Hummingbirds Find Seeds?
Hummingbirds find seeds in a variety of places, including flowers, feeders, ground, and on trees.
Many flowers, such as petunias, morning glories, and hollyhocks, produce seeds that are readily eaten by hummingbirds. The birds rely on the flowers for food, and in turn, help the flowers to spread their seeds.
Hummingbirds often feed at bird feeders that offer a variety of seeds, such as sunflower and safflower. The seeds provide necessary nutrients for the birds, and may also attract other birds for socializing.
Hummingbirds often catch seeds that have fallen on the ground. They also scavenge for seeds that have been left behind by other birds.
Many birds, including hummingbirds, eat the seeds of fruit-bearing trees, such as apple trees and cherry trees. They also eat the seeds of coniferous trees, such as pine and spruce.
Overall, hummingbirds find seeds in a variety of places, including flowers, feeders, ground, and on trees. By finding seeds in these different sources, hummingbirds can get the necessary nutrition they need to survive.
How Do Hummingbirds Feed on Seeds?
Hummingbirds are unique species of birds that feed on nectar from flowers and small insects. In addition to this, they also feed on certain types of seeds.
Hummingbirds have specially adapted beaks and tongues to help them feed on small seeds. The process of hummingbirds feeding on seeds begins with their beaks.
They use their slender beaks to open up the seed pod and extract the seeds inside. They also use their beaks to crack open tough shells of certain types of seeds.
Once the seed is exposed, the hummingbird flicks its specially-shaped tongue up to 13 times per second to collect the seeds.
This rapid movement allows them to collect multiple seeds in a short amount of time. The hummingbird then swallows the seeds and stores them in its crop, an enlarged area in its throat.
The crop acts like a pocket for the bird to store seeds until it reaches a safe place to feed at a leisurely pace.
Overall, the process of hummingbirds feeding on seeds is a fascinating and unique adaptation of the species.
Not only does it help provide much-needed nourishment and energy, it also helps them spread seeds to other areas, contributing to the growth of plant life.
What Are the Benefits of Eating Seeds?
Eating seeds has a number of health benefits. Seeds are an excellent source of essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fat, making them an essential part of any balanced diet.
Many different types of seeds are available in the grocery store, each offering its own unique nutritional properties.
Here are some of the top benefits of eating seeds:
1. Nutrient-dense: Seeds are full of essential vitamins and minerals that are important for overall health and wellness. Common seed varieties like chia, flax, and pumpkin seeds are especially rich in minerals like zinc, magnesium, and iron.
2. High in dietary fiber: Seeds are a great source of dietary fiber, which is important for maintaining a healthy digestive system. Eating plenty of fiber-rich foods like seeds can help prevent constipation and improve overall gut health.
3. High in healthy fats: Many types of seeds are rich in healthy fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids. These fats are important for brain health, and can also help reduce inflammation and improve heart health.
4. Rich in antioxidants: Antioxidants are important for protecting the body from free radical damage. Eating seeds can help boost antioxidant levels in the body, providing protection from disease and promoting overall health.
Eating seeds is a great way to boost your nutrition and get all the essential vitamins and minerals you need for optimal health.
Adding a handful of seeds to your diet is a quick and easy way to make sure you’re getting all the nutrition you need.
For example, adding a few tablespoons of chia seeds to a smoothie can provide the body with a great source of fiber, healthy fats, and antioxidants.
How Does Eating Seeds Help Hummingbirds?
Additionally, seeds contain minerals and vitamins that strengthen the bird’s bones, feathers, and other body parts. Seeds also offer the birds a variety of tastes and textures.
This helps to keep the hummingbirds interested in the food and motivates them to forage for new ones. Eating seeds helps hummingbirds stay healthy and strong, which is essential for their survival.
FAQ of Do Hummingbirds Eat Seeds
Do hummingbirds eat seeds?
Yes, hummingbirds sometimes eat small seeds, such as those of dandelions, thistles, and other weeds, as well as the seeds of some shrubs and plants.
What type of seeds do hummingbirds eat?
Hummingbirds eat small seeds, such as those of dandelions, thistles, and other weeds, as well as the seeds of some shrubs and plants.
How do hummingbirds consume seeds?
Hummingbirds consume seeds by picking them up with their beaks and swallowing them whole.
Do hummingbirds prefer to eat seeds?
No, hummingbirds prefer a variety of foods, including nectar, insects, and small fruits, to seeds.
Are there any nutritional benefits to hummingbirds consuming seeds?
Yes, some seeds may provide hummingbirds with a source of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins.
Yes, hummingbirds can eat a variety of food sources including small seeds.
With their specially adapted bills and lengthy tongues, they are able to access a wide variety of food to stay healthy and strong.
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The word for crow in Japanese is 烏 (からす, karasu).
In Japanese culture, the crow, or karasu, has various symbolic meanings and plays a significant role in folklore and mythology.
Crows can be seen as both good and bad omens, reflecting both the positive and negative aspects of their nature.
In Japan, crows are not only seen as ordinary birds but also hold a significant place in the nation’s culture and mythology.
They can be viewed as symbols of transformation, magic, and mystery, and are often featured in various legends and stories.
The presence of crows in Japanese folklore showcases the depth and richness of the country’s history and its connection with nature.
5 Aspects About The Japanese Word for Crow
|Word||The word for “crow” in Japanese is “karasu.”|
|Kanji||The kanji for “karasu” is 烏.|
|Pronunciation||In Romaji, it is pronounced as “karasu”.|
|Cultural Significance||The crow is a common motif in Japanese folklore and mythology. It’s often associated with the sun and seen as a protector.|
|Appearance in Literature||Crows often appear in traditional Japanese haikus and other forms of literature, reflecting their omnipresence in Japanese culture.|
Five Facts About: The Japanese Word for Crow
The Cultural Significance Of The Crow In Japan
The crow is an important and fascinating creature in japanese culture, with deep roots in the country’s mythology, history, art and literature.
We will explore the cultural significance of the crow in japan, focusing on its origin, symbolism, folklore, and role in cultural identity.
Mythological Origins And Historical Significance
- The crow has deep roots in japanese mythology, being associated with various deities and legendary figures such as those in the ancient text “kojiki”.
- Historically, the crow played a significant role in japan’s feudal period by serving as a warning signal against intruders, making way for the growth of the country’s security industry.
Cultural Depictions And Symbolism
- The crow is often associated with danger and death, giving it a place in japanese horror motifs and is famously used for symbolism in popular culture to give off a horror effect to the audience (like in the “the ring”).
- However, the crow also carries positive symbolism in various aspects such as fertility, relationships, and intelligence.
The Role Of Crows In Japanese Folklore
- Japanese folklore features the crow prominently in various tales and legends. One famous myth features a crow turning into a beautiful woman to rescue an emperor from danger.
- The crow is also associated with yatagarasu, a three-legged crow that symbolizes the sun and rebirth, which appears in various tales and religious practices.
Crows In Japanese Art And Literature
- The crow has been celebrated in japanese art, with countless paintings, sculptures, and prints depicting the creature.
- The crow has also inspired numerous literature works, including poetry, folktales, and novels. One prominent example is kenji miyazawa’s “night on the galactic railroad”.
Why The Crow Is Vital To Japan Cultural Identity?
- The crow plays a vital role in japan’s cultural identity, representing not just nature but also history, mythology, folklore, and art.
- The crow signifies the deep respect and appreciation that japanese culture has for all living creatures, even the lowly crow.
The crow is an integral part of japan’s rich cultural heritage, and its symbolism and significance continue to inspire artists, storytellers, and creators around the world.
The Different Meanings Of Crow In Japan
The Japanese Word For Crow And Its Variations
The japanese word for crow is “karasu” (烏). It is a significant bird in japanese culture, often appearing in myths, legends, and literature.
Interestingly, there are two variations of the word “karasu” in japanese depending on the context. “aosagi” is used when referring to a heron-like bird with long legs, while “hashibosogarasu” is used for a crow that hangs around bridges.
Crows In Japanese Language And Idioms
Crows are a common feature in the japanese language, with various expressions and idioms.
Some of these idioms include:
- “Karaboshi” (crow’s beak) to describe something pointed and sharp.
- “Karasu no ashi wo fumu” (to step on a crow’s foot) expressed when someone is experiencing bad luck.
- “Karasu no hitomi” (crow’s eyesight) is used to describe particularly sharp and discerning eyesight.
- “Karasu no necromancy” is a reference to people who are skilled at divination or fortune-telling.
Examples Of Crow Idioms And Phrases
The idea of crows as a symbol in japanese culture goes beyond simple idioms. Instead, they are used as literary devices in haiku and other forms of traditional poetry.
For example, in matsuo bashō’s haiku, “crow on a burned moor” (kareno ni karasu) the crow is a symbol of resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity.
How Different Groups Interpret The Crow Meaning?
The crow has different interpretations across various groups. For farmers, the crow is a menacing bird that feasts on crops.
In contrast, for sports spectators, a croaking crow may be interpreted as a sign of good luck. In sumo, the crow is seen as a symbol of strength and endurance.
The Crow Meaning In Shintoism And Buddhism
Crows have significant meanings in traditional japanese religions like shintoism and buddhism. The yatagarasu, a three-legged crow, is an important figure in japanese mythology.
In buddhism, crows represent protective deities, warding off evil spirits and negative energy.
The Crow As A Symbol Of Wisdom, Luck, And Prophecy
Beyond religion, crows are also a symbol of wisdom, intelligence, and prophecy in japanese culture.
They are believed to be able to see into the future, using their sharp sight and understanding to know which path to take. As a result, they are revered for their ability to provide guidance and bring good fortune.
They have multiple interpretations across different communities, religions, and contexts. Whether seen as a symbol of luck or divinity, the crow remains an iconic figure in japanese culture.
The Crow In Japanese Popular Culture
Crows have been an integral part of japanese culture for centuries, but they have also evolved to become an important symbol in japanese popular culture as well.
Japanese anime, manga, and films often feature crows in key roles. Let’s take a closer look at the role of crows in japanese pop culture.
Crows In Japanese Anime, Manga, And Film
- Crows are a common symbol in japanese anime, manga, and films because of their intelligence, adaptability, and mystery.
- Black feathers, sleek bodies, and beady eyes are commonly portrayed to capture the essence of japanese crows in these mediums.
- Some notable references to crows in anime, manga, and films include “wolf’s rain,” “durarara! !,” and “perfect blue”.
Examples Of Crows In Japanese Pop Culture
- In japanese literature, a group of crows, or “murder”, symbolizes both a gathering of crows and a heinous crime.
- In traditional japanese art, crows are featured alongside mount fuji, representing the balance between the natural environment and man-made creations.
- In contemporary pop culture, such as video games and music, crows are seen to represent rebellion, intelligence, and freedom.
Crows In Japanese Sports And Mascot Culture
- Crows play an important role in japanese sports culture, with the tokyo yakult swallows baseball team’s mascot being a prime example.
- The yakult swallows are japan’s most popular professional baseball team, and their namesake mascot, tsubakuro, is a black crow who has been with the team since their inception in 1950.
The Tokyo Yakult Swallows: Japan Most Popular Baseball Team Mascot
- Tsubakuro, the yakult swallows baseball team’s black crow mascot, is one of japan’s most beloved sports mascots.
- Tsubakuro represents the team’s philosophy of working together, never giving up, and overcoming obstacles.
- Tsubakuro also embodies the team’s image of a noble creature that is strong, attractive, and intelligent.
The Crow In Modern Japanese Society
- Crows in japan have adapted to human-made landscapes and have become highly intelligent, problem-solving birds.
- The intelligent behavior of crows is highlighted in japanese society, with research being conducted by the university of tokyo to better understand their behavior.
- Crows are looked upon both as pests and as respected creatures, with some cities introducing measures to protect and coexist with these birds.
The Role Of The Crow In Japanese Environmentalism
- Crows serve as an indicator of the natural environment’s health, with changes in their behavior being observed as early warnings of environmental changes.
- They are also seen as potential allies in environmental conservation. Some cities in japan have introduced programs that encourage crows to collect and dispose of discarded cigarette butts in exchange for food.
To conclude, crows in japanese popular culture have cemented their place as important symbols.
From their use in traditional art to their appearance in contemporary anime, manga, and films, these birds can evoke a range of emotions.
Even in modern society, their intelligence and adaptability serve as a reminder to respect and coexist with the natural world.
The Crow Presence In Japanese Wildlife
When it comes to japanese wildlife, one creature that stands out remarkably is the crow. Revered and feared in equal measure, this particular bird species has held a special place in the japanese society for centuries.
The Difference Between Japanese Crows And Other Species
Japanese crows come in two different species, the northwestern crow and the jungle crow, which are found only in japan and its surrounding regions.
- Northwestern crows are smaller and more slender than jungle crows
- Jungle crows have a wider range of vocalizations than northwestern crows
- Northwest crows are more common in urban areas while jungle crows prefer rural locations
The Northwestern Crow Vs. The Jungle Crow
Compared to jungle crows, northwestern crows are relatively small in body size but are more social in character.
They also tend to be more vocal, vocalizing over ten different calls, including warning calls, distress calls, and flight calls.
Jungle crows, on the other hand, are louder, more massive, and are found more often in rural areas.
- Jungle crows are usually found in farmlands and mountainous regions
- Northwestern crows prefer urban settings, building their nests in residential areas
- Northwestern crows are omnivorous and can feed on small insects, fish, and fruits, while jungle crows also feed on fish and insects but prefer waste foods
Where To Find Crows In Japan?
Crows are found all over japan and are known for their unique adaptability to different climates and environments.
- Northwestern crows are primarily found in the northern parts of japan, mainly in hokkaido and areas surrounding it
- Jungle crows are more commonly found in the central parts of japan, mainly in chubu and kanto regions
Crow Life In Urban Vs. Rural Japan
While both species of crows have adapted to human housing and environments in urban areas, they tend to act differently.
Urban crows, particularly the northwestern crows, tend to be bolder than their rural counterparts, scrounging food indiscriminately.
- Northwestern crows in urban areas are known for their aggressive behaviour, which can be attributed to their increased interaction with humans
- Urban crows tend to build their nests near human habitation, on telephone poles, and street lamps, which is not the case with the jungle crows
Human-Crow Relations In Japan
The ancient japanese considered crows a symbol of wisdom and longevity associated with the gods.
However, currently, crows are considered both a blessing and a curse. Although they steal crops and raid rubbish bins, the japanese people also celebrate crows because they eat pests.
- Traditionally in japan, people have held the bird in high esteem because of its intelligence and problem-solving abilities
- However, crows in urban areas are considered a significant pest problem due to their tendency to raid crops, causing significant financial losses to farmers
The Crow As A Pest And A Symbol
In japan, crows represent both the good and the bad in life. Although they are a nuisance to farmers and homeowners, these birds play a significant role in pest control, eating insects, rodents, and garbage.
- Crows have become so troublesome in urban areas that cities have come up with different ways of controlling their numbers, including using pigeons as a check
- Crow meat, which was once popular in japan, has become less popular due to concerns over bird flu and pollution.
The Future Of Japanese Crows
Crows In Japan Rapidly-Changing Environment
Crows play a significant role in japanese culture, from mythology to everyday life. They are known for their intelligence and problem-solving abilities.
However, as japan becomes increasingly urbanized and experiences the effects of climate change, the environment for crows in japan is rapidly changing.
Here are some key points to consider:
- Reversal of migration patterns: Due to warmer temperatures, crows are no longer migrating as far south as they used to.
- Loss of nesting habitats: With ongoing urbanization and deforestation, crows are struggling to find suitable nesting sites.
- Increased conflict with humans: As crows adapt to urban environments, they are coming into contact with humans more frequently, leading to conflicts such as noise pollution and attacks on people.
How Urbanization And Climate Change Are Affecting Crows?
The effects of urbanization and climate change are not limited to crows in japan, but they have a significant impact on the bird’s population.
Here are some more specific ways that urbanization and climate change are affecting crows in japan:
- Food sources: Urban environments provide crows with an abundance of food sources such as garbage, but this can lead to overconsumption and health problems.
- Noise pollution: City noise pollution affects crows’ communication and ability to hunt for food.
- Deforestation: As trees are cut down for urban development, crows lose valuable nesting sites and roosting spots.
Efforts To Protect And Conserve Crows In Japan
In response to the challenges facing crows in japan, efforts are being made to protect and conserve them.
Here’s what’s being done:
- Crow sanctuaries: Some cities have established sanctuaries for crows to nest and roost safely.
- Education campaigns: Efforts are being made to educate people about the importance of crows and how to coexist with them peacefully.
- Research: Scientists are studying crows to better understand their behavior and needs.
The Crow-Powered Trash Cans Of Tokyo
In tokyo, an innovative solution has been developed to help reduce the issue of crow-inflicted waste management.
The system involves a trash can with a built-in sensor that requires crows to deposit a piece of litter in order to receive food for themselves and their young.
As crows learn to collect trash, this reduces the amount littering the streets and lightens the workload of sanitation workers.
The Crow And Japan Shifting Cultural Landscape
Crows have long been a part of japanese culture, from being featured in traditional folktales to being seen as a symbol of good luck.
However, the rapid changes in japan’s environment are causing people to view crows differently.
Here are some key changes:
- Fear: As conflicts with crows increase, some people are starting to see them as pests and fear for their safety.
- Societal values: As japan becomes more urbanized, its values are shifting from the natural world to the convenience of city living.
- Coexistence: While some view crows as pests, others believe in finding a way to coexist with them peacefully.
Why The Crow Will Continue To Be A Vital Part Of Japanese Culture?
Despite the environmental challenges and shifting cultural landscape, crows will continue to be a vital part of japanese culture.
- Symbolism: Crows feature prominently in japanese mythology and are seen as symbols of wisdom, good luck, and the divine.
- Resilience: Crows have demonstrated remarkable resilience in adapting to changing environments, and their problem-solving skills are admired.
- Cultural significance: Crows have been a part of japanese life for centuries and will continue to be celebrated in art, literature, and folk tales.
FAQ Of What Is Crow In Japanese
What Is The Meaning Of “Crow” In Japanese?
“Crow” translates to “karasu” in japanese. It is a bird known for its intelligence and adaptability.
How Important Is The Crow In Japanese Culture?
The crow is highly valued in japanese culture due to its intelligence and resourcefulness. It is often seen as a symbol of wisdom.
What Is The Significance Of The Crow In Japanese Mythology?
In japanese mythology, the crow is a symbol of the sun and is often associated with the goddess amaterasu. The crow is also seen as a messenger to the gods.
How Is The Crow Represented In Japanese Art?
The crow is a common subject in japanese art, with many paintings and prints depicting the bird in various poses. It is often depicted with a red sun in the background.
Is The Crow Considered A Good Or Bad Omen In Japan?
In japan, the crow is considered both a good and bad omen. It is said to bring good luck when seen in the morning but bad luck when seen in the afternoon. It is also believed to be a messenger of death.
After exploring the term “crow” in japanese, we can conclude that it carries a deep cultural significance.
Crows have been a dominant motif in japanese folklore, with both positive and negative connotations.
The word “crow” in japanese can represent both the bird itself and a sense of dismay or bad omen.
But it can also symbolize good fortune and intelligence. The versatility of the word “crow” in japanese showcases the importance of understanding cultural context.
By delving into the origins and cultural significance of a word, we can gain a richer understanding of a language and the people who use it.
Whether you’re a language learner or simply curious about different cultures, exploring words and their meanings can be a fun and enlightening experience.
With this knowledge, we can appreciate the beautiful and complex nature of language and the wonders it can bring to our world.
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Pesticides are undergoing an increased level of scrutiny with technical standards tightening and consumer knowledge of food safety on the rise. They are the most widely used chemicals by fruit and vegetable farmers, and cover everything from herbicides that kill weeds and insecticides that kill insects to fungicides that kill fungus. The increased knowledge about pesticides and the demand for organic produce has many companies looking for ways to reduce pesticide residue and deliver to consumers fruits and vegetables that are safer and chemical-free. A company in Malaga, Spain is one of a “growing number of companies,” going the extra step by opening its own residue-testing laboratory. Frutas Montosa lab will use the latest technologies, including QuEChERS, gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, to ensure its food is safe and secure.
While organizations such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Union are working from the government level to establish standards that reduce the levels of pesticide residues allowed on food, companies like Frutas Montosa are “taking the lead” to ensure that what they sell to consumers is safe to eat. According to a recent article in Chromatography Today, the multiresidue analysis lab is “equipped with state of the art equipment to help the company’s efforts to make sure they can meet all current standards for food safety and also to future proof themselves against increased food safety regulations.”
Frutas Montosa marketing manager Isabel Izquierdo indicated that while the company’s production already meets food safety standards under GlobalGAP, the company “wanted to take a step further to set up our own facility to enable us to carry out independent residue testing to ensure that it complies with the quality standards of every market we supply.”
The 100m2 lab will identify and quantify pesticides by extracting, isolating and quantifying pesticides from fruit and vegetable samples “using QuEChERS technique followed by gas chromatography – triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS) — with the GC-MS method offering high sensitivity and excellent resolution. The laboratory also uses high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detector (LC-MS) to allow them to detect new pesticides at a very low limit of detection.”
QuEChERS, which stands for Quick-Easy-Cheap-Effective-Rugged-Safe, is an extraction method that was developed to help determine pesticide residues in agricultural commodities (fruits and vegetables). Steven Lehotay and Michelangelo Anastassiades at the USDA/ARS-ERRC in Wyndmoor, Pa. first developed the extraction method in 2003. QuEChERS is valued by labs for its simplicity, low cost, low susceptibility to errors, and ability to extract pesticides from various matrices. Additionally, it provides flexibility in the type of determinative analytical technique used. QuEChERS has gained acceptance globally as a reliable sample preparation method for pesticide residue analysis.
Teledyne Tekmar’s AutoMate-Q40 is specifically designed to automate the most popular QuEChERS sample preparation workflow, AOAC 2007.01 and EN 15662.2008. Currently, the AutoMate-Q40 system is used in numerous labs around the world to determine pesticide levels on plants, as well as measure levels of dyes, and other ingredients in food and liquids. Visit TeledyneTekmar.com to review various application notes about the AutoMate-Q-40 system.
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In short, one of the principles of Universal Design for Learning is that if you offer students multiple options for exploring content and expressing what they’ve learned, their experience is richer and more meaningful—and this gives their learning “sticking power.”
Google Earth is a free, easy to learn tool and absorbingly fun! It’s an exciting option for immersive learning because students can delve into a topic and show their knowledge (and comprehension and analysis) through writing and/or other means while simultaneously building geospatial and technical fluency.
What can students do in Google Earth? They can explore a 3D model of the earth, turn numerous data layers on and off, and zoom in close—in many places to an on-the-street, photographic, 360° view of a place. Most importantly, they can create their own map views in which they placemark physical locations and into each placemark they can:
- add their own written work
- include excerpts from texts
- embed imagery, video, and audio from a website
- include links to sources
If desired, the placemarks can be gathered into an animated tour. Finally, they can save their maps and upload them to Blackboard for assessment or to share with the class.
The project possibilities are nearly limitless, but here are just a few ideas:
- In English or foreign language classes, students can explore a literary work, an author’s life or journey, or create a place-based, illustrated, poetry anthology. Example assignments might be to map 10 places from John Steinbeck’s Travels with Charley, or trace Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway’s walk through London, include analysis or reflection of text excerpts and historical photos in each placemark. Include web-sourced audio files where possible, such as the sound of a passing train or Big Ben chiming in London.
- In history classes, students can map events or parts of events, such as wars, diasporas, revolutions, or a single person’s lifetime. An example would be to map one Civil War regiment’s movements and battles. Embed both historic and contemporary photos of the battlegrounds and include excerpts of accounts from properly cited sources.
- In fine art classes, students can search for compelling views of the planet on which to base works of art. They can capture and print their chosen sources from Google Earth and then submit these with the finished project. Examples might be to create a study of abandoned cities or densely populated areas, or the dynamism of a river, e.g., meanders or alluvial fans, or environmental contrasts or perils.
Interested in learning more?
Attend the CTL workshop on September 25th co-taught by Walter Poleman (RSENR) and Inés Berrizbeitia (CTL).
Contact [email protected] for questions about how the CTL may be able to help you develop an assignment, teach Google Earth to your students, and work with you to develop a rubric for assessing the assignment.
For a variety of resources and a link to download Google Earth, see this page in the CTL Website’s “Teaching Resources” area.
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By Jennifer R. Mandel
listen to Dr. Mandel discuss her recent paper
Making up one in every ten flowering plants on Earth, members of the daisy, or sunflower, family have fascinated scientists for hundreds of years. Many species of plants that you might not expect belong to this family: Gerber Daisies and the iconic sunflower of course, but lettuce, artichoke, wormwood (think absinthe), and dandelions. Sunflower relatives aren't all herbaceous either--there are trees, vines, and shrubs. The oldest fossil of a sunflower-like flower head is roughly 40 million years (MY) old and was discovered in Southern South America in Patagonia. From 40 MY onward, the fossil record for sunflowers picks up with evidence showing up around the globe. In large part due to these findings, the sunflower family was thought to have originated in the Eocene (56 to 33.9 MY) by most scientists making it a (relatively) young family in evolution's time frame.
However, with the advent of molecular dating techniques and the rapid advances made in sequencing technologies and genomics, the data began to hint that the family could be older--possibly even twice as old. Two small studies in the family described a sunflower scenario with a much older origin that was prior to the mass extinction event that corresponded to the extinction of dinosaurs about 66 MY. Adding to this, a fossil pollen grain ascribed to the family was discovered in Antarctica and dated to 72 MY in the very late Cretaceous. The Antarctica of today was not the Antarctica of the Cretaceous, the climate was cool temperate, and no ice existed. At this time, Southern South America, Antarctica, and Australia were much closer to one another and possibly even connected. This land connection describes how many of the plant and animal distributions that are now separated may have originated including the closest family relatives of sunflowers.
The Mandel Lab along with collaborators at the Smithsonian Institute and Oklahoma State University have been investigating the origins of the family in both space and time making use of the new sequencing technologies and fossil evidence. We sequenced nearly 1000 genes in 250 species and used molecular dating, biogeographical analyses, and diversification tests to ask where, how, and when did the sunflower family originate. Our data show that the family probably originated in Southern South America though Antarctica cannot be ruled out (my money would be on the latter). And we further confirm a pre-mass extinction origin for daisies when dinosaurs still walked the Earth! We also showed that the family tremendously increased in species number during the Eocene connecting our work with the extensive fossil record from that time. Finally, we link this explosion of diversity with a global change in climate that likely transformed many of the habitats to those that were most suitable for sunflowers and their relatives to thrive. This study is only the beginning of our investigations into understanding how sunflowers have become the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants on Earth. We aim to use this new information to continue to understand how climate, habitats, and genomic diversity influence plant biodiversity and distributions.
The full story published June 2019 in PNAS can be read here.
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Table of Contents
- Understanding Different RAID Levels and Their Advantages
- How to Diagnose and Repair Failed Hard Drives
- Troubleshooting RAID Array Rebuilds
- Best Practices for RAID Array Maintenance and Optimization
Troubleshooting hard drives and RAID arrays can be a challenging process, especially if you’re new to the topic. The goal of this guide is to walk you through the process of troubleshooting hard drives and RAID arrays, highlighting the potential issues and solutions you may come across. We’ll discuss common hard drive and RAID array issues, tools to help diagnose problems, and how to restore data when the worst happens. By the end of this guide, you should have a better understanding of how to troubleshoot hard drives and RAID arrays and be better prepared to resolve any issues you come across.
How to Identify Common Hard Drive and RAID Array Problems
Hard drives and RAID arrays are important components of any computer system, and it is important to identify any potential problems that may arise with them. In this article, we will look at some of the most common hard drive and RAID array problems, and how to identify them. One of the most common hard drive and RAID array problems is data corruption. Data corruption occurs when the data stored on the drive is either lost or corrupted. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including errors in the drive’s firmware, viruses, or even physical damage to the drive itself.
To identify data corruption, you can use a disk scanning tool to look for errors in the drive’s data. Another common issue is bad sectors. Bad sectors are areas of a hard drive or RAID array that are damaged or corrupted. They can lead to data loss and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as physical damage or writing to the drive too quickly. To identify bad sectors, you can use a disk scanning tool to look for errors in the drive. A third common issue is a failed RAID array. RAID arrays are designed to provide increased data redundancy, but if one of the drives in the array fails, it can result in data loss.
To identify a failed RAID array, you can use a RAID monitoring tool to look for signs of failure. Finally, a fourth common issue is mechanical failure. Mechanical failure occurs when the moving parts of a hard drive or RAID array become damaged or worn out. This can lead to data loss, and can be caused by a variety of factors, such as physical damage or age. To identify mechanical failure, you can use a disk scanning tool to look for signs of mechanical damage. In conclusion, hard drives and RAID arrays can suffer from a variety of problems, ranging from data corruption to mechanical failure. By using a disk scanning tool or RAID monitoring tool, you can identify any potential issues with your hard drive or RAID array.
Understanding Different RAID Levels and Their Advantages
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a data storage technology used to store data across multiple disks. RAID is used in both enterprise and consumer environments, and there are a variety of RAID levels available. Each level offers different advantages and disadvantages. This article will explain the different RAID levels and the advantages they provide. RAID 0 is the most basic RAID level. It provides striping, which means that data is written across multiple disks, but no redundancy is provided. This results in improved performance, but if one of the disks fails, all of the data on all of the disks will be lost. This makes RAID 0 the least reliable RAID level. RAID 1 is a more reliable RAID level than RAID.
What they Provide
1. It provides data mirroring, which means that the same data is written to two or more disks simultaneously. This provides redundancy if one of the disks fails, since the data can be read from the other disk. RAID 1 results in slower performance, since all of the data needs to be written to multiple disks, but it provides better data protection than RAID
2. RAID 5 is another popular RAID level. It provides striping, like RAID 0, but it also provides data redundancy, since data is spread across multiple disks. This means that if one of the disks fails, the data can still be read from the other disks. RAID 5 also provides improved performance compared to RAID 1, since the data is striped across multiple disks. RAID 6 is similar to RAID 5, but it provides an additional level of redundancy. This is because data is striped across multiple disks, but parity information is stored across two disks. This means that if two of the disks fail, the data can still be read from the other disks. RAID 6 is more reliable than RAID 5, but it also results in slower performance. RAID 10 is a combination of RAID 0 and RAID
3. It provides striping and data mirroring, which results in improved performance and data redundancy. This makes RAID 10 the most reliable RAID level, since data can be read from either the striped disks or the mirrored disks if one of the disks fails. These are the most common RAID levels, but there are other RAID levels available as well. Each RAID level offers different advantages and disadvantages, so it’s important to understand the different RAID levels and the advantages they provide before deciding which one is right for your needs.
How to Diagnose and Repair Failed Hard Drives
Hard drive failure is a common and potentially catastrophic problem for computer users. Diagnosing and repairing failed hard drives can be a complex and challenging process, but there are some steps that can be taken to try to identify and fix the problem. The first step in diagnosing a failed hard drive is to determine if the drive has actually failed. The most common indicator of a hard drive failure is a system crash, but there are other signs that may indicate a problem. These include an unexpected slowdown in computer performance, frequent and unexplained error messages, or an inability to access stored data. If any of these symptoms are present, it is important to take a closer look at the hard drive.
Cause of the Failure
The next step is to determine the cause of the failure. Common causes of hard drive failure include physical damage, such as due to excessive heat, as well as logical damage, which is caused by software errors or viruses. It is important to identify the source of the problem before attempting to repair the drive. Once the cause of the failure has been identified, it is possible to begin the repair process. In cases of physical damage, the drive may need to be replaced or repaired by a professional. If the problem is logical damage, then it may be possible to repair the drive using specialized software.
There are many programs available that are designed to repair and recover data from failed hard drives. Finally, it is important to take steps to prevent future hard drive failures. Regularly backing up data to an external drive is the best way to protect against catastrophic data loss. Additionally, it is important to keep the computer and its components clean and dust-free to avoid overheating and other physical damage. By following these steps, it is possible to identify, diagnose, and repair failed hard drives. While the process can be complex and time-consuming, it is essential to protecting important data and preventing costly repairs.
Troubleshooting RAID Array Rebuilds
When attempting to rebuild a RAID array, it is important to troubleshoot any issues that may arise in order to ensure the successful completion of the rebuild process. This article offers some tips and techniques for troubleshooting RAID array rebuilds. The first step in troubleshooting a RAID array rebuild is to check the status of the rebuild process. This can be done by accessing the RAID controller’s software interface, which will provide information on the progress of the rebuild. If the rebuild is not progressing or has stopped,
it is important to identify the cause of the issue. This may involve checking the RAID controller, the drives, and the cabling. If the rebuild is progressing but at a slower than expected rate, it is important to check the system resources. RAID rebuilds require significant resources and may be affected by other processes running on the system. It is also important to check the drives for any errors or bad sectors that may be slowing the rebuild process. If the rebuild process is taking an excessively long time, it is important to check the drives and controller for any hardware problems.
Additionally, it is important to check the system’s memory and processor for any potential issues. If the rebuild process fails, it is important to check the drives for any potential issues. In some cases, a drive may need to be replaced or the RAID controller may need to be reset in order to complete the rebuild. By following these tips and techniques, it is possible to successfully troubleshoot RAID array rebuilds and ensure the successful completion of the rebuild process.
Best Practices for RAID Array Maintenance and Optimization
1. Monitor the health of your RAID array continuously. Use a RAID monitoring tool to keep track of the status of all drives in the array. Notify the IT team immediately if any drive fails or shows signs of failure.
2. Perform regular backups of your data stored in the RAID array. This will ensure you have a backup of your important data in case of a drive failure or other emergency.
3. Update the device drivers and firmware of the RAID array and its components on a regular basis. This will ensure the RAID array is running with the latest software and is optimized for best performance.
4. Regularly check the physical environment where the RAID array is located. Make sure it is in a cool, dry place with good ventilation. Check the power connections and make sure the system is protected from power surges or other electrical hazards.
5. Keep the RAID array free from dust and debris. Clean the components regularly to ensure optimal performance.
6. Run periodic tests to check the integrity of the RAID array. This will help you identify any potential issues or problems before they become serious.
7. Always check the cables and connections of the RAID array. Make sure they are secure and working properly.
8. Perform regular disk scrubbing to check for bad sectors or other problems. Disk scrubbing helps to repair any corrupt or damaged sectors.
9. Check the RAID array configuration regularly. Make sure it is optimized for maximum performance and reliability.
10. Replace any failing drives in the RAID array as soon as possible. This will ensure the array remains reliable and performing optimally.
Troubleshooting hard drives and RAID arrays can be a complex process, but with the right knowledge and tools it is possible to quickly identify and resolve the issue. Understanding the basics of hard drive and RAID technology, as well as how to interpret error codes, can help you identify and resolve the issue more quickly and efficiently. Additionally, using software tools such as RAID monitoring, disk health checks, and data recovery software can help you resolve the issue faster and more effectively. With the right knowledge and tools, you can successfully troubleshoot hard drives and RAID arrays.
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Gender wars: How Men and Women Differ in their social media usage
Men and women are very different creatures. As the saying goes, ‘Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. They express themselves and communicate in ways that are different from each other. Whether it’s the manner of talking, body language and gestures, or verbalization of emotions, men and women are very dissimilar.
Most studies yet don’t have any substantial claims about whether this is because of inherent biological differences or the different cultural expectations placed on men and women. The nature vs. nurture argument has no objective solution. Recreating an isolated environment for any of the two in a scientific experiment is nearly impossible.
We see similar behavior patterns by men and women in virtual spaces as well. Social networking sites host phantom worlds on the internet, where people interact with each other, make friends, share helpful information and trade secrets, celebrate each other, and sometimes even bully each other. Every imaginable aspect of human nature can be seen played out on platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Reddit, YouTube, etc.
We cannot separate the physical world from the social media mirror image of it no longer. The two are deeply intertwined, and hundreds of millions of men and women visit the social media town daily now. There are some major differences in how women and men navigate these online spaces, though. According to recent data, 77% of Pinterest users are women, while only 14.5% of users identify as men and the rest unspecified. Men are more likely to have a public profile on Instagram than women. These data showcase great behavioral distinctions between the gender.
There has been a need for communication ever since the beginning of human society. Technology for social interconnection and the transfer of information has changed massively over the years. It started with letters on paper, telegraphs, telephones, mobile phones, and now facetime and social media.
There is historical evidence present that suggests that this technology is often shaped around gender. In earlier days, telephones were only available at home. Since women didn’t work outside the house, it was still a prevalent belief that women talked more on the phone than men. Women had more idle time to talk over the phone and socialize with others. This was also reflected in the employment of sole women as telephone operators.
Women were also the primary target of harassment via telegraph and telephone in those days, a clear precedent for how women are subjected to a significantly higher amount of cyberbullying, stalking, and harassment on social media today.
Differences between men and women’s online presence and personas
Number of users
The gender of their users massively shapes the social networking sites, including marketing, interface design, sponsored ads, etc. Most websites regularly survey their demographics and roll out updates keeping in mind the age, gender, and language of their users.
Many studies have reported that there are more women on social media than there are men. A Pew research center report shows that 76% of online women use social media than 72% of all online men. So, an average of 74% of all internet users have social media accounts.
Popular platforms like Facebook and Instagram have way more women than men. In contrast, platforms like Twitter and LinkedIn had more male users. Men are also more likely to be a part of online forums. According to Pew, men are also far more likely to have multiple accounts on a social networking site. On average, though, women surpass men as far as the number of social media users is concerned.
Frequency of use
It is also observed that women use social media more frequently than men. A study by Comscore, a company that measured internet traffic, shows that women spend much more time on social media, with a worldwide average of 6.5 hours per month compared to 5 hours per month by an average man.
In North America, the same trend follows. Women spend 7.9 hours on social media per month on average versus 6 hours by men. Getting into the specifics, women are more likely to have a higher number of Facebook friends and more posts on their timelines than men. Similarly, women post more frequently on Instagram and follow more people than men do.
Men, however, spend more time on YouTube (an hour per week) than women (35 minutes per week). About 25% of men using the internet watch a YouTube video daily, while only 17% of women online do the same. Men are also more inclined to spend more time than women on websites like LinkedIn and Google Plus.
Purpose of use
Men and women use social media for very different purposes, it seems. Let’s take a closer look into all the different facets of social media and how they’re used by men and women.
Women use social networking sites to foster relationships with their family, friends, co-workers far more than men do. Women are more likely to express affection and other expressions of friendship. They also have more expressions of romantic love.
Women publish more photos of their friends, name and tag them in their posts, send birthday wishes and other congratulatory messages more than men do. Women comment on others’ posts more often and more positively. A study about the platform MySpace found that women both give out and get more positive emotion, which makes their social life better. The data suggest that men use social media to form new relationships and interact with other people. In contrast, women use them to maintain already existing relationships.
Men outdo women in using social media for business-related purposes. The number of male users on LinkedIn – the business-oriented website exceeds the number of female users. Many men use social media to garner influence, data, and information related to their business, contacts and connections, and overall status.
Men are more calculative of the way they handle their social media accounts. They also follow more business-related accounts compared to women. It is believed that Google plus also counts significantly more male followers because it is necessary for Google businesses to register on Google plus, and since more business owners are men, there are more male accounts on the platform.
Women again outnumber men when it comes to interacting with brands and companies on social media. Women follow multiple brands on Instagram and keep up to date on their new content. They are also more likely to comment under posts by companies than men.
More than half of women using the internet interact with brands, access deals and promotions, and display support. In comparison, only 36% of men online do the same. Women shop on the internet and through social media and online shops far more than men do.
Emotional expression –
Women are said to have a higher emotional quotient than men. This one we know isn’t entirely by nature, but rather men are taught to not be overly emotional and that being emotional is considered weak and girly. This suppresses emotional maturity and development in young men.
The same is also reflected online. Men are less social on social media apps; they express affection, admiration, and positive emotions way less than women do. The only few characteristics that they can show are the masculine ones – anger, aggression, confidence, etc. Men online are less friendly than women and rarely show romantic gestures.
It is observed that women use happier phrases online, like ‘wonderful,’ ‘yayy,’ ‘love you,’ ‘excited,’ etc.
Sports and news – Men talk about sports and news way more than women do. On social media, men often discuss sports and videogames, politics, and news. Among the most used keywords by men, it includes, ‘government’, ‘freedom’, ‘country’, ‘rights’, ‘gay’, ‘economy’, ‘football’, ‘season’, ‘team’, ‘goal’, ‘fight’, ‘xbox’, ‘win’, etc.
Studies suggest that men use social media for information exchange more so than women do. Men talk about more abstract topics and political importance while women talk more about personal and tangible things. It cannot be inferred that women have less interest in politics, however, because when women do talk about it, they receive flak fueled by misogyny. A social experiment by journalist Martin Belam showed that women get more pushback and offensive comments for the same comments that a man wouldn’t.
Photo-based platforms vs. text-based platforms –
There is a clear gender divide when it comes to the user gender demographics of photo-based platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, and Snapchat, versus text-based platforms like Reddit, LinkedIn, etc.
According to a report by Spredfast, Snapchat’s user base is 70% women and 30% men. Similarly, Pinterest’s user base is 60% women. Instagram and Facebook correspond to 58% and 52% women, making for a higher number of female accounts than males. Twitter, however, has 53% men, and LinkedIn has 55% men.
When we post content on social media, especially photos of ourselves, we are often driven by the desire to make a good impression.
Women and men generally use different ways to achieve that. Women often make direct eye contact in the picture, post bust-shots, while men post full-body pictures. Women have more selfies on their timelines, while men have a higher number of group pictures. Women post more food pictures, while men post more outdoor pictures which show their adventurous side.
The differences are starker among young people. Teenage girls are more likely to post ‘seductive pictures’ and ‘cute dog filter pictures,’ but young boys are more inclined to post content about partying, smoking and drugs, and other risky behaviors.
Influencers are an integral part of the social media scene these days. Like, a cog in the wheel without which the machine wouldn’t function quite as smoothly. A lot of people online across platforms are influencers, and the field is almost 80% women.
It is worth mentioning that even though the influencer industry is mainly women, on average, men are paid more for promoting brands and sponsors. The gender pay gap is quite high. Because of that, quite a few influencers have started to buy Instagram followers or buy Instagram likes to get ahead of the game and earn more.
There are slightly higher numbers of women bloggers than men out there. It has been observed that women start blogging quite earlier than their male counterparts.
Women are generally more likely to write personal, creative, and diary-like blogs, whereas men are more inclined to write more informative and technical blogs. There is a difference in their writing styles as well as the language used.
Privacy and security
There have been many studies regarding gender and privacy concerns on social media. They suggest that women and men differ in the type of private information they share and the information they hold back.
Most studies agree that women are more likely to have a private profile on Instagram and Facebook IDs where you can’t add them as friends. Women also often withhold specific information such as their sexual orientation, phone number, and residential address. Another Pew research center report found that girls are less inclined to share their last name, city, or town among minors. In other words, information that can be used to track them. These concerns about security link to cyberbullying and stalking.
The language that women and men use to communicate over social media is very different from each other as well.
Men use authoritative language, full of confidence, and formal, while women use more informal language. Statistics allege that men respond more negatively in conversations while women use softer and more positive language.
Women use more emojis, exclamation marks and ellipses than men do. They are also likely to spell certain words differently to convey excitement and happiness, for eg, ‘soooo,’ ‘yasss,’ ‘nooo wayyyy.’ Expressions like ‘OMG,’ ‘lmao’ etc are also predominantly used by women. Women also use the hesitant lexicons ‘hmmm’ and ‘ummm’ quite often as well. On the other hand, swear words and offensive language were used more by men than women.
Reports show that men are more likely to cyberbully women and other men than women. More men hide behind anonymous profiles, which they use to verbally abuse, stalk, or threaten other users with violence. People who committed cyber forgery or stole someone else’s identity were also mostly men.
Women cyberbully way less than men do but report being on the receiving side of the bullying more often than men.
Academic performance of students
Studies show that the use of social media has increased among students from a small 12% in 2005 to a whopping 90% now. They also suggest that students who are rational with their time on social media do well in academic situations. Those who don’t use social media wisely are likely to get addicted and perform poorly on exams.
A study in the University of Sharjah on 328 students concluded that while men are far more likely to get addicted to social media, it’s women who feel that irrational use of social media harms their academics.
While it’s true that there are many differences in social media usage patterns between men and women, let us look at some similarities. A study reports that both men and women alike are equally likely to share correct information about their birthday, their partner’s name, their own political inclinations and opinions, and other information about their academics on their social media pages.
Other genders on social networks
In 2014, Facebook rolled out a new update. Users could select their gender from a vast array of 56 gender identities. This step was taken to make the platforms more inclusive of queer people. Later, the social media platform also included the options for selecting gender-neutral relationship identities as well. Other platforms are also doing the same. Gender scholars and critics claim that gender is a spectrum of identities, and the same is being reflected on social media now.
Different patterns can be observed in social media usage by men and women. These patterns differ a lot from each other. It is a difficult task to account for all the differences, but a lot of them do arise because of the gendered upbringing of children and the conditioning of young men and women into socially acceptable behaviors from their genders. In the online space, men mostly align with traditional masculinity and women align with femininity. It is easy to identify men’s profiles, and which belong to women by merely analyzing textual clues.
Although there are many exceptions to the rule, since men and women often reject the ideas of gender roles, which also reflects in their social media presence.
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The importance of vehicle tests results from the fact that different types of tests, as an integrated part of the development process of a vehicle, make a decisive contribution to their permanent improvement in all phases of development. The tests verify that the main construction parameters, technical and economic indices, the quality of the execution, the performances, the safety, and the resistance in operation correspond to the execution documentation.
In the case of manufacturing companies and repair units, the technological processes of manufacturing respectively of repair are validated by tests.
In the testing units, the optimum type of vehicle for certain working conditions is established, as well as the most advantageous operating modes. The tests performed on motor vehicles as a whole or their subassemblies show:
- their functional features;
- sizes that characterize dynamism, stability, or economics;
- determining the operating resistance; researching the processes that take place in different subassemblies and mechanisms, as well as in the vehicle as a whole; and so on
Among the main objectives of the tests, we can list the following:
- to check the technical-economic indicators provided in the design theme;
- to discover design, technology or material flaws;
- to verify the quality of the execution;
- to validate the constructive or technological improvements made to the initial project;
- to create complex databases that can be used when designing similar vehicles;
- provide data for the correct estimation of the service life of the vehicle; to verify the compatibility of the studied vehicle with different operating regimes;
- to verify that the design vehicle complies with the requirements imposed by the internal and international regulations, etc. by design and execution.
To ensure efficient and economical operation throughout the service period, the car must be carefully checked at the optimum time. Although it is not possible to make a very strict delimitation of the tests, we can classify them according to the following criteria:
- after the destination of the tests;
- after the subject undergoes experimental research;
- according to the purpose of the experimental research;
- according to the test conditions and methods.
Such a major classification is presented below:
- Scientific research tests
- Approval or type tests
- Periodic or batch control tests
- Reception attempts
According to the subject undergoing experimental research
- Testing of motor vehicle parts
- Tests of the vehicle as a whole
- Tests on scale models
According to the purpose of the experimental research
- Functional tests
- Resistance tests
- Durability tests
According to test conditions and methods
- Laboratory tests
- Road tests
- Operating tests
- Tests under special conditions
Classifying car tests
After the destination of the tests
Scientific research tests are the most varied in terms of objectives, scope, and means used to carry them out. These are carried out to solve complex problems of general interest such as the study of new vehicles or new subassemblies; the use of new types of fuels or lubricants; replacing some technologies with more modern ones; replacing some materials with more economical ones; researching in detail the processes that take place in the engine or other sub-assemblies of the vehicle; checking new mechanisms and parts; researching the interaction of the vehicle with the road and the environment; research regarding the establishment of new experimental research methods; and so on
This type of testing is usually carried out in powerful research institutes and research centers organized next to the traditional technical faculties. For the car industry, scientific research attempts are of particular importance, they being the main way of validating modern products and technologies, contributing to the continuous improvement of cars.
The approval tests have an official character and are usually carried out by the provisions of national or international normative acts with legal character. These are the prototypes to be introduced in the series production, the project is validated and the “zero series” is tested, validating the manufacturing technology of the new vehicle.
Therefore, there are two stages, the approval of the prototype, which constitutes the acceptance of the constructive solutions proposed to be introduced in the manufacture, and the approval of the zero series, having as objective the approval of the manufacturing technology of a vehicle approved as a prototype.
The process of developing a new car inevitably involves designing and making a prototype and testing and perfecting it. During the prototype tests, the deficiencies of the construction are highlighted and they appreciate the construction and exploitation materials used, and the optimal settings are established.
The approval tests of the vehicle as a whole must be preceded by the approval tests of the main assemblies: engine; clutch; gearbox; longitudinal transmission; engine decks; suspension; steering system; and so on
After the validation of the prototype, the “zero series” test is started. Within it, at least a batch of 10-15 cars is executed, using the machine tools, devices, and testers designed and executed for mass production, to obtain satisfactory assessments. By testing the “zero series” the manufacturing technology is verified, they involve performing some tests under operating conditions, and repeating some tests performed when testing the prototype.
The approval tests are long-term complex tests, which aim to validate the design and manufacturing technology of a new vehicle. Periodic or batch control tests shall be carried out to verify that the manufacturer maintains the quality level of the vehicle established and certified by approval.
Within them are tested a small percentage of the vehicles manufactured in series, and their duration must be less than 6 months or 40,000 km run effectively. Usually, a car from a batch of 3000-6000 pieces or a vehicle per quarter is tested, depending on the size of the production series. It is reasonable for the period of repetition of these samples to be as large as possible, and their magnitude to be limited to the essential indicators to reduce the manufacturing costs.
Achieving this goal requires a high and stable quality of the vehicle’s manufacturer. During these tests, the durability of the vehicle bodies is also verified, this test is similar to one of the approval tests, with the difference that it is executed in a shorter time and on a shorter time.
There is also a minimum framework program under which the periodic control tests must be carried out, respectively a running of approximately 5,000 km, carried out in a minimum of 15 days. Acceptance tests can be considered as tests included in the technological manufacturing process.
These are done to check the quality of the vehicles in current manufacture or repairs. Apart from the final control, which is performed by the manufacturer on all cars, the reception control is performed by the beneficiary or his authorized person. In general, the reception tests are limited in character and they follow if the vehicle meets the general operating conditions.
According to the object prone to the experimental research
The tests are classified into: the test of the subassemblies and the aggregates, the test of the vehicle as a whole, and tests performed on sacred models.
Subassembly testing is performed to determine the characteristics of each vehicle assembly and aggregate. This refers to the testing of the engine, transmission, steering, suspension, brakes, wheels, and other parts and components of the vehicle.
Testing the assemblies under laboratory conditions must precede the testing of the vehicle as a whole, both under laboratory conditions and during the course.
The test of the vehicle as a whole is done to establish the main characteristics, parameters, and performances regarding the dimensional and mass characteristics, dynamic qualities, economic qualities, passing ability, comfort, ergonomics of the management post, reliability, traffic safety, establishing the coefficients that characterize the interaction between the car and the environment, transmission losses, and so on
Model scale tests are performed to eliminate some tests whose cost price is very high. Instead of the test object, scale models are used, following which the characteristics, parameters, and performances of the vehicle are determined, starting from the characteristics, parameters, and performances of the model based on the laws of geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity.
According to the purpose of the experimental research, we distinguish the following main categories of tests: functional tests; resistance tests; durability tests.
Functional tests have the main purpose of highlighting some characteristics, parameters, and functional and operating performance of the vehicle as a whole or of its different subassemblies, such as: passing capacity parameters; steering parameters, and so on
Resistance tests by which are set for the requests that destroy the assemblies and subassemblies.
Durability tests, among which we distinguish the normal tests where the requests to which the parts are subjected are similar to those in operation and accelerated to which the requests are amplified to shorten the test time. Another method of shortening the test time for durability tests is to increase the frequency of application of periodic variable requests if it does not directly influence the service life.
Depending on the conditions and test methods, we distinguish the following main types of tests: laboratory tests; road tests; exploitation tests; tests under special conditions.
Laboratory tests of the car as a whole or its subassemblies shall be carried out under stationary conditions, using facilities provided with appropriate equipment for loading, measuring, and recording. Laboratory tests have the advantage that they allow the investigation of phenomena with high precision and make it possible to remove the influence of the factors that are not studied. The disadvantage of the method is that in the laboratory, the conditions under which the vehicle in operation can not be simulated cannot be precisely simulated.
Road tests are carried out on specially designed test tracks or on-road sections provided with unevennesses, with profiles and coverings so made that they correspond to the real operating conditions. If the test paths are correctly chosen, the test methods and the equipment used correspond to the purpose and conditions of the test, and the accuracy of the test data will be fully satisfactory. The main advantage of the method is that the test is done in conditions very close to the ones in operation, which ensures that results similar to those in operation are obtained.
Exploitation tests are carried out periodically under the usual working conditions of the operating companies by qualified personnel in this regard, both from the producing and operating companies. The accuracy of the results is all the better as the number of vehicles tested is higher, the number of tests is higher and their duration is longer.
In some cases, it is recommended to perform the combined laboratory and exploitation tests to complete and validate the results obtained by each method separately. If the number of vehicles chosen for the test is large enough, the research may be carried out concurrently.
The tests under special conditions shall be carried out in the case of vehicles to be operated under special conditions. Special test conditions may include: prolonged column run on dusty roads; prolonged rolling at high temperatures (35-45 C); low speed rolling on sandy and marshy terrain; rolling under very low temperature (below -25 C); rolling in tropical conditions; high altitude rolling, and so on
It is noteworthy that these types of test classifications are indicative, the precise delimitation of the tests being very difficult to achieve. Obtaining conclusive results most often involves performing combined tests that complement each other.
The main requirements imposed on the tests are objectivity; repeatability; correctness; speed of execution; the economy.
The requirement for the tests to be objective arises by itself if one considers the importance of defining an optimal constructive solution or of the real knowledge of the technical state of a motor vehicle in operation without preconceived ideas and/or subjective considerations.
The objectivity of the tests is achieved by the impartial and impartial attitude of the tester; ensuring certain conditions of non-singling and non-privileged testing from the point of view of the efforts imposed on the vehicles; eliminating the possibility of subjective interpretations of the test results, by rigorously adhering to the test program, the large-scale use of the test equipment with data recording possibilities, observing the data processing methodology; establishing the causes that led to the failure to register some constructive and functional parameters within the limits provided by the technical documentation.
For vehicles, the repeatability of the tests involves the test under the same conditions such that for a given vehicle with a well-specified technical condition, the results of repeated and/or similar tests do not differ significantly, and the resulting ratings remain invariant.
The repeatability of the tests is achieved by using some test methods that are not affected by the random environmental factors; eliminating or mitigating the influence of the human factor by using the same test driver or drivers with psycho-physiological structure and similar professional training; limitation to the range of variation of the test conditions, these being very precisely established by the standards governing the tests
The ideas of repeatability are also subscribed to the efforts of international organizations (I.S.O., D.I.N., S.A.E.) to elaborate some normative tests with a high degree of generality accepted in different countries.
Obtaining the correctness of the tests is closely correlated with ensuring their objectivity and repeatability, but it also implies: detailed knowledge of the phenomena investigated by testing; judiciously establishing the limits of variation of the measured parameters, the use of measuring schemes, and a judiciously chosen apparatus; the correct and complete preparation of the test program, compliance with the standards related to it; ensuring the measurement accuracy required by standards; fair interpretation of the results obtained from the tests; repeating the tests whenever the results obtained are contradictory or do not correspond to those available from previous tests and/or determined by calculation.
It is not hard to imagine the serious consequences that some decisions can have on accepting the launch in the manufacture and/or operation of vehicles whose project and technology have been validated by incorrect tests.
The importance of quickly obtaining the results of a test is sometimes urgent, as it risks becoming a goal in itself and essentially compromising the tests.
The objective of the rapidity of the tests must be achieved without diminishing other qualities imposed on them, by judicious programming of the succession of the test phases (elimination of dead times); use of accelerated test methods as much as possible; the rapid processing and interpretation of the data by using the modern systems of acquisition and storage of data obtained from the tests; minimizing the volume of tests with a reasonable level of confidence.
The tests are non-productive operations directly, consuming time, fuel, materials, and labor, and their cost is directly reflected in the price of the vehicle.
Ensuring the economics of the tests involves: drawing up the test program so that the volume and duration of the works are minimal without affecting their quality; performing tests as much as possible on stands and in polygons; in the case of road tests, the combination of tests of aggregates and assemblies on the same vehicle; testing a large number of aggregates or assemblies on automobiles in operation; use of the data provided by the service system of the manufacturing enterprise; the use of highly qualified personnel when tested.
Preparing the cars for tests
In most cases, the testing of a vehicle or its assembly is done based on a research program theme, annexed to the contract or order issued by the beneficiary of the test. The team of specialists who will perform the test must formulate the objectives of the test very clearly, and make the necessary corrections where this is required so that the test will be optimal and its results will fully satisfy the needs of the beneficiary.
If the results of the test bulletin are unfavorable, the causes that led to the invalidation of the product and the corrections to be eliminated must result. To allow certain flexibility of the test program and a correct dosage of the material and human efforts, to make the test process more efficient, a delimitation of the main and secondary objectives is required.
Achieving viable results from testing vehicles or sub-assemblies must be ensured from the test preparation stage. In this phase, the team that will carry out the tests must form a clear and correct vision of the objectives of the test; the means to be used during the test; the steps to be taken during the test; the likely area in which the test results will fall. It often takes weeks or even months of preparation for a day, hour, minute, or fraction of a second in which the test is performed.
Preparation of the test program
Internal standards or norms usually impose the general testing program on the institution that performs the work, the organizers of their development must elaborate a detailed program that will ensure maximum efficiency of the tests.
The test program must include:
- The objectives of the test;
- The test phases are presented in chronological order, specifying the partial objectives specific to each phase and the deadlines;
- Details of each test phase, detailed enumeration of the specific works, places, routes, polygons or test stands, and the deadlines;
- The environmental requirements needed for testing;
- The test regimes envisaged during the tests, the payload of the vehicles to which the test is being run, the speed regime, etc .;
- The number of parameters investigated, the complexity of the tests, and the number of repetitions of the experiments;
- Accuracy of measuring the parameters determined by tests, which must be in accordance with the values recommended by the technical documentation and by the national and international standards;
- The equipment for measuring, acquiring, and processing data, must allow a rapid assessment, if possible in real-time of the results to assess the success of the test and, if necessary, the need for partial or total resumption of the test with the maintenance or change of the method to try;
- Responsibilities of contracting parties and/or collaborators for material assurance of testing;
- Responsibilities that fall individually to the test personnel;
- Specific conditions for stand tests, if applicable;
- Number of products tested;
The program of tests depends on: the purpose of the experimental research (determination of dynamic qualities, exploitation, etc.); of the type of the vehicle (car, truck, field car, field truck, train, transport tractors, agricultural tractors, industrial tractors, etc.); by the destination of the test (scientific research, type approval or type, periodic or batch control, reception).
Considering the above, it turns out that the test programs will differ, but they will also have many common elements.
The elaboration of the test program represents one of the most important phases of the car tests, in which the person involved must have a clear and unitary vision that will lead to carrying out objective, correct, repeatable tests, performed in a timely manner and with maximum economic efficiency.
Selection and reception for vehicle testing
The number of vehicles being tested is chosen according to the type of tests scheduled. In the approval tests, for example, the whole batch of prototypes and the whole “zero series” is tested, if the number of vehicles does not exceed 10-15 pcs. In the case of periodic control tests, the vehicles are selected from the current manufacturer, depending on the volume of production.
Acceptance tests are performed on all manufactured vehicles. In the case of other types of tests, such as those of scientific research or exploitation, the number of vehicles being tested shall be determined on a case-by-case basis, depending on the purpose pursued and the test program established. In all cases, it is intended that the vehicles are properly assembled, fully equipped with accessories and tools, and fully comply with the technical state imposed by the specification.
Therefore, the choice of the cars to be tested should be made so that or they are respectively representatives of a well-defined category for which it is sought to obtain viable information through different types of tests. If these rules are not respected, there are large dispersions of the results, and their usefulness decreases until it becomes insignificant.
Depending on the character and volume of the tests the vehicle is subjected to, it is prepared for the test, which includes the following stages: checking the technical state of the vehicle tested, respectively receiving the vehicle for the test; drawing up the technical specification of the vehicle; calibration and installation of data measuring, storage, and processing apparatus; establishing the test methodology according to the norms and standards in force.
The vehicle is received according to the type of tests to be performed. For example, in the case of periodic tests, the vehicle must be chosen in such a way that it is not possible to remove the manufacturing defects by additional adjustments, which can create a false image of the quality of the current production.
In the case of receiving the experimental models, it is acceptable to eliminate the manufacturing defects before the execution of the tests, in order to match the vehicle tested with the technical conditions imposed by the designer.
The first activity of receiving the test vehicle, regardless of the type of tests to be performed, is the confrontation with the provisions of the execution or accompanying documentation. Of these, the following can be listed: type; the producing enterprise; engine serial number; VIN; the technical characteristics of the vehicle as a whole, and its components.
The assembly of the vehicle is characterized by mass parameters, dimensional parameters, functional parameters, and energy parameters, and its components are characterized by specific parameters, such as the transmission ratio; return; depreciation coefficient; coefficient of friction; and so on
The technical documentation on the basis of which these checks can be performed must include: the overall drawings of the vehicle; the assembly and assembly drawings of the main subassemblies; the list of accessories and tools included in the delivery set; maintenance and operating instructions; repair book; the spare parts catalog; and so on
Starting from the requirements of the test program, initial measurements of parts subject to wear (tires, spring bolts, friction linings, shafts, gears, etc.), and stand checks of some sub-assemblies (braking system, control system) can be performed. direction, lighting system), and seals of components to which no interventions are allowed during the test.
Before any type of test, the technical condition of the vehicle will be checked, and before dynamic and consumption tests, the engine and transmission will be heated to the nominal temperature by running a sufficient length and the total losses will be checked by the free-running method.
Making the adaptations for the installation of the measuring equipment, acquisition, and processing of the experimental data, verification of their operation and calibration are stages that are part of the preparation of the vehicle for testing.
It should be specified that the tests can be performed only after the vehicle is run according to the specifications of the manufacturing plant and after it reaches the nominal operating regime.
Choosing and preparing the measuring equipment
In order to obtain the desired information regarding the qualities of the vehicles tested and to record as accurately as possible the results of the tests, in digital, analog, or graphic form, outside the standard equipment, additional measuring, acquisition, and data processing devices will be fitted.
The number and complexity of the equipment required for the tests depend mainly on:
- the type of test
- test conditions
- the degree of equipment of the laboratory to carry out the experimental research.
Ensuring a high quality of experimental research, under conditions of maximum economic efficiency, involves the use of installation for measuring, acquiring, and processing the appropriate data. The correct choice of the measurement method, the use of the most suitable devices for measuring, acquiring, and storing data, the use of the most efficient data processing software, and the correct conception of the measurement chain are the main prerequisites for obtaining viable results from the tests.
Also, optimal conditions of operation of the entire measuring chain must be ensured by vibration isolation, protection from excessive actions of the environment, ensuring the proper supply voltage, etc.
The quality of measurement also depends on:
- metrological characteristics (accuracy class, sensitivity, sensitivity threshold, resolution power)
- dynamic characteristics (dynamic range, transfer function, frequency range) of the equipment used.
Given that in order to streamline the development process of a vehicle it is necessary to shorten the test time, the accelerated tests of the components and/or vehicles as a whole are increasingly used. This requires increasing the volume and speed of obtaining the data following the tests, which has led to the use of very efficient data measurement, acquisition, processing, and storage chains, which allow the online processing of the data, at the end of the test being obtained. and the first final form of the results.
An important step in the preparation of the equipment for measuring, acquiring, processing, and storing data is the verification of the operation and the calibration of the entire chain. This will be done at the beginning of the experiment and then periodically at certain time intervals or before important tests to see if in the meantime there have been no disturbances that may affect the test results.
Choosing and preparing the measurement routes
Depending on the character of the experiment or the performance that is determined, the test of the vehicles is done on different road categories. Regardless of the type of road tests, the road conditions in which the tests are carried out are specified exactly.
In case of carrying out the tests for establishing the dynamic and economic parameters of the vehicles, the road must meet the following requirements:
- to have strong clothing, without unevenness (with concrete or asphalt coating);
- be horizontal, within a maximum inclination of ± 5%; to be rectilinear; have a length of 4-5 km (so as to ensure both the launch and the braking portion);
- 7.5 m wide; to be protected from the wind (especially from the side);
- to be set with mileage and hectometres stones.
The influence of the deviation from the road’s horizontality can be reduced by an acceptable measure by repeating the sample from the opposite direction and adopting as a final result the test of the arithmetic mean of the two or more samples.
In the case of the tests carried out on public roads, sections with reduced traffic will be chosen, which can be temporarily closed, with the agreement of the relevant authorities. At the ends and on the side entrances of the road sections used for tests, preventive inscriptions are placed.
In order to prevent the accidental occurrence of some vehicles during the tests carried out with the closing of the traffic (usually the tests for determining the dynamic parameters) the main and side entrances are blocked or provided with guard posts.
Of the endurance or durability test methods of motor vehicles as a whole or their subassemblies, one of the most accurate is the test under real traffic conditions, which are carried out on normal public roads, loaded at nominal or partial capacity, with drivers who manifests differently driving temperaments and in specific meteorological conditions of the operating regimes.
During these tests, it is recommended that the necessary data be collected for the correct determination of the calculation regimes and the test regimes on the stand or in the polygon.
In order to choose as accurately as possible the routes on which endurance tests are carried out, statistical studies are required to highlight the factors that determine the operating regimes and decisively influence the requests from the different components of the vehicles. The main characteristics of the route on which the tests are carried out are given by the road surface characteristics.
The tread pattern is characterized mainly by the longitudinal inclination as a function of space or time, which can be statistically characterized by the frequency of occurrence of the different classes of longitudinal tilt.
Another important component of the road surface is the road configuration which is given by the number of turns per km traveled; the radius of turns; transverse tilt; visibility; and so on From the point of view of the road surface, the following four broad categories can be considered as representative:
- urban or city road;
- hill and mountain road.
From the point of view of the road surface, there are modernized and non-modernized roads. Statistical data show that most drivers do not use the vehicle on the same type of road, with about 95% observing a “mixture” of types of road.
In the case of the tests to be performed on public roads, areas with reduced traffic will be chosen, which fulfill the conditions imposed by the test standards in force. For the tests carried out in order to determine the dynamic and braking parameters, the road section for the test is temporarily closed in order to ensure the test conditions.
If the test program does not require the road sections that are tested, they are chosen in areas where there are no deep drainage ditches, steep slopes, or other natural or artificial obstacles.
The electrical measurement of non-electric sizes
Generalities regarding the measurement chain
The electrical measurement of a non-electric size consists of its conversion into an electrical signal – usually in electrical voltage – whose value is proportional to the measured size.
The main components of a measuring chain are:
- the electrical connection circuit of the transducer;
- the display or recording system;
- data acquisition, storage, and processing board.
The transducer transforms the measured non-electric size (displacement, speed, acceleration, force, temperature, etc.) into an electrical size proportional to it. For this purpose, the translator is attached to the measuring object.
The power supply system provides the electricity needed for the transducer. It can be an electric battery or an audio frequency oscillator. In the case of transducers that generate electricity by conversion, no separate power system is required.
The electrical connection circuit ensures that the output circuit from the transducer is adapted to the input to the amplifier. It must ensure the sensitivity and precision of measurement required by the tests to be performed.
The amplifier has the role of amplifying the signal to ensure the desired sensitivity of the measurement system, as well as to adapt the signal level to the value required by the display and recording equipment and/or the data acquisition and storage system.
The display and recording system provides the possibility to read, view, and/or record the output signal value from the measurement chain. For this purpose, analog, numerical, oscilloscope, paper, or magnetic tape recorders are used. In the case of modern measurement chains, the role of the file and registration system is fully taken over by the data acquisition and processing systems.
The data acquisition and processing system have the role of retrieving the analog data from the amplifier or the magnetic tape recorder, making their digital-analog conversion, and recording them on hard-disk. With the data processing software in addition to processing and resuming processing according to the desired algorithms, it is also possible to display data in real-time in the form of oscillograms, time variation of sizes, etc.
These systems have the following advantages: they allow the storage of a large number of research data; data collection can be done with high sampling frequencies; they allow the resumption of data processing without the resumption of evidence.
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“The key to successful collaboration with clinicians is to spend time with them, getting to know exactly what they need,” says Sahika Inal, bioengineer at KAUST. “Creating tools for doctors to use at the point of interaction with patients requires full understanding of healthcare workflows and the expertise of the workforce. If you don’t have this, then the tools are likely to be ignored.”
Inal’s research focuses on the design of sensors that use biological components to recognize certain disease biomarkers in a single sample taken from a patient.
Inal and her team are collaborating closely with Ashraf Dada, Fatima Alhamlan and co-workers at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Saudi Arabia. The aim of the partnership is to help develop and trial bioelectronic sensors that will aid in cheap, accurate and rapid pathogen detection.
“My aim is to make doctors’ jobs easier and diagnosis as fast as possible by providing a new technology to replace conventional laboratory tests,” says Inal. “Our goal is to make these sensors available to clinicians so that they can get data to diagnose diseases faster. We’re also hoping that the technology will support healthcare professionals in low-income countries and in communities remote to healthcare services.”
“My aim is to make doctors’ jobs easier and diagnose as fast as possible.”
During the pandemic, Inal joined forces with KAUST’s Stefan Arold to develop electronic chips that can detect the presence of COVID-19 from saliva samples. More sensitive than the conventional laboratory technique (PCR), their chips provide results in just 15 minutes.
“To investigate this innovative technology for its suitability in a clinical setting and to validate the accuracy of our sensors, we reached out to experts at Saudi Arabian hospitals,” says Inal. Researchers from KFSH&RC provided us with samples and evaluated the results based on their conventional techniques as a comparison tool. They then shared their results with us, enabling us to validate our technology. This is how our collaboration started.”
“Our hospital has an advanced Research Centre to support the clinical health care of our patients with innovative diagnostics and therapeutic studies,” says Dada. “We were delighted with the novelty, sensitivity and accuracy of the diagnostic approach brought to us by KAUST researchers.”
Since their trials for the COVID-19 sensors, the collaboration between Arold, Inal and the hospital teams has gone from strength to strength, with the teams working closely to expand the potential of the bioelectronic sensors.
“The clinicians make our research relevant – they tell us what is really missing in their daily routine, which tools they would have liked to have,” says Inal. “Understanding this then benefits both physicians and patients because conditions can be treated more rapidly. Our devices will allow healthcare providers to screen for multiple markers in a short time, allowing them to build a clearer picture of each patient’s overall health. From our perspective, being able to validate our sensors using high-quality authentic data that we know has been collected with care is invaluable.”
“I hope that our project will result in a cutting-edge technology that revolutionizes the diagnostics of pathogens and changes the landscape of diagnostic tools in the field of infectious diseases,” says Dada. “Such technology should also help ensure that the world is better prepared for future pandemics.”
Inal hopes that their technology will advance rapidly to provide early, accurate detection for both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Both Inal and Dada are excited to see the fruits of this collaboration rolled out more widely in future.
Article excerpts taken from KAUST Insight.
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Margaret (Morrison) Lucas
In 1875, at fifteen years of age, Margaret Morrison came to Canada with her parents, Noble and Jane Morrison. They moved from the small village of Trillick, Ireland. Margaret, born August 29, 1860, was the youngest of her seven siblings. The Morrison's first set up homestead in Aylmer, Quebec.
On December 12, 1883 Margaret married Francis Arnold Lucas at the Christ Church in Ottawa. In 1884, they accompanied Frank's brother, Samuel Brigham Lucas, to Alberta to assist in teaching the local native peoples how to farm. This trip was made via train from Ottawa to Owen Sound, boat to Port Arthur, train to Calgary and on to the farm by way of horses, wagon and foot along the Calgary - Edmonton Trail. They arrived at the farm July 16, 1884.
At first sight, the area appeared as an Industrial School site. There were a few small trees, a large house for the instructor, two stables, four houses for the natives, corrals, root houses and a cattle shed. Fences were in place and a bridge was constructed over Bigstone Creek.
In 1885, with the Riel Rebellion, Margaret, for her safety, was moved to the Hudson Bay Fort in Edmonton. She remained there for approximately two months before returning to their homestead. During this time her husband was away hauling freight- Margaret worried about his safety and whether their farm would still be intact upon their return. When she finally returned, Margaret found a fort in her front yard. The fort was called Fort Ethier, and was erected during the Riel Rebellion, by the 65th Mounted Rifles of Montreal. The total number of officers and fusiliers was twenty-two. During her stay at Fort Ethier, until June 1885, Margaret helped prepare all their meals. The fort block house still remains today.
The farm was the stopping station for the stagecoach which stopped once a week during its run between Calgary and Edmonton. Passengers were fed and remained overnight. If Clergy was present, they would stay in the house. Other passengers were put up in the barn. Accommodation for the passengers, and the feed and stable for two horses cost $1.50; four horses cost $2.00.
Later, the North West Mounted Police were stationed at the Lucas farm. They remained on the farm until the completion of the railroad in 1891.
Margaret and Francis had nine children. They grew up amongst the Indians who were learning to farm. The two eldest daughters Frances and Maude were therefore able to speak Cree fluently.
Margaret was quick with a shotgun or revolver inhibiting any predator wishing to take fowl. She was known for her wonderful hospitality from those who frequented the farm. This included stagecoach passengers, Northwest Mounted Police, settlers, missionaries and any others requiring accommodation. She knitted socks and mitts and sold them for one dollar a pair. It was stated that she could knit one pair of socks or mitts a day. She was kept busy with baking, cooking, washing, mending, tending to other family needs, caring for chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese as well as working in the garden. Her brother-in-law, Dick Hawkins, built her a large outdoor oven made of brick for all her baking needs.
In 1897, Mr. Fred Stinston, a teacher, was hired during the winter months. One room upstairs in the house was used as a school room. Margaret fed the children their lunch while they attended classes. In 1902 the Lucas School District was formed. Later the children went to school in Wetaskiwin. When stores were established and supplies made available in Wetaskiwin, Margaret would take the children to town for their schooling and then do her shopping.
The house had a large room upstairs with five double beds where the children slept. Stovepipes ran the full length of the room and the walls and rafters were papered with newspapers. On February 16, 1898, the original house burned. With temperatures reaching minus forty degrees during the cold winter months, the wood stove was in constant use. It is thought that the fire must have started in the overheated pipes. For the remainder of that winter, Margaret and family lived in a tent or small log building (the story is not quite clear). A new house was built later that year.
After living on the land for nine years, Frank Lucas was finally granted title in 1893. Over these nine years, some of Margaret's siblings had also set up homestead in the west. A few buildings they had constructed are still standing today - Margaret and Frank were the first farmers to grow grain in the area and have the first cattle site. They had the first white baby in the district, first baptism and funeral. Their youngest son, Cortez, had the first car (1915 McLaughlin), first tractor and helped build many roads in the region.
Entertainment enjoyed on the farm included parties, dances, rodeos and swimming or skating on the creek. Some of the prominent visitors to the farm were Reverend John McDougall, Father Albert Lacombe, Reverend Glass and Major Griesbach of "K" Division of the Northwest Mounted Police.
Life and Work
In 1915, Margaret and her daughter Maude became founding members of the Wetaskiwin Women's Institute. In addition, Margaret served on the board.
In writings, it is noted that Margaret was one of the best known and one of the most popular residents of the district. Her kindness to early settlers will never be forgotten. Margaret is credited with being the first white lady to come to the Wetaskiwin district and stay. Today her home farm is cared for by her grandson, Sam and his family.
Margaret passed away on October 20, 1922.
- Research and Writing: Janis Ruitenbeck, Danny Lucas
- Contributors: Sam and Danny Lucas
- Curator: Janis Ruitenbeck
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The Advance Calculator is based on the concept of different mathematical calculations. This whole system is in the C++ language. Here, the user can perform various calculations like arithmetic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic. Also, it is a very effective and simple understanding of beginners. Thus, this is a simple mini project in C++, built as a console application without using any graphics features.
About Advanced Calculator In C++ Project :
This Advance Calculator project is designed in ‘C++’ language. This system is based on a concept to generate the total sum, subtractions, divisions, multiplications, trigonometric values, and many more. Also, this System makes easy to calculate different numbers. Here, the user has to input the numbers and the system will display output. Also, you can see the basic features of the scientific calculator in this project. Moreover, this mini project is easy to operate and understand by the users.
Features of Advanced Calculator In C++ :
- Arithmetic Computation
- Trigonometric Computation
- Exponential Computation
- Logarithmic Computation
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Does race impact speech perception? An account of accented speech in two different multilingual locales
Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications volume 7, Article number: 7 (2022)
Upon hearing someone’s speech, a listener can access information such as the speaker’s age, gender identity, socioeconomic status, and their linguistic background. However, an open question is whether living in different locales modulates how listeners use these factors to assess speakers’ speech. Here, an audio-visual test was used to measure whether listeners’ accentedness judgments and intelligibility (i.e., speech perception) can be modulated depending on racial information in faces that they see. American, British, and Indian English were used as three different English varieties of speech. These speech samples were presented with either a white female face or a South Asian female face. Two experiments were completed in two locales: Gainesville, Florida (USA) and Montreal, Quebec (Canada). Overall, Montreal listeners were more accurate in their transcription of sentences (i.e., intelligibility) compared to Gainesville listeners. Moreover, Gainesville listeners’ ability to transcribe the same spoken sentences decreased for all varieties when listening to speech paired with South Asian faces. However, seeing a white or a South Asian face did not impact speech intelligibility for the same spoken sentences for Montreal listeners. Finally, listeners’ accentedness judgments increased for American English and Indian English when the visual information changed from a white face to a South Asian face in Gainesville, but not in Montreal. These findings suggest that visual cues for race impact speech perception to a greater degree in locales with greater ecological diversity.
Despite its ubiquity in daily life, speech processing can be demanding (Brown et al., 2020). This demand is partly due to variability within- and between-speakers (Bradlow & Bent, 2008), and partly due to listeners’ finite cognitive resources (Pichora-Fuller et al., 2016) and their accumulated life experiences (Babel & Mellesmoen, 2019; Bradlow & Bent, 2008; Walker & Campbell-Kibler, 2015). One phenomenon that intersects with many of these factors is non-native accentsFootnote 1 (Bradlow & Bent, 2008; Porretta et al., 2016). Non-native accents (also see foreign-accented speech) are assumed to deviate from local accents (Cristia et al., 2012), and tend to be processed differentially by listeners (Floccia et al., 2009; Gass & Varonis, 1984; Mattys et al., 2012; Munro & Derwing, 1995a, 1995b; Van Engen & Peelle, 2014), although adaptation to accents depends on listeners’ exposure level (Baese-Berk et al., 2013; Bradlow & Bent, 2008; Brown et al., 2020; Clopper & Pisoni, 2004; Porretta et al., 2016).
Foreign accented speech, as distinguished from other variations of regional dialects, is often associated with multilingual speakers, and is assumed to have arisen from segmental (i.e., vowels or consonants) and suprasegmental (i.e., tone, intonation, stress) differences between a speaker’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) (Best et al., 2001; Flege, 1991; Guion et al., 2004; Trofimovich & Baker, 2006). Listeners can judge whether a speaker has an accent that is different than their own accent in milliseconds by tracking these segmental and suprasegmental differences (see Floccia et al., 2006, see review by Cristia et al., 2012).
This ability to detect accents develops during the first years of life. For instance, young infants prefer to look at individuals who share their native language (i.e., the language most spoken around the child) (Kinzler et al., 2007, 2010). Children as early as 5 years of age choose friends from various racial backgrounds who speak their native language (Kinzler et al., 2009). Importantly, children who live in multilingual communities exhibited biases against speakers who had accents different from their own (Byers-Heinlein et al., 2017; Paquette-Smith et al., 2019; Souza et al., 2013; but also see work that shows that bilingual children have less racial biases: Singh et al., 2019; Singh, Quinn, et al., 2020; Singh, Tan, et al., 2020). While these studies show that biases towards accented speech emerge early in childhood, it appears that the act of judging an accent is not merely developmental in nature; instead, linguistic, cognitive, and environmental factors shape accentedness judgments over a speaker’s lifespan.
The ability to perceive whether someone has a foreign accent goes beyond linguistic processes. Some have considered this ability to be an important part of social evolution in that accent detection contributes to humans’ “natural selection building system,” and is heuristically driven for instantaneous detection of in- versus out-group membership (Pietraszewski & Schwartz, 2014; see also Walker et al., 2018). Accents help us identify group relations (Dragojevic, 2020; Lippi-Green, 2012; Walker, 2010) in that hearing someone’s accent presents immediate socio-indexical information, such as race, ethnicity, place of birth, age, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and gender identity (Labov, 1986; Lippi-Green, 2012; McGowan, 2015; Munson & Babel, 2007; Pierrehumbert et al., 2004). These socio-indexical cues are important in everyday conversations for both speech perception (Sumner et al., 2014) as well as for a social understanding of certain facets of interlocuter identity. Given its association to multilingualism, here, we treat foreign-accentedFootnote 2 judgments as multilingual speech judgments, and examine how, through these judgments, multilinguals are implicitly subjected to foreignness or out-group membership.
The tendency to associate multilingualism with foreignness especially modulates those whose social status is already stigmatized. These stigmatizations further affect the ways in which multilinguals engage in conversation across professional, educational, and health settings, where someone with an out-group accent can be implicitly or explicitly treated differently due to their perceived accent (Itzhak et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2011). Therefore, a foreign accent that signals out-group membership has the potential to be associated with more negative attitudes (Giles & Watson, 2013; Gluszek & Dovidio, 2010a, 2010b; Lippi-Green, 1994, 2004), higher dysfluency in processing (Dragojevic, 2020), and a more strenuous listening effort (Van Engen & Peelle, 2014). Apart from this associated foreignness, perceiving an accent may stigmatize certain racial or ethnic groups (Kang & Rubin, 2009). Together, a growing body of convergent findings highlights the role played by foreign-accented speech in listeners’ speech perception. However, in real-world interactions, audio cues are processed alongside visual cues (e.g., the face of the speaker), and much less is known about the simultaneous audio-visual integration of accented speech (see Hansen et al., 2017; Paladino & Mazzurega, 2020).
Research on audio-visual language processing suggests that speech intelligibility (i.e., understanding the intended words) and accentedness judgments (i.e., the subjective evaluation of speech) can be modulated by seeing a face. Babel and Russell (2015) found that presenting an Asian face impeded listeners’ perception of Canadian English when compared to seeing a white face (see also Niedzielski, 1999). Similarly, Kutlu and colleagues (2020; 2021) showed that when presented with white faces American, British, and Indian English were found to be more intelligible and less accented. This was the opposite when the same recordings were presented with South Asian faces. Listeners were less accurate in their transcription when they saw a South Asian face on the screen, and they judged all English varieties as more accented. Crucially, they found that listeners who had more racial diversity in their social network judged all speech stimuli as less accented. On the other hand, McGowan (2015) found that listeners showed facilitation in their processing of Chinese-accented English when paired with Asian faces, suggesting that listeners associate race and ethnicity with accented speech.
Yi and colleagues (2013) merged their audio-visual experiment with an Implicit Association Test where they found that listeners who had greater associations between white faces and American places judged audio-visual trials with Korean faces as being more accented compared to audio-only trials. Zheng and Samuel (2017) also used videos to assess whether the mode of presenting visual information modulated speech perception. They found that listeners’ perception of speech was not affected by the videos but their accentedness judgments changed, which was not observed when presented with the static pictures. The neural correlates of integrated visual and linguistic processing have also been documented with event-related potentials (ERP). For instance, Grey et al. (2020) found that the P600 component, which indexes grammatical processing, was modulated depending on the race of the face cue, whereas the N400, which indexes semantic processing, was not modulated (see also Hanulíková and colleagues work on L1 and L2 speech: Hanulíková et al., 2012; Grey & van Hell, 2017). All these findings suggest that faces as well as racial information affect listeners’ judgments of the presented speech (see also Yi et al., 2014; Banks et al., 2015; Kutlu, 2020; Kutlu et al., 2021).
As Babel and Mellesmoen (2019) asserted, listeners’ experience with language and society builds their linguistic representations and, in turn, their expectations. Recent studies indicate that individuals who live in more diverse locales show different linguistic processing styles. For instance, Bice and Kroll (2019) trained monolingual participants to learn Finnish in two locales—one being linguistically diverse (California) and the other being less diverse (Pennsylvania). They found that in both locales, monolinguals demonstrated word learning in Finnish, but only in the linguistically diverse locale did they find neural evidence towards attendance to more subtle linguistic information measured by means of electroencephalography. While it is clear that living in linguistically diverse locales might allow learners to use subtle linguistic information more efficiently (see Tiv et al., accepted), others have also found that in lab training, monolingual listeners’ judgments can be reduced towards different foreign accents. For instance, Bradlow and Bent (2008) showed that hearing multiple speakers with Chinese-accented English helped listeners develop highly generalized cognitive representations of Chinese-accented speech. Baese-Berk and colleagues later found that exposing listeners to speakers from different language backgrounds during training helped them generalize their learning to novel speakers such that listeners were able to generalize their learning to both speakers that they were trained with during the training session as well as with speakers who were not in their training. They argued that generalizations of foreign accent adaptation are the result of exposure to systematic variability in accented speech (Baese-Berk et al., 2013). Nevertheless, it is unclear whether living in multilingual locales—where it is more common to be exposed to individuals who speak different languages or language varieties, and who belong to different racial and ethnic backgrounds—modulates listeners’ speech perception and modulates their accent perception. The novel contribution of the present study is to understand whether the impact of seeing static faces on speech processing depends on the diversity of one’s current community, and whether the linguistic ideologies of one’s community impact speech perception.
The present study
This study investigates whether living in differing multilingual locales modulates speech perception and accentedness judgments towards three English varieties (i.e., American, British, and Indian English). These three varieties were chosen for several key reasons. Historically, these three varieties share the same linguistic past. Both American and Indian English emerged from British English, though one emerged as a result of British settlement (i.e., American English) while the other as a result of British colonialism (i.e., Indian English) (Kachru, 1986). Often, when compared to American and British English, Indian English is associated with lower prestige, more prejudice, and a higher degree of foreign accentedness (Kutlu, 2020; Kutlu & Wiltshire, 2020; Kutlu et al., 2021), despite their linked origins. Another difference that Indian English holds comes from its links to multilingual speakers. India houses over 120 mother tongues (Census of India, 2011), and as a result, Indian English speakers rarely speak solely Indian English. Due to its multilingual nature, Indian English is often perceived as a foreign accent compared to American and British English, which are perceived as different varieties of English (Kutlu & Wiltshire, 2020). This multilingual aspect of Indian English has become further embedded into the racialization of South Asian individuals (Kutlu, 2020; Ramjattan, 2019; also for raciolinguistic ideologies see Rosa, 2016). For instance, while there are South Asian speakers of all three varieties, there is often perceived foreign accentedness when they speak American and British English—as shown by studies comparing the perception of identical speech samples paired with both South Asian and white faces (Kutlu, 2020; Kutlu et al., 2021). It is therefore important to assess whether such racially driven assumptions of accents are comparably found in multilingual spaces or locations where listeners are more likely to hear South Asian individuals speaking.
Thus, to investigate whether living in multilingual, multicultural locales modulates speech perception and accentedness judgments towards racialized varieties, we conducted two experiments: one in Gainesville, Florida (USA), and one in Montreal, Quebec (Canada). These multilingual locations offer a unique way to test whether variability in language exposure (e.g., linguistic diversity, political approaches to multilingualism, language policies) modulates foreign accent judgments. Gainesville is a small college town in Florida hosting primarily English–Spanish bilinguals. Although there is a substantial amount of Spanish spoken in Florida, there are negative attitudes associated both with speaking Spanish (Kutlu & Kircher, 2021) as well as with speaking other varieties of English (Kutlu & Wiltshire, 2020). Importantly, these attitudes are shaped by monolingual ideologies in the U.S., reflected by prejudice towards being a bilingual in the U.S., as being bilingual/multilingual (and bi/multicultural) is often associated with being “un-American” (Kircher & Kutlu, under review). Therefore, bi/multilinguals in the U.S. do not have equitable access to their non-English languages (Devos & Banaji, 2005; Rosa, 2016).
Unlike Gainesville (U.S.), Montreal is an urban, multilingual city with a large English-French bilingual population (see e.g., Tiv et al., accepted; Tiv et al., 2020). In contrast to the U.S., where bilingualism is generally considered a deficit rather than a resource (Ricento, 2013), Canada is officially a bilingual country. Bilingualism is supported socioculturally in Montreal, although the use of French is legislated through language policy and planning measures in order to maintain the vitality of the language (e.g., Bill 101). Therefore, the two locales, despite both being home to multilinguals, differ in terms of their engagement with multilingualism. This unique difference between the two countries provides opportunities to test the potential impact of language ideologies on speech perception.
Fifty participants were tested, 25 in each locale. (see Table 1). Participants were all undergraduate students in Gainesville and in Montreal. Since all participants were exposed to either Spanish or French to a certain degree and they self-identified as bilinguals, the LexTale English proficiency test was administered. The results of the proficiency test showed that participants in Montreal (M = 86.3) and Gainesville (87.4) did not statistically differ in their English proficiency. In Montreal, 7 out of 25 participants indicated that they were not born in Montreal. However, all 7 participants indicated that they had lived in Montreal for at least 1 year or more (Max year = 4 years, Min year = 1 year, Mean year = 2.4 years). In Gainesville, 5 participants indicated that they were born outside of Florida. These participants also indicated that they spent at least 1 year in Gainesville (Max year = 3 years, Min year = 1 year, Mean year = 2 years). Since participants live in different locales, we quantified the linguistic diversity that they encounter every day through language entropy (Gullifer & Titone, 2020). This was done following the languageEntropy package (Gullifer & Titone, 2020) on self-reported percent daily language use. For Montreal participants, mean entropy was 0.58, and for Gainesville participants, mean entropy was 0.42, meaning that Montreal participants were more integrated in their everyday language use of English and French compared to Gainesville participants in their use of English and Spanish use (see Fig. 1).Footnote 3 Overall, two participants in Gainesville and one participant in Montreal were excluded due to not having fully completed the experiment or for technical issues.
To measure whether listeners’ perception of a speaker’s accent changes when presented with a face, we used the same audio-visual experiment as Kutlu and colleagues used (Kutlu, 2020; Kutlu et al., 2021), where participants saw an image (a face) on the computer screen and heard a sentence immediately after having seen the image. We counterbalanced the stimuli such that participants could hear all three varieties from a white face or a South Asian face, allowing us to assess whether participants’ judgments towards these varieties change depending on the face that they see on the screen. Participants completed the intelligibility task in which they were asked to listen to the sentences while seeing a face on the screen and to transcribe them. Then, they were asked to complete the accentedness judgment task by listening to a subset of these sentences and judging whether the speaker had an accent or not in relation to their own perceived accent. In between the two intelligibility and accentedness experimental components, participants completed a language background questionnaire (Li et al., 2019) and the LexTale English proficiency test (Lemhöfer & Broersma, 2012).
One hundred and twenty short sentences used in past studies (Bradlow & Alexander, 2007; Kutlu, 2020; Kutlu et al., 2021; McGowan, 2015) were recorded (see “Appendix B”). These sentences were normed in previous speech perception studies and controlled for their word frequency. Half of the sentences were designed to be highly predictable and the other half had low predictability.
For American English, we used recordings of two female speakers taken from the OSCAAR speech corpus.Footnote 4 Six Indian English speakers were recorded at the University of Florida. Since Indian English speakers were multilinguals, we only recorded those who spoke Tamil, Telugu or both along with Indian English, to account for phonological differences that can be observed in Indian English. Tamil and Telugu were chosen as they are among the most widely spoken languages in India (Census of India, 2011). All speakers reported that they acquired Indian English from birth, and they all completed English schools in India before their arrival to the US. They were all graduate students who arrived in the US one semester prior to the recording session. All Indian English speakers self-identified their accent as standard Indian English. For the British English recordings, 6 female speakers who were born and raised in Reading, UK, and who self-identified their accent as Standard British English were recorded. All twelve speakers were paid $10 for each recording session, and each session took less than 2 h. Participants first practiced the sentences by themselves and were then asked to read them out aloud in quiet rooms.
All recordings were normalized for their volume in PRAAT prior to this experiment (Boersma & Weenik, 2017). Sixteen separate University of Florida undergraduate student judges evaluated the recordings from all speakers (see “Appendix A”). All these judges (Mage = 19.4 years, 8 self-identified as women, 6 self-identified as men, 2 self-identified as gender queer) self-identified their speech as American English. The objective LexTale English proficiency test scores had a mean score of 86. All judges were exposed to Spanish to some degree. Additional language background questions yielded that none of the judges had extensive exposure to either British or Indian English. However, all judges indicated more familiarity (i.e., Yes/No familiarity question) with British English compared to Indian English. During the norming task, participants did not see any visual information on the screen. They were asked to transcribe what they were listening to (Babel & Russell, 2015), and were instructed to guess where the speaker might be from. Given that intelligibility and correct identification of origin have been shown to impact listeners’ attitudes towards speech (Derwing & Munro, 2009), auditory stimuli with at least 85% intelligibility and correct identification of origin were kept. Based on the norming data (“Appendix A“), six female speakers for the actual experiment (two female speakers for each variety) were selected. To make the task slightly challenging for participants, and to assess whether noise modulates the intelligibility of different varieties of Englishes (see work by Van Engen & Bradlow, 2007; Van Engen et al., 2014), a − 4 dB (signal to noise ratio) white noise was added to the recordings (McGowan, 2015). This way, the task mimicked real-world scenarios where there is often background noise during speech perception.
For visual stimuli, two previously normed and controlled face databases were used. South Asian faces were taken from the KKWETC face database (Satone, 2017), and white faces were taken from the Chicago face database (Ma et al., 2015). From each database, three female faces that were shown to display no emotional valence were picked. Moreover, there were no piercings or tattoos on the faces that might make them stand out when compared to other faces. Once selected, all images were converted to black and white scale via Adobe Photoshop, and contrast was normalized across all pictures to eliminate any low-level visual processing information (e.g., luminance) as well as to make pictures as similar as possible. Six white and South Asian faces (3:3 ratio) were matched with three different accents by way of a fully randomized Latin-square counterbalance distribution.
The intelligibility and accentedness judgment tasks were administered via PsychoPy (Peirce, 2007). Both tasks were always administered in the same order (i.e., intelligibility first). Two distinct scripts were created for each task, both of which are available on OSF (https://osf.io/9xgd8/?view_only=a68cac5b47464c5cbb2b9ba390ea0194). For the intelligibility task, participants were first shown an image on the computer screen. About 250 ms after the onset of the image, the auditory stimulus played. The image remained on the screen throughout the duration of time that participants were typing their sentences. This manipulation was done to prime participants with the socio-indexical information of the speaker (i.e., speakers’ race). Participants were asked to first listen to the short sentences and were then asked to start typing the sentences. Participants were instructed to ignore any punctuation and capitalization and were explicitly told to type as quickly and as accurately as possible (see Fig. 2). During the debriefing session, participants were asked if they had difficulty remembering the sentences while they were typing them, and no participant reported any difficulty or any other task-related issues.
For the accentedness judgment task, participants were again prompted with an image that appeared 250 ms before the onset of the auditory stimuli. The image remained on the screen until participants judged the accentedness of the speech sample. Participants were told to wait until the end of the sentence and to rate the level of the accentedness on a 9-point Likert scale (with 1 being no accent and 9 being heavily accentedFootnote 5). Button-presses were also locked to avoid any early button-presses. Thus, participants were only able to press the button once the audio file played completely. Once the sentence ended and participants pressed a button, accentedness judgments were recorded (see Fig. 3). Participants were instructed regarding this information and completed a practice trial with the research assistant that consisted of three sentences, which were excluded from the analysis. Three practice trials were created randomly from all 6 speakers such that one speaker per variety was a possible practice trial to minimize familiarity towards a specific speaker and a specific variety. In the intelligibility task, participants listened to all 120 sentences. With a within-subject design, all three English varieties were presented with both a white face and a South Asian face during the experiment, and all items were counterbalanced such that no single sentence stimulus was presented with two different faces in the same list. As a result of these design considerations, there were two lists, and each participant was only tested with one of them.
For the accentedness judgments task, a subset of the same 120 sentences was used. To reduce the repetition effect, participants were asked to judge only a subset of the 120 sentences, yielding accentedness judgments for 60 sentences. The same face and speaker distribution from the intelligibility task were used. Since we used a subset of the 120 sentences from the intelligibility task, there were four counterbalanced lists (60 sentences from each of the two 120-sentence lists used in the intelligibility task), and each participant completed only one of the four lists.
Testing was completed in a quiet room. Participants were recruited through the SONA systems in both testing universities. The experiment took 1.5 h to complete, and participants received class credits upon their completion.
Intelligibility scores were operationally defined in terms of transcription accuracy (Porretta et al., 2016). For each sentence, content words were selected (see all capital letter words as an example of content words in a given sentence, e.g., a BOOK TELLS a STORY), and their transcription accuracy was calculated by means of 1s for correct content words and 0s for incorrect words. We chose to analyze all content words compared to the analysis of the final word as we wanted to measure whether participants’ engagement in the overall typing process from the beginning of a sentence (with high- or low-predictable sentences) would vary depending on the faces that they saw on the screen. Typos that were close to the target content words were counted as 1 (e.g., tels instead of tells or bok instead of book). Accuracy proportions were then calculated for each sentence (n = 120) and for each participant. To investigate accuracy proportions as a function of our independent variables—face, English variety, sentence predictability, and location—we constructed a linear mixed-effects model using the lme4 package (Bates et al., 2015) in R (R version 3.6.1; R Core Team, 2019). Follow-up tests were conducted with the lsmeans package (Lenth, 2017) and corrected pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Proportions were entered as the continuous dependent variable. As fixed effects (a) Helmert-coded Variety (American English vs. British English), and (Indian English vs. American + British English), (b) treatment coded Face (South Asian (1), white (2)), and (c) treatment coded Location (Gainesville (1), Montreal (2)). Treatment coded Predictability (High (1), Low (2)) was included as a covariate. Random effects were by-subject and by-item random intercepts and Predictability was added as a random slope to by-item. Other random slopes were eliminated from by-subject as the model did not converge. This model explained 24% of the variance in data and was the best fit when compared to other models.
Results showed that sentences paired with white faces were transcribed more accurately than those paired with South Asian faces (b = 0.07, SE = 0.007, t = 13.9, p < 0.001) (see Tables 2 and 3). Additionally, Indian English was transcribed less accurately compared to American and British English (b = − 0.008, SE = 0.004, t = − 1.67, p = . 0.09). No such difference was observed between American and British English (b = − 0.04, SE = 0.002, t = − 14.2, p < 0.001). Results also yielded significant differences between two locales such that Montreal participants were overall more accurate in their transcriptions compared to Gainesville participants (b = 0.06, SE = 0.01, t = 6.79, p < 0.001). These main effects were further qualified by multiple interactions.
First, there was an interaction between Face and English Variety (b = 0.04, SE = 0.005, t = 8.3, p < 0.001). Indian English paired with South Asian faces was transcribed less accurately compared to white faces (b = − 0.07, SE = 0.006, t = − 10.9, p < 0.001). Moreover, British English paired with South Asian faces was transcribed less accurately compared to white faces (b = − 0.03, SE = 0.006, t = − 5.4, p < 0.001). The third interaction was between Face and Location (b = − 0.065, SE = 0.007, t = − 8.53, p < 0.001) such that speech paired with South Asian faces was transcribed less accurately compared to white faces in Gainesville (b = − 0.07, SE = 0.006, t = − 13.9, p < 0.001), and speech paired with South Asian faces was transcribed less accurately in Gainesville compared to Montreal (b = − 0.06, SE = 0.009, t = − 6.79, p < 0.001). The third interaction was between Variety and Location (b = − 0.03, SE = 0.009, t = 9.81, p < 0.001). This interaction was driven by a more accurate transcription of American and British English compared to Indian English in Gainesville (b = 0.07, SE = 0.007, t = 10.05, p < 0.01; b = 0.07, SE = 0.007, t = 10.42, p < 0.01) and less accurate transcriptions of Indian English in Gainesville than in Montreal (b = − 0.08, SE = 0.01, t = − 7.44, p < 0.001).
Critically, there was a three-way interaction between Face * Variety * Location (b = − 0.03, SE = 0.005, t = − 5.5, p < 0.001). This interaction revealed that Indian English presented with South Asian faces was transcribed less accurately in Gainesville than in Montreal (b = − 0.14, SE = 0.01, t = − 11.4, p < 0.001) (Fig. 4).
The accentedness scores varied from 1–9 on a 9-point Likert scale. We, therefore, treated the scores as ordinal data and used Cumulative Link Mixed Models (Christensen, 2015) which treats ordinal data as categorical. This analysis was completed through the ordinal package in R which comes with the cumulative link model for ordinal regression. Accent scores were the dependent variable and Variety (American, British, Indian English), Face (South Asian, white), and Location (Gainesville, Montreal) were entered as the fixed effects with the same contrast coding as the intelligibility analysis. Predictability (High, Low) was entered as a covariate. Random intercepts were by-subject and by-item. Random slopes were eliminated as the model did not converge. The model explained 72% of the variability in the data (Table 4).
Results showed that listeners judged white faces as less accented compared to South Asian faces (b = − 1.16, SE = 0.09, z = − 11.9, p < 0.001). Moreover, British English was judged as more accented compared to American English (b = 1.30, SE = 0.08, z = 15.5, p < 0.001), and Indian English was judged as more accented than both American and British English combined (b = 1.31, SE = 0.05, z = 24.7, p < 0.001). These main effects were also further qualified by multiple interactions.
There was an interaction between Face (white) and Variety type (British vs. American) (b = 0.41, SE = 0.11, z = 3.54, p < 0.001) and between Face (white) and Variety type (Indian vs. American + British) (b = 0.32, SE = 0.06, z = 4.76, p < 0.001). These interactions suggest that for both American and British English, whenever they were paired with white faces, these recordings were judged as less accented compared to when paired with South Asian faces. This effect was not observed for Indian English (p > 0.05).
There was another interaction between Face (white) and Location (Montreal) which shows that white faces were judged as more accented in Montreal than in Gainesville (b = 1.244, SE = 0.29, z = − 4.23, p < 0.001), while no such difference was observed for South Asian faces (p > 0.05). Location also interacted with Variety type (b = 1.27, SE = 0.12, z = 10.6, p < 0.001) such that British English was judged as less accented in Gainesville compared to Montreal (b = − 1.61, SE = 0.30, z = − 5.36, p < 0.001). No such difference was observed for American or Indian English.
Finally, there was a critical three-way interaction between Face, Variety type, and Location for the American vs. British accent contrast (b = − 0.54, SE = 0.16, z = − 3.26, p < 0.01). This interaction was driven by higher accentedness judgments towards American English paired South Asian faces in Gainesville when compared to Montreal participants (b = 1.39, SE = 0.32, z = 4.30, p < 0.001) as well as British English recordings being judged as more accented in Montreal compared to Gainesville when paired with both white and South Asian faces (b = − 2.07, SE = 0.32, z = − 6.46, p < 0.001; b = − 1.15, SE = 0.32, z = − 3.57, p = 0.02, respectively) (see Fig. 5).
This study investigated how living in different multilingual locales modulates speech perception and accentedness judgments of three English varieties (i.e., American, British, and Indian English) when presented with white and South Asian faces. To test this, we conducted two experiments in two different locales, Gainesville and Montreal, that differed in terms of their multilingualism and multiculturalism. Overall, our findings showed that living in a locale where multilingualism is not promoted modulated speech perception, particularly when it was paired with South Asian faces. We discuss these findings in detail below.
First, we found locale differences such that Montreal participants were overall more accurate in their transcriptions compared to Gainesville participants. This difference could arise from the linguistic uncertainty that Montreal and Gainesville participants have in their everyday life. A recent framework proposed by Gullifer and Titone (2021) argues that there is individual variability in how bilinguals experience language-related uncertainties (see also Beatty-Martinez & Titone, 2021, who advocate for characterizing bilinguals through behavioral phenotyping). Language entropy is one way of measuring such fluctuations in different contexts. Here, we observed that bilinguals in Montreal and in Gainesville differed in terms of their overall language entropy. While Gainesville participants were in a more monolingual-like language state (i.e., low language entropy), Montreal participants were more bilingual in their everyday life (i.e., high language entropy). This suggests that Montreal participants are potentially more prone to experiencing linguistic uncertainties, which can then lead them to engage cognitive processes that handle such differences. On the other hand, it may not be cognitively adaptive for Gainesville bilinguals to engage in such processes as they do not encounter the same levels of language-based uncertainties in their everyday life. These findings also support the hypothesis that systematic exposure to variability aids speech perception (Baese-Berk et al., 2013). The observed differences between Montreal and Gainesville are important to discuss in speech perception research as these findings suggest a more context-based social information processing (see Hanulíková et al., 2012). Recall that all speech recordings were previously normed without any visual information to have at least 85% intelligibility. Our findings also show that these highly intelligible recordings became less intelligible when they were paired with South Asian faces compared to white faces, consistent with past work on how race modulates speech perception (Babel & Russell, 2015; Rubin, 1992; Hanulíková et al., 2012).
In terms of accentedness judgments, Montreal participants did not judge speech paired with South Asian faces as more accented compared to white faces within the same variety. For instance, there was no difference between white and South Asian faces for American, British, or Indian English. However, in Gainesville, both American and British English were judged as more accented when paired with South Asian faces. These differential mechanisms that are engaged for accentedness judgments in Gainesville and Montreal suggest that the social meaning of observable race has different values in these two locales. For instance, race is a less reliable cue in Montreal compared to Florida as it was seen that Montreal participants primarily use speech variables to assess one’s accentedness level, while Gainesville participants use both face and accents to make their judgments (also see Hanulíková et al., 2012). It is also crucial to note that overall, we replicated both our intelligibility and accentedness judgments findings in the previous study which was only conducted in Gainesville, Florida with a larger sample size (Kutlu et al., 2021). However, we found differences across different locales suggesting that context modulates the intelligibility and the accentedness judgments of speech.
Importantly, we found differences in accentedness judgments in terms of which variety the participants were listening to. British English was judged as less accented in Gainesville compared to Montreal. The higher accentedness judgments towards British English in Montreal suggest that for Montreal listeners, British English was not closer to their own variety type, but it was as accented as Indian English. This is an important finding. As we discussed earlier, Indian English speakers are those who speak many languages along with Indian English. These Indian English speakers grow up speaking Indian English as their own variety of speech. Therefore, perceiving Indian English as a more foreign variety suggests that listeners (i.e., Western listeners) associate Indian English with out-group members of the English-speaking community (Kachru, 1986; Kutlu, 2020). However, it seems like listeners in the different locales have different ways of positioning Indian English and British English speakers. While in Montreal, both British and Indian English are categorized towards the foreign variety, in Gainesville, British English serves as the intermediate step towards foreignness. This suggests that British English is not perceived as foreign as Indian English is to listeners.
We acknowledge several limitations of our design. We chose the sentences as they have been widely used in previous speech perception research. However, the sentence list consists of half high-predictable (i.e., The color of a lemon is yellow) and half low-predictable sentences (i.e., The towel is yellow). For the intelligibility task, it would be ideal to have all low-predictable sentences. Importantly, we normed all recordings without any visual information to have at least 85% intelligibility. This biases speech recordings to be highly intelligible. However, everyday interactions do also contain unintelligible speech. Findings in future studies might differ depending on the norming process. Nonetheless, these experimental contradictions should be interpreted as the need for speech perception research that is geared towards understanding social information processing (Hanulíková, 2021).
Our results here reinforce the role of race in speech perception. Further, they speak to how multilingual environments, race, and speech perception are intertwined. More studies are needed to understand the connection between foreign accents and race and how listeners form their associations towards multilingual groups and the ways in which they converge or diverge with multilingual speakers (Walker & Campbell-Kibler, 2015). We encourage researchers across the language and cognitive sciences to continue pursuing these important questions, and to acknowledge the diverse multilingual experiences and how these experiences shape their cognitive, emotional, and linguistic development (see e.g., Tiv, Kutlu, & Titone, 2020; López, 2020).
Availability of data and materials
Experimental coding scripts are available via the Open Science Framework under https://osf.io/9xgd8/?view_only=a68cac5b47464c5cbb2b9ba390ea0194. The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
It should be noted that the term non-native and native, for that matter, are problematic and are found to racialize speakers of multilingual and/or different varieties. Here, we use this term only to refer to previous studies (for a detail discussion, see Baese-Berk et al., 2020; Cheng et al., 2021; Dewaele, 2018).
It should be noted that a foreign accent can be associated with a regional variety as well. However, regional differences are outside the scope of this study.
Integrated refers to the use of both languages in a more balanced way while compartmentalized refers to the single language use.
(OSCAAR: The Online Speech/Corpora Archive and Analysis Resource, talker speakers 439 and 441 (filenames: SC_S_ENF_29_EN, SC_S_ENF_18_EN).
No accent and heavily accented terms were used in relation to listeners’ own perceived accent. All listeners were instructed to listen to whether the speaker’s accent differed from their own accent.
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We would like to thank Sabrina Fiske for her help with data collection, Dylan Attlesey and Holly Redman for their help with stimuli preparation, as well as the members of the University of Florida’s Brain Cognition and Development Lab, Dr. Lisa Scott, and the members of McGill’s Language and Multilingualism Laboratory for their invaluable input. The publication charges for this article have been funded by a grant from the publication fund of UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
Public significance statement
Listeners can make inferences regarding a speakers’ race, age, socioeconomic status, and their linguistic background based on their speech alone. However, it is not clear to what extent listeners use visual information to inform their judgments of a speaker depending on where they live. We tested listeners in two locations, and the results showed that listeners in these two locales differed in terms of using visual information when engaging in speech perception. We discuss our findings from the lens of multilingualism and how race modulates speech perception.
This research was funded to Dr. Debra Titone by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant 261769–13) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Grants 430-2016-01037, and Grants 435-2019-1264).
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of the University of Florida (protocol code IRB201703121 and date of approval on 10/1/2019).
Consent for publication
The authors declare no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
To assess that all Englishes have the similar comprehensibility, we measured the intelligibility of each speaker with a full transcription task both with and without noise. Intelligibility scores were analyzed in two ways: (i)scoring the accuracy of content words (e.g., MOM READ about the COLORS), (ii) scoring the final word accuracy. Recall that all sentences were from a previously tested and normed study (Bradlow & Alexander, 2007) with half of them being highly predictable and the other half being low predictable. In all sentences, the target word was at the end of the sentence (e.g., HP: The color of a lemon is yellow; Mom thinks that it is yellow). Since some of the sentences were not fully transcribed (i.e., missing final words), we chose the content word analysis over the final word analysis. Therefore, the analysis of content word percentages and proportions were used in the table below to show the differences among speakers.
A Python script was used to record intelligibility data. Following Babel and Russell (2015), we did not use any visual information during the intelligibility norming task to avoid any social cues. This was done to maximize the acoustic characteristics of the speech since our goal was to have recordings that have a similar intelligibility range. This similarity would allow us to assess whether participants use social cues such as the race to inform their accentedness judgments. Participants (n = 16, 9 female, Mage = 19.1) heard 120 sentences and then were asked to transcribe as accurately as possible. They were told to ignore any punctuation and were instructed not to use capital letters. At the end of the experiment, judges were asked if they could identify the accent of the speakers and in all cases, accents were identified correctly as American English, British English, and Indian English for all speakers. This served as the correct identification of speakers’ origin. Another set of participants were recruited to test the intelligibility in noise (n = 10, 7 female, Mage = 19.5). All participants reported speaking only American English and did not report extensive familiarity with Indian English (measured via the same Language Background Questionnaire that participants filled out). About 70% of the participants reported knowledge of Spanish from schooling. To avoid any repetition effect from typing sentences, there were 4 blocks. During these blocks, participants filled out language questionnaires and also completed the same LexTale English proficiency that was used in the actual experiment (Mscore = 85).
To process the transcriptions, each participants’ transcriptions were entered into an Excel file and then was split into words using Microsoft Excel’s text-to-columns feature. Two research assistants went through each word per sentence and marked words that were not typed correctly with 0. All words that were typed correctly had 1. Typographical errors (e.g., “aple” for “apple”) were not counted as conceptual errors, and therefore, were accepted as correct. Furthermore, judges did not have issues typing high and low predictable sentences as there was no effect of predictability on intelligibility scores (p > 0.05). Therefore, percentages and proportions were created for the content word correctness. Table 5 shows the percentages of intelligibility for each speaker with and without noise. Two female speakers of British English and Indian English were picked based on their 85% above intelligibility (Table 5).
High predictable sentences
1. The meat from a pig is called pork.
2. For dessert he had apple pie.
3. Sugar tastes very sweet.
4. The color of a lemon is yellow.
5. My clock was wrong, so I got to school late.
6. In spring, the plants are full of green leaves.
7. A bicycle has two wheels.
8. She made the bed with clean sheets.
9. The sport shirt has short sleeves.
10. He washed his hands with soap and water.
11. The child dropped the dish and it broke.
12. The bread was made from whole wheat.
13. The opposite of hot is cold.
14. A wristwatch is used to tell the time.
15. The warplane dropped a bomb.
16. She cut the cake with a knife.
17. A chair has four legs.
18. Cut the meat into small pieces.
19. The team was trained by their coach.
20. The lady wears earrings in her ears.
21. People wear shoes on their feet.
22. When sheep graze in a field, they eat grass.
23. A rose is a type of flower.
24. Football is a dangerous sport.
25. The heavy rains caused a flood.
26. Bob wore a watch on his wrist.
27. Monday is the first day of the week.
28. The pan that was just in the oven is very hot.
29. Rain falls from clouds in the sky.
30. The boy laughed because the joke was very funny.
31. To cool her drink, she added a few cubes of ice.
32. A quarter is worth twenty-five cents.
33. An orange is a type of fruit.
34. People wear scarves around their necks.
35. I wrote my name on a piece of paper.
36. For your birthday I baked a cake.
37. Birds build their nests in trees.
38. My parents, sister and I are a family.
39. The good boy is helping his mother and father.
40. People wear gloves on their hands.
41. A book tells a story.
42. A pigeon is a kind of bird.
43. The sick woman went to see a doctor.
44. The lady uses a hairbrush to brush her hair.
45. At breakfast he drank some orange juice.
46. Last night, they had beef for dinner.
47. A race car can go very fast.
48. Many people like to start the day with a cup of coffee.
49. He brought the book to school from home.
50. I wear my hat on my head.
51. Red and green are colors.
52. The stars come out at night.
53. February has twenty-eight days.
54. The picture is hung high on the bedroom wall.
55. We heard the ticking of the clock.
56. She laid the meal on the table.
57. She looked at herself in her mirror.
58. Elephants are big animals.
59. After my bath, I dried off with a towel.
60. In the morning it gets light, and in the evening it gets dark.
Low predictable sentences
1. Dad looked at the pork.
2. Mom talked about the pie.
3. We think that it is sweet.
4. Mom thinks that it is yellow.
5. He thinks that it is late.
6. She talked about the leaves.
7. He read about the wheels.
8. Dad talked about the sheets.
9. He looked at the sleeves.
10. We talked about the water.
11. We heard that it broke.
12. Dad pointed at the wheat.
13. She thinks that it is cold.
14. This is her favorite time.
15. Dad talked about the bomb.
16. Mom read about the knife.
17. She looked at her legs.
18. There are many pieces.
19. We read about the coach.
20. She pointed at his ears.
21. Mom looked at her feet.
22. Dad pointed at the grass.
23. She read about the flower.
24. This is her favorite sport.
25. He read about the flood.
26. He looked at her wrist.
27. This is her favorite week.
28. Mom thinks that it is hot.
29. Dad read about the sky.
30. Dad thinks that it is funny.
31. He talked about the ice.
32. He pointed at the cents.
33. He pointed at the fruit.
34. She talked about their necks.
35. We talked about the paper.
36. This is her favorite cake.
37. He read about the trees.
38. We read about the family.
39. Mom pointed at his father.
40. She looked at her hands.
41. We looked at the story.
42. We pointed at the bird.
43. Mom talked about the doctor.
44. He pointed at his hair.
45. Mom looked at the juice.
46. He talked about the dinner.
47. She thinks that it is fast.
48. Mom pointed at the coffee.
49. She pointed at the home.
50. She pointed at her head.
51. Mom read about the colors.
52. This is her favorite night.
53. There are many days.
54. We pointed at the wall.
55. She looked at the clock.
56. Dad read about the table.
57. We looked at the mirror.
58. He pointed at the animals.
59. Dad looked at the towel.
60. Dad thinks that it is dark.
About this article
Cite this article
Kutlu, E., Tiv, M., Wulff, S. et al. Does race impact speech perception? An account of accented speech in two different multilingual locales. Cogn. Research 7, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00354-0
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Urban form is the major factor in creating a living environment. This is why the most criticized and discussed modernistic concepts are urban projects. Trying to provide better living conditions, architects unintentionally created spaces which are nowadays perceived as antisocial and dehumanized.
The most radical and – fortunately – theoretical urban project is the Voisin Plan designed by Le Corbusier in early 20s of 20th century. The concept of total reorganization of the centre of Paris became a flagship idea of modernism urbanism. What is now treated as a national treasure and one of the most touristic areas had been intended to be demolished as too small and too dense to live in. Corbusier wanted to replace it with huge, 60-storey, cross-shaped buildings, organized with the orthogonal grid and flooded in greenery, creating a new business and residential area.
The main problem in that project was its lack of human scale and negative emotions it would evoke in people. In our concept we tried to recall this oppressive urban form and criticize it by confronting it with existing city and its inhabitants.
Our new definition of a memorial monument is a farewell – a temporary structure in urban scale. Eighteen black crosses taken directly from Le Corbusier’s plan will be floating above the Parisians’ heads throwing a shadow on the existing urban fabric. Each cross would be built with 5760 black balloons filled with helium – the number symbolizes the amount of people meant to stay in one building.
The whole concept will not be easy to read from the level of the street. Its mysterious form is intended to make people feel lost, uneasy and insecure – just as they would have felt if the Plan Voisin was built. In that sense even a person which is not familiar with the history of urbanism is able to understand the message of the installation. To emphasize lack of human scale in modernist assumptions, the monument as a whole will be visible only via Google Maps or similar application.
Balloons would be used because of their fragility and temporality. Day after day, they would be getting smaller and would be constantly falling down, providing more sunshine and the dark shadow of modernist urbanism would Vanish, leaving no visible mark.
In this way, we would like to show how the world could look like… And get rid of this.
199089: Dimitris Chatziioakeimidis
(Faculty of Architecture, University of Patras)
758493: Achilleas Pliakos
(School of Architecture N.T.U.A.)
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An ankle sprain is a common injury that can affect anyone at any age. Ankle sprains can range from mild to severe, depending on the level of damage to the ligaments. Although mild ankle sprains often heal on their own, treatment from a doctor should be sought out so the injury can be properly addressed.
Learn more here about ankle sprains, what causes them, and how the experts at Comprehensive Foot Specialists in Huntington, NY, frequently diagnose and treat ankle sprains to help patients live pain-free and active lives.
An ankle sprain is a very common injury because it has a wide range of causes and can occur at any age. A sprained ankle is an injury that results when the ankle rolls, twists, or turns in an unusual way. This can stretch or tear the ligaments surrounding the ankle, which holds the leg, foot, and ankle bones together.
Swelling or bruising can occur as a direct result of the ligaments tearing. Pain or discomfort in the affected area is also common following an ankle sprain. Tendons, cartilage, and blood vessels can be affected by an ankle sprain as well, since the parts of the foot work together to promote mobility. Depending on the severity of the ankle sprain, signs and symptoms may include:
The main cause of an ankle sprain is when the ankle is forced to shift out of its normal placement, resulting in one or more of the ankle’s ligaments to overstretch, moderately tear, or completely tear. Ankle sprains can happen at any time, but are most common during sports (especially those like basketball or soccer). An ankle sprain can also occur when walking on an uneven surface or from wearing improper footwear.
In order to properly diagnose an ankle sprain, a physical exam will be performed by a physician to confirm which exact ligaments in the ankle have been damaged or torn. Throughout the physical examination, the physician will rotate the ankle joint in a variety of ways to monitor its mobility.
In some cases, imaging tests such as X-rays or an MRI may be needed to further check for a bone fracture, ankle dislocation, or additional damage to the ankle joint and ligaments. If there is a bone fracture, the doctor will then perform a stress test, which is a special X-ray implemented with pressure applied to the joint. The stress test will help to determine if surgery is needed. An MRI is often performed if severe damage is suspected, but will usually not be performed until swelling and bruising of the area have gone down.
Depending on the degree of severity, initial treatment for an ankle sprain most often consists of rest, ice, compression, and elevation in milder cases. In addition, your physician may recommend a brace, offering moderate support and compression. In a more severe sprain, your physician may recommend hospitalization and possible surgery. The severity of the sprain becomes most apparent if you are unable to stand or ambulate, swelling and pain persist for a prolonged period of time, or if you begin to observe numbness. These are all signs of a possible ankle fracture, which requires immediate attention.
At Comprehensive Foot Specialists, we are the experts in treating a variety of foot and ankle injuries and conditions, including ankle sprains. Our podiatrists are certified in Total Ankle Replacement (TAR), an advanced ankle procedure used to address and resolve issues with the ankle and restore patient comfort and mobility. We are committed to our patients by providing top-quality treatment and care at our office in Huntington, NY. To learn more about the additional services we provide, please contact us today.
At Comprehensive Foot Specialists, our expert physicians are dedicated to treating a wide variety of foot and ankle conditions so you can live comfortably, 24/7. Contact us today to learn more!Book an Appointment
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The human foot is a strong and intricate network that contains 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments – leaving this complex structure at a higher risk for fractures. Foot fractures are considered to be the most common foot injuries to treat – they have a wide range of types, with the most common being stress fractures.
Learn more about the different types of foot fractures, the symptoms you may experience, and how Comprehensive Foot Specialists in Huntington, NY, diagnoses and treats a variety of foot fractures on a daily basis.
A fracture is a bone break that is very common for people of any age. Foot fractures can occur as a result of a physical accident (such as dropping a heavy object on the foot), or from overuse or repetitive stress from partaking in high impact sports, such as running, tennis, or basketball. The most common symptoms associated with a foot fracture are pain and swelling, as well as bruising or discoloration of the foot and pain while walking and weight-bearing.
A stress fracture is an overuse injury, and is defined as a minuscule crack or extreme bruising of the foot bone. Stress fractures frequently occur among athletes, especially for runners. A stress fracture’s most common symptom is pain during physical activity, with the pain diminishing during periods of rest.
A non-displaced fracture is when the bone cracks partially or completely, but still maintains its proper alignment.
A displaced fracture is when the bone moves out of alignment after a break. When the bone breaks, two or more parts move, resulting in the misalignment of the two ends.
An open fracture, also referred to as a compound fracture, is when the skin breaks over the fracture. This is a very serious injury, as it has the potential for infection of the broken bone and damage to the soft tissue surrounding it. Open fractures should be addressed immediately by a doctor for the smoothest possible treatment process
A closed fracture occurs when the bone breaks, but there is no puncture or break through the skin.
Fractures have a large number of causes, including:
On a daily basis, the feet support the weight of the body, which causes a substantial amount of pressure and stress. When there is too much strain placed on this area, a fracture can occur – commonly while running, exercising, or during any form of physical activity. A foot fracture can also occur when there is any form of sudden, high impact contact with the foot, such as during an accident or injury. In addition, medical conditions, such as arthritis or cancer, can cause the bones to weaken, resulting in a higher risk for foot fractures.
A foot fracture will be diagnosed during a physical exam, with the doctor reviewing the patient’s symptoms while pressing the foot gently to locate the source of pain, as well as discussing the circumstances that led to the fracture. It is likely for the doctor to order additional imaging tests such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan to accurately determine what type of bone fracture is present and its precise location in the foot.
Treatment for fractures depends on the extent and location of the fracture in the foot. Fractures that remain in anatomic position usually require only off-loading and supportive walking shoes/boots to allow for bony healing and apposition. When the fracture is displaced, oftentimes reduction and/or surgery is required. Reduction of a fracture is performed in the office or hospital. Regularly, fractures will remain in place once reduced, however, at times they will require additional fixation with pins and/or screws. This will require surgical intervention, and often post-surgical casting and off-loading.
At Comprehensive Foot Specialists, we are experts in treating and healing a variety of foot fractures, including stress, non-displaced, displaced, open, and closed fractures, and more. Our office is conveniently located in Huntington, NY, where you will receive the best quality podiatric care from our highly qualified team. To learn more about the services we offer and to make your appointment, please contact us today.
At Comprehensive Foot Specialists, our expert physicians are dedicated to treating a wide variety of foot and ankle conditions so you can live comfortably, 24/7. Contact us today to learn more!Book an Appointment
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Coping Skills Practice Exercise
Instructions For Coping Skills Practice Exercise:
1. The following activity uses some common emotionally upsetting experiences pre-teens may have. This activity is designed to help kids practice healthy coping skills to get over these kinds of upsets more easily. First, you”ll want to read through the 3 Lessons about the “Coping Brain.”
2. Next get a paper and pencil so you can write down each of these six upsetting experiences that may cause a pre-teen to become stressed or upset.
3. Listed below are six examples of experiences that effective coping skills can help you to get over. Start by reading through the list of upsets to see if there is one of these that has really happened to you! Start the exercise using that one.
4. If you”ve not experienced any of these six upsetting experiences, write down another upsetting situation you”ve had that”s been hard for you to get over . Start the exercise using that one.
Important Reminder: There are no “right” or “wrong” answers in this exercise. This exercise helps you to learn by practicing coping skills using words that describe what your real feelings and experiences might be.
Write down this list and answer questions for each of these statements:
EMOTIONALLY WOUNDING EXPERIENCES PRE-TEENS MIGHT HAVE
- I have to move to another city far away from my friends.
- My pet dog or cat dies.
- A person I like doesn”t want to do things with me anymore.
- Some students call me bad names.
- A friend is spreading false rumors about me.
- Someone I trust has been lying to me.
- A group of kids are laughing and making fun of me.
- I”m being criticized in front of others.
Remember, if you haven”t had any of the above experiences, write down an upsetting experience you”ve had that was difficult to get over.
Next – go on to the exercise below:
Coping Skills Practice for Getting Over Each Above Upset
For each upsetting experience write down your answers to these 4 ?”s
1. Name which types of upset your experience might be called. Is it a Loss; Rejection; Betrayal or Humiliation? (Hints: You can look up meanings of these and other words by clicking Definitions Page. Remember, any upsetting event could be more than one of these 4 types of upsets .
2. What does this upset make me feel like inside? (Hint: Try to use words other than just: “mad,” “bad” or “sad”)
3. How does this upset make me feel about myself? (Hint: You might use names you might call yourself because of having this experience.)
4. This upset hurts since it tells me what is really important to me. (Hint: Usually this answer shows what you really want and need that is the opposite of the upsetting experience you”ve had. So write down what positive thing you”ve found out about yourself by going through this upset and coping exercise.)
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Sheet metal formation into final products EU-funded researchers used experimental and numerical methods to analyse one of the main problems faced by industry in forming sheet metal into final products. Identification of critical parameters should help optimise the process. Industrial Technologies © Thinkstock Metals are used widely throughout industry to manufacture parts for cars, aeroplanes, appliances and more. Aluminium and its alloys (combined with other metals) are often used as their light weight leads to reduced fuel consumption and pollution. Optimising the sheet metal-forming process (by which the metal is formed into desired product shape) is important to maintaining a competitive position. Developing sheet metal-based products with higher geometrical complexity and increased dimensional accuracy at a lower cost drives the market. The warm-forming process reduces springback, the tendency of the sheet metal to spring back slightly after being bent due to residual stresses induced by the forming process. It also reduces the production cost of metal alloys. EU funding of the ‘Forming of aluminium alloys at elevated temperature’ (FALET-HL-CEMUC) project enabled European researchers to evaluate springback of sheet metal alloys during the warm deep-drawing process. Using an experimental springback rig test (Demeri’s test) as well as both commercially available and in-house numerical tools, scientists evaluated effects of various parameters on residual stress and springback. Studies enabled them to identify critical parameters determining the distribution of stress. In addition, the FALET-HL-CEMUC team identified the future need to investigate friction in sheet-forming processes at elevated temperatures. Lubricants should be reduced or eliminated to decrease environmental impact at various stages of the product life-cycle. Thus, the challenge will be to develop and apply coatings to the forming machinery surface to reduce friction and eliminate the need for oil-based lubricants. FALET-HL-CEMUC project results enabled identification of key parameters critical to minimising springback in the sheet metal warm-forming process and formulation of future research areas to minimise environmental impact and realise sustainable manufacturing goals.
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In this lesson we want to learn about Python Selenium Web Elements, Python Selenium Web Elements are the different components of web page that Selenium can interact with using its APIs. These web elements include HTML elements such as buttons, links, checkboxes, radio buttons, input fields, dropdowns, tables and more.
Selenium provides several methods to locate and interact with these web elements. some of the commonly used methods include:
- find_element_by_id: Locates an element on the web page using its ID attribute.
- find_element_by_name: Locates an element on the web page using its Name attribute.
- find_element_by_class_name: Locates an element on the web page using its Class Name attribute.
- find_element_by_xpath: Locates an element on the web page using an XPath expression.
- find_element_by_css_selector: Locates an element on the web page using a CSS selector.
Once an element is located, Selenium provides a range of methods to interact with it such as clicking on it, entering text into input fields, selecting options from dropdowns, checking and unchecking checkboxes, and more.
In addition to interacting with individual elements, Selenium also provides methods to work with groups of elements such as finding all elements that match a particular selector, or iterating over a table and extracting data from its rows and columns.
Overall, Python Selenium Web Elements provide a powerful way to interact with the different components of a web page and automate web tasks.
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In this course, you will learn :
- How to create and manipulate Python datetime objects to aid in the identification of key financial events such as Black Friday.
- How to use Python dictionaries to store and efficiently look up items.
- How to use Boolean logic to determine truth and how to control execution in if-statements and loops using comparison and equality operators.
- How to use pandas to create and access DataFrames with financial data from other data structures such as Dicts, lists, and CSV files.
- How to interpret new data, create masks to filter data, and use plots to visualise your findings.
- Datetimes and Dictionaries
- Control Flow and Logic
- Pandas Dataframe
- Working with NASDAQ Stock Data
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Toefl Speaking Topics Part 2: The Story of Existentialism? “What makes up the essence, the essence of the existence of the universal subject, is the single most mysterious aspect that is perhaps not understood much by noncatharsis scholars.” In my visit our website chapter, I argued that existentialists believed that knowledge comes from the power of the dead. I wrote about this argument in my analysis of the death of the soul, written in the wake of the late Socratic students who studied the history of metaphysics and philosophy. My belief that consciousness belongs to the field of an existentialist path lay behind my final chapter. The study of how individuals change the body of a philosopher poses one of the biggest challenges that any philosophical evaluation of existentialism would face. Philosophers routinely evaluate philosophers’ work as essentially non-bodily and non-sapiential, where one must take everything around the body into account: the body is the same as the essence and the essence of the body is taken as the essence of the body. This is good for existentialists who do not understand the importance of the fourfold attribute of possession of the body to existentialism, as demonstrated in my dissertation that I wrote about during the 2007 Nobel Prize lecture at MIT (as per the previous section, “What is the origin of the conception and the meaning, and whether we can understand anything about it?”). We do not need existentialists in this present period to accept existentialism as literal and rational. Indeed, existentialism has really become a way of seeing mental states as different from the physical state. I will recall Professor Richard Bennington’s famous analysis of the ego, as used by existentialist philosophy to justify the philosophy of the body in the wake of the late Socratic students: Ego is the one thing that the body can’t contain, the soul, the intellect: it is the subject. … … The subject asks the thinker to conceive himself a body form; it then asks him to see what a personality is. The ego is the one thing the body can’t contain that the soul just cannot grasp. (Bennington, On the Soul, ed. F. E. Barlow, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982) Nevertheless, at the heart of the study of existentialism is the study of existentialist’s work as metaphysics, which is beyond existentialist’s capacity to understand. The major aim of this chapter is to point out that existentialism holds no relationship to the subject, and, as such, it is against the intent of existentialism. My intention here is to demonstrate the importance of existentialism to the philosophy of the body in relation to mysticism. But there is an important philosophical point I wish to emphasize that, by failing to go beyond the scope of this section, I am suggesting that the philosophical position which many philosophers take seems to be empty. The Death of The Soul and Existentialism The only thing existentialism actually holds against it, by claiming to see the essential essence of the soul as the human body, is the idea that the soul transcends the body.
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Such a claim to see the soul as the work of the intellect then becomes false. Rather, existentialism is a way of attempting to address the individual character of the soul, in contradistinction to the idea where it exists, in the process calling people under the illusion of body itself. At the heart of existentialism is the idea that the body reflects on its own, and not on the soul’s, existence as a subject. Indeed, it is easy to project existentialism onto the concept of the soul, since it is in the beginning of the history of our personal culture an attempt to paint the soul as the work of the intellect (besides being so to Read Full Report inextirmation). helpful resources will actually go straight to the discussion of existentialism involving the death of the soul and the resurrection of the physical world in the wake of the late Socratic students. The Death of the Soul Is Subject to Phenomenology In recommended you read study of the subject of the body, I discussed the basic concept of a “pseudoness”. The existence of a pseudoness cannot be used for any other purpose, and it is never useful to project it on any other personToefl Speaking Topics Part 2: The Way to Serve Them I have been trying to practice on more and more tips read more how to serve some products to children under seven years of age. It looks like I have been reading many of you through the years on the blog More hints in the area of how to serve some things…. not least: sugar. Some of you may know (or at least you can learn) the traditional Sugar Diet you went through (page 17). They all have that… the simple answer… sugar.
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.. no. I know you are going to be writing your head over thinking… or perhaps you are having a really hard time trying to figure this one out? So… -How many sugar-beanstalkers do I have? – a 100 lb bag And the word… that means… 1 ton (2,500 grains) plus 1 tablespoon (1.5 grams) of sugar? You are thinking of six cans (7ozs) of sugar and 2 tablespoons (1.5 grams) of honey? This right?! Well…
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what about 4 tablespoons (0.25 grams) of sugar (0.75 grams)? Well.. oh please, did that have any connection to any of the above-mentioned things? -What my baby’s favorite sugar (sweetened milk ) bar cookies? Now I know what you are thinking… -If you put your infant’s home milk in your pantry… -Are you crazy? Take her out to the sink so the only water is always here! -Be careful about taking your cup of honey; you can easily stick in the bowl off the water. -When taking your baby out of her crib you will need to use the hamper. If your water gets too bubbly after a sniff you can add some honey. Doing this will give your baby extra clean water, and it will make it less bothersome to throw out (if you throw it out). -Start taking your child out while they are 3.5 months old so they can play longer. This will help your baby to get to a nice and sweet spot at birth. This will help your baby to make healthy changes that will be pleasant to deal with. Keep them safe and warm as you see them. You may want to attempt to stay away from things too late and get your baby to school early so you don’t make things go wrong.
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-When your little guy is 7 months old your baby should be as healthy as possible! -As soon as the baby age and temperature is out of range all baby and toddler will have to work every day for a long time because so many things can’t get done during normal week-a -I think the problem with this strategy is the way in which products produce sugar. Things like cinnamon, ginger,… a lot of the same like what ginger has to do to produce sugar. So giving them ginger root coffee (more sugar if you go to… oh no) gets to the point where you’ve got sugar without an ounce of sugar. With sugar comes about a lot of confusion in human relationships but as you read in the book sugar (cooking) can have a… your… situation of being poor…. -If there is a whole book on managing sugar without overstatement giving your baby sugar free water will really blow.
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In fact you need 1 cup of regular milk coffee (if you giveToefl Speaking Topics Part 2 – What Does It Look Too? This article is for those who do not yet understand to speak can use a word that is first described as a ‘textual’, language, graphic, sculpture, computer/sculptor/engineering device. The term is employed to describe the technique in use, the skill required and the people doing so. For those who do not need to see ‘textual’ as the technique explained, consider how it is referred to as ‘images’ or something different as ‘trend’. It probably is easy to understand the term meaning, understanding that ‘images’ refers to what follows the word in a technical sequence including the words that describe a medium. Whether something is written in a language based on character maps, characters described by a method, a text, something or any other more tips here a set of words are often used interchangeably. So as you will understand, here is the first example of what a differentiating method to help language learners become skilled in writing up a particular text, a given sentence spoken. He was sitting on the porch watching the weather ahead and thought to himself, the skies are falling. He wished someone would come toward him and pay attention. But no. Not yet. It turns out a painter had some recent progress. However, for some reason the sky was really soft and so the piper made a nice sparkle and moved on down the hill as if awaiting an angel to come forward. He was listening to a radio broadcast based on his experiences near a friend. Now, the computer was learning his next words as it comes to the attention of the instructor. He started by finding a pattern which the teacher was setting up for him next. But the pattern changed when I explained it best. While I was making a small sketch, I noticed a set of words followed one and that got further as lines became a bit more distant. Later, I would get a little bit of a clue, a few words of one note were enough to arouse my interest in the next sentence. I was watching the clock indicating out of a cell of the phone, but the same signal went into the receiver that set the power on. It is the greatest thing in the world, but maybe it will be kind of boring for us to understand how it works.
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Now, that gives us a possible lesson on one of the major tools of the tool of reading, using and using words. It is pretty easy, as these recommended you read names are just examples, it means that you aren’t familiar with them, but you may already be familiar later on. Which is why the author uses the term ‘language’ as a theme, referring to other languages. One of the languages for you, take a look at the Table of Terms, Table of Rythms and Table of Signs. You will see one simple class of word, i was reading this explains a particular and makes a meaningful ‘pre-term’ which is the language described. This is written mainly in English or German, it has multiple meanings including ‘medium’, ‘elder’ or ‘older’, ‘precariously’ as well as other meanings. As to find a translation from these used language terms, find a
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South Dakota is a state in the North Central region of the United States of America, whereas Yemen is a country at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. Today in this article, we will discuss the comparison between South Dakota and Yemen regarding various aspects.
Is South Dakota bigger than Yemen?
The total area of South Dakota is 77,116 sq mi, and the total area of Yemen is 214,000 sq mi. South Dakota is smaller than Yemen by 136,884 sq mi. South Dakota is around 2.78 times smaller than Yemen.
Area of South Dakota: 77,116 sq mi ( 199,729 km2 )
Area of Yemen: 214,000 sq mi ( 555,000 km2 )
According to the United States Census Bureau, the total population of South Dakota as of 1st July 2021 was estimated to be around 895,376.
Based on the World Bank data, the total population of Yemen as of 2020, was estimated to be around 29,825,968.
Here is some more data comparison between South Dakota and Yemen.
The capital city of South Dakota is Pierre, and the capital city of Yemen is Sana’a.
South Dakota: English, O’ceti Sakowin
South Dakota: South Dakotan
Yemen: Yemeni, Yemenite
ISO 3166 Code
South Dakota: US-SD
South Dakota Time Zone:
UTC – 6 (Central Standard Time)
UTC – 7 (Mountain Standard Time)
UTC – 5 (Central Daylight Time)
UTC – 6 (Mountain Daylight Time)
Yemen Time Zone:
UTC + 3 (Arabia Standard Time)
Coordinates of South Dakota:
44° 26′ 39.48″ N, 100° 13′ 34.68″ W
Coordinates of Yemen:
15° 20′ 54″ N, 44° 12′ 23″ E
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What is USB Cable? This question often comes up when you need to buy a USB connector or connect two devices together. Universal Serial Bus is a standardized industry standard that sets standards for connecting cables and other connectors and protocols for data transfer, communication, and power connection between electronic devices. Basically, it defines how a cable can communicate with a peripheral device. In order for devices to communicate with one another it is important that the devices can understand and talk to each other’s protocols. To do this, the devices must form a unique virtual mesh network that can transfer information in a fast and efficient way.
There are many types of USB connector that are available for your use. Each USB type has a different function and provides you with a certain set of advantages. One of the most common USB connectors is the USB type B that carries data and power. A connector that supports USB type B is essential if you want to connect a computer to a peripheral device and also need a standard type of connection.
Another type of connector is the USB connector. This USB connector is similar to that found on cellular phones. This type of connector works with data transfer only. It has no power or data transmission capabilities. The advantage of using this type of cable is that you do not have to use any type of cable converter or adapter that converts the signal from one computer to another.
An adapter is a kind of cable that is used to change the physical configuration of a USB connector. These devices plug into the USB ports and change the physical configuration to make it work with a specific peripheral device. adapters can be purchased as universal or multi-type connectors depending on the function of the cable. They are usually made of plastic and they are made to withstand wear and tear for long time usage. These cables are used in computer peripherals such as printers, keyboards, drives, cameras and video game consoles.
Data cables. These cables are used to transfer data from one computer to another. USB 2.0 cables are among the most popular data cables today because they are capable of transferring full sized files like videos, music and documents in a fast way. This cable uses high frequency transistors that allow the transfer of large amounts of data in a reliable manner.
Power cable. This is another important USB connector and used to connect a USB power supply to the computer. There are basically three different types of power cables that are available in the market. These cables are data cables, power cables and AC cables.
Computer bus connector. This USB connector has different types of plugs that are present on most of the computers today. A USB bus connector is actually a plug that has a female plug and a male plug that connect to USB devices. An important thing about this cable is that it helps you to convert the data into a voltage signal, which is then sent to the computer using a USB cable.
Computer cable. USB connectors are also found in computer cables. Like the USB connector, these cables also have different types of plugs that are present on most of the computers. A USB computer cable is usually a ground wire, an earth wire and an adapter cord. When it comes to cables, this type of connector is considered to be a digital type of connector.
USB printer. A USB printer connection is very common these days as many people use their computers and printers to print documents and images to the digital screen. A USB printer cable is what is needed in this case to transfer the files from a digital source to the physical printer.
Card connector. A USB card connector is another type of USB connector that is used in different types of products. People use them in handbags, cell phones and other items that need an external storage device. A USB card cable is what is needed to connect these items to USB ports.
USB power cable. One of the most important things that everyone should know about a USB power cable is that, these cables are used to charge for products such as digital cameras and mobile phones. A USB power cable is what is needed to transfer the energy from the source to the electronic device. It can either be AC or DC voltage in order to be effective.
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Cheese is a solid food, of animal origin, made from the curdled milk of some ruminant mammals. The curdling process is carried out by the addition of rennet and acidification. The beneficial bacteria are responsible for acidifying the milk and providing flavor.
Nowadays, cheese is widely spread all over the world, being one of the main agricultural products.
Many of the cheese production processes have been industrialized to meet such a huge demand. It was necessary to study and determine parameters in the phases of the transformation of the different types of cheese and adapt the tools to the industry in order to bring thisprocess of traditional origin to the industry.
The Computer Controlled Cheese Vat, “AEQC”, is a small scale unit designed to reproduce industrial cheese making operations.
The main element is a hygienic vat made of stainless steel and mounted on a working frame.
The vat has a jacket through which water heated by a heating element with thermostat flows. The water temperature is selected by a PID control and pumped by a variable speed circulation pump.
There is an agitator, which can be detached for easy cleaning. It consists of a variable speed motor that, by means of a duly protected coupling, drives the paddle agitator. It includes two types of stainless steel paddles.
A perforated stainless steel filter is placed at the outlet of the vat to separate the whey from the curd and drain the vat efficiently.
A temperature and a pH probe are immersed in the vat to monitor the process. The pH probe has a conical membrane that facilitates its introduction into semisolid products and allows a large contact area.
Both the heating jacket and the vat are automatically drained by solenoid valves.
The Computer Controlled Cheese Vat, “AEQC”, can be operated in manual or computerized way (performing the control and acquisition of data through the computer). The pump and the agitator speed, as well as the heating water temperature, are controlled. In addition, the pH and the temperature of the vat content and the agitator speed are monitored.
This Computer Controlled Unit is supplied with the EDIBON Computer Control System (SCADA), and includes: The unit itself + a Control Interface Box + a Data Acquisition Board + Computer Control, Data Acquisition and Data Management Software Packages, for controlling the process and all parameters involved in the process.
Hard and soft cheese making.Study of the pressing process (the AEQC-A accessory is required).Acid testing (the AEQC-A accessory is required).Sensors calibration.
Funding goes to those who plan ahead, so add to your wishlist and submit your quote request.
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Embedded journalism refers to news reporters being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts. While the term could be applied to many historical interactions between journalists and military personnel, it first came to be used in the media coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States military responded to pressure from the country's news media who were disappointed by the level of access granted during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.
Journalists who instead opted to cover the war on the battlefield but unattached to any military force came to be called "unilaterals." Journalists chose to act as unilaterals to avoid the restrictions imposed on them by the military, and sometimes embed restrictions, which required embeds to stay with assigned units. Or they out of concern that being under the constant protection of troops on the battlefield would bias their judgement in favor of coalition forces. The military would often regard unilateral journalists as sources of trouble on the battlefield and refuse to talk to them or not recognize unilateral journalists as "official" media.
The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign whereby embedded journalists accompanied the invading forces as cheerleaders and media relations representatives.
At the start of the war in March 2003, as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as embedded journalists. These reporters signed contracts with the military promising not to report information that could compromise unit position, future missions, classified weapons, and information they might find.[clarification needed] Joint training for war correspondents started in November 2002 in advance of start of the war. When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, "Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment."
The first journalist to run afoul of U.S. military rules in Iraq was freelancer Philip Smucker, travelling on assignment for The Christian Science Monitor with the 1st Marine Division. Smucker was not officially embedded, but all reporters in the theater of war were deemed subject to Pentagon oversight. On March 26, 2003, during an interview with CNN, Smucker disclosed the location of a Marine unit, as he'd also done during an interview with NPR. He was thereafter expelled.
Just four days later, Fox News Channel correspondent Geraldo Rivera similarly broadcast details from Iraq of the position and plans of U.S. troops. "Let me draw a few lines here for you," he said, making on-camera marks in the sand. "First, I want to make some emphasis here that these hash marks here, this is us. We own that territory. It's 40%, maybe even a little more than that." At another point, complained a CENTCOM spokesman, Rivera "actually revealed the time of an attack prior to its occurrence." Although Rivera—like Philip Smucker—was not officially embedded, he was swiftly escorted back to Kuwait. A week later, Rivera apologized. "I'm sorry that it happened," he said on Fox News Channel, "and I assure you that it was inadvertent. Nobody was hurt by what I said. No mission was compromised." However, a network review, he admitted, "showed that I did indeed break one of the rules related to embedment."
In December 2005 the U.S. Coalition Forces Land Component Command in Kuwait pulled the credentials of two embedded journalists on a two-week assignment for the Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk, Virginia, claiming they violated a prohibition against photographing damaged vehicles.
Further information: Objectivity (journalism)
We were a propaganda arm of our governments. At the start the censors enforced that, but by the end we were our own censors. We were cheerleaders.
The ethics of embedded journalism are considered controversial. The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign and an effort to keep reporters away from civilian populations and sympathetic to invading forces; for example by the documentary films War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death and The War You Don't See.
Embed critics objected that the level of military oversight was too strict and that embedded journalists would make reports that were too sympathetic to the American side of the war, leading to use of the alternate term "inbedded journalist" or "inbeds". "Those correspondents who drive around in tanks and armored personnel carriers," said journalist Gay Talese in an interview, "who are spoon-fed what the military gives them and they become mascots for the military, these journalists. I wouldn't have journalists embedded if I had any power!... There are stories you can do that aren't done. I've said that many times."
On June 14, 2014, The New York Times published an opinion piece critical of embedded journalism during both the U.S. military occupation of Iraq and the war in Afghanistan. It was written by PVT Chelsea Manning, the former U.S. Army intelligence analyst known for leaking the largest set of classified documents in American history. At no point during her 2009–10 deployment in Iraq, Manning wrote, were there more than a dozen American journalists covering military operations—in a country of 31 million people and 117,000 U.S. troops. Manning charged that vetting of reporters by military public affairs officials was used "to screen out those judged likely to produce critical coverage," and that once embedded, journalists tended "to avoid controversial reporting that could raise red flags" out of fear having their access terminated. "A result," wrote Manning, "is that the American public's access to the facts is gutted, which leaves them with no way to evaluate the conduct of American officials." Manning noted, "This program of limiting press access was challenged in court in 2013 by a freelance reporter, Wayne Anderson, who claimed to have followed his agreement but to have been terminated after publishing adverse reports about the conflict in Afghanistan. The ruling on his case upheld the military's position that there was no constitutionally protected right to be an embedded journalist."
Gina Cavallaro, a reporter for the Army Times, said, "They're [the journalists] relying more on the military to get them where they want to go, and as a result, the military is getting smarter about getting its own story told." But, she added, "I don't necessarily consider that a bad thing."
During both the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were used extensively against U.S.-led Coalition forces, and accounted for the majority of Coalition casualties. Journalists travelling with ground forces were at the same risk. On January 29, 2006, while embedded with the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division, ABC's World News Tonight co-anchor Bob Woodruff and cameraman Doug Vogt were, together with an Iraqi soldier, seriously injured when their convoy was ambushed near Taji, Iraq, and an IED detonated beneath them. At the time of the attack, Woodruff and Vogt were exposed, standing in the back hatch of their Iraqi mechanized vehicle taping a video log of the patrol.
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Public Physiotherapy Month is commended in May consistently. May, declaring the appearance of summer, is generally an ideal month to begin proactive tasks and activities. Exercise based recuperation is for ailments or throbs, or any constant body conditions that require treatment other than medication. This month is commended to pay tribute to the specialists and experts who give physiotherapy.
It likewise recognizes that they are mean quite a bit to individuals. It likewise offers physiotherapists the chance to get together with each other and gain from one another.
Physiotherapy is an act of involving actual procedures for patients’ infirmities, finding, visualization, treatment, and restoration. Since early times, civic establishments have seen varieties of therapy choices for patients with a wide range of clinical issues.
Hippocrates was among the main doctors to involve active recuperations for various circumstances, particularly gout. In spite of the fact that there are not many reported records of genuine physiotherapy being utilized to treat various circumstances, there are references of exercise based recuperations, similar to back rub and exercise, that have been utilized to assist an individual with specific torments.
It was only after the eighteenth century when report records of physiotherapy started showing up. Alongside the customary home grown treatment choices, physiotherapy likewise turned into a treatment choice for some. In 1813, Per Henrik Ling established the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics for exercise and joint treatment. After fifty years, Sweden gave licenses to physiotherapists to rehearse. In 1887, a National Board of Health and Welfare was made in Sweden, and it started enlisting physiotherapists. Different nations in Europe took action accordingly, and soon it arrived at the Americas.
Physiotherapy was all around utilized during the 1916 episode of polio. During and after World War I, physiotherapy was utilized to treat harmed officers and to restore them towards carrying on with as typical a day to day existence as could be expected. In 1921, the American Physical Therapy Association was framed to lay out accepted procedures in exercise based recuperation to make them as successful as could really be expected. In Canada, Canadian Physiotherapy Association was shaped during the 1950s and was among the organizers behind World Physiotherapy, a global relationship of public bodies to set and talk about the best rehearsing techniques.
In spite of the fact that there are no definite records of the National Physiotherapy Month introduction date, the meaning of this current month doesn’t lie in its introduction yet the mindfulness and need for physiotherapy for a superior, solid, and long life because of the physiotherapists. This month is tied in with being appreciative for the physiotherapists, empowering the adolescent to seek after this field. It makes mindfulness for active recuperation with zero to little mischief instead of going for the conventional medication for your affliction.
PHYSIOTHERAPY MONTH TIMELINE
Greek researcher and doctor Hippocrates begins involving knead as a treatment strategy for medicines.
Father of Swedish Gymnastics
During the nineteenth 100 years, Henrik Ling lays out the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics.
1914 — 1918
A Treatment Option During World War I
The officers who get harmed during the World War are dealt with utilizing physiotherapy methods.
Bosses of Physical Therapy
In 2012, all clinical universities of Canada begin offering Masters in Physical Therapy.
What is National Physiotherapy Day?
It assists individuals with recuperating from ailment and works on the adaptability, strength, and equilibrium more established grown-ups need to stay autonomous and versatile.
Did you realize October is National Physical Therapy Month?
October is the ideal chance to zero in on solid taking care of oneself. Non-intrusive treatment isn’t only for injury recuperation. Its advantages likewise incorporate injury and sickness avoidance.
What is the job of the physiotherapist in everyday medication?
The job of the physiotherapist overall medication is crucial with regards to torment the executives and the advancement of in general wellbeing. It can help you assuming you are encountering industrious actual agony.
The most effective method to OBSERVE NATIONAL PHYSIOTHERAPY MONTH
- the rec centers and wellness focuses that proposition limited participations to their clients. Pursue a program in which you advance directly from a devoted teacher and notice any progressions in your body and wellbeing.
- Get a back rub
No one can tell how much tension you are under and the degree of stress your body gets through day to day until you go for a back rub. The second you begin getting that back rub is the time you understand how much pressure your body was in. Begin once more after the back rub with a revived soul
- Spread mindfulness
There are such countless cases in which the injury has recuperated, however the patient is as yet not ready to get back to typical schedules as a result of a debilitated body structure. Go converse with such individuals and let them know of a decent physiotherapist who can help them.
FACTS ABOUT PHYSIOTHERAPY
- Famous medicines are not new
Hydrotherapy and back rub were utilized to treat patients in 460 B.C.
- Control hunger
With appropriately done schoolwork, physiotherapy helps an extraordinary arrangement in controlling corpulence.
- Unseeing experts
Probably the best physios are visually impaired.
- Most effective way to alleviate back torment
A few specialists accept that back rub and exercise based recuperation are the most effective ways to ease back agony and torments connected with joint inflammation.
- Diverse impact
Physiotherapy is demonstrated to alleviate pressure and, thus, gives mental help.
To see the value in the physiotherapists
Physiotherapy has been a significant wellspring of restoration for competitors and others experiencing different circumstances. Public Physiotherapy Month is an ideal chance to see the value in every one of the physiotherapists and care staff who convey physiotherapy.
- Physiotherapy as an incredible vocation decision
Physiotherapy is a worthwhile vocation choice for individuals with science foundations. Nowadays, associations request specialization and there is a specialization in Physiotherapy which is presented by numerous universities. The compensation bundles themselves are really alluring for some who are keen on this field.
- Be appreciative for solid bodies
Active recuperation month makes us appreciative for sound bodies and the people who assist us with keeping up with them. Physiotherapists make the world a superior spot for those experiencing muscle torments.
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By Anuradha Nagaraj
CHENNAI : (Thomson Reuters Foundation) – The practice of keeping young girls in village temples to be worshipped as goddesses as part of rituals in south India amounts to abuse and slavery, the national rights commission said.
The rituals in which girls are dressed as brides and then “their dresses are removed, virtually leaving them naked” is a form of the banned devadasi system, the National Human Rights Commission said in a report published on Monday.
Practise in the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh and parts of western India, the devadasi system, which “dedicates” girls to a life of sex work in the name of religion, continues despite being outlawed in 1988.
“They are denied to live with their families and have education. They are forced to live in Mathamma temples, deemed to be … public property and face sexual exploitation,” the commission said in a statement.
The state government has denied accusations of abuse.
“Our child protection team has visited the temple in question and parents are there to take care of the girls,” said K Veera Raghava Rao, the administrative head of Madurai district in Tamil Nadu.
“These are 200 year old traditions that are practise in many village temples across the region. We have not found any case of abuse and our officials are monitoring the functions. We have asked them to cover the girls with a shawl.”
But campaigners said that in the name of tradition, hundreds of girls between the ages of seven and 10 years are made to stay in the temple premises during the festivities.
These girls, or Mathammas as they are referred to in parts of Tamil Nadu, are then forbidden to marry and must earn their living by dancing at the Hindu temples.
In some cases young girls being initiated into the practice have to be bare-chested with only garlands and jewels covering them, while in others they are made to carry pots of liquor as part of the celebrations, child rights campaigners added.
“As you travel through the region, the names keep changing, but the fact is that women are being forced into prostitution in the name of rituals,” said Priyamvada Mohan Singh, a criminology professor who carried out a survey in 2016 on the devadasi tradition for the Indian government.
“The tradition exists in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. We have documented many cases during our research.”
The National Human Rights Commission said the practices violated the children’s rights and asked both the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh governments to respond in four weeks.
Reporting by Anuradha Nagaraj, Editing by Ros Russell; Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women’s rights, trafficking and climate change. Visit www.trust.org
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Dogs. Man’s best friend, loyal companions, and endless sources of amusement. But have you ever found yourself wondering: why do dogs chase their tails? They spin in circles, snapping at that elusive appendage, and we can’t help but chuckle.
But what’s the real story behind this canine caper? Let’s delve into this tail-wagging tale of doggy behavior.
Table of Contents
Picture this: a young pup, barely a few months old, suddenly spots a wiggly thing at the back of its body. In a burst of curiosity and energy, the chase is on! This is, perhaps, one of the most common reasons why dogs chase their tails.
- Curiosity: Puppies are naturally curious and exploratory. The discovery of a tail can be an exciting revelation that sparks a game of chase.
- Energy Burst: Puppies are also little bundles of energy. Chasing their tails can serve as a fun and harmless way to burn off some of that excess energy.
- Playtime: Tail-chasing often starts as a form of self-play. It’s a game, it’s fun, and it gets your attention, which puppies love!
Key Takeaway: Puppy tail-chasing is often a normal part of their playful and energetic nature. But it’s always important to ensure they’re also engaged with various toys and games to prevent a tail-chasing habit from forming.
The ‘Itch’ Factor
Ever had an itch you just can’t scratch? Imagine how a dog might feel with a pesky flea at the base of its tail. It’s enough to make anyone spin in circles!
- Parasites: Fleas, ticks, or mites can cause discomfort and itchiness for your dog, leading them to chase their tail in an attempt to reach the troublesome critter.
- Allergies: Dogs can suffer from food or environmental allergies, resulting in itchy skin and causing them to chase and nip at their tails.
- Anal Gland Issues: Dogs have anal glands that can sometimes become impacted or infected, causing discomfort or pain that may lead to tail-chasing.
Key Takeaway: If your dog is excessively chasing their tail, it might be a sign of an underlying health issue. It’s always a good idea to consult a vet if you’re concerned.
The Quest for Attention
Have you ever given your dog a pat, a laugh, or even just a glance when they start tail-chasing? If so, you might have just answered your own question: Why do dogs chase their tails?
- Seeking Attention: Dogs are smart. They quickly learn that tail-chasing can get them the attention they crave, especially if they feel neglected.
- Boredom: Dogs need mental and physical stimulation. If they’re left alone for long periods or don’t get enough exercise, they might resort to tail-chasing as a way to alleviate boredom.
Key Takeaway: Tail-chasing can sometimes be a cry for attention or a sign of boredom. Make sure your furry friend gets enough interaction and exercise to keep them happy and occupied.
Behavioral or Neurological Concerns
While tail-chasing can be harmless and even amusing, it can sometimes be a sign of deeper issues.
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Dogs can suffer from OCD, too. Excessive tail-chasing, especially in older dogs, can be a sign of this condition.
- Neurological Problems: Certain neurological conditions can also cause tail-chasing behavior. It’s always best to consult a vet if you notice sudden or extreme changes in your dog’s behavior.
Key Takeaway: While it’s easy to dismiss tail-chasing as quirky behavior, keep a watchful eye on your pet. It’s crucial to spot any abnormal behavior early and consult a vet if necessary.
Conclusion: Unraveling the Tail-Chasing Mystery
So, why do dogs chase their tails? The answer, as we’ve seen, can be as simple as playfulness or curiosity, or as complex as health or behavioral issues. Like us, every dog is unique, with its own quirks and behaviors.
Remember, you know your dog better than anyone. If tail-chasing seems excessive or out of character, don’t hesitate to seek professional advice. Because at the end of the day, we all want our furry friends to be as happy and healthy as they can be, right?
So next time you catch your canine companion chasing their tail, you won’t just laugh—you’ll know exactly what’s going on. And that, my friends, is nothing short of pawsome!
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Below is an range calculator, which will take an array of numbers you input to the tool and tell you the range, or the span from the smallest to largest.
Looking for a similar tool? Try one of these statistic calculators:
What is the Range?
In statistics, the range of a set of numbers is the distance or difference between the largest and smallest. Colloquially, it's sometimes called the spread of a set of a numbers.
Formula for Statistical Range
The formula for the range is:
Example Range Calculation
Let's say you want to take the range of 4 numbers: -3, 4, 7, and 500. Here's how it works:
Using the Range Calculator
In the text box at the top, enter a list of numbers. You can enter whole numbers, negatives, decimals, fractions (in the form n/d), and percentages (a number with % at the end).
When done, hit the Calculate Range button. The tool will find the maximum and minimum in your set and return you the range.
Have fun with this? Try our other calculators and tools.
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About Teaching Place Value:
This series of books is designed to support a whole school approach to the teaching of place value.
Plans, assessments and activities are provided for each year level. Using these resources teachers will be able to differentiate activities to meet the needs of students.
Activities use simple materials and are ideal as short warm-ups and can form the basis for an entire lesson.
The ultimate goal of this series is to help you use these activities in a whole school way.
That means consistency across the years to make the process familiar for both students and teachers from year to year.
The Facilitators Guide is a school-based 6-module professional learning resource that is supported by videos
The Facilitator’s Guide is mainly useful if you intend to use the books as part of a whole-school approach. If you are an individual teacher just looking for activities, see the year level books – they also work great simply for that purpose.
Facilitators can print out pages and demonstrate how the activities mesh together.
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The definition from Wikipedia about multi-valued treatment is quite ambiguous to me, is there any other simpler definition or intuitive example for this term?
In a standard treatment effects set up there are only two options to compare: Either the subject is treated or the subject is non-treated.
Multi-valued treatment happens when subjects are not only treated but potentially treated in different ways. If there are two pills people can eat they can either eat one or the other or none (assuming eating both is disallowed by construction). In that case there are two treatments and one non-treatment.
Multi-valued treatment can also be ordinal. Assuming one pill is a higher dose of the same than the other pill, then individuals taking the high dose pill are treated 'more' than those who take low dose pill.
Finally, treatment can be continuous when the medicine in the pills are given in continuous sized dose here there are uncountably many potential treatment values.
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Asthma, a chronic respiratory condition affecting millions worldwide, can be a daily challenge for those who suffer from it. While medical advancements have provided numerous treatments, managing asthma effectively requires a multi-faceted approach. In this article, we explore proven methods to halt asthma attacks, offering insights into lifestyle adjustments, preventive measures, and emergency strategies that can make a significant difference in the lives of asthma sufferers.
I. Understanding Asthma:
Before delving into strategies for managing asthma attacks, it is essential to comprehend the nature of the condition. Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Triggers vary from person to person and can include allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, physical activity, and stress.
II. Medication Management:
Consistent adherence to prescribed medications is fundamental in preventing asthma attacks. Long-term control medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-agonists, help manage inflammation and prevent symptoms. Quick-relief medications, like short-acting beta-agonists, provide rapid relief during an asthma attack.
III. Identifying Triggers:
Understanding and avoiding asthma triggers play a crucial role in preventing attacks. Allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold, and pet dander are common triggers. Additionally, irritants such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and strong odors can exacerbate symptoms. Identifying and minimizing exposure to these triggers can significantly reduce the risk of asthma attacks.
IV. Creating an Asthma Action Plan:
Collaborating with healthcare professionals to develop a personalized asthma action plan is key to effective management. This plan outlines daily medications, strategies for identifying and avoiding triggers, and steps to take during an asthma attack. Having a clear plan in place empowers individuals to take control of their condition and respond proactively to worsening symptoms.
V. Lifestyle Adjustments:
Certain lifestyle modifications can contribute to better asthma control. Maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and adequate hydration can enhance overall lung function. Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness and deep-breathing exercises, can also be beneficial in reducing the likelihood of asthma attacks triggered by emotional stress.
VI. Emergency Preparedness:
Despite meticulous management, asthma attacks can still occur. Being prepared for emergencies is crucial. Always have a rescue inhaler on hand, and educate close contacts on how to assist during an attack. Recognizing the signs of a severe attack and knowing when to seek immediate medical attention can be life-saving.
Haltting asthma attacks requires a comprehensive and individualized approach. By combining medication management, trigger identification, lifestyle adjustments, and emergency preparedness, individuals with asthma can breathe easier and lead fulfilling lives. Consultation with healthcare professionals, adherence to prescribed medications, and proactive self-management are the pillars of effective asthma control. With these proven methods, individuals can minimize the impact of asthma on their daily lives and embrace a healthier, more active lifestyle.
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We are protective of our children now more than ever but particularly so when it comes to food and drink and what we’re giving them to consume. With such a huge choice available from different home-friendly brands it can be difficult to know what to give our kids, that won’t harm their teeth.
Children will always gravitate toward sugary drinks like juices and soda pops but it’s important to make sure they have other options available and to condition them to get into a good habit of choosing the right foods.
Habit is Vital
So what are the best habits for children to adopt?
- Always ensure they brush twice a day
- Floss/interdental brush daily
- Drink water before bed, not milk or juice which contains sugar
- No snacks or sugary foods before bed
The best way to cut down children on sugar is to encourage swaps. In effect, swapping out to alternatives which offer more appropriate options. The fact is that children are suffering from sugar based diets which are causing a wide spread of tooth decay, which results in future problems and creates bad habits.
So what are the easy swaps to make?
- White bread – White bread contains sugar and starch which can cause digestive problems if eaten in excess, with a fairly high sugar content.Â
Swap with: Wholegrain alternatives
- Cheese (Spread or Cheddar) – Great for dairy content and calcium but high in fat
Swap with: Reduced fat cheese (hard)
- Cordial & Juice – Cordial does have high sugar content and natural juice also contains sugar levels which are too high, particularly at bedtime.
Swap with: No added sugar cordial & water
- Creamy Sauces – Cheese sauces and creamy alternatives should be swapped out because of their fat and sugar content.
Swap with: Homemade tomato sauces (using tinned tomatoes and vegetables).
- Chocolate desserts and snacks – Obviously anything with chocolate, whether it’s biscuits or cakes should be cut out or at least reduced to once or twice a week.
Swap with: Fruit pots, malt loaf & sugar-free alternative dessert pots
It’s too easy to give children easy options that are quick and addictive but they can lead to cavities and gum disease which would then cause problems later in life. Oral health is important for adults but just as important for children and although it can be difficult to get them into a habit of brushing thoroughly every day, it’s vital that they are consistent. Generally, as with anything involving younger children, it’s a good idea to include fun and incentivise them to make pre-bedtime brushing enjoyable and part of their regular routine, which they’ll carry with them into adulthood and prevent tooth decay and oral health problems.
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Sepsis and septic shock are one of the leading causes of death in hospital patients worldwide, but new research by Australian emergency medicine clinicians could lead to better survival rates.
With funding from the Queensland Government, the Emergency Medicine Foundation (EMF) awarded Dr Julian Williams a $90,056 research grant to improve the early identification and treatment of septic shock.
Sepsis causes more deaths than prostate cancer, breast cancer and HIV/AIDS combined.1,
Each year, there are about 15,000 cases of severe sepsis and septic shock in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units.2
Septic shock occurs when a body-wide infection causes blood pressure to drop too low. Any type of bacterial, fungal or viral infection can led to sepsis and then septic shock, but the illness mostly affects children and the elderly.
Dr Williams, who is an Emergency Medicine Department Staff Specialist at the Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital, and his research team identified 399 septic shock patients admitted to Queensland emergency departments.
They then determined the characteristics, treatment and outcomes for these patients.
The team found that patients treated earlier and with greater volumes of intravenous fluid and early vasopressor therapy (treatment that raises blood pressure) had better survival rates.
Dr Williams said that the research data could help reduce invasive therapies and costly ICU admissions for patients with septic shock.
Since 2008, EMF has invested $421,414 in sepsis research, which included the establishment of a sepsis registry by Dr Williams.
Stock image used.
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As the younger Generation Z is becoming more aware of holistic, whole-body wellness, they seek various methods and products that can help protect them from the various dangers of the world. From things like pollution and even inorganic compounds, they do their best to avoid them, solve them, and look for natural sources of products instead. Unfortunately, there are some things that are incredibly tough to avoid. One of these things is known as electromagnetic radiation.
We live our lives today in a world filled with such radiation. And, as you might’ve guessed, it isn’t so good for our health. But how bad is it really, and how can you avoid it? This is what we’ll talk about:
What Is Electromagnetic Radiation?
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation) is energy that is propagated through space in the form of electromagnetic waves. This type of radiation is made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel at the speed of light. It is a form of energy that is emitted and absorbed by charged particles and is present all around us.
How Is It Created?
EM radiation is created when an electron changes its energy state. This can be due to an atom absorbing or emitting energy or due to electrons moving from one energy level to another. When an electron moves from one energy level to another, it releases a photon of EM radiation. The difference in energy levels determines the amount of energy released. This type of radiation is produced in a wide range of events, including nuclear reactions, lightning, and even the thermal energy of the Sun.
Most of the electromagnetic radiation we encounter in our day-to-day lives comes from artificial sources, like radio and television broadcasts, cellular communications, and microwaves. Natural sources of EM radiation include the Sun, stars, and other celestial bodies. All of these sources emit different types of EM radiation, each with its own unique properties.
In addition to its natural sources, EM radiation can also be created artificially. Lasers are an example of this, with their intense, focused beams of light. In addition, many medical imaging techniques use various forms of EM radiation to create images of the body.
What Are the Dangers of Electromagnetic Radiation?
The most common dangers associated with EMR come from radiation-emitting devices such as cell phones, microwaves, and medical imaging machines. Cell phones emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation, which is considered a low-frequency form of EMR. Using a cell phone too close to your head can cause the radiation to be absorbed into your brain, which can lead to health problems such as headaches, fatigue, and even cancer. It is important to limit the amount of time spent using a cell phone, as well as using an earpiece or headset, to keep the phone away from your head.
Microwaves are another source of radiation that can be dangerous. Microwaves use a type of radiation called non-ionizing radiation which can cause damage to cells, tissues, and organs if exposed to too much. It is important to use your microwave properly and always follow the manufacturer’s instructions. If you are pregnant, it is best to avoid microwaves altogether.
Medical imaging machines such as X-rays and CT scans also emit radiation, which can be dangerous if not used properly. These types of machines are designed to be used only in specific medical settings by trained professionals. The amount of radiation exposure from these machines is usually kept to a minimum, but it is still important to be aware of the risks.
The most important thing to remember about electromagnetic radiation is that it should be used with caution. It is essential to limit exposure to radiation-emitting devices, use them properly, and always follow the manufacturer’s instructions. By taking these precautions, we can help protect ourselves from the dangers of electromagnetic radiation.
What about 5G?
The introduction of 5G technology has been met with much excitement and anticipation. However, there have been some concerns raised about the potential health effects of this new technology. To answer the question: is 5G dangerous? We will need to look at the potential risks and benefits of this new technology.
The most common concern raised about 5G is that it will emit higher levels of radiation than existing mobile networks. It is true that 5G will use a higher frequency of radio waves than existing networks, but these waves will be no more powerful than existing 4G networks. 5G will also not penetrate the body as deeply as lower frequency radio waves, which means that the potential health risks are no higher than existing networks.
The other concern raised is that 5G will increase the amount of electromagnetic radiation in the environment. While this is true, the levels of radiation emitted by 5G technology are extremely low. In fact, the amount of radiation emitted by 5G technology is similar to the radiation emitted by a microwave oven.
Finally, there is the concern that 5G will interfere with other electronics. This is a valid concern, as 5G networks can interfere with certain electronics that operate on the same frequency as the 5G network. However, this interference can be minimized by using proper shielding and other techniques.
Overall, 5G technology is not dangerous and poses no more health risks than existing mobile networks. However, the risk is still there.
Are Crystals a Legitimate Health Product?
But of course, sometimes, we can’t help but be exposed to such electromagnetic radiation. Fortunately, there are things we can use to protect ourselves, such as crystals! However, this begs the question: are they legitimate, and do they actually work?
This is a question that has been asked by many for a long time. There are many people who believe that crystals have healing properties and can be used to improve physical, mental, and emotional health.
The use of crystals dates back thousands of years, and many cultures have used them for various purposes. For example, in ancient Egypt, crystals were believed to have spiritual power and were used in rituals and healing ceremonies. In India, crystals were used to balance the body’s energies and promote physical and mental health.
Today, crystals are still widely used for their healing properties. Many people believe that crystals can be used to help balance the energies in the body, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being. While there is not much scientific evidence to support these claims, many people believe that crystals can be beneficial.
How Are Crystals Commonly Used?
There are many different types of crystals, and each one is believed to have different healing properties. Crystals can be used in various ways, including wearing them as jewelry, placing them in your home, or using them in meditation and prayer. Some people even use crystals to help with physical ailments such as muscle pain, headaches, and digestive issues.
Using crystals as a form of health product is a personal choice, and some people may find them to be beneficial while others may not. If you are considering using crystals for health purposes, it is important to do your research and choose products that are of good quality. And, of course, when it comes to protecting yourself from electromagnetic radiation, it is also your choice whether you want to use crystals as a defense strategy.
Can Crystals Protect Us from Electromagnetic Radiation?
In recent years, many people have been asking if crystals can protect us from electromagnetic radiation. With the increasing amount of electronic devices in our lives, understanding the effects of electromagnetic radiation on our health is becoming more important. As such, some people have begun to look to crystals as a possible solution to the problem.
Crystals have long been used for their healing and energy-balancing properties, and some believe that they can also protect us from electromagnetic radiation. It is believed that certain crystals can absorb or deflect harmful radiation, protecting us from its potentially damaging effects. But is this true?
The scientific community is split on the matter. Some studies suggest that certain crystals, such as quartz, may be able to block radiation from entering the body. Others suggest that some crystals, such as tourmaline, can absorb radiation and convert it into harmless energy. However, there is no definitive evidence that these claims are true.
It is important to note that crystals cannot protect us from all forms of electromagnetic radiation. For instance, X-rays and gamma rays, which are both very high-energy forms of radiation, are too powerful for crystals to block.
In addition, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with using crystals to protect us from radiation. Crystals may contain trace amounts of lead or other heavy metals, which can be toxic if ingested. It is also possible that some crystals may actually attract radiation rather than deflect it.
Which Crystals Work Best against Electromagnetic Radiation?
While some crystals are more effective than others in shielding against EMR, there are a variety of crystals that can be used to protect against the harmful effects of this type of radiation.
Shungite is a powerful crystal that is believed to be able to absorb and neutralize EMR. This crystal contains a unique type of carbon known as ‘fullerenes,’ which have the ability to absorb and neutralize EMR. It is also believed that shungite has the ability to reduce stress and fatigue caused by EMR exposure.
Tourmaline is another crystal that is believed to be effective against EMR. It is believed to be able to repel EMR while also providing protection from the negative effects of radiation exposure. Tourmaline is also known to be an excellent grounding stone, which can help protect against radiation-induced fatigue and stress.
Hematite is believed to be able to block and reduce EMR, as well as dissipate negative energy. This crystal is believed to be able to reduce the impact of EMR on the body and mind. Hematite is also believed to provide an energy boost and help to promote mental clarity and focus.
Black Tourmaline is another powerful crystal that is believed to be effective against EMR. This crystal is believed to be able to absorb and neutralize EMR while also providing protection from the negative effects of radiation exposure. Black Tourmaline is also believed to be able to increase self-confidence and reduce feelings of fear and stress.
Can Orgonite Protect Us from 5G?
Orgonite is a type of crystal energy device that is said to be able to absorb and transmute negative energy into positive energy. It is made up of a combination of resin, metal, and quartz crystals and is thought to help protect against electromagnetic radiation. In theory, using orgonite in your home or office can help to neutralize the harmful effects of 5G radiation.
However, there is no scientific evidence to support the claim that orgonite can protect people from 5G radiation. While some people may believe that orgonite can block 5G radiation, there is no evidence that it can do so. Additionally, the World Health Organization and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection have both stated that there is no scientific evidence that 5G radiation is harmful to humans.
That being said, it’s important to note that 5G technology is still relatively new, and we don’t know all of the potential effects it could have on our health. As such, it is wise to take steps to protect yourself from potential 5G radiation. Using orgonite is one way to do this, as it is believed to provide a layer of protection against electromagnetic radiation.
In addition to using orgonite, you can take other steps to protect yourself from 5G radiation. These include limiting your exposure to 5G devices, using a cell phone radiation shield, and using a Wi-Fi router with good signal strength. Additionally, it’s important to stay informed about the potential risks of 5G technology and to be aware of any new research or studies that are conducted on this topic.
Ultimately, orgonite may or may not be able to protect you from 5G radiation. While there is no scientific evidence to support the claim that orgonite can block 5G radiation, it may still provide some level of protection from electromagnetic radiation. It’s important to do your own research and make an informed decision about whether or not orgonite is right for you.
All in all, crystals like orgonite may pave the way to a life that doesn’t have to be in the clutches of electromagnetic radiation. However, reliance on crystals alone isn’t enough. It is important to remember that while crystals can be helpful in protecting against EMR, they should not be seen as a replacement for other methods of protection, such as avoiding prolonged exposure to EMR sources! By pairing multiple methods together, you stand a much better choice of enjoying peace of mind knowing that you’re protected from the dangers of 5G and other sources of electromagnetic radiation.
EMF Grid offers various pieces of information about EMF, EHS, and more, helping individuals find what they need to limit and avoid harm to their health. If you are looking to learn more about how to avoid EMF radiation and the like, check out our other articles!
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Writing an essay is a common task faced by most students. Usually essays are used in the form of homework, part of the tests, and, of course, in the form of one of the tests during admission to educational institutions.
I chose an entertaining work, which tells about the essays which forms are used most often, and displays tips for writing these texts. I give your understanding of the appropriate (and augmented) version of this topic.
What is an essay
Composition is one of the categories of written works, which looks like an ordinary “composition-reasoning”. In the case of composing such a text, the job of the author is almost always to convey your own opinion and prove it. In other situations – to investigate a certain issue in order to provide a person with space for their conclusions.
All this leaves a certain imprint on the syllable of the story. Often the narrative essays are first person singular, the letter often is used for connecting the expression gets emotional vocabulary and metaphors.
Quite a lot of works of different forms are practiced – in different sources one can distinguish from a couple of primary ones, up to ten or more. Now the word will go about the basic types of essays.
One of the more well-known types of essays. In the case of writing this essay, the writer can show a story based on the experience of life. Such stories are mostly written in the first-person format, and the narrative leads a person to independent conclusions.
In this version, the fundamental task – as if to draw a picture for the reader with the help of phrases. Usually the writer conveys moments, people or objects, laying in a simple description of a much more solid sense. Naturally such words affect the emotions of readers, the task is also to bring them closer to any conclusions based on what they read.
Articles of this type mainly include the study of a particular issue, which is carried out by means of facts, statistical facts and figures, footnotes to all kinds of research and communications. In other words, there are precedents more significant than emotions in descriptive essays. Because of that, even during the story in the first person, the Creator is forced to be wary of presenting their own opinions or manifestations of own emotions.
How clear from the title, the main task of this type of essay – to assure a person of something, using facts, logic and display related to the theme of situations. In such essays it is optimal to use the opinions of experts, practical examples, etc.
As has been said, there are many more types of essays, but these are paramount.
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he furnishings used in Greek and Roman houses were simple and portable. Since Mediterranean-style houses were sparsely furnished, tables, chairs, and couches were moved from one room to another as people needed them. There were other reasons why portability was important. Upper-class and aristocratic* families, especially in Rome, often had a house in the city and a villa in the countryside, and furniture was moved between the two. Thus, most household furnishings were small and lightweight.
* aristocratic referring to people of the highest social class
Furniture and other items in a Greek household usually served multiple functions. The average home during the classical* period included formal chairs with backs and armrests, benches for sitting or standing on, and beds made of wood, leather, and fibers. The Greeks reclined on couches during meals and ate from small, three-legged tables, which were stacked when not in use. Curtains covered doorways for privacy and for keeping out flies, and screens divided rooms into different areas. Rugs, tapestries*, blankets, and cushions were often beautifully woven of colored wool or linen. Rooms were lit with bronze or clay lamps that rested on tripods* or hung from wall brackets. Hinged chests and boxes, often with elegant bronze decorations, held the family’s clothing and other personal belongings. Greek kitchens had braziers* and cauldrons* for cooking. Bowls, plates, cups, and utensils were often made from ordinary clay, while some wealthy households had bronze, silver, or gold plates and utensils. Houses during the Hellenistic* period were larger than those of the classical era, and the interior furnishings were more luxurious. The wealthy sometimes indulged themselves by decorating their houses with marble sculptures and life-size portraits of themselves.
Roman townhouses and country villas were more lavishly decorated than the houses of the Greeks. Floors and walls were sometimes covered with marble, and wall paintings adorned the interior rooms. Floor mosaics added color to the surroundings. Dining rooms accommodated banquets,during which wealthy Romans displayed their furnishings to impress their guests. Less wealthy Romans who lived in the apartments in the cities tended to have simpler furnishings, although even middle-class apartments had floor mosaics and wall paintings. Bedrooms usually held two beds that were placed end to end. Oil lamps provided light, and the apartments were heated with braziers, which were a constant fire hazard.
* classical in Greek history, refers to the period of great political and cultural achievement from about 500 B.C. to 323 B.C.
* tapestry handwoven fabric, with pictures or designs, used to hang on walls or to cover furniture
* tripod three-legged stool
* brazier metal tray or pan for holding burning coals
* cauldron large kettle
* Hellenistic referring to the Greek-influenced culture of the Mediterranean world during the three centuries after Alexander the Great, who died in 323 B.C.
The furniture of the ancient Greeks and Romans was made from a wide variety of materials. The Greeks crafted fine furniture from ebony, while the Romans used citrus wood from North Africa. Cypress, cedar, and maple woods were also considered high-quality material. Cheaper furniture was made from oak and beech. Some furniture of the wealthy was inlaid* with ivory or decorated with other expensive materials, such as bronze, gold, and silver. (See also Food and Drink; Houses.)
* inlay to set metal, stones, or gems into a surface or ground material
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1 | Nursing homework help
2. Utilizing evidence-based practice: Nurses should strive to provide up-to-date care that is based on current scientific research and best practices rather than relying solely on traditional methods or outdated protocols. Doing so allows nurses to ensure that treatments are appropriate for their patients’ specific conditions leading to improved outcomes while also reducing potential risks associated with them.
3. Implementing integrative therapies: Integrative therapies such as massage therapy, acupuncture, yoga, or meditation have been shown to positively impact physical and mental wellbeing when used in combination with medical treatments. By employing these types of approaches nurses are not only able to address individual symptoms but they can also help facilitate the body’s natural healing process allowing for optimal recovery.
4. Holistic education/counseling services: Education plays an essential role in helping patients understand their diagnosis as well as what steps need to be taken for proper treatment and management of any related issues or concerns which often times includes lifestyle modifications such as adopting healthier habits or changing dietary habits when appropriate. Offering counseling services further reinforces this knowledge and allows patients feel empowered in making positive changes thus providing increased opportunities for healing over time.
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The structure of the education and training system
The education and training system covers from Early childhood education and care (ECEC) to tertiary and adult education.
Education is compulsory for 10 years from 6 to 16 years of age. Compulsory education covers five years of primary education, three years of lower secondary education and two years of upper secondary education. The last two years of compulsory education can also be spent by attending the vocational education and training courses (Istruzione e formazione professionale – IeFP), organised by the single Regions.
For a schematic representation of the education and training system please refer to the diagram in the ‘Overview’ section.
Early childhood education and care (ECEC)
Early childhood education and care (ECEC) is organised into two different stages according to children's age: 0-3 years and 3-6 years. The two offers make up the so called 'integrated system 0-6', introduced by the law 107/2015. The whole ECEC phase is part of the education system and is not compulsory. The Ministry of education and merit has a general responsibility, per esempio for the allocation of financial resources to the local authorities, for the definition of the educational guidelines and for the promotion of the integrated system at local level.
Provision for children aged 0-3 years is organised at nurseries (nidi d’infanzia). Public ECEC (0-3) settings are run directly by the municipalities, while private settings are run by private subjects. All types of settings must comply with the general criteria defined at regional and national level. ECEC services are not free for families.
ECEC for children over 3 years of age is organised at preprimary schools (scuole dell'infanzia) and is free. This ECEC phase falls under the responsibilities of the Ministry of education and merit that provides the educational guidelines and the financial and human resources, while local authorities are in charge of the organisation of the facilities. Beside the State, the providers of ECEC can also be the municipalities themselves as well as private subjects.
The first cycle of education
The first cycle of education (primo ciclo di istruzione) is made up of primary and lower secondary education, for a total length of eight years. However, primary and lower secondary education are considered separate levels of education with their own specificities and are described separately.
Primary education is organised at primary schools (scuole primarie). Primary education is compulsory, has an overall length of 5 years and is attended by pupils aged from 6 to 11. The aim of primary education is to provide pupils with basic learning and the basic tools of active citizenship. It helps pupils to understand the meaning of their own experiences.
Lower secondary education
The lower secondary level of education is organised at ‘first-level secondary schools’ (scuole secondarie di I grado). Lower secondary education is compulsory, lasts for three years and is attended by pupils aged 11 to 14 years. Lower secondary education aims at fostering the ability to study autonomously and at strengthening the pupils’ attitudes towards social interaction, at organising and increasing knowledge and skills and at providing students with adequate instruments to continue their education and training activities.
The second cycle of education
The second cycle (secondo ciclo di istruzione) offers two parallel paths:
- the upper secondary school education called ‘second-level secondary school’ (istruzione secondaria di II grado)
- the vocational education and training system (Istruzione e formazione professionale - IeFP) organised at regional level
1) Upper secondary school education
The upper secondary level of education (istruzione secondaria di II grado) offers general, technical and vocational education. Studies last five years and are addressed to students aged from 14 to 19 years.
The general path is organised at general schools called ‘licei’. General education aims at preparing students to higher-level studies and to the labour world. It provides students with adequate competences and knowledge, as well as cultural and methodological instruments for developing their own critical and planning attitude.
Technical education is organised at technical institutes (istituti tecnici). It provides students with a solid scientific and technological background in the economic and technological professional sectors.
Vocational education is organised at vocational institute (istituti professionali). It provides students with a solid technical and vocational general background in the sectors of services, industry and handicraft, to facilitate access to the labour world.
At the end of the upper secondary school education students receive a qualification that gives access to tertiary education offered at universities, at the Higher education for the fine arts, music and dance (Alta formazione artistica, musicale e coreutica – Afam) and at the Higher technological institutes (Istituti tecnologici superiori – ITS).
2) Regional vocational education and training
Regional vocational education and training (istruzione e formazione professionale – IeFP) is organised into three and four-year courses. Courses can be organised by both accredited local training agencies and by vocational upper secondary schools in partnership with training agencies. The main characteristic of courses is a wider use of laboratories and of periods of work experiences. The aim is to faster access to the job market. At the end of courses, learners receive a vocational qualification that gives them access to the second-level regional courses or, in case of the four-year programmes and at certain conditions, to tertiary education.
Post-secondary non-tertiary education
The post-secondary non-tertiary level offers two types of courses, both organised at regional level:
- Courses in the vocational education and training system (istruzione e formazione professionale - IeFP)
- Courses in the Higher technical education and training system (Istruzione e formazione tecnica superiore - IFTS)
The Regions organise short IeFP courses (400-800 hours) that are addressed to those who hold a qualification obtained either in the three- and four-year vocational education and training system (IeFP) or in the upper secondary vocational school education.
The IFTS courses aim at developing professional specialisations at post-secondary level to meet the requirements of the labour market, both in the public and private sectors.
The following types of institution offer tertiary education:
- Universities and equivalent institutions
- Institutes of the Higher education for the fine arts, music and dance (Alta formazione artistica, musicale e coreutica - Afam)
- Higher technological institutes (Istituti tecnologici superiori – ITS)
Universities and Afam institutes offer programmes of the first, second and third cycle according to the Bologna structure and issue the relevant qualifications. In addition, universities and Afam institutes organise courses leading to qualifications outside the Bologna structure.
Higher technological institutes are highly specialised technical schools that offer programmes in the technical and technological sectors, corresponding to the levels 5 and 6 of the EQF. ITSs have been recently reformed. Main changes are described in the chapter on ongoing reforms in higher education.
The system of formal adult education (istruzione degli adulti - IDA) refers to the domain of the educational activities aimed at the acquisition of qualifications of the education and training system. It falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and merit. This type of provision is financed through public resources, and it is free for participants (16 years of age and above). Formal adult education is organised at Provincial Centres for School Education for Adults (Centri provinciali per l’istruzione degli adulti – CPIA) and involves also upper secondary schools.
The system offers:
- first-level courses, organised by CPIAs, aimed at obtaining an ISCED 1 and ISCED 2qualification and the certification of basic competences to be acquired at the end of compulsory education in vocational and technical education
- second-level courses, organised by upper secondary schools, aimed at the obtainment of a technical, vocational and artistic upper secondary school leaving certificate;
- literacy and Italian language courses for foreign adults, organised by CPIAs, aimed at the acquisition of competences in the Italian language at least at the level A2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for languages.
Courses are available also in detention centres.
Education is compulsory for ten years, between 6 and 16 years of age. Compulsory education covers (DM 139/2007):
- five years of primary education,
- three years of lower secondary education
- the first two years of upper secondary education.
Students can also attend the last two years of compulsory education in the regional vocational education and training system (Istruzione e formazione professionale – IeFP).
Compulsory school education is organised at State schools or at independent schools with parity (paritarie)These latter are either public or private independent schools that are equal to State schools. Subject to certain conditions, pupils and students can complete their compulsory education through home education (istruzione parentale), described below in the relevant article, or by attending independent schools without parity. The State also guarantees the right to study and to complete compulsory education to hospitalised pupils and to pupils held in detention centres for minors.
In addition to compulsory education, everyone has a right and a duty (diritto/dovere) to receive education and training for at least 12 years within the education system or until they have obtained a three-year vocational qualification by the age of 18 (D.Lgs 76/2005).
Finally, 15-year-olds can also spend the last year of compulsory education on an apprenticeship, upon a specific arrangement between the Regions, the Ministry of labour, the Ministry of education and trade unions (law 183/2010).
Compulsory education refers to both enrolment and attendance. Parents are responsible for the attendance and completion of compulsory education. Supervision of compliance with compulsory education is the responsibility of the municipality of residence and of the head of the school attended by the individual pupil.
Those who do not continue with their studies after compulsory education, receive a certificate of completion of compulsory education that also describes the skills they have acquired. Dispositions on compulsory education apply to Italian citizens as well as to EU and non-EU citizens in compulsory school age.
Home education in Early childhood education and care (ECEC)
Law 107/2015 acknowledges home-based education (servizi educativi in contesto domiciliare) for children aged less than three years, as one of the alternatives to centre-based provision (nido d’infanzia), together with play areas and centres for children and families. These supplementary educational services have the purpose of meeting the needs of families through a flexible organisation and structure.
Home-based educational services welcome children from 3 to 36 months organised in very small groups under the care of one or more childminders.
The Regions and local authorities organise and monitor the offer in their own territories.
Home education during compulsory education
Pupils and students can attend home education (istruzione parentale) to complete compulsory education, which covers the whole primary and lower secondary levels of education and the first two years of upper secondary education, up to 16 years of age. Central legislation regulates home education during compulsory education (D.Lgs 297/1994, D.lgs 76/2005, D.Lgs 62/2017).
During compulsory school age, parents can decide to start home tuition at any time of the school year. However, they must certify to hold the technical skills and the economic capacity to deliver this kind of education on their own (Dlgs 297/1994 and Dlgs 76/2005). To this end, parents must submit a communication addressed to the school head of the school closest to the child’s resident area. The school head verifies the veracity of this declaration, but no authorisation is needed and the communication must be submitted every year.
Pupils attending home-based compulsory education must sit an aptitude examination every year both to continue home education and to be admitted to the State examination held at the end of lower secondary education. They also must pass an aptitude examination in case they are willing to enrol at school . The aptitude test aims at verifying the competences and skills acquired by pupils in home education and, therefore, to verify the accomplishment of compulsory education. Parents draw up the study plan for their child in coherence with the National guidelines issued at central level for the relevant level of education.
Once compulsory education is completed, students can finish their studies at school, either State or paritaria, upon passing the aptitude examination. Otherwise, they can complete the remaining three years through home education or attending a private institution. In this case, they sit for the State examination held at the end of upper secondary education, as external candidates. Central legislation regulates the participation of external candidates to the final State examination (please see the sections on the assessment of students in either general or vocational upper secondary education).
In school year 2021/2022, pupils attending home education were 11 363 at primary level, 6 122 in lower secondary school, while students in upper secondary education were 1 972 (Source: elaboration of data, Ministero dell’istruzione e del merito – Rilevazioni sulle scuole).
Students at all levels of education, unable to attend school for health reasons, receive home tuition by school teachers. This type of tuition is not subject to the dispositions on home education.
Contents revised: 18 May 2023
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Green Roofs are Great! … But Not Cheap Green roofs are rightly in the technical news. A plant-covered layer of soil on a roof can provide insulation and cooling in summer (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof). Green roofs can provide insulation in winter (http:www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/11/0051126141309.htm). The plants in a green roof can help decompose pollution. Green roofs even have their own web page at http://www.greenroofs.com/ . Green roofs are defined as plant-covered roofs (not just a roof painted green). They function in two ways. First, the layer of soil and plant material is a significant addition to the typical roof insulation. Second, plants transpire moisture to the atmosphere and prevent heating of the roofing surface. (This is analogous to the way people sweat to prevent overheating.) As additional benefits, green roofs can produce crops, they can be exotic small parks for office buildings or condominiums.
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The FINANCIAL — U.S. parents’ concern for their children’s physical safety at school has held steady this year at 28%. Parents’ fears most recently edged up to 33% in 2012 and 2013 after the mass shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, in December 2012. Since then, the percentage of parents who fear for their children’s safety has returned to the levels seen from 2009 to mid-2012.
Gallup’s 18-year trend documents spikes in parents’ concern about school safety after major incidents of gun violence at schools, including the April 1999 Columbine massacre (55%) and the March 2001 shooting at Santana High (45%), and an uptick after the December 2012 Newtown shooting (33%).
The combined data since 2012 demonstrate that parents’ worry varies among key subgroups. Mothers (33%) are more likely than fathers (25%), nonwhite parents (40%) are more likely than white parents (23%), and lower-income parents (41%) are nearly twice as likely as high-income parents (21%) to be concerned.
Despite the racial and income differences, concern among parents whose children attend public versus private schools does not differ significantly. However, parents of elementary and middle-school students are slightly more likely than parents of high school students to be concerned about their children’s safety at school.
Roughly One in Eight Students Express Fear for Their Own Safety
Currently, 13% of parents say their children have expressed fear about their safety at school. This is the highest level of fear recorded since 2001, when 22% of parents said their child indicated concern shortly after the Santana High School shooting. However, the current figure is largely consistent with the 8% to 12% range seen since 2012.
Parents’ reports since 2012 that their children have expressed fear are higher among mothers than fathers, nonwhites than whites, and low-income than middle- and high-income parents. These patterns match those seen among parents’ own concerns for their children’s safety. Additionally, 11% of parents with children in public schools say their child has expressed fear about their safety in school, nearly double the rate among parents of children in private schools (6%).
The spikes in parents’ fear for their children’s safety in the wake of high-profile school shootings have receded in recent years. After the 1999 Columbine shooting that left 12 students dead, a majority of U.S. parents admitted concern for their children’s safety at school. However, after 20 children were killed at Sandy Hook Elementary in Connecticut in 2012, one-third of U.S. parents expressed fear for their children’s physical safety at school.
According to the FBI, there have been as many as 50 mass murders or attempted mass murders in U.S. schools since the Columbine shooting. Parents’ muted response to high-visibility school shootings in recent years could reflect an increasing desensitization to school violence.
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Aug. 2, 2023 – It’s a story as old as teaching. Young children staring off into space during class, seemingly oblivious to the lesson and any anything else happening around them.
But Sara-Rivka Bass, an elementary teacher in Brooklyn, has found that many children who don’t seem to be paying attention actually absorb more information than they would appear to be.
“I allow the children in my class to use a fidget spinner because it actually helps some kids to pay attention,” she said. “If I see that their work is suffering, it means they’re using it as a toy instead of an attention-enhancing tool, and they’re paying attention to the spinner, so I’ll take it away.”
But in many kids, the spinner actually helps the kids to focus on the lesson material.
“As an instructor, I know that there can be many kids who seem to be paying attention and can be staring at my face during the lesson, but aren’t absorbing or retaining any of that information,” Bass said. “Other kids focus better when they’re also doing something else at the same time.”
Now there is research to suggest Bass may be correct. A new study shows that children’s apparent inability to pay attention may actually allow them to outperform adults and retain information that they were told to discard in ways that adults can’t.
Investigators studied 24 adults — average age of 23 — and 26 children ranging from 7 to 9. Each was asked to observe a series of four illustrations: a bumblebee, a car, a chair, and a tree. The images were accompanied by a background of dots moving either up, down, left, or right.
Each person did this while inside a magnetic resonance imaging machine, and as they watched, their brain activity was measured to show which areas of the brain were most involved.
At one point in the study, participants were told to ignore the moving dots and to press a button when one of the four objects appeared more than once. In another phase, they were asked to ignore the objects and to press a button when the dots were moving in the same direction more than once.
When the researchers compared the accuracy of the children and the adults in both tasks, they found that the brains of the adults showed enhanced activity for the information they were asked to focus on.
The children’s brains, on the other hand, represented both what they were asked to prioritize and what they were asked to ignore. In other words, they were able to decode both sets of information at the same time.
In particular, the researchers found that adults had high accuracy for focusing just on what they were supposed to. But the children were able to decode both equally well.
“This somewhat surprising result shows that attention works differently in children’s brains, likely allowing children to learn about facts that are not immediately relevant to a task,” said senior author Amy Finn, PhD, associate professor at the University of Toronto.
“The present data indicate that, compared with adults, children are sensitive to more information in the environment, beyond their immediate goals, and such sensitivity can be helpful when children need to learn about multiple aspects of our information-rich world at once, or when their goals change,” the authors write.
Lead author Yaelan Jung, PhD, who worked on the study as a graduate student at the University of Toronto and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Emory University in Atlanta, elaborated in a press release. “Although it’s not a foreign idea that children have poorer attention abilities than adults, we did not know how this poor attention would impact the way their brains receive and hold other information,” she said.
“Our study fills this knowledge gap and shows that children’s poor attention leads them to hold more information from the world than adults,” Jung stated.
Developing an Instinct for Who’s Really Paying Attention
Finn says that the study doesn’t have any “direct implications” for children with ADHD who were not the focus of the researchers’ investigation.
But Bass says she notices that having a second activity to engage in — such as doodling or playing with a spinner — can be beneficial in enhancing attention in kids with ADHD.
Bass is very familiar with ADHD with because she herself had it as a child and continues to have challenges paying attention even in adulthood. She noted that sometimes, an extremely interesting topic that grabs a child’s attention can lead to the child being hyper-focused on it and not needing another activity at the same time in order to pay attention. But many lessons at school don’t have that type of magnetic appeal for youngsters and for them, a “mindless activity” can enhance their ability to pay attention.
Talya Roth teaches “twice-exceptional” fourth and fifth graders who have both ADHD and autism. Roth has also found that giving students a spinner or allowing them to draw during lessons doesn’t detract from their ability to attend to the lesson material and may even enhance it.
“I’ve literally had students at the end of the day who could no longer sit in chairs and were doing handstands,” she said. “I would be teaching my regular class and asking questions and they would stop moving and would give me a thoughtful answer, not just ‘yes’ or ‘no,’ making it clear that they were paying attention and absorbing the information.”
Roth, who’s based in New York, encourages parents and teachers to recognize that attention in children is complex and even a seemingly inattentive child may actually be paying attention.
Bass adds that a lot of intuition and discretion are required for teachers to recognize when a child is engaging with the material and when they child actually is more focused on the external activity, such as the spinner. “But you develop an instinct,” she said.
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Health is a state of total physical, psychological, and social health. Those who are healthy are devoid of illness, imperfection, and also other problems that negatively affect their wellness. Nonetheless, the definition of health and wellness differs considerably between individuals, as well as there is no generally accepted meaning. While the World Health and wellness Organization describes health and wellness as “total physical, mental, or social well-being,” some people have other interpretations.
Concept of wellness
Health is a crucial concept, yet its definition is complicated and also advancing. This paper discovers the numerous manner ins which wellness is conceived, taking a look at exactly how it alters over time and across different areas. It likewise checks out the ramifications of these adjustments for public health and wellness intervention programs. It will highlight the significance of a clear concept of wellness for efficient policy production.
In its existing conceptual type, wellness can be developed as the physical, psychological, as well as psychological wellness of an individual. This includes relationships with others, the setting, and the person’s own subjective experience. Merry composed that each person is one-of-a-kind, so there are numerous elements of health and wellness Nonetheless, the three facets of wellness were frequently intertwined.
Social factors of wellness
The social factors of health and wellness describe economic and also social aspects that can impact a person’s health They can have a direct or indirect influence on wellness If these variables are not resolved, it might result in enhanced health risks. For instance, poverty, joblessness, and also lack of education and learning are a couple of social components of health and wellness.
Scientists have determined social factors as essential motorists of health as well as the requirement to address them. These aspects influence the wellness of people in all profession. They also affect healthcare prices as well as early death. The American Medical Association (AMA) just recently embraced a policy recognizing wellness as a basic human right. This plan supports plans that concentrate on social determinants of health and wellness.
Biomedical elements of wellness.
Biomedical aspects of health and wellness is an expanding field that concentrates on avoidance, discovery, and therapy of condition in humans. The journal releases initial research papers, evaluations, letters to the editor, as well as other products. It has a wide readership as well as is released quarterly. Biomedical elements of health has actually been a vital component of our nation’s growth and also clinical area.
Biomedical aspects of wellness encompasses a wide variety of topics and philosophical commitments. Its underlying viewpoint assumes that wellness and also illness are defined in terms of biochemical procedures, which the body is made up of subsidiary components. This viewpoint of wellness has actually spawned numerous thoughtful disputes. Some thinkers have doubted the significance of health as well as the value of reductionist reasoning. Others have actually advocated an extra holistic sight of human health.
Impact of way of living on health.
Way of life is a way of living that includes our day-to-day tasks, leisure activities, as well as job. It has a big influence on our wellness and well-being. Today, several individuals are living a harmful way of living, which can lead to physical as well as mental troubles. There are several methods to improve your way of life. Take into consideration the benefits of workout and also a balanced diet plan.
Modern way of lives have actually changed the all-natural metabolic equilibrium in our bodies. These adjustments can result in excessive weight as well as cardio troubles. Moreover, these adjustments might have social and emotional consequences. Lifestyles that urge social communication, exercise, and correct diet plan have a substantial impact on health and wellness.
Influence of genetics on health and wellness.
Using pictures taken by the participants, the study checked out exactly how people check out genes and the role it plays alike illness. Participants were asked to submit digital images of themselves or their relative, with some consisting of pictures of illness. Participants also had the chance to talk about problems associated with genetic screening as well as the function of the environment. During the last day of the research study, participants completed a survey that explored their attitudes concerning genes, the atmosphere, as well as usual health and wellness problems.
Genes affects every facet of human wellness. It has actually been linked with lots of typical diseases, consisting of diabetes, cardiovascular condition, as well as lots of mental problems. As even more people familiarize their genetic makeup, they may be urged to make healthy changes to their way of livings.
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A Business Management Level Can Create new opportunities in a Number of OccupationsImran
Business managing is a discipline that is targeted on organization and leadership. Business managers set the organizational goals and direct and put together all business business. The demand for business managers boosts with the complexity of daily business surgical treatments. They have to manage personnel, budget for resources, take care of budgets, talk effectively, seek the services of talented staff, and ensure the fact that company meets its goals. Ultimately, business managers are definitely the backbone of any organization, guiding and supervising the entire organization.
Successful business management begins with a crystal clear mission and vision. The mission is considered the most basic aim of an business, while the eye-sight reflects you’re able to send long-term desired goals. Then, the entity must set goals and establish targets to achieve many goals. The objectives specify the goals of an activity and provide real means to achieve them.
An enterprise management system is mostly a collection of tools and processes that support planning and implementing strategies. It also supplies a framework for tactical decision-making. Businesses that plan ahead can adjust their resources and plan all their activities consequently. By following a business management system, businesses can maximize the productivity and profitability of their resources. A management system likewise incorporates objectives, which help businesses achieve individuals goals. The goal-oriented business design also entails a strategic prepare.
A business management degree can open doors in a number of employment opportunities. For example , you can become a durham region business professional. This vocation can help you dissect business practices, implement new processes, and work with several clients. Whether you’re in search of a job as a manager or maybe a consultant, an enterprise management degree can provide you with chances look at this now that could lead to a prospering career.
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Companion planting is a gardening technique that involves planting different crops together to achieve mutual benefits. It is an age-old practice that has been used by farmers and gardeners for centuries.
Companion planting can help improve soil fertility, control pests and diseases, and increase yields. In this article, you will learn everything you need to know about companion planting and how to use it in your garden.
Understanding Companion Planting Companion planting involves planting different crops together to achieve mutual benefits. Certain plants have natural pest-repelling properties, while others can improve soil fertility or attract beneficial insects. By planting these crops together, you can create a healthy and balanced garden ecosystem. Understanding the principles of companion planting can help you choose the right plants to grow together and avoid potential problems.
The Role of Companion Planting in Gardening Companion planting is an essential gardening technique that can help you achieve a more productive and healthy garden. By planting different crops together, you can create a diverse and balanced ecosystem that can help control pests and diseases, improve soil fertility, and increase yields.
Whether you are growing vegetables, herbs, or flowers, companion planting can help you achieve your gardening goals. In the following sections, we will explore some of the most common companion planting pairs and how to use them in your garden.
- Companion planting involves planting different crops together to achieve mutual benefits.
- Understanding the principles of companion planting can help you choose the right plants to grow together and avoid potential problems.
- Companion planting is an essential gardening technique that can help you achieve a more productive and healthy garden.
Understanding Companion Planting
Companion planting is the practice of planting different plant species together to benefit each other in some way. This technique has been used by gardeners for centuries to improve crop yields, reduce pest and disease problems, and create a more diverse and sustainable garden ecosystem.
The idea behind companion planting is that certain plants have natural affinities for each other and can help each other grow better. For example, some plants have the ability to fix nitrogen in the soil, which can benefit other plants that require nitrogen to grow. Other plants have strong scents that can repel pests, while others can attract beneficial insects that can help control pests.
One of the key benefits of companion planting is that it can help reduce pest and disease problems in your garden. By planting certain plants together, you can create a more diverse and balanced ecosystem that is less susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks. For example, planting marigolds with tomatoes can help repel nematodes, while planting basil with tomatoes can help repel aphids.
Another benefit of companion planting is that it can help improve soil fertility and structure. By planting certain plants together, you can create a more diverse and balanced soil ecosystem that is better able to hold nutrients and water. For example, planting legumes like beans and peas can help fix nitrogen in the soil, which can benefit other plants that require nitrogen to grow.
Companion planting can also help improve crop yields by creating a more diverse and balanced garden ecosystem. By planting a variety of plants together, you can create a more resilient garden that is better able to withstand environmental stresses like drought, heat, and cold.
The Role of Companion Planting in Gardening
Companion planting is a gardening technique that involves planting different crops together for mutual benefit. This practice has been around for centuries and is based on the idea that certain plants can help each other grow better.
One of the main benefits of companion planting is pest control. Some plants are natural repellents for certain pests, and planting them alongside susceptible crops can help to deter pests from attacking. For example, planting marigolds alongside tomatoes can help to repel nematodes, which can damage the roots of tomato plants.
Another benefit of companion planting is improved soil health. Certain plants have deep root systems that can help to break up compacted soil, allowing air and water to penetrate more easily. Additionally, some plants are nitrogen-fixers, which means they can convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is available to other plants. This can help to improve soil fertility and reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers.
Companion planting can also help to attract beneficial insects, such as pollinators and predators of garden pests. For example, planting flowers like lavender or borage alongside vegetables can help to attract bees and other pollinators, which can increase yields. Additionally, planting herbs like parsley or dill can attract predatory insects like ladybugs or lacewings, which can help to control pests like aphids.
Common Companion Planting Pairs
When it comes to companion planting, some plants work better together than others. Here are some common companion planting pairs to consider for your vegetable garden:
- Tomatoes and Basil: Tomatoes and basil are a classic companion planting pair. Basil repels pests that can harm tomatoes and enhances their flavor.
- Carrots and Onions: Carrots and onions make great companions because they repel pests that can harm each other. Onions also improve the flavor of carrots.
- Cucumbers and Radishes: Cucumbers and radishes are a great pairing because radishes repel cucumber beetles, which can damage cucumber plants.
- Lettuce and Chives: Lettuce and chives are a good pairing because chives repel aphids, which can damage lettuce plants.
- Corn, Beans, and Squash: Corn, beans, and squash are often planted together in a technique called the Three Sisters. Corn provides a structure for beans to climb, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, and squash shades the soil and helps deter pests.
When planning your companion planting pairs, keep in mind that not all plants get along. For example, beans and onions should not be planted together because they can stunt each other’s growth. Similarly, tomatoes and potatoes should not be planted together because they are both susceptible to the same diseases.
To make the most of your companion planting pairs, consider using a companion planting chart or guide. These resources can help you determine which plants work well together and which should be kept apart.
Companion Planting with Herbs
Herbs are a great addition to any garden, not only for their culinary uses but also for their ability to repel pests and attract beneficial insects. When it comes to companion planting with herbs, there are a few things to keep in mind.
First, it’s important to consider the growth habits of the herbs you want to plant. Some herbs, like mint and lemon balm, can be quite invasive and should be planted in pots or contained areas. Other herbs, like basil and parsley, do well when planted together in the same bed.
Another thing to keep in mind is which herbs pair well with which vegetables. For example, basil is a great companion for tomatoes, while thyme and sage do well with cabbage and other brassicas. Rosemary and chives are also great companions for many different vegetables.
Here’s a quick reference guide for some common herbs and their companion plants:
|Basil||Tomatoes, peppers, oregano|
|Chives||Carrots, tomatoes, peas|
|Dill||Cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers|
|Mint||Cabbage, tomatoes, peppers|
|Oregano||Tomatoes, peppers, eggplant|
|Rosemary||Cabbage, beans, carrots|
|Sage||Cabbage, beans, carrots|
|Thyme||Cabbage, eggplant, tomatoes|
Keep in mind that companion planting with herbs is not an exact science and what works for one garden may not work for another. It’s important to experiment and see what works best for your specific situation.
Companion Planting in Vegetable Gardens
Companion planting refers to the practice of planting different crops together so that they can benefit each other. It is a natural way of controlling pests, improving soil fertility, and increasing crop yield. Here are some tips for successful companion planting in your vegetable garden:
Choose Complementary Plants
When selecting plants for your vegetable garden, consider their compatibility. Some plants have natural affinities for each other and will thrive when planted together.
For example, beans fix nitrogen in the soil, which is beneficial for corn, while marigolds repel pests that can damage tomatoes. You can find a comprehensive list of companion plants in the search results.
Avoid Incompatible Plants
Just like some plants complement each other, others do not get along well. For instance, planting tomatoes and potatoes together can lead to the spread of blight disease.
Similarly, planting onions and beans together can stunt the growth of both crops. Therefore, it is essential to research which plants are incompatible and avoid planting them together.
Use Succession Planting
Succession planting is the practice of planting different crops in the same space at different times. This ensures that the garden remains productive throughout the growing season.
For example, you can plant lettuce and radishes together in the early spring, followed by beans and corn in the summer, and then broccoli and cauliflower in the fall.
Incorporate Companion Plants in Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops in the same space over several years. It helps to prevent soil-borne diseases and pests from building up in the soil.
By incorporating companion plants in your crop rotation, you can further improve soil fertility and reduce pest problems.
Companion Planting in Flower Gardens
If you’re planning a flower garden, companion planting can help you create a beautiful and healthy garden. Companion planting is the practice of planting certain plants together to benefit each other. Here are some tips for companion planting in your flower garden:
Benefits of Companion Planting in Flower Gardens
Companion planting in flower gardens can provide many benefits, such as:
- Attracting pollinators: Planting flowers that attract bees, butterflies, and other pollinators can help pollinate your garden and increase your flower yield.
- Natural pest control: Some flowers can repel pests or attract beneficial insects that prey on pests, reducing the need for harmful pesticides.
- Improved soil health: Certain flowers can improve soil health by adding nutrients or fixing nitrogen in the soil.
- Aesthetic appeal: Companion planting can create a visually appealing garden by combining flowers with complementary colors, textures, and shapes.
Best Companion Plants for Flower Gardens
Here are some popular companion plants to consider for your flower garden:
|Marigold||Attracts beneficial insects, repels pests|
|Lavender||Attracts pollinators, repels pests|
|Cosmos||Attracts pollinators, repels pests|
|Sunflower||Attracts pollinators, adds nutrients to soil|
Flowers as Companion Plants
Flowers can also be used as companion plants for other types of plants. For example, planting marigolds with tomatoes can help repel pests that commonly attack tomato plants. Similarly, planting nasturtiums with squash can deter squash bugs and other pests.
Companion Planting Mistakes to Avoid
While companion planting can be beneficial, there are some common mistakes to avoid:
- Planting incompatible plants together: Some plants can actually harm each other when planted together. For example, planting tomatoes and fennel together can stunt the growth of both plants.
- Planting too closely together: Overcrowding plants can lead to competition for resources and reduced growth.
- Not considering plant height: Planting tall plants in front of shorter plants can block sunlight and reduce growth.
By following these tips, you can create a beautiful and healthy flower garden with companion planting.
Avoiding Bad Companions in the Garden
When it comes to companion planting, it’s not just about choosing good companions, but also avoiding bad ones.
Certain plants can have negative effects on others, either by attracting pests or competing for resources. Here are some tips to help you avoid bad companions in your garden:
1. Keep Nightshades Apart
Nightshade plants, such as tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants, should be kept separate from plants in the Brassica family, such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage. These two families are incompatible and can stunt each other’s growth.
2. Don’t Mix Herbs and Vegetables
While herbs and vegetables can make great companions, it’s important to keep them separate in the garden. This is because herbs can release chemicals that can stunt the growth of certain vegetables, such as beans and peas.
3. Avoid Planting Certain Vegetables Together
Some vegetables just don’t get along with each other. For example, onions and beans are incompatible and can stunt each other’s growth. Similarly, carrots and dill should not be planted together, as dill can attract pests that will damage the carrots.
4. Keep Mint Contained
Mint is a great herb to have in the garden, but it can quickly take over if not kept in check. It’s best to plant mint in a container or in a designated area of the garden to prevent it from spreading and taking over other plants.
5. Be Careful with Companion Planting Charts
While companion planting charts can be a helpful guide, it’s important to use them with caution. Not all plants will have the same effects on each other in every garden, and some combinations that work well for one gardener may not work for another.
By following these tips and doing your research, you can avoid bad companions in your garden and create a thriving, healthy ecosystem for your plants.
Companion Planting Chart and Tips
When planning your vegetable garden, companion planting can be a useful technique to improve plant health, increase yields, and reduce pest problems. Here are some tips and a companion planting chart to help you get started.
Companion Planting Chart
|Asparagus||Tomato, parsley, basil|
|Beans||Carrots, cucumbers, corn|
|Cabbage||Celery, onions, dill|
|Carrots||Peas, lettuce, onions|
|Corn||Cucumbers, beans, peas|
|Cucumbers||Corn, beans, peas|
|Lettuce||Carrots, radishes, onions|
|Onions||Carrots, beets, lettuce|
|Peas||Carrots, radishes, turnips|
|Tomatoes||Basil, parsley, carrots|
Tips for Companion Planting
- Choose plants with similar needs: When pairing plants, make sure they have similar water, light, and soil requirements. For example, tomatoes and peppers both need full sun and well-draining soil, so they make good companions.
- Plant tall plants with short plants: Planting tall plants like tomatoes or corn with shorter plants like lettuce or radishes can help maximize space and provide shade for the shorter plants.
- Use plants to repel pests: Some plants, like marigolds and garlic, are known to repel pests. Planting these alongside your vegetables can help keep pests away naturally.
- Rotate crops: To avoid soil-borne diseases and pest problems, rotate your crops each year. This means planting different types of vegetables in different areas of your garden each year.
- Avoid planting certain combinations: Some plants don’t do well together and can actually harm each other. For example, planting tomatoes and potatoes together can increase the risk of blight, while planting beans and onions together can stunt growth.
Companion planting can take some trial and error, but it’s a great way to improve your garden’s health and productivity. Use this chart and these tips to get started and see what works best for your garden.
Implementing Companion Planting in Your Garden
If you’re new to companion planting, it might seem overwhelming to figure out which plants to pair together. But don’t worry, it’s not as complicated as it seems. Here are some tips to help you implement companion planting in your garden:
Start with the basics
Begin by planting some of the most common companion plants, such as marigolds, basil, and chives. These plants are easy to grow and can help repel pests and attract beneficial insects.
Consider plant compatibility
When choosing which plants to pair together, it’s important to consider their compatibility. Some plants have a symbiotic relationship, while others can inhibit each other’s growth.
For example, tomatoes and basil are great companions, as basil can help repel pests that attack tomatoes. On the other hand, beans and onions should not be planted together, as they can stunt each other’s growth.
Utilize companion planting charts
Companion planting charts can be a helpful tool when planning your garden. These charts provide information on which plants are compatible with each other and which are not. You can find many of these charts online, or even create your own.
Rotate your crops
Crop rotation is an important aspect of companion planting. By rotating your crops each year, you can help prevent soil-borne diseases and pests from building up in your garden.
For example, if you plant tomatoes in one bed one year, plant a different crop in that bed the following year to help prevent tomato-specific pests and diseases from taking hold.
Experiment and observe
Every garden is different, and what works for one gardener may not work for another. Experiment with different companion planting combinations and observe how your plants grow and interact with each other. Over time, you’ll learn which combinations work best for your garden.
By implementing companion planting in your garden, you can help create a more diverse and healthy ecosystem. Not only will your plants thrive, but you’ll also be doing your part to support beneficial insects and wildlife.
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Welcome to this post that will be talking about why your pothos plant might be turning yellow after you have reported it. The issue is often because the plant is getting stressed after being transplanted.
This is a very common thing that will occur with a lot of plants when they are coming to a new place to grow in. The plant was once established and now they have to adapt its whole root system to a new place.
Follow along in the article here and we will be talking more in-depth about repotting a pothos plant and what some things are that you could be doing. The pothos plant is one of the best ones out there to be growing if you are a beginner with gardening. It’s a low-maintenance house plant that also brings a lot of beauty and decoration.
Pothos Turning Yellow After Repotting
Just like we said at the beginning of the article here, the pothos plant could easily be turning yellow for a number of different reasons. What we find to be the case however when repotting is because of just that, repotting.
The plant has to suddenly adapt to a completely new place and might get very stressed because of this. But you should be afraid about the plant not surviving, it is simply just adapting to the new environment it has been presented to.
Instead, you should be thinking about the ways you could make it more comfortable here so it can once again start to thrive. This means making sure that the soil it will begin to grow in is very healthy.
Fertilizing the soil a little bit before might be a very good decision. That will definitely kickstart the growth and the roots can start draining nutrients from the soil and aid the plant.
Watering the plant when transplanting it is also important. It should be kept somewhat damp to semi-dry for the best results. An overwatered soil will quickly show up as the leaves of the plant start to turn black.
Keeping the plant in a relatively shaded area is the best route in our opinion to not cause the leaves to become sunburned. They will then be drier and have a brown color appear around the edges.
Is your pothos plant starting to turn black on the leaves? In this article we are discussing just this issue, Black Leaves On Pothos.
Can Yellow Pothos Turn Green Again
A yellow pothos plant could definitely turn green again. But the problem might occur when there is not enough nutrients in the soil. This has usually a direct correlation with the overall color of the plant.
But note that it is the chlorophyll in the leaf that makes it appear green in the color. That is caused by it getting nutrients and energy. But once the leaf loses that chlorophyll the plant will instead be draining the leftover energy and nutrients from that part. This leaves the plant with a dried-up leaf that eventually will be falling off.
It’s a lot more important knowing how to prevent the plant from having yellow leaves than trying to get them to turn green again. That means you not only have to fertilize the soil but also need to water it. Keeping it somewhat damp will create a great environment for the roots to grow in.
Are you considering keeping your pothos plant outdoors? In this article, we are covering this exact topic, Pothos Outside.
How Do You Fix Yellowing On Pothos
Fixing the plant once it’s turning yellow is very difficult. It all comes down to the leaf having the chlorophyll leave and it’s very hard to encourage it to come back and once again be a green leaf.
Instead, we need to try and prevent it from happening. A well-nurtured soil with fertilizer and water will help the plant grow the best it could. The root system will be able to drain and collect everything it needs from the soil and then convert that into the plant growing and expanding.
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About the Gendered Text Project
Unconscious biases on characters' gender continue in narrative fiction, both in print and on screen.
Although studies show that movies with women in leading roles and movies that pass the Bechdel test are more profitable, most roles, leading and otherwise, still go to men. Women fill less than a third of speaking roles in film, according to a review of the 700 top-grossing films from 2007 to 2014 conducted by the University of Southern California. Men get more speaking time in ads, according to the Gina Davis Institute's 2017 study. In most Disney princess films, the amount of time women get to talk or act is overshadowed by the male characters.
Research has shown similar gender imbalances in literature - from children's stories, to award-winning literary fiction, to best selling genres like sci-fi and fantasy, not to mention the challenges faced by female authors in getting published.
The gendered text project is an open source website allowing users to radically alter the gender of characters in a story. Users can read selected texts already modified for this format or submit their own texts. To modify a text this project, first input a text to identify all the gendered nouns in a story. Then manually tag each gendered noun with the associated character. Insert a "legend" with a list of characters and alternate names. Finally, choose a gender for each character to output a new, revised text.
Changing a character's gender changes the story in multiple ways.
What makes a hero? Imagine Conan the Barbarian (a man) as Cuzha the Barbarian (a woman). The character remains an unparalleled warrior, adventuring in exotic lands and soundly defeating all foes, but as a woman instead of a man.
What makes a villain? Changing the gender may change a character from a hero to a villain or versa. Take the Queen of Hearts from Alice in Wonderland. Instead of a paranoid, hysterical shrew screaming "Off with their heads" every other line, as a man, the character becomes a ruthless tyrant, a bloodthirsty dictator, someone to be taken seriously.
Changing gender may also change sexual orientation. Take the example of Conan again. The character often takes a lover who fights by the barbarian's side in life and in death. What if it was Cuzha who seduces the Queen of the Black Coast or Conan who takes the King as a lover? A character's gender does not just reflect on that one character, but the whole story.
Who runs this operation?
The project is run by volunteers and is open-source. Emily Parkhurst is geek, gamer, genetic counselor, and an avid reader of all genres, including fanfic. Mark Fullmer is a poet, musician, communications teacher, and coding guru. Maggie Anton is the author of several novels, including award winning historical fiction and non-fiction.
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All Orders are sent in plain packaging for piece of mind.
Shop All Fans
Air movement fans play a crucial role in grow rooms or indoor gardens where plants are cultivated. They help create an optimal growing environment by promoting airflow, reducing stagnant air, and facilitating the exchange of gases. Here are some key points about using air movement fans in grow rooms:
Circulation and Ventilation: Air movement fans help circulate air within the grow room, ensuring that fresh air reaches all parts of the plants. This promotes better distribution of heat, humidity, and carbon dioxide (CO2), which are essential for plant growth and photosynthesis. Adequate airflow also helps prevent the formation of hotspots and humidity gradients, reducing the risk of mold, pests, and diseases.
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1. DON'T TRY TO BE PERFECT
Trying to be perfect will set you up for failure. Fear of making a mistake. Fear of
disappointing others. Fear of failure. In order to grow and build confidence, you have to
be willing to take risks and learn from failure.
2. ADOPT A GROWTH MINDSET
People with a growth mindset believe that their most basic abilities can be developed
through dedication and hard work—brains and talent are just the starting point.
Confidence is a skill that you can develop.
3. CHALLENGE THE INNER CRITIC
Challenge yourself to become aware of any self-critical thoughts. Rather than dwell on
them, find the lesson and start learning.
4. CELEBRATE YOUR STRENGTHS
What if you started to make a habit of recognizing your talents and strengths instead of
your shortcomings? How would this change the way you felt about yourself?
5. STAND TALL
Your physicality and body language don't merely reflect your emotions, they are often
the cause. Standing tall, straightening your shoulders and improving your posture can
greatly affect your sense of confidence
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Vancouver, British Columbia: grunt gallery
Beat Nation began at grunt gallery in 2008 as a website project curated by Tania Willard and Skeena Reece.
“…From MCs to graff writers, video makers, painters and poets, Aboriginal rights and rhymes have inspired a new fusion of hip hop and diverse indigenous cultures. Distilling these influences into contemporary art and experimental music was an extension of using these mediums to engage young people in their culture(s). Aboriginal cultural lyricscapes peppered N8V hip hop tracks and from Cree to Inuit to Haida to Mohawk and more, our realities and our dreams were reflected in the music, the art, and the culture of hip hop.” – Excerpt from Tania Willard’s original curatorial statement, 2008.
“…Where can Indigenous expression be seen? Or perhaps a better question is where can it NOT be seen? Mainstream television, blockbuster films, radio stations, government structure and even buildings themselves. The de-saturation of Indigenous expression is a sign of colonization. For some people a pencil and paper are the only tools seen as available to document the expression of oneself. The common denominator is spoken word. Thus, Indigenous hip hop is widely accessible and crosses over cultural barriers.” – Excerpt from Skeena Reece’s original curatorial statement 2008.
Beat Nation eventually became an exhibition which was first shown at SAW gallery (below) and then grunt gallery on June 26, 2009.
BEAT NATION website:
July 17, 2009 – Georgia Straight: Geek Speak: Tania Willard, curator of Beat Nation: Hip Hop as Indigenous Culture
Ottawa, Ontario: SAW Gallery
The “Beat Nation – Hip Hop as Indigenous Culture” website evolved into an exhibition that was first presented at SAW gallery in Ottawa, Ontario from April 21 to June 26, 2009.
2009 SAW gallery Beat Nation Program:
Vancouver, British Columbia: Vancouver Art Gallery
In 2012, Tania Willard was invited by Kathleen Ritter to expand the Beat Nation exhibition at the Vancouver Art Gallery curator. The exhibition ran from February 25 to June 3, 2012 and was a huge success.
VAG Teacher’s Study Guide 2012
February 24, 2012 – Vancouver Courier: Beat Nation remixes art, hip hop and aboriginal culture
Toronto, Ontario: The Power Plant
Beat Nation travelled to The Power Plant in late 2012. The exhibition ran from December 15, 2012 – May 5, 2013.
December 16, 2012 – The Star: Beat Nation: Art, Hip Hop and Aboriginal Culture at the Power Plant
June 28, 2013 – Canadian Art: “Q&A: Tania Willard on Life Beyond Beat Nation”
Kamloops, British Columbia: Kamloops Art Gallery
Beat Nation returned to British Columbia to exhibit at the Kamloops Art Gallery during the summer of 2013. Prior to this exhibition, Curator Tania Willard was awarded an Aboriginal Curator Residency at the KAG from October 2013 to April 2015.
July 10, 2013 – Kamloops News: Art Review: Beat Nation lures, captivates, educates http://www.kamloopsnews.ca/article/20130710/KAMLOOPS0504/130719996/-1/kamloops/art-review-beat-nation-lures-captivates-educates
June 13, 2013 – Galleries West: Tania Willard awarded Aboriginal Curator Residency
Montreal, Quebec: Musée d’art contemporain de Montréal
Beat Nation tours to Montreal, Quebec with its largest exhibition yet. It runs from Oct 17, 2013 to January 5, 2014.
Oct 18, 2013 – Cult Montreal: Beat Nation is the Best Art Show of the Year
Nov 20, 2013 – “We have no history of colonialism,” and Other Great Canadian Myths: why Beat Nation is so important”
Dalhousie Art Gallery and St. Mary’s University Art Gallery, Halifax
March 22 – May 18, 2014
Nov 28, 2013 – Saint Mary’s Takes on Hip New Beat with Visiting Exhibition
April 25, 2014 – Keeping the beat: Aboriginal art and hip hop at the Dalhousie Art Gallery
May 14, 2014 -Last Week to catch Beat Nation: Art, Hip-Hop and Aboriginal Culture at Dal and SMU galleries (Ed. Note: Stills from the exhibition)
Mackenzie Art Gallery, Regina
– press release.
July 5 – September 7, 2014
According to the Vancouver Art Gallery website, Beat Nation is no longer touring.
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Hippocrates said, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.”
That couldn’t be a more truthful statement. Food doesn’t just affect the appearance of our bodies it also affects the functions. Your hearing can be greatly impacted by the foods you eat. If decreasing your chances of hearing loss by eating delicious, healthy foods doesn’t sound like a win-win, I don’t know what does.
Here is a list of foods, what they contain, and how it helps your hearing:
Seafood – contains omega 3 fatty acids- this strengthens the bloods vessels in your ears sensory system.
Leafy greens — contain antioxidants and folic acid- they ward off hearing loss by preventing free radicals from damaging the tissue in your inner ears.
Citrus fruits – contain vitamins C and E – these boost your immune system and reduce the risk of ear infections.
Nuts – contain magnesium- studies show this helps prevent the most common type of hearing loss, noise induced hearing loss. Allergic to nuts? You can also find magnesium in yogurt, bananas and potatoes.
Dark Chocolate – (you read that right) – contains zinc – this helps your inner ear resist damage that results in presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss. It also contains antioxidants, which reduce the number of free radicals that can damage your hearing. So double up on that dark chocolate!
Some of your favorite foods may be worsening tinnitus:
Here are some foods known to worsen tinnitus in certain people:
Foods high in cholesterol: Foods with high levels of trans or saturated fats can make tinnitus worse. Eating a more plant-based diet can provide your fat from unsaturated fats, lowering both your cholesterol and ringing in the ears.
Those raising your blood sugar: Spreading out carbohydrates throughout the day can help regulate your blood sugar levels, never allowing them to increase drastically and worsen your tinnitus symptoms.
Caffeine: Although the connection between caffeine and tinnitus is uncertain, caffeine is a stimulant that is a diuretic (meaning it causes you to urinate more). Loss of body fluids and stress are two triggers of tinnitus.
Salty foods and those containing salicylates: Items such as salty snacks, cheese and alcohol can worsen the sound in your ears – particularly those with food allergies or problems with foods containing salicylates, including tomatoes, almonds, peaches, tea or berries.
Keep a food diary to get a better idea of what foods may increase your tinnitus symptoms. Cut back on items consumed prior to the condition worsening.
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February is all about heart. That’s because it is the American Heart Month, intended, according to the American Heart Association, “to help everyone live longer, healthier lives so they can enjoy all of life’s precious moments.”
We, um, wholeheartedly, agree with this goal and are happy to play our role in helping all our students be healthy and happy. How? While it may not be immediately obvious that a music school has anything to do with cardiovascular health, it actually does.
In fact, research suggests that music can – both literally and figuratively – mend broken hearts. Of course, music alone can’t do this; other factors such as a healthy diet, exercise, and tobacco-free life are very important.
But music can certainly play (no pun intended) its part. Here are five ways how this is done:
There is also another heart-related event in February: Valentine’s Day on the 14th, when giving and receiving of love is celebrated.
Songs are a huge part of this holiday. While they have no direct influence on physical health, love songs evoke so many positive emotions that make our hearts go flutter!
Isn’t it worth celebrating anything that makes us feel happy?
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Sir Anish Kapoor, the British-Indian sculptor of The Bean in Chicago and other major works, has acquired the exclusive rights to the blackest known black in existence.
Known as Vantablack, the pigment is so dark that it absorbs 99.965% of light. Meaning, the light isn’t reflected, thus it’s invisible to the eye. Even when a 3D object like crinkled aluminum foil is coated in the stuff, none of the peaks and valleys are visible.
The artist has been working and experimenting with Vantablack — originally developed by the UK’s National Physical Laboratory and subsequently manufactured by Surry NanoSystems to paint stealth fighter jets — since 2014. “It’s blacker than anything you can imagine,” he told BBC radio. “It’s so black you almost can’t see it. It has a kind of unreal quality.”
When asked about the possibility of a little Vantablack dress, the manufacturer’s chief technical officer Ben Jensen said it would be “very expensive” — he was not at liberty to reveal the cost of the material. “You would lose all features of the dress. It would just be something black passing through.”
Technically, Vantablack is not a color, but an invented substance (microscopic tubes, each one 10,000 times thinner than a human hair), making it protectable property. But that isn’t stopping other artists from expressing frustration that they cannot use Vantablack.
The backlash calls to mind the legal tangle between Christian Louboutin and Yves Saint Laurent over the former’s signature use of red soles. And back in 1960, Yves Klein obtained a patent on International Klein Blue.
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African Americans -- Texas -- Houston
Found in 27 Collections and/or Records:
The African American Heritage Museum of Houston Collection is comprised of programs, brochures, photographs, and slides that document their inaugural opening on September 1, 1988.
The Barbara Jordan collection contains materials that highlights the life and legacy of Jordan’s work and political career. This collection, which dates from 1963 to 2011, consists of photographs, programs, newspaper clippings, flyers and various souvenir and memorabilia materials.
The Dr. Gladys Forde Papers documents the activities of the Forde Family members Dr. George Patrick Alfonso Forde, Adelaide Fullmighter Forde, and Dr. Gladys Inez Forde from 1913 to 2009. This collection includes awards and certificates, photographs, correspondence, newspaper clippings, obituaries for family and friends, funeral programs, publications related to African American history, vinyl records, and artwork.
The Elbert Howze collection contains newspaper articles, photographs, drawings, and his “Fourth Ward” photography book. The contents of the collection primarily focuses on structures, people, and life in Fourth Ward Houston during the 1980s.
The collection is comprised of black and white photographs of African Americans that date from 1933 through 1976. Photographs include the Terry family, along with relatives and friends in Terry's Grocery Market, the Pentecostal Missionary Baptist Church, the Terry family residence, Jack Yates High School, Harris County Court House, and several residential and community areas in Sunnyside. The collection includes photo identification sheets of descriptions of photographs.
The Rodney L. Griffin collection contains personal materials, which date from 1961 to 2009, that chronicle his experiences in the first desegregated Houston high school chess tournament in the 1960s. This collection consists of newspaper articles, photographs, and an election flyer. Researchers interested in urban high school clubs and activities after desegregation will find this a valuable resource.
This small collection contains information on the life of Jubal L. Taylor, a Houston resident and employee of the railway mail service in the 1930s. The collection contains news clippings, land records, and various family materials including a WWI draft card.
The Judson Robinson Sr. Family Collection consists mostly of photographs and a few newsclippings documenting activities of the Y.M.C.A. during the 1950's and into the 1970's.
The Oyra Chyra Gibbs collection contains papers collected as a part of the community outreach program. This small collection, which dates from 1953 to 2003, contains biographies on Barbara Jordan, black cowboys, and black women in the west. It also contains newspaper clippings on African Americans in Houston. This collection is relevant to the black women in Texas and the black life in Houston.
This collection consists primarily of the papers of Rev. Moses L. Price and those of the organizations with which he was affiliate during the 1920s to 1980s. Materials consist of correspondence, sermons, writings, biographical text, records that reflect some activities of Greater Zion Missionary Baptist Church, clippings, phonographic records, and photographs. It contains an incomplete run of the (Houston) Globe Advocate from 1970-1984.
The Sargent Roy & Tracy Cosey Collection contains several artifacts including a identification card from 1933, a dog tag and name badge from the Harris County Sheriff's Department. This small collection, documents the existence and role of black law enforcement in the Houston area.
This collection, donated by Mrs. Crawford, provides researchers with a good cross-section of historical materials, including correspondence, photographs, press clippings and organizational records which will be of special value to those with an interest in black history, as well as women's history and the history of religion in Houston.
The Velma M. Johnson Collection consists of a book entitled New-World Speller and an Uncle Tom's Cabin Log pencil. Series I: School Materials (1920), contains New-World Speller Book, by Julia H. Wohlfarth and Lilian Emily Rogers and Uncle Tom's Cabin log pencil.
The Wells Sessums Family Collection contains materials relating specifically to Cameron Wells Jr. and Cameron Wells, Sr. participation within the Boys Scouts. This collection, dated from 1919 to 1945, contains annual charter certificates, family photographs, correspondence, and miscellaneous items and memorabilia. The collection is small and not comprehensive but provides a glimpse into what being a Boy Scout was like for African American children during the time of segregation in Texas.
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The following UNCRC articles fall under the ‘self’ category of the best interests of the child framework. Examples of how common uses of children’s data can risk, or support, these rights are provided in Step 2 – Identifying impacts on the rights of the child of this guidance.
Article 6 - Life, survival and development
Children have an inherent right to life and survival, and their physical and emotional development should not be impeded.
Article 8 - Development and preservation of identity
Children have a right to develop and preserve their identity, including: nationality, name, family relations, gender and other personal identity characteristics.
Article 12 - Respect for the views of the child
Children who are capable of forming their own views have rights to express them, in all matters that affect them. Services can support this right by enabling children to have their views heard on an age appropriate platform.
Article 13 - Freedom of expression
Children have a right to seek, receive and impart ideas of all kinds, through any medium of their choice.
Services can support this right by providing off-by-default settings for children to share data that allows them to express themselves (for example participating in online debate or sharing self-made content).
Article 14 - Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Children have a right to form and develop their own beliefs, including in their choice of religious and moral values.
Article 16 - Protection of privacy
Children have a right to be protected from arbitrary or unlawful interference with their privacy.
Article 19 - Protection from violence, abuse and neglect
Children have a right to be protected from all forms of physical or mental violence, abuse, maltreatment or exploitation.
Article 32 - Protection from economic exploitation
Children have a right to be protected from economic exploitation of all forms.
Article 33 - Protection from drug abuse
Children have a right to be protected from the illicit use of drugs and age-restricted substances.
Children who are capable of forming their own views have rights to express them, in all matters that affect them.
Article 34 - Protection from sexual exploitation
Children have a right to be protected from all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse. This includes coercion into unlawful sexual activity or creation of sexual content.
Article 36 - Protection from other forms of exploitation
Children have a right to be protected from all forms of exploitation detrimental to their welfare.
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The Impact of Population Aging on Economic Growthin Asian Countries
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of population aging on economic growth. This paper forecasts the impact of population aging (demographic changes) on economic growth (measured by labor supply, household savings, and labor productivity) in three countries China, Japan, and Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: Data from 1990 to 2018 is used in this study. Interestingly, findings suggest that the older the population, the greater the negative impact on the economy. Findings: The results show that population aging has a negative effect on labor supply and labor productivity in the three countries. Surprisingly, the impact of population aging on house saving is negative in Japan and Malaysia but positive in China. Practical implementation: The results of this study may benefit the economists and governments regulators in these three Asian countries- China, Japan, and Malaysia- to overcome the population aging problem in the early stages by investigating the causing of these demographic changes that will negatively affect the economic position in each of these countries. Originality value: The research refers to the aging problem in China, Japan and Malaysia and how this problem may affect the economic growth in these countries.
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Krebs Cycle Important MCQs
1. The Krebs cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the cytoplasm of cells.
2. The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
3. The Krebs cycle is responsible for the production of energy in cells.
4. The Krebs cycle is a four-step process that involves the conversion of carbohydrates into energy.
5. The first step of the Krebs cycle is the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose.
6. The second step of the Krebs cycle is the conversion of glucose into pyruvate.
7. The third step of the Krebs cycle is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA.
8. The fourth step of the Krebs cycle is the conversion of acetyl CoA into energy.
The Krebs Cycle is a Component of Cellular Respiration
The Krebs cycle is a component of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process that cells use to convert the energy in food into a form that they can use. The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in glucose into a form that cells can use. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria, the organelles that produce energy for the cell.
Steps in the Krebs Cycle
1. The Krebs cycle begins with the glycolysis pathway. Glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate.
2. The pyruvate molecules are then transported into the mitochondria.
3. The pyruvate molecules are then converted into acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
4. The acetyl-CoA molecules are then combined with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
5. The citrate molecules are then converted into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA.
6. The oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA molecules are then converted into CO2 and water.
Products of the Krebs Cycle
The products of the Krebs cycle are carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The carbon dioxide is released from the cycle, and the water and energy are used by the cells to perform their work.
The Krebs Cycle’s Importance
The Krebs Cycle is important because it helps to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is necessary for the cell to carry out its functions. The cycle also helps to break down food molecules into energy that the cell can use.
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A campfire tripod is a cooking tool used over a campfire to prepare food. It has three legs, and you can put it over your fire to hold pots, kettles, or dutch ovens.
How do you make a campfire tripod?
Collect three straight branches, each about 2m long; any wood will work, so long as it’s strong enough to support your pot. Stand the tripod legs together and bind them near the top using twine, first in a figure-of-eight motion between the legs, then in an up-and-down circle, pulling tight before fastening.
What is the difference between a light stand and a tripod?
So although a light stand meets the technical definition of a tripod, it was meant to support a light, not a camera. Most light stands are not built for stability the way camera tripods are because you generally do not need your light to be particularly still.
How do you position wood for a campfire?
To build a platform campfire, start by laying three or more pieces of firewood on the ground. Place three or more on top, perpendicular to the first layer. Keep adding wood until the fire is at least three levels high, and then set tinder and kindling on top of the platform.
How do you make a fake outdoor campfire?
To make the fire, fold a sheet of tissue paper from each color in half and layer the sheets on top of one another. Then cut the layers in half to make two squares, and cut the squares on a diagonal from corner to corner to make triangles. Finally, layer the triangle shapes and bunch them together at the base.
What is better than tripod?
A tripod is the more stable camera support but tends to be bulky and can slow down your movement. A monopod isn’t as stable but restricts movement much less than a tripod. If you need to be mobile, a monopod is the best bet. You’re not stuck in one location.
What are the cons of tripod?
- Not worth it if you can’t get a good one. If you can’t afford a good, quality tripod, then don’t bother.
- Slows you down. If it takes too long to set up the tripod, you’re more likely to miss a good shot.
- Tripod police.
- Tripods are clumsy.
- Could be an expensive accident.
What are the pros and cons of a tripod?
Tripods prevent micro stutters that affect photos taken with a slow shutter speed. It also allows photographers to take images with a wide depth of field without worrying about camera shake. Less noise – the ISO is often adjusted depending on the lighting condition. The downside to this is it adds grain to the image.
Can you burn aluminum foil in a campfire?
Aluminum foil doesn’t catch on fire in an oven, on the grill or even in a campfire. It can burn, however — though sparklers actually use aluminum as their fuel. In a sparkler, the aluminum is in a powdered form.
What not to do by a campfire?
Keep children 3 feet away from anything that can get hot. Keep smoking materials locked up in a high place. Never leave cigarette lighters or matches where children can reach them. Never allow children or pets near the fire and do not leave them unsupervised.
What is the best firewood that doesn’t spark?
Similar to ash, beech wood burns hot and clean. Beech firewood doesn’t produce a lot of sparks, which makes it perfect for outdoor fire pits. The same qualities that make hickory excellent for indoor fires make it well-suited for outdoor fire pits.
What is tinder camping?
Tinder is an easily combustible material that’s primary purpose is to ignite kindling. It consists of small shavings or shreds of material that will burn hot quickly. Tinder found in nature: Dry grass.
Is hardwood or softwood better for campfire?
Therefore, you should consider using hardwood in your fire pit, fireplace or wood-burning stove. Hardwoods are typically denser than softwoods, so they naturally burn longer. A softwood log may burn for less than an hour, whereas a hardwood log of the same size may burn for several hours.
What is the most stable fire lay?
The log cabin fire lay is formed by assembling pairs of stacked materials in a four-sided “cabin” shape. Because the structure of fuel used in the fire is a stacked square shape, the structure is more stable. The shape also helps contain the heat in the center when lighting the fire, which helps with lighting the fire.
What’s the difference between a campfire and a bonfire?
A campfire is optimal if you want an intimate gathering with a few close friends. If you are planning a large gathering, a bonfire will accommodate all your guests. A bonfire extends light and warmth further than a campfire, making a larger area around the fire warm and comfortable.
What makes fire burn faster?
The more oxygen molecules that collide per second with the fuel, the faster the combustion reaction is. You can increase the surface area of a solid by breaking it up into smaller pieces. If you chop or break up wood into small pieces, it will ignite and burn more quickly than larger pieces of wood.
Is there a fire that doesn’t burn?
Nitrocellulose: a fire with no burns.
Can you make a campfire on grass?
If you’re using a fire pit on grass, it’s important to use a fire pit mat. This will help protect grass from the extreme heat of the fire pit. You can use brick pavers as a fire pit mat. Simply place them around the fire pit.
What is an easy substitute for a tripod?
Monopod. A monopod is a one-legged camera support, and at times, they are even more useful than a traditional tripod. It’s easier to carry as it’s not as bulky as a tripod, takes less time to set up, and comes with several sections that you can easily fold down to make it even more compact.
What are the three types of tripods?
- All-in-One. The least expensive and most portable tripods are all-in-one tripods that have the legs and heads permanently connected.
- Travel. Travel tripods compromise functionality for portability.
Why are tripods banned?
In most cases, the reason tripods are banned is because they’re seen as cumbersome trip hazards that inhibit the flow of pedestrians in the area.
Are heavier tripods better?
Tripod Weight When hiking or travelling a lighter tripod is much more portable, but this comes at the expense of stability, size and maximum load capacity. Generally, heavier tripods will be able to hold larger cameras and lenses, be more stable during long exposures, and come in larger sizes.
What is the best height for a tripod?
How to Choose the Right Tripod Height. Here’s a handy way to find out how big of a tripod you need: Your Eye Level minus the height of your camera’s viewfinder minus the tripod head (base plate) height = correct tripod height.
What is the difference between a cheap and expensive tripod?
In short, you can feel the difference in build quality of a professional tripod. It is much more stable, stiffer, and is constructed of much better components.
What is the most important issue to choose a tripod?
Specifically, how tall it is and how much it weighs has an impact on use. If you travel a lot, consider a tripod that’s light and compact enough to carry. Some models have a center post that extends for plenty of additional height, which is an ideal feature if you want high angles or you’re particularly tall.
What is the best weight for a tripod?
You need it to be light enough to bring with you without much effort – yet, it also needs to be stable. A good average weight for a travel tripod should be 3 lbs (1.3 kg).
At what temperature does aluminum become toxic?
“The recommendation is to avoid cooking things in or on aluminum foil at really high temperatures (400°F or above), and to avoid wrapping acidic foods in aluminum foil for long periods of time,” Wegman says.
Does burning aluminum cans release toxic fumes?
* POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE, including Aluminum Oxide fumes. * FIRE MAY RESTART AFTER IT HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED.
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Siwa Oasis facts
One of the destinations isolated from natural beauty is the Siwa Oasis one of the most famous Egypt Oases.
Siwa Oasis to Cairo 600 km from Cairo, near the border with Libya, 50 km from the border.
In the Western Desert of Egypt, 80 km long and 20 km wide.
Has more than 30 thousand inhabitants. Information you want to know about Kharga Oasis.
Most of its inhabitants are Egyptian Berbers who have their language (which is called Siwa), traditions, and customs.
Agriculture considered the main activity of the oasis and most of its production is dates and olives. It also noted for its forest fields.
Siwa Oasis Egypt history
Siwa Oasis tomb A necropolis of the XXVI dynasty discovered in Ancient Egypt and knew in this period as “Sekht-am” which means the land of palms.
In 331 Alexander the Great went to the temple of Amon in the oasis to find out from the oracle if he was the legal pharaoh of Egypt and the son of the god.
The Romans considered the oasis a place for exiles, It said that in 1203 only seven families with 40 people lived in the oasis and later there were 600 inhabitants.
The Temple of Amon
The Temple of Amon: It is famous for the visit of Alexander the Great.
It built in the XXX dynasty. There is the oracle of Amon, which was a medium for the god Amon in ancient Egypt.
Siwa Oasis Salt Lake
Salt Lakes (Maraqi, Siwa, and Zeitun): are salt water pools that float like the Dead Sea, Siwa Oasis water.
It is a natural source of freshwater. It said that Queen Cleopatra bathes in the same place, that is why it named after her.
The Mountain of the Dead (Gabel al Mawta)
It is a necropolis of the Roman Empire of the XXVI dynasty on a hill of sandstone rock.
The Fortress of Siwa
It is the ruins in the modern Siwa Oasis Egypt.
It built with adobe, salt, plaster, and bricks in the thirteenth century and destroyed by the rains in the 20th century, knew as “Shali Ghali”, Quick tour in 10 Days Cairo, Alexandria, Siwa & Nile Cruise
Live the Adventure in Siwa Oasis
Enjoy the natural beauty in the Oasis of Egypt and book your dream vacation with our Egypt travel packages that allow you to discover the famous destinations in Egypt like Cairo and Alexandria. You can also book one of our Nile cruise between Luxor and Aswan.
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