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PBX is a telephone system within an enterprise that connects telephone extensions of a company to outside public telephone network while allowing all users to share a specific number of external telephone lines. To understand the difference between PBX vs Hosted PBX read the full article. Initially, Private branch exchanges were using analog technology but now PBX uses digital technology. While VoIP is an industry acronym which stands for (Voice over Internet Protocol), is an IP telephony term that enables the users to use the Internet as the transmission medium for telephone calls. It allows sending voice data in a digital form using IP rather than by traditional circuit transmissions of the PSTN.
But due to advancement in technology and widening availability of internet connections VOIP has become a popular telephone option for homes and companies now. But in the past PBX was only the main source of business communication using complex types of traditional circuit transmissions.
The main advantage of digital (VoIP) is cost; it saves money both for the starting set up and for monthly charges. It does not require a large number of expensive phone lines for installation. It simply works with traditional telephone and has a lesser expensive installation process requires. It requires only online signup and the small amount for setup and phone adapters to activate the service. Calls are almost free, with a low or fixed monthly charge. While a PBX system consists of a huge number of electronic equipment and a large amount is required to purchase the equipment and that too on monthly charges. Hence, low cost is the main reason for companies to adopt VoIP systems.
Mostly PBX offers many of the same advantages as VOIP and usual land-based phone services like call waiting, forwarding, caller ID but it is little expensive.
PBX is a system that allows you to have several connected lines using the main landline-based phone service while VoIP takes it through the internet. With VoIP, you can add telephone contact no. according to the bandwidth of internet connection. If the capacity exceeds then call quality suffers. But in case of PBX, extra amount need to pay to add more capacity. Hosted VoIP allows you to minimize PBX hardware and eliminates the need to maintain idle telecom circuit capacity. A PBX with VoIP means that other apps can interact with it in the same service. A cloud-based PBX takes this concept yet further, removing the central hardware infrastructure from the premise and leaving behind a small footprint of VoIP phones and adapters, and providing a standard API for application access.
The main disadvantage of a VoIP system is its total dependence on the internet. If the power cut off or internet failure occurs, the company is left without any phone service. While PBX telephone lines does not face this problem because it gets power through the telephone wire and regularly functions even during a power cut off. Hence when the VoIP service is down, many organizations keep at least one traditional phone so they can make critical calls.
The voice quality or excellence of VoIP calls totally depends on the quality of the broadband Internet connection. If you live in an urban area and have a high-capacity connection with high bandwidth, your call quality will be alike to that for calls made with traditional landlines. But if the Internet connection doesn’t have a high-capacity connection or blockage exists anywhere else on the Internet, call quality weakens.
The main reason VOIP wins when we compare both is the fact that, with VOIP all of the equipment and maintenance is directly carried on the VOIP processor. While with PBX systems the customers need to buy all the electronic equipment necessary for communications.
VOIP is largely the best alternative for personal use and small businesses while PBX offers a greater variety of advantages when it comes to medium or large businesses.
Thus, when you differentiate between VOIP and PBX, Remember both are valuable services and have their own advantages and drawbacks, which are evaluated according to your basic telecommunication needs.
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(The Hill) — The infant mortality rate in the U.S. rose for the first time in 20 years last year, according to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with significant increases observed in two of the top causes of death.
Between 2021 and 2022, infant deaths in the U.S. rose by 3% or 5.60 fatalities per 1,000 live births. The mortality rate for newborns also increased by 3% while the mortality rate for non-newborn infants rose by 4%. The CDC noted this goes against a nearly 20-year trend.
“The infant mortality rate for the United States rose 3% from 2021 to 2022, the first year-to-year increase in the rate since 2001 to 2002,” the agency’s report stated. “From 2002 to 2021, the infant mortality rate declined 22%.”
The mortality rate among infants born to American Indian and Alaska Native non-Hispanic and White non-Hispanic mothers rose significantly more than the overall change, the CDC noted in its report. The changes in mortality rates observed among infants born to Black; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Hispanic; and Asian mothers were not statistically significant.
Four states were observed as having seen significantly increased infant mortality rates — Georgia, Iowa, Missouri, and Texas — while Nevada was the single state to see significant drops in mortality in 2022.
Across different age groups of mother, the infant mortality rate was only observed to rise among women between the ages of 25 and 29 between 2021 and 2022. Mortality rates also rose for all preterm infants, those born before 37 weeks of gestation, as well as male infants.
Among the top 10 leading causes of infant death, two rose significantly last year: maternal complications of pregnancy and bacterial sepsis of newborns. The top cause of infant mortality in 2022 was congenital malformations.
The agency noted the dataset is provisional and has yet to undergo a more comprehensive review so the final numbers may be slightly different.
The U.S. has a higher infant mortality rate when compared to other developed countries. According to data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, America’s infant mortality rate is one the top 10 highest among its 38 member states, ranking higher than Canada, the U.K., Australia, South Korea and Japan.
Many countries have infant mortality rates that are drastically higher, with India and South Africa reporting more than 25 infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.
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MOHAVE COUNTY–To help combat the rising number of people catching the flu, especially children, both Valley View Medical Center and Havasu Regional Medical Center have implemented restrictions when it comes to visiting people hospitalized.
Director of Marketing Ryan Perkins said the restrictions are based on recommendations from the Mohave County Department of Public Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to reduce exposure to patients, employees, volunteers and visitors to seasonal illnesses, such as, influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
The following restrictions are:
- Do not visit family members or friends, who are patients in the hospital, if you have signs of possible flu, including runny nose, cough, fever, etc.
- Children ages 12 and under are not permitted to visit the inpatient units unless they are seeking medical care or have special circumstances. Children may remain in the lobby waiting area but must be accompanied by an adult.
- Additionally, visitors are asked to wash their hands before entering a patient’s room and uponleaving. Sinks and waterless hand sanitizers are available in all patient rooms.
The restrictions are effective immediately and will remain in effect until the CDC removes these recommendations, said Ryan.
Statistics show since Nov. 24, there have been 3,249 people who tested positive for Influenza A and 592 for Influenza B in the United States. The CDC reported 2017-2018 was the worst flu season on record with 80,000 people dying from the flu and 172 of those deaths involving a child.
The Mississippi Heath Department announced Thursday they have seen their first pediatric death involving an individual under the age of 18. The victim reportedly had underlying health issues.
Influenza, which is very contagious, kills between 12,000 and 49,000 people and can send more than 700,000 people to the hospital. Steps such as these can be taken to prevent contracting the disease:
- Get The Flu Shot: the CDC recommends this step as an important way to prevent contracting the flu.
- Stop The Spread Of Germs: use preventive ways to help stop the spread of germs. Avoid contact with people who may have the flu and use alcohol-based hand rubs at all times. Be sure to cover your mouth when you cough and sneeze.
- Use Antiviral Drugs As Prescribed: if you’re prescribed an antiviral drug from your doctor, the CDC recommends you take it to help fight off the flu.
For more information on flu prevention, click HERE.
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The objective of this course is to be able to communicate in more complex situations.
It includes a review and extension of the main syntactic structures and grammatical forms. The students will learn to express their opinions and feelings with greater ease and precision. They will also improve their socio-linguistic competence, and will become familiar with the different registers of language.
While the communicative approach will be the primary emphasis, the students will also focus on the cultural aspect of the language.
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Dryers are one of the indispensable household appliances in our daily life. It can help us dry clothes and other items quickly, saving the time required to wait for the sun to dry. However, there are certain safety hazards associated with using a dryer, especially when it comes to temperature control. In order to ensure the safe operation of the dryer, the dryer is usually equipped with a safety thermostat, also known as a dryer safety thermostat.
A dryer safety thermostat is a device that monitors and controls the temperature inside a dryer. It is mainly produced and manufactured by Guangzhou V-CROWN thermostat Co., Ltd. and other manufacturers. As a leading supplier of thermal controllers, V-CROWN Thermal Controller Company focuses on the production and production of thermal controllers, and supports large-scale procurement and wholesale.
When the dryer is running, the thermostat constantly monitors the temperature inside the dryer. If the temperature exceeds a safe range, the thermostat automatically triggers the dryer’s safety mechanism, turning off the dryer’s heating element to prevent the temperature from continuing to rise. In this way, the dryer safety thermostat plays an important role in ensuring that the dryer does not overheat during use and cause a dangerous situation such as a fire.
The working principle of the dryer safety thermostat is based on a thermal sensor. The thermal sensor is usually composed of multiple temperature sensing points, which can sense the temperature change in the dryer. When the temperature exceeds a certain set threshold, the thermal sensor will notify the thermostat by electrical signal. The thermostat will act immediately after receiving the signal to ensure that the temperature inside the dryer is maintained within a relatively safe and stable range.
Additionally, dryer safety thermostats may also be equipped with temperature adjustment features. Users can adjust the operating temperature of the dryer according to their needs and the type of laundry. The thermostat will control the working time and power of the heating element of the dryer according to the user’s settings to achieve the best drying effect.
As an important part of the dryer, the dryer safety thermostat plays a vital role in ensuring the safety of the dryer. By monitoring and adjusting the temperature of the dryer, it can avoid dangerous situations such as fire caused by the dryer due to overheating. For home users, using a dryer with a safety thermostat can not only protect family property, but also provide a more secure experience.
In summary, the dryer safety thermostat is a vital component in your dryer. During the drying process, it can monitor and adjust the temperature inside the dryer at all times to ensure the safety and stability of the drying process. Guangzhou V-CROWN thermostat Co., Ltd., as a professional manufacturer and supplier of thermostats, is committed to providing users with high-quality dryer safety thermostats. Whether it is wholesale purchase or mass customization needs, Guangzhou V-CROWN thermostat Co., Ltd. can meet various needs of customers and ensure that they receive satisfactory products and services.
Post time: Aug-24-2023
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- In 2021, 75% of schools are planning to operate online.
- Prior to this, 57% of all US students were equipped with digital tools.
- 45% were elementary students, 64% were middle school students, and 63% were high school students.
- 80% of schools have purchased or are preparing to purchase additional technology for students.
- Since 2020, 98% of universities moved classes online.
- Prior to this, 19.5% of undergraduates took at least one online course.
- Just 49% of professors approve of online learning.
- As of 2020, it is believed that 98% of corporate learning will take place online.
- eLearning can help students to retain between 25% and 60% more information.
- However, an increase in eLearning has resulted in a 30% increase of failing grades.
- eLearning has created a socioeconomic divide with 25% to 33% of students not having access to resources.
eLearning vs Traditional Learning
It was a long-held belief that eLearning would eventually overtake traditional learning. With the onset of the global pandemic, however, this timeline has been moved up sooner than expected. Thus, it is interesting to determine the differences in the adoption of eLearning practices throughout the years.
At the same time, eLearning has highlighted certain discrepancies in the education system. This includes resources, teacher support, and even security. It is important to consider all the factors at play to determine the true situation for eLearning.
K–12 eLearning Statistics
eLearning has been slowly introduced to the K–12 system for the last decade or so. However, the implementation hasn’t been balanced across the board. Not to mention, the change in global situation has led to an increase in the adoption of eLearning systems and tactics.
- In 2014, 26 states offered state virtual learning.
- 24 states offered supplemental classes via virtual schools, catering to over 462,000 students.
- These students took a total of 815,000 online semester-long courses.
- 85% of these courses were taken by high school students.
- 23% of the courses taken were math, while 14% of the courses were science.
- 64% of the online learning opportunities were to provide courses not available at a particular school.
- 57% of the opportunities were to help students recover from missed or failed courses.
- 40% of the courses provided students with AP or college-level courses.
- 30% were available to reduce scheduling conflicts.
- 25% were in place to help students with special needs or who were homebound.
- 11 states offer online course choice programs.
- In 2017 – 2018 school year, 21% of public schools and 13% of private schools offered at least one online course.
- Of the schools that offered at least one online course, 81.9% were primary schools.
- 3% of middle schools provided at least one online course, while only 53.8% of high schools provided this option.
- Around 4.8% offered all courses online.
- About 2.9% of schools offered half of their courses online.
- In 2019 a total of 57% of all students in the United States were equipped with digital learning tools.
- 45% were elementary students, 64% were middle school students, and 63% were high school students.
- Administrators stated that up to 70% of online classes could be taken without any orientation.
- In 2021, use of remote management apps for academic purposes increased by 87%.
- The use of collaboration apps increased by 141%.
- 40% of student device usage was spent on education platforms.
- Full-time classes were available in 68% of high-income districts but only in 36% of schools with low-income students.
- In 2021, 75% of US schools have planned to operate completely online.
- 80% have purchased or are planning to purchase additional technology for students.
Tertiary eLearning Statistics
eLearning has always been more widely accepted at higher education institutions. Nevertheless, few have considered the exact numbers. Furthermore, the shift to online education on a national level has impacted the manner in which universities function as well.
- In 2017, 33.5% of higher education students were enrolled in some form of distance or online learning.
- 5% of undergraduate students took at least one course online.
- 3% of students enrolled exclusively in distance learning schools.
- In 2018, 23% of undergrads took business classes, while 19% took health and medicine.
- In 2020, 84% of undergrads were enrolled in degree programs, while 16% were enrolled in certification or licensure programs.
- 1% of post-baccalaureate students took at least one online course.
- 9% were exclusively enrolled in distance learning schools.
- In 2020, 77% of grad students were enrolled in degree programs while 23% were a part of certification or licensure programs.
- 32% of students enrolled in public institutions took at least one distance learning course.
- Overall, in 2017, 3.1 million students enrolled exclusively in distance education.
- 7 million students were within the state they were enrolled in while 1.1 million were out of the state they were enrolled in.
- 142,840 students were outside of the United States.
- Since 2020, 98% of universities had moved classes online.
- 46% of institutions offered independent or remote study options for foreign students.
Corporate eLearning Statistics
It isn’t just schools that have adopted eLearning – a number of corporations have also utilized this technology to help employees remain up-to-date. And, as the technology becomes more sophisticated an increasing number of novel tactics are being added as well.
- Employees state that they learn 5 times more material via eLearning. Here are more employee training statistics.
- 77% of US companies provide online learning opportunities.
- This number was supposed to rise to 98% by 2020.
- 67% of companies offered learning opportunities via mobile devices.
- 99% of mobile users state their mobile learning enhances their experiences.
Educators Attitudes Towards eLearning
It is just as important to understand how educators feel about eLearning. This can go a long way in determining the efficacy of online education as well as determining at which points the system needs to improve as well.
- Just 49% of professors see eLearning as being as effective as in-classroom instruction.
- However, this attitude has improved by 10% in just a few months.
- Over 33% of educators lack support for eLearning.
- 71% of professors are concerned about increasing engagement in online classes.
- 39% want to improve accessibility to online materials for students.
- 33% admit that they need to redesign courses to fit online mediums.
- 31% are concerned with improving student collaboration.
There has been a great deal of conjecture regarding the effectiveness of eLearning. However, few have taken a look at the hard facts. The actual efficacy of eLearning is far more surprising than most would imagine.
- 48% of undergrad and grad students felt like online learning was as effective as face-to-face instruction.
- 37% of students felt that online learning was better than in-classroom lessons.
- 15% of students stated that they weren’t as effective.
- 42% of grad students compared to 30% of undergrads preferred online learning to in-classroom learning.
- On average, students can retain 25% to 60% more information when learning online compared to 8% to 10% when in the classroom.
- eLearning requires 40% to 60% less time learning than traditional classrooms.
- However, 1 in 3 teachers are significantly less prepared for grade-level work.
- The average student lost at least 1/3rd of a year in reading.
- They lost at least 3/4th of a year in math.
- Completion rates for online courses can be up to 22% lower for some students.
- D and F grades are increasing as much as 30% for some middle school students with online learning.
- In some regions, failing grades for online learning have increased by as much as 70%.
- Students with disabilities have experienced failing grades by around 98%.
Barriers to eLearning
While eLearning appears to be poised to be the future of education, there are still a number of barriers regarding the system. It is vital that everyone involved appreciates the shortcomings to ensure that a better system is created for all.
- In 2012, 55% of K–12 teachers reported not having enough of computers for students.
- In 2015, 21% of middle school students and 13% of high school students didn’t have access to digital devices.
- Only 34% to 48% of science teachers found the technology adequate for learning.
- In 2020, 1 in 3 elementary school students will use a mobile device instead of a computer to complete classwork.
- 1 in 3 families report not having an adequate space for a proper learning experience.
- High minority schools were 50% less likely to high speed internet access than low minority schools.
- Low-income schools and rural schools were 50% more likely to have slow internet access.
- 25% of Black households and 23% of Hispanic households don’t have access to high-speed internet.
- 20 states prohibit enrollment in online schools.
- Nearly 25% of 15-year olds from disadvantaged backgrounds don’t have access to a computer.
- In 2020, 63% of online instruction is perceived as being received worse.
eLearning Security and Privacy
As more students and teachers have moved towards eLearning, privacy and security has become a greater concern. Thus, it is important to appreciate the kind of issues that the average student, educator, and school may have to face.
- The regular patch age for Microsoft Windows and Apple MacOS devices was 183 days and 31 days respectively.
- 41% of schools had rogue VPNs and web proxy apps in their device environments.
- On average, students spent an hour each day on websites with inappropriate content.
- K–12 devices had an antivirus compliance rate of just 60%.
Due to the unique state of the world, a more conclusive picture of eLearning is available to all. As you will be able to see, there is far more to the subject than most people would imagine. In particular, the general landscape is quite different to what has been forecast in the past.
Currently, eLearning is the only viable education option for US students. It is helping to tide students over until physical schools can open. Nevertheless, the system is far from perfect. From wealth gaps to better teaching strategies, eLearning still has a long way to go before it can truly compete with traditional education.
Statista, Share of K-12 Students in the United States Who Use Digital Learning Tools Daily in 2019, By School Level
National Science Board, Science & Engineering Indicators 2018
National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Facts: Distance Learning
EdTech Magazine, 7 Telling Statistics About the State of K–12 Online Learning
Education Data, Online Education Statistics
The Markup, Kids Are “Failing” Online Learning
World Economic Forum, The COVID-19 Pandemic Has Changed Education Forever. This is How
Inside Higher Ed, Faculty Confidence in Online Learning Grows
USA Today, Students are Falling Behind in Online School. Where’s the COVID-19 ‘Disaster Plan’ to Catch Them Up?
Corporate Learning Network, Data That Proves the Continued Importance of Employee Learning
MarketScale, Gaps in K-12 Device and Data Security Thanks to Distance Learning
The University of Kansas School of Education & Human Sciences, The Evolution of Distance Education in 2020
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After having conquered the Villa of Burriana from the Muslims, the monarch (James I) confounded the Order of La Merced, he gave away several rustic and urban properties within the town limits to the Mercedarians. Having accepted the offer, in 1594, the Town Council of the villa gave to the Order of la Merced the Hermitage of San Mateo, later embarking on the construction of a convent attached to the hermitage. This was destined by its superiors to become a “House of Collection for the friars who wished to live in more restricted conditions”, possibly due to the poor facilities it offered. Among the Mercedarians who inhabited this convent, we come across the blessed Ripollés who died within its walls at the age of 27.
In 1738, an agreement was reached to demolish the old San Mateo hermitage, in order to build in its place a larger temple, of neoclassic style and rectangular floor plan, comprised of three naves and one transept.
In 1812, the Mercedarians were evicted by the invading French troops, leaving the convent free to become barracks for the troops of marshal Suchet, who turned the temple into horse stables. When the French were evicted, the friars returned, but under the Decree of Confiscations of 1836, the Mercedarians finally abandoned the Burriana. So, the convent passed into the hands of the Town Council under the condition it was to be for public use, housing public schools, a house for the teachers, Town Council, municipal warehouse, public library or prison.
The building has been affected by a series of successive reforms, highlighting that of 1991 which converted the cloister into the “Centre Cultural la Mercé”, providing a new venue for the “Museu Arqueològic Municipal“.
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Part Five -
Standard Deduction and Itemized Deductions
After you have figured your adjusted gross income, you are ready to subtract the deductions used to figure taxable income.
You can subtract either the standard deduction or itemized deductions. Itemized deductions are deductions for certain expenses
that are listed on Schedule A (Form 1040). The ten chapters in this part discuss the standard deduction, each itemized deduction,
and the limit on some of your itemized deductions if your adjusted gross income exceeds certain amounts. See chapter 20 for the factors to consider when deciding whether to subtract the standard deduction or itemized deductions.
Previous | Index | Next
You can search for information in the entire Tax Prep Help section, or in the entire site. For a more focused search, put your search word(s) in quotes.
Publication Index | Tax Prep Help Main | Home
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13 May 2021
Empowering refugee and migrant children to claim their right to health: Improving health literacy
“I have always had to behave ‘like a girl’ and I am not used to being asked for my opinion, but you ask me to say what I think during these workshops.” A 13-year-old girl from Syria describes the impact of empowerment workshops in Serbia Boy is drawing a picture. UNICEF-supported activities for children on the island of Lesvos, Greece The ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative has supported work across five European countries to improve health literacy among refugee and migrant children over the past year. As a result, they and their families have learned about key health issues, about the health services available to them, and how to demand health services as their right. Through its support for health literacy – the ability to find, understand and use information to take care of your own health – the initiative has helped to dismantle some key barriers to health services for refugee and migrant children and their families in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Serbia. This 27-month, €4.3 million co-funded initiative, which was launched in January 2020 by the European Union Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, works alongside young refugees and migrants to ensure that they have accurate health information in their own languages – information that reaches them via the channels they use and the people they trust. Importantly, the initiative makes them more aware of their right to health care in these European countries – welcome news for those who have fled from countries where good quality health care is either unaffordable or unavailable. With support from the initiative, UNICEF and its partners first worked with young refugees and migrants to identify gaps in the information available to them and in their own knowledge. This informed the health literacy packages that have been rolled out in all five countries over the past year, spanning a wide range of topics from immunization and nutrition to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and gender-based violence (GBV). The packages themselves have been backed by detailed plans to ensure that their messages reach their audiences and gain real traction. Great care has been taken to ensure that information materials are culturally appropriate, gender sensitive and child-friendly, and that they are suitable for the ages and backgrounds of their audiences. Cultural mediators and interpreters have helped to overcome language and cultural barriers, while materials have been made available in, for example, Arabic, Farsi and Pashto. Activities have often been led by trusted professionals, such as nurses, physicians and psychologists who are already familiar with the needs of refugee and migrant children and their families. Materials have been shared through channels and locations that are well-used by refugees and migrants, including asylum offices, temporary reception centres, health centres, Mother and Baby Corners (MBCs), workshops and discussion sessions, during outreach activities and via social media. As a result, health literacy is now embedded into existing activities with refugee and migrant children and parents across all five countries, and is based firmly on their views and needs. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, information workshops have been tailored to the needs of different groups of children, including those who are unaccompanied and separated. Topics over the past year have included personal and oral hygiene, drug and alcohol use and its impact on health, the importance of immunization, early childhood development, medical referrals and the proper use of medicines and the risks of self-medication, as well as COVID-19 risks and prevention and services for those with symptoms. Health literacy on immunization, for example, has been strengthened through close cooperation with the Institutes for Public Health and local primary health centres, helping to ensure that refugees and migrants are aware of the national immunization calendar and protocols. In all, 1,428 refugee and migrant children and their parents have received vital information on immunization, 840 have received information on mental health and psycho-social services, and 580 (nearly double the target) have received information on maternal and child health care and nutrition. In Bulgaria, the initiative has supported group sessions that have exceeded their targets, with 99 sessions held for refugee children and mothers – more than three times the 28 sessions envisaged. There were more than twice as many information sessions on gender-based violence as originally planned: 107 rather than 48. In all, 600 refugee and migrant children and their parents have received information on immunization, 600 on mental health and psycho-social services, and 600 on maternal and child health, with every target for these areas met or surpassed in terms of the numbers of children reached. “Guiding people from refugee and migrant backgrounds on health-related procedures in their host country is a way to empower them to find solutions to health issues.” Yura, a social worker with the Council of Refugee Women in Bulgaria (CRWB) In Greece, support from the initiative has enabled UNICEF and its partners to equip refugee and migrant children with information on health risks, entitlements and services through its non-formal education programme in urban areas and on the islands. In the first full year of the initiative, 1,796 children and 464 parents have received crucial information to help them safeguard their own health. In addition, information on mental health risks, entitlements and services has been shared with 587 refugee and migrant children on Lesvos through existing psychosocial support activities at the Child and Family Support Hub (CFSH), including counselling, information sessions, parent sessions and more. Refugee and migrant women and children using the UNICEF-supported Safe Space in Athens and the CFSH on Lesvos have had access to information on GBV, with 1,313 women and 687 children reached to date. Another 1,183 mothers and 596 children have received information on maternal and child health via the CFSH on Lesvos and at child-friendly spaces within the Asylum Service Offices in Athens and Thessaloniki. In Italy, there has been an emphasis on peer-to-peer health literacy over the past year. Young refugees and migrants have shared critical health messages through, for example, the U-Report on the Move platform – a user-friendly, cost-effective and anonymous digital platform with more than 6,000 subscribers, where they speak out on the issues that matter to them. Brochures on immunization, mental health and GBV have been translated into seven languages, and a live chat on reproductive health and the concept of ‘consent’ has been conducted in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). ‘Q&A’ publications have provided clear answers to burning questions on immunization, mental health and GBV, with short videos explaining, for example, what to do if someone you know has been subjected to violence, and how to protect yourself from online abuse. In the first full year of the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative, more than 10,887 refugees and migrants in Italy have benefited from critical information on health-related risks and services. The health literacy package supported by the initiative is being shared beyond refugee and migrant communities to reach local communities and key stakeholders, with human interest stories aiming to increase public awareness of the lives of refugees and migrants. The initiative’s targets for health literacy in Serbia have also been exceeded, with 1,094 refugee and migrant children and parents receiving information on mental health (original target: 500) and 722 receiving information on GBV (original target: 600). Looking beyond the sheer numbers of beneficiaries, those taking part in health literacy workshops, in particular, have voiced their appreciation. One woman from Syria who took part in a GBV workshop commented: “I think that women, especially in our culture, do not recognize violence because they think it’s normal for men to be louder, to yell, that they have the right to have all their whims fulfilled even if their wife wants or needs something different. It is a form of inequality we are used to. That is why it is important to talk about it, as you do, to have more workshops on these topics with women from our culture, so that we realize we should not put up with anything that is against our will or that harms us and our health.” Another woman from Syria, who participated in a workshop on mental health and psychosocial support, said: “If it weren't for these workshops you’re organizing, our stay in the camp would be so gloomy. I notice that women are in a much better mood and smiling during the workshops, more than in our spare time. You have a positive impact on us.” Materials have been available in six languages and have covered access to health services, mental health issues, GBV, breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding, breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic, recommendations for parents of children aged 1-6 months, recommendations for children aged 7-24 months, and substance abuse. To reach key stakeholders beyond refugee and migrant communities, a project information sheet and human-interest stories have been widely shared via social media and other well-used channels. Work is now underway in Serbia, with support from the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative, to develop a new information package and tools to prevent and respond to sexual violence against boys. This will be rolled out in 2021 in close partnership with key actors in child protection, including those who work directly with boys from refugee and migrant communities. The first full year of support from the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative shows what can be achieved when refugee and migrant children, women and parents are all treated as champions for their own health, rather than the passive recipients of health care. Once equipped with the right information, including the knowledge of their fundamental right to health services, they are more likely to demand the health care to which they are entitled. Logo - Strengthening Refugee and Migrant Children’s Health Status in Southern and South Eastern Europe This story is part of the Project ‘Strengthening Refugee and Migrant Children’s Health Status in Southern and South Eastern Europe’, co-funded by the Health Programme of the European Union (the ‘RM Child-Health’ initiative). It represents the views of the author only and is her sole responsibility; it cannot be considered to reflect the views of the European Commission and/or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The European Commission and the Agency do not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.
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Learning New Skills
By: Mariama- USCI Alumni
To learn a new skill requires not only hard work and dedication, but in many cases school! In today’s times we have many educational options and conveniences to acquire a new skill. You can go online or attend a physical location. And so many program options for classes after high school, including Medical Billing & Coding, Social Work, Designer, Photography, Business, Paralegal, Data Entry, Education, Child Care Specialist, Computer Tech, Aviation or even get awarded for volunteer work and so much more. There are options to focus just on what you love or acquire knowledge in many areas.
In order to help you narrow your choice down, I will share some skills that you could learn from USCI. Hopefully they will interest you and make you think about pursuing a new skill or skills for that matter.
Available Programs to Expand Your Knowledge
- Medical Billing and Coding Specialist (Certificate) - Along with being able to work in hospitals, you can also work in doctor’s offices, clinics, rehabilitation centers or emergency departments. This skill requires knowledge of MedLook 4.0, ICD-10-CM Coding, CPT coding, and HCPCS coding. You will encounter dozens of new vocabulary words as well as medical topics in your study material.
- Social Work (Degree) - You can help people and even communities with this degree. With this degree you may work with children, assist the elderly and help those in need. One of my friends happens to be in this field and loves it!
- Veterinary Assistant School (Certificate)- Do you love animals? As a veterinary assistant you will get to help animals and their owners every day. In this program you will learn basic animal care skills as well as how to help with day to day operations of a veterinary clinic.
I have previously mentioned that these are simply a few skills, talents or abilities that can be learned through schooling. Whether you go to school online, in person or both there are endless options to learn a new skill. New skills increase your knowledge, help in your daily life and hopefully also increase your pay. Hey I challenge you to leave a comment if you’ve learned a new skill!
U.S. Career Institute also offers online training for many other great careers
If you love helping people, then a career in the healthcare field may be perfect for you! Investigate our online dental assistant course, our online medical coding and billing course, or our online pharmacy technician course.
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Sixth century B.C. was an important era in history. This was the period when a great benefactor of mankind was born and became renowned as Gotama the Buddha. The Buddha rediscovered the path of Dhamma, the law of nature (the path to liberation), leading to the eradication of universal suffering. With great compassion, he spent forty-five years of his life in teaching Dhamma, the path out of suffering. Even today this path is helping humanity, and will continue to do so provided the teachings and practice are maintained in their pristine purity.
The purpose of this book is to give a brief introduction about Vipassana meditation, quintessence of the Buddha’s teaching. It also contains information on life of the Buddha, stories of the people who benefitted from the practice of Vipassana meditation, six historical Councils, chain of teachers after the Buddha and spread of Vipassana through pictorial presentation. This information is embedded in the beautiful pictures from the gallery at the Global Vipassana Pagoda.
The book titled Origin and spread of Vipassana - the great Buddha’s noble teachings offers more information in a hard cover version and with better quality pictures.
This book is ideal for Vipassana meditators as well as non-meditators.
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Coordinated School Health
Coordinated School Health (CSH) is an effective approach designed to connect physical, emotional, and social health with learning. CSH improves children's health and their capacity to learn through the support of families, communities, and the schools working together. To view Tennessee's standards and guidelines for CSH, please click here.
The 8 Components of Coordinated School Health:
Health Education - a planned, sequential PreK-12 curriculum and program that addresses the physical mental and emotional, and social dimensions of health.
Health Services - are provided and/or supervised by school health nurses to appraise, protect, and promote the health of students.
Nutrition Services - assure access to a variety of nutritious, affordable and appealing meals in school that accommodate the health and nutrition needs of all students.
Physical Education/Activity - a planned, sequential PreK-12 curriculum program that follows national standards in providing developmentally appropriate, cognitive content and learning experiences in a variety of physical activity areas.
Healthy School Environment - concerns the quality of the physical and aesthetic surroundings; the psychosocial climate, safety, and culture of the school; the school safety and emergency plans; and the periodic review and testing factors and conditions that influence the environment.
Mental Health/School Counseling - assess and improve the mental, emotional, and social health of every student.
Student, Family, and Community Partners - an integrated approach for enhancing the health and well-being of students both at school and in the community.
School Staff Wellness - opportunities such as health assessments, health education and physical fitness activities are provided to all school staff, including the administrators, teachers, and support personnel, to improve their health status.
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https://www.whitecoschools.net/departments/school-health
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What are the 5 great Japanese swords?
In ancient Japan, swords played a very important role, not only as weapons, but also as symbols of culture. Among them, the five ancient Japanese swords known as "Tenka Goken", mikadukimunechika, doujigiri, onimaru kunitsuna, otenta odenta, and jyuzumaru, are widely praised for their unique history and legendary stories. These five swords are not only closely related to Japanese history and culture, but also have deep symbolic meaning. Let's delve deeper into the mysterious stories behind these swords.
Mikadukimunechika is a tachi forged by the Heian swordsman Sanjo Zongjin, known for its unique crescent pattern. Its blade has a wider base and gradually narrows, with a shape known as "Tazhang Qiang", making it one of the most representative swords of the Heian era. The pattern and blade shape of the Three Day Moon Sect make it one of the most beautiful swords. This sword also carries political symbolic meaning and was once held by the swordsman General Ashikaga Yoshihiro. He bravely sacrificed himself in the last moments of his life to fight for the country. Later it was held by a woman and became a highlight in history.
The Otenta Odenta was cast by swordsman Mitsuyo, with a relatively short blade, but exceptionally sharp. Originally the family heirloom of Ashikaga Takauji, it was later acquired by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and given to his subordinate Toshiie Maeda, who had made numerous military achievements since the Nobunaga ODA era and had a close personal relationship with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The rumored story of Tachi has to do with ghosts, and the rumored story of Taidao has to do with ghosts. Nobunaga Oda's daughter suffers from a strange illness that can only be alleviated if Otta Odta is placed at her bedside. Another legend is that Fushimi Castle was said to be haunted, and Nobunaga Oda carried the Otta Odta there without any abnormalities to calm the panic. Unlike other swords, the Otenta Odenta has always been handed down from the Nobunaga family and exists in the Nobunaga Nurturing Society, founded by descendants of the Nobunaga family, passed down from generation to generation.
Doujigiri is another tacghi forged by a swordsman of the same era. This sword is famous for its sharpness and is said to be able to cut six bodies. Its name comes from a legend that tells the story of the hero みなとよりみつ who used the doujigiri to cut off the head of the monster Shuten douji and quell the panic. This story emphasizes the power of justice and the importance of punishing evil and promoting good.
onimaru kunitsuna is a tachi forged by Kyoto Awatakuchi Kunitsuna, which took three years. Its name comes from the legend that Hojo Tokimasa was haunted by ghosts until Kunitsuna appeared. Therefore, this sword is considered a deity for exorcism and has a special meaning for the Hojo family. Unlike other swords, the legacy of the Onimaru Kunitsuna is quite stable, having passed through the Ashikaga, Nobunaga Oda, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa families before being presented to the Emperor and now being preserved in the Imperial Palace of Japan.
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https://xingyusword.com/blogs/inventory-the-tenka-goken-that-has-been-passed-down-for-thousands-of-years-in-japanese-history/inventory-the-tenka-goken-that-has-been-passed-down-for-thousands-of-years-in-japanese-history
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|Universities||Colleges ||Higher Education |
| ||ART & CULTURE |
- Artistic Movements
| Criticism & Theory History Music Visual Arts |
- Art History Network Art history, archaeology and fine art resources
- ArtHistoryTV.com Internet-only TV channel
- Artstar.com Art books, posters, and gifts, and offering a directory of artists, events, and museums, as well as consultation and auction services, online exhibitions, and Artstar magazine
- Great Exhibition of 1851 Background behind the ambitious exhibition held in London, England.
- Art Historians' Guide to the Movies A record of appearances of and references to famous works of painting, sculpture, and architecture in the movies.
- Pre-Raphaelite Criticism Criticism at the beginning of the 20th century
- Archaeology and Architecture Regularly updated links and articles, also the possibility to submit articles to this site
- Ethnographica African art resources, services, and fine art including carpets, primitive sculpture, terracottas, bronze, and iron pieces
- Abstract Art and Artist There are three forms of abstraction that really stands out: Cubism, Neoplasticism, and Abstract Expressionism.
- Abstract-Expressionism Links and information from World Wide Arts Resources.
- Art & Culture of The Incas The basic fact about history of the Incas
- Kansas City Jazz Age
- Arts & Crafts Movement
- Arts and Crafts Movement in America
- Founders Of The Arts & Crafts Movement Arts & Crafts Movement, and information about the early years of the movement in England and America.
- International Constructivism
- Cubism Cubism was developed between about 1908 and 1912 in a collaboration between Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.
- Dadaism The basic fact about dadaism in three world languages
- Chronicle of Expressionism German expressionist woodcuts from the early 20th Century.
- Expressionism One of the main currents of art in the later 19th and 20th centuries
- Futurism Comprehensive resource featuring the various manifestoes of the Italian futurist movement, including its painters, architects, sculptors, musicians and others
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Am doing a post reading blog post here on Brian Hackett’s book on PLANTING DESIGN. He is the emeritus professor of Landscape Architecture, University of Newcastle.
Often as architecture students we really only know about Plants is about having a green sight and improvising the overall building green space to achieve the certain living balancing theme. But it offers much more in terms of spatial distribution, sight and freedom of space concepts.
1, TREES (Basic planting): The species selected for this group should be hardy, able to hold their own among other species, vigorous in growth, and with no difficult problems of visual relationship with other plants and elements of the landscape. Designers who respect ecological indigenous to the locality and exotics which have become established as part of the local sense.
2. TREES (Special effect) Trees in this section would include those sufficiently individualistic, spectacular, or strong in character to occupy isolated positions, either because of those qualities or because they do not mix easily in a visual sense with other tree. The group would also include trees which can act as accents in a basic planting. Sometimes it is the rigid form of a tree-like blue spruce which dictates that it can only associate with other trees in a formal landscape, and sometimes it is the temporary nature of the effect, as with the so-called “flowering Trees” and those with good Autumn colour.
3. TREES (Barriers) Barriers formed with plants are needed in landscapes for screening unpleasant views, for dividing up the landscape into spaces, for providing shelter from the wind, for protection against smoke and dust, for defining legal boundaries, and ,as with all planting, for assisting in the creation of a beautiful landscape. In order to achieve these objectives, one looks for qualities of impenetrability through the medium of dense leaf or tangled twig growth, and for the ability to stand up to the forces ranged against the barrier . The emphasis in plant selection is likely to be of those qualities rather than appearance.
4. SHRUBS (Basic Planting) Using this as a basic constituent of the planting, compared to their traditional use as an interest or decoration. Shrubs can be effectively used as a massing landscape with a soft touch at times, because shrubs used in the mass are sometimes used as the under storey of a plantation of trees and sometimes used to perform the same tasks at a smaller scale in the open as tress used for basic planting. The same qualities of hardiness growth are appropriate as for trees fulfilling the same function, with a greater emphasis on evergreen plants.
5. SHRUBS (Special Effects) The same thing as trees, but at the same time noting the need for shrubs which can produce special effect when more amount is being put together rather than a single tree.
6) SHRUBS (Barriers) Impenetrability is essential, unless the barrier is merely for visual purpose. Thus spikiness achieved by the habit of the twigs or by thorns is advantage. A matter to consider is the ability of the plant to accept pruning, either to control growth and increase density or to produce topiary effects.
7) SHRUBS (edgings) The use of Shrubs for edgings to footpaths, to outline in beds of other kinds of plants, and to create line effects in traditional parterres is not a frequent occurrence in contemporary landscapes, not least because of the maintenance problem. The limitations on the selection of suitable plants are that they should be low in growth, dense and compact.
8) GROUNDFLORA (Woodland Groundcover) The ability to accept shade and drip from trees and drip from trees and shrubs, and stand up to competition in the soil for nutrients and moisture, are essential qualities in the choice of plants which may include low-growing shrubs, herbs and ferns,.
9) GROUNDFLORA (Open Land Groundcover) Grass mixtures fall into this category. The selection of species relates to the appearance of unmown areas. A wide range plants available to create visual interest at ground level. Vigour in growth to cover the ground quickly, dense twigs, and foliage, a spreading habit and ability to increase by suckering are important qualities. With regard to appearance, colour and particularly a textural effect created by the leaves are desirable.
10) GROUNDFLORA (Herbaceous/Perennial) The perennial herbs used in the traditional herbaceous border are familiar examples. They can be used as beds viewed from all sides and some species naturalize in rough grass areas. Colour and height are qualities that should be considered in making a list which gives ample scope for design purposes.
11. GROUNDFLORA (Herbaceous/annual) the use of annuals has diminished with the high cost of labour and to a certain extent from changing fashion. For exhibition or temporary plantings, annuals are effective and economical. This section could include bedding out plants which also have the characteristic of being temporary in a planting design.
12. CLIMBERS : these plants include those used primarily for covering a wall. But note the decorative effect comes to play with you able to change the facade of the wall at seasons goes by. Fruit trees can be trained against a wall for decorative effect to produce fruit in a sheltered environment.
13. AQUATICS AND SUB AQUATICS: Aquatic plants, for design purpose, are divided into species fully submerged, those with floating leaves and flowers, and the swordlike reeds, rushes, and irises. The latter group also include the sub aquatics growing in wet conditions. Plants which contribute to oxygenation of the water are valuable in this section.
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The Washington representatives of this family can be split into two groups, or subfamilies. The adaptable gulls are the most familiar. Sociable in all seasons, they are mainly coastal, but a number of species also nest inland. Many—but not all—are found around people. Gulls have highly variable foraging techniques and diets. Terns forage in flight, swooping to catch fish or insects. They dive headfirst into the water for fish. Although they are likely to be near water, they spend less time swimming than gulls.
The largest of the terns, the Caspian Tern is one of the most widespread tern species in the world, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. It is white with a light gray mantle and white undersides. The breast and face are also white. The legs and eyes are black, and the bill is large, heavy, and bright red-orange. It has a shallowly forked tail and a slight crest that gives the head a squared-off look. In breeding plumage, the Caspian Tern sports a solid black cap, which recedes in the non-breeding season, resulting in a spray of white at the face mixing with black. Juveniles appear similar to adults in non-breeding plumage but have a lighter mantle that is mottled with light tan.
Caspian Terns use fresh- and saltwater wetlands, especially estuaries, coastal bays, and beaches. They are not usually found on open ocean, but prefer protected waters. Nesting usually takes place on low sand or gravel islands with sparse vegetation. In Washington, the birds have shifted their preferred habitat from natural sites inland to coastal, human-altered sites (often islands made from dredged material). They have also shifted from nesting in small groups mixed with gulls to large colonies of only Caspian Terns.
Caspian Terns are less gregarious than other terns, nesting in smaller colonies, although this is changing in Washington. They can be quite aggressive. When foraging, they fly with their bills pointing downward. When they spot a fish, they hover and then plunge into the water after it, often submerging completely. Their broad wings allow them to soar, gull-like, flapping with strong, slow wing-beats.
The vast majority of the diet of the Caspian Tern is fish, especially those that swim near the surface of the water. In the Columbia River estuary, where most of Washington's population breeds, salmonid smolts are a major prey item.
First breeding at the age of three years, Caspian Terns nest in colonies in areas with no vegetation, often on islands. Both parents help build the nest, which is located on the ground and can range from a scrape in the sand to a depression lined with a sturdy rim of vegetation and mollusk and crustacean shells. Both parents incubate the 1 to 3 eggs for about three weeks. A few days after hatching, the young may leave the nest but stay nearby, or they may remain at the nest until ready to fly. Both parents help feed the young during the long adolescent period. The young first fly about a month after hatching, but may stay with, and be fed by, the parents for many more months.
Some Caspian Terns in Washington are medium-distance migrants, wintering on the coast of California, while others travel greater distances, wintering as far south as Colombia and Venezuela.
Susceptible to disturbance at the nesting site and quick to abandon colonies when disturbed, Caspian Tern populations have declined in Europe and Africa to the point of extirpation in some areas. Meanwhile, the Caspian Tern has dramatically expanded its population in Washington. Caspian Terns on the Pacific coast have been shifting northward for about 50 years. While they are native to the Columbia estuary and have been present in this area for many years, the first recorded colonies established in Washington were in inland lakes, marshes, and impoundments in the eastern part of the state in the 1930s. The first colony recorded in western Washington was established at Grays Harbor (Grays Harbor County) in 1957. From 1960 to 1980, the Pacific coast population increased almost 74%, with much of the growth occurring in the Washington colonies. These colonies were scattered along the outer coast and in Puget Sound until the mid-1980s, when a colony began to form in the Columbia River estuary. The estuary population has increased by over 600% since 1986 with an annual growth rate of 15-20%. Habitat loss elsewhere and islands created from dredged materials within the estuary have contributed to this dramatic increase. The nesting population in Washington is now by far the largest on the West Coast north of Mexico, and it is estimated that over 70% of the Pacific coast population nests in the Columbia River estuary. During their nesting period, Caspian Terns in the estuary eat small fish, including young salmon making their way to the ocean, of which there are an estimated 60+ million in the Columbia River. Not surprisingly, the Caspian Tern nesting season coincides with the peak migration period of young salmon. In 2000, the US Army Corps of Engineers attempted to relocate the Caspian Tern colony from Rice Island to East Sand Island, hoping to reduce predation on migrating salmon smolts. Active harassment of the terns was planned, but was stopped through a lawsuit brought by the Seattle Audubon Society, Defenders of Wildlife, American Bird Conservancy, and the National Audubon Society. A settlement reached in 2002 called for the Army Corps of Engineers to complete a comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement to provide responsible management for Caspian Tern colonies in the Columbia River estuary. The Corps will also prepare a long-term management plan that focuses on establishing additional nesting sites outside the Columbia River estuary and reviews the science of tern predation. For more information about Caspian Terns in the Columbia River estuary, go to http://www.columbiabirdresearch.org/ and click on Background. See also http://www.seattleaudubon.org/conservation/ax_caspian_tern_lawsuit.html.
When and Where to Find in Washington
Caspian Terns are most common in the nesting season in the Columbia River estuary (Wahkiakum and Pacific Counties) where the majority of the Washington population nests. A small colony has nested on the Asarco Superfund site on Commencement Bay in southern Puget Sound. During the breeding season, non-breeders can be found in bays and estuaries along the coast and in the Puget Sound region. The birds start leaving the breeding colonies in late June and July, but can be seen through October. In spring, birds first start appearing in late March and April.
|Pacific Northwest Coast||R||C||C||C||C||C||F||U||R|
Washington Range Map
North American Range Map
- Laughing GullLarus atricilla
- Franklin's GullLarus pipixcan
- Little GullLarus minutus
- Black-headed GullLarus ridibundus
- Bonaparte's GullLarus philadelphia
- Heermann's GullLarus heermanni
- Black-tailed GullLarus crassirostris
- Short-billed GullLarus canus
- Ring-billed GullLarus delawarensis
- California GullLarus californicus
- Herring GullLarus argentatus
- Thayer's GullLarus thayeri
- Iceland GullLarus glaucoides
- Lesser Black-backed GullLarus fuscus
- Slaty-backed GullLarus schistisagus
- Western GullLarus occidentalis
- Glaucous-winged GullLarus glaucescens
- Glaucous GullLarus hyperboreus
- Great Black-backed GullLarus marinus
- Sabine's GullXema sabini
- Black-legged KittiwakeRissa tridactyla
- Red-legged KittiwakeRissa brevirostris
- Ross's GullRhodostethia rosea
- Ivory GullPagophila eburnea
- Least TernSternula antillarum
- Caspian TernHydroprogne caspia
- Black TernChlidonias niger
- Common TernSterna hirundo
- Arctic TernSterna paradisaea
- Forster's TernSterna forsteri
- Elegant TernThalasseus elegans
|Federal Endangered Species List||Audubon/American Bird Conservancy Watch List||State Endangered Species List||Audubon Washington Vulnerable Birds List|
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If This Then That, also known as IFTTT on the web are free web-based service(s) to create links or connections of simple conditional statements, called applets (app). An applet is triggered by changes that occur between some web services and products in our homes and businesses
Typically sign-ups take the form of Internet-based services where the FTTT requires you to create an account to begin using it. Signing up is extremely straightforward and, because the services are usually free, there is no need to provide a credit card. Simply visit the website and use your email address and you establish an account.
Most things IFTTT do are accomplished through applets. These are tiny programs that you can create which use triggers (the “If’s”) to execute actions (the “Then That’s”). For example one applet might be: “Every time someone larger than a cat passes my front door (if), send a message to my cell phone (then that)” or another one could be “Every time the New York Times publishes a new article in its science section (If), send me an email (Then That).” It’s important to realize that only companies that have linked up with some type of IFTTT will be available to access via applets. For example, you can now access applets that control, remotely, your homes lights, doors, thermostats, and more.
Because IFTTT has been around since 2011, there are a lot of pre-made applets that many companies are integrating in to their upcoming technologies. You’ll soon see that your digital assistants can create for you applets for everything from getting out of an awkward situation to finding out when the local ski conditions will change. Applets will become even more invisible as Sustainable Integrated Technologies become even easier to use. The IoT revolution is only just getting started.
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Toward Participatory Democracy
It’s presidential election season in America. If there is a time when more Americans pay attention to politics, it is now. Now is thus perhaps the best time to challenge how Americans think about democracy. More often than not, the word “democracy” conjures electing representatives to govern. As important as that is, there is more to democracy, and that “more” is well worth pondering.
The influential 20th century American philosopher, John Dewey was one of democracy’s most ardent proponents. But his view of democracy was broad and participatory, not limited to electing politicians to govern (Dewey 1927, Morris & Shapiro 1993). As historian James Kloppenberg explains, summarizing the work of one of Dewey’s intellectual chroniclers, “First, Dewey believed that democracy is an ethical ideal rather than merely a political arrangement. Second, he considered participation, not representation, the essence of democracy. Third, he insisted on the harmony between democracy and the scientific method: ever-expanding and self-critical communities of inquiry, operating on pragmatic principles and constantly revising their beliefs in light of new evidence, provided Dewey with a model for democratic decision making…Finally, Dewey called for extending democracy, conceived as an ethical project, from politics to industry and society” (Kloppenburg 1992).
To Dewey then, democracy is an ongoing way of being that involves participation in learning and decision-making in most if not all domains of life, including family, work, associations and government. Dewey is, of course, not alone in advocating a more “participatory” version of democracy (e.g., see Pateman 1970, Mansbridge 1983, Barber 2004, Fishkin 2011), but this version is not what prevails in the United States and other modern democracies.
What prevails political observers commonly call representative democracy, or a republic. In contemporary republics, democracy is like a gladiator’s contest, as the political scientist Lester Milbrath (1965) aptly described: at any given time, about 5-7% of citizens are the gladiators who run for office and lead political campaigns and organizations. The spectators, who comprise 55-65% of the public, pay attention, express support and vote. The rest, whom Milbrath called “the apathetics,” comprising 30-40% of citizens, don’t bother to come to the show — they don’t pay attention, let alone act politically, and thus know little about politics. This republican democracy is associated with greater inequalities in participation and power as well as greater apathy and partisanship.
Some political scientists claim that republican democracy is inevitable, that one cannot realistically expect citizens to be engaged in the same way all the time, and that more engagement may only lead to more conflict and crisis from competing citizen demands. These claims though generally assume that democracy should be limited to government, and that active citizens are partisans rather than deliberators.
Dewey, like other participatory democrats, contends that all organizations – governmental, business and nonprofit – engage in decision-making, and that decision-making can be made more democratic, involving more people rather than habitually delegating to executives or representatives. Further, whether citizens become rigid, self-interested partisans or flexible, public-interested deliberators depends in no small part on the rules of engagement organizations establish, including the ideal citizens organizations uphold.
Clearly, as numerous notable political observers (e.g., more recently, Haidt 2012, Fukuyama 2014) remark, drawing on evolutionary science, humans are inclined to be self-interested, but we are also routinely cooperative when it suits us, and for better or worse, even self-abnegating when moved by another individual or group to whom we feel committed. As social scientists know well, how we act depends a lot on our social circumstances, and the organizations in which we live and work every day play a large role in defining those circumstances.
The implications are that (a) more participatory democracy is possible, and (b) democratic organizations can make it happen. Indeed, there are plenty of contemporary examples, including organizations like Voice of the People, Healthy Democracy and the Center for Deliberative Democracy. Groups like these get diverse citizens involved in local to international dialogues that nurture more equitable, tolerant, informed and public-spirited decision-making among citizens and policymakers alike. Yet to make democracy a routine practice, as Dewey envisioned, rather than a periodic choice, calls for imagining, discussing and enacting models that democratize not only government, but also society.
Paul Lachelier, Ph.D.
Founder, Learning Life
Barber, Benjamin. 2004. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dewey, John. 1927. The Public and its Problems. New York: Holt.
Fishkin, James. 2011. When the People Speak. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fukuyama, Francis. 2014. Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Pantheon Books.
Kloppenberg, James T. 1992. Book review of John Dewey and American Democracy, by Robert B. Westbrook in American Historical Review, p.919-920.
Mansbridge, Jane. 1983. Beyond Adversary Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Milbrath, Lester. 1965. Political Participation: How and Why Do People Get Involved in Politics? Chicago: Rand McNally & Co.
Morris, Debra, and Ian Shapiro, eds. 1993. John Dewey: The Political Writings. Indianapolis: Hackett.
Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. London: Cambridge University Press.
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Program Arcade GamesWith Python And Pygame
To move beyond the simplistic shapes offered by drawing circles and rectangles, our programs need the ability to work with bitmapped graphics. Bitmapped graphics can be photos or images created and saved from a drawing program.
But graphics aren't enough. Games need sound too! This chapter shows how to put graphics and sound in your game.
The programs we've made so far only involve one file. Now that we are including images and sounds, there are more files that are part of our program. It is easy to get these files mixed up with other programs we are making. The way to keep everything neat and separated out is to put each of these programs into its own folder. Before beginning any project like this, click the “new folder” button and use that new folder as a spot to put all the new files as shown in Figure 11.1.
Need to set a background image for your game? Find an image like Figure 11.2. If you are looking on-line in a web browser, you can usually right-click on an image, and save it onto the computer. Save the image to the folder that we just created for our game.
Any bitmap images used in a game should already be sized for how it should appear on the screen. Don't take a 5000x5000 pixel image from a high-resolution camera and then try to load it into a window only 800x600. Use a graphics program (even MS Paint will work) and resize/crop the image before using it in your Python program.
Loading an image is a simple process and involves only one line of code. There is a lot going on in that one line of code, so the explanation of the line will be broken into three parts. The first version of the our load command will load a file called saturn_family1.jpg. This file must be located in the same directory that the python program is in, or the computer will not find it:
# Image from http://ProgramArcadeGames pygame.image.load("saturn_family1.jpg")
Be careful about using copyrighted images. If you publish a game with images that you don't have the rights to, that's illegal. If you are creating your own work that you aren't sharing, then it is ok. If you are doing a class assignment, make sure that you check with the instructor for his or her rules around it.
For class assignments, I suggest my students add a comment to the program just before loading the image. List where the image came from as we did in the example above. (Don't list Google as the image source, that's like listing the “library” as your reference source. Find the website the image came from.)
That code may load the image, but we have no way to reference that image and display it! We need a variable set equal to what the load() command returns. In the next version of our load command, we create a new variable named background_image. See below for version two:
background_image = pygame.image.load("saturn_family1.jpg")
Finally, the image needs to be converted to a format Pygame can more easily work with. To do that, we append .convert() to the command to call the convert function. The function .convert() is a method in the Image class. We'll talk more about classes, objects, and methods in Chapter 12.
All images should be loaded using code similar to the line below. Just change the variable name and file name as needed.
background_image = pygame.image.load("saturn_family1.jpg").convert()
Loading the image should be done before the main program loop. While it would be possible to load it in the main program loop, this would cause the program to fetch the image from the disk twenty or so times per second. This is completely unnecessary. It is only necessary to do it once at program start-up.
To display the image use the blit command. This “blits” the image bits to the screen. We've already used this command once before when displaying text onto a game window back in Chapter 5.
The blit command is a method in the screen variable, so we need to start our command by screen.blit. Next, we need to pass the image to blit, and where to blit it. This command should be done inside the loop so the image gets drawn each frame. See below:
screen.blit(background_image, [0, 0])
This code blit's the image held in background_image to the screen starting at (0, 0).
Now we want to load an image and move it around the screen. We will start off with a simple orange space ship. You can get this and many other great assets from http://kenney.nl/. See Figure 11.3. The image for the ship can be downloaded from the book's website, or you can find a .gif or .png that you like with a white or black background. Don't use a .jpg.
To load the image we need the same type of command that we used with the background image. In this case, I'm assuming the file is saved as player.png.
player_image = pygame.image.load("player.png").convert()
Inside the main program loop, the mouse coordinates are retrieved, and passed to another blit function as the coordinates to draw the image:
# Get the current mouse position. This returns the position # as a list of two numbers. player_position = pygame.mouse.get_pos() x = player_position y = player_position # Copy image to screen: screen.blit(player_image, [x, y])
This demonstrates a problem. The image is a space ship with a solid black background. So when the image is drawn the program shows Figure 11.4.
We only want the space ship, not a rectangular background! But all images we can load are rectangles, so how do we show only the part of the image we want? The way to get around this is to tell the program to make one color “transparent” and not display. This can be done immediately after loading. The following makes the color black (assuming BLACK is already defined as a variable) transparent:
This will work for most files ending in .gif and .png. This does not work well for most .jpg files. The jpeg image format is great for holding photographs, but it does subtly change the image as part of the algorithm that makes the image smaller. Images in .gif and .png are also compressed, but the algorithms used in those formats do not change the image. The format .bmp isn't compressed at all, and results in huge files. Because the .jpg format changes the format, this means that not all of the background color will be the exactly the same. In Figure 11.5 the space ship has been saved as a jpeg with a white background. The white around the ship is not exactly (255, 255, 255), but just really close.
If you are picking out an image that will be transparent, choose a .gif or .png. These are the best formats for graphic art type of images. Photos should be .jpg. Keep in mind it is not possible to change a .jpg to another format just by renaming the file extension to .png. It is still a .jpg even if you call it something different. It requires conversion in a graphics program to change it to a different format. But once in a .jpg format, it has been altered and converting it to a .png won't fix those alterations.
In this section we'll play a laser sound when the mouse button is clicked.
This sound originally came from Kenney.nl. You can download and save the sound
Like images, sounds must be loaded before they are used. This should be done once sometime before the main program loop. The following command loads a sound file and creates a variable named click_sound to reference it:
click_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("laser5.ogg")
We can play the sound by using the following command:
But where do we put this command? If we put it in the main program loop it will play it twenty times or so per second. Really annoying. We need a “trigger.” Some action occurs, then we play the sound. For example this sound can be played when the user hits the mouse button with the following code:
for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: done = True elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: click_sound.play()
Uncompressed sound files usually end in .wav. These files are larger than other formats because no algorithm has been run on them to make them smaller. There is also the ever popular .mp3 format, although that format has patents that can make it undesirable for certain applications. Another format that is free to use is the OGG Vorbis format that ends in .ogg.
Pygame does not play all .wav files that can be found on the Internet. If you have a file that isn't working, you can try using the program Audacity to convert it to an ogg-vorbis type of sound file that ends in .ogg. This file format is small and reliable for use with pygame.
If you want background music to play in your program, then check out the on-line
example section for:
Please note that you can't redistribute copyrighted music with your program. Even if you make a video of your program with copyrighted music in the background YouTube and similar video sights will flag you for copyright violation.
""" Sample Python/Pygame Programs Simpson College Computer Science http://programarcadegames.com/ http://simpson.edu/computer-science/ Explanation video: http://youtu.be/4YqIKncMJNs Explanation video: http://youtu.be/ONAK8VZIcI4 Explanation video: http://youtu.be/_6c4o41BIms """ import pygame # Define some colors WHITE = (255, 255, 255) BLACK = (0, 0, 0) # Call this function so the Pygame library can initialize itself pygame.init() # Create an 800x600 sized screen screen = pygame.display.set_mode([800, 600]) # This sets the name of the window pygame.display.set_caption('CMSC 150 is cool') clock = pygame.time.Clock() # Before the loop, load the sounds: click_sound = pygame.mixer.Sound("laser5.ogg") # Set positions of graphics background_position = [0, 0] # Load and set up graphics. background_image = pygame.image.load("saturn_family1.jpg").convert() player_image = pygame.image.load("playerShip1_orange.png").convert() player_image.set_colorkey(BLACK) done = False while not done: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == pygame.QUIT: done = True elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN: click_sound.play() # Copy image to screen: screen.blit(background_image, background_position) # Get the current mouse position. This returns the position # as a list of two numbers. player_position = pygame.mouse.get_pos() x = player_position y = player_position # Copy image to screen: screen.blit(player_image, [x, y]) pygame.display.flip() clock.tick(60) pygame.quit()
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English version by Paul Vincent Craven
Spanish version by Antonio Rodríguez Verdugo
Russian version by Vladimir Slav
Turkish version by Güray Yildirim
Portuguese version by Armando Marques Sobrinho and Tati Carvalho
Dutch version by Frank Waegeman
Hungarian version by Nagy Attila
Finnish version by Jouko Järvenpää
French version by Franco Rossi
Korean version by Kim Zeung-Il
Chinese version by Kai Lin
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A lottery is a form of gambling that involves picking a number at random. Some governments outlaw lotteries, but others endorse them and organize state or national lotteries. Lotteries are popular and can bring in huge amounts of money. But it is important to note that a lottery is not a good idea for everyone.
In addition to generating income for states, a lottery can be a bad idea. It can cause addiction and other issues. Many states and the District of Columbia have lottery programs. The majority of lotteries offer several different types of games. The most common type is called Lotto, and involves picking six numbers from a set of balls that are numbered from one to fifty.
Lotteries have a long history. In the 15th century, lottery games began to become popular in France and Italy. In Burgundy, for instance, public lotteries raised funds for poor people and town fortifications. In France, lottery games were legalized in 1520. The Italian city-state of Genoa, which has the oldest lottery in the world, also began holding lotteries in the fifteenth century.
The practice of dividing land and property by lot is as old as the Old Testament. In the Old Testament, Moses was instructed to take a census of the people of Israel, and then divide the land by lot. Later, the Roman emperors used lotteries to give away slaves and property. In the nineteenth century, British colonists brought lotteries to the United States. However, the practice was banned in 10 states between 1844 and 1859.
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Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Religion
This entry focuses on the historical sources and formative moments in the development of Islamic theology and philosophy of religion. While most of the thinkers and ideas are from the classical period of Islam (ca. 800–1300) in a few cases we have extended our survey to the seventeenth century to include influential post-classical thinkers, like Mulla Ṣadrā. Despite this limitation, the period covered was one of the most intellectually robust periods in the development of Islamic philosophy of religion. While most of the topics covered in this entry are common to philosophy of religion—such as the existence of God, God’s relation to the cosmos, the issue of evil and the like—Muslims and those under the influence of Islam frequently imprinted these issues with their own unique stamp. Such unique moments include the thoroughly developed occasionalism of Muslim theologians, the development by philosophers and theologians of a Necessary Being theology and even framing the problem of evil differently from the one frequently seen among contemporary western philosophers of religion.
- 1. Faith and Reason
- 2. Proofs for the existence of God (Allah)
- 3. God and the universe: creation and conservation/maintenance of the universe
- 4. Prophecy and Miracles
- 5. The Problem of evil
- 6. Religious/theological language
- 7. Ethics in Islam
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
1. Faith and Reason
A foundational question in the philosophy of religion concerns the relation between faith and reason. As with perhaps all religions, the spectrum of Muslim responses is broad. Before looking at these responses, it is important to note that ‘reason’ is used in two distinct senses. In one sense, reason refers to the ability, power or faculty by which we understand, judge and explain things. Reason in this sense corresponds with our intellect (ʿaql). In a second sense, reason refers to the philosophical and scientific explanations and theories about the things that the intellect understands, judges and explains. In this sense, reason corresponds with science or philosophy. Analogously, ‘faith’ has at least two meanings. In one sense, it may refer to an epistemic notion and mean to believe or to trust in something, perhaps uncritically (taqlīd), usually based on the authority of some (religious) source. In a second sense, faith may refer to a particular religion, understood as the body of knowledge encompassed in one’s sacred scriptures and religious traditions as in the sense of the ‘Islamic faith’. These different senses of reason and faith in turn give rise to no less than three distinct questions concerning what the relation between faith and reason is:
- What role, if any, does the unaided human intellect play in acquiring religious knowledge?
- What role, if any, does the intellect play in justifying specific beliefs?
- How should one reconcile conflicts between one’s religious belief and the finding of one’s best science or philosophical system?
As one may expect, these questions were raised and debated in the Islamicate world.
1.1 Reason and religious knowledge
The first way that the faith-reason question may be understood involves the extent, if any, to which the unaided human intellect can discover the various claims of a religion, whether theological or ethical. In answer to this question, Muslim philosophers and theologians defended three major positions. One is that unaided human reason is sufficient to reach true knowledge about what can (or needs to) be known about God and our moral duties. A second position is that unaided reason can discover at least the basic claims of a religion, like God exists and is absolutely perfect, but this basic knowledge must be augmented by truths that only a prophet can provide. The third position is that human reason cannot reach the knowledge that religion provides, and so a religious source is required for true knowledge about God and what God demands of us.
A purported representative of the first position is the physician and philosopher Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (865–925; see entry on al-Rāzī). He is reported to have held that human reason is sufficient to understand all that is necessary for a devout life, and thus scripture is at best superfluous and at worse deceptive and a source of dissension (A. H. Rāzī Proofs of Prophecy: 2.1 and 5.1, pp. 24–6 & 131–4). This is an extreme position. At the other extreme some Muslim scholars in general dismissed the use of unaided reason in religious matters. There must be religious authority in the form of a prophet who teaches others what they should know about God and who establishes rules that must be observed in individual and social life. Such a position not only dismissed independent reasoning about one’s religion, but also discouraged metaphorical interpretations of sacred writ. Between these extremes, Muslim philosophers and theologians believed that while there is a place for unaided reason in acquiring certain religious beliefs, a need for scripture is also essential to that understanding, albeit they disagreed about the nature and extent of that need. Let us begin with the position of most of the Muslim philosophers.
Philosophers most generally defended the view that at least individuals of sufficient intellect could independently acquire a knowledge of all the fundamental claims of religion.They maintained that non-philosophers who constitute the majority of people, in contrast, must rely on religious sources. Those sources, however, the philosophers continue, ultimately agree with what can be rationally known, albeit in a way that describes philosophically correct views in metaphors and symbols so as to be accessible to the masses. One may include al-Fārābī (d. 950), Ibn Sīnā (or Avicenna, d. 1037), Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 1185) and Ibn Rushd (or Averroes, d. 1198) among these philosophers.
Fārābī appears to be the originator of the general view of the Muslim philosophers (Fārābī Perfect State: 276–85 & al-Milla & b, ¶¶ 4–6). Humans divided into three classes based on their intellectual capacities. One class is persuaded of divine truths solely on the basis of demonstrative proofs. These proofs produce a belief that is certain and are discovered independent of scripture. The second class is persuaded on the basis of dialectical proofs. These proofs produce a belief that is highly probable, and so scripture is necessary to confirm the true beliefs and correct any false ones. The final and the most numerous class consists of those who are easily persuaded by rhetorical proofs involving images that hold out threats of torment for non-belief and promises of pleasures for belief. Scripture is of most use for this class, for it provides a simplified version of the religious truths necessary for a devout life, but now put into a language that captures the imagination of even the most dull-witted. Thus, Fārābī’s position has two elements:
- the truths relevant to religion can be rationally known, and yet
- religious authority is also needed, albeit not by all.
Fārābī’s view can be found in Ibn Ṭufayl’s philosophical novel Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (HIY, especially 161–5). The novel relates the story of a child raised by a deer on a desert island, and what he was able to learn through unaided reason, and then his subsequent encounter with a religious community. The story concludes with the protagonist resigning himself to the fact that some people do not want to be intellectually challenged. Ibn Rushd also endorses Fārābī’s tripartite division of humanity in his legal treatise, The Decisive Treatise (Ibn Rushd Decisive: 1–12, esp. 8).
Some theologians gave a similar, but different, answer to this question. They asked whether one who is mentally sound and has reached the age of discernment is accountable before God for their religious beliefs and practices, even if they have never heard the message of Islam. Answering this question, the Muʿtazilite theologian, al-Qādī ʿAbd al-Jabbār (d. 1025) and Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 944), the eponymous founder of the Māturīdī school of theology, held that individuals at the age of discernment are responsible in believing, for example, that God exists, that God is just, that God sends messengers, that there is life after death and that one should lead a morally good life (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 62–8, 122–4, 563–6 and Māturīdī KT: 3–7, 156–62; also see Hourani 1971: 129–39). A common position among later Māturīdī and Ashʿarī theologians slightly modified this view: In addition to the fundamental truths about God and his relation to the world just mentioned, human reason can verify that Muhammad was a genuine prophet. Having verified Muhammad’s prophecy, one now can go on to endorse all the claims revealed in the Qur’an, which is different than merely ‘believing by faith’ (taqlīd) since the acceptance of the Quranic claims are grounded in an initial proof for the veracity of the Qur’an as a revelatory source of knowledge (Nasafī TA: II 12–28; Juwaynī Proofs, 165–7; Ghazālī Moderation, treatises 3–4; also see Frank 1989).
1.2 The role of reason in justifying specific beliefs
The first faith-reason issue concerned the role, if any, of unaided reason in understanding general religious claims. The second issue concerns the role of reason relative to a specific religion and has two parts: (1) the role of reason in having a justified belief in one’s specific religion, like Islam, and (2) the role of reason in interpreting a specific religion’s sacred sources. As one might expect, this second set of issues is closely tied to the first. Consequently, the various responses to the second issue frequently mirror those to the first, albeit with additional nuances.
1.2.1 Reason and justified religious beliefs
Muslim philosophers and Muʿtazilite theologians, might broadly be described as evidentialists. They held that reason, in the form of rational first principles or proofs based upon them, is essential for justified beliefs, even those found in religion, although in nuanced ways. As for the philosophers, only those who have demonstrative proofs of their beliefs are rationally and truly justified in those beliefs. As for non-philosophers, insofar as they accept a ‘true’ religion—i.e., one that the philosopher would accept on the basis of demonstration—and they do so based upon either highly probably opinions or images from sacred texts that symbolically capture truths that philosophers demonstrate, members of these other two classes are likewise justified, to the extent that they can be, in their beliefs.
In addition to knowledge of certain general religious claims, some Muʿtazilite theologians extended this general knowledge to specific credal beliefs (Frank 1978, esp. 124–9). Their strategy was to observe that having come to recognize that God exists and has certain attributes, one should further speculate about what God wants from us. This speculation leads to certain general ethical axioms; however, more importantly, it leads to the belief that such a wise and powerful being would send a messenger, that is, a prophet, to make the divine intentions known. Once one has reached this point, one would be motivated to seek out self-proclaimed prophets and test them. Upon having tested a prophet and identifying them as a true prophet, then anything based upon that prophetic message would also be rationally justified.
Muslim theologians who denied or limited the role of reason were presented with a problem. Muslim philosophers and Muʿtazilite theologians maintained, to varying degrees, something like the following Evidentialist Premise:
- One is rationally justified in one’s belief (as opposed to believing out of fear, believing arbitrarily or even because it is absurd) if and only if one has a reason for that belief that appeals to the human intellectual capacity to acquire the truth about the subject of that belief.
The philosophers and certain theologians leveled a challenge against the Ashʿarites, Maturidites and more traditional theologians like Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal (d. 855). Since with few exceptions these latter held that reason is limited in its capacity to acquire those truths or even is incapable, these thinkers either cannot be rationally justified in their beliefs or at best they are only partially justified. Moreover, if one holds a belief without some rational justification, it appears as if one holds that belief arbitrarily or even irrationally.
There were varying responses to this challenge. At the core of these responses, often, is simply a denial of (EP). The theologians’ denial, however, is not obviously arbitrary or irrational, as they note, since (EP) assumes that humans have the intellectual capacity to acquire the truth about either general or specific religious beliefs, and yet this issue is the very one at stake. In some cases, these theologians suggested alternative models of justification. For example, Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī (d. 1085) appears to have had a coherentist theory of justification, at least with respect to prophecy (Juwaynī Proofs, 165–7; also see Siddiqui 2019: ch. 4). For Juwaynī, while reason alone is unable to acquire the tenets of Islam, that inability does not make those tenets irrational, in the sense of being contrary to reason; rather, upon hearing the tenets, one determines that they are at least coherent in which case one is justified in believing them.
1.2.2 Reason and interpreting (taʾwīl) religious sources
The second aspect to the question of what role reason plays in justifying specific beliefs concerns hermeneutics, namely, what is the role of reason in interpreting one’s own sacred sources, like the Qur’an and sayings of the prophet Muhammad? Within the context of Islam, the issue is whether a Muslim must take the Qur’an and prophetic traditions at face-value or should use certain interpretative tools, such as metaphorical readings and analogical reasoning, when approaching scripture and prophetic sayings. On one side, there are positions like that of Fārābī. True religious beliefs are the symbolic expressions of the philosophical truths that philosophy and science provide. Hence when there is a divergence between philosophical theories and religious teachings, one should keep in mind that religious texts are not literal expressions of the truth and perhaps more like ‘noble lies’ (Fārābī Perfect State: 276–85). On the other side of this issue, there is the legal theorist Ibn Ḥanbal, who is usually associated with the position that only the Qur’an and the sayings of Muhammad are sufficient and necessary for an intellectually complete understanding of God, the world and our place in it. Moreover, one must simply accept the claims of these sources as literally true, even the most anthropomorphic ones about God and the divine attributes, such as those about the hands of God, God’s speech and that God is seated or established on the Throne. Between these two positions there were a host of intermediate views.
For example, the Ashʿarīte theologian, Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (d. 1111), made room for a metaphorical interpretation (taʾwīl) of certain passage from the Qur’an and the sayings of the prophets. In particular Ghazālī maintained that literal anthropomorphic descriptions of God, particularly ones ascribing to God a body, had to be rejected and interpreted metaphorically. Thus, in On Moderation of Belief (I, 8), he divides Muslims into the general public and the scholars. The general public should be disabused of any anthropomorphic reading of God in the Qur’an, and if they ask what such verses and sayings mean, they simply should be told it is not theirs to investigate such matter. In contrast, Ghazālī continues, it is suitable for the scholar to pursue and to understand metaphorically Qur’anic passages, such as “The Merciful is seated/established on (istawā ʿalā) the Thrown” (20:5, trans. by authors), which suggest that God has a body or at least is localized in some specific place. For Ghazālī it is unthinkable that the Qur’an could contain contradictions, and yet he believes that he can rationally prove that anything bodily must be subject to temporal becoming, whereas God cannot be subject to temporal becoming. Consequently, for Ghazālī no bodily state can literally be ascribed of God on pain of contradiction and yet again the Qur’an is free of any contradiction. In general, Ghazālī claims that any religious claims that “the intellect judges impossible” (mā qaḍā al-ʿaql bi-istiḥālatihi) must be interpreted metaphorically.
Ironically, the philosopher Ibn Rushd, who was a critic of Ghazālī, shared a similar view. In his legal work the Decisive Treatise (Ibn Rushd Decisive: §III.B), he notes that Islamic religious sources either treat some given subject of a demonstration or they do not. If the religion does not speak to a given subject, the demonstrated conclusion should not be a matter of religious dispute and one is free to hold the position. If the Islamic sources do treat a given subject of demonstration, then the two either agree or disagree. If they agree, then again there should be no religious dispute. If, however, there is a disagreement between the literal sense of the religious sources and the conclusion of a demonstration, then those intellectually capable can apply metaphorical interpretation to reconcile the conflict.
The issue is how to determine which Qur’anic passages and prophetic statements must be taken literally and which ones metaphorically. Ibn Rushd’s view concerning theoretical matters treated in religion, though not in practical and ethical issues, is that there simply is no consensus (ijmāʿ). Muslim scholars, for Ibn Rushd, simply do not universally agree as to which scriptures and traditions must be taken literally and which can be taken metaphorically. Hence, there is no religious basis for precluding metaphorical interpretation of any text or prophetic saying treating theoretical issues whose apparent meaning conflicts with a demonstration. The only obligation on the religious scholar is that he must not share metaphorical interpretations of sacred sources with those who are incapable of grasping a demonstration. The greatest proponent of Islamic philosophical mysticism, Ibn ʿArabī (d. 1240), also shared this inclusive view of scripture’s intended meaning. For him, every word, verse and chapter of the Qur’an have an indefinite number of senses and interpretations, and God intended all of them. Thus, in the Meccan Revelations, he writes,
When a meaning repeats itself for someone who is reciting the Qur’an, he has not recited it as it should be. This is proof of his ignorance. (cited in Chittick 2005: 18 = (Ibn al-ʿArabī al-Futūḥāt
al-Makkiyya (a), IV, 367.3)
1.3 Conflicts between religious teachings and science/philosophy
The third faith-reason issue involves responses to apparent conflicts between the teachings of one’s specific religion and the purported demonstrated conclusions of one’s best science or philosophical account. At the heart of this issue is the notion of demonstration (burhān). A demonstration proceeds from purportedly absolutely certain, necessary and true first principles from which one validly deduces some conclusion. Since the conclusion validly follows from purportedly absolutely certain, necessary and true premises, the conclusion is likewise absolutely certain, necessary and true (see Fārābī’s account of certainty = MR07: 63–6; also see Black 2006). Since, for the philosophers, the conclusions of demonstration are certain and necessarily true, any claim apparently contradicting a demonstrated conclusion cannot be literally true. Yet, within Islamic authoritative sources there are claims that are at odds with some of the philosophers’ purported demonstrative conclusions. Few Muslim philosophers were willing to say that the Qur’an and the sayings of the prophets are simply false. Instead, many philosophers appealed to their epistemic hierarchy of human intellectual capacities seen above. For them, both Islamic religious sources and demonstrated conclusion at heart express the same truth, although expressed differently depending upon the intended audience.
Even if some theologians recognized the difficulty with taking all religious statements literally, there still was pushback against the philosophers and particularly their unquestioning faith in ‘demonstrative’ conclusions. Thus, several Muslim theologians, like Ghazālī, ʿAbd al-Karīm Shahrastānī (d. 1153) and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 1210), to name a few, took it upon themselves to familiarize themselves with the philosophers’ demonstrative method and show that even by the philosophers’ own standards they had not demonstrated their conclusions.
Ghazālī’s Incoherence of the Philosophers (Tahāfut al-falāsifa) provides an excellent example of this approach. There he vigorously criticizes the philosophers’ attempts to demonstrate twenty philosophical-theological theses, arguing that in all cases the proofs fall short of true demonstration. His strategy is to call into question the supposedly self-evident, certain and necessary character of the premises used in the philosophers’ proofs. He does so by arguing that either those premises fail to have these characteristics and so are not first principles or, if a premise is not a first principle, the philosophers have failed to demonstrate the premise’s necessity. While Ghazālī believes that on at least three counts the philosophers’ positions lead to unbelief, on several other issues he accepts the conclusion of the philosophers even while denying their demonstrative character.
Ghazālī’s general concern in both the Incoherence and other works where he criticizes the philosophers is their claim to having demonstrated truths of religion independent of sacred sources. That is because this position, complains Ghazālī, has led some of those with lesser intellects to accept the philosophers’ arguments uncritically, and so think that they can dispense with religion and religious sources (Ghazālī Deliverance, 60–70, 83–6 and Incoherence, religious preface and introduction 4). Ghazālī’s own position is that while there is a duty to provide a rational defense of the basic tenets of one’s religion, this duty falls only on those intellectually suited and religiously trained and must be prohibited of those who lack this training (Ghazālī Moderation, introductions 1–3).
2. Proofs for the existence of God (Allāh)
Among the basic religious beliefs that some Muslim theologians and philosophers thought that reason alone could establish is the existence of God. To this end various, Muslim thinkers developed different proofs as well as criticisms of each other’s arguments. Here we consider three such arguments and sets of objections: the argument from temporal coming-to-be, the argument from the nature of necessity and possibility/contingency and the argument from knowledge by presence.
2.1 An argument from temporal coming-to-be (hudūth)
Muslim theologians, that is, proponents of kalām, and even certain philosophers like as Abū Yūsuf al-Kindī (d. ca. 866), had several arguments for the existence of God, all of which in some way appeal temporal coming-to-be (see, for example, Ashʿarī TAAT: 6–8; Juwaynī Proofs, 9–16; Ghazālī Moderation, 27–41; Shahrastānī Summa, 1–25) and which fall under the umbrella expression, ‘kalām cosmological argument’. William Lane Craig has defended and brought to the attention of contemporary philosophers of religion the kalām cosmological argument (see section in entry on cosmological arguments). In its simplest form, the argument runs like this:
- Everything that begins to exist after not having existed has a cause for its existence.
- The world began to exist after not having existed.
- Therefore, the world has a cause for its existence, which is God.
Premise (1) is just a particular instance of the general principle that nothing comes from nothing. Within the medieval Islamic world, the principle is associated with the notion of preponderation (tarjīḥ), which at least within the context of the kalām cosmological argument, states that for any action, motion or change some cause or reason exist for that action or change.
The more controversial premise is (2), for unlike the theologians, certain philosophers, like Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd, maintained that the world has existed infinitely into the past. Consequently, these philosophers reject the world’s coming to exist after some point of not having existed. The theologians’ response was either simply to claim that the intellect asserts that the existence of an infinity is rationally impossible or to show that positing an infinity leads to consequences known to be rationally impossible. Those who took the latter strategy drew upon the arguments of the late Neoplatonic Christian philosopher, John Philoponus (d. 570; see entry on Philoponus). Two examples should provide a sense of the general strategy.
First, according to the astronomy of the time, the world consists of the Earth, which was thought to be (approximately) at the center of the cosmos, and the various celestial bodies—the Moon, Sun, five visible planets and stars—that were believed to orbit the Earth. Now, assume that the world has existed infinitely into the past. In that case, the various celestial bodies that apparently orbit the Earth would have all made an infinite number of revolutions; however, the celestial bodies have different periods. For instance, the Moon orbits the earth approximately once a month, that is, twelve times a year, while the apparent revolution of the Sun is only once a year. Consequently, while the Sun has made an infinite number of apparent revolutions around the Earth, the Moon has made twelve times the rotations of the Sun, that is, twelve times infinity, and so seemingly a greater number than that of the Sun. Since it is assumed that there is nothing greater than infinity, reason recoils at the notion of a number greater than that which nothing is greater. The theologians, then, conclude that the assumption of the world’s existing infinitely into the past leads to absurdity and so must be rejected.
Philosophers who accepted the eternity of the world rejected this argument, claiming that the infinity in question is only a potential infinity and not an actual one, that is, one in which all the members of an actually infinite set would presently exist. As such, they continued, there does not exist actual sets of revolutions that can be compared, which had led to the absurdity. The theologians’ second kind of argument cuts off this form of escape. First, they note that for the philosophers, species are eternal, that is, for example, there have always existed human into the infinite past and there will always exists humans into the infinite future. They then continue that the leading philosophers, like Ibn Sīnā, believe that they have demonstrated that the human soul continues to exist after the death of the body. In that case, if the world together with the human species existed infinitely into the past, then even if only one human a day were to die, there would presently and actually exist an infinite number of human souls, and that number would increase infinitely as humans died moving into the infinite future. In short, the distinction between potential and actual infinities does not save the philosophers from the purportedly absurd consequences. Thus, the assumption that the world has existed infinitely into the past must be rejected. Consequently, the world must have begun to exist after not having existed, and so the second premise of the kalām cosmological argument is secured.
We set aside the philosophers’ defense(s) of the thesis that the world always has existed infinitely into the past and merely note that this issue was one of the most vigorously debated one between theologians and philosophers in the Islamicate world.
2.2 An argument from necessity/possibility (wujūb/imkān)
Certainly, one of the most discussed arguments for the existence of God in the medieval Islamic world was Ibn Sīnā’s Burhān al-Siddīqīn, which can be translated as ‘the demonstration of the truthful’ (Avicenna al-Najāt, 261–5 & 271–3 = MR07: 211–16 & ITN1: 4.16–20; see also Morewedge 1979; Mayer 2001; McGinnis 2010b: 163–8; Byrne 2019 and Zarepour 2022). Ibn Sīnā’s proof is unique in that it does not appeal to the impossibility of infinite causal series, as most cosmological arguments, and even entertains the possibility of an actual infinity of causes existing simultaneously, although the argument ultimately shows that such a causal series is impossible. Additionally, it shows that the world is causally dependent upon God for its existence at every moment that it exists, even infinitely into the past.
The proof is embedded within Ibn Sīnā’s own modal metaphysics (see entry on Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysics). He began by laying out the logical space when considering existents, and conceptually distinguishes between a necessary existent through itself (wājib al-wujūd bi-dhātihi) and a possible or contingent existent through itself (mumkin al-wujūd bi-dhātihi). The necessary existent through itself would be an entity whose existence is self-explaining and so exists simply on account of what it is—it cannot not exist. In contrast, a possible existent in itself exists on account of something other than itself (bi-ghayrihi)—it can not exist, and so there is something other that explains why it exists when it does. Again, these distinctions are merely the logically possible ways of thinking of existents. We can safely take it that at least some things, perhaps all things, are possible existents in themselves, for certainly most things around us, considered in themselves, are indifferent to whether they exist or do not exist. The question is whether the conceptual space of the necessary existent through itself is empty or occupied.
To this question, Ibn Sīnā begins by considering what would even count as such an existent. At least one feature of such an entity, Ibn Sīnā argues, is that it must be absolutely simple. His argument assumes two modest mereological claims: one, a whole (jumla) exists through its parts and, two, parts are other than the whole. Now assume that the whole of the necessary existent through itself is not simple and so consists of parts. On the basis of the first mereological assumption, if the whole of the necessary existent through itself consisted of parts, then its necessary existence would be through those parts; however, from the second assumptions those parts are other than the whole. Consequently, the whole of the necessary existent through itself would be necessary through another. To be ‘through another’, however, is to be through what is not itself. We have a contradiction: the whole of the necessary existent through itself exists through not itself. Ibn Sīnā concludes, the necessary existent through itself, should it exist, must be simple. Again, Ibn Sīnā is not claiming that anything meets this description. He is merely describing what would count as a necessary existent through itself. It is still an open question whether anything exists as absolutely simple and necessary through itself.
With these preliminaries in place, we turn to Ibn Sīnā’s proof proper. Clearly, something, x, exists, and so must be either a necessary or a possible existent through itself—these exhaust the possibilities. If x is a necessary existent through itself, the argument is complete. If x is a possible existent through itself, then Ibn Sīnā asks us to consider x along with all and only the other possible existents through themselves, y, z … n, which currently exist. Let the whole of all and only things that are possible existents in themselves be W. Since W currently exists, it itself must be either a necessary or possible existent in itself, given Ibn Sīnā’s modal ontology. W cannot exist as necessary through itself, since it consists of the parts x, y, z … n, which are possible existents, and as seen what is a necessary existent through itself cannot have parts but is absolutely simple. Consequently, W is possible through itself but exists through another. This other, o, either is included within W or is outside of W. If o is within W, then, because o exists, it is either a necessary or a possible existent through itself. It cannot be a necessary existent through itself, since only possible existents were included in W, and so there would be a contradiction. Likewise, o cannot be a possible existent through itself, for it is through o that W and so all the members of W exist, which includes o. Thus, o would exist through itself, and so would be a necessary existent through itself. Even if one allowed circular causation, which Ibn Sīnā subsequently rebuts, o ultimately, albeit indirectly, still would be necessary through itself. We assumed, however, that o was a possible existent through itself, a contradiction. Since o cannot exist in W either as a necessary or as a possible existent through itself on pain of contradiction, and yet those are the only conceptually possible ways something can exist, o must exist outside of W. Since W included all and only possible existents through themselves, the only thing outside of W is the Necessary Existent through itself, which Ibn Sīnā identified with God.
2.3 An argument from knowledge by presences (ʿilm ḥuḍūrī)
The discussion of proofs for the existence of God by Ṣadr al-Dīn Muhammad Shīrāzī, simply known as Mullā Ṣadrā (d. 1636), is very much embedded within his own process ontology (see section on the proof in the entry on Mulla Sadra). That ontology itself is an outgrowth of his mystic-inspired philosophical vision of religion, which gives precedence to the direct experience or presence of God. While he believes that there is a definite proof for God, he is skeptical of the earlier traditional arguments for God. In most general terms, his concern with earlier proofs is that they all proceed from the existence of something other than God and then infer to the existence of God, and yet God is the very ground for the existence of everything else. If anything, God is proof of that other. More specifically, Mullā Ṣadrā criticizes the fact that all earlier proofs begin with certain concepts or essences, like necessity and possibility, which are mental, and then illicitly infer from concepts of things to their existence, which is extra-mental. This claim is even true for the kalām cosmological argument, which begins with the concept of ‘the world’, and then from the assumption that that concept refers and so exists infers the existence of God. For Mullā Ṣadrā one simply cannot move from mere concepts to existence—one must begin with existence itself—and so all of these earlier arguments fail.
Mullā Ṣadrā’s own ‘proof’ for the existence of God is less a proof for God’s existence than a pointer that directs one to an experience that one already has and then clarifies that experience. It would be analogous to one who has experienced frogs, toads and salamanders, but then claims that they have never experienced an amphibian. The proof that one has experienced amphibians is to lead them to recognize that their experience of frogs, toads and salamanders is an amphibian-experience. In this vein, Mullā Ṣadrā draws on the Qur’anic verse—“God (Allāh) is witness that there is no god but He” (Qur’an 3.18). He suggests that we all have experienced God, even if we have not recognized that the experience is about God. That is because existence never can be negated or denied. For even if there is non-existence, there is a sense that there is something, and while as simple as it might be, that something exists. There simply cannot not be existence argues Mullā Ṣadrā, and indeed the experience or knowledge of this existence is present to everyone. Nothing, then, stands above existence (not even non-existence), and yet God just is that existence above which nothing stands. For Mullā Ṣadrā existence is not something static but dynamic, a single reality that varies in intensity and modulation (tashkīk). God is existence at its greatest intensity and perfection. To be sure, while the experience or belief that there is this existence is basic for everyone, it is not necessary for everyone to experience this existence as God. To be sure, recognizing this existence as God might take long practice and training as prescribed by Sufi masters. Still, one’s experience of this existence as God and consequent belief that it is God, which follows upon a knowledge by presence, is for Mullā Ṣadrā, properly basic and in need of no further proof.
3. God and the universe: creation and conservation/maintenance of the universe
A question closely related to the existence of God is that of God’s relation to other existents, that is, the universe. There are two distinct but related aspects to this question. The first is whether God is the cause of the universe’s existence, for there have been thinkers, like Aristotle, who believe both that God (or at least a first unmoved mover) exists and is related to the cosmos, while denying that God is the cause of the universe’s very existence. The question here is whether God is a creator. The second aspect to the question of God’s relation to the universe assumes that God is a creator and further asks, “What is God’s immediate and present causal relation to the universe?” Some thinkers, like deists, maintain that God creates the universe and then proverbially steps back and lets the world continue on its own like a well-made clock. Others, in contrast, hold that at every moment that the world exists, it is causally and ontologically dependent upon God’s conserving power and should God remove his proverbial hand, the cosmos would slip into nothingness and oblivion. Muslim philosophers and theologians alike had decided views on both of these issues.
Muslim theologians and philosophers, with rare exceptions, agreed that God is a creator and that the cosmos’ existence is in some way causally dependent or grounded upon God. (Ibn Rush, who follows Aristotle and denies that God is strictly an efficient cause of the world, is clearly an outlier.) What was at issue among these thinkers, and where there was virulent disagreement, was the nature of this causal dependence and grounding. There were three competing models to explain God’s divine creative act. Many, but not all, philosophers viewed the world as emanating or flowing (fayaḍān) from the very being of God. Theologians as a group favored a model of temporal coming-to-be, occurrence or origination (iḥdāth), which frequently resulted in some form of occasionalism. Finally, the third model presents creation as a manifestation (maẓhir) of one single reality, a paradigm that Sufis or thinkers with a mystical orientation mainly upheld. Closely aligned with the nature of God’s causal relation to the world is the issue of the age of the universe, and particularly whether the cosmos has existed infinitely into the past. While the question of the world’s age is not the primary focus here, a particular answer to it frequently is tied to a given model of the divine creative act. Let us consider each of these models.
3.1.1 Creation as emanation (fayḍ)
Many of the Muslim philosophers, although again not all, adopted some version of creation by ‘emanation’ (fayḍ or fayaḍān) to explain God’s causal relation to the universe. In general, the emanation thesis makes two claims:
- that the universe proceeds from God eternally and
- that God’s causation is mediated so that lower things come from higher ones, not directly from God.
The details of this general thesis frequently differed among different thinkers. Here we consider the details of Ibn Sīnā’s version of emanation.
We have seen Ibn Sīnā’s proof for the existence of the Necessary Existent through itself, which in effect shows that at any instant that the universe, understood as the whole of all possible/contingent things, exists, God must be conserving it in existence. We have also seen his proof for divine simplicity (see §2.2). Ibn Sīnā believes that these two doctrines further imply that God’s creative act must be eternal, and so likewise the effect of that creative act must also be eternal. In that case, the cosmos, if not eternal, is at least sempiternal (sarmadī) and perpetual (dahr) (Acar 2010). While Ibn Sīnā has a number of independent proofs by which he argues that the world has always existed (Avicenna MetaH: 9.1 & PhysH: 3.11), one need merely consider how he conceives the world’s relation to God and the nature of God’s creating to grasp why he held this position. His account is embedded within his discussion of God’s knowledge of the world (Avicenna MetaH: 8.6 [6–22] & 8.7).
One of the divine attributes is knowledge. In human intellects, knowledge occurs when we interact with an already existing world, and the things in the world in some way act upon our intellects so that our potential to understand is realized and our intellect in a sense receives some concept that it previously did not have. For numerous reasons such an account of intellect cannot apply to the deity. First, God is free of potentiality, inasmuch as potentiality refers to something possible or contingent, and God as the Necessary Existent in itself is outside of the whole of possible existents. Second, if God were to receive anything, there would be both that which is received and what receives, and so God would be composite, which is impossible given Ibn Sīnā’s doctrine of divine simplicity. Faced with these issues Ibn Sīnā introduces a different model of divine knowledge, which additionally explains God’s creative act.
According to Ibn Sīnā’s model, what God knows directly and primarily is the divine self. Because God is perfect, and indeed above perfection, God must know himself perfectly. In that case, he must know that he is the ultimate cause and grounds of all existence, but in order to know a cause perfectly, one must likewise know the effect of that cause perfectly, which just is the cosmos in this case. Unlike with human knowledge, where our knowledge of a thing, x, is in some way caused by x’s existence, in divine knowledge God’s knowledge of x causes x to exist. In other words, there emanates from God’s self-knowledge the very existence of the cosmos, which Ibn Sīnā identifies with the order of the good. Since God existed infinitely into the past and will exist infinitely into the future and is always self-knowing, the emanation of the cosmos must likewise have existed infinitely into the past and will continue infinitely into the future.
Not merely does Ibn Sīnā think that God must create eternally, he also thinks it is all but heresy (ilḥād) to claim that God started to create at some first moment in the finite past (Avicenna PhysH: 3.11 ). That is because if God were not creating the cosmos eternally, there would be some time when the divinity is not willing the creation of the world and some time when it is willing the creation of the world. Consequently, there would be a change in the divine will, and so God would have changed. Whatever is subject to change, Ibn Sīnā continues, must be composite in some way, for there is that which perdures throughout the change and that which is either lost or comes to be. The idea of temporal creation is thus incompatible with divine simplicity, and to adopt it is for Ibn Sīnā is to forgo the doctrine of God’s oneness/uniqueness (tawḥīd), which is central to Islam.
There is one further point about Ibn Sīnā’s conception of God’s relation to creation that should be made, namely, the extent to which Ibn Sīnā’s deity creates as an act of volition. For Ibn Sīnā a willful agent (1) recognizes the action it is doing, (2) is not forced to act and (3) is content or satisfied (riḍan) with its action (Avicenna MetaH: 9.4 ). Ibn Sīnā distinguishes an act of will from either an act of intention (qaṣd) or an act of nature (ṭabʿ). God’s act is not by way of nature, since such actions proceed from the agent independent of knowledge and consent, and yet there is nothing about the Necessary Existing through itself that it does not perfectly know and to which it does not perfectly consent. Ibn Sīnā likewise denies that God acts intentionally. That is because intentional actions involve the agent’s conceptualizing some good, then a separate act of acquiring that good and finally the good that is acquired. Consequently, only an agent who is composite and not simple acts out of intention, but again Ibn Sīnā’s deity is absolutely simple. These considerations likewise explain why for Ibn Sīnā, God’s creating does not, and indeed cannot, require choice among options, and yet it is a free act of the will. It is a free, precisely because God knows he is creating, consents to that creation and in no way is forced to create.
3.1.2 Creation as origination (ịdāth) after non-existence
The theologians were not impressed with the emanationist account of God’s creative act. Despite Ibn Sīnā’s move to re-interpret volitional action, emanation seemed to the theologians to be little more than an act of nature, as if the sun were to know and to be glad that it shines, but also having no choice in the matter. A free act of the will, they maintained, essentially involves choice, and so any action not involving choice is not free. The theologians were likewise not impressed with arguments from simplicity that concluded that if God were to choose, God would not be simple. For some of them, like the early Ghazālī, were happy to deny the strong conception of divine simplicity, which many philosophers favored, since it seemed contrary to their belief that God has a number of distinct divine attributes, like life, power, knowledge and will (McGinnis 2022).
A potentially serious challenge to the theologians came in explaining a change in the divine will, namely, the change from willing-not-to-create to willing-to-create. The issue now is what caused that change in God, for if God is the Cause of causes, then nothing outside of God could explain that change of will, whereas if creating is essential to God, it is no longer clear how the theologians’ position substantially differs from some version of emanation. Ghazālī provided what becomes the standard Ashʿarite theological response: From all eternity God freely willed the creation of the world at the moment that it comes to be (Ghazālī Incoherence, disc. 1, ). Thus, if one imagines the whole of time as forming a timeline, where God creates at some given moment, t then at every moment on that timeline, God wills the creation of the world at t. Of course, God could have willed from all eternity to create at some moment other than t or indeed not to create at all. Regardless of the case, there would have been no change in the divine will.
There was push back against this account of the immutability of God’s eternal will from multiple directions, perhaps the most pressing is that it only changes the focus of the original concern, namely that there still must be a cause of God’s willing some given moment to be the first moment of creation. More specifically, assume that God eternally willed to create our universe some fourteen billion years ago. Of course, if God is truly omnipotent (and this divine attribute was non-negotiable for Ashʿarite theologians), then God eternally could have willed to create the world fifteen or sixteen billion years ago or even as early as ten-thousand years ago. Indeed, there are an infinite number of moments, all of which seem equally likely candidates for when God could have created our cosmos. Thus, either there is some cause for God’s choosing to create at the moment he does or the choice is haphazard and random and so not the act of an agent acting from knowledge. In short, either there is a reason for God’s creating at the moment that he does—and so God’s action is caused—or there is no reason—and so God’s action is without reason, and so is irrational. Neither option seems appealing.
Ghazālī had a response, which again became the standard one among Ashʿarites (Ghazālī Incoherence, disc. 1 [45–6]). According to him, the essential function of the will is simply to choose among indiscernibles independent of any cause for the particular choice made. Of course, there is a sense in which the choice is ‘arbitrary’, but only in the sense that the action is a result of the will and nothing else. The standard example of this point is that of a starving man presented with identical pieces of food, who is also equally disposed to all of them, e.g., one piece is not closer to the man nor is the man either left- or right-handed, etc. The man will certainly take one piece and eat despite lacking any reason for taking that particular piece of food, and yet assuredly the act is one of a rational agent, for only an imbecile under these circumstances would starve in indecision. This general account of will holds not only for humans but also for God. Thus, maintained Ghazālī, from all eternity God wills to create (and so God’s will does not change), yet purely as an act of the will does God will to create at the particular moment that he does (for that, according to Ghazālī, is exactly what it means to be a rational volitional agent).
3.1.3 Creation as manifestation (maẓhir) of a single reality
A yet third way that the world’s dependence upon God was envisioned within the Islamicate world is that of Mullā Ṣadrā, who drew inspiration from Ibn ʿArabī (Mullā Ṣadrā Penetrations, 68–71; also see Rahman 1975: 59–63 and Kalin 2014: 104–19). Mullā Ṣadrā’s account appeals to his theory of tashkīk al-wujūd (literally, ‘the ambiguity of existence’, but which contemporary scholar commonly label ‘the modulation of existence’) as well as his novel notion of ‘substantial motion’ (al-ḥaraka l-jawhariyya). (See the section on monism and pluralism in the entry on Mulla Sadra.)
Both notions are complex and even to provide a general sense of how Mullā Ṣadrā conceives God’s causal relation to creation would be a move away from the philosophy of religion into general metaphysics. Still, brief, even if inadequate, comments are warranted. As for the modulation of existence, according to Mullā Ṣadrā, God is existence at existence’s maximally perfect, eternal and unchanging limit, and only God is perfect, infinite, eternal and unchanging. Creation is the manifestation of existence at degrees that fall short of the divine infinite existence. This is Mullā Ṣadrā’s doctrine of the ‘modulation of existence’. Mullā Ṣadrā’s doctrine of ‘substantial motion’ complements this ontology. It is the idea that all changes, whether change of location, state or the like, are ultimately the result of continuous change in the very substance and essences of things. This view is radical in that Mullā Ṣadrā is suggesting that absolutely nothing persist through change. There are no perduring matter, forms, species and essences. Everything, apart from God, is in a constant state of evolution. Not random evolution, to be sure, but unceasing evolution directed toward God with creation forever becoming more godlike.
Given the doctrines of the modulation of existence and substantial motion, Mullā Ṣadrā offers a unique response to the question of the world’s age. Since the very substances and essences of things are in a state of constant change, nothing other than God is eternal, existing infinitely into the past and into the future. Instead, everything other than God, and this includes the universe as a whole, comes to exist after not having existed. Thus, among created things there simply can be no existent, such as the universe itself, that has persisted infinitely into the past. Consequently, with the theologians, Mullā Ṣadrā agrees that creation must be viewed in terms of temporal coming to be, in the sense of coming to be after not having existed. Be that as it may, his conception of substantial motion also allows, in the spirit of the emanationists, that infinitely into the past and infinitely into the future God is the wellspring of existence constantly creating with creation constantly evolving. Thus, while God’s creative act can be eternal, nothing in the creaturely order, like matter, forms or essences, remains the same as to have always perdured.
3.2 God’s conservation of the universe
Muslim theologians and most, but not all, Muslim philosophers agreed that the world cannot conserve its own existence and so its existence at every moment that it exists is in some way dependent upon God. The real issue for these thinkers is what role, if any, do creatures play in the ongoing processes that constitute the world? Specifically, do or can creatures have causal powers or is God not merely the Cause of causes but the only Cause? Broadly, there were three responses to this question: that of the philosophers, which appeals to their theories of essential causation in the form of emanation and natural causation among creatures; that of the Muʿtazilite theologians, which tends toward divine occasionalism yet reserved some causal efficacy for rational agents; and that of the Ashʿarites and Maturidite theologians, which is also occasionalist, but reserves all or at least virtually all causal efficacy for God alone. Here we focus primarily on the philosophers’ theory of essential causation and the theory of occasionalism that the theologians shared.
3.2.1 Essential causation and providence
Philosophers such as Kindī, Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd all adopted some form of essential or natural causation, some more influenced by the Neoplatonic emanationist framework, others less influenced by that framework (Kindī RKF: 214–37 = MR07: 1–16; Fārābī Perfect State, ch. 8; Avicenna PhysH: bk. 1.5 (= MR07: 156–63) & 1.9–12 and Ibn Rushd Metaphysics, 105–12 & Questions, 11–14). (Ibn Rushd explicitly rejected emanation, whether from God or from creatures, while allowing that creatures have natural causal powers, i.e., that their natures were the source of actions that are strictly speaking their own; see Kogan 1985, esp. ch. 3 and 5.) For present purposes, we focus on Ibn Sīnā’s emanationist-influenced theory of causation, since it would become both the preferred approach of supporters as well as the preferred target of detractors in the post-Avicennan period. Ibn Sīnā’s proof for the existence of the Necessary Existent through itself is set up in terms of explaining the existence of the whole of all possible/contingent things that exist at any given moment. Given its setup, that proof likewise shows that the world—understood as all the possible things that have, presently do or will exist—is dependent upon God as that which conserves it in existence at every moment that the world exists. The causal mechanism explaining this dependency relation again is emanation, where, on Ibn Sīnā’s own unique theory of emanation, it is a possible existent that emanates from the Necessary Existent in itself.
Here it is worth noting that for many philosophers, while ultimately everything in the world traces its existence back to the divine emanation, God is not the immediate cause of everything. Instead, God is only the immediate cause of a single effect, identified with the First Intellect. Ibn Sīnā is adamant on this point: ‘From the One only one proceeds’ (Avicenna MetaH: 9.4 ; also see Amin 2020 and Dadikhuda 2020). Still, from that one effect a plethora of effects, i.e., other possible existents, cascade downward, all of which are mediately but ultimately dependent on God for their conservation and their continued existence at every moment that they exist. In other words, the created order overflows from the Necessary Existent in coherent grades of existents, namely, a hierarchy of immaterial creatures, like intellects or angels, followed by the material realm. In each case the higher-grade functions as the immediate causal principle of the next lower grade.
This emanationist cosmology is rooted in the Neoplatonic principle that “every activity in the world is in some sense double insofar as it possesses both an inner and an outer aspect” (see entry on neoplatonism). The inner aspect is the thing’s nature, which is the principle and cause of those activities that are essential to being a certain kind of thing. For example, the inner activity of a tree, which the tree’s nature determines, gives rise to its producing the shape, leaves, fruit etc. specific to that kind of tree. Another common example is fire’s burning cotton, for fire’s nature is to burn, while cotton is of a nature that when in contact with fire, the cotton is burnt. Our world, for the philosophers, then, is a network of possible existents each having causal powers specific to their kind, all of which are ultimately dependent upon God for their existence.
Finally, while Ibn Sīnā insists that God is not acting with the intention of the world’s good, our world still is the beneficiary of God’s providence. That is because in knowing himself God knows the order of the good in the most perfectly possible way, and God’s self-knowledge, as seen in the discussion of Ibn Sīnā’s account of creations (see §3.1.1), is his very act of emanation. Consequently, what emanates from him is an order that is the most perfectly possible commensurate with the chain of possible existents. This optimal ordering of existents, whose reality is grounded in the Necessary Existent, just is, for Ibn Sīnā, providence (ʿināya).
Here it is certainly worth noting that, for Ibn Sīnā, and others like Fārābī and Ibn Rushd (Fārābī Perfect State, §§6–7, Avicenna MetaH: 8.6 –8.7 and Ibn Rushd Metaphysics ad Textus 51), God does not know particulars in their particularity, e.g., that you are reading this sentence at this very moment; rather, God knows particulars only universally. Moreover, God does not act for our sake such that our good is the final end of God’s creative act, even thought we are the benefactors of the divine goodness (Fārābī al-Siyāsa, 47–8 = MR07: 91–2 [¶¶ 31–2]; Avicenna MetaH: 8.3 [1–3] & al-Najāt, 146–9 = MR07: 216–19 and Ibn Rushd Metaphysics ad Textus 52). Despite these caveats, Ibn Sīnā believes that God’s universal knowledge is sufficient to ensure that
not even the weight of a dust speck, whether in the heavens or on the Earth, escapes your Lord’s notice (Qur’an 10:61). (Avicenna al-Najāt, 247 = MR07: 217).
Thus by Ibn Sīnā’s lights divine providence is still ensured. Ibn Rushd makes a similar point about divine providence (Ibn Rushd Metaphysics ad Textus 52).
Many Muslim theologians viewed the philosophers’ idea of natures with causal powers as one that impugned God’s omnipotence and his divine sovereignty over all that is. In addition, they found the philosophers’ argumentation for essential or natural causation wanting. First, Muslim theologians were not impressed with either the theory of emanation or the philosophers’ account of essential or natural causation. In the Incoherence of the Philosophers, after faithfully presenting the philosophers’ discussion of emanation, Ghazālī says,
What they have said is arbitrary and really just shadows in the dark. Were someone to utter this while dreaming, we would think they were delirious! (Ghazālī Incoherence, disc. 3 )
As for the philosophers’ theory of natures and natural causation, even before Ghazālī, Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī (d. 1013), a rough contemporary of Ibn Sīnā’s and whom Ghazālī subsequently follows, challenged the philosophers’ account of natures (Bāqillānī al-Tamhīd, 34–47 and Ghazālī Incoherence, disc. 17). These theologians note that the philosophers’ reason for insisting on natures with causal powers and natural necessitation is purportedly drawn from empirical observations: One regularly observes, for example, fire’s contact with cotton and the burning of the cotton or the imbibing of alcohol and the intoxication of the imbiber and a multitude of other such regularities. The philosophers maintain that these regularities require that the nature of fire, for example, causes the cotton to burn because the nature of cotton is to be so affected and similarly for the rest of regularities in the natural order. Bāqillānī and Ghazālī push back on this last assumption. We do not observe causal connections, they note, but merely constant conjunctions: one event followed by another. While natural causation could explain these constant conjunctions, God’s habit (ʿāda) or custom of creating a given event after another could equally explain them.
In place of natural causation, many Muslim theologians held some theory of occasionalism (Fakhry 1958 and Perler & Rudolph, 2000: 13–124). For them, God is not simply the Cause of causes, he in fact is the only cause. God not merely brought the world into existence at some moment in the past, but indeed at every instance, he re-creates the world anew. In its extreme form, there is only the illusion of a continuity between moments or a creature’s persisting through time. Changes in the world, thus, are solely the result of God’s re-creating the world slightly differently at each subsequent moment. Consequently, nothing other than God can truly be an agent of change or action.
Some might find the theologians’ theory of occasionalism metaphysically exotic. For many theologians, it was simply an implication of God’s absolute omnipotence: God truly has all power, and so no concession is made to creatures (see Wolfson 1976: VII.I). Even Ghazālī, who concedes that humans have a modicum of power, hastens to add that when compared to God’s omnipotence our power resembles impotence (Ghazālī Moderation, 99). Bāqillānī himself (Bāqillānī al-Tamhīd, 34–47) has a more philosophically rather than theologically engaged answer. He argues that occasionalism is metaphysically preferable to the theory of natural causation on the grounds of a Principle of Paucity: Given two theories each of which equally well explains the same phenomena, the simpler theory should be preferred. The philosophers must posit at least two ontologically distinct kinds of causes: divine causation and natural causation (which itself burgeons into a passel of further ontologically distinct kinds of causes). In contrast, occasionalism, Bāqillānī observes, needs posit only one kind of cause, God, and so should be preferred.
4. Prophecy and Miracles
Assuming that God exists and stands in some ontological relation with creation, does God, in some way, directly make his will and providential care known to us? For Muslim theologians and some philosophers, humans receive guidance in how to construct a well-ordered society through the message of prophets. These messages are a source of correct beliefs about God, how we should live, our place in the cosmos and our ultimate destiny in the hereafter. Given the centrality of prophecy (nubuwwa) to Islam, two distinct questions faced Muslim philosophers and theologians alike. One is justifying and even explaining prophecy as a source of true justified beliefs. The other is identifying a true prophet and distinguishing him from a charlatan, trickster or even sorcerer.
Concerning the first issue of justifying and explaining prophecy, proponents of prophecy were faced with a challenge. Since humans are rational, presumably they can acquire knowledge of reality and the rules of conduct regarding their individual and social life on their own. Thus, one may ask, “Why are prophets necessary for acquiring true beliefs and proper rules of conduct?” Indeed, Muslims did encounter opposition to their belief in prophecy, ranging from those who claimed it was redundant—at least as the, admittedly hostile, reports about Abū Bakr al-Rāzī relate—to those who thought it was simply impossible—a position that Muslim theologians ascribed to Ibn al-Rāwandī (b. ca. 815) and the Barāhima, arguably the Brahmans of India (see Stroumsa 1999). Detractors of prophecy formulated the problem regarding the need for prophecy as a dilemma (A. H. Rāzī Proofs of Prophecy: 24–6 & 131–4; Juwaynī Proofs, 165; Nasafī TA: vol. II, 1–3). If, on the one hand, that which a prophet teaches on the basis of revelation agrees with that which reason can show, there is no need for prophecy. If, on the other hand, that which a prophet teaches is inaccessible to reason, then it is not rational, and so to be rejected. The argument continues that it seems impossible that God should act in vain, but if he were to send prophets, he would be acting in vain, since the presence of prophets is either redundant or their message is in a sense irrational.
Theologians and certain Muslim philosophers both wanted to justify and to explain prophecy in light of this challenge. Theologians preferred to show why, despite the above dilemma, prophecy is possible and not vain: If anything, it is a sign of God’s grace. Certain philosophers aimed to show that in addition to prophecy’s being possible, there is a natural explanation for it grounded in natural philosophy. While both groups’ approaches are significantly different, they share a common feature. Both recognized that human cognitive capacities differ and that not all humans are equal with regard to those capacities. Indeed, most humans need the symbolic and simplified message of a prophet to reach genuine knowledge of the key religious, ethical and social elements necessary for a devout life.
Juwaynī followed by his student Ghazālī are representatives of the theologians (Juwaynī al-Irshād, 302–7 = Juwaynī Proofs, 165–7 and Ghazālī Moderation, 188–95; also see Griffel 2004). For them, it is reasonable that different individuals with different intellectual capacities may know one and the same truth in different ways. One way, however, need not make another way redundant, let alone impossible. Also, even if on their own some humans can learn certain specific religious claims, reaching them frequently is difficult and requires a lengthy and diligent inquiry, which not all either are willing to do or even capable of doing. Hence, these theologians conclude, it is appropriate, although not obligatory, that God makes such truths available through prophets in order that people who do not have the time nor capacity to pursue such an inquiry still can learn about God and things divine. In this respect, prophecy, far from being vain, is a sign of God’s grace and concession to human diversity and weakness.
The philosophers’ have multiple strategies when treating prophecy. For example, Ibn Rushd maintains that while philosophy and science provide the most complete theoretical account of the world and God’s relation to it, prophecy and religion more generally provide a practical knowledge of what is good and right with respect to one’s actions (see Taylor 2018). Ibn Rushd makes this point when identify which kinds of purported miracles are genuine signs of a prophet. He likens a prophet to a physician. If two individuals were both to claim to be physicians, and one says, “Here is my proof”, and then walks on water, whereas the other heals the sick, it is the latter’s proof that is truly relevant and convincing that he is a physician. Similarly, if two individuals claim to be prophets, and so bearers of a message about what God wants of us in order to live well and devoutly, and one gives as proof some seemingly supernatural act, while the other provides laws and knowledge that actually allow one to live well and devoutly, it is the latter who is the genuine prophet (Ibn Rushd Expositions, 104–5). It is noteworthy that like Fārābī, Ibn Rushd distinguishes between philosophers and those incapable of grasping philosophical proof. As for prophetic messages, the latter group needs only know that prophecy conveys what is necessary for living a religious life, while any theoretical account of prophecy must be withheld from them. The fact is that it is unclear whether Ibn Rushd has or even thinks that there can be a theoretical account of prophecy, since in his works exclusively for philosophers (muʾawwal) he is prone to be completely silent or at most raises unanswered puzzles about prophecy.
A theoretical account of prophecy and the mechanism through which it purportedly occurs are seen in the works of Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā (Fārābī Perfect State: ch. 14 and Avicenna DA: 5.6 = MR07: 204–5; also see Walzer 1957 and Marmura 1964). Both philosophers would agree with Ibn Rushd that the primary aspect of prophecy and revelation is grounded in the need for laws and political institutions. That is because these laws and political institutions delineate and support actions directed toward the proper end of humans, namely, happiness or flourishing (saʿāda), which intimately involves a knowledge of God (Fārābī al-Tanbīh = MR07: 104–20 Avicenna MetaH: 10.2). Unlike Ibn Rushd, they additionally want to provide a theoretical account of prophecy. This theoretical account attempts to show that far from being a supernatural act, as the theologians believe, prophecy is a natural phenomenon and as such has a naturalistic explanation. This attempt at a naturalistic explanation of prophecy is grounded in both their emanationist metaphysics and philosophy of mind (see entry on Arabic and Islamic psychology and philosophy of mind). The details of their positions are complex, so the following is simply to provide a general sense of their strategy.
As seen, for Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, there emanates from God the order of the good in the form of a cascade of grades of dependent or possible existents, each of which can itself be a source of emanation and a principle of a lower grade. Human cognition is itself part of this overflowing: Human intellects receive this emanation once they are suitably prepared and to the extent that they are capable, which in turn perfects the intellects so that they come to have knowledge of our world and God. Next, as noted earlier, the philosophers recognize varying degrees among human cognitive capacities. At the very apex of these varying degrees of capacity is the intellect and imaginative power of prophets. The prophets’ cognitive powers are wholly and perfectly disposed to receive this emanation, and to the greatest extent possible for humans they grasp the divine order of the good as it emanates from God. Moreover, from their intellects the cascade of emanation continues, now entering into their imagination such that they sensibly experience as symbols and images what they perfectly know through receiving this ultimately divine emanation. It is these symbols and images that the prophets use to convey God’s proverbial plan to those who are otherwise incapable of acquiring this knowledge. While the above presentation overly emphasizes the ‘metaphysical’ aspect of their theory of prophecy, the fact is that the bulk of the theory is discussed and developed in natural philosophy, particularly in works corresponding with Aristotle’s De anima and discussions in the novel reworking of the Arabic version of Aristotle’s Parva Naturalia (for the Arabic verion of the Parva Naturalia see Hansberger 2010). In a real sense, the aim is to naturalize prophecy. Thus, prophecy, for these philosophers, is possible precisely because it is the natural, even necessary, outcome of certain rare, but wholly natural, psychological processes.
The second issue again is distinguishing the true prophet from a charlatan, trickster or even sorcerer. If it is reasonable that God appoints prophets, the question that immediately arises is how to recognize them and to justify their claims to prophethood. In response to this challenge many thinkers in the Islamicate world, theologians and philosophers alike, identified performing miracles as a decisive sign of one’s rightful claim to being a prophet (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 568–9; Juwaynī Proofs, 167–8; Ibn Fūrak Mujarrad Maqālāt, 176–80; and Bāqillānī al-Tamhīd, 141–60).
The Arabic term for a prophet’s miracle is muʿjiza, which means that which shows the impotence of others. Specifically, a miracle is a challenge by the prophet to others to perform a similar act, which the others are presumably incapable of doing. In general, then, a miracle is any extraordinary event that confirms an individual’s claims to prophethood (Juwaynī Proofs, 168–72). Muslims recognize two kinds of such extraordinary events. The first is any event that follows upon the prophet’s challenge and that is highly unexpected albeit not strictly a violation of the natural order. For example, the occurrence of a plague, which ensues after the prophet predicts it. Also, the very inimitability of the Qur’an (iʿjāz) seems to fall within this category and often is cited as the only, yet most convincing, proof of Muhammad’s claim to prophethood.
And if you are in any doubt about what we (God) have sent down to our servant, produce a sūra of the like of [this Qur’an]. (Qur’an 2:23; also see 11:13, 10:38, 17:88 and 52: 34)
Those who were so challenged apparently were impotent to rise to the challenge. The second class of extraordinary events requires the actual suspension of natural laws. Examples include, the virgin birth and the raising of the dead back to life. (Peterson et al. 2013: 208–9). To distinguish this class from the first, let us call them ‘supernatural’ miracles or events, namely, something that is both extra-ordinary and indeed outside of the natural order of things.
Although many, if not most, medieval Islamic scholars acknowledged prophetic miracles, the issue of whether there truly were both kinds of miracles remained an important topic of discussion. The theologians championed the position that there are both kinds. The philosophers, while not denying that extraordinary acts confirm one’s prophethood, maintained that although miracles are exceptionally rare, they remain part of the natural order, and so they held a position about miracles much like the naturalized view of prophecy. Let us look at the philosophers’ position and then turn to the theologians’ response to it.
Ibn Sīnā’s position may be highlighted here (Avicenna DA: 198–200 & ITN2: 105; also see Davidson 1992: 121–2 and Al-Akiti 2004). For Ibn Sīnā, performing miracles is one of three properties that identify a prophet. We have already seen the other two, namely, (1) to divine future and/or absent events and (2) to relate religious truths in symbolic form that all can grasp. Ibn Sīnā explains miracles in much the same way that he explains these other two properties of the prophet. The intellect and imagination of prophets are of the highest degree possible for humans, and so the prophet fully grasps and understands the order of the good that has its ultimate sources in the divine emanation. Additionally, Ibn Sīnā recognizes the well-established fact that one’s mind and emotions can produce psychosomatic responses even in people of limited intellectual power; however, while for the most parts these responses are limited to one’s own body, in the case of the prophets their minds can affect other bodies, whether animate or inanimate. In so doing, they can cause winds to blow, or rains to fall and even earthquake as well as healing or bringing illness on others. While for us to day the Avicennan account of miracles might appear to border on the occult, within the scientific framework in which he was working, his position provided a legitimate natural explanation of what otherwise could only be called the miraculous. To be sure, not all philosophers accepted Ibn Sīnā’s suggested naturalistic mechanism to explain the apparently miraculous. Still, few denied miracles outright. Thus, even Ibn Rushd apparently allowed that there are miracles—as seen in the miraculous practical value of the laws and religious claims embodied in Qur’an—while remaining virtually silent on how such a miracle as the Qur’an could occur.
Ghazālī provides the theologians’ response to the philosophers in his Incoherence of the Philosophers (Ghazālī Incoherence, disc. 17; also see Fakhry 1958: 56–78; Marmura 1989; López-Farjeat 2016: 131–140). To begin, the Qur’an contains accounts of miracles, some of which clearly appear to be of the supernatural kind, e.g., the virgin birth and resurrection from the dead. A literal reading of these miracle-stories requires violations of essential or natural causation, that is, regular, non-divine causal series that purportedly necessitate their effects. Ghazālī complains that on the philosophers’ account, the Quranic stories of supernatural miracles cannot be taken literally.
Whoever renders the habitual courses [of nature] a necessary constant, makes all these [miracles] impossible. [The philosophers] have thus interpreted what is said in the Qur’an about the revivification of the dead metaphorically. (Ghazālī Incoherence, 163 )
While again Ghazālī allows for limited metaphorical readings of the Qur’an, he does so only in those cases where he believes that the literal sense leads to a genuine absurdity or even contradiction. For example, Quranic passage that when taken literally imply that God has a body, for Ghazālī, must be read metaphorically, for to be embodied is to be limited and yet God is unlimited. Miracles of the supernatural kind, that is, violations of natural causation and necessitation, in contrast, do not involve absurdities or outright contradictions. They are admittedly rare, but seemingly possible. Moreover, as we have seen, the theologians view natural causation as nothing more than presumption on the part of the philosophers, preferring occasionalism instead. Thus, for Ghazālī, absent a proof for the impossibility of supernatural miracles, one should accept the Qur’anic stories as literal accounts of real events. Still, Ghazālī does not ultimately believe that these supernatural miracles should be the only, even the primary, basis for one’s belief in the veracity of the Qur’an and Muhammad’s prophethood (Ghazālī al-Munqidh, 41–4 [Deliverance, 83–7]). As for the true proof for the inspired nature of the Qur’an, Ghazālī, in a way that foreshadows and even may have influenced Ibn Rushd’s views, points to the effect of a careful study of the Qur’an and the traditions surrounding Muhammad, the effect of which is the purification of hearts (taṣfiyat al-qulūb) Both the miraculous and the practical confirm the divine sovereignty and governance of all events and testify to the prophetic and miraculous nature of the Qur’an.
5. The Problem of evil
One of the important problems for Abrahamic religions is to explain the presence of evil given the assumption that an all-wise, all-just, all-powerful and all-loving God created and is continuously conserving the world. Modern philosophical discussions of the so-called problem of evil frequently focus on whether the presence of evil provides evidence against the existence of such a God, and so against classical monotheism more generally. In contrast, for medieval Muslim philosophers and theologians, the existence of God was never in question. Instead, ‘the problem’ of evil for these thinkers is a cluster of related issues, not the least of which is “What is evil?” and “Is our world the best possible world?” Additionally, these thinkers wanted to reconcile the divine attributes with the presence of evil or to determine which of the divine attributes, particularly between divine justice and God’s omnipotence, trumps the others.
One strategy for explaining the presence of evil was to emphasize God’s transcendence and sovereignty over the universe. Considering human actions, we judge that some cases of causing others pain are justified, e.g., in disciplining someone or administering justice, while others are not, e.g., gratuitous violence. Given the belief that God created the universe and controls the course of events in the world, how can we explain the suffering that animals, especially humans, undergo? In this regard, some argued that the ethical rules applicable among humans are not applicable to God. Supporters of this account, predeterminists (jabriyya), emphasize that the relation between God and the universe is one between property and owner. Just as a person can do what he wants with his property, so also God has the right to treat his property in whatever way he wants (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 483–5). Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Ismāʿīl al-Ashʿarī (d. 935/6), founder of the Ashʿarite theological school, seems to have defended such a position at an early stage in his career. He highlights God’s absolute control over the course of events in the world (Ashʿarī EIF: 50–1). Thus, the suffering that affects animals and humans, does not need any further justification, since the universe is God’s property and God can treat creatures the way he pleases. He can punish an innocent person and can hold people responsible to do that which they cannot do (Ashʿarī EIF: 111–13).
Instead of emphasizing God’s sovereignty over creation, another approach, which is usually associated with Muʿtazilite theologians, is to consider if there is any reason that justifies an instance of suffering independent of whether the cause of that suffering is God or a human agent (see Hourani 1971 and Vasalou 2008). If one understands evil as unjustified suffering, then in such cases of suffering where there is a valid justification—like a certain derived benefit or as punishment—the suffering cannot be considered evil, at least not in the sense of unjustified suffering (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 485–6). Consequently, in considering whether some case of suffering is evil, one must take into account, not only the conditions of the agent, that is, whether God or a creature caused it, but also whether there are justifying reasons for the suffering. Since God is good and just, there must be reasons justifying any instance of suffering that is traced back to the divine action—excluding human free actions. Muʿtazilite theologians identified some of these reason as compensation (ʿiwaḍ), admonition (ʿibr), punishment, some kind of benefit (maṣlaḥa) or even grace (luṭf) (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 487–9 and Ibn al-Malāhimī al-Fāʾiq, 261–74). Thus, the Muʿtazilite theologians argued that the existence of suffering in the world is compatible with the goodness, generosity and justice of God.
The standards by which Muʿtazilite theologians evaluate what is good and just is the same for both God and humans. Their objective standard of goodness and justice had further implications about the presence of evil in our world. One notable implication is that God must do what is best (aṣlaḥ). Initially certain Muʿtazilites maintained that God must do what is best only in religious matters, namely, commands and prohibitions (Ibn Mattawayh al-Tadhkira, II, 332–3, 360). Ultimately, most Muʿtazilite theologians came to agree that since God is generous and good, he does what is best in all his actions, whether religious matters or creating and ordering the universe (Ibn al-Malāhimī al-Fāʾiq, 119 and ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Aṣlaḥ: XIV, 53). Consequently, even if the Muʿtazilite theologians do not emphasize this implication, for them this world is the best possible world.
The Neoplatonic-inspired philosophers, like Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, had yet another strategy to explain the presence of evil, which Ibn Sīnā exemplifies well (Fārābī al-Taʿlīqāt, §39 and Avicenna MetaH: 9.6, 339–47). Ibn Sīnā takes up the problem of evil within the context of divine providence (see above §3.2.1). The question is how can the existence of evil in the universe be explained, if the whole universe emanates from an absolutely good God? Following the Neoplatonist tradition, he associates goodness with existence or being and evil with non-being or the imperfection of being proper to a thing. Since evil is in a sense a non-thing, and the non-existent does not have a cause, it is a category mistake to ask what is the cause of evil absolutely speaking or to suggest that God causes. it.
Still, Ibn Sīnā recognizes that some apparent evils, most notably suffering, cannot simply be reduced to imperfections and the privation of a proper existence. There are events, or conditions, that actively can cause suffering. Ibn Sīnā argues that evil as suffering is applicable only to a small part of the whole universe, and yet is indispensable to that part, a ‘necessary evil’, if you will. This part of the universe consists of things that are subject to generation and corruption. The sphere of generation and corruption, according to Neoplatonic cosmology, is limited to the Earth, its inhabitants and the immediate atmosphere enveloping the Earth. Thus, in order for there to be absolutely no evil in the entire cosmos the sphere of generation and corruption either would have needed not to exist or to be deprived of the properties that make generable and corruptible things what they are. Divine providence precludes both options, Ibn Sīnā argues, for roughly the same reason in both cases, namely, the universe overall would be less good than it actually is, even given the presence of some evil. An example drawn from Ibn Sīnā clarifies his point. Certainly, a poor man who loses his family and possessions to a fire, suffers an evil. Yet the fact that fire is essentially hot, so as to cook flesh and to burn wood, is in itself good. Likewise, that wood and flesh are essentially such as to be cooked by fire are in themselves good. To eliminate fire’s power to burn and the powers by which wood and flesh are cooked is to eliminate those very things. Thus, to eliminate the possibility of this kind of suffering would be to eliminate an entire class of existents, namely, those subject to generation and corruption. Consequently, an entire class of objective good in the universe would be lost, and so make the world overall less good. For Ibn Sīnā, such a loss is simply incompatible with his conception of divine providence, God is ultimately the source of an order that is the most perfectly possible commensurate with the chain of all possible existents.
While both Ibn Sīnā’s and the Muʿtazilite explanations of the presence of evil imply that God has created the best possible world, neither explicitly make this claim in their works. It was Ghazālī, who explicitly argued that the actual world is the best of all possible worlds (see Ormsby 1984). “In the realm of the possible”, Ghazālī assures us,
there is nothing at all more wondrously beautiful than [this world] nor more complete nor more perfect (laysa fī-l-imkān abdaʿ aṣlan aḥsana minhu wa lā atamma wa lā akmala)
or as it was popularized in the rhyming couplet,
In the realm of all the possible, nothing than what is is more wonderful. (laysa fī-l-imkān abdaʿ mimmā kān) (Ghazālī FDU: 45–6 and Ghazālī Forty Principles, 259)
The imperfection that we see in the world is a result of the limits of our knowledge. The reason that this must be the best possible world is because if a better universe were possible and God did not create it, yet could have created it, he would have been miserly; however, God is omnibenevolent, and so this claim must be false. If God did not create this purportedly better possible world because he could not do so, then God would be impotent in some respect; however, God is omnipotent, and so this claim must be false. In short, none of these or similar options for explaining a less than optimal world are acceptable, for they all impugn God’s majesty. To be sure, Ghazālī is not claiming that there is no evil in the world; rather, for him, evil, as imperfection and suffering, is an essential ingredient of the perfection of the world. While we might not fully recognize how certain specific cases of evil contribute to the world’s overall perfection, nonetheless, those very imperfections can help one appreciate the contrasting good in the world. Thus the actual universe, with the evil included in it, is the best possible universe.
6. Religious/theological language
Theological language has a special status that presents a challenge for thinkers particularly within the Abrahamic traditions since God is considered to be completely different from creation, while our language applies mainly, if not solely, to creatures. Thus, to express what and how God is proves a difficult challenge. The follow section considers earlier Islamic approaches to understanding theological language and how to read the Qur’an’s claims about God. The next section (§6.2) considers how later Muslim philosophers and the various schools of Muslim theologians developed these approaches with an eye to their discussions of the divine attributes.
6.1 Early approaches to theological language
The earliest developments in Islamic theological language emphasized God’s absolute unity/simplicity (tawḥīd) and perhaps most importantly, since God is unlike creatures (mukhālafa li-l-ḥawādith), his transcendence (tanzīh). The proponents of divine transcendence, the eponymous Jahmiyya, named after the movement’s founder Jahm ibn Ṣafwān (696–745), denied that God has any attributes (see Schöck 2016: 55–77). Consequently, critics referred to these theologians as apophaticists (Muʿaṭṭila, literally, ‘those who void’) to indicate that this position voids religious texts of their literal meaning since God transcends anything that we can say or understand about him. In response to this emphasis on divine transcendence, there emerged those who stressed a hyper-literal reading of Qur’anic verses—such as Qur’an 48: 10 & 38, 71; 2: 115 and 11: 37 with their references to God’s hands, face and eyes respectively—and the prophetic traditions. Based on a literal reading, they made God similar to creatures and ascribed to him a physical body, and so were labeled anthropomorphists (mushabbiha, literally, ‘simulators’) and corporealists (mujassima) (see Van Ess 2000). A reaction to these two earlier positions was that of the traditionalist (salafī) who claimed to follow the example of the earliest generation (salaf) of Muslims, i.e., the companions of the Prophet and the followers of the companions. They attempted to provide a middle path between the apophatic and anthropomorphic understandings of God. They wanted neither to void the Qur’an of its literal meaning by emphasizing divine transcendence nor to make God similar to bodily creatures by taking the Qur’an out of its broader theological context. In general, they maintained that while one knows that God has the various anthropomorphic characters that the Qur’an attributes to him, one should not delve into how (kayf) God has those attributes, i.e., their mode of existence. All the major approaches developed later in the medieval Islamic world, such as those of the Muʿtazilites, Ashʿarites, Maturidites and philosophers, can be traced back to and are modifications of these three approaches (Winter 2008: 33–141; Rudolph 1996 : 23–121; and Watt 1973: 242–50, 279–318; 1992: 46–55, 64–97).
Underlying the apophatic, anthropomorphic and traditionalist positions about divine attributes is a common assumption, namely, when one talks about God and about creation, one must use univocal language. In other words, it was assumed that if language is to be literal and informative, properties predicated of God and of creatures must have exactly the same sense. Thus, if, as the Qur’an purports, God has hands, eyes and speaks, having hands, eyes and speaking must have one the same meaning when predicated of God and of creatures. For Muslim Apophatic theologians, since we cannot take attributes predicated of God univocally in the way they are predicated of creation, we must take them as negations about God. Conversely, granting the assumption of univocal predication, Muslim anthropomorphists maintained it is legitimate to draw the implications that God has bodily parts similar to those of creatures from the Qur’anic statements about God. Muslim Traditionalists, with the same assumption, affirmed the literal meaning of religious texts that predicate of God creaturely properties, but they understood them as governed by the principle that God is unlike creation, and so those properties that are found in creation and predicated of God may be acknowledged without additionally drawing their ordinary implications.
6.2 Theological language and the divine attributes
Issues associated with how God or the divine self (dhāt) is related to his properties or attributes (ṣifāt) drove further developments among medieval Islamic scholars. One common classification of the divine attributes was into (1) essential properties or attributes (ṣifāt bi-dhāt) and (2) properties of action (ṣifāt bi-fiʿl). Essential properties in turn are divided into negative (salbī) properties and ‘properties of maʿnī’, that is, properties with a positive (thubūtī) meaning, and so add some further sense to what it is to be God. Negative properties indicate God’s transcendence and include unity, eternity (qidam), permanence (baqāʾ), self-subsistence (qiyām bi nafsihi), dissimilarity to the creation (mukhālafa li-l-ḥawādith) and one may also include simplicity, although it is not usually included in the list. This list consists of ‘formal properties’ in the sense that they do not indicate any perfection per se but an absence of limitations on God, e.g., non-temporal, immutable and non-dependent (Burrell 1986: 46–50). In general, all of these negative properties express a dissimilarity to creation, since each one of them indicates how God is not like creation in a certain respect. The positive properties (properties of maʿānī) include power (qudra), will (irāda), knowledge (ʿilm), life (ḥayāt), speech (kalām), hearing (samʿ) and sight (baṣar). Properties of action include creation and the conservation of the universe, commanding, determining what happens (qadar) in the universe, etc. Positive properties and properties of action imply some similarity to creation. One may add as another sub-category of properties found in the Qur’an those that necessarily imply similarity with creaturely existence, like having a face, eyes, being seated, etc. In general later Muslim theologians and philosophers understood this last set of properties metaphorically. How to understand the sense and status of the divine essential properties with a positive meaning, however, remained an important problem for medieval Muslim scholars. The three most prominent and developed views were those of the Muʿtazilite theologians, the Ashʿarite and Maturidite theologians and the philosophers. Let us consider each school in turn.
6.2.1 The Muʿtazilites and theological language
Muʿtazilite theologians strongly emphasized both God’s dissimilarity to creation and his absolute oneness or simplicity. They ask one to consider the properties or perfections found in humans and also attributed to God, like, knowledge, power and will. As these properties exist in humans there is a distinction between the thing that possesses the perfections and the perfections themselves. Is the same true of God? The answer for the Muʿtazilites is a resounding ‘no!’ That is because if the divine attributes are distinct from the divine self, then there would be a multiplicity of divine, eternal entities, namely, the eternal and divine subject of attribution and the eternal and divine attributes. Consequently, they conclude, divine oneness and unity is lost and indeed one sinks into a form of polytheism far from the monotheism of Islam, a position that the Muʿtazilites found wholly untenable. For Muʿtazilites, the relation between God’s self and his attributes must be either one of negation (salb), namely, to deny that God is in any way limited in the way creatures are, or one of identity, namely, the divine attributes are not distinct from the divine self that bears those attributes.
In the case of interpreting divine attributes as negations, Muʿtazilites modified a version of the earlier Muslim apophaticists. For instance, to say that “God is knowing”, means that God is not ignorant”, or to say that “God is powerful” means that “God is not weak or not powerless”. The rest of the divine attributes are interpreted along the same lines (Ashʿarī MI: 155–77, 183–5 & 486 and ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 182–213). Such attributions are helpful in understanding and speaking about God in just they way that eliminating possible choices from a multiple-choice question is helpful. One with such negative knowledge is certainly in a better position than one who does not possesses it or is merely guessing or who wrongly believes that they know what is true. Moreover, informative, negative ascriptions do not require assigning to God a plurality of distinct positive properties, which in fact are more fitting of creatures. Thus, in the case of negative ascriptions, both God’s transcendence and simplicity are safeguarded.
As for identifying God’s self and attributes, Muʿtazilites began by acknowledging that human language cannot avoid distinguishing a subject and the properties predicated of that subject, and indeed the Qur’an addresses humans in human language. This feature is a limit of human language and our cognitive capacities but not of God. In the case of God, there is an identity of the subject and perfections predicated of the divine subject, even though human thinking and speaking cannot avoid distinguishing these as separate (Ashʿarī MI: 155–85 and ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 182–213). Unfortunately, identifying the divine properties of perfection with God Himself is not as simple as it might first appear. If divine properties are identical to God, then they must be identical to each other, and yet, for example, despite adages to the contrary, knowledge seems to be truly distinct from power. Additionally, if God is identical to his properties, God would be a property, which hardly seems like an object worthy of worship (Ghazālī Incoherence, discs. 5–6; cf. Plantinga 1980: 26–61 and McGinnis 2022).
One Muʿtazilite response to this objection was that of Abū Ḥāshim al-Jubbāʾī (d. 933). In order to explain, both why and how identifying positive properties with God does not lead to these absurdities, he argued that such properties are like states (aḥwāl) of an entity—e.g., sitting—which can differ depending upon how one considers them. Thus, if a state is taken on its own, it does not really exist out there—there is no ‘sitting’ that exists out there simply as sitting. Still, the fact that a state as some independent property does not exist out there does not mean that it is an absolutely non-existent; rather, it exists by virtue of the existence of the entity in that state. Thus, to say that “God is knowing” is to indicate a certain state of God and to say that “God is powerful” is to indicate another state of God, yet in neither case, does the state indicate what God himself is (ʿAbd al-Jabbār SUK: 128–9; also see Schmidtke 2016a: 162–4).
6.2.2 Ashʿarites/Maturidites and theological language
Ashʿarite and Maturidite theologians accused the Muʿtazilite theologians of all the problems following upon identifying the divine self and its attributes implies, such as the loss of distinction among the divine attributes and that ultimately God would be identical with a property. In opposition to the Muʿtazilites, the Ashʿarite and Maturidite theologians affirmed the distinction between the positive divine attributes, like knowledge, power and will, and God as the bearer of those attributes. Thus, the problem facing them was to explain how a multiplicity of divine things, and so a violation of divine oneness, does not ensue if God’s self and his distinct properties of perfection are all divine and eternal.
They adopted two main strategies to address this problem. One early strategy was to argue that properties predicated of God with some positive connotation—properties that are not simply negations—are neither different from nor identical to the divine self. One challenge to such a view is that it seems to violate the Law of Excluded Middle, for a divine attribute must either be identical to the divine self or not identical to it, in which case it would be different from the divine self. Two early Ashʿarite theologians, Bāqillānī and Juwaynī, apparently tried to adopt the Muʿtazilite theory of states to address this concern. Considered in themselves, the divine attributes are not identical to God, while considered relative to God’s possession of those attributes they are identical to God (Shahrastānī al-Milal, I 82 & Summa, 52–60; F. D. Rāzī Opinions, 61–4 and Taftāzānī Creed, 51–5).
Another way that Ashʿarites and Maturidites attempted to observe divine transcendence while upholding the meaningfulness of theological language was to emphasize that when an attribute is predicated of God, “God is not like others that have that attribute”. For example, al-Māturīdī, in his Kitāb al-Tawḥīd, begins by criticizing the anthropomorphic position by indicating certain shortcomings of conceiving God in a manner similar to creation (Māturīdī KT: 43–7; also see Rudolph 1996 [2015: 282–4]). He then explains how God is unlike creation. When properties predicated of creation are predicated of God, they are used in such a way that all the creaturely implications are stripped off; they are, as it were, a ‘winnowed concept’ (cf. Alston 1985). He also acknowledges that in order to know God, we must use the language that is used to talk about creatures. Accordingly, we predicate perfections of God, but take into account the principle that God is unlike creatures. For example, one may say “God knows but His knowledge is unlike, knowledge belonging to creatures”. This way of predicating attributes of God also found supporters among Muʿtazilite theologians, like ʿAbd al-Jabbar, who offers and defends the same strategy and formula. The strategy, however, has its challenges, for if one interprets ‘unlike’ in the strict sense, theological language seems to lose its informative function, while if it is not taken in a strict sense, it is not clear that divine transcendence is secured.
6.2.3 Philosophers and theological language
To varying degrees most, if not all, philosophers accepted some form of a negative theology when discussing the divine attributes (Kindī PWK: “On First Philosophy”, §§ XIX–XX; Fārābī Perfect State, ch. 1; and Avicenna MetaH: 8.4). For them, many, if not all, of the attributes ascribed to God are in fact merely descriptions of ways that God is unlimited or infinite in some respect or other. The philosophers’ general strategy is the same as the Muʿtazilites (see §6.2.1), where the basic idea, again, is that negative ascriptions, while informative, do not involve God’s necessarily possessing a plurality of positive attributes, which would jeopardize both divine simplicity and God’s transcendence.
Certain philosophers, like Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd, likewise repeated the Muʿtazilite position that the divine self is identical with its essential attributes, like life, knowledge and power (Avicenna al-Najāt, 264 = MR07: 214 & MetaH: 1.7 & 8.4 and Ibn Rushd Tahafut, 299–301 [1954: 177–9]). Ibn Rushd notes that in a limited sense this identification of some entity with its essential attributes is true even of creatures. He provides the example of the definition of ‘man’ as a ‘rational animal’. Both rationality and animality are parts of the definition of ‘man’, but they are not distinct parts constituting the flesh-and-blood man in the world in the way that color and shape are. This analogy is not to suggest that one can have a definition of God, which Ibn Rushd flatly denies, but only to indicate that the way humans conceive an entity needs not perfectly reflect how that entity exists in the world. Indeed, Ibn Rushd goes further and provides a principled Aristotelian reason why no creature could ever form a definition of God or fully grasp the divinity (Ibn Rushd Tahafut, 345–6 [1954: 207]). He notes that according to Aristotelian principles to grasp what a thing is essentially, so as to be able to have a definition, requires that in some sense the intellect becomes the very thing grasped. Thus, since a finite human intellect can never grasp the infinite—indeed, to whatever extent it does grasp it, the very act of grasping it limits it so that it is finite in the human intellect—it can never form a definition of God nor fully grasp God’s essential existence. Thus, by necessity the human intellect conceives a plurality of attributes in its conception of God where in fact none exists. Admittedly, this discussion comes from one of Ibn Rushd’s popular works and not from one intended solely for the philosophers, and so whether it presents his considered view on the subject remains unclear. As for Ibn Sīnā, he is more forthcoming, arguing that all the various (positive) essential attributes said of God really are nothing more than alternative descriptions of a single reality, namely, necessary existence through itself (wājib al-wujūd bi-dhātihi), which is identical with and unique to God.
7. Ethics in Islam
In addition to the role of reason in justifying specific ethical judgments like what is morally right and wrong (al-ḥusn wa-l-qubḥ)—a discussion that mirrors those about reason and faith in Islam more generally (§1.2)—Muslim thinkers also were concerned with the ontological status of normative properties, like goodness and badness (see Emon 2010). With respect to this issue, one asks whether ethical facts exist independently of God or do they originate from and have their morally binding force as a result of a divine command. On the one hand, if the demands of morally good and bad actions are independent of God, then is God subject to those demands or not? If so, then does God observe them as a matter of necessity, in which case God’s power seems limited, or does he observe them as a matter of will or choice, in which case were he not to observe them would he be morally bad, since again these demands determine morally good and bad actions? On the other hand, if ethical dicta have their source and force in God’s commanding them, could God have commanded contrary to what he did and so invert right and wrong? For example, could God have commanded us to lie, in which case lying would have been obligatory and even morally good?
7.1 The Muʿtazilites on the morally right and wrong (al-ḥusn wa-l-qubḥ)
Muʿtazilite theologians defended the view that reason can acquire a knowledge of what is morally right and wrong, precisely because standards of right and wrong are purportedly objective and not arbitrary, and so are independent of God’s merely commanding them. Their views are laid out within the context of moral responsibility (see Hourani 1971 & 1985 and Vasalou 2008). For Muʿtazilite theologians, while perhaps reason cannot discover all of those actions for which one is religiously responsible in order to be a devout Muslim (such as praying five times daily or avoiding pork), one could come to know the more general ethical human responsibilities (such as avoiding lying and honoring one’s benefactor). This is because according to the Muʿtazilites, the properties that make an action good or bad, and for which one is morally responsible, are objective qualities relative to the action, to the consequence(s) of the action or to the agent of the action. These moral properties are objective precisely because we observe—whether through self-reflection or inference from the outward behavior of others—the benefit or the harm that an action causes. Thus, in a consequentialist vein, these Muʿtazilites relate the morally good with what is genuinely beneficial and the morally bad with what is harmful. Religion then confirms what reason knows about the moral status of an action and its consequence(s).
Since for these thinkers the ethical status of an action does not depend on a divine command, the question arises whether God is bound to behave ethically. ʿAbd al-Jabbār argued that ethical demands are binding and applicable not only to human agents but also to God and his action as well (ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Taʿdīl: 52–70). Thus, he argues that if one denies that God is bound to do and to command the morally good, the commands and prohibitions given in scripture would be not only arbitrary but possibly even mutable and unreliable. For example, if one allowed that God could lie, then God or the prophets could be lying about what is required for salvation or what leads to damnation, in which case all the religious teaching would be under suspicion, a position which that ʿAbd al-Jabbār simply found unacceptable.
7.2 Responses to the Muʿtazilites
Most medieval Muslim thinkers, whether philosophers, theologians or Sufis, recognized some need for religion in order to possess a complete understanding of things ethical. Although they generally granted that humans have some intuitive recognition of virtues and what is morally good and bad, they emphasized that various human conditions limit our ability always to judge correctly about the ethical status of particular actions. One such limit is our inherent cognitive limits. Thus, the Sufi master Ibn ʿArabī complains that because the moral goodness or badness of actions may depend on certain conditions that human reason cannot comprehended, divine revelation is needed to inform us of the ethical status of our actions (Ibn al-ʿArabī al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyya (b), I 459–60 & VII 326). For instance, what we ‘observe’ or judge to be a benefit may, all things considered, actually be harmful and similarly for our judgments about what is harmful. Only from a ‘God’s eye perspective’ can one be assured that in fact all things have been considered. In addition to our inherent cognitive limits, personal and social conditions affect the reliability of our ethical judgments. For example, the Sunni jurist, Ḥakīm al-Tirmidhī (d. ca. 869), noted that while reason has some share in making sound moral judgments, selfishness and the human desire for material benefits and pleasures hinders our ability always to reason correctly and objectively about what is ethically right and wrong (Tirmidhī Kitāb Ithbāt al-ʿilal, 67–78). Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā identify yet another human condition that requires religion to aid reason in determining right ethical rules. They maintained that ethical and political judgments are not a priori necessary truths, but well-known and commonly accepted specific rules (tafṣīlāt) acquired from attending to various practices over long periods of time. Thus, without knowing this socio-cultural history that religion preserves, one cannot know what is efficacious for living a good and virtuous life here on earth (Fārābī Perfect State, 77–8 and Avicenna MetaH: 10.2–4; also see Erlwein 2019).
Ashʿarite and Maturidite theologians in general vehemently criticized the Muʿtazilite position that reason alone can discover even general ethical demands incumbent upon humans and God alike. Their criticisms highlight the unacceptable theological implications of the Muʿtazilite position and the inherent limits of human reason. The most common criticism comes from the theological implication that God is compelled or obligated to do the good. Recall that the general Muʿtazilite position, as ʿAbd al-Jabbār articulated it, holds that good and bad are inherent properties of actions regardless of their agents, and so since God is good, God is morally compelled to do good. One obvious implication of this view is that if God cannot do bad actions, then God’s power is limited, and so God is not wholly omnipotent. From a theological point of view, Ashʿarite theologians found this implication unacceptable. Consequently, they denied that good and bad are inherent properties of actions and instead demanded that all ethical standards are dependent on what God himself commands.
As for criticisms against the Muʿtazilite position from the nature of human reason, Ashʿarite and Maturidites theologians availed themselves of all the argument we have already seen about the limits of our cognitive capacities and the constraints of our human condition. Thus, for example, Māturīdī presses the point that while humans may have some inkling of general ethical principles and what is morally good and bad, these judgments are always shaky given the frailty of our cognitive capacities. Consequently, religion is always needed to set our moral judgments on firm ground (Māturīdī KT: 346–51).
Ashʿarite and Maturidite scholars also added further arguments to the arsenal of criticisms against the Muʿtazilite ethical theory. For instance, in The Guide to Conclusive Proofs, Juwaynī puts forth an account of the good and bad, which in certain ways anticipates the moral theory of David Hume seven hundred years later (Juwaynī Proofs, 141–6). The Muʿtazilite position rests on two key elements: (1) that some actions are either inherently and rationally good or bad and (2) the implicit assumption that a rational agent must act in a rational way. Juwaynī simply denies that moral actions are inherently rational and that consequently there is anything irrational when one does a good or bad action. To be sure, actions can be obligatory and praiseworthy or prohibited and blameworthy, but not rational. Instead, continues Juwaynī, when through self-reflection or inference one recognizes that certain actions are seemingly beneficial and others harmful, one merely instinctually recognizes that those actions produce pleasure or pain. It is the human’s (and all animals’) natural instinct to seek pleasure and to avoid pain that motivates the action, not some inherent rational property of the object that reason grasps.
Ghazālī likewise rejected the Muʿtazilites’ position, which he claimed rested upon an ambiguity in the meanings of the terms ‘good’, ‘bad’ and ‘obligatory’ (wājib). For Ghazālī, when one says an action is ‘good’ or ‘bad’, those value judgments must be understood in terms of the intention or purpose relative to the agent or the one affected by the action. So understood, an action is good if it achieves the intended purpose and bad if it does not. While reason can direct and set one’s intentions, so can imagination and estimation (wahm) as well as our passions and appetites. These latter faculty, however, frequently fail to get at what is ultimately beneficial and harmful for us, and so they fail to get at what an agent would intend all things considered. Divine law provides precisely the ‘all-things-considered’ view.
As for human reason’s determining what is morally incumbent upon God, Ghazālī continues that since good and bad are related to the intentions of the agent, it is impossible for reason alone to determine whether God’s actions are good or bad since we simply do not know God’s intentions independent of revelation. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī developed a similar defense (F. D. Rāzī al-Maṭālib, 289–304; also see Shihadeh 2006 and 2021). Now instead of understanding good and bad relative to an agent’s intentions, Razi explains them in consequentialist terms: Actions are good when, relative to the agent or one affected by the action, they are beneficial or pleasurable and bad when they are harmful or painful. Since God is in no need of benefit and in no way can be pained, there is a sense in which his actions are simply beyond good and evil.
In light of their denial that there is any objective, God-independent standard of right and wrong to which God is beholden, Ashʿarites were accused of undermining God’s justice and making the goodness or badness of actions arbitrary. That is because if there were no limits to what God can morally command, then what God willed in the past to be good or bad, he could in the future will and so command to be contrariwise. Indeed, God may inflict pain on an innocent for no reason whatsoever, and yet that action would be good precisely because God commanded it. The Ashʿarites were not insensitive to this complaint. While both al-Juwaynī and Ghazālī insist on God’s absolute omnipotence and so God’s possibility to act arbitrarily, they also note that an action is only actually arbitrary if it is actually carried out, not if its occurrence is merely possible. Thus, a preferred Ashʿarite response to the arbitrariness complaint was that the possibility of the occurrence is not the occurrence of the possibility; God confirms via revelation that he gives reward for good actions and he may punish only those who do not fulfill what is decreed by revelation (Juwaynī Proofs, 157–64, 209–11 and Ghazālī Moderation, 172–88).
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- –––, 2022, “Simple Is as Simple Does: Plantinga and Ghazālī on Divine Simplicity”, Religious Studies, 58(S1): S97–S109. doi:10.1017/S0034412522000130
- Morewedge, Parviz, 1979, “A Third Version of the Ontological Argument in the Ibn Sinian Metaphysics”, in P. Morewedge (ed.) Islamic Philosophical Theology, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 188–222.
- Ormsby, Eric Linn, 1984, Theodicy in Islamic Thought: The Dispute over al-Ghazali’s “Best of All Possible Worlds”, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Perler, Dominik and Rudolph, Ulrich, 2000, Occasionalismus: Theorien der Kausalität im arabisch-islamischen und im europäischen Denken, (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse 3), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Peterson, Michael, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach, and David Basinger, 2012, Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, fifth edition, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
- Plantinga, Alvin, 1980, Does God Have a Nature, Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press.
- Rahman, Fazlur, 1975, The Philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā (Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shirāzī), Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Rashed, Marwan, 2000, “Abū Bakr al-Rāzī et le kalām”, MIDEO, 24: 39–54. doi:10.2143/MID.24.0.565631
- Rudolph, Ulrich, 1996 , Al-Māturīdī und die sunnitische Theologie in Samarkand, (Islamic philosophy, theology, and science 30), Leiden/New York: E.J. Brill. Translated as Al-Maturidi and the Development of Sunni Theology in Samarqand, Rodrigo Adem (trans.), (Islamic History and Civilization / Studies and Texts 100), Boston/Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004452138 (de) doi:10.1163/9789004261846 (en)
- Sabra, Abdelhamid I., 2006, “Kalām Atomism as an Alternative Philosophy to Hellenizing Falsafa”, in James E. Montgomery (ed.), Arabic Theology, Arabic Philosophy, From the Many to the One: Essays in Celebration of Richard M. Frank, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 152, Leuven/Paris/Dudley, MA: Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies, 199–272.
- Schmidtke, Sabine, 2016a, “The Muʿtazilite Movement (III): The Scholastic Phase”, in Schmidtke 2016b: 159–180 (ch. 9).
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How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
Other Internet Resources
- Beliefs and Daily Lives of Muslims, brief, informative survey of the basic tenets of Islam.
- Islamic Philosophy Online, site with overviews of certain key Muslim philosphers along with lists of their works and links to many of those works.
- Bibliographic Guides in Medieval Islamic Philosophy and Theology, annually updated list of new research, maintained by Thérè-Anne Druart
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This is a three-part series that’ll teach you how create and use Property List file in an iOS application.
What is a Property List?
A property list is an XML file for persisting and restoring small amounts of data. A property list is also known as a plist file because of its unique file extension. You can create a plist file using Objective-C code or Xcode’s Property List template. These images shows what a property list look like in Xcode’s built-in Property List Editor and the XML view of the plist file.
|A plist file in Xcode’s Property List Editor||XML view of the plist file in Xcode’s Property List Editor|
Here are three not to be forgotten things you should know about a property list file.
- Property list file is only used for storing objects of these data types: NSDictionary, NSArray, NSNumber, NSString, NSDate, BOOL, NSData.
- You can only perform reading and writing operations in a plist file. Reading operation involves loading the entire content of the plist file into an NSDictionary object or an NSArray object. Writing operation involves writing the entire content of an NSDictionary object or an NSArray object in the plist file.
- Memory on an iOS device is limited; therefore, you should not perform reading and writing operation involving large amount of data.
Overview of The Property List Application
The iOS application you will develop in this workshop is called PropertyListDemo. It will consist of a single view and here are images of what it will look like in the iPhone Simulator.
iOS App Tasks
We will add code in the application class files to perform these tasks.
- Create a property list file in the application sandbox’s Documents directory
- Add twelve glossary (programming words and definitions) in the plist file
- Retrieve all glossary entries from the plist file and place them in a dictionary variable
- Set the textView control’s text attribute with instructions shown in Figure 1 above
- Get the dictionary’s keys and put them in the tableView control’s rows-see Figure 1 above
- Get the dictionary entry that match the table row the user tapped, and put it in the textView control-see Figure 2 above
The application shall allow the user to perform these tasks.
- View a list of twelve programming words-see Figure 1 above
- Tap a row of the tableView control to see that row’s word and definition in the textView control-see Figure 2 above.
Download The Xcode Project
I’ve already created the Xcode project you will develop in the Property List Workshop series, so just click the link shown below to download it.
After unzipping the file, drag and drop the PropertyListDemo folder in the iOS Apps folder.
That’s pretty much it for this week’s workshop. Next week you will get started on developing the application. Until then, happy coding! 🙂
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numerical reasoning tests assess a candidate’s ability to handle and interpret numerical data. numerical reasoning tests differ from the sort of numerical tests you may be familiar with from gcse or a level exams. the tests you will face are designed to measure your ability to problem solve, often mimicing the type of analysis you will be required to undertake in your future role e.g. by taking example numerical reasoning tests you will become familiar with the question format. the important thing to remember about numerical reasoning tests used for employment selection is that they are not the same as a maths test. you will not have to remember formulae. watch it now to be talked through a sample numerical reasoning question: here you can take 2 of our free numerical tests to show you how they work in improving your score.
this sample numerical test has 21 questions and will take 21 minutes to complete. we rate this as medium difficulty and is typical of the same level as graduate employer numerical reasoning tests. we rate this as easy difficulty and is useful as a warmup for graduate employer numerical reasoning tests. the part required from you, is to interpret and figure out what calculation is required from the question, and under pressure of time. and as stated above, remember that you are usually allowed to use a calculator on your test. we have compiled a document explaining the most complex numerical formulas you are expected to know, such as how to calculate ratios in numerical reasoning tests. practice is so useful in preparation for the reasoning test as it helps reduce the element of surprise and will give you the confidence to perform at your best.
you do not need to have a large variety of tests to improve numerical reasoning skills – focusing on a handful of tests repeatedly using our breakdown of the solution will encourage deeper learning and understanding, which is better than spreading yourself thinly across say 15 numerical reasoning tests. you are required to use the information presented in such formats and ‘reason’ with it to select one of the 5 response options provided. although a basic understanding of maths is required as pre-requisite for graduate and professional tests, it is actually the reasoning and application of the data given that is being assessed. numerical tests are daunting, and whilst you cannot magically increase your ability, there are a handful of things you can do, that will give you a head start. take the time to practice these areas before taking the test to help boost your chances of performing confidently on the test. numerical reasoning tests measure how you ‘reason’ with the data provided. to perform well, it is important that you work quickly and accurately.
our reports provide data driven insights based upon your performance and make recommendations on how you can improve your performance in numerical tests. by continuing to practice and applying the suggested recommendations, you can enhance your chances of a successful performance on your actual test. to help you with your numerical tests preparation we recorded a video with 5 most common questions and worked solutions. you should easily pass any numerical test. regardless of these examples, you will need to reason with numerical data regularly in your job. at gf, we provide the most detailed feedback reports available online with a breakdown of your performance across various types of questions so that you can identify which areas you may need to improve in. many organisations use shl tests as they are the leaders in the design and development of psychometrics assessments worldwide. we are confident that you will not get another shl style experience anywhere else other than at shl itself.
practise real numerical reasoning tests online for free. numerical reasoning tests for preparation, solution documents and example questions to improve your practice 100s of numerical tests questions for 8000+ employers. free numerical reasoning practice test with questions, answers and solutions. in a numerical reasoning test, you are required to answer questions using facts and figures presented in statistical tables. in each question you are, free numerical reasoning test questions and answers pdf, practice numerical reasoning tests, practice numerical reasoning tests, numerical reasoning test pdf, numerical reasoning test with solutions.
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The city of Kilis (Turkey) is located in the northwestern part of the Fertile Crescent, also known as the Crescent of fertile lands. The first settlements in the history of mankind were established in this region and the first production based on agriculture and animal husbandry took place.
In excavations at Oylum Höyük, one of the largest archaeological sites in Anatolia, 4,500-year-old olive pits were found, dating from the Bronce Age. The pits show that the history of olive cultivation and olive oil in this region goes back thousands of years.
The Kilis green olive variety is completely organic, the trees do not require irrigation or fertilisers. Also it is famous for its high oil rate and high Polyphenol content, responsible for many beneficial health effects. This encouraged the residents of the region to widely cultivate olive trees and produce oil and soap out of its fruit. In Kilis province alone there are an estimated 4 million olive trees.
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Valley of Fire State Park, simply known as Valley of Fire, is a public recreation and preservation area that is considered to be the oldest one which serves as a state park, located in the Mojave Desert in the southern part of the State of Nevada, within the United States of America.
Dedicated in 1935 as a state park of Nevada, it was designated as a national natural landmark later in 1968, and the present landscape that we are able to see has been carved from the complex uplifting and faulting of the region, with the extreme erosion that gave unique forms to the red rocks. As a matter in fact, the Aztec Sandstone is the main composition of the alluring features that appear to be on fire when reflecting the sun’s rays.
This sandstone is from the Jurassic period, or 150 million years ago, and is the remnant of the sand left behind by the wind after inland seas subsided. The first people to have ever settled in the area were the Anasazi, also known as the Ancient Pueblo Peoples, who were farmers from the nearby fertile Moapa Valley.
Archaeologists are certain that their daily life in the area involved hunting, food gathering, and religious ceremonies, however, the most striking examples are the petroglyphs rock art that can be found on several locations throughout the valley. The flora and fauna is what one would expect from a desert-like place.
From the plants and flowers that dominate within the park are creosote bush, burro bush and brittlebush, in addition to the several cactus species, and also the springtime blooms with desert marigold, indigo bush and desert mallow which make Valley of Fire to look spectacular in springtime.
The fauna is especially rich in nocturnal animals, such as lizards and snakes, as well as coyote, bobcat, kit fox, skunk, jackrabbit and antelope ground squirrel, nevertheless, the most impressive sight would be the desert big horn sheep which can definitely be seen during the day.
Today, there are plenty of visitors who are eager in exploring the different hiking trials, and also there are some designated picnic areas, which are good for camping as well. The three stone cabins which were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps when the park was developed in the early years to house the people working in the area, is one of the most significant landmarks that are preserved.
The Elephant Rock is one of the most easily recognizable rock formations which can be seen on plenty of landscape photographs and desktop wallpapers. A true rocky paradise for every person that is eager to feel the brutal dry climate of the American south west, and most in particular, in the State of Nevada.
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|December 2013 (38.51117 Degrees, -122.45581 Degrees) Pope Street Bridge|
The Pope Street Bridge is 177 ft long but only 18 ft wide. It was built by R. H. Pithie in 1894 for horse-drawn carriages but it's strong enough to handle the 3000 trucks and cars that drive over it every day (with a sufficiency rating of 50). The bridge was put into the National Register in 1972. The stone came from the Wing Quarry which supplied many of the surviving stone structures in this part of Napa County.
The piers have sharp cutwaters on the upstream side to deflect the rocks and tress that come downstream during floods. The bridge is really in remarkable shape for a 120 year old structure built without any reinforcement. I imagine Napa County does an extra good job of maintaining it. The bridge sits next to Napa Valley College and Stonesbridge Park and so it must be a source of pride to the surrounding community.
Napa County, California Bridges: Pope Street Bridge across the Napa River by Mark Yashinsky is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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Durham City, dominted by Durham Castle and Durham Cathedral, is a World Heritage Site in County Durham.
Prebends Bridge, to the south of Durham City Cathedral, has a plaque to display Sir Walter Scott’s words about Durham
Grey Towers of Durham
Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles
Half Church of God half castle ‘gainst the Scot
And long to roam the venerable aisles
With records stored of deeds long since forgotten
The Benedictine Rule and the Monastic Way of Life
Western monastic life began with St Benedict (480-547). Benedict wrote a Rule to guide a monk’s life of prayer and work. In 1083, Bishop William of St Calais converted St Cuthbert’s community in Durham into a Benedictine monastery. The Rule of St Benedict guided the life of Durham Cathedral Priory until the Reformation, and continues to influence Cathedral life today.
Monastic life was a balance of continual prayer, work, study and rest. Monks lived simply and concentrated on working for God.
There were usually about 40 monks at Durham. They had to support themselves and lay workers by working the land.
Hospitality was important and guests were welcomed as though they were Christ himself.
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So to the ignorant or uninformed (I’m one of them), you’d think that warmer global temperatures would just mean more fun in the sun for the world’s lizard populations. Not so, according to a new study in Science.
Even though lizards do love to warm up in the sunshine before going off to find food, they all have a point at which they’ve had enough.
Higher temperatures can force them to run for cover, which the international team of researchers explain cuts down the time they can spend foraging for food. So, if by any chance you happen to have a lizard as a pet, such as a bearded dragon, ensuring that their space is kept warm and comfy should be a priority. Proper bedding substrates for bearded dragons may help in this matter as substrate material could play a vital role in maintaining the heat levels making it comfortable for the pet.
The researchers first looked at this physiology in the lizard and then developed a model taking into account rising temperatures across the globe.
They then used the model to see if it matched observed extinctions in 2009, which in Australia look like this first map. The model replicated their observations of extinction rates on five continents. Next, they used the model to see what will happen if emissions of greenhouse gases and, in correlation, global temperatures, both keep rising.
Then, the extinction rates for lizard populations looks like this. First for 2050….
… and then for 2080.
On a global scale, by the year 2050 the probability of any species becoming extinct was 6 per cent and by 2080, it was 20 per cent, the study concluded.
But with all those other pressures on lizards such as disease and human population growth, couldn’t those extinctions be just as easily blamed on something else? Lead researcher Professor Barry Sinervo, at the University of California, says:
We did a lot of work on the ground to validate the model and show that the extinctions are the result of climate change. None of these are due to habitat loss. These sites are not disturbed in any way, and most of them are in national parks or other protected areas.
The loss of lizards isn’t just bad for, well, lizards, but researchers said it would also have an impact up and down the food chain. Lizards represent food for other animals as well as keeping the insect population in check.
Sales of lizard sunscreens and shade umbrellas (also used in cocktails), could receive a boost, no one said.
Map images: Barry Sinervo.
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A cataclysmic extinction event resulted 252 million years ago that is estimated to have killed as much as 90% of life on the planet over the course of approximately 20,000 years.Their conclusions are based on recent research suggesting that a surge of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere dates to the end-Permian extinction occurring in the same geologic interval as unusually large volcanic eruptions. The authors offer that the rapidity of the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide and linked decreased oxygen levels imply a biologic origin for these climatic shifts. Their contention is that this extinction event is directly related to a horizontal transfer of genetic material from a cellulolytic bacterium to a unicellular microbe capable of producing methane and promoting the efficient degradation of organic carbon. This genetic transfer resulted in the expansion of a novel microbial metabolic pathway accelerating the metabolism of acetate as a major growth substrate in methane production. Basically, methane producing microbes, the last common ancestor of Methanosarcina, enabled the rapid conversion of carbon dioxide by other microbes that in turn diminished oxygen in the atmosphere. As a result of these rapid deviations, life across a wide spectrum was extirpated.
Furthermore, it is known that the metabolic activity of methanogenic microbes is limited by the
availability of nickel. The researchers analysed nickel deposits in South China sediments identifying a significant increase in nickel concentrations just before the end-Permian extinction, also presumed due to volcanic action. This catalysed the acceleration of the methanogenic disruption of the carbon cycle and contributed to acidification of the oceans and marine anoxia accounting then for the fact that 70% of marine life was also extinguished. Furthermore, they note that “anaerobic methane oxidation may have increased sulfide levels, possibly resulting in a toxic release of hydrogen sulfide to the atmosphere, causing extinctions on land.”
Certainly, any research that implicates microbial activity as a proximate cause of extinctions is welcomed when all complex organic life is understood to be hologenomic in nature. Yet, it is striking that a prejudice remains among scientists in paleontology, earth and planetary research and atmospheric sciences to disregard direct microbial pathogenesis in their considerations for causes for extinction. For example, Douglas Erwin in his excellent book, ‘Extinction’, from 2006, discusses possible causes of mass extinctions at length including extraterrestrial impacts, climatic aftermath of massive volcanic flood basalts in Siberia, climate change, glaciation and climatic cooling, oxygen depletion, and a Murder on the Orient Express hypothesis suggesting multiple interactions of a variety of these factors. But there is no mention of infection, parasitism, or epidemic pathogenesis. Even now with this report, …. microbes are implicated, certainly. But the described microbial effect is indirect and atmospheric and not related to infectious pathogenesis. Certainly, this is odd when considered within the framework of our own existence in which infectious pathogenic assault governs our lives, from conception to death.
Of course, this scientific blind spot is related to unfamiliarity with infectious pathogenesis in most fields of study rather than from the absence of abundant examples that would demonstrate the power of episodic epidemic disease to decimate populations. Even now, there are readily observable examples of the effectiveness of pathogenesis in initiating or accelerating extinction events. For example, Chytridomycosis is devastating amphibian populations worldwide and 120 species have vanished since 1980. Importantly, this is occurring in relatively pristine environments as well as those deemed environmentally challenged. Bee populations in multiple regions are in critical decline from colony collapse disorder. The culprit is a pathogenic virus, DWV, due to infestation with Varroa destuctor mite. This has spread from Asia across the entire world over the past 50 years. In the plant world, a soil fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, has been identified as the causative agent in Panama disease, an affliction that attacks the roots of banana plants and causes a widespread devastating wilt that is not contained by known fungicides. It need not take 20,000 years when the operative agent is anefficient predator, which is exactly what any pathogenic microbe is. Importantly, infectious pathogenesis is an agency in which wide effects are expected since pathogenic vectors can be spread by movement of carrier organisms, wind, or waves. It is time to accede that a common and readily observable phenomenon capable of undergoing episodic periods of distinctive amplification could
afflict a wide spectrum of species in concert rather isolated populations as is observed today. After all, this kind of cyclicity is the hallmark of all biologic processes.
An important additional component in extinctions is a phenomenon known as the Allee effect. This recognizes that the patterns of response of a population to the stress of disease critically changes when the constituency declines below identifiable index levels. Barriers against infectious virulence are not constant and can dynamically adjust based on population size and communal immunological diversity. This should be a prime lesson for all extinction theorists. Extinction theory cannot be disembodied from a thorough understanding of pathogenesis, the hologenomic nature of all complex organisms, and a willingness to examine the history of our planet based on the immensely broad cycles as they relate to infectious pathogenesis. To do otherwise is fundamentally flawed. Infectious pathogenesis should be the final common denominator of all mass extinctions, no matter which physical factors may accelerate its scope and toll. It alone is omnipresent and ubiquitous on this planet. Only it can account for the idiosyncratic mixture of life extinguished and spared by virtue of episodic waves of assault of novel microbes on populations and species of differing susceptibilities.
There is an inviolable dynamic on our planet. A relentless microbial realm is engaged in a complex immunological competition with the cellular homeostasis of complex holobionts. Unless this interplay is thoroughly considered, there can be no successful explanation for either localized extinctions or those capable of quelling life across our planet. In the final analysis, mass extinctions must encompass and embrace immunological interactions as a final common denominator. After all, is this not the world in which we all dwell?
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Over the weekend of October 28, 29 and 30th, we showed a presentation of Under Erasure by Sabine Groenewegen. For her presentation, Sabine makes full use of our exhibition space to share a journey through work from her ongoing research project, which was partly developed in the context of her 1646 residency early 2021.
During this working period, Sabine developed a body of work prompted by her discovery of the unexplained removal of scenes from a 1930’s Dutch film set on a colonial rubber plantation in Sumatra. Her investigation into the unexplained omission of a particular female character from the only distribution print of the film, opened up to larger questions around historical silences related to women and profit models within the system of rubber production in the early 20th century.
Since her residency, Sabine continued her work by delving into various archives to interrogate Dutch narratives which shaped fantasies and erased reality around colonial extractivism. Her installation and video projections at 1646 drop traces among trees and other witnesses in order to connect the dots between intimate histories connected to the flow of rubber.
“Tupi-speaking Amazonians named the tree which oozes milky fluid when damaged “cahuchu,” meaning “wood that weeps.” In solid form it enabled removal of pencil writing by making a rubbing motion, owing the name “rubber” to its erasing capacity. The seeds of the tree were smuggled to Southeast Asia, where old forest communication networks were destroyed to make way for plantations harboring silences which would linger for generations. Filmmakers passed by and revealed themselves through the images they produced. A fictional female character was fabricated, then removed, leaving behind the sliced film print as a material witness.”
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Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
As the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art, the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery preserve, exhibit, and interpret Asian art in ways that deepen our understanding of Asia, America, and the world. Committed to preserving, exhibiting and interpreting exemplary works of art, the Freer and Sackler address broad questions about culture, identity, and the contemporary world. Together, the Freer and Sackler care for exceptional collections of Asian art, with more than 40,000 objects dating from the Neolithic period to today and originating from the ancient Near East to China, Japan, Korea, South and Southeast Asia, and the Islamic world. Nearly a century old, the Freer Gallery of Art also holds a significant group of American works of art largely dating to the late 19th century. It houses the world’s largest collection of diverse works by James McNeill Whistler, including the famed Peacock Room. The Freer and Sackler also house the largest Asian art research library in the United States. Open to the public five days a week (except federal holidays) without appointment, the library collection consists of more than 80,000 volumes.
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blog Photogrammetry in Automotive Industry Introduction The integration of technology into the automotive industry has been a game-changer, especially with the adoption of photogrammetry. This cutting-edge technique crafts three-dimensional car models from two-dimensional images, revolutionizing vehicle design, production, and enhancement. This article unfolds the symbiotic relationship between photogrammetry and the automotive sector, unveiling its applications, benefits, and intricate technicalities. As we navigate through photogrammetry’s influence, we can foresee its potential to drive future automotive innovations. Understanding the Fundamentals of Photogrammetry Photogrammetry stitches together 2D photographs to form detailed 3D car models, components, and landscapes. This process involves capturing multiple photos from varied angles, discerning camera parameters, extracting pivotal features, and triangulating data to create the final 3D representation. These accurate models are crucial for automotive design precision and manufacturing excellence, enabling engineers and designers to refine vehicles for better performance. Driving Innovation: Photogrammetry in the Automotive Industry Photogrammetry’s versatility spans across vehicle styling, competitive analysis, safety enhancement, and production quality. It allows for a meticulous assessment of competitors, aids in aerodynamic testing, and ensures the production of flawless automobiles. Moreover, it plays a significant role in interior design, shaping spaces that are both aesthetically pleasing and ergonomically sound. Revolutionizing Vehicle Design and Development The precision of photogrammetry shortens the automotive design cycle and fosters seamless collaboration between designers and engineers. This swift turnaround in creating 3D models streamlines the development process and enhances the understanding of intricate part interactions, ultimately leading to superior vehicle design. The Competitive Edge: Benefits of Photogrammetry Photogrammetry brings forth unmatched accuracy, expedites processes, and trims down costs. It allows for a granular examination of vehicles, speeds up model generation, and circumvents expensive errors, presenting a cost-effective solution for the automotive industry. Real-world Photogrammetry Success Stories Pioneers like Porsche, Ford, and Tesla have harnessed photogrammetry for aerodynamic studies, rapid prototyping, and process optimization, showcasing tangible gains in precision, development speed, and cost efficiency. Delving into Technical Details The efficacy of photogrammetry hinges on high-resolution cameras, drones for aerial shots, and robust software like Agisoft Metashape and Artec Studio. These tools, along with substantial computing power, ensure the meticulous capture and processing of photographic data to yield high-quality 3D models. Conclusion Photogrammetry has cemented itself as a cornerstone in the automotive industry, offering a detailed, speedy, and economical route to vehicle innovation. As we continue to explore and improve this technology, it promises to steer the automotive world toward a future rife with precision-engineered vehicles.
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In class one we revised the passive. We looked at how to form it, and then played a game. Afterwards we completed the listening on page 95.
Homework: Complete the exam task on page 77 and 78.
On Thursday we looked at how to give advice and writing a letter to a friend. We started with some roleplays to introduce useful expressions for giving advice, and then looked at the structure of the writing. We planned some ideas and then finished off with a game.
You have received this email from your English speaking friend, Simon.
I’ve just started a new school and they are making us learn a new language. We can choose which one but I’m not sure which one will be the best. Can you recommend me a language to learn? Why would it be good learn? Also, I’m not very good at languages, so could you give me some advice on the best way to learn them?
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- The total cost of the plant is estimated to be 150 million US dollars.
The first waste-to-energy plant built with German technology would cost US$150 million, according to an announcement made by Egypt’s environment minister Yasmine Fouad. The first plant in Egypt to turn garbage into electricity will be in the Giza Governorate, she said, and six other sites have finished their procedures.
The minister also mentioned projects set up in rural villages in Egypt to turn dung into fertilizer and biogas as part of the Decent Living program, as well as bio-gas unit projects in Fayoum Governorate and a sizable unit implemented in Giza Zoo, where animal feces is converted into power.
Fouad noted that research to turn the waste from sizable poultry farms into energy is being prepared by the Bioenergy Foundation for Sustainable Development, which is associated with the Ministry of the Environment.
According to the minister, Egypt produces 42 million tons of agricultural waste, and a plan has been developed to deal with it.
Together with methods for handling medical waste, Fouad evaluated the ministry’s policies and initiatives for dealing with electronic waste, which has resulted in the establishment of nine plants for recycling electronic garbage.
Last December, the North African country also sought to localize green industries as a result of the outputs and gains of the climate summit that was held in Egypt. It suggested the implementation of an integrated program to convert waste into electric energy, including the waste-to-electricity plant project in Abu Rawash.
According to Dr. Yasmine, the project Abu Rawash was carried out in association with the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry of Electricity, and Ministry of Military Production, which is being established on an area of almost 12 acres in Giza Governorate.
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Building a house is a significant investment, and you want to ensure that you use the best materials to construct it. There are various construction materials available in the market, but some are more important than others. In this article, we will discuss the top three essential construction materials used in your house.
Construction materials play a vital role in building a house. They provide the strength, stability, and durability required to make your house safe and secure. As a homeowner, it’s essential to understand the importance of selecting the right construction materials. In this article, we will focus on the three essential construction materials used in your house: concrete, timber, and steel.
Concrete, timber, and steel are the most common construction materials used in building houses. These materials offer unique advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application. In the following sections, we will explore each of these materials in detail, highlighting their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
When building a house, it’s important to choose high-quality construction materials that will last for a long time. By selecting the right materials, you can ensure that your house remains safe, secure, and comfortable for years to come. So let’s dive into the world of construction materials and discover the top three essential materials used in building your house.
Concrete is a composite material made up of cement, water, and aggregates such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone. It is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, due to its strength, durability, and versatility. In this section, we will explore the definition, characteristics, types, advantages, and disadvantages of using concrete in construction.
Definition and Characteristics
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, and aggregates that harden over time. The cement reacts with water to form a chemical bond and creates a solid mass. The aggregates provide bulk and strength to the concrete, while the water activates the cement and makes the mixture workable. Once the concrete hardens, it becomes a durable and long-lasting material.
Types of Concrete Used in Construction
There are several types of concrete used in construction, depending on the specific application. Some of the most common types of concrete include:
- Normal concrete
- High-strength concrete
- Self-compacting concrete
- Ready-mix concrete
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Concrete
Concrete offers several advantages when used in construction. It is a strong, durable, and fire-resistant material that can withstand harsh weather conditions. Concrete is also versatile and can be molded into various shapes and sizes. However, there are also some disadvantages to using concrete. It is a heavy material that may require extra structural support. It can also crack over time and may be susceptible to corrosion if not properly maintained.
Examples of Concrete Usage in a House
Concrete is used in various parts of a house, including the foundation, walls, and floors. It provides a sturdy base for the house and can withstand the weight of the structure. Concrete is also commonly used in driveways, sidewalks, and outdoor patios due to its durability and strength. In addition, decorative concrete can be used to create unique designs and patterns in the interior and exterior of the house, giving it a modern and stylish look.
Timber is a popular construction material used in building houses. It is a renewable resource that is easy to work with and provides a natural look and feel to a house. In this section, we will explore the characteristics, types, advantages, and disadvantages of using timber in construction.
Definition and Characteristics
Timber is wood that has been processed for construction purposes. It is a versatile material that can be used for a variety of applications. Timber has natural insulating properties and can help regulate the temperature in a house. It is also a sustainable material, as it comes from renewable sources like forests.
Types of Timber Used in Construction
There are various types of timber used in construction, each with its unique properties and characteristics. The most common types of timber used in construction include softwood, hardwood, plywood, and engineered wood. Softwood is the most popular type of timber used in construction, as it is readily available and cost-effective.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Timber
Using timber in construction offers several advantages, including its sustainability, natural beauty, and insulation properties. Timber is also easy to work with, making it a popular choice for builders and contractors. However, there are also some disadvantages to using timber, such as its susceptibility to moisture and rotting. Timber can also be a fire hazard if not treated properly.
Examples of Timber Usage in a House
Timber is a versatile material that can be used in various applications in a house. Some common examples of timber usage in a house include wooden floors, doors, windows, and furniture. Timber can also be used to build the frame of a house, providing strength and stability to the structure.
In conclusion, timber is an essential construction material used in building houses. It offers unique advantages and disadvantages, depending on its application. By understanding the characteristics, types, advantages, and disadvantages of timber, you can make an informed decision when selecting construction materials for your house.
Steel is a versatile and durable construction material that has been used for centuries. It’s an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements such as manganese, silicon, and phosphorus. Steel is widely used in construction due to its strength, durability, and versatility.
Definition and Characteristics
Steel is a metal alloy made from iron and carbon. The amount of carbon in steel determines its strength and hardness. Carbon content in steel typically ranges from 0.2% to 2.1%. The higher the carbon content, the stronger and harder the steel is. Steel also has excellent tensile strength, which means it can withstand high amounts of tension without breaking.
Types of Steel Used in Construction
There are various types of steel used in construction, including:
- Structural Steel: Used for load-bearing purposes in buildings and bridges.
- Rebar Steel: Used for reinforcing concrete and masonry structures.
- Stainless Steel: Used for architectural purposes due to its corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal.
- Galvanized Steel: Used for outdoor applications due to its corrosion resistance.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Steel
Steel has several advantages that make it a popular construction material. It’s strong, durable, and resistant to fire, pests, and weather. Steel is also versatile and can be easily fabricated into different shapes and sizes. However, steel does have some disadvantages. It’s susceptible to rust and corrosion, which can weaken the material over time. Steel is also a good conductor of heat, which can make buildings hotter in the summer and colder in the winter.
Examples of Steel Usage in a House
Steel is used in various ways in a house. Some common examples include:
- Structural support beams
- Staircases and handrails
- Roofing and siding
- Window frames and doors
- Appliances and fixtures
In conclusion, steel is a versatile and durable construction material that has been used for centuries. It has several advantages and disadvantages, depending on its application. Steel is used in various ways in a house, from structural support to decorative elements. When choosing construction materials for your house, it’s important to consider the advantages and disadvantages of each material and select the best one for your needs.
When it comes to building a house, there are many questions that homeowners have about the construction materials used. In this section, we will address some of the most frequently asked questions about construction materials.
What are the most common materials used in construction?
The most common materials used in construction are concrete, timber, and steel. These materials offer unique advantages and disadvantages, depending on their application. Concrete is the most commonly used material in construction, followed by timber and steel.
Can I use alternative materials instead of concrete, timber, or steel?
Yes, there are alternative materials available in the market that you can use instead of concrete, timber, or steel. However, it’s important to keep in mind that these materials may not offer the same level of strength, stability, and durability as the traditional materials. Before using any alternative materials, it’s essential to consult with a professional to ensure that they are safe and suitable for your project.
How long do construction materials typically last in a house?
The lifespan of construction materials varies depending on their type, quality, and usage. Concrete, timber, and steel can last for decades, and in some cases, even centuries, if maintained properly. However, factors such as weather conditions, natural disasters, and wear and tear can affect the lifespan of these materials.
How can I ensure that the construction materials used in my house are of high quality?
To ensure that the construction materials used in your house are of high quality, it’s important to work with a reputable and experienced contractor. A professional contractor will use high-quality materials and ensure that they are installed correctly. You can also research the materials used and their manufacturers to ensure that they are reliable and meet industry standards. Additionally, regular maintenance and inspections can help ensure that the materials remain in good condition.
In conclusion, when it comes to building a house, choosing the right construction materials is crucial. Concrete, timber, and steel are the three essential materials used in building a house, each with its unique advantages and disadvantages.
Concrete is known for its strength and durability, making it an ideal choice for foundations and walls. Timber is a renewable resource that offers warmth and character to a house, while steel provides excellent structural support and is highly fire-resistant.
As homeowners, it’s essential to choose high-quality construction materials that will last for a long time. By selecting the right materials, you can ensure that your house remains safe, secure, and comfortable for years to come.
At AIA Rochester, we prioritize the use of the best construction materials to ensure that our clients receive the highest quality of service. We are committed to providing the latest updates on construction, architecture, new technologies, and materials in the industry.
In conclusion, when building a house, consider concrete, timber, and steel as the three essential construction materials. By choosing the right materials, you can ensure that your house remains safe, comfortable, and beautiful for many years to come.
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rsync command is a powerful tool for file synchronization and backup in Linux. It is a command-line utility that allows you to efficiently synchronize files between two directories on the same or different systems. With
rsync, you can keep your files synchronized across multiple devices, create backups, and transfer files securely over the network.
In this article, we’ll explore how the
rsync command works and learn how to use it for file synchronization and backups.
To use the
rsync command, you must first have it installed on your Linux system. Most Linux distributions come with
rsync pre-installed, but if it’s not installed, you can install it using your package manager.
The basic syntax of the
rsync command is as follows:
Where the source is the directory or file that you want to synchronize or backup, and the destination is the location where you want to store the synchronized or backed up files.
Here are some examples of how to use the
To synchronize two directories, use the following command:
-a option preserves the file permissions, ownership, and timestamps, while the
-v option displays verbose output, and the
-h option displays the file sizes in human-readable format.
To synchronize files over SSH, use the following command:
-e option specifies the remote shell to use, and the
user@remote specifies the username and hostname of the remote system.
To create backups of files, use the following command:
--backup option creates backups of files that have changed or been deleted, and the
--backup-dir option specifies the directory where backups will be stored.
rsync command is a powerful tool for file synchronization and backups in Linux. It allows you to efficiently synchronize files between two directories on the same or different systems, transfer files securely over the network, and create backups of files that have changed or been deleted.
With its simple syntax and advanced features,
rsync is a must-have tool for anyone who wants to keep their files organized and secure.
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MAX materials and MXene materials are new two-dimensional materials who have attracted much attention in recent years, with excellent physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, and also have shown broad application prospects in numerous fields. The following is a comprehensive guide to the properties, applications, and development trends of MAX and MXene materials.
What is MAX material?
MAX phase material is actually a layered carbon nitride inorganic non-metallic material comprising M, A, X elements around the periodic table, collectively referred to as “MAX phase”. M represents transition metal elements, including titanium, zirconium, hafnium, etc., A represents the key group elements, including aluminum, silicon, germanium, etc., X represents carbon or nitrogen. MAX-phase materials, each atomic layer is composed of M, A, X, the three components of the alternating composition arrangement, with hexagonal lattice structure. Because of the electrical conductivity of metal and high strength, high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance of structural ceramics, they are popular in high-temperature structural materials, high-temperature antioxidant coatings, high-temperature lubricants, electromagnetic shielding and other fields.
Properties of MAX material
MAX material is a new form of layered carbon nitride inorganic non-metallic material using the conductive and thermal conductive qualities of metal, comprising three elements using the molecular formula of Mn 1AXn (n=1, 2 or 3), where M refers back to the transition metal, A refers to the main-group elements, and X refers to the components of C and N. The MXene material is a graphene-like structure obtained through the MAX phase treatment with two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbon-nitrides. MAX phases are novel two-dimensional nanomaterials composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens.
Uses of MAX materials
(1) Structural materials: the wonderful physical properties of MAX materials get them to have a wide range of applications in structural materials. As an example, Ti3SiC2 is a kind of MAX material with good high-temperature performance and oxidation resistance, which could be used to manufacture high-temperature furnaces and aero-engine components.
(2) Functional materials: Besides structural materials, MAX materials are also found in functional materials. For instance, some MAX materials have good electromagnetic shielding properties and conductivity and can be used to manufacture electromagnetic shielding covers, coatings, etc. Furthermore, some MAX materials also provide better photocatalytic properties, and electrochemical properties may be used in photocatalytic and electrochemical reactions.
(3) Energy materials: some MAX materials have better ionic conductivity and electrochemical properties, which is often utilized in energy materials. For instance, K4(MP4)(P4) is one of the MAX materials with high ionic conductivity and electrochemical activity, which can be used a raw material to produce solid-state electrolyte materials and electrochemical energy storage devices.
What Exactly are MXene materials?
MXene materials really are a new kind of two-dimensional nanomaterials obtained by MAX phase treatment, just like the structure of graphene. The top of MXene materials can connect with more functional atoms and molecules, along with a high specific surface area, good chemical stability, biocompatibility, and tunable physical properties, etc, characterize them. The preparation ways of MXene materials usually include the etching therapy for the MAX phase and also the self-templating method, etc. By adjusting the chemical composition and structure of MXene materials, the tuning of physical properties like electrical conductivity, magnetism and optics may be realized.
Properties of MXene materials
MXene materials really are a new type of two-dimensional transition metal carbide or nitride materials comprising metal and carbon or nitrogen elements. These materials have excellent physical properties, such as high electrical conductivity, high elasticity, good oxidation, and corrosion resistance, etc., in addition to good chemical stability and the opportunity to maintain high strength and stability at high temperatures.
Applications of MXene materials
(1) Energy storage and conversion: MXene materials have excellent electrochemical properties and ionic conductivity and therefore are popular in energy storage and conversion. For instance, MXene materials can be used electrode materials in supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries, improving electrode energy density and charge/discharge speed. Additionally, MXene materials may also be used as catalysts in fuel cells to enhance the activity and stability in the catalyst.
(2) Electromagnetic protection: MXene materials have good electromagnetic shielding performance, and conductivity may be used in electromagnetic protection. For instance, MXene materials can be used as electromagnetic shielding coatings, electromagnetic shielding cloth, along with other applications in electronic products and personal protection, enhancing the effectiveness and stability of electromagnetic protection.
(3) Sensing and detection: MXene materials have good sensitivity and responsiveness and can be utilized in sensing and detection. For example, MXene materials bring gas sensors in environmental monitoring, which could realize high sensitivity and selectivity detection of gases. Additionally, MXene materials may also be used as biosensors in medical diagnostics along with other fields.
Development trend of MAX and MXene Materials
As new 2D materials, MAX and MXene materials have excellent performance and application prospects. Down the road, with all the continuous progress of science and technology and also the improving demand for services for applications, the preparation technology, performance optimization, and application parts of MAX and MXene materials will be further expanded and improved. The following aspects can become the main focus of future research and development direction:
Preparation technology: MAX and MXene materials are mainly prepared by chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition and liquid phase synthesis. In the future, new preparation technologies and techniques could be further explored to realize a much more efficient, energy-saving and eco friendly preparation process.
Optimization of performance: The performance of MAX and MXene materials is already high, however, there is still room for further optimization. Down the road, the composition, structure, surface treatment along with other elements of the content may be studied and improved comprehensive to improve the material’s performance and stability.
Application areas: MAX materials and MXene materials have already been commonly used in many fields, but you may still find many potential application areas to get explored. In the future, they could be further expanded, including in artificial intelligence, biomedicine, environmental protection as well as other fields.
In conclusion, MAX materials and MXene materials, as new two-dimensional materials with excellent physical, chemical and mechanical properties, show an extensive application prospect in numerous fields. With all the continuous progress of technology and science as well as the continuous improvement of application demand, the preparation technology, performance optimization and application areas of MAX and MXene materials will be further expanded and improved.
MAX and MXene Materials Supplier
TRUNNANO Luoyang Trunnano Tech Co., Ltd supply high purity and super fine MAX phase powders, such as Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, Ti3SiC2, V2AlC, Ti2SnC, Mo3AlC2, Nb2AlC, V4AlC3, Mo2Ga2C, Cr2AlC, Ta2AlC, Ta4AlC3, Ti3AlCN, Ti2AlN, Ti4AlN3, Nb4AlC3, etc. Send us an email or click on the needed products to send an inquiry.
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The American automobile industry, a paramount sector that has shaped the economic, cultural, and industrial tapestry of the United States, embarks on a continual journey of transformation. From the assembly lines of the early 20th century to the introduction of electric vehicles in the 21st, American car companies have persistently revolutionized their paradigms to navigate changing consumer demands, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
The Golden Era: Industrialization and Mass Production
The story of American car companies is incomplete without mentioning the colossal impact of industrialists like Henry Ford. The advent of the Model T in 1908 heralded a new era of mobility for the average American. This wasn’t just a car; it was the embodiment of industrial prowess and innovation, largely due to the introduction of the moving assembly line. This production method not only made automobile construction more efficient but also made cars more affordable to the American middle class, setting a precedent for manufacturing practices worldwide.
The rise of General Motors (GM) and Chrysler, alongside Ford, marked the establishment of the ‘Big Three,’ a powerful trio that would dominate the industry for decades. They thrived by diversifying their offerings and implementing strategic marketing tactics, creating a competitive market that propelled the U.S. to the forefront of the global auto industry.
Challenges, Setbacks, and Resilience
The oil crises of the 1970s highlighted a critical vulnerability in American car manufacturing: a heavy reliance on gas-guzzling models. This period saw the ascent of Japanese manufacturers with their more fuel-efficient cars, meeting the economic needs and environmental preferences of global consumers.
American companies faced substantial setbacks, leading to introspection and a gradual shift towards more efficient and compact vehicles. The journey was arduous, with the 2008 financial crisis delivering another significant blow, plunging the industry into financial turmoil and resulting in government bailouts for both GM and Chrysler.
Despite these challenges, American car manufacturers demonstrated remarkable resilience, restructuring their operations, revitalizing their product lines, and committing to service excellence. Their recovery, marked by Ford’s renaissance and the successful post-bailout trajectories of GM and Chrysler (now Stellantis), is a testament to the industry’s tenacity and adaptability.
Electric Dawn: Innovation and the Future
As the world enters a phase of heightened environmental awareness, American car companies are at the cusp of another monumental shift: electric vehicles (EVs). The proliferation of EVs represents the industry’s response to climate change, pollution, and changing consumer preferences, underpinned by technological advancements.
Tesla, an American company, has been a significant player in this transition. Founded in 2003, it has surpassed traditional manufacturers in electric vehicle innovation, forcing older companies to accelerate their electric strategies. Its success is evident in its market valuation, often dwarfing that of the companies that once seemed invincible.
The ‘Big Three’ have committed billions towards electric and autonomous vehicles, indicating a transformative phase in their product development and investment strategies. Ford’s Mustang Mach-E and GM’s Chevrolet Bolt are examples of new models that are helping these traditional companies stay competitive in the evolving landscape.
Further, President Biden’s administration has pledged unwavering support for clean energy, proposing policies to spur the adoption of EVs and aiming to make the government’s fleet electric. This federal embrace is a boon for American car companies, setting the stage for a surge in domestic EV production and adoption.
American car companies stand today at a complex yet promising juncture. They carry the legacies of their storied pasts while facing a future fraught with challenges and rich with opportunity. The rise of technology companies in the auto sector, ongoing trade wars, supply chain issues, and the ever-present need to innovate present numerous obstacles. However, these also represent chances to reinvent, seize new markets, and lead in sustainable practices.
The commitment to electric vehicles, the exploration of autonomous vehicles, and the integration of advanced infotainment systems illustrate that the spirit of innovation is still the industry’s driving force. As they navigate through the 21st century, American car companies will need to continue this legacy of adaptation and innovation in response to global dynamics.
The journey of these companies is more than a tale of machines; it’s the story of American ingenuity, resilience, and an unyielding drive toward progress. The road ahead is long, and it remains to be seen how these companies will shape and be shaped by the fabric of American society. However, one thing is certain: they will continue to play a pivotal role in the narratives of the industry, the environment, and the global economy.
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A neuroendocrine tumor is a rare tumor that can develop in many different organs of the body. It affects the cells that release hormones into the bloodstream (neuroendocrine cells).
Neuroendocrine tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). They often grow slowly, but not always.
The neuroendocrine system consists of nerve and gland cells. It produces hormones and releases into the bloodstream.
Neuroendocrine tumors don’t always cause signs and symptoms at first. The symptoms a person might experience depend on the location of their tumor whether it produces excess hormones.
In general, neuroendocrine tumor signs and symptoms might include;
- Pain from a growing tumor
- A growing lump a person can feel under the skin
- Feeling unusually tired
- Losing weight without trying
Neuroendocrine tumors that produce excess hormones (functional tumors) might cause;
- Skin flushing
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Skin rash
The exact cause of neuroendocrine tumors isn’t known. These cancers begin in neuroendocrine cells that have traits similar to those of nerve cells and hormone-producing. Neuroendocrine cells are found throughout the body.
Neuroendocrine tumors begin when neuroendocrine cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. The DNA inside a cell contains the instructions that tell the cell what to do. The challenges tell the neuroendocrine cells to multiply rapidly and form a tumor.
Treatment to remove Neuroendocrine varies, depending largely on the type and stage of the disease. Common treatment options for neuroendocrine tumors include;
Surgery – to remove the primary tumor is often the first-line treatment for patients with localized neuroendocrine tumor.
Medical Oncology – depending on the type of neuroendocrine tumor and goals, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and/or targeted therapy may be an option.
Radiation Therapy – generally used when a neuroendocrine tumor has spread or is in a location that makes surgery difficult.
Gastroenterology – may need to remove obstructions in the GI tract and relieve pain or breathing problems.
What We Offer
We at Almurshidi Medical Tourism will find the best doctors to cater to your needs. We are partnered with a wide network of hospitals and clinics that provide top quality medical experience.
We provide free medical estimates, make medical appointments, and provide several medical opinions if needed at no cost.
For more information contact us at +66822004040 or via WhatsApp
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Open all pages about Dry mouth
Causes of a dry mouth can include dehydration, certain medicines and cancer treatments. Sometimes it can be caused by a condition like diabetes.
Things you can do to help ease a dry mouth include drinking cold water, sucking ice cubes or sugar-free sweets and chewing sugar-free gum.
If you have a dry mouth, a pharmacist can recommend treatments to help keep your mouth moist. These include gels, sprays, and tablets or lozenges.
A dry mouth is not usually serious. There are things you can do to help ease it yourself but see a GP if they do not work or you have other symptoms.
Page last reviewed: 19/04/2021
Next review due: 19/04/2024
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Richter Collection of Netsuke
In 1986, the Museum received a generous donation of more than 200 Japanese netsuke and related objects from the collection of William Richter, through a gift of his wife, Margaret Ruth Richter (Class of 1939). Netsuke are utilitarian costume accessories designed to secure a pouch or purse (sagemono) to a belt. The sagemono is suspended from a cord behind the sash of the kimono, and the netsuke is placed at the end of the cord to prevent the sagemono from slipping off.
The unique art of netsuke, which flourished in Japan during the Edo Period (1615–1867) eventually became an outlet for the creative imaginations of the artisans who made them and the owners who wore them. By the late 18th century, the increased demand for netsuke prompted artisans who had formerly concentrated on more traditional art forms to take up the production of these miniature sculptures.
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- Mountains for support
- Hills for protection
- Flat land for growth
- Water for expansion
Why were these four features chosen?
Mountains come in all sizes and shapes. There are a vast variety of vegetation on each mountain, that it is difficult to lump all mountains into one category. However, that being said, mountains provide support for our livelihood. They are large masses that help dictate weather patterns, provide animals and vegetation to sustain us. We are less in tune with nature as in the past, but animals are still very much in tune with their environment. They roam to where there is food and water. So, it can be said that if there are animals in the vicinity, the area must have resources for life. This is why, mountains are metaphors for support.
Hills protect us from weather, yet allow for enough sun because they are not as massive as mountains. Hills provide a sense of security because it can enclose a space making us feel less vulnerable. When everything is exposed, there is no where to go for protection.
Flat ground makes building and living easier. Building on flat land is a much easier task than building on a slope. Flat ground also makes it easier to farm and transport anything.
Water is the source of life. All living life needs water, so every site must have a source of water. Large bodies of water were also considered important because it allowed for exploration to the unknown. Therefore, water is a metaphor for expansion. It is the future.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://asianlifestyledesign.com/2010/06/why-are-the-four-features-important/
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Nigeria, despite its rich cultural tapestry and diverse landscapes, is faced by a lot of challenges, many of which are a result of its economic growth and rapid urbanisation. One of such challenges, that is mostly ignored, has to do with the safety and quality of its drinking water. Cancer rates are increasingly rising, questioning the connection between consumption of sachet water and potential carcinogens. Sachet water is widely known as “pure water” in Nigeria and is considered a staple source of drinking water for majority of the population, particularly residents of urban and semi-urban areas.
Considering the tropical climate in Nigeria, it is not surprising for these sachets to exposure to extreme heat, especially when stored inappropriately or sold by street vendors. As much as heat exposure affects the taste of the water, it is also likely to cause a silent chemical leaching process. Epichlorohydrin is a compound that contributes to the production of epoxy resins and specific kinds of plastics. When plastic containers, produced through this chemical, experience heat exposure, epichlorohydrin leaches into the water and increases consumers’ risk of cancer.
Producers should test their water regularly for contaminants.
Although no study certainly links consumption of sachet water to the increasing cancer rates in Nigeria, epichlorohydrin’s presence, the nationwide use of sachets and the prevalent got weather warrants urgent intervention and investigation. The standards that oversee the production of sachet water in Nigeria have their focus on microbial contamination. Meanwhile, chemical contamination requires more attention. To protect consumers, awareness needs to be made to public concerning proper storage practices and potential risks of consumption after heat exposure.
It is essential for concerned authorities to conduct comprehensive research on this development. Sachet water samples from different regions should be studied, especially those that have exposure to heat. With this, there will be more clarity on the depth of chemical contamination. Manufacturers are also advised to try other options to replace plastics produced with epichlorohydrin. Distributors and vendors should be educated on safe storage practices. Producers should also test their water on a regular basis for other kinds of contaminants.
The country should develop its water infrastructure.
Besides the efforts made by regulations and the industry, communities also have the responsibility of pooling resources together for investment in cool storage solutions. Likewise, pressure from consumers can encourage manufacturers to consider adoption of safer packaging alternatives. The country must also be concerned with developing its water infrastructure in its entirety. This will ensure that all citizens have easy access to safe, clean, and chemical-free drinking water. The threat of epichlorohydrin present in plastic water represents the wider difficulties faced by the country in its efforts towards ensuring the safety and health of every citizen.
With the enforcement of proactive measures, collective responsibility, and stringent oversight, Nigeria will successfully address this issue and achieve its goal of providing clean and safe drinking water for citizens. Lessons received from the international community has proven that frequent and comprehensive testing can figure out threats before they affect the public. Involvement of local communities to help with monitoring and reporting could serve as a system of early warning. Technical expertise and guidance can also be gotten through collaboration with international health bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO).
Biodegradable options should be considered through plant-based materials.
Additionally, schools and educational institutions are saddled with the responsibility of the understanding of future generations about environmental health. Topics associated with water safety, sustainable practices, and environmental health would be helpful. The health risks associated with plastic packaging emphasises the need for innovation in packaging. Biodegradable options should be considered as plant-based materials could prove to be a safer option. Also, environmental impacts can be reduced through recycling of sachets. Partnerships with environmental NGOs will further resolve the situation.
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Self-care during times of uncertainty
If there’s one thing we can be certain of is that we live in an unpredictable world. This may create increased uncertainty.
Significant events, like conflicts can take many of us by surprise and cause many of us to experience heightened feelings of stress and anxiety. These feelings can come in waves or may be a constant part of our daily life.
How do our minds and bodies react to uncertainty and fear?
During times of change or uncertainty, it is natural for us to imagine the worst possible outcome.
From an evolutionary sense, our brains don’t like uncertainty – anything uncertain is seen as a potential threat, and our reaction can be to respond accordingly, as our instincts steer us towards one of the following ‘gut reactions’:
- Fight: when we’re in fight mode, we are in self-preservation mode. However, we often tend to exaggerate the size of the threat and adopt a defensive or offensive mindset. Our aim, when in fight mode, is to confront the threat head-on, but in doing so, we’re prone to unreasonable behaviour, making unrealistic demands on other people and/or misunderstanding information during this period of heightened emotion
- Flight: when we’re in flight mode, we’re trying to avoid the threat by escaping the negative emotions it is evoking. This can manifest in behaviours such as micro-managing, over-worrying, obsessive over-thinking, rushing around, or being unable to sit down and relax
- Freeze: some people may experience an intense, paralysing fear that causes them to retreat within themselves. There is often a sense of feeling spaced out, as our brain shuts down and we struggle to make rational decisions
- Appease: We can move into appeasing when the threat is coming from another person. We may try to manage our discomfort by pacifying or placating the person who is the origin of the threat, bending to their whims and giving them what they want.
The importance of self-care
Practicing self-care is particularly important during times of uncertainty. When we feel healthy and strong in our bodies, our minds are more likely to reflect a healthy and strong state as well.
This is especially important for those of us who have children or elderly or infirmed family and/or friends who rely on us for care. It also helps to galvanise us if we fall sick, leaving us more equipped to handle illness and make a speedy recovery.
- Stay connected with friends, family and colleagues – social connectedness is extremely important for wellness especially during times of uncertainty. Use the technology that is available to you if you are unable to catch up with loved ones face-to-face.
- Work on your sleep hygiene – aim for between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night and set yourself a goal to go to bed and rise at the same time each day. If you are a shift worker there are different strategies to put in place – please refer to our Sleep strategies for shift workers article. Make sure your sleeping environment is a comfortable temperature and suitably dark to help induce quality sleep.
- Practice self-compassion – change and uncertainty are challenging for most people, and it can take time to build your reserves to be tolerant and accepting of all the adjustments that you’re being forced to make. So, practice being compassionate and patient with yourself, just as you would with a child or a loved one.
- Reach out for help – if you’re concerned or notice a significant shift in your mood.
- Exercise regularly – research tells us that exercise helps to reduce the effects of stress and depression, as well as releasing our feel-good hormones and boosting our mood. Social distancing is an important element of our approach to fighting COVID-19, but there are myriad ways that you can exercise alone – use exercise apps and YouTube tutorials to do anything from Pilates and yoga to aerobics and stretching.
- Try to control or avoid negative thoughts and feelings – these can actually make them stronger. Mindfulness meditation is a skill that helps you to focus on the present, accepting all your thoughts and feelings – the unpleasant ones as well as the pleasant ones. Use guided meditation apps or YouTube tutorials to get started and aim to practice mindfulness for at least ten minutes each day.
- Practice gratitude – research shows that the act of being thankful releases dopamine and serotonin in our brains. Each night at bedtime, write down 3-5 things you are especially grateful for. This will help you to focus on all the good around you, rather than seeing only the less good.
Limit the effect
We may find ourselves in the current situation for some time to come. The following tips will help to limit the effects of the situation on your mood and help you to avoid feeling fatigued:
- Manage your exposure to news coverage – easy access to rolling news leaves many of us inclined to constantly look for new updates. But it’s important to take a break from the news and our social media feeds. Limit yourself to certain windows in the day to check for updates, and leave it at that.
- Get your information from reputable sources only – and be conscious of the information you let in. Avoid believing – and sharing – messages that contain unnamed or unqualified sources.
- Ground yourself with routine – creating routines in our daily life provides stability when we are feeling uncertain. It may be as simple as a fixed bedtime routine, making the bed each morning or doing house chores at fixed times – whatever can help you feel anchored.
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An article featured on The National Blood Clot Alliance, namely, the stop clot website indicates that the ratio of lung and leg blood clots is 2:5. Fortunately, this ratio is calculated against the non-fatal cases reported annually. However, there are fatalities every day that result from people not being aware of the signs and symptoms of thrombosis.
Thrombosis is defined as localized clotting within the circulatory system. The detriment comes in when these clots travel through the arteries into vital areas such as the lungs, brain, and legs.
It is normal for the body to create mechanisms that allow for clotting. Blood platelets and fibrin are designed to assist in cases of blood vessel injury or prevention of excessive blood loss due to external skin cuts or injuries.
However, overproduction of these preventative measures can and do often cause problems of their own. Thrombosis is one of these health-related problems that can become fatal in nature. Knowing the facts equips people to be vigilant when the signs and symptoms occur.
Here are 10 myths about thrombosis and how to dispel them:
1. It Is Not A Real Disease
There appears to be a myth that assumes that thrombosis is not an actual disease. Perhaps as the effect cholesterol has on the arteries, people conclude that blood clots work in the same way.
Because of the effect, namely, it is a catalyst in thrombotic stroke, it is classified as a disease. Thrombosis can be distinctly divided into two categories: venous thrombosis, which occurs in the veins, such as DVT, or arterial thrombosis which originates within the walls of the artery. What is important to remember and stress is that anybody is at risk of thrombosis and one-third of people will develop lifelong complications due to the damage caused.
Due to the complications that arise from DVT, it’s renowned for killing more people than breast cancer, motor vehicle accidents and HIV combined, even though it is a somewhat preventable disease. The cautionary tale is that you need to be aware of how to decipher false information when it comes to diseases.
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://besthealth.guide/10-myths-about-thrombosis/
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Ketosis produces three main ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. All three ketone bodies can be measured using various methods. The most commonly used method is to check the levels of betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood. Another popular method is to measure the amount of acetone in the breath. A third method is to measure the acetoacetate levels in the urine. Of these, the BHB levels in the blood are considered the most accurate, particularly for monitoring changes in the ketone body production in the early stages of ketosis.
Measuring is not absolutely necessary. However, it does provide a measurable indication of the activation of ketosis and may give a morale boost to continue with the diet, especially in situations where the motivation is low.
1. MEASURING KETONE BODY LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
Ketone bodies (BHB) in the blood are measured the same way as blood sugar levels, with a finger prick test. A special device can be used to measure both blood sugar and ketone body levels from a drop of blood extracted from the fingertip. The measurements are generally very accurate. The downsides are the high ongoing cost (the test strips cost several euros each) and the constant finger pricking. The price of the device is between 20 and 50 euros. Good quality devices include CareSens Dual Blood Glucose and Ketone Meter and Freestyle Precision NEO Blood Glucose Monitoring Meter. Ketone body test strips for these devices are available, the prices of which vary between 3–4 euros per strip (usually sold in packs of 10).
This testing method is effective especially when starting out with the ketogenic diet and monitoring ketone body levels. Most people reach mild ketosis (0.5–1.0 mmol/L) within a few days and deeper ketosis (1.5–3.0 mmol/L) within 2–4 weeks. The further the progress of keto-adaptation whilst adhering to the ketogenic diet, the more efficient the use of ketone bodies for energy supply. This in turn leads to a dip in the BHB levels in the blood, and often significantly lower readings are seen compared to the first few weeks on the ketogenic diet. This is completely normal.
2. MEASURING KETONE BODY LEVELS IN THE BREATH
If poking your fingers with a needle is not your idea of fun, there are several devices on the market that measure acetone in the breath. Out of all ketone body molecules, acetone is by far the smallest in size and thus excreted via the respiratory system. This in turn makes it possible to measure ketosis by analyzing respiratory gases. Measuring the acetone in the exhaled gases has been found to be an accurate method of assessing ketosis, as long as the test is always repeated in the same way and the device has been carefully calibrated for the air in the room. Acetone levels can also be compared to the BHB levels in the blood.
A study published in 2018 found breath analyzers to be a reliable method of assessing the state of continuous ketosis in healthy individuals adhering to the ketogenic diet, as well as for those suffering with epilepsy. Measuring acetone levels in the breath can also be used for weight management and monitoring fat burning in those adhering to the ketogenic diet.
In the light of this information, breath analyzers are a very good, convenient method for monitoring the ketogenic diet in the long term, particularly when the goal is weight loss or the prevention of epileptic seizures.
3. MEASURING KETONE BODY LEVELS IN THE URINE
Measuring ketone bodies (more specifically acetoacetate) in the urine has been possible for some time now. It is used especially in healthcare when the urine is checked for glucose, ketone bodies, or protein. However, the ketone bodies in the urine are not so much indicative of ketosis, rather they indicate the level of excess ketone bodies being excreted from the body. Thus, particularly in the early stages of ketosis, the level of ketone bodies in the urine is usually high, as the body has not yet keto-adapted. This method is, of course, useful for monitoring the onset of ketosis. As the keto-adaptation/fat-adaptation progresses, the ketone body levels in the urine usually decrease as the ketone bodies are being efficiently used for energy in the body.
The urine testing is typically used to assess ketoacidosis in diabetic individuals, especially when the finger prick test is not available.
How do you measure your ketosis status? Tell us in the comments and share your own experiences!
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Novel nanocages for delivery of small interfering RNAs
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are novel therapeutics that can be used to treat a wide range of diseases. This has led to a growing demand for selective, efficient, and safe ways of delivering siRNA in cells. Now, in a cooperation between the Universities of Amsterdam and Leiden, researchers have developed dedicated molecular nanocages for siRNA delivery.
The nanocages were developed in the research group for Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-inspired catalysis of Prof. Joost Reek and Bas de Bruin at the University of Amsterdam’s Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, and further studies in the group Prof. Alexander Kros at the Leiden Institute of Chemistry. The researchers were motivated by the potential of siRNA in gene therapy, which requires the need for effective delivery systems. They set out to develop nanocages with functional groups at the outside, making the cages capable of binding siRNA strands. As the binding is based on reversible bonds, the siRNA can in principle be released in a cellular environment. To explore the delivery characteristics of their nanocages, the researchers performed a laboratory study using various human cancer cells.
A range of nanocages
The nanocages are constructions of small molecular building blocks, so-called ditopic ligands, that are connected using metal atoms. A typical cage consists of 12 metal atoms and 24 ligands, hence the abbreviation M12L24. The researchers designed and synthesized five different ligands to form molecular cages with different siRNA binding affinities. They then prepared a range of siRNA binding nanocages using platinum or palladium as connecting metal. The palladium nanocages are less stable in a cellular environment, and decomposition is one of the siRNA releasing mechanisms.
After screening nanocage characteristics such as stability and siRNA binding capability, the delivery characteristics were put to the test in assays based on siRNA-mediated Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) silencing. The cages were used to deliver siRNA to human GFP-expressing cells, so that fluorescence measurements could establish successful siRNA delivery. Two types of human cell lines were used: HeLa and U2Os.
Cage composition determines siRNA delivery
To their surprise, the researchers could not only demonstrate satisfying siRNA delivery, but also discovered a remarkable differentiation depending on the metal used in the nanocage. Where a platinum-based Pt12L24 nanocage showed highly effective siRNA delivery to U2OS cells, it showed little efficiency for HeLa. By contrast, the palladium-based Pd12L24 nanocage, derived from the same ligand building block, delivered siRNA to HeLa but not to U2OS. Such differentiation could not be observed in experiments were a commercially applied delivery system (lipofectamine) was used. The M12L24 nanocages thus introduce the possibility of tuning siRNA delivery characteristics by tuning the nanocage composition. In their Chem paper, the researchers consider this unique cell selectivity feature of the nanoparticles a promising addition to the field of targeted RNA gene material delivery, whose full potential is yet to be uncovered. Even though the current results were obtained in highly controlled laboratory research, they expect that the tuneable RNA delivery of their nanocages will spawn future developments of highly desirable selective RNA nanomedicines.
The article “The application of M12L24 nanocages as cell-specific siRNA delivery agents in vitro” has been published in Chem.
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<urn:uuid:32a6943c-41c2-44e2-ad9c-19ed66d06c3b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://biopharmanalyses.fr/novel-nanocages-for-delivery-of-small-interfering-rnas/
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HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.
- All HTML elements can have attributes
- Attributes provide additional information about elements
- Attributes are always specified in the start tag
- Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name=”value”
The href Attribute
<a> tag defines a hyperlink. The
href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:
<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com”>Visit W3Schools</a>
You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.
The src Attribute
<img> tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The
src attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:
There are two ways to specify the URL in the
1. Absolute URL – Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example: src=”https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg”.
Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.
2. Relative URL – Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example: src=”img_girl.jpg”. If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example: src=”/images/img_girl.jpg”.
Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.
The width and height Attributes
<img> tag should also contain the
height attributes, which specifies the width and height of the image (in pixels):
<img src=”img_girl.jpg” width=”500″ height=”600″>
The alt Attribute
alt attribute for the
<img> tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to slow connection, or an error in the
src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader.
<img src=”img_girl.jpg” alt=”Girl with a jacket”>
See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:
<img src=”img_typo.jpg” alt=”Girl with a jacket”>
You will learn more about images in our HTML Images chapter.
The style Attribute
style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.
<p style=”color:red;”>This is a red paragraph.</p>
You will learn more about styles in our HTML Styles chapter.
The lang Attribute
You should always include the
lang attribute inside the
<html> tag, to declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.
The following example specifies English as the language:
Country codes can also be added to the language code in the
lang attribute. So, the first two characters define the language of the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.
The following example specifies English as the language and United States as the country:
You can see all the language codes in our HTML Language Code Reference.
The title Attribute
title attribute defines some extra information about an element.
The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:
<p title=”I’m a tooltip”>This is a paragraph.</p>
We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes
The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.
The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or lowercase like title or TITLE.
However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML, and demands lowercase attributes for stricter document types like XHTML.
At W3Schools we always use lowercase attribute names.
We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values
The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.
<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com/html/”>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
<a href=https://www.w3schools.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly, because it contains a space:
<p title=About W3Schools>
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.
Single or Double Quotes?
Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
<p title=’John “ShotGun” Nelson’>
Or vice versa:
<p title=”John ‘ShotGun’ Nelson”>
- All HTML elements can have attributes
<a>specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
<img>specifies the path to the image to be displayed
<img>provide size information for images
<img>provides an alternate text for an image
styleattribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more
langattribute of the
<html>tag declares the language of the Web page
titleattribute defines some extra information about an element
HTML Attribute Reference
A complete list of all attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Attribute Reference.
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Understanding the origins of our desires
If we are willing to stand fully in our own shoes and never give up on ourselves, then we will be able to put ourselves in the shoes of others and never give up on them. ~ Pema Chödrön
What does it mean to you to stand fully in your own shoes and not give up on yourself? I understand it to mean owning our weaknesses and shadows and not stowing them away because they don’t feel good. It entails accepting ourselves as we are, not as we like ourselves to be. It’s easy to be happy when everything is smooth sailing but what if we are still unhappy despite our needs being met? Do you want to entrust your happiness to a particular state of being every time? Don’t you see this is not a way to live because we are always hoping life will be a certain way before we can be happy?
It is possible to achieve happiness amidst darkness and despair. Happiness is a choice that requires accepting our circumstances and not buying into some ideal that life will be better when our needs are met. Have you noticed when you get what you want, there is always something more the ego craves? It’s not your fault because it is the role of the ego to want more. It is never satisfied because it hinges its survival on craving and desire. It is what the Tibetan Buddhist Pema Chödrön refers to when she writes in Start Where You Are: How to Accept Yourself and Others: “Ego is not sin. Ego is not something that you get rid of. Ego is something that you come to know — something that you befriend by not acting out or repressing all the feelings that you feel.”
This cycle leads to suffering because we are like children, always wanting more to ensure our happiness. We cry and throw tantrums when we don’t get what we want and when it finally arrives, we are momentarily happy before longing for the next thing. Think about this in your own life. Have there been situations where you yearned for something and when it arrived, you craved the next thing? It’s human nature to want what we don’t have, but surely we can break this cycle by understanding ourselves better? I believe it lies in better understanding our desires and our egoic needs. Zen Buddhism advocates against pursuing pleasure (desires) since they can never be met. Perceiving our negative emotions through the eyes of compassion and kindness is the way out of suffering. This is a difficult concept for many to contemplate because self-compassion is still a foreign idea for us to practice in the West.
Attend to the emotions that need our attention
Being human is not about being anyone particular way; it is about being as life creates you — with your own particular strengths and weaknesses, gifts and challenges, quirks and oddities. ~ Kristin Neff
Self-compassion means to be intimate with our emotions and create a space of healing and love, instead of anaesthetising it with: alcohol, material objects, harmful activities or toxic people. It requires coming to terms with our darkness and heavy emotions. These are our childhood wounds calling us to sit with them instead of running from them. I liken it to listening to music and constantly pausing the songs to attend to other matters. We are not appreciating the music but interrupting it to divert our attention to something else. This happens when we defer our childhood traumas, by occupying ourselves in something other than the emotions that need our attention. Is this something you’re willing to explore? Will you to take the time to make space to be with yourself regularly? Your answer will give you an insight into whether you are committed to your healing and transformation or whether you delay the process because of the pain associated with it.
It is my experience coaching people over the years that they give up on themselves too soon. Regrettably, they give up on other areas of their lives too instead of processing the pain. When I encourage them to heal their wounds, they realise they have been running away from their pain their entire life. It is then they are willing to process the pain of the past. Whilst it is not a pleasurable experience, we can transform our pain and integrate it into the wholeness of our core nature. We realise these experiences do not define us but appreciate that beneath the pain of regret or disappointment, is the sweetest joy and love that knows no bounds. Once we stop running from ourselves, we are ready to be intimate with an expansive love that dwells within us.
This love never disappeared but was obscured by the disentangled beliefs concealing our true nature. Therefore, to stand fully in our own shoes and not give up on ourselves is a journey of self-enquiry and self-realisation. We become curious about who we really are and peel back the layers, to reveal an exquisite flower blossoming before our very eyes. We come to love ourselves unconditionally and this realisation echoes far and wide, so all who come into contact with us can feel the radiance of this love blooming. This is not a fairy tale about falling in love with ourselves but removing the layers that prevent us knowing our true worth. Knowing this, I invite you to journal what you think is holding you back in your life right now? What is standing in the way of your true happiness? Are you willing to own your darkness? Once we stop giving up on ourselves, we will understand that beneath our suffering is a sweet, innocent child yearning to be held in the arms of love.
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Emergencies and accidents can strike anyone, anytime, and anywhere, including the workplace. The United States Department of Labor includes both natural and humanmade incidents as a workplace emergency. These include floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, fires, toxic gas releases, chemical spills, radiological accidents, explosions, civil disturbances, and workplace violence resulting in bodily harm and trauma. Depending on the type of emergency, the responses vary and might necessitate sheltering, a lockdown, or an evacuation.
The best way to prepare for an emergency is to prevent it from happening in the first place. However, if the unthinkable occurs, accessible evacuation routes for office buildings are among the most fundamental steps to minimize damage, particularly for emergencies such as fire — which are among the most common office emergencies.
Evacuation Routes Must Align With Building Regulations
In most advanced economies, office evacuation is highly regulated to minimize the time and resources needed for all employees to abandon the building. Thus, facility managers or office administrators must consult with their local or regional authorities for best practices.
For instance, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the US specifies that there must be at least two routes to permit prompt evacuation of employees and other building occupants during an emergency. These must be permanent parts of the building structure and has a width of at least 28 inches (71 cm) at all points.
While there are often overlaps within these regulations and specifications, good evacuation routes must be well-lit, unblocked, with necessary technical fittings like security sensors, fire alarms, or doors, and as short as possible. According to EU law, every office building must have continuous acoustic and visual signals that alert people about evacuation.
Specific strategies for more vulnerable groups like the elderly or people with disabilities form an essential part of the evacuation routes planning for office buildings. Thus, any evacuation route plan is incomplete without accessible exits that can accommodate wheelchairs or other mobility challenges.
Robust Planning for Safety and Control
An inadequate plan can lead to a chaotic and disorganized evacuation, which can result in confusion, injury, and property damage. Thus, planning accessible evacuation routes is the most crucial part of a workplace’s emergency management strategy.
However, meticulous planning and uncompromising alignment with the building regulations can unleash a greater control for facility managers, create independence for those affected by the emergency — while ensuring safety for all.
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I illustrated most of the concepts in this blog post in Arabic at the following video
This doesn’t contain all the details in the post but yet will get you the fundamentals you need to proceed with the next parts.
It was the dominating password storing algorithm on windows till windows XP/windows server 2003.
It’s disabled by default since windows vista/windows server 2008.
LM was a weak hashing algorithm for many reasons, You will figure these reasons out once You know how LM hashing works.
LM hash generation?
Let’s assume that the user’s password is PassWord
1 – All characters will be converted to upper case
PassWord -> PASSWORD
2 – In case the password’s length is less than 14 characters it will be padded with null characters, so its length becomes 14, so the result will be PASSWORD000000
3 – These 14 characters will be split into 2 halves
4 – Each half is converted to bits, and after every 7 bits, a parity bit (0) will be added, so the result would be a 64 bits key.
1101000011 -> 11010000011
As a result, we will get two keys from the 2 pre-generated halves after adding these parity bits
5 – Each of these keys is then used to encrypt the string “KGS!@#$%” using DES algorithm in ECB mode so that the result would be
PASSWOR = E52CAC67419A9A22
D000000 = 4A3B108F3FA6CB6D
6 – The output of the two halves is then combined, and that makes out LM hash
You can get the same result using the following python line.
python -c 'from passlib.hash import lmhash;print lmhash.hash("password")'
As you may already think, this is a very weak algorithm,
Each hash has a lot of possibilities, for example, the hashes of the following passwords
PassWord1 . . . ETC
It will be the same!!!!
Let’s assume a password like passwordpass123
The upper and lowercase combinations will be more than 32000 possibilities, and all of them will have the same hash!
You can give it a try.
import itertools len(map(''.join, itertools.product(*zip("Passwordpass123".upper(), "Passwordpass123".lower()))))
Also, splitting the password into two halves makes it easier, as the attacker will be trying to brute force just a seven-character password!
LM hash accepts only the 95 ASCII characters, but yet all lower case characters are converted to upper case, which makes it only 69 possibilities per character, which makes it just 7.5 trillion possibilities for each half instead of the total of 69^14 for the whole 14 characters.
Rainbow tables already exist containing all these possibilities, so cracking Lan Manager hashes isn’t a problem at all
Moreover, in case that the password is seven characters or less, the attacker doesn’t need to brute force the 2nd half as it has the fixed value of AAD3B435B51404EE
Creating hash for password123 and cracking it.
You will notice that john got me the password “PASSWORD123” in upper case and not “password123”, and yeah, both are just true.
Obviously, the whole LM hashing stuff was based on the fact that no one will reverse it as well as no one will get into the internal network to be in a MITM position to capture it.
As mentioned earlier, LM hashes are disabled by default since Windows Vista + Windows server 2008.
NTLM hash <NTHash>
NTHash AKA NTLM hash is the currently used algorithm for storing passwords on windows systems.
While NET-NTLM is the name of the authentication or challenge/response protocol used between the client and the server.
If you made a hash dump or pass the hash attack before so no doubt you’ve seen NTLM hash already.
You can obtain it via
Dumping credentials from memory using mimikatz
Dumping SAM using
Then reading hashes offline via Mimikatz
lsadump::sam /system:SystemBkup.hiv /sam:SamBkup.hiv
And sure via NTDS where NTLM hashes are stored in ActiveDirectory environments, You’re going to need administrator access over the domain controller, A domain admin privs for example
You can do this either manually or using DCsync within mimikatz as well
NTLM hash generation
Converting a plaintext password into NTLM isn’t complicated, it depends mainly on the MD4 hashing algorithm
1 – The password is converted to Unicode
2 – MD4 is then used to convert it to the NTLM
Just like MD4(UTF-16-LE(password))
3 – Even in case of failing to crack the hash, it can be abused using Pass the hash technique as illustrated later.
Since there are no salts used while generating the hash, cracking NTLM hash can be done either by using pre-generated rainbow tables or using hashcat.
hashcat -m 3000 -a 3 hashes.txt
This isn’t used to store passwords, it’s actually a challenge-response protocol used for client/server authentication in order to avoid sending user’s hash over the network.
That’s basically how Net-NTLM authentication works in general.
I will discuss how that protocol works in detail, but all you need to know for now is that NET-NTLMv1 isn’t used anymore by default except for some old versions of windows.
The NET-NTLMv1 looks like username::hostname:response:response:challenge
It can’t be used directly to pass the hash, yet it can be cracked or relayed as I will mention later.
Since the challenge is variable, you can’t use rainbow tables against Net-NTLMv1 hash,
But you can crack it by brute-forcing the password using hashcat using
hashcat -m 5500 -a 3 hashes.txt
This differs from NTLMv1-SSP in which the server challenge is changed at the client-side
NTLMv1 and NTLMv1-SSP are treated differently during cracking or even downgrading, this will be discussed at the NTLM attacks part.
A lot of improvements were made for v1, this is the version being used nowadays at windows systems.
The authentication steps are the same, except for the challenge-response generation algorithm, and the NTLM challenge length which in this case is variable instead of the fixed 16-bytes number at Net-NTLMv1.
At Net-NTLMv2 any parameters are added by the client such as client nonce, server nonce, timestamp as well as the username and encrypt them, that’s why you will find the length of Net-NTLMv2 hashes varies from user to another.
Net-NTLMv2 can’t be used for passing the hash attack, or for offline relay attacks due to the security improvements made.
But yet it still can be relayed or cracked, the process is slower but yet applicable.
I will discuss that later as well.
Net-NTLMv2 hash looks like
It can be cracked using
hashcat -m 5600 hash.txt
In a nutshell
Let’s assume that our client (192.168.18.132) is being used to connect to the windows server 2008 machine (192.168.18.139)
That server isn’t domain-joined, means that all the authentication process is going to happen between the client and the server without having to contact any other machines, unlike what may happen in the 2nd scenario.
The whole authentication process can be illustrated in the following picture.
Client IP : 192.168.18.132 [Kali linux]
Server IP: 192.168.18.139 [Windows server 2008 non-domain joined]
0 – The user enters his/her username and password
1 – The client initiates a negotiation request with the server, that request includes any information about the client capabilities as well as the Dialect or the protocols that the client supports.
2 – The server picks up the highest dialect and replies through the Negotiation response message then the authentication starts.
3 – The client then negotiates an authentication session with the server to ask for access, this request contains also some information about the client including the NTLM 8 bytes signature (‘N’, ‘T’, ‘L’, ‘M’, ‘S’, ‘S’, ‘P’, ‘\0’).
4 – The server responds to the request by sending an NTLM challenge
5 – The client then encrypts that challenge with his own pre-entered password’s hash and sends his username, challenge and challenge-response back to the server (another data is being sent while using NetNTLM-v2).
6 – The server tries to encrypt the challenge as well using its own copy of the user’s hash which is stored locally on the server in case of local authentication or pass the information to the domain controller in case of domain authentication, comparing it to the challenge-response, if equal then the login is successful.
1-2 : negotiation request/response
launch Wireshark and initiate the negotiation process using the following python lines
from impacket.smbconnection import SMBConnection, SMB_DIALECT myconnection = SMBConnection("jnkfo","192.168.18.139")
These couple lines represent the 1st two negotiation steps of the previous picture without proceeding with the authentication process.
Using the “smb or smb2” filter
During the negotiation request, you will notice that the client was negotiating over SMB protocol, and yet the server replied using SMB2 and renegotiated again using SMB2!
It’s simply the Dialects.
By inspecting the packet you will find the following
As mentioned earlier, the client is offering the Dialects it supports and the server picks up whatever it wants to use, by default it picks up the one with the highest level of functionality that both client and server supports.
If the best is SMB2 then let it be SMB2.
You can, however, enforce a certain dialect (assuming the server supports it) using
Myconnection.negotiateSession(preferredDialect=”NT LM 0.12”)
The dialect NT LM 0.12 was sent, the server responded back using SMB, and will use the same protocol for the rest of the authentication process.
Needless to say that LM response isn’t supported by default anymore since windows vista/windows server 2008.
3 – Session Setup Request (Type 1 message)
The following line will initiate the authentication process.
The “Session Setup Request” packet contains information such as the [‘N’, ‘T’, ‘L’, ‘M’, ‘S’, ‘S’, ‘P’, ‘\0’] signature, negotiation flags indicating the options supported by the client and the NTLM Message Type which must be 1
An interesting Flag is the NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_TARGET_INFO flag which will ask the server to send back some useful information as will be seen in step number 4
Another interesting flag is the NEGOTIATE_SIGN which has a great deal with the relay attacks as will be mentioned later.
4 – Session Setup Response (Type 2 message)
At the response, we get back the NTLMSSP signature again.
The message type must be 2 in this case.
Target name and the target info due to the NTLMSSP_NEGOTIATE_TARGET_INFO flag we sent earlier which provides us with some wealthy information about the target!
A good example is getting the domain name of exchange servers externally.
The most important part is the NTLM challenge or nonce.
5 – Session Setup Request (Type 3 message)
Long story short, the client needs to prove that he knows the user’s password, without sending the plaintext password or even the NTLM hash directly over the network.
So instead it goes through a procedure in which it creates NT-hash, uses this to encrypt the server’s challenge, sends this back along with the user name to the server.
That’s how the process works in general.
At NTLMv2, The client hashes the user’s pre-entered plain text password into NTLM using the pre-mentioned algorithm to proceed with the challenge-response generation.
The elements of the NTLMv2 hash are
– The upper-case username
– The domain or target name.
HMAC-MD5 is applied to this combination using the NTLM hash of the user’s password, which makes the NTLMv2 hash.
A blob block is then constructed containing
– Client nonce (8 bytes)
– Target information block from type 2 message
This blob block is concatenated with the challenge from type 2 message and then encrypted using the NTLMv2 hash as a key via HMAC-MD5 algorithm.
Lastly, this output is concatenated with the previously constructed blob to form the NTLMv2-SSP challenge-response (type 3 message)
so basically the NTLMv2_response = HMAC-MD5(text(challenge + blob), using NTLMv2 as a key)
and the challenge response is NTLMv2_response + blob.
Out of curiosity and just to know the difference between the ntlmv1 and v2, How is NTLMv1 response calculated?!
1 – The NTLM hash of the plaintext password is calculated as pre-mentioned, using the MD4 algorithm, so assuming that the password is P@ssw0rd, the NTLM hash will be E19CCF75EE54E06B06A5907AF13CEF42
2 – These 16 bytes are then padded to 21 bytes, so it becomes E19CCF75EE54E06B06A5907AF13CEF420000000000
3 – This value is split into three 7 bytes thirds
4 – These 3 values are used to create three 64 bits DES keys by adding parity bits after every 7 bits as usual
So for the 1st key 0xE19CCF75EE54E0
11100001 10011100 11001111 01110101 11101110 01010100 11100000
8 parity bits will be added so it becomes
111000001 100111000 110010111 011100101 111001110 010010100 1011000000
In Hex : 0xE0CE32EE5E7252C0
Same goes with the other 2 keys
5 – Each of the three keys is then used to encrypt the challenge obtained from Message type 2.
6 – The 3 results are combined to form the 24-byte NTLM response.
So in NTLMv1, there is no client nonce or timestamp being sent to the server, keep that in mind for later.
6 – Session Setup Response
The server receives type 3 message which contains the challenge-response
The server has its own copy of the user’s NTLM hash, challenge, and all the other information needed to calculate its own challenge-response message.
The server then compares the output it has generated with the output it got from the client.
Needless to say, if the NT-Hash used to encrypt the data on the client-side, it differs from the user’s password’s NT-hash stored on the server (The user entered the wrong password), the challenge-response won’t be the same as the server’s output.
And thus user get ACCESS_DENIED or LOGON_FAILURE message
Unlike if the user entered the correct password, the NT-Hash will be the same, and the encryption (challenge-response) result will be the same on both sides and then the login will succeed.
That’s how the full authentication process happened without directly sending or receiving the NTLM hash or the plaintext password over the network.
NTLM authentication in a windows domain environment
The process is the same as mentioned before except for the fact that domain users credentials are stored on the domain controllers
So the challenge-response validation [Type 3 message] will lead to establishing a Netlogon secure channel with the domain controller where the passwords are saved.
The server will send the domain name, username, challenge, and the challenge-response to the domain controller which will determine if the user has the correct password or not based on the hash saved at the NTDS file (unlike the previous scenario in which the hash was stored locally on the SAM).
So from the server-side, you will find the following 2 extra RPC_NETLOGON messages to and from the Domain controller.
and if everything is ok it will just send the session key back to the server in the RPC_NETLOGON response message.
To fully understand that mechanism you can’t go without knowing a few things about NTLMSSP, Will discuss this in brief and dig deeper into it during the attacks part.
NTLMSSP (NT LAN Manager (NTLM) Security Support Provider) is a binary messaging protocol used by the Microsoft Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI) to facilitate NTLM challenge-response authentication and to negotiate integrity and confidentiality options. NTLMSSP is used wherever SSPI authentication is used including Server Message Block / CIFS extended security authentication, HTTP Negotiate authentication (e.g. IIS with IWA turned on) and MSRPC services.
The NTLMSSP and NTLM challenge-response protocol have been documented in Microsoft’s Open Protocol Specification.
SSP is a framework provided by Microsoft to handle that whole NTLM authentication and integrity process,
Let’s repeat the previous authentication process in terms of NTLMSSPI
1 – The client gets access to the user’s credentials set via AcquireCredentialsHandle function
2 – The Type 1 message is created by calling InitializeSecurityContext function in order to start the authentication negotiation process which will obtain an authentication token and then the message is forwarded to the server, that message contains the NTLMSSP 8 bytes signature mentioned before.
3 – The server receives the “Type 1 message“, extracts the token and passes it to the AcceptSecurityContext function which will create a local security context representing the client and generate the NTLM challenge and send it back to the client (Type 2 message).
4 – The client extracts the challenge, passes it to InitializeSecurityContext function which creates the Challenge-response (Type 3 message)
5 – The server passes the Type 3 message to the AcceptSecurityContext function which validates if the user authenticated or not as mentioned earlier.
These function/process has nothing to do with the SMB protocol itself, they are related to the NTLMSSP, so they’re called whenever you’re triggering authenticating using NTLMSSP no matter the service you’re calling.
How does NTLMSSP assure integrity?
To assure integrity, SSP applies a Message Authentication Code to the message. This can only be verified by the recipient and prevent the manipulation of the message on the fly (in a MITM attack for example)
The signature is generated using a secret key by the means of symmetric encryption, and that MAC can only be verified by a party possessing the key (The client and the server).
That key generation varies from NTLMv1 to NTLMv2
At NTLMv1 the secret key is generated using MD4(NTHash)
1 – The NTLMv2 hash is obtained as mentioned earlier
2 – The NTLMv2 blob is obtained as also mentioned earlier
3 – The server challenge is concatenated with the blob and encrypted with HMAC-MD5 using NTLMv2 hash as a key
4 – That output is encrypted again with HMAC-MD5 using again NTLMv2 hash as a key HMAC-MD5(NTLMv2, OUTPUT_FROM_STEP_3)
And that’s the session key
You’ll notice that to generate that key it requires to know the NThash in both cases, either in NTLMv1 or NTLMv2, the only sides owning that key are the client and the server.
The MITM doesn’t own it and so can’t manipulate the message.
This isn’t always the case for sure, and it has it’s own pre-requirements and so it’s own drops which will be discussed in the next parts where we’re going to dig deeper inside the internals of the authentication/integrity process in order to gain more knowledge on how these features are abused.
Conclusion and references
We’ve discussed the difference between LM, NTHash, NTLMv1 and NTLMv2 hashes.
I went through the NTLM authentication process and made a quick brief about the NTLMSSP’s main functions.
In the next parts, we will dig deeper into how NTLMSSP works and how can we abuse the NTLM authentication mechanism.
If you believe there is any mistake or update that needs to be added, feel free to contact me at Twitter.
The NTLM Authentication Protocol and Security Support Provider
Mechanics of User Identification and Authentication: Fundamentals of Identity Management
[MS-NLMP]: NT LAN Manager (NTLM) Authentication Protocol
LM, NTLM, Net-NTLMv2, oh my!
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Having a free healthcare system is a humanitarian right. This right should be supported by the government, because it’s a duty of the government to provide healthcare. The right to healthcare is also supported by social health insurance like Medicare and Medicaid.
Government has a duty to provide healthcare
Considering that the average American has an out of pocket cost of about $600, the government has a vested interest in providing a modicum of affluent health care to the uninsured. With six major government healthcare programs serving one third of the American population, the federal government has a vested interest in health care, to say the least. The government has a vested interest in ensuring that the federal government’s health care programs are effective and efficient. The best way to accomplish this feat is to educate the public on the proper use of federal health care programs. To accomplish this feat, the federal government has redesigned the health care system, enacted a bill of rights and enacted a new policy of providing health care for the uninsured.
Medicare and Medicaid cover all medical expenses
During the Great Recession, 10 million more people were enrolled in Medicaid. More than one-third of these people were children. In addition to covering children, Medicaid is also responsible for covering low-income adults. The program helps to provide long-term care services to people who live in nursing homes and are elderly. It also provides funding for community health centers.
Medicaid covers a broad range of health services, including preventive care, medical care in hospitals, prescription drugs, dental care, vision care, and mental healthcare. It also provides funding for physicians, community health centers, and nursing homes.
Medicaid is a joint federal-state program. Federal rules require the Medicaid programs to cover a comprehensive set of services for children under the age of 21. Medicaid may also provide coverage for other services not covered by Medicare. Depending on the state, participants may pay only a nominal copayment for some services. However, if they don’t pay, they may be denied service.
Children who receive Medicaid coverage are more likely to attend college, finish high school, and miss fewer school days because of illness. They also experience fewer emergency room visits. They are also more likely to have diabetes controlled.
The program also provides funding for community health centers, nursing homes, and hospitals. It is the primary source of long-term health care coverage for Americans. In 2018, Medicaid served 97 million low-income Americans. In FY 2017, the federal government contributed $1 for every $1 of state Medicaid spending.
During the Great Recession, Medicaid expanded its reach to meet growing health care needs. In addition to covering children, Medicaid covers adults with disabilities, seniors, and others with high medical costs. It is also a vital program in the fight against the opioid epidemic.
Medicaid has been undergoing a number of administrative changes. Most states are now expanding their managed care programs to individuals with complex health care needs. They are also working to improve health care delivery through more integrated physical and behavioral health care. These changes include value-based purchasing, patient-centered medical homes, and better integration of physical and behavioral health care.
Social health insurance
Historically, government-funded health insurance schemes have been around for centuries. The first national health insurance program was rolled out in 1941 by the Dutch. In 2008, the United States implemented the National Health Insurance Program, a nifty piece of legislation that aimed to lessen the financial disaster that lower-income families might be subjected to should they become uninsured. Various states have their own versions of the same health insurance program.
The most interesting of these schemes are the ones that don’t rely on insurance premiums to pay for health care. In other words, they’re free. One example is the RSBY, a free medical program for children under the age of 18. While the RSBY is a flimsy flier, it does the trick for millions of children across the nation. The RSBY’s biggest drawback is that it has not had the same effects on out-of-pocket healthcare spending as some other programs.
The RSBY has managed to squeak its way into the news feeds of 41 million families, but it has not managed to squeak out the health insurance hors d’oeuvre for the affluent. A more robust risk adjustment mechanism is in order.
In the real world, you can’t really beg for health insurance from your employer. Fortunately, a large swath of the population is covered by some form of social health insurance. It is no small feat, considering that the healthcare industry is one of the largest in the nation. One of the best reasons to adopt a free or low-cost program is that it enables people to make choices about their health care, and to be able to choose from among many qualified providers.
The right to free healthcare is a humanitarian right
Whether you believe health care should be a human right or not, it’s important to understand the concept and what it means. Health care is a basic right and includes treatment for illness. It also includes preventive care and health promotion. It also includes reproductive services. It’s also important to recognize that health care is not a right of employment. You need to be able to provide for your family and contribute to your community. It’s also important to know that you are not entitled to health care based on your income, race or disability status.
The right to health is a positive right. Those who have it are able to exercise their civil rights, social rights and economic rights. However, those who do not have health may lose these rights. In order to maintain these rights, society has a duty to provide for them. This duty falls on governments, hospital authorities and individual doctors.
It’s also important to recognize that health is not only a right, but also an obligation. Those who don’t have health may be denied the right to employment, education, social and economic rights.
The right to health is a universal right, meaning that no one should be denied it based on race, religion or disability. Moreover, the right to health includes a wide variety of factors, such as dignity, privacy and control over your body. In addition, the right to health includes the provision of adequate food, clean water and medicine.
The right to health is a human right that is incorporated in several international treaties, including the Universal Declaration of Health and the African Union Charter. It is also a requirement of the European Union, which has a specific legal framework for monitoring the rights of citizens.
The right to health is also a positive right, meaning that it is up to the state to provide for it. While the state has the duty to protect it, it does not have the duty to ensure that everyone has it.
The right to health is also incorporated in the Declaration of Human Rights. The Declaration reaffirms the universal protection of the right to adequate health. The Declaration lists several obligations for nations, including preventing discrimination in access to care and ensuring equitable access to social determinants of health.
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Percutaneous ruminostomy guided by rumenoscopy: study in an experimental model in bovine fetus
BMC Veterinary Research volume 18, Article number: 41 (2022)
Endosurgery is a surgical subspecialty that has been widely used in production animals, because it enables good visualization of abdominal organs and the diagnosis and treatment of several conditions in a minimally invasive manner, while preserving the animal’s well-being and causing a lower impact on animal production. Rumenostomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in ruminants. This procedure is used to allow access to the rumen for various purposes, especially nutritional and therapeutic studies, and it can be performed either in a conventional way or in a minimally invasive video-assisted manner. Another possibility of access to ruminants is through the rumenoscopy technique. The objective of this study is to describe a minimally invasive technique for rumenostomy using an endoscope, working on a bovine fetal corpse as an experimental model.
The execution of the endoscopy-guided rumenostomy technique was simple and did not present major difficulties. The endoscope, its lighting and air pump, and the decubitus used provided a good anatomical visualization of the rumen, and it was possible to evaluate several regions of the organ. The mean duration of the procedure was 11.15 min.
The endoscopic rumenostomy technique using anatomical pieces of calves was shown to be feasible. It was performed in a simple and efficient way, particularly regarding the premise of preserving the animal’s well-being, due to its minimally invasive nature.
Endosurgery is a surgical subspecialty that has been widely used in production animals. It has shown increasingly promising results and in many cases has become the surgical technique of choice, since it allows good visualization of abdominal organs and the diagnosis and treatment of several conditions in a minimally invasive manner, while preserving the animal’s well-being and causing a lower impact on animal production .
The advantages of endosurgery include less tissue injury, lower risk of infections and post-operative pain due to a smaller surgical incision, less exposure and manipulation of the viscera, shorter surgical time, and faster recovery for the animal. These factors should be taken into consideration when deciding the surgical technique to be used [9, 36].
Numerous surgical procedures can be performed through the endosurgical approach, including laparoscopy, which allows access, visualization, and manipulation of the abdominal cavity and its organs. Laparoscopy can be performed for various purposes, such as abomasopexy , kidney biopsy , liver biopsy , cystotomy ovariectomy [2, 3, 34].
Rumenostomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in ruminants. It is used to open an access to the rumen, either temporarily or permanently, and has several purposes, particularly animal nutrition studies to assess digestibility and rumen metabolism and to evaluate animals that will serve as donors of ruminal inoculum [29, 32, 37], in addition to therapeutic purposes, such as cases of relapsing tympanism due to vagal indigestion , calves with tympanism due to esophageal groove dysfunction , and enteral nutrition .
In its traditional forms, rumenostomy has variations regarding the material used. It can use either a rigid cannula [12, 24] or a flexible one . Regarding its execution, it is possible to perform it in either one or two surgical stages [27, 35]. In 2018, Santos et al. described a minimally invasive technique of video-assisted rumenostomy in sheep. In ruminants, another possibility is rumenoscopy, which through the use of an endoscope makes it possible to visualize the structures of the rumen [14, 25].
The use of animals in the study of techniques and treatments, in both veterinary and human medicine, is still questioned and much discussed. The “3R principle” (reduction, refinement, replacement), established by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959, is most widely used by researchers, because it emphasizes the importance of developing studies that allow a reduction in the number of animals used without impacting the reliability of the results; the replacement of the use of animals by other research models, such as the use of “organs-on-a-chip,” three-dimensional and computerized tissue models, and the model used in the present study; and the refinement of techniques that have less impact on animal health [6, 18, 20].
In this same sense, the choice of minimally invasive procedures becomes increasingly advantageous and necessary, since it allows results and advances to be obtained while considering the ethics in animal experimentation and the animals’ well-being [28, 34]. Other studies also seek alternative techniques for rumen cannulation with esophageal or nasoesophageal probes, particularly in cases where it is necessary to repeat the procedure several times in the same animal .
Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe and standardize a minimally invasive rumenostomy technique by ororuminal endoscopy and percutaneous cannulation, working on an experimental model in bovine fetus corpses, which had been previously slaughtered by accident and would be discarded in local slaughterhouses.
The endoscopy-guided rumenostomy technique shown to be feasible and presented no difficulties or complications.
The endoscope’s air pump was sufficient to inflate the organ and allow its internal visualization. The endoscope provided a good anatomical visualization of the rumen, from its entrance from the esophagus to its internal structures, and it was possible to evaluate the dorsal and ventral sacs of the rumen, the caudodorsal and caudoventral blind sacs, the dorsal and ventral coronary pillars, and the caudal pillar (Fig. 1G).
The decubitus used, the transillumination from the endoscope, and the palpation on the flank showed to be adequate for locating and positioning the probe in the left paralumbar fossa. The catheter used for the passage of the guide probe and the endoscopic probe showed to be efficient for the objectives of this study.
The mean duration of the procedure, from the passage of the endoscope, inflation, and passage of the guide and probe to the incision and fixation of the probe, was 11.15 ± 0.7 min.
The technique established in this study proved to be efficient in terms of the simplicity of its approach. A technique similar to the presently described one is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, performed in humans and described by Gauderer et al. in 1980, which has indications in cases of patients unable to eat normally for reasons such as neuropathies, congenital diseases, neoplasms, traumas, etc. The main advantages of both techniques are the possibility of gastrostomy without the need for laparotomy, avoiding further injuries to patients; less postoperative pain; and shorter surgical and anesthetic time.
Some minimally invasive techniques performed in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants have been described, including laparoscopic abomasopexy, used to treat abomasum displacement, and laparoscopic abomasal cannulation [1, 19, 38].
Rumenoscopy is the visualization of the ruminal structures with an endoscope. It allows the cannulation of the rumen, as described in this study. It is believed that percutaneous rumenostomy by rumenoscopy can be performed without the use of general anesthesia, only with the use of sedation for chemical containment, plus simple locoregional anesthesia, meeting this procedure’s goals of less invasiveness and lower anesthetic risk [13, 14, 25].
The mean duration obtained for the rumenoscopy-guided rumenostomy procedure was 11.15 ± 0.7 min. Minimally invasive techniques tend to have less surgical time than conventional techniques. In the newly developed video-assisted rumenostomy technique, the time obtained was 13 ± 6.2 min , while in conventional techniques, the surgical time varies from 15 to 25 min when performed in a surgical stage. In humans, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 8 ± 3 min, while the open surgical gastrostomy technique had a mean duration of 35 ± 1.3 min .
It is important to highlight that the time in endosurgical techniques depends on the training and experience of the surgeon and the surgical team, as well as on the proper use of the devices to avoid complications and to ensure a good execution of the procedures [9, 21].
The decubitus used in this rumenoscopy technique was efficient, as well as that used in the laparoscopy rumenostomy procedure. In this same procedure, the 36-h fast, combined with the decubitus, allowed a good visualization and manipulation of the rumen, in addition to avoiding regurgitation and inhalation of rumen contents. However, although the percutaneous endoscopic rumenostomy has not yet been tested in live animals, it is believed that the rumenoscopy technique can be performed in standing animals [13, 14, 31].
The visualization of the structures and the possibility of performing the technique in neonate animals using the present study’s model have been confirmed. Further studies are also necessary to verify this technique’s feasibility in adult and larger animals, in which the presence of rumen content, ruminal motility, and larger organ size and length can be complicating factors.
The proposed model has some important points and limitations that require attention when it is eventually tested in living animals. The age of the corpses used, in which the rumen is not yet the main gastric compartment, is one of these factors. The size of the piece and the fact that it is a corpse imply that performing this technique and visualizing the ruminal structures are easier, despite the absence of the peristaltic movements, rumen content, and resistance of the animal to the endoscope.
Franz and Baumgartner, in 2002, used a 100-cm long endoscope for calves up to 7 months of age, and a 150-cm endoscope for animals between 7 months and 6 years of age. The endoscope used in the present study was 100 cm long, which can be a limiting factor for performing the technique in older and larger animals, as it may make it impossible to reach the desired site for cannulation.
Another factor that will need to be evaluated when this technique is tested in live animals is the need for rumenopexy, especially in older and larger animals, due to the weight of the rumen. In 2020, Griffin et al. described a new gastrostomy technique in canine models and highlighted the importance of gastropexy to help prevent complications such as leakage of the stomach contents, especially in dogs weighing more than 25 kg.
As already mentioned earlier, studies involving the cannulation of gastric chambers in ruminants are extremely necessary for animal experimentation, though the clinical need is also a reality [30, 38]. Some specific cases, such as studies on the mitigation of methane produced by ruminants, are extremely important scientific issues today [8, 23].
Thus, the proposed models are the most compatible, because conventional cannulas would interfere with the gas exchange of the rumen with the ambient air, due to cannula displacement, a relatively frequent event , as well as at the moment of opening the cannula. These problems were the factors that encouraged our team to develop an in vivo model of minimally invasive rumenostomy in sheep , since rumen puncture for many days would bring injury, cannula opening, and ambient air intake, and an oral probe would contaminate the sample with saliva. However, the model can also be executed by new proposed techniques, in simpler and more practical ways.
The percutaneous endoscopic rumenostomy technique was found to be feasible and efficient when performed in experimental models.
As the study corresponds to a new experimental technique, all procedures were performed on cadavers from a locals laughterhouse in accordance with inspection requirements. Tus, the procedures did not cause pain or sufering in animals, as they were performed on bovine fetuses from the slaughtered of pregnant cows. Therefore, is in accordance with Law 11.794 of October 8, 2008, Decree 6899 of July 15, 2009, as well as with the rules issued by the CONCEA, and was approved by the CEUA/UFPA in the meeting of 04/30/2020.
Five anatomical pieces (n = 5) were used, corpses of bovine fetuses that were estimated to be between 7 and 9 months of fetal age, resulting from the disposal of a local meat processing company, in which the technique of percutaneous rumenostomy performed by ororuminal endoscopy was used.
The procedure can be better visualized if divided into two stages. The first stage explains the rumenoscopy procedure and the second explains the rumenostomy.
The corpses were positioned in right lateral decubitus. For the procedure, a flexible endoscope 8.9 mm in diameter and 1100 mm in length was used (Endovision T 190 k, GDI do Brasil, SP, Brazil). The endoscope was introduced through the oral cavity of the fetus, entering the esophagus, where it was necessary to inflate the organ for visualization, using the endoscope’s air pump. The endoscope was introduced until the moment when it was possible to visualize the rumen, which also required being inflated to visualize the ruminal structures and perform the rumenostomy technique. Transabdominal illumination was performed to locate the endoscope end and, by palpation of the flank, establish the exact to insert a 18G catheter mandrel (Fig. 1).
Once the site of insertion of the mandrel was established, the catheter mandrel was inserted and the guide probe was passed through it, using 0.60-mm nylon thread, with the length varying according to the size of the fetus (Fig. 1A). The guide was seized by the endoscopic grasping forceps alligator jaws, which was passed through the endoscope’s working channel. Then the guide was taken to the mouth of the experimental piece and the outer tip of a size 14 gastric probe was fixed to the guide. The guide was then moved to the inside of the rumen and then to the point of insertion of the guide on the flank. By tractioning the guide, the entrance hole was enlarged with scalpel just enough for the probe to exit (Fig. 2). After that, the probe was sutured using the Chinese knot stitch technique and coupled to a three-way valve to manage content collection and air intake in the rumen (Figs. 3 and 4).
The entire procedure was timed and thedata on the visualization of ruminal structures, decubitus, inflation, illumination, and probe positioning were described, and the average procedure time was obtained.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
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The authors would like to thank the Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), the Amazon Foundation for Research Support (FAPESPA) and the Pará Federal University (UFPA).
No funding was obtained for this study.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the National Council for Experimentation Control in Brazil (CONCEA). This research was approved by the Animal Ethics and Welfare Committee of the Federal University of Pará (CEUA/UFPA), protocol number 4848261017 (ID 001416).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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dos Santos, G.M.A., Borges, L.P.B., de Morais, H.L.M. et al. Percutaneous ruminostomy guided by rumenoscopy: study in an experimental model in bovine fetus. BMC Vet Res 18, 41 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03143-5
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Italy’s Battle Against LDL: The Role of Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to be a leading cause of death in Italy, accounting for 34.8% of total deaths as reported by the World Health Organization. With ischemic cardiovascular diseases posing a moderate risk to the nation, the focus has increasingly shifted towards primary prevention strategies. These involve lowering LDL cholesterol levels in low-risk or intermediate-risk asymptomatic populations. A successful approach to reducing cardiovascular risk entails five essential steps: examining LDL levels, assessing other diseases, understanding lifestyle, evaluating modifiable risk factors, and considering the most suitable nutraceuticals.
Understanding Cardiovascular Risk: The Role of Lifestyle and LDL Levels
One of the key aspects of assessing cardiovascular risk is understanding the individual’s lifestyle. A balanced diet and regular exercise form the bedrock of a healthy lifestyle and are instrumental in controlling LDL levels. However, there are instances when diet and exercise alone may not suffice, especially when LDL levels become a cause for concern. In such situations, before resorting to medication, there is another option that can help reduce LDL levels – nutraceuticals.
Nutraceuticals: The Bridge Between Diet and Medicine
Nutraceuticals, a fusion of nutrition and pharmaceuticals, are products derived from food sources that provide extra health benefits beyond basic nutritional value. They are known to play a crucial role in maintaining health, enhancing performance, preventing diseases, and supporting the treatment of various conditions. In the context of cardiovascular health, several safe and effective active components for cholesterol reduction are known, including plant sterols, red yeast rice, and omega-3 fatty acids.
Current research is shedding more light on the effectiveness of nutraceuticals in reducing LDL levels. Preliminary results from ongoing studies show significant LDL reduction after just one month of treatment with specific nutraceuticals. These findings highlight the potential of nutraceuticals as a viable intervention in the primary prevention of CVD, especially for those who do not yet require medication.
Italy’s Strategic Approach to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Given the significant impact of CVD on Italy’s population, strategic interventions are urgently needed. One such approach was the Abruzzo regional strategy, which implemented population-based screening for early identification of individuals at risk of CVD. This strategy aimed to identify the main modifiable risk factors and program preventive strategies, including the use of nutraceuticals.
The screening targeted citizens aged 45-59, an age group that rarely turns to a general practitioner to check their health status. The screening process examined blood pressure parameters, lipid profile, glycemia, BMI and waist circumference, all of which were compared with national data. The results from this screening provided valuable insights into the cardiovascular health status of this population and served as a basis for devising appropriate preventive strategies.
Looking Ahead: The Future of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
With the increasing prevalence of CVD, proactive measures for disease prevention are of paramount importance. The use of nutraceuticals in managing LDL cholesterol levels presents a promising approach, especially for those in the early stages of risk. As research continues to explore the potential of nutraceuticals, it is clear that they hold a significant place in the toolkit for cardiovascular disease prevention.
The combination of lifestyle modifications and strategic use of nutraceuticals can be a game-changer in the battle against CVD. This comprehensive approach, backed by scientific evidence and guided by health professionals, can help Italy and other nations reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and improve the health and well-being of their populations.
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« PreviousContinue »
THIS little volume, prepared as an experiment, needs no preface. The Editors have had before them the editions of Oudendorp Weber and Weise, with several others for occasional reference. But the notes are in the main their own, and have been written by them in concert, Mr Haskins supplying the bulk of the matter, and prefixing thereto a chronological table and an abstract of the contents of the book. Mr Heitland has supplied the life of Lucan and remarks on the Pharsalia which form the Introduction, and has also made an Index to the notes. It may be added that brevity has been studied throughout.
CAMBRIDGE, May 1875.
LIFE OF LUCAN.
Marcus Annaeus Lucanus was born at Corduba1, the capital of the province of Baetica in Spain, in the year 39 A.D. His father was M. Annaeus Mela2, a Roman Knight and well-known as the brother of L. Annaeus Seneca the Stoic philosopher : his mother was C. Acilia3, daughter of Acilius Lucanus an orator of some note. While yet an infant he was taken by his father to Rome, where he received the best education that the capital of the world could afford. It is said that he studied under the famous grammarian Remmius Palaemon and the Stoic Cornutus. A mong his chief friends were Saleius Bassus the epic poet and A. Persius Flaccus the satirist, who were at this time his fellow-pupils under the celebrated masters named above. Our author is said to have displayed his powers at a very early age, and to have been fully aware of his own precocity. Declamations and panegyrical poems seem to have employed his first efforts: he soon gave recitations, and drew great applause from his hearers. His rising talent attracted the notice of Nero, who was in the early years of his reign a generous patron of literature: the young poet sang the praises of the young emperor, and was advanced by him to the quaestorship though not of age for that office, and afterwards
1 Mart. 1. 61, Sueton. fragm. 10, Statius, Silv. II. vii. 24 foll. Cf. also Mart. VII. 22.
2 Tac. Ann. XVI. 17.
4 Sueton. fragm. 10.
5 Ib. 10.
3 Ib. xv. 56.
It is to be remembered that Nero was a pupil of Lucan's
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« AnteriorContinuar »
It will take time before the larger impact of the new capability becomes evident, before we recognize that we can now afford in space an approach to experiments similar to that we use on the ground, because of the easy presence of the human experimenter, supervisor, technician, or repairman. It will be some time before we recognize that the machines we need in space can in some cases best be built there rather than on the ground where they must be artificially compressed into reduced volumes for space delivery and deployment. We will have to stop thinking in terms of discrete space missions, each with its 'own spacecraft, its own control center, its own ground network, its own clientele; space machinery is becoming recyclable and refurbishable and reusable. We are just beginning, for example, to look at earth orbital scientific exploration in the Shuttle era as a continuum rather than as a jerky and uncertain sequence of "new starts"; we are moving to the time when the engineering component of scientific research will cease to dominate the kind and quality of research we can do. We will find we can reintroduce the concept of taking some risks with the success of individual experiments because we can act to avoid the consequences of failures without enormous waste. The technological revolution in space transportation, that the Shuttle by itself represents, will become ever more important as this same class of capability grows to include greater flexibility in space operations at synchronous altitudes and for extended duration. It will take time, effort, and vision to learn how to use what we have built; we can be certain, however, that it is the generation today in school and just beginning to consider the opportunities of space that will exercise these capabilities to their fullest and bring them to fruition.
In parallel with the changes in how we will be operating in space are the implications for what we can do there. Perhaps the best current example in science is that of the space telescope, now beginning its development phase. It is important to realize that astronomers have been planning for the telescope since the early sixties -- and that only the advent of Shuttle revisit for orbital maintenance has made it practical. The space telescope is our first true facility in space, now not much more remote from human attention than are the more limited instruments we have built on mountain tops around the world. If we succeed in forcing ourselves to design and build and operate the telescope with that in mind, we will have made an investment of permanent value; there is no natural lifetime for a permanent observatory of this power and with such capacity for evolutionary improvement. Some have already stated that it will be the centerpiece of
twentieth century science and that its scientific
We are at the beginning of another revolution today as well: one in communications. It would be appropriate to term this the "second communications revolution, since the satellite developments of the past fifteen years have already completely changed domestic and international pointto-point telecommunications traffic. The Intelsat consortium already boasts of 92 member nations from Afghanistan to Zambia; in many places it is far easier and more assured to make a transcontinental phone call than to try to reach the next town. Just around the corner, however, and already adumbrated by some of our experiments and those of the Japanese, the Canadians, and the Europeans, is a next quantum jump in this field. Higher power, higher data rates, better frequency manipulation and now the new possibility of centralizing efficiently in space those facilities like switchboards and mainframes that are replicated everywhere on earth -- are pointing toward an era of service capabilities that can change society. Already we have committed, in the space program, to the concept of commercial tracking and data relay satellite services to eliminate the bottlenecks of being tied down to multiple local ground stations for contact with our space systems; this alone has created a new dimension of freedom for space operations. The geometry of the world and the space around it, coupled with the technological capability to build large antennas and supporting facilities in space while vastly simplifying and reducing ground terminal size and complexity, make the possibility of hemispheric interconnections at the "CB" level a reality. Concepts of public service telecommunications like electronic mail, medical informtion service delivery, continuing interactive education, and broadly based information access now await implementation decisions rather than technological feasibility demonstration.
Perhaps the most profound change we face as a result of the space program today lies in our growing ability to deal with our own planet. At this juncture, the ideological distinctions between science and applications, between experimental and operational, even between one agency's data responsibilities and those of another, are artificial
and even trivial. What is clear is that we have at hand an incredibly sophisticated set of tools for understanding the earth and its environment. We can map in three dimensions daily and seasonal changes, natural and manmade, on the earth's surface whether wet or dry. We can see the clouds form and move and dissipate, and can deduce the weather activity below them. We can sound the atmosphere, measure its constituents, trace the circulation of particulates. We can take the temperature of the earth and ocean at any place or time. We can follow ocean currents and identify water quality. We can define the energy budget of the planet, and separate its various components by source and type. We can observe the chemistry at the many interfaces of solar energy with the atmosphere, the ocean's surface, and the land. We can compare the history and behaviour of our planet with that of the moon, the near and far planets, and the other bodies in the solar system. We can monitor the sun.
Taken together, these capabilities fall under the general heading of remote sensing the acquisition of data by instruments from a distance. The dimensions that space has added are those of global coverage, continuity of coverage, and near-real time data return to earth. It is not too much to say that in remote sensing lies one of the great keys to wise management of the planet as the home of humanity. Remote sensing can be one of the major utilities of space in practical terms but only if turned to practical ends. The increasingly sharp challenge we face is that of integrating this extraordinarily rich flow of data into discrete and useful sets of information that can be acted upon or responded to at every level of the world society. Understanding of weather, climate, crops, natural resources, and the effect of human activity on the world ecology are the basic informational goals we should set for ourselves, given the tools already in being and being made available through the advances of technology. We need a change of perceptive scale to integrate all that we can learn about the pieces into all that we need to know about the whole.
There is a tentative conclusion at this time: the major issues are not what we can do as a nation or as a civilization but what we should do. And perhaps more complex still is the question of what should we be doing now to create at least the options for an optimistic technological world view in the future. Programmatic questions become inevitably linked to policy issues of great import: for example, how -- and under what conditions should the advanced remote sensing systems graduate from their present R&D form to a different status? What are the political risks and benefits of, say, deciding to stop further Federal investment, of chartering private enterprise
in this field, of organizing an international consortium for continuity of service, or of establishing a new Federal operational system? These questions, among many others, have been under debate for years even before the first Landsat launch in 1972 and while the technology has improved radically over this period, and the uses to which such data can be usefully put have expanded exponentially, we need to work as hard in addressing the question of how best to capitalize on the large past investment and turn promise into routine reality.
There are similar policy considerations in the fields of advanced communications services, power generation, nuclear waste disposal, information storage and retrieval. These do not, to a first order, require decisions that are constrained by the budgetary context; appropriate development programs can be phased within reasonable and affordable resource levels. These are issues whose resolution would give clear focus to R&D effort and management planning, in space and on the ground. scientific and technological strength of this country does not and cannot grow in a vacuum, nor does it flourish when dedicated solely to the most immediate or near-term objectives. It is the art of government to organize its efforts to serve both immediate and far-reaching goals with the same resources. Space and all that entails in science, in exploration, in discovery, in technology, and in services is one of those resources for both the present and the future. A unique characteristic of space activity is that it radically changes the scale within which we can measure and judge our national directions. We as a nation must decide wisely and well -- and soon how best to employ it for the good of the nation, the civilization, and the generations to come. We do not wish to let pass by valuable opportunities unexploited or important challenges unmet.
STATEMENT OF DR. ROBERT A. FROSCH, ADMINISTRATOR, NASA
Dr. FROSCH. Thank you.
I have read with interest some of the previous testimony in the past couple of days. I would like to make one or two comments regarding the previous testimony and then comment on what I think our shortand long-range goals are and what they should be.
I have been cast in some of the testimony as a conservative bureaucrat. I would like to submit that this is one of the roles I should be playing. The necessity for both setting goals and achieving them is part of my task.
In a certain sense, I could say that I am not supposed to be Columbus. I am supposed to be Queen Isabella's agent for getting that project done. And that is a somewhat different role.
I think it is important to say at the beginning that I do not view the space enterprise as an incident in the history of mankind, but rather as a modern continuation and extension into the future of more than 5,000 years of history, and prehistory, of human aspirations to understand the universe, the place of the Earth within it and the place of man on the Earth and what man can do on the Earth and in the universe.
We are within a few days of the 20th anniversary of the 1st U.S. insertion of an object in space-Explorer I. We are still in the stage where I would call our program preadolescent. We have yet to come of age and find our real abilities in space.
I think it is important that we move into the future with some sense of where we are going, and with a very real sense of the means and suitable pace to get there.
I think the immediate future-and it is very important for the longrange future of this country, of the human race and of the space enterprise should be cast around the application of what we are beginning to learn of human life on Earth and perhaps off Earth to the scientific enterprise that continues our search for knowledge, which is partly for its own sake as a continuation of a human enterprise and partly knowledge for human use, on Earth and in the universe, and the search for the technological means that will enable us to expand those enterprises, whether they are expansions of what we want to do.
I think we are, in the next few years in the applications area, going to be building in the direction of the collecting of information about our planet and our activities on the planet from space. We have begun this with the Landsat series, with the soon-to-be launched Seasat, and with a number of satellites and experiments that observe the relationship between the Earth and the Sun.
My vision of where we are going in those enterprises suggests that what we will be providing is a sound basis for the understanding of the overall mechanisms: the way in which the Earth operates; how life forms on Earth grow in response to the sunlight and the weather; how the weather and the climate are formed and influenced by the Earth's place in the solar system; how we humans affect these changes; and how we are in fact, in Renée Dubois' terms, reconstructing our environment and making a human environment, as well as a nonhuman natural environmental that preexisted before we were here.
My feeling is that we are on the verge of developing an information capability, using space techniques as well as ground techniques,
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Dust in Galaxies
Without interstellar dust, the Universe as we see it today would not exist. Yet at first we considered this vital ingredient merely an irritating fog that prevented a clear view of the stars and nebulae in the Milky Way and other galaxies. We now know that interstellar dust has essential roles in the physics and chemistry of the formation of stars and planetary systems, the creation of the building blocks of life, and in the movement of those molecules to new planets. This is the story in this book.
After introducing the materials this interstellar dust is made of, the authors explain the range of sizes and shapes of the dust grains in the Milky Way galaxy and the life cycle of dust, starting from the origins of dust grains in stellar explosions through to their turbulent destruction. Later on we see the variety of processes in interstellar space involving dust and the events there that cause the dust to change in ways that astronomers and astrobiologists can use to indirectly observe those events.
This book is written for a general audience, concentrating on ideas rather than detailed mathematics and chemical formulae, and is the first time interstellar dust has been discussed at an accessible level.
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From Copernicus to Curie, gravity to climate change, atom bombs to the International Space Station, every key figure, discovery or invention is explained with succinct and lively text and graphics.
Perfect for the knowledge hungry and time poor, this collection of graphic-led lessons makes science interesting and accessible. Everything you need to know is here.
New book for Autumn 219!!
- Depth : 28.00 cm
- Height : 2.00 cm
- Width : 24.00 cm
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Common Name: Bolbitis
Bolbitis is the larger leaf variant of Bolbitis Mini. It’s a slow growing fern that can be grown submerged or emsersed. Like Java Ferns, Anubias and Buce, the rhizomes can be attached directly onto wood or rock. Larger plants can be propagated by dividing along the rhizome and replanting.
- Bolbitis prefer to be placed in areas of an aquarium that experience higher flow rates.
- Do not make drastic changes to the aquarium. Unstable parameters will result in melt and rotting of the aquarium plant.
- Remove the cotton surrounding the roots and plant above a quality substrate. For instructions on how to properly prep aquarium plants, click here.
- Burying the rhizome will cause the plant to die
- Plant is grown best attached to wood, rock, or sitting on top of substrate
- CO2 injection and quality aquarium soil will yield better growth.
- Please research appropriately to ensure your plant thrives.
Family Name: Dryopteridaceae
Origin: South East Asia
Co2: Not necessary
Propagation: Cut along the rhizome
Growth rate: Slow
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Introduction:Nicarbazin premix, a crucial component of feed additives in poultry production, has gained recognition for its significant role in managing coccidiosis, a widespread and economically detrimental disease in poultry. As a coccidiostat, Nicarbazin premix offers a targeted approach to controlling Eimeria parasites, which cause coccidiosis. This comprehensive exploration delves into the nuanced role and impressive efficacy of Nicarbazin premix in the realm of poultry feed additives.
Feed Additives in Poultry Nutrition:Feed additives are instrumental in modern poultry production, aiming to optimize growth, health, and productivity. These additives are incorporated into poultry diets to address specific challenges and contribute to optimal flock performance. Nicarbazin premix stands out as a vital feed additive due to its potent anticoccidial properties, which directly impact poultry health and production efficiency.
Mechanism of Action:Nicarbazin, the active component of Nicarbazin premix, operates as an ionophore coccidiostat. It disrupts the development of coccidia, which are protozoan parasites responsible for coccidiosis. Nicarbazin’s mechanism of action targets the cellular machinery of coccidia, disrupting their ability to replicate and mature. This leads to a reduction in the severity of coccidiosis and its associated economic losses.
Coccidiosis Management:Coccidiosis is a prevalent and economically significant disease in poultry production. It impacts poultry health by damaging the intestinal lining, impairing nutrient absorption, and leading to reduced growth rates. Nicarbazin premix’s efficacy in managing coccidiosis contributes to improved poultry health, reduced morbidity, and ultimately, enhanced production efficiency.
Control of Eimeria Species:Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria parasites, each with distinct pathogenic effects. Nicarbazin premix targets these Eimeria species by inhibiting their development and replication within the host. By controlling multiple species of coccidia, Nicarbazin premix provides a comprehensive solution to coccidiosis management, ensuring a higher level of efficacy.
Impact on Feed Conversion and Growth Rates:One of the key benefits of Nicarbazin premix is its positive impact on feed efficiency and growth rates in poultry. By preventing coccidiosis and its associated negative effects on gut health and nutrient absorption, Nicarbazin premix supports improved feed conversion ratios and weight gain in broiler chickens. This leads to enhanced production efficiency and profitability for poultry producers.
Economic Benefits and Cost-Effectiveness:The economic impact of coccidiosis on poultry production can be substantial due to reduced growth rates, increased feed conversion ratios, and the need for additional treatments. Nicarbazin premix’s effectiveness in managing coccidiosis directly translates to economic benefits for producers. The improved feed efficiency and growth rates contribute to lowering production costs and optimizing return on investment.
Considerations for Broiler Health:Nicarbazin premix’s efficacy in coccidiosis management has broader implications for overall broiler health. Coccidiosis not only compromises gut health but also weakens the immune system, making birds more susceptible to secondary infections. By preventing coccidiosis, Nicarbazin premix indirectly supports immune function and reduces the need for additional treatments to manage health issues arising from coccidiosis-related immune suppression.
Safety and Residue Management:Ensuring the safety of poultry-derived products is paramount when using Nicarbazin premix. Regulatory agencies establish maximum residue limits (MRLs) for Nicarbazin in meat and eggs to safeguard consumer health. Adhering to recommended dosages, administration protocols, and withdrawal periods is pivotal to prevent antibiotic residues in animal-derived products. Regular monitoring and compliance with MRLs contribute to the safe use of Nicarbazin premix in poultry production.
Sustainable Poultry Production:Nicarbazin premix also contributes to sustainable poultry production practices by optimizing resource utilization and minimizing environmental impact. Improved feed efficiency and reduced disease challenges align with responsible use of feed resources, reducing the need for additional interventions and promoting efficient and sustainable poultry production.
Conclusion:Nicarbazin premix’s role in poultry feed additives underscores its significance in promoting poultry health, growth, and production efficiency. Its unique mechanism of action, targeting Eimeria parasites and preventing coccidiosis, directly impacts poultry well-being and performance. The integration of Nicarbazin premix into poultry nutrition regimens aligns with responsible production practices, supports efficient production, and contributes to sustainable poultry production. As the poultry industry continues to evolve, Nicarbazin premix remains a valuable tool in managing coccidiosis, enhancing production efficiency, and ensuring the availability of safe and high-quality poultry products for consumers.
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How Gratitude Makes You Happier
Table of Contents
Many of us express gratitude by saying “thank you” to a person who has helped us or when we’re given a gift. Since childhood, we’ve learned to thank automatically and as a social rule.
But gratitude is more than the action of showing good manners. It’s a positive, conscious, social emotion that has roots in evolutionary history. It may have evolved as a survival mechanism to drive the reciprocal altruism of helping others and being helped in return.
For millennia, gratitude was encouraged by religious and cultural traditions as a moral virtue and was a popular topic among philosophers who emphasized that it’s vital for every person to be good and moral. Now, gratitude has become one of the cornerstones of living a mindful life and is an excellent path to psychological well-being and happiness.
Let’s take a look at the positive benefits of gratitude and how you can learn to practice gratitude in your daily life.
Why gratitude matters
Scientists argue that gratitude is more than feeling thankful: it involves a deeper appreciation of receiving something tangible or intangible from other people. It requires us to see how we’ve been supported by others.
Gratitude can be thought of as an emotional experience that has three levels: a spontaneous emotion like feeling grateful after receiving a gift, a mood, or a personality trait. Some people may have more grateful dispositions than others and be more likely to experience grateful emotions and moods.
Robert Emmons, a leading gratitude researcher, says that gratitude has two key components: affirmation of goodness and figuring out where that goodness comes from.
First, we acknowledge that there are good things in the world, and gifts and benefits we’ve received. Although life is not perfect, there are many positive aspects that make it worth living, so we start to experience joy and gratefulness.
Second, we recognize that the sources of this goodness are outside of ourselves. We acknowledge that the good things in our lives come from the outer world, so the natural second step is experiencing gratitude towards people around us, nature, God, luck, fate, avoiding a mistake, and more.
People can feel and express gratitude by
- Applying it to the past (reflecting on happy childhood memories)
- Being thankful for the present (not taking things they have for granted)
- Being grateful for what’s to come (being hopeful and optimistic about the future).
Gratitude is good
Gratitude comes with a host of benefits that can make our lives more meaningful. It’s a powerful positive force that has great impact on our physical health, emotional well-being, motivation, and sense of belonging.
Gratitude allows us to recognize our connection to other people and our interdependence. It helps strengthen current social relationships with romantic partners, families, friends, and colleagues and form new social bonds. Gratitude can help build empathy for others and inspires us to be more generous and prosocial. It motivates us to show kindness in return and act in ways that benefit other people.
Expressing gratitude reminds us of how special our lives are, even when we’re facing challenging or stressful situations. Focusing on good things in your life helps you calm your fears and anxiety and maintain a positive outlook in uncertain situations.
Gratitude can give you a perspective from which you can interpret negative life events, making you more stress-resistant and resilient. When you feel grateful, you don’t waste your energy on rejecting or denying the negative but learn to accept the negative thoughts that you have or the situations you’re in.
According to a plethora of positive psychology research, there is a definite link between gratitude and happiness. Gratitude tends to focus you on what you have, replacing the focus on what you might be lacking. That turns your mental focus to the positive, which compensates for a natural tendency of the human brain to focus on worries, threats, and negative aspects of life.
Gratitude creates positive emotions, like contentment, joy, pride, and hope. Research has shown that positive emotions are incompatible with negative emotions, so you can’t feel both grateful and unhappy. When your mind focuses on all you’re thankful for, this positive emotion can make you pay less attention to negative information, and you’re more likely to feel joy.
We often spend much time and energy pursuing things that we currently don’t have. Gratitude helps us change our priorities. Focusing on what you have and appreciating it right now gives you a feeling of fullness – what you have is enough. And this feeling is associated with contentment, so grateful people feel more satisfied with their lives.
Gratitude as a trait has the ability to increase self-esteem. When we feel grateful, we often view ourselves as benefiting from the generosity of other people, which makes us feel valued. These feelings increase our self-worth and improve our psychological well-being.
Besides, expressing gratitude is an intrinsically rewarding process. Being grateful for just being alive because tomorrow isn’t guaranteed can motivate some people to seize the day and focus on self-improvement to be their best selves today.
The idea that being thankful may make you feel better has also been supported by neuroscientists. They suggest that practicing gratitude can trigger changes in the brain that improve mood. For example, experiencing gratitude activates neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, the brain’s natural “feel-good” chemicals.
How to cultivate gratitude
Gratitude doesn’t always come naturally, but we can develop a grateful mindset intentionally, using a number of research-based practices. They involve consciously focusing on being appreciative for what you have.
Practicing gratitude can help train your mind to identify positive aspects of your life and appreciate good things in your life as they happen. And the more gratitude you express, the happier you’ll feel.
Here are some effective ways to cultivate a grateful mindset, recommended by experts.
Write a thank-you note
Think about a person you may not have taken the time to fully thank for their positive impact on your life. It can be your parent, friend, teacher, or mentor who has been especially kind to you. Spend some time reflecting on the benefits you gained as a result and write a thank-you letter or email to express your gratitude for everything they’ve done for you. Be detailed and try to express all the wonderful qualities of this person. Send your letter or, if possible, deliver it to your recipient personally.
Keep a gratitude journal
Keeping a gratitude journal is one of the best ways to cultivate gratitude. This exercise will help you remember the good experiences, people, events, or things in your life and enjoy the positive emotions that come with them.
Make it a habit to write down three things for which you’re grateful at the end of each day and explain why. You can note positive things from your past, present, and future. It’s also useful to come back and read your own words of gratefulness at the end of the week.
Take a savoring walk
We’re living in a fast-paced world and are bombarded with information centered on negative events, so it’s challenging to focus on the bright side of life. A savoring walk is a simple mindfulness exercise that can help you connect to positive emotions and enjoy the benefits of practicing gratitude.
Try taking a 20-minute walk by yourself every day for at least a week. Ideally, you should take a different route each time. The idea is to take time to notice and appreciate your surroundings, so you should actively look for positive things around you: sights, smells, sounds, and other sensations that bring you joy.
Gratitude is a powerful emotion that is associated with happiness, and it’s a great emotion to cultivate on a regular basis. Feeling and expressing gratitude can change the way you think about life and teach you to notice good things that you might otherwise take for granted.
Take some time to be thankful and practice regularly to make it a habit that translates into a trait. That will help you maintain optimal physical and mental health and emotional well-being.
And if you’re looking for professional help with your mental health issues, Calmerry therapists can provide you with support and quality care. Our mental health professionals will teach you coping skills and help you make positive changes.
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Early Judaism will introduce students to the history of Judaism as reflected in Jewish literature from the period of the Babylonian exile (587/6 BCE) to the closure of the Babylonian Talmud (ca. 600 CE). This course will analyze the development of Judaism from its emergence out of the ancient Israelite religion through the formative period of rabbinic Judaism. Attention will be given to the diversity of ideas and practices that characterized early Judaism and the influence the larger Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman worlds had on Judaism’s development. We will examine selections from the Hebrew Bible, and from other literature, including the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Apocrypha, the New Testament, the Mishnah, and the Talmudim.
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CHEWING ICE MIGHT SEEM refreshing in the moment, but it’s not doing any favors for your teeth or braces and aligner attachments in the long run. Today we’re going to take a look at why ice chewing is such a common habit despite the dangers it poses, as well as what someone with this habit can do to stop.
Compulsive Ice Eating
The scientific name for compulsive ice eating is pagophagia. This goes beyond a simple habit and enters the territory of a mental disorder. Getting cravings for ice can be a sign of an eating disorder called pica, which involves a compulsion to eat things with no nutritional value, such as ice, clay, hair, and dirt. Pica is often the result of a nutritional deficiency.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Studies have shown a correlation between compulsive ice eating and iron deficiency anemia, which is pretty common, with 20 percent of women, 50 percent of pregnant women, and 3 percent of men being iron deficient. Without enough iron in the blood, the red blood cells can’t effectively do their job of carrying oxygen throughout the body.
What does iron have to do with ice? Well, researchers theorize that chewing ice sends more blood to the brain, temporarily improving alertness and clarity of thought. This feels good, and so they keep doing it even when it causes dental problems.
Ice Versus Your Teeth
Our teeth are not designed to crunch against solid ice, and they are particularly not designed to chew through several trays of ice cubes a day. Doing this can destroy tooth enamel over time, not just because ice is hard but because it’s cold. The enamel expands and contracts due to these extreme temperature changes, creating tiny cracks in it and making it much weaker, just like pavement in snowy climates. All of this leaves the teeth painfully sensitive to hot and cold and far more vulnerable to cavities.
The texture of the ice can also cause injuries to gum tissue, which you may not even notice because of the numbing effect of the cold, and sometimes the ice can actually chip or break a tooth!
Lastly, for those who wear braces and aligner attachments, chewing ice can damage these two things. Your wires can bend or brackets break off. This can be extremely painful.
Breaking The Ice Eating Habit
The first step to kicking the ice eating habit is to find out what’s causing it. If the ice chewing is a symptom of anemia, getting iron supplements may eliminate the cravings, so it will be much easier to stop. If it’s pica, there are interventions to explore such as therapy and medication.
There’s also plenty you can do on your own. You can replace the crunchy texture of ice with baby carrots or apple chunks. If you struggle to give up the ice altogether, try letting slivers of ice melt on your tongue like candy rather than crunching on them. This will spare your teeth and gums from the damage of chewing the ice.
Your Dental And Health Care Professionals Can Help
If ice chewing is something you struggle with, make sure to schedule appointments with your doctor and dentist. Iron deficiency can cause a number of other problems besides triggering ice cravings, and it’s important to get diagnosed and treated before it gets worse, particularly for pregnant women.
Now go put that ice-chewing habit on ice!
|The content on this blog is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of qualified health providers with questions you may have regarding medical conditions.|
Top image used under CC0 Public Domain license. Image cropped and modified from original.
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In the middle ages, scholars often began their debates and expositions with the formula: videtur quod non,meaning, “it would appear that such and such is not true.” Thus, the scholars defended their thesis in 2 steps.
First, the discussions centered on the considerations that made the thesis seemingly unlikely. Subsequently, the scholars argued that these considerations were not valid.
Here we will follow the reverse path: videtur quod sic, meaning, “it seems that such and such is true,” to subsequently show that actually it is untrue.
The issue at stake: It appears that in psychiatry, soul and mind have to retreat in favor of the brain and that brain sciences will soon occupy center stage, if that is not already the case.
Here we argue that this prediction is insufficiently grounded, and that if it should happen, the damage to psychiatry would be considerable.
Some definitions first
To begin with, briefly, the definitions of the concepts involved. The word “soul” (or psyche) is used as a metaphor for the conglomerate of psychic functions that enable man to be cognizant of both the world around him and his inner world, to make contact with fellow men, and to interpret that information both intellectually and emotionally.
The word “mind” is used to indicate those ingredients of the soul that make each individual into a unique self. It pertains to the internal structure of the self: the cognitive style of an individual, his ability to analyze, to conceptualize, and the depth and variegation of his emotional repertoire. Mind refers to his aspirations, hopes, and disappointments, his ability to love and to make moral judgments, the measure of his self-consciousness, etc. Mind also encompasses man’s urge to achieve purpose and meaning as well as his desire to provide life with a vertical dimension, to once in a while reach out beyond the horizon—where the lands lie of our dreams, our imagination, and the metaphysical experiences—and where religious sensitivity finds its birthplace.
Mind makes man identifiable for himself and others. Mind is the very essence of selfhood. It overshadows the bodily characteristics of the self by far. Phrased parsimoniously: the soul provides the basic tools with which the unique edifice of the mind is constructed.
Did Descartes err?
The relationship between body and soul has been debated by philosophers for thousands of years. Descartes is linked to the notion that a sharp distinction should be made between body and mind. The body—the res extensa—has spatial extensiveness; the mind—the res cogitans—on the other hand, does not. Both “substances” were thought to operate independently, apart from a possible hyphen Descartes hypothetically located in the pineal gland. The body could be studied with mechanical tools, like a machine; the mind could not, was a domain for philosophical studies.
Descartes has often been misunderstood, taken for a rigorous dualist. For instance, Damasio1 wrote: “Descartes imagined thinking an activity quite separate from the body.” Damasio erred. Descartes considered features such as “feelings” and “tendencies” body- (ie, brain-) dependent. The mind was not, could not be, because it was considered to be immortal. In his day and age, this viewpoint could hardly be (openly) questioned.
Dualism, the separation of brain and mind, is not a popular viewpoint in neurobiological circles, including among biologically oriented psychiatrists. Kendler2 wrote: “Cartesian dualism is false. We need to reject definitively the belief that mind and brain reflect two fundamentally different and ultimately incommensurable kind[s] of ‘stuff.’” He expressed himself rather moderately.
Others have been more outspoken. Swaab3 stated: “We are our brains. The mind I see as a product of our brain cells. Mind is simply material, or better, brain and mind are one thing.” Kandel4 wrote: “What we call mind is a range of functions carried out by the brain.” And, Guze5 declared: “One’s feelings and thoughts are as biological as one’s blood pressure and gastric secretion are.”
Neuronal determinism, as this worldview is called, reigns supreme today. Many neuroscientists, including their psychiatric adherents, believe that by means of brain research, the code of mind and selfhood will be cracked. They consider the problem-solving power of the sciences—the natural sciences—principally boundless. To me this sounds like scientific messianism.
The appearances, however, seem to be against me: videtur quod sic. Scan technology, for instance, brought functional and morphological brain defects to light in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Most evidence suggests that these disturbances underlie the behavioral aberrations, rather than being their consequence. Functional brain changes enable us to execute those functions.
Brain damage, more often than not, leads to behavioral and experiential changes. Drugs may influence brain functions and have the potential to exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on the behavioral repertoire. Chronic biological strain damages the brain and may lead to mental disturbances. Even religiousness, the most esoteric of the mind’s ingredients, seems to be neuronally anchored.6
Mind is a brain derivative and mental disorders are essentially disorders of the brain, and their causal treatment is a matter of brain repair. So it seems. Yet, I reject this reasoning categorically. I submit that dualism, neodualism should be “in” and should remain the very foundation of psychiatry, in both its clinical and therapeutic endeavors. With the term “neodualism,” I allude to the notion that body-brain and mind, although interdependent, can each boast a considerable amount of internal autonomy.
Furthermore, I maintain that mind and brain are made of fundamentally different “stuff”; that mind “stuff” should be systematically studied in its own right, with specific methods not comparable to the ones used by neurobiologists; and that mind “stuff” cannot and will never be fully extrapolatable to brain “stuff.” As an analogy: electric currents can be generated by a generator. Generator and current are coupled, yet they are phenomena of a totally different order, to be studied with different methods. Neither can the beauty, the color, the smell of a rose be extrapolated to the soil from which it springs.
We are our brains
This is the title of a book recently published by the neurobiologist Swaab.7 The wording sounds terse but misses the point. It holds water in that without the brain we wouldn’t be. This logic falters because our spiritual luggage is left unattended. We are more than a machine. Immaterial components are part of our being—our essential parts. They are lost in the phrase “we are our brains.” Brain knowledge yields pitifully little mind knowledge.
Suppose we had detailed knowledge of the neuronal substrate of aesthetic experiences, would that explain their origin, character, and salience in a given individual, and his or her personal preferences? Suppose the neuronal underpinnings of religiosity became an open book, would that make us wiser about the origin of the spiritual needs, about the significance the “vertical dimension” has in someone’s life? Suppose the neuronal substrate of what is called intelligence had been fully clarified, would that knowledge reveal the ways those abilities were actually used? for what purpose? on which grounds? whether intellectual faculties have been used to the fullest, whether intellectual development has been detrimental to one’s emotional life. Does brain knowledge bring us any closer to understanding a person’s hopes, expectations, disappointments, sorrow, bliss, or shame? his love life and the way he loves? Does it provide information about his ability to make moral judgments?
The answer to these questions can hardly be in the affirmative. It is true, the mind’s existence depends on the existence of a brain. But it is also true that the mind has a life of its own, impenetrable to brain researchers, at least for the foreseeable future. The mind is in many respects an independently operating “product” of the brain. It is a domain with its own rules, its own provisions, to be studied with specific methods—methods that have nothing to do with biology. If the mind becomes a vassal territory of the brain sciences, science would suffer irreparably.
Oscar Wilde characterized a cynic as someone who knows the price of every thing but nothing of its value. If “knows” is replaced by “wants to know,” this definition fits the neural determinist perfectly.
Psychiatry is particularly endangered by this extreme variant of biological monism. The brain is dear to the psychiatrist; the mind no less. He has to deal with both—every day and with every patient. What is wrong in the brain? What is the matter with the mind? He ascertains that mental disturbances, more often than not, are preceded by perturbations of the mind. He knows that mind perturbations may cause brain perturbations. The study of the mind is therefore essential to diagnose and treat mental disorders properly. By definition, the psychiatrist is an examiner and healer of the brain as well as of the mind. If a car engine is malfunctioning because of long-term exposure to bad roads, both the engine and road need to be repaired. If they are not, engine problems will return.
Life is determined by the brain
The neuropsychologist Wolters8 called free will an illusion: “Neural determinism will take its place: What we experience, what we think and what we do, is fully determined by the actual state of the brain.” This, too, is a half-truth. The fact that we experience, think, and act is indeed completely determined by the brain. What we experience, think, and do—all of which are in large measure determined by us—is not our selfhood. That self is shaped by life experiences, the milieu in which one is raised, and regular introspection.
The brain provides no information on the way these factors shape the individual. Psychic individuation is not primarily determined by the brain, it is determined by selfhood—by the one I’m going to be and ultimately will be. Selfhood creates itself. It is the master builder of the mind. It is both product and producer. Such is the enigmatic character of who we are. Selfhood’s “fabric” is nebulous and elusive, yet it is experienced as concrete and real.
In the brain, selfhood is not recoverable. It is approachable only for soul researchers and soul healers, and that only to a limited extent. For neurobiologists, it is an entity like the Holy Grail: fascinating but untraceable, for the time being—and I presume, forever.
This is not a novel idea. In the first verses of the book of Genesis, God “formed man of the dust of the ground.” It was not before He breathed in man’s nostrils “the breath of life” that man became a person.9 Man’s mind was created by unique “mind-stuff.” Stuff that made man into more than a thing, it made him into an individual.
Man conceived as a machine is an obvious half-truth. A machine indeed, but a most peculiar one, a spirited machine. For some, a statement beyond belief. For others, like me, a truth. A mystery of the same magnitude as when, long ago, dead matter was converted into living matter, able to reproduce. In principle, mysteries are solvable. The ones I mentioned, however, are more mysterium magnum, ie, a mystery that will remain a mystery, for the time being and probably forever. It is more a romantic than a scientific idea. But, frankly, life without mysteries, in which everything is explicable and without wonders, would lose its luster. At least for me.
Man is the measure of all things
This ancient statement that “man is the measure of all things” was made by the Greek philosopher Protagoras. It is cited with applause by advocates of the “brain-only” idea. For me, this statement raises 3 objections.
1. Protagoras’s thesis has been unduly stretched. Protagoras probably meant to express that all human judgments are subjective, including those regarding abstractions such as righteousness, beauty, virtue, and values such as good and evil. Absolute truth does not exist. Every human being is entitled to make his own decisions.
Protagoras said: “As things occur to me, so they are for me; on the other hand, as things occur to you so they are for you.” In conformity with this reasoning he confessed to be an agnostic: “As far as the gods are concerned, I couldn’t say whether they exist or do not exist, or what their shape is, because many factors limit our knowledge as to that: the obscurity of the subject and the limitations of the human existence.” Protagoras was a relativist: man judges for himself and is his own chief justice. There exists no higher authority—man himself is the measure of all things.
“Brain-only” adherents link in to Protagoras’s relativism but give it another turn. Not so much man, since the brain is considered to be the measure of all things. Man is reduced to a strictly material entity. All his characteristics are materially determined, reducible to matter and hence measurable, given the availability of suitable devices. This holds for the whole of man, both his physical and spiritual features, ie, his mind.
“We are our brains.” The brain determines what and who we are. Beyond the brain lies nothingness. The brain is all-mighty and omnipotent. It is the ultimate contraption steering our life. The brain assumes almost divine grace—Protagoras’s thesis is excessively stretched; overstretched, I would say.
2. Protagoras phrased his thesis in such general terms that it is hard to interpret. He speaks of “man . . . ,” but which man? The average one (if that type exists), the exceptional man, the man approaching stupidity, the humane man or his egocentric counterpart? The variability of mankind is enormous. Furthermore, how do we “measure” man? Where does the benchmark go: in the middle, higher, or maybe lower?
Protagoras speaks of “all things.” But, what are these things? Morality perhaps? Taking into account man’s track record, this bespeaks a rather gloomy worldview. Is Protagoras speaking of introspection, reflection, empathy? The word “thing” is indefinite and, hence, meaningless. Thus, there are many questions but no answers.
3. The third objection is one of personal character. The statement that man is the touchstone of all things kindles in me dreary feelings. Is that arbitrary, undefined “man” really our gauge? Should the standard not be somewhat higher? My answer is: indeed it should. If not, a society stagnates and decays into colorless skepticism or, worse, into defeatism. I refer once more to the Bible in which the standards are very high—for many of us, perhaps unattainably high. Does it harm to consider that high level as a guideline? Certainly not, it is virtuous. It spurs us to try to reform or better a society, with the ultimate (although unattainable) goal of perfection. It provides life with purpose and meaning, however modest the improvement may ultimately be. Such objectives feed hope, and hope is the priceless fruit of the Messianic notion. Without hope, living would make little sense.
As a motto for a scientific movement, Protagoras’s adage seems unsuitable; as a motto for the human condition—disheartening. Man too often remains below par, to serve as a measure of all things.
Descartes: more right than wrong
Videtur quod sic. It would appear that in psychiatry the soul has to retreat in favor of the brain, that Cartesian dualism is false, that a truly causal treatment in psychiatry is treatment of a brain disorder. That viewpoint is misleading and counterproductive, in terms of both patient care and scientific progress.
Brain and mind are of equal status; communicating partners. They are unbreakably linked but made of fundamentally different “stuff.” Much can be achieved with technology. However, technology fails in understanding the mind. Man is more than a machine—he has spirit, will, and self-determination, all of which are impenetrable to biological technology.
Body and soul—brain and mind: two complex worlds mutually dependent and yet in many ways self-governing. Human nature truly is a natural wonder. It is not surprising that it is imagined (and believed by some) to be created in the image of God.
1. Damasio AR. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: GP Putnam’s Sons; 1994.
2. Kendler KS. Toward a philosophical structure for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:433-440.
3. Swaab DF. Evolutionair gezien zijn we weinig meer dan wegwerpartikelen [evolutionarily seen, we are no more than throw away commodities]. In: Visser H, ed. Leven zonder God. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij LJ van Veen; 2003.
4. Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:457-469.
5. Guze SB. Biological psychiatry: is there any other kind? Psychol Med. 1989;19:315-323.
6. van Praag HM. Seat of the divine: a biological “proof of God’s existence”? Verhagen PJ, van Praag HM, López-Ibor JJ Jr, et al, eds. Religion and Psychiatry: Beyond Boundaries. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons; 2010:523-540.
7. Swaab DF. Wij Zijn Ons Brein [We Are Our Brains]. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Contact; 2010.
8. Wolters G. Gedragscontrole. Vrije wil of neuronale processen [Behavioral regulation: free will or neuronal processes]. De Psycholog. 2005;24:23-29.
9. Genesis 2:7.
This article originally appeared on:
Martin, L. (2012). Neuroscientific Mirages: Are We No More Than Our Brains?. Psych Central. Retrieved on September 26, 2012, from http://pro.psychcentral.com/2012/neuroscientific-mirages-are-we-no-more-than-our-brains/001049.html
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 18 Sep 2012
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- Voters can enrol to vote and cast a “special vote” in the general election without having to provide ID.
- Some safeguards prevent people voting under the same name twice or voting without being enrolled.
- But how safe is the system if you can enrol under a false name and address?
- Special votes are gaining importance and historically favour the left.
Special votes – No ID? No problem
The lack of any ID required to enrol and cast a vote is concerning.
Special votes are defined as votes cast by a voter who is unable to cast an ordinary vote, including those who are overseas, or who are voting outside their electorate (counted as party-only votes), or who are not on the printed roll for their electorate.
Do special votes present a loophope in election security?
There is no ID requirement on the part of the voter to either enrol for the vote or to cast a vote. As long as the person is enrolled to vote (and hasn’t voted more than once under the same name), there appears to be little chance their vote will be disqualified.
That means someone can show up on election day without ID, enrol to vote and cast a vote all in the same go.
So while there are safeguards in place to ensure people who vote are enrolled, the lack of any ID requirements makes it appear there’s little to stop a person from enrolling under a false name and address.
Of course there are laws to penalise a person should they engage in voter fraud, but if no ID is required to enrol or vote, then it may be far more difficult to detect fraud in the first place. And harder to catch someone as well.
How are special votes counted?
All votes are counted by hand. Preliminary results are released on election night. Special votes are counted up to 10 days after the night and included in the final official count released about three weeks afterwards.
There’s an increasing number of special votes and they tend to favour the left
2020 was the first year to allow for election day enrollment. The loosening of enrollment was brought in to encourage voting. Special votes typically favour left-leaning parties. They made up about 15% of the total vote in 2017 and increased to at least 17% (over 504,000 votes) of the 2020 vote total during the COVID election.
Special votes have cost National two seats in each election since 2014.
In a tight election, it can make all the difference. There are seats that have been lost by less than two hundred votes.
There are even reports that special votes eating into National’s seat count was part of the consideration that led Winston Peters and NZ First to decide on a coalition with Labour in the 2017 election.
Former election officer raises concerns
NZ News Essentials spoke with a former election officer involved in the 2020 election. The person confirmed that no ID was required to register people to vote.
“People would bring in -if they were honest- envelopes addressed to dead family members or family members who were overseas – and say this person is gone, etc. And that would obviously go back to the electoral commission to update their records.
But there was nothing to stop anyone identifying as that person and voting for them. We were not required to check any ID at all. If someone turns up and their name is not on the electoral roll, they can then do a special vote. And register there and then with no ID,” the former officer said.
Why should it require less ID to vote than get into a bar?
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As defined by the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA), "Recreational Therapy is a systematic process that utilizes recreation and other activity-based interventions to address the needs of individuals with illness and/or disabling conditions, as a means to psychological and physical health, recovery and well-being."
"Treatment services are designed to restore, remediate, and rehabilitate a person's level of functioning and independence in life activities, to promote health and wellness as well as reduce or illuminate the activity limitations and restrictions to participate in life situations caused by an illness or disabling condition." (ATRA, 2015)
Recreational Therapists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strive to improve the functioning and quality of life of the patients participating in biomedical research. Recreational Therapy services are initiated with a physician's order. Once the referral is received, the patient is assessed and a treatment plan, with patient input, is implemented. Recreational Therapists work collaboratively with the medical team and other research and clinical disciplines to provide patient centered clinical care to the research participants at NIH.
The Recreational Therapy Section is housed within the Rehabilitation Medicine Department, in the Hatfield Clinical Research Center. Recreational Therapists provide services to all pediatric and adult medical inpatient units as well as behavioral health units and several outpatient clinics. The Recreational Therapy Section also provides family centered care by offering a variety of general recreation activities and drop in programs. Program information is available on the patient portal, all patient care units and reception areas.
As defined by the American Art Therapy Association, "Art therapy is a mental health profession in which clients, facilitated by the art therapist, use art media, the creative process, and the resulting artwork to explore their feelings, reconcile emotional conflicts, foster self-awareness, manage behavior and addictions, develop social skills, improve reality orientation, reduce anxiety, and increase self-esteem."
At the NIH Clinical Center, adult and pediatric patients may be referred to work with an art therapist for individual or group art therapy sessions. During art therapy, various forms of art making may be utilized to allow individuals to express, explore and process thoughts, feelings and emotions. Art therapy can provide a non-verbal and non-threatening opportunity to express and explore a range of emotions with the support and facilitation of a trained and credentialed art therapist.
Massage therapy is the scientific manipulation of the soft tissues of the body for the purpose of normalizing those tissues and consists of manual techniques that include applying fixed or movable pressure, holding, and/or causing movement of or to the body. Generally, massage is known to affect the circulation and the flow of blood and lymph, reduce muscular tension or flaccidity, affect the nervous system through stimulation or sedation, and enhance tissue healing.
At the NIH Clinical Center, a patient may be referred to receive massage therapy based on a "medical massage" model whereby a licensed, medical professional defines a treatment plan for a diagnosis that may include, but not be limited to, intended purpose and outcome. As such, massage therapy is a specific intervention performed by a licensed massage therapist following assessment/evaluation for a specific, identified issue or need related to the patient's medical protocol.
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- Understanding the Clitoris: A Vital Organ in Female Anatomy
- The Importance of Understanding the Clitoris for Sexual and Reproductive Health
- The Importance of Clitoris in Female Sexual Health and Intimate Relationships
- Exploring the Pleasure Potential of the Clitoris
- The Impact of Technology on Everyday Life and Privacy
- The Clitoris: A Journey into Beauty, Perception, and Self-Esteem
- Exploring the Health Benefits of Music and Theatre in London and Paris
- The Importance of Clitoral Health and the Role of Medicine and Therapy
- Understanding Clitoris Health: Hospital Visits, Monitoring, and Treatment Options
- The Importance of Clitoris in Women's Health
- The Fascinating Clitoris: Exploring its Role in Human Body Development and Physiology
- The Importance of Clitoral Health in Everyday Life and Privacy
- Understanding the Clitoris: A Comprehensive Guide
- Understanding the Clitoris: Exploring Pleasure, Orgasm, and Sexual Health
- The Beauty and Color of the Clitoris: Exploring Visual Perception and Sensory Curiosity
- The Importance of Regular Doctor's Visits and Monitoring for Clitoris Health
- The Physiology of the Clitoris: Understanding its Role in Sensation and Pleasure
- The Clitoris: A Key Player in Female Reproductive Health
- Understanding the Importance of Hormone Therapy for Clitoral Health
- The Curiosity of Human Nature: Exploring the Clitoris
- The Clitoris: A Fascinating Organ in the Human Body
- The Importance of Comfortable Clothing for Health and Wellness
- The Importance of Privacy for Women's Health and Relationships
- Exploring the Clitoris: A Journey from London to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Understanding the Clitoris and Its Role in Sexual Pleasure and Health
Understanding the Clitoris: A Vital Organ in Female Anatomy
The clitoris is an essential part of the female reproductive system, often referred to as the female equivalent of the penis. Located at the top of the vulva, the clitoris plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure. In this article, we will explore the morphology and function of the clitoris, shedding light on its importance in the human body.
The clitoris is a small, highly sensitive organ situated at the front of the vulva, above the urethra. Despite its small size, it contains a complex structure that extends internally and externally. Just like the penis, the clitoris is composed of connective tissue, skin, and a glans.
Externally, the clitoris consists of a small shaft, covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce or clitoral hood. When the woman becomes sexually aroused, the clitoris becomes engorged with blood, causing it to become more sensitive and increase in size. This enlargement allows for more pleasurable sensations during sexual stimulation.
The clitoral glans, located at the top of the clitoral shaft, is the most sensitive part of the clitoris. It contains a high concentration of nerve endings, making it a focal point for sexual pleasure. Stimulation of the clitoral glans can lead to intense sexual arousal and orgasm.
Internally, the clitoris has two corpora cavernosa, which are erectile tissue structures that fill with blood during sexual arousal. These structures are similar to the ones found in the penis. The corpora cavernosa extend into the clitoral shaft and are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue.
The clitoris also has erectile tissue known as vestibular bulbs, which flank the vaginal opening. When engorged with blood, these bulbs contribute to the overall sensation and pleasure experienced during sexual activity.
It is important to note that the clitoris serves no reproductive function, but rather exists solely for sexual pleasure. Understanding the anatomy and function of the clitoris is crucial for both men and women to enhance sexual experiences and foster healthy relationships.
In recent years, health tourism in Turkey has gained popularity, with individuals from around the world seeking medical and aesthetic procedures. While health tourism may encompass a wide range of treatments, it is essential to approach any procedures related to the clitoris with caution and thorough research. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for any concerns or questions regarding the clitoris or any other aspect of your reproductive health.
In summary, the clitoris is a vital organ in female anatomy that plays a significant role in sexual pleasure. Its complex structure and sensitivity make it a focal point for sexual stimulation. Understanding and appreciating the clitoris can lead to more fulfilling sexual experiences and overall well-being.
The Importance of Understanding the Clitoris for Sexual and Reproductive Health
The clitoris is a vital organ in understanding human sexuality and physical intimacy. It plays a crucial role in human sexual activity, contributing to pleasure and overall sexual satisfaction. In this article, we will explore the significance of the clitoris in sexual and reproductive health, including non-penetrative sex, ejaculation, orgasm, and vaginal lubrication.
The clitoris is the most sensitive part of a woman's body, containing thousands of nerve endings. It is located at the top of the vulva, above the urethral opening. Despite its small size, the clitoris is highly responsive to sexual stimulation and can lead to intense pleasure and orgasms.
Non-penetrative sex, also known as outercourse, is a sexual activity that does not involve penetration of the vagina or anus. This can include activities such as oral sex, mutual masturbation, or rubbing the clitoris against a partner's body. Non-penetrative sex can be a fulfilling and pleasurable alternative for individuals who may not be ready or comfortable with penetrative sex.
Ejaculation is the release of semen from the penis during sexual activity. While ejaculation is commonly associated with male sexual health, it is important to note that women can also experience ejaculation. Female ejaculation occurs when fluid is expelled from the urethra during sexual arousal or orgasm. The stimulation of the clitoris can contribute to the intensity of female ejaculation.
Orgasm is the peak of sexual pleasure, characterized by intense physical and emotional sensations. The clitoris is a key player in achieving orgasm, as it is highly sensitive and responsive to sexual stimulation. Understanding the clitoris and its role in orgasm can lead to more fulfilling sexual experiences and overall sexual satisfaction.
Vaginal lubrication is a natural process that occurs during sexual arousal. It is important for both comfort and pleasure during sexual activity. The clitoris plays a significant role in vaginal lubrication, as the stimulation of this organ triggers the release of natural lubricants. Adequate lubrication can enhance sexual pleasure and reduce discomfort or pain during intercourse.
In summary, the clitoris is an essential organ for sexual and reproductive health. Its stimulation can lead to pleasure, ejaculation, and orgasm. Understanding the clitoris and its role in sexual activity can contribute to a healthier and more satisfying sex life. Whether engaging in non-penetrative sex or exploring different forms of sexual pleasure, the clitoris is a key player in sexual satisfaction and overall well-being.
Remember to consult with a healthcare professional or sexual health expert for personalized advice and guidance on sexual and reproductive health.
The Importance of Clitoris in Female Sexual Health and Intimate Relationships
The clitoris plays a crucial role in female sexual health and intimate relationships. It is a small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, and its primary function is to provide sexual pleasure. However, its significance goes beyond physical pleasure, as it also contributes to a woman's overall well-being, self-esteem, and the quality of her relationships.
Love, couple, and friendship are all integral aspects of interpersonal relationships, and the clitoris can play a significant role in enhancing these connections. When a woman experiences sexual pleasure and satisfaction, it can strengthen the bond between partners, fostering a deeper sense of love and intimacy. The clitoris serves as a focal point for pleasure, allowing couples to explore and discover each other's desires and preferences, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling and satisfying sexual relationship.
For a woman, understanding and embracing her gender identity is an essential part of her overall well-being. The clitoris plays a vital role in this process, as it is a key component of female anatomy and sexual pleasure. By recognizing and valuing the clitoris, women can develop a positive body image and a stronger sense of self-esteem. This, in turn, can have a positive impact on their relationships, allowing them to engage in open and honest communication about their desires and preferences with their partners.
In the context of intimate relationships, the clitoris can also influence a woman's preference and satisfaction. Each woman's clitoris is unique, and understanding its individual characteristics and responses can help couples tailor their sexual experiences to maximize pleasure. By prioritizing the stimulation of the clitoris during sexual activities, couples can ensure that both partners receive the attention and pleasure they desire, thus strengthening their bond and satisfaction within the relationship.
Health tourism in Turkey can offer a variety of resources and support for women seeking to enhance their sexual health and well-being. With its advanced medical facilities and knowledgeable healthcare professionals, Turkey provides a safe and supportive environment for women to explore their sexual health concerns and seek appropriate treatments or interventions if necessary. Whether it is through educational programs, counseling services, or specialized medical procedures, health tourism in Turkey can contribute to women's overall sexual well-being and improve their intimate relationships.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a crucial and often overlooked aspect of female sexual health and intimate relationships. By understanding its importance and prioritizing its stimulation, couples can enhance their love, strengthen their relationships, and foster a deeper sense of intimacy. Women who embrace their gender identity and prioritize their sexual pleasure can experience increased self-esteem and overall well-being. Health tourism in Turkey can provide valuable resources and support for women seeking to improve their sexual health and well-being.
Exploring the Pleasure Potential of the Clitoris
When it comes to sexual pleasure and intimacy, the clitoris plays a crucial role for women. This small, sensitive organ is packed with nerve endings and can provide immense pleasure when stimulated. In this article, we will delve into the various aspects of the clitoris and explore its potential for pleasure.
Condoms and Sex Toys for Clitoral Stimulation
Using condoms during sexual activities is not only crucial for preventing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, but it can also enhance the pleasure experienced during clitoral stimulation. Using condoms with sex toys can provide a safe and enjoyable experience, allowing individuals to explore different sensations and intensify pleasure.
Non-Penetrative Sex and Clitoral Stimulation
Non-penetrative sex, also known as outercourse, refers to sexual activities that do not involve vaginal penetration. This type of sexual activity can be particularly pleasurable for individuals who enjoy clitoral stimulation. By focusing on clitoral play, couples can experience heightened pleasure without engaging in penetrative intercourse.
Understanding Ejaculation and Semen
Ejaculation is the process of releasing semen from the penis. While ejaculation is often associated with male pleasure, it is important to note that female ejaculation can also occur. Female ejaculation involves the release of fluid from the urethra during sexual arousal and can add to the pleasure experienced during clitoral stimulation.
The Role of the Clitoris in Fertilization
The clitoris, despite its primary role in providing pleasure, also plays a crucial role in fertilization. The clitoral hood, located at the top of the clitoris, protects the sensitive glans from external stimulation, ensuring that the clitoris is not overstimulated during sexual activities. This allows the clitoris to remain intact and functional for FUTure sexual experiences and potential reproduction.
Exploring Human Positions for Clitoral Stimulation
There are numerous positions that can enhance clitoral stimulation during sexual activities. From the missionary position to the cowgirl position, each offers unique angles and sensations that can stimulate the clitoris. Experimenting with different positions can help individuals and couples discover what works best for them and maximize pleasure during intimate moments.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a powerful organ that holds the key to immense pleasure for women. Whether through the use of condoms and sex toys, non-penetrative sex, or exploring different positions, individuals can unlock the full potential of the clitoris and experience heightened sexual pleasure. So, embrace the pleasure potential of the clitoris, and don't hesitate to explore and indulge in the delights it has to offer.
The Impact of Technology on Everyday Life and Privacy
In today's fast-paced world, technology has become an integral part of our everyday lives. From smartphones to social media platforms, we are constantly connected and exposed to various forms of communication. While this connectivity has undoubtedly made our lives more convenient and efficient, it has also raised concerns about privacy and the potential consequences of sharing personal information online.
One area where technology has had a significant impact on our lives is in the way we communicate. Gone are the days when face-to-face conversations were the primary means of interaction. With the advent of smartphones, we can now engage in conversations with people from all around the world at any time. However, this constant connectivity has also led to a blurring of boundaries, with conversations being easily recorded, shared, and stored.
The rise of social media platforms has further amplified the effects of technology on our privacy. With just a few clicks, we can share videos and images of ourselves, our friends, and our experiences. While this may seem harmless at first, it is important to consider the potential consequences of sharing such personal content. Once something is posted online, it can be difficult to control who has access to it and how it is used. This lack of control over our own digital footprint can have far-reaching implications for our privacy.
Furthermore, technology has also influenced the way we seek information and make decisions. With search engines providing instant suggestions and results, we have become accustomed to immediate gratification. While this may seem beneficial in terms of efficiency, it can also hinder our understanding and critical thinking skills. The constant availability of information can lead to a reliance on quick answers rather than a deeper understanding of the topic at hand.
In terms of production, technology has undoubtedly made our lives easier. From automated processes to advanced manufacturing techniques, the production industry has seen significant advancements. However, it is important to strike a balance between the benefits of technology and the potential consequences. As we embrace these advancements, we must also consider the ethical implications and ensure that the well-being of individuals and society as a whole is not compromised.
In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly revolutionized our everyday lives, it is important to be mindful of its impact on our privacy. The ease of communication, access to information, and advancements in production have undoubtedly brought numerous benefits. However, it is crucial to approach technology with caution and ensure that we maintain control over our personal information and digital footprint. By doing so, we can fully embrace the advantages of technology while safeguarding our privacy and well-being.
The Clitoris: A Journey into Beauty, Perception, and Self-Esteem
The clitoris, often called the "little button," is a fascinating and intricate part of the female anatomy. Its beauty lies not only in its physical form but also in the profound impact it has on a woman's sense of self and her overall well-being. In this article, we will explore the clitoris from various angles, considering its color, visual perception, the sense of curiosity it evokes, and its influence on human nature, self-esteem, and even inspiration and criticism.
When it comes to beauty, the clitoris is a marvel of nature. It is a small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, covered by a hood of skin. While its appearance may vary from person to person, its vibrant color and delicate structure make it visually striking. This unique characteristic contributes to the clitoris's allure and intrigue.
Visual perception plays a significant role in our understanding and appreciation of the clitoris. The clitoral hood, often compared to a rosebud, hides the clitoris, adding an element of mystery and anticipation. When aroused, the clitoris swells and becomes even more prominent, intensifying its visual appeal. The ability to witness these changes in real-time reinforces the connection between visual perception and sexual pleasure.
The clitoris's undeniable beauty and complexity often spark curiosity and exploration. For many individuals, the clitoris remains shrouded in mystery due to limited education and cultural taboos surrounding female sexuality. However, as society becomes more open and progressive, curiosity about the clitoris grows, leading to a desire for more knowledge and understanding.
The clitoris's influence extends beyond mere curiosity, affecting various aspects of human nature. It plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and orgasm, contributing to overall sexual satisfaction and well-being. Understanding and embracing the clitoris's importance can lead to a more fulfilling and empowered sexual experience, positively impacting one's sense of self and confidence.
Moreover, the clitoris serves as a source of inspiration for artists, writers, and thinkers throughout history. Its symbolism in art, literature, and even religion reflects the profound impact it has on human creativity and expression. The clitoris's connection to pleasure and sensuality often serves as a muse for artistic endeavors, further highlighting its significance beyond its physical existence.
However, it is essential to address the criticism and challenges faced by individuals in embracing the clitoris's beauty and importance. Societal norms and cultural stigmas surrounding female sexuality can create barriers to self-acceptance and self-esteem. By shedding light on the clitoris's significance and promoting education and understanding, we can challenge these criticisms and empower individuals to embrace their bodies and sexual identities fully.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a captivating and powerful part of the female body. Its beauty, visual perception, sense of curiosity, and influence on human nature, self-esteem, and inspiration cannot be understated. By celebrating and understanding the clitoris, we can foster a culture of self-acceptance, sexual empowerment, and overall well-being.
Exploring the Health Benefits of Music and Theatre in London and Paris
Did you know that enjoying music and theatre can have a positive impact on your health? From reducing stress and anxiety to improving cognitive function, the arts have been shown to provide numerous benefits for both the mind and body. In this article, we will delve into the health benefits of music and theatre, focusing on the vibrant cities of London and Paris. So whether you're in England or France, get ready to embrace the healing power of the arts.
London, the bustling capital of England, is renowned for its thriving arts scene. From world-class theaters in the West End to iconic music venues like the O2 Arena, London offers an array of cultural experiences that can boost your well-being. Attending live performances not only allows you to immerse yourself in the magic of the arts but also promotes social interaction and a sense of belonging. Whether you're watching a captivating musical or enjoying a symphony orchestra, the positive emotions evoked by these experiences can enhance your mood and reduce stress levels.
Similarly, Paris, known as the City of Love, has a rich cultural heritage that extends to its music and theatre offerings. From the legendary Opera Garnier to the exquisite performances at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees, Paris offers a diverse range of artistic experiences. Research has shown that engaging in cultural activities like attending concerts and theater shows can have a positive impact on mental health, improving overall well-being and quality of life.
But it's not just the major cities like London and Paris that offer these health benefits. Across the globe, including places like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, Wales in the United Kingdom, and even the London Borough of Croydon, there are countless opportunities to explore the healing power of music and theatre.
The positive effects of music and theatre on health are not limited to specific genres or art forms. Whether you prefer classical music, rock concerts, or dramatic plays, the key is to find what resonates with you and brings you joy. So next time you're feeling stressed or in need of a mood boost, consider immersing yourself in the world of music and theatre. You might just discover a new way to take care of your health and well-being.
In conclusion, embracing the arts, particularly music and theatre, can have a profound impact on your health. From reducing stress and anxiety to promoting social interaction and improving overall well-being, the healing power of the arts is undeniable. So whether you find yourself in London, Paris, or any other city around the world, make sure to explore the vibrant cultural scene and reap the health benefits it offers.
The Importance of Clitoral Health and the Role of Medicine and Therapy
The clitoris is a vital part of the female reproductive system, playing a crucial role in sexual pleasure and overall sexual health. Understanding the importance of clitoral health is essential for women to maintain a fulfilling and satisfying sexual life. In this article, we will explore the significance of clitoral health and discuss the various medical and therapeutic approaches available for its well-being.
1. The Clitoris and Its Role in the Human Body's Development
The clitoris is an organ located at the top of the vulva, comprising erectile tissues that become engorged during sexual arousal. It serves as the primary source of sexual pleasure for women and plays a crucial role in orgasm. The clitoris is an intricate structure that varies in size and shape among individuals, but its significance remains constant.
2. Seeking the Expertise of a General Practitioner
When it comes to maintaining clitoral health, seeking the advice of a general practitioner is highly recommended. A general practitioner can assess any potential issues, provide guidance on proper hygiene, and offer advice on preventive measures. Regular check-ups and open communication with a healthcare professional are essential for overall sexual health.
3. Understanding the Physiology of the Clitoris
The physiology of the clitoris is complex, involving a network of nerves, blood vessels, and erectile tissues. Understanding how the clitoris functions can help individuals make informed decisions about their sexual health. It is crucial to be aware of any changes or abnormalities and seek medical attention if necessary.
4. The Role of Hormones in Clitoral Health
Hormones play a significant role in the overall health of the clitoris. Fluctuations in hormone levels can affect sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm. Hormone therapy may be recommended to balance hormone levels and address any underlying issues. Consulting with a healthcare professional is vital to determine the appropriate hormone therapy for each individual.
5. Exploring Clitoral Health Therapy Options
For individuals experiencing clitoral health issues, various therapeutic options are available. Therapy can include techniques such as pelvic floor exercises, desensitization exercises, and counseling to address any psychological factors affecting sexual well-being. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable therapy for individual needs.
6. The Potential Role of Chemotherapy in Clitoral Health
In some cases, chemotherapy may be necessary for the treatment of certain medical conditions. It is crucial to understand the potential impact of chemotherapy on clitoral health and discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional. They can provide guidance on managing potential side effects and maintaining overall sexual well-being during treatment.
In conclusion, prioritizing clitoral health is vital for women's overall sexual well-being. Seeking the guidance of a general practitioner, understanding the physiology of the clitoris, and exploring medical and therapeutic options are essential steps toward maintaining clitoral health. By actively addressing any concerns and seeking appropriate treatment, women can enhance their sexual pleasure and enjoy a fulfilling sexual life.
Understanding Clitoris Health: Hospital Visits, Monitoring, and Treatment Options
When it comes to women's health, it's important to focus on every aspect of the body, including the clitoris. The clitoris is a highly sensitive organ that plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and overall well-being. In this article, we will explore various aspects of clitoris health, including hospital visits, monitoring, and treatment options.
Hospital Visits and Monitoring:
Regular visits to the doctor are vital for maintaining clitoris health. During these visits, healthcare professionals can assess any potential issues, provide necessary screenings, and offer guidance on how to keep the clitoris and surrounding areas healthy. It is recommended that women schedule routine check-ups with their gynecologist or sexual health specialist.
Radiation Therapy and Watchful Waiting:
In some cases, radiation therapy may be utilized as a treatment option for clitoris-related conditions. Radiation therapy involves the use of high-energy radiation to target and destroy abnormal cells. However, it is important to note that radiation therapy is typically reserved for more severe cases and should only be administered under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
In certain situations, watchful waiting may be recommended. Watchful waiting involves closely monitoring the clitoris and any related symptoms without immediate medical intervention. This approach is often employed when the condition is not severe or when the potential risks of treatment outweigh the benefits.
Blood, Pain, and Edema:
Issues such as bleeding, pain, or edema (swelling) in the clitoris should never be ignored. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. These symptoms may be indicative of an underlying condition that requires medical intervention. Remember, early detection and treatment can significantly improve outcomes.
Assessment Tools: Glasgow Coma Scale and Transdermal Patch:
In some cases, healthcare professionals may utilize assessment tools to evaluate clitoris health. The Glasgow Coma Scale is a scoring system often used to assess the level of consciousness in patients with brain injuries. While it is not directly related to clitoris health, it highlights the importance of comprehensive healthcare practices.
Additionally, transdermal patches may be used to deliver medication directly through the skin for clitoris-related conditions. These patches offer a convenient and effective way to administer medication, minimizing potential side effects and ensuring consistent treatment.
Taking care of your clitoris is essential for overall well-being. Regular hospital visits, monitoring, and appropriate treatment options are crucial for maintaining clitoris health. If you experience any unusual symptoms, such as blood, pain, or swelling, do not hesitate to seek medical attention. Remember, a healthy clitoris contributes to a healthy and fulfilling life.
The Importance of Clitoris in Women's Health
The clitoris is an essential part of a woman's anatomy that plays a significant role in her overall health and well-being. From pregnancy to menopause, the clitoris has various functions and is closely linked to obstetrics, gynecology, and hormonal balance. In this article, we will explore the importance of the clitoris in relation to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, and hormone therapy.
During pregnancy, the clitoris experiences increased blood flow and sensitivity due to hormonal changes. This heightened sensitivity can contribute to a woman's sexual pleasure and satisfaction. Additionally, the clitoris is connected to the vaginal canal, and stimulation of the clitoral area can lead to uterine contractions, which may help facilitate labor and childbirth.
In the field of obstetrics, the clitoris is an important area to monitor for any potential abnormalities or precancerous conditions. Regular gynecological check-ups can help detect any changes in the clitoral area that may require further investigation or treatment. Early detection of precancerous conditions can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery.
The clitoris is also linked to hormone production and regulation in women. It contains an abundance of nerve endings and is highly sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Hormone therapy can be beneficial for women experiencing imbalances or deficiencies in estrogen or progesterone levels. By targeting the clitoris, hormone therapy can help alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness.
The clitoris is a vital gland that contributes to a woman's sexual pleasure and overall well-being. Understanding the functions and importance of the clitoris can empower women to take charge of their reproductive health and seek appropriate medical care when needed.
In conclusion, the clitoris plays a crucial role in women's health throughout various stages of life. From pregnancy and childbirth to menopause and hormone therapy, the clitoris is intricately connected to obstetrics, gynecology, and hormonal balance. Regular gynecological check-ups and open discussions with healthcare professionals can help women maintain optimal clitoral health and overall well-being.
The Fascinating Clitoris: Exploring its Role in Human Body Development and Physiology
The clitoris is an incredible organ that plays a vital role in the human body's development and physiology. Despite its small size, this organ holds immense significance, particularly in terms of education, science, cell biology, and the understanding of human morphology.
One of the most intriguing aspects of the clitoris is its development within the human body. During embryonic development, the clitoris forms from the same cells as the penis, highlighting the shared origins of these organs. Understanding the intricate processes involved in the development of the clitoris provides valuable insights into the overall development of the human body.
From a physiological perspective, the clitoris is primarily associated with sexual pleasure. However, its functions extend beyond this realm. The clitoris contains a dense network of nerve endings, making it one of the most sensitive areas of the human body. This sensitivity contributes to the pleasurable sensations experienced during sexual activity, including orgasm. Exploring the physiology of the clitoris allows us to gain a better understanding of the intricacies of human pleasure and sexual response.
Moreover, the clitoris is a key player in the human body's hearing process. While this may seem surprising, the clitoris and the inner ear share a common embryonic origin. Both organs develop from the same set of cells and share similar morphological features. This connection between the clitoris and hearing sheds light on the complex interconnectedness of different bodily systems and highlights the wonders of human physiology.
In summary, the clitoris is a remarkable organ that holds a prominent place in the education, science, and understanding of the human body. Its development, physiology, and connections to other bodily systems, such as hearing, make it an area of great interest and research. Exploring the intricacies of the clitoris allows us to gain a deeper understanding of human body development, physiology, and the incredible complexity of our own morphology.
As the concept of health tourism in Turkey gains traction, it is worth noting that the country offers a wealth of opportunities for individuals seeking specialized medical knowledge and treatment regarding the clitoris. With its renowned healthcare facilities and expert professionals, Turkey has become a hub for those looking to explore and enhance their understanding of the clitoris and its role in the human body.
The Importance of Clitoral Health in Everyday Life and Privacy
The clitoris is a vital part of a woman's reproductive system and plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and overall well-being. It is essential to understand the importance of maintaining clitoral health to ensure a satisfying and healthy sex life. In this article, we will explore the significance of clitoral health in everyday life and discuss ways to prioritize privacy in maintaining a healthy clitoris.
1. Understanding the Clitoris: Nike and Adidas of Female Anatomy
The clitoris can be compared to popular sports brands like Nike and Adidas in the sense that it is a powerhouse of pleasure. Just as these brands dominate the sports industry, the clitoris is the ultimate source of pleasure for women. It is a small, sensitive organ located above the vaginal opening and is packed with nerve endings. Proper care and attention to the clitoris can enhance sexual experiences and overall well-being.
2. Clothing Choices and Clitoral Health: Sneakers for Comfort
The clothing we choose to wear can have a significant impact on clitoral health. Tight-fitting clothes, especially in the crotch area, can restrict blood flow and cause irritation or discomfort. Choosing clothing that allows for proper airflow and is not too constricting can help maintain a healthy clitoris. Just like opting for comfortable sneakers, prioritizing breathable fabrics and loose-fitting bottoms can prevent unnecessary friction and irritation.
3. Fraternities and Sororities: The Importance of Sexual Education
Fraternities and sororities, known for their social activities and close-knit communities, can play a crucial role in promoting sexual education and awareness about clitoral health. By fostering an open and inclusive environment, these organizations can create spaces for discussions about sexual health, including the importance of clitoral stimulation and pleasure. Encouraging dialogue and providing resources can help break down taboos and ensure that every individual has access to accurate information.
4. Smartphones and Video Resources: Empowering Clitoral Health Education
In today's digital age, smartphones and online videos have become powerful tools for education and empowerment. Many informative resources are available online that focus on clitoral health and sexual well-being. These videos can help individuals gain a better understanding of their own bodies, learn about different techniques for clitoral stimulation, and explore ways to enhance their sexual experiences. Embracing technology and utilizing video resources can be a valuable way to educate and empower individuals to prioritize their clitoral health.
In conclusion, prioritizing clitoral health is essential for every woman's overall well-being and sexual satisfaction. By understanding the significance of the clitoris in everyday life and prioritizing privacy, women can take control of their sexual health. Whether it's choosing comfortable clothing, engaging in open discussions, or utilizing online resources, every step towards clitoral health is a step towards a fulfilling and empowered life.
Understanding the Clitoris: A Comprehensive Guide
The clitoris is a fascinating and important part of the female reproductive system. It plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and arousal, yet many people still lack a comprehensive understanding of this unique organ. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of the clitoris, including its anatomy, function, and the role it plays in sexual satisfaction.
To begin with, let's delve into the anatomy of the clitoris. The clitoris is a small, highly sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, above the urethra. It is primarily composed of erectile tissue and contains thousands of nerve endings, making it extremely sensitive to touch and stimulation. Despite its small size, the clitoris is comparable to the penis in terms of its structure, and it plays a significant role in sexual pleasure for women.
The clitoris serves as the primary source of sexual pleasure for many women. When stimulated, it becomes engorged with blood, causing it to swell and become more sensitive. This can lead to intense feelings of pleasure and ultimately result in orgasm. However, it is important to note that every woman's experience with clitoral stimulation can differ, and what works for one person may not work for another. It is essential for individuals to explore and understand their own bodies to find what brings them pleasure.
Now, let's address some common misconceptions and criticisms surrounding the clitoris. One criticism often raised is the lack of awareness and education about the clitoris. Many people are not taught about the clitoris in traditional sex education classes, leading to a limited understanding of its importance and function. This lack of knowledge can contribute to feelings of confusion and worry about one's own body and sexual experiences.
Furthermore, societal attitudes and cultural beliefs can also affect how the clitoris is perceived. In some cultures, female sexuality is still considered taboo, and the clitoris is often shrouded in secrecy and shame. This can lead to a lack of open discussion and understanding about the clitoris, further perpetuating the cycle of misinformation and misunderstanding.
It is crucial to recognize that every individual's experience with their clitoris may be different. Factors such as human nature, personal preferences, and individual differences in anatomy can all contribute to variations in pleasure and sensitivity. It is important not to compare oneself to others or feel pressured to conform to societal expectations. Instead, focus on self-exploration and communication with a partner to enhance sexual experiences and overall well-being.
In conclusion, understanding the clitoris is essential for both men and women in order to promote healthy and fulfilling sexual experiences. By educating ourselves and others about the clitoris, we can break down misconceptions and promote open dialogue about female pleasure. Remember, the clitoris is a beautiful and unique part of the female body, deserving of exploration, understanding, and appreciation.
Health tourism in Turkey: Turkey is known for its exceptional healthcare facilities and world-class medical professionals. For individuals seeking specialized treatments or surgeries related to the clitoris, Turkey's health tourism industry offers a wide range of options. With state-of-the-art facilities and highly skilled doctors, Turkey has become a popular destination for those looking for quality healthcare services at affordable prices. Whether it's for cosmetic or medical reasons, health tourism in Turkey provides a viable option for individuals seeking the best possible care for their unique needs.
Understanding the Clitoris: Exploring Pleasure, Orgasm, and Sexual Health
The clitoris is an essential part of a woman's sexual anatomy, playing a crucial role in pleasure, orgasm, and overall sexual and reproductive health. In this article, we will delve into the various aspects of the clitoris, including its function, importance, and how it contributes to a woman's sexual well-being.
The clitoris is a highly sensitive and erectile organ located at the top of the vulva, above the vaginal opening. It is composed of a glans, a hood, and two shafts or legs that extend internally. With more than 8,000 nerve endings, the clitoris is the key to experiencing sexual pleasure and achieving orgasm.
One of the primary functions of the clitoris is to provide pleasurable sensations. When stimulated, either through masturbation or sexual activities with a partner, the clitoris becomes engorged with blood, leading to increased sensitivity and arousal. This can lead to the release of sexual tension and the experience of orgasm.
Understanding the clitoris and its role in sexual pleasure is important for both men and women. By familiarizing themselves with the clitoris, men can better understand their partner's needs and desires, leading to a more satisfying sexual experience for both individuals. Women, on the other hand, can gain a better understanding of their own bodies, which can contribute to improved self-esteem and sexual confidence.
In addition to pleasure, the clitoris also plays a crucial role in vaginal lubrication. When aroused, the clitoris releases a natural lubricant that makes sexual activities more comfortable and enjoyable. This lubrication helps reduce friction and discomfort during intercourse, enhancing the overall sexual experience.
However, despite its importance, the clitoris is often overlooked or misunderstood. Many women may experience pain or discomfort during sexual activities due to a lack of understanding about their own bodies or a partner's ignorance of the clitoris. This can negatively impact sexual pleasure and overall sexual and reproductive health.
To promote a healthy and fulfilling sex life, it is essential to prioritize sexual education and open communication about the clitoris and its role in pleasure and orgasm. It is also worth noting that sex toys can be used to enhance clitoral stimulation during solo or partnered sexual activities, providing an added avenue for pleasure and exploration.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a vital part of a woman's sexual anatomy, contributing to pleasure, orgasm, and overall sexual and reproductive health. Understanding the clitoris, its function, and how it can be stimulated is essential for a satisfying and pleasurable sex life. By prioritizing sexual education and open communication, individuals can enhance their sexual experiences, improve self-esteem, and promote overall sexual well-being.
The Beauty and Color of the Clitoris: Exploring Visual Perception and Sensory Curiosity
The clitoris, often described as the hidden gem of female anatomy, is a fascinating organ that holds both visual and sensory appeal. In this article, we will delve into the inspiration and preference for the clitoris, its beauty in terms of color, and how visual perception and sense play a significant role in our curiosity and affect towards this remarkable part of the female body.
The Beauty of the Clitoris:
The clitoris is a highly sensitive and aesthetically pleasing part of the female genitalia. Its beauty lies not only in its function but also in its appearance. The color of the clitoris can vary from pale pink to deep red, and its size and shape can differ from person to person. This diversity adds to the visual appeal and uniqueness of each individual's clitoris.
Visual Perception and Sensory Curiosity:
Visual perception plays a crucial role in our attraction towards the clitoris. Just like we appreciate the beauty of artwork or a breathtaking landscape, the clitoris captivates us with its intricate details and delicate structure. Its presence is a visual reminder of the pleasure and sensuality that it can offer.
Moreover, our sense of curiosity is piqued when it comes to the clitoris. Its hidden location, nestled within the folds of the labia, creates a sense of mystery and intrigue. This curiosity drives us to explore and understand the clitoris better, both for personal pleasure and to enhance our knowledge of female sexuality.
The Impact of the Clitoris on Affect and Well-being:
The clitoris is not only visually appealing but also holds significant emotional and physical benefits. Its stimulation can release endorphins, the feel-good hormones, resulting in a positive affect and overall well-being. This natural response to clitoral stimulation can improve mood, reduce stress, and enhance intimacy and connection with a partner.
The Clitoris: A Sensory Theatre of Pleasure:
Just like music can evoke different emotions and sensations, the clitoris acts as a sensory theatre of pleasure. When properly stimulated, it can produce intense sensations of pleasure and orgasm, akin to the symphony of emotions that music can elicit. This comparison highlights the multifaceted nature of the clitoris and its ability to bring immense joy and satisfaction.
The clitoris is a remarkable organ that combines beauty, visual perception, sensory curiosity, and affect. Its presence and stimulation can bring immense pleasure and enhance overall well-being. Understanding and appreciating the clitoris not only contributes to a fulfilling sexual experience but also promotes a deeper understanding of female sexuality. So, let us embrace the beauty and wonder of the clitoris, and continue to explore its potential for pleasure and connection.
The Importance of Regular Doctor's Visits and Monitoring for Clitoris Health
As women, it is crucial to prioritize our health and well-being, which includes taking care of our reproductive organs. One area that often goes overlooked is the clitoris. This small, sensitive organ plays a significant role in sexual pleasure and overall sexual health. To maintain optimal clitoral health, it is essential to schedule regular doctor's visits and engage in monitoring techniques. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of clitoral health and the importance of seeking medical attention when necessary.
Electrocardiography (ECG) is a diagnostic tool commonly used to evaluate heart health. While it may seem unrelated, a healthy heart is crucial for overall well-being, including clitoral health. A well-functioning cardiovascular system ensures proper blood flow to all parts of the body, including the clitoris. By scheduling routine ECG tests, you can ensure that your heart is in good condition and that your clitoris receives adequate blood supply.
Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy are commonly used treatments for various medical conditions, such as cancer. These treatments can have significant effects on the body, including the clitoris. If you are undergoing any of these therapies, it is essential to discuss potential impacts on clitoral health with your healthcare provider. They can guide you on ways to mitigate any possible side effects and ensure your overall well-being.
While some medical conditions may require active treatment, others may call for a more conservative approach. Watchful waiting is a strategy where healthcare providers closely monitor the condition without immediate intervention. This approach can be beneficial for certain clitoral health concerns, such as infections or inflammations. Regular monitoring allows healthcare professionals to assess any changes and provide appropriate treatment if necessary.
Transdermal patches are a popular method of delivering medication through the skin. While they are commonly associated with hormone replacement therapy, they can also be used for clitoral health. Some patches contain medications that can help alleviate clitoral discomfort or enhance sensitivity. However, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before using any transdermal patches specifically designed for clitoral health.
General practitioners play a vital role in providing primary healthcare services, including clitoral health. Regular visits to your general practitioner allow for comprehensive check-ups and early detection of any potential issues. During these visits, your doctor can assess the overall health of your clitoris, provide guidance on maintaining optimal clitoral health, and address any concerns you may have.
Hospital visits may be necessary for more complex clitoral health conditions or procedures. If you experience persistent pain, abnormal bleeding, or any other concerning symptoms related to your clitoris, seeking medical attention at a hospital is crucial. Hospitals have specialized departments and healthcare professionals equipped to handle a wide range of clitoral health concerns.
In conclusion, prioritizing clitoral health is essential for overall well-being and sexual satisfaction. Regular doctor's visits and monitoring techniques, such as electrocardiography, watchful waiting, and transdermal patch usage, can help maintain optimal clitoral health. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and address any concerns promptly. By taking proactive steps, you can ensure a healthy clitoris and a fulfilling sexual life.
The Physiology of the Clitoris: Understanding its Role in Sensation and Pleasure
The clitoris is a complex organ that plays a crucial role in female sexual pleasure. It is located at the front junction of the labia minora, beneath the clitoral hood. While it is often associated with sexual arousal and pleasure, its functions extend beyond that. In this article, we will explore the physiology of the clitoris and how it contributes to sensory experiences.
Physiology of the Clitoris:
The clitoris is made up of various components, including nerve endings, connective tissue, skin, and glands. Its structure is similar to that of the male penis, but smaller in size and solely dedicated to sexual pleasure. Let's take a closer look at its key elements:
1. Nerve Endings: The clitoris is densely packed with nerve endings, making it one of the most sensitive parts of a woman's body. These nerve endings transmit signals to the brain, resulting in pleasurable sensations during sexual stimulation.
2. Connective Tissue: The clitoral shaft is composed of connective tissue, which provides support and structure. This tissue is crucial for maintaining the shape and functionality of the clitoris.
3. Skin and Lips: The clitoral hood, consisting of folds of skin, protects the clitoris and keeps it moist. It also contains the clitoral lips, which are highly sensitive and contribute to sexual arousal.
4. Glands: The clitoral glands, located at the base of the clitoral shaft, secrete lubricating fluids during sexual arousal. These fluids help reduce friction and enhance pleasure.
The Role of the Clitoris in Sensation:
The clitoris is central to female sexual pleasure and plays a vital role in orgasm. When stimulated, the nerve endings in the clitoris send signals to the brain, triggering a cascade of pleasurable sensations. This stimulation can be achieved through various means, including manual touch, oral sex, or intercourse.
Visual Perception and Pain:
Apart from its role in sexual pleasure, the clitoris can also be a source of pain or discomfort. Some women may experience conditions like clitorodynia, where they feel pain or tenderness in the clitoral region. If you are experiencing any discomfort or pain in your clitoris, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Health Tourism in Turkey:
Turkey is known for its advanced healthcare facilities and expertise in the field of gynecology and sexual health. Many women from around the world choose Turkey for their health tourism needs, including treatments related to the clitoris. With a wide range of experienced healthcare professionals and state-of-the-art facilities, Turkey offers a safe and reliable option for those seeking specialized care.
In conclusion, understanding the physiology of the clitoris is crucial for appreciating its role in sexual pleasure and overall well-being. It is a highly sensitive organ that contributes to the rich sensory experiences of women. If you have any concerns or questions regarding your clitoral health, it is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for guidance.
The Clitoris: A Key Player in Female Reproductive Health
The clitoris is a vital organ in the female reproductive system, playing a crucial role in sexual pleasure and reproduction. It is often overlooked and underestimated, but its significance cannot be overstated. In this article, we will explore the various functions of the clitoris and its importance in women's health.
One of the primary functions of the clitoris is to enhance sexual pleasure. It is highly sensitive and contains thousands of nerve endings, making it the most erogenous part of a woman's body. When stimulated, the clitoris can lead to intense sexual arousal, ultimately resulting in orgasm. It is important to note that every woman's clitoris is unique in size and sensitivity, just like any other part of her body.
Apart from its role in sexual pleasure, the clitoris also plays a crucial role in reproduction. During sexual intercourse, the clitoris becomes engorged with blood, which helps create a conducive environment for sperm to travel through the vagina and into the cervix. Sperm, carrying the male genetic material, swim through the cervical mucus, eventually reaching the egg cell in the fallopian tubes. If fertilization occurs, the egg cell implants itself into the uterus, leading to pregnancy.
Throughout pregnancy, the clitoris continues to play a vital role. As the uterus expands to accommodate the growing fetus, the clitoris may experience increased blood flow, making it more sensitive. Some women may even experience heightened sexual pleasure during pregnancy. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure a healthy and safe sexual experience during this time.
Childbirth marks a significant event in a woman's life, and the clitoris can also play a role during this process. The intense contractions experienced during labor and delivery can stimulate the clitoris, leading to feelings of sexual pleasure. This phenomenon, known as "birthgasm," is a natural occurrence and can vary from woman to woman.
After childbirth, the clitoris may undergo temporary changes due to hormonal fluctuations. It may become less sensitive for a period of time, but this usually resolves within a few weeks or months. It is crucial to give the body time to heal and recover after childbirth, both physically and emotionally.
As women age, they go through a natural process called menopause. During this time, the ovaries stop releasing eggs, and the production of hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, decreases. Menopause can bring about various changes in the body, including a decrease in clitoral sensitivity. However, it is important to note that every woman's experience with menopause is unique, and some may not experience any changes in clitoral sensitivity at all.
Regular visits to a gynecologist are essential for maintaining overall reproductive health. Gynecologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions related to the female reproductive system. They can provide guidance on sexual health, contraception, fertility, and menopause management. If you have any concerns about your clitoral health or any other aspect of your reproductive health, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.
In conclusion, the clitoris is an incredible organ that plays a vital role in sexual pleasure and reproduction. Understanding its functions and taking care of its health is essential for overall well-being. Remember to prioritize regular check-ups with a gynecologist to ensure your reproductive health is in optimal condition. And for those considering health tourism in Turkey, there are excellent gynecology and obstetrics services available that can provide the necessary care and expertise.
Understanding the Importance of Hormone Therapy for Clitoral Health
The clitoris is a small, highly sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva in women. It plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and satisfaction. However, just like any other part of the body, the clitoris can be affected by various health conditions and require specific treatments to maintain its well-being. In this article, we will explore the significance of hormone therapy in managing clitoral health and its role in treating certain precancerous conditions.
Hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play a vital role in the development and functioning of the clitoris. Imbalances in hormone levels can lead to various issues, including pain, edema (swelling), and reduced sensitivity. Hormone therapy aims to restore the balance of these hormones, promoting optimal clitoral health and overall well-being.
For women undergoing chemotherapy, hormone therapy can be particularly beneficial. Chemotherapy often disrupts the natural hormone balance in the body, leading to side effects such as vaginal dryness and reduced clitoral sensitivity. By utilizing hormone therapy, these effects can be minimized, improving sexual function and comfort during and after cancer treatment.
One common method of hormone therapy is through the use of transdermal patches. These patches deliver hormones directly through the skin, allowing for consistent and controlled hormone absorption. This approach is especially useful for individuals who may experience difficulties with oral medications or prefer a non-invasive method of treatment.
In addition to managing hormonal imbalances, hormone therapy can also play a role in the treatment of precancerous conditions affecting the clitoral gland. Precancerous conditions, such as clitoral intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), require careful monitoring and intervention to prevent the development of cancer. Hormone therapy, combined with regular check-ups and watchful waiting, can help manage these conditions and reduce the risk of progression.
It is important to note that hormone therapy for clitoral health should always be undertaken under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional. They will evaluate your individual needs, conduct necessary tests, and prescribe the most appropriate treatment plan tailored to your specific situation.
In conclusion, hormone therapy plays a crucial role in maintaining clitoral health and managing various conditions that may affect this sensitive organ. Whether it involves restoring hormonal balance, mitigating side effects of chemotherapy, or treating precancerous conditions, hormone therapy can significantly improve the well-being and sexual satisfaction of individuals. If you are experiencing any issues related to your clitoral health, consult with a healthcare professional to determine if hormone therapy is a suitable option for you. Remember, prioritizing your sexual health is an essential aspect of overall well-being.
The Curiosity of Human Nature: Exploring the Clitoris
In this modern age, where information is just a click away, we constantly seek out news, music, and theatre to satisfy our curiosity. However, there are certain topics that often remain shrouded in mystery, causing both worry and curiosity. One such topic is the clitoris, an essential part of female anatomy that is often overlooked and misunderstood. In this article, we will delve into the wonders of the clitoris, exploring its significance, the suffering caused by ignorance, and the inspiration it can bring to enhance self-esteem and overall well-being.
Importance of Understanding the Clitoris:
The clitoris is a small, yet powerful organ that plays a crucial role in female sexual pleasure. Despite its significance, there is a lack of knowledge and awareness surrounding this intimate part of the female body. This knowledge gap can lead to confusion, frustration, and even dissatisfaction when it comes to sexual experiences. By educating ourselves about the clitoris, we can empower women to embrace their own bodies and enhance their sexual experiences.
The Suffering Caused by Ignorance:
The lack of understanding surrounding the clitoris can have profound effects on women's physical and emotional well-being. Many women may experience difficulties in achieving orgasm or may be unaware of the pleasure that the clitoris can bring. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and even strain relationships. It is crucial to address this issue and provide accurate information to alleviate unnecessary suffering.
Inspiration for Self-Esteem and Well-Being:
Once women are equipped with the knowledge about the clitoris, it can serve as a source of inspiration and empowerment. Understanding the clitoris allows women to embrace their own bodies, communicate their desires, and actively participate in their own sexual experiences. This newfound confidence can have a positive ripple effect, improving overall self-esteem and enhancing intimate relationships.
Health Tourism in Turkey:
Turkey has emerged as a popular destination for health tourism, offering a wide range of medical and wellness services. From cosmetic surgeries to reproductive health treatments, Turkey has become a hub for those seeking high-quality healthcare at affordable prices. When it comes to the topic of the clitoris, Turkey boasts a number of reputable medical institutions and professionals who can provide accurate information and guidance.
In a world where knowledge is readily available, it is essential to shed light on topics that have long been shrouded in mystery. The clitoris is a vital part of female anatomy that deserves attention and understanding. By educating ourselves and others, we can alleviate suffering, enhance self-esteem, and foster a healthier and more fulfilling approach to sexuality. In Turkey, health tourism offers an additional avenue for seeking accurate information and professional guidance on matters related to the clitoris. Let us embrace curiosity, dispel worry, and empower ourselves with knowledge.
The Clitoris: A Fascinating Organ in the Human Body
The clitoris is a small, yet significant organ located in the female reproductive system. While it is commonly known for its role in sexual pleasure, the clitoris has a complex structure and serves various functions in the human body. In this article, we will delve into the education and science behind the clitoris, exploring its cell development, morphology, and its connection to other tissues and glands.
The clitoris starts to develop in the early stages of fetal development, just like other parts of the human body. It originates from the same tissue as the penis in males, and both organs have similar cellular makeup. However, during development, the clitoris takes on its unique form and structure.
In terms of morphology, the clitoris consists of both external and internal components. The visible part, known as the glans, is located at the top of the vulva and is covered by a protective layer of skin. Just like the lips, the clitoral glans is rich in sensory nerve endings, making it highly sensitive to touch and stimulation.
Beneath the surface, the clitoris extends internally, with two erectile structures called the corpora cavernosa. These structures are made up of connective tissue and filled with blood during sexual arousal, causing the clitoris to become engorged and increase in size. This is similar to the mechanism that occurs in the penis during an erection.
Moreover, the clitoris is surrounded by a network of nerves, blood vessels, and small glands. These glands secrete lubricating fluids that aid in sexual arousal and pleasure. The clitoral hood, a fold of skin that covers the glans, protects it from friction and external stimuli when not aroused.
Understanding the intricate details of the clitoris is crucial for women's health and sexual well-being. It is important to emphasize that the clitoris is not solely a source of pleasure but plays a significant role in sexual satisfaction and overall sexual health.
In recent years, health tourism in Turkey has gained attention, offering specialized medical services for women's health, including clitoral reconstruction surgeries for those who have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) or wish to enhance their sexual experience. These procedures aim to restore the clitoris and its function, improving the quality of life for affected individuals.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a remarkable organ that contributes to the overall development of the human body. Its complex structure, cellular makeup, and connection to various tissues and glands make it an essential part of female anatomy. Understanding and appreciating the clitoris promotes women's health and well-being, fostering a positive outlook on sexual pleasure and satisfaction.
The Importance of Comfortable Clothing for Health and Wellness
In today's fast-paced world, it is essential to prioritize our health and wellness. One aspect that often gets overlooked is the clothing we choose to wear. Whether it's for a workout session or a casual day out, the right clothing can have a significant impact on our overall well-being. In this article, we will explore the importance of comfortable clothing and how it can contribute to a healthy lifestyle.
Comfortable clothing plays a crucial role in allowing our bodies to move freely and comfortably. When engaging in physical activities such as exercise or sports, wearing the right apparel can enhance performance and prevent unnecessary injuries. Sneakers, in particular, are a vital component of comfortable attire, providing proper support and cushioning for our feet. Popular brands like Nike and Adidas offer a wide range of sneakers designed to cater to various athletic needs.
Additionally, comfortable clothing can also have a positive impact on our mental well-being. When we feel comfortable in what we wear, it boosts our confidence and improves our self-image. This, in turn, can lead to more positive social interactions and a healthier mindset. Whether it's dressing up for a special occasion or simply wearing comfortable clothes on a regular day, the right clothing can make a significant difference in how we perceive ourselves and how others perceive us.
Furthermore, comfortable clothing is especially important for individuals involved in fraternities and sororities. These organizations often have specific dress codes or uniforms that members are required to wear. Ensuring that these garments are comfortable and well-fitted can contribute to a more pleasant and enjoyable experience within these groups. It allows members to focus on their activities and social interactions without being distracted by uncomfortable clothing.
In today's digital age, image and appearance play a significant role in how we are perceived. Social media platforms, such as Instagram and TikTok, are filled with influencers showcasing the latest fashion trends and outfits. However, it is crucial to prioritize comfort over fleeting fashion fads. Opting for clothing that allows our bodies to breathe and move freely should always take precedence.
To further emphasize the importance of comfortable clothing, we can turn to videos and conversations surrounding the topic. Many fitness enthusiasts and health experts advocate for wearing comfortable clothing during workouts and everyday activities. These videos and conversations serve as a reminder of the positive impact that appropriate attire can have on our overall health and well-being.
In conclusion, the significance of comfortable clothing should not be underestimated when it comes to our health and wellness. Brands like Nike, Adidas, and JD Sports offer a wide range of clothing options, including sneakers, that prioritize both style and comfort. Whether it's for physical activities, social interactions, or enhancing our self-image, comfortable clothing plays a crucial role in promoting a healthy lifestyle. So, let's prioritize our well-being and choose clothing that allows us to feel comfortable and confident in our own skin.
The Importance of Privacy for Women's Health and Relationships
In today's modern world, where smartphones have become an integral part of our everyday lives, privacy has become a crucial aspect for women's health and relationships. As women navigate the complexities of their gender identity, maintaining privacy becomes even more significant. This article will explore the impact of privacy on women's health, interpersonal relationships, friendships, couples, and spousal love.
Privacy plays a vital role in safeguarding a woman's mental and emotional well-being. In a society that often scrutinizes and judges women's choices, having personal space and privacy allows them to explore and express their true selves freely. It enables women to develop a positive self-image and maintain a healthy sense of self-worth, which is essential for overall well-being.
When it comes to interpersonal relationships, privacy is equally important. Women need the freedom to establish boundaries and control the information they share, especially in friendships. Having a private space allows women to confide in trusted friends, seek advice, and share personal experiences without fear of judgment or gossip. By respecting each other's privacy, women can cultivate supportive and nurturing friendships that contribute to their mental and emotional health.
Privacy also holds significant value within romantic relationships. Couples need personal space to maintain their individual identities while fostering a sense of togetherness. Respecting each other's privacy helps build trust, enhances communication, and strengthens the bond between partners. It allows couples to share intimate moments, thoughts, and feelings in a safe and secure environment, fostering a deeper sense of love and understanding.
Moreover, privacy plays a crucial role in spousal relationships. In the context of marriage, preserving privacy is essential to maintain a healthy balance between individual autonomy and shared responsibilities. Women should be able to maintain personal privacy within the confines of their marriage, which ensures their emotional well-being and strengthens the overall bond between spouses. Respecting privacy enables couples to navigate challenges, resolve conflicts, and support each other in a loving and respectful manner.
Health tourism in Turkey also recognizes the significance of privacy in women's health and relationships. With a growing emphasis on women's well-being, Turkish health facilities prioritize patient confidentiality and provide a supportive environment that respects individual privacy. Whether seeking medical treatments, wellness retreats, or reproductive health services, women can feel secure and confident in their pursuit of better health.
In conclusion, privacy plays a pivotal role in women's health and relationships. It allows women to embrace their gender identity, establish meaningful connections, and maintain healthy boundaries. Respecting privacy in friendships, couples, and marriages fosters trust, communication, and a deeper sense of love. With the recognition of privacy's importance, health tourism in Turkey ensures that women can access quality healthcare services while maintaining their personal privacy.
Exploring the Clitoris: A Journey from London to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The clitoris is a remarkable organ that plays a crucial role in female sexual pleasure and satisfaction. Found in the genital area, the clitoris is an incredibly sensitive structure that contains thousands of nerve endings, making it highly responsive to sexual stimulation. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating world of the clitoris, taking you on a journey from London to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, exploring its anatomy, function, and importance.
The clitoris, often referred to as the "pleasure button," is located at the top of the vulva, where the inner lips meet. Despite being a small organ, it is a powerhouse of pleasure. When the clitoris is stimulated, it becomes engorged with blood, leading to heightened sexual arousal and potentially intense orgasms.
Now, let's dive into the different parts of the clitoris and its function. The clitoris consists of both visible and internal components. The visible part, known as the glans, is the small, rounded structure that can be seen at the top of the vulva. It is protected by a hood of skin, called the clitoral hood, which serves to shield it from direct contact.
Beneath the surface, the clitoris extends further, with two shafts, known as the corpora cavernosa, and two crura, which are like legs that anchor the clitoris to the pelvic floor. These internal structures also become engorged with blood during sexual arousal, contributing to the pleasurable sensations.
Understanding the clitoris and its anatomy is crucial for both men and women. It allows for better communication and exploration of sexual pleasure, leading to more satisfying experiences. It's important to remember that every person's clitoris is unique, and what may work for one person may not necessarily work for another. Open communication, experimentation, and mutual understanding are key.
Now, let's talk about the importance of sexual health and well-being. It is essential to prioritize our sexual health, as it is an integral part of our overall well-being. Regular check-ups, discussions with healthcare professionals, and staying informed about sexual health are all crucial in maintaining a healthy and fulfilling sex life.
When it comes to sexual health, it's worth mentioning the growing popularity of health tourism. Many individuals seek specialized treatments and procedures in different parts of the world to address their specific needs. Turkey, with its renowned healthcare facilities and skilled medical professionals, has become a popular destination for health tourism, including sexual health-related treatments.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a remarkable and essential part of female anatomy that deserves attention and understanding. By exploring its anatomy, function, and importance, we can foster a healthier and more fulfilling sexual experience. Whether you're in London, Paris, England, Wales, or even Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, taking the time to learn about the clitoris and prioritize sexual health is essential for overall well-being.
Understanding the Clitoris and Its Role in Sexual Pleasure and Health
The clitoris is a highly sensitive and important organ in the female reproductive system. Located at the top of the vulva, it plays a crucial role in sexual pleasure and overall sexual and reproductive health. In this article, we will explore the anatomy and function of the clitoris, as well as its relationship to other sexual organs such as the penis and vagina.
The clitoris is often referred to as the female equivalent of the penis, as it shares similar erectile tissue and nerve endings. However, unlike the penis, which is primarily involved in urination and reproduction, the sole purpose of the clitoris is sexual pleasure.
During sexual arousal, the clitoris becomes engorged with blood, causing it to become more sensitive and erect. This stimulation can occur through direct contact, such as during sexual intercourse or manual stimulation, or through non-penetrative sexual activities, such as oral sex or using sex toys. It is important to note that sexual pleasure is not solely dependent on penetration and that non-penetrative sex can be equally satisfying and pleasurable.
The clitoris is packed with nerve endings, making it one of the most sensitive areas of the female body. Proper stimulation of the clitoris can lead to intense sexual pleasure and orgasm. However, it is essential to understand that every individual's experience with pleasure is unique, and what works for one person may not work for another. Communication, consent, and exploration are key elements in discovering what brings pleasure to each individual.
In addition to its role in sexual pleasure, the clitoris also plays a significant role in vaginal lubrication. As a woman becomes sexually aroused, the clitoral stimulation triggers the release of natural lubrication in the vagina. This lubrication helps reduce friction during sexual activity, making it more comfortable and pleasurable.
Understanding and embracing the importance of the clitoris in sexual and reproductive health is crucial for individuals and their partners. Open communication, education, and exploration can lead to a more fulfilling and satisfying sexual experience. It is essential to prioritize sexual health and pleasure, as they are integral components of overall well-being.
In conclusion, the clitoris is a vital organ in the female reproductive system, responsible for sexual pleasure and vaginal lubrication. Its sensitivity and unique role in sexual activity make it an important area to explore and understand. By acknowledging and prioritizing the clitoris, individuals can enhance their sexual and reproductive health, leading to a more satisfying and pleasurable experience.
Written by Cansın Mert ✓ Medically Reviewed by Mehmet Toprak, MD & Necat Kaplan, MD. on September 18, 2023
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- The Dangers of Tobacco Smoking: Cigarettes, Cigars, Hookahs, and Electronic Cigarettes
- The Impact of the Tobacco Industry on Consumer Experience and Customer Service
- The Impact of Smoking Bans and Drug Prohibition Policies on Public Health
- The Role of Display Devices in Document Management and Information Retrieval
- The Chemical Substances Found in Cigarettes and Their Impact on Health
- The Dangers of Tobacco: A Threat to Public Health
- A Guide to Smoking Cessation: Making the Right Choice for a Healthier Future
- The Impact of Tobacco on the Adult Population and the Role of Social Work in Promoting Healthier Habits
- The Impact of Tobacco on Various Organs and Tissues
- The Impact of Tobacco on Chronic Conditions and Cardiovascular Health
- The Impact of Tobacco on Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Importance of Primary Care and Doctor's Visits for Tobacco-Related Health Issues
- The Adverse Effects of Tobacco on Health
- The Link Between Tobacco and Mental Health: Addressing Stress, Depression, and Anxiety
- The Effects of Tobacco on Health and Well-being
- The Link Between Tobacco and Serious Health Conditions
- The Impact of Tobacco on Various Body Systems
- "Advancements in Health Tourism: Stem Cell Therapy and Gastroenterology Procedures in Turkey"
- Tobacco Use in the United Kingdom: A Social Perspective
- Understanding Tobacco: A Financial Perspective
- The Impact of Tobacco Research on Addiction and Accessibility
- "The Importance of Resource Reuse in Health Care: A Contractual Term and Policy Perspective"
- The Impact of Tobacco on Reproductive Health and Childbirth
- The Role of Customer Service in the Tobacco Industry
- Understanding the Complications of Tobacco Use on Health
The Dangers of Tobacco Smoking: Cigarettes, Cigars, Hookahs, and Electronic Cigarettes
Tobacco smoking has been a prevalent and harmful habit for centuries. It is estimated that tobacco use is responsible for the death of more than 8 million people worldwide each year. In this article, we will explore the dangers associated with various forms of tobacco smoking, including cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, and electronic cigarettes.
Cigarettes, perhaps the most commonly used tobacco product, contain a mix of harmful chemicals, including nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Nicotine is highly addictive, making it difficult for smokers to quit. The inhalation of tar and other toxic substances in cigarette smoke can cause a range of health issues, including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory problems.
Cigars, often associated with luxury and celebration, are not exempt from the dangers of tobacco smoking. Despite being less frequently smoked than cigarettes, cigars can be just as harmful. In fact, smoking a single cigar can expose the smoker to as much nicotine and toxic substances as smoking an entire pack of cigarettes. This puts cigar smokers at risk of developing various types of cancer, including lung, throat, and mouth cancer.
Hookahs, also known as water pipes or shisha, have gained popularity in recent years, particularly among young adults. Contrary to popular belief, smoking hookah is not a safer alternative to cigarettes. In fact, a session of hookah smoking can last several hours, leading to prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals. The charcoal used to heat the tobacco can produce high levels of carbon monoxide and other toxic substances. Additionally, sharing the same mouthpiece can increase the risk of transmitting infections, such as tuberculosis or hepatitis.
Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, have emerged as a trendy alternative to traditional tobacco products. However, the safety of these devices is still a subject of debate. While e-cigarettes do not produce the same harmful smoke as traditional cigarettes, they still contain nicotine and other potentially harmful chemicals. Furthermore, the long-term effects of vaping are not yet fully understood, and there have been cases of severe lung injury associated with e-cigarette use.
In conclusion, regardless of the form it takes, tobacco smoking poses significant health risks. Whether you smoke cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, or use electronic cigarettes, it is crucial to understand the potential harm you are exposing yourself to. Quitting smoking is the best way to protect your health and reduce the risk of developing tobacco-related diseases. If you are struggling to quit, consider seeking professional help or exploring alternative methods such as nicotine replacement therapy or counseling. Remember, your health is too valuable to be compromised by tobacco.
Remember to mention Health tourism in turkey if necessary.
The Impact of the Tobacco Industry on Consumer Experience and Customer Service
When it comes to the tobacco industry, there are several aspects that play a significant role in shaping the consumer experience and customer service. From the brands to the corporate titles, every aspect of this industry has an impact on the customers.
One important factor to consider is the presence of tobacconists. These specialized retailers play a crucial role in providing customers with a wide range of tobacco products and accessories. Whether it's a premium cigar or a pipe tobacco blend, tobacconists are knowledgeable experts who can guide customers in their selection process.
The brands within the tobacco industry also play a vital role in shaping the customer experience. Each brand has its unique identity, offering a distinct range of products that cater to different preferences. From the packaging design to the flavor profiles, brands strive to create a memorable experience for their customers.
Corporate titles within the tobacco industry also play a significant role in shaping the overall customer service experience. From customer representatives to brand ambassadors, these professionals are trained to provide exceptional service and address customer queries and concerns promptly.
Customer service is a crucial aspect of the tobacco industry. Companies understand the importance of providing excellent customer service to retain their loyal consumer base. Whether it's addressing product inquiries or resolving issues, prompt and efficient customer service is vital in maintaining customer satisfaction.
As the tobacco industry continues to evolve, companies are also embracing digital platforms to enhance customer service. Online chat support, email assistance, and social media engagement are some of the ways companies are adapting to meet the needs and preferences of their customers.
In conclusion, the tobacco industry encompasses various elements that shape the consumer experience and customer service. From the presence of tobacconists to the diverse range of brands and corporate titles, every aspect plays a significant role. Additionally, companies are continually striving to enhance customer service through various channels, ensuring that customers have a positive and satisfying experience.
The Impact of Smoking Bans and Drug Prohibition Policies on Public Health
In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the detrimental effects of tobacco use on public health. Governments around the world have implemented various regulations and policies to address this issue. One such measure is the smoking ban, which aims to prohibit smoking in certain public spaces. Additionally, drug prohibition policies have been put in place to combat the use and distribution of illegal substances. In this article, we will explore the impact of smoking bans and drug prohibition policies on public health.
1. Smoking Bans: A Step towards a Healthier Environment
Smoking bans are enforced to protect non-smokers from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. These bans typically apply to public spaces such as restaurants, bars, workplaces, and even outdoor areas. By implementing smoking bans, governments aim to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke and encourage smokers to quit or reduce their tobacco consumption.
The provision of smoking bans has been shown to have numerous health benefits. Studies have demonstrated a decrease in respiratory and cardiovascular issues among non-smokers after the implementation of smoking bans. Additionally, these policies have also been associated with a decrease in tobacco consumption rates and an increase in smoking cessation attempts.
2. Drug Prohibition Policies: Combating Substance Abuse
Drug prohibition policies aim to restrict the production, distribution, and use of illegal substances. These policies are often implemented to protect public health and reduce the societal harms associated with drug abuse. While drug prohibition policies may vary in their effectiveness, they serve as a deterrent and can help prevent the initiation of drug use.
By implementing drug prohibition policies, governments aim to reduce the availability and accessibility of drugs, leading to a decrease in drug-related harms. These policies also play a crucial role in discouraging drug use by emphasizing the potential legal consequences.
It is important to note that drug prohibition policies should be complemented by comprehensive prevention and treatment programs. Combining enforcement measures with educational campaigns and accessible treatment options can help address the root causes of drug abuse and promote public health.
Smoking bans and drug prohibition policies are important tools in promoting public health and reducing the harms associated with tobacco use and drug abuse. By implementing these measures, governments can create environments that are conducive to healthier lifestyles and protect individuals from the negative effects of secondhand smoke and illicit drug use. It is crucial for policymakers to continue evaluating and adjusting these policies to ensure their effectiveness in safeguarding public health.
The Role of Display Devices in Document Management and Information Retrieval
In today's digital age, the use of display devices has become increasingly important in various industries, including the field of document management and information retrieval. Display devices, such as photocopiers, play a crucial role in the efficient handling and accessibility of documents and data. In this article, we will explore the significance of display devices in managing documents and retrieving vital information.
One of the key functions of display devices, particularly photocopiers, is their ability to reproduce physical documents into digital formats. This process not only ensures the preservation of important information but also allows for easy storage and retrieval. By converting documents into electronic files, businesses and individuals can create a centralized database, making it convenient to access and share information across different platforms.
Furthermore, display devices play an essential role in the organization and categorization of documents. With advanced features such as optical character recognition (OCR), these devices can convert scanned documents into editable text, enabling users to search for specific keywords or phrases within a document. This functionality greatly enhances the efficiency of information retrieval, saving valuable time and effort.
In addition to document management, display devices also facilitate the dissemination of information to a wider audience. Whether it is through printing or digital display, these devices ensure that relevant data is accessible to the intended recipients. This is particularly significant in healthcare settings, where accurate and up-to-date information is vital for patient care. Display devices enable healthcare professionals to access medical records, test results, and other critical data, allowing for timely and informed decision-making.
Health tourism in Turkey has also benefited from the advancements in display devices. With the increasing number of international patients seeking medical treatments in Turkey, efficient document management and information retrieval systems are crucial. Display devices, such as photocopiers and scanners, ensure that medical records and patient information are easily accessible and securely stored. This not only enhances the overall patient experience but also contributes to the reputation and success of health tourism in Turkey.
In conclusion, display devices, including photocopiers, are indispensable tools in document management and information retrieval. They enable the conversion of physical documents into digital formats, facilitate efficient organization and categorization, and ensure the accessibility and dissemination of information. Whether in healthcare settings or the realm of health tourism in Turkey, the use of display devices has revolutionized the way we handle and retrieve vital data.
The Chemical Substances Found in Cigarettes and Their Impact on Health
When it comes to smoking, it's no secret that cigarettes contain a myriad of chemical substances. From nicotine to carbon monoxide, these components can have a detrimental effect on our health. In this article, we will explore the various chemicals found in cigarettes and their potential risks.
Nicotine is perhaps the most well-known chemical substance in cigarettes. It is a highly addictive stimulant that affects the central nervous system, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure. This addictive substance is what keeps smokers hooked, making it difficult for them to quit.
Another harmful chemical found in cigarettes is carbon monoxide. This odorless and tasteless gas is produced when tobacco is burned and inhaled. Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by our red blood cells, leading to a lack of oxygen supply to vital organs and tissues. Over time, this can result in serious health complications.
In addition to nicotine and carbon monoxide, cigarettes also contain arsenic. Yes, you read that right - a toxic substance typically associated with poison. Arsenic is used in pesticides and can be found in tobacco plants. When smoked, this chemical can increase the risk of various cancers, including lung, bladder, and skin cancer.
Furthermore, the act of smoking itself releases a vapor that contains numerous harmful substances. This vapor, commonly referred to as secondhand smoke, can be equally detrimental to those who inhale it. Secondhand smoke has been linked to an increased risk of respiratory infections, asthma attacks, and even sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
It is important to note that the negative health effects of smoking are not limited to the chemicals mentioned above. Cigarettes contain thousands of other harmful compounds, including tar, formaldehyde, and benzene, among many others. Each of these substances can contribute to the development of various diseases and health conditions.
In conclusion, smoking cigarettes exposes individuals to a wide range of chemical substances that can have severe consequences on their health. From nicotine addiction to carbon monoxide poisoning and the presence of arsenic, the risks associated with smoking are undeniable. It is crucial to raise awareness about these dangers and promote healthier alternatives to tobacco consumption. Remember, your health is priceless, and quitting smoking is the best decision you can make for your well-being.
The Dangers of Tobacco: A Threat to Public Health
Tobacco is a widely consumed product that poses significant risks to public health. The harmful effects of tobacco use are well-documented, ranging from the development of various diseases to increased toxicity in the body. In this article, we will explore the detrimental impact of tobacco on health, particularly its association with oral and lung cancer.
Tobacco use has been linked to numerous diseases and conditions, making it a major public health concern. The inhalation of tobacco smoke exposes individuals to a wide range of toxic chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and various carcinogens. These substances can wreak havoc on the body, leading to the development of serious illnesses.
One of the most concerning health consequences of tobacco use is the increased risk of cancer. Tobacco has been strongly associated with oral cancer, which affects the lips, tongue, gums, and other parts of the mouth. Prolonged tobacco use can cause significant damage to the oral tissues, leading to the formation of cancerous cells. Oral cancer not only affects a person's ability to speak and eat but can also be life-threatening if left untreated.
Furthermore, tobacco use is a leading cause of lung cancer. The inhalation of tobacco smoke exposes the lungs to harmful substances that can damage the lung tissue and lead to the development of cancerous cells. Lung cancer is known for its high mortality rate and is often diagnosed at advanced stages, making it challenging to treat effectively.
In addition to cancer, tobacco use contributes to the development of various other diseases, including respiratory conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These conditions can severely impact a person's lung function and overall quality of life. Moreover, tobacco use increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, by damaging blood vessels and promoting the formation of blood clots.
Given the devastating impact of tobacco on public health, it is crucial to raise awareness about the dangers of tobacco use and promote effective tobacco control measures. Health education campaigns, stricter regulations, and support for smoking cessation programs can all play a vital role in reducing tobacco consumption and protecting individuals from its harmful effects.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses significant risks to public health. The toxicity of tobacco smoke and its association with diseases like oral and lung cancer highlight the urgent need for preventive measures. By prioritizing public health initiatives and promoting tobacco control, we can strive towards a healthier FUTure, both in Turkey and globally.
A Guide to Smoking Cessation: Making the Right Choice for a Healthier Future
In today's health-conscious society, many individuals are seeking ways to quit smoking and improve their overall well-being. Smoking cessation, the act of quitting smoking, is a crucial step towards a healthier lifestyle. However, it can be a challenging journey, as individuals face various obstacles in their quest to become smoke-free. In this article, we will explore different options and substitute goods available to those who want to quit smoking and achieve long-term abstinence.
Quitting smoking is a personal choice, and it's important to find the right method that suits your needs and preferences. There are several options available, and what works for one person may not work for another. It's essential to approach smoking cessation with an open mind and be willing to try different strategies.
One of the most popular choices for smoking cessation is the use of substitute goods. These products are designed to provide smokers with an alternative nicotine source while eliminating the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a commonly used substitute good that helps individuals gradually reduce their nicotine intake. NRT comes in various forms such as nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers, and nasal sprays. These products can help manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms, making it easier for individuals to quit smoking.
Another option for smoking cessation is medication. Several prescription medications are available that can help individuals quit smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. These medications work by affecting the brain's receptors, making smoking less pleasurable. It's important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any medication for smoking cessation, as they can provide guidance and monitor your progress.
In addition to substitute goods and medication, there are various other strategies that can support smoking cessation. Behavioral therapies, such as counseling and support groups, can provide individuals with the tools and motivation needed to quit smoking. These therapies help individuals identify triggers and develop coping mechanisms to overcome cravings and maintain abstinence.
It's important to note that quitting smoking is not a one-size-fits-all approach. What works for one person may not work for another. Some individuals may find success with substitute goods, while others may prefer medication or behavioral therapies. The key is to find the option that resonates with you and provides the support you need to quit smoking for good.
Health tourism in Turkey also offers smoking cessation programs and resources for individuals seeking to quit smoking. Turkey's healthcare system provides a wide range of services and support for those looking to improve their health and quit smoking. Whether you're a local resident or a visitor, Turkey offers a supportive environment to help you on your journey towards a smoke-free life.
In conclusion, smoking cessation is a personal choice, and there are various options available to individuals looking to quit smoking. Substitute goods, medication, and behavioral therapies are some of the strategies that can support smoking cessation. It's important to find the method that works best for you and seek professional guidance if needed. Remember, quitting smoking is a journey, and with the right support and determination, you can achieve long-term abstinence and enjoy a healthier FUTure.
The Impact of Tobacco on the Adult Population and the Role of Social Work in Promoting Healthier Habits
Tobacco use is a prevalent issue that affects the adult population worldwide. The social and health implications of tobacco consumption can be severe, making it imperative for professionals in social work to address this issue and promote healthier habits within society. In this article, we will explore the impact of tobacco on the adult population and discuss the role of social work in combating this harmful habit.
The human body is greatly affected by tobacco use, with detrimental consequences for both physical and mental health. Smoking tobacco products exposes individuals to harmful chemicals, such as nicotine and tar, which can lead to various health issues. These include respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and an increased risk of developing cancers, particularly lung cancer. Additionally, tobacco use can negatively impact mental well-being, contributing to anxiety, depression, and increased stress levels.
As social workers, it is crucial to understand the social factors that contribute to tobacco use and addiction. Many individuals start smoking due to social pressures, such as peer influence or a desire to fit in. Social work professionals can play a vital role in addressing these underlying social issues and promoting healthier habits. By providing education and awareness programs, social workers can empower individuals to make informed choices regarding tobacco use.
Furthermore, social workers can support individuals in quitting tobacco through counseling and intervention strategies. They can collaborate with healthcare professionals to develop personalized cessation plans and provide ongoing support to individuals throughout their journey towards a smoke-free life. Additionally, social workers can advocate for policies and regulations that restrict tobacco advertising, increase taxation on tobacco products, and create smoke-free environments.
Health tourism in Turkey provides a unique opportunity for individuals to seek assistance in quitting tobacco. The country offers a range of health and wellness centers that specialize in addiction treatment, including tobacco cessation programs. These programs combine medical interventions, counseling, and behavioral therapy to support individuals in overcoming their addiction and improving their overall health.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses significant risks to the adult population, affecting both physical and mental health. Social work professionals play a crucial role in addressing this issue by promoting healthier habits and supporting individuals in quitting tobacco. Through education, counseling, and advocacy, social workers can contribute to reducing the prevalence of tobacco use and improving the well-being of individuals and communities. Health tourism in Turkey also offers opportunities for individuals seeking specialized treatment and support in quitting tobacco.
The Impact of Tobacco on Various Organs and Tissues
Tobacco use is a major health concern worldwide, causing numerous diseases and negatively affecting various organs and tissues in the body. In this article, we will explore the detrimental effects of tobacco on the lungs, blood, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, kidneys, and other vital tissues.
The lungs, being directly exposed to the harmful substances present in tobacco, bear the brunt of its detrimental effects. Smoking tobacco leads to the accumulation of tar and other toxic chemicals in the lungs, causing damage to the lung tissue and impairing respiratory function. This damage can lead to chronic lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, as well as an increased risk of developing lung cancer.
Tobacco use also has a profound impact on the cardiovascular system, including the blood and blood vessels. Smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage the inner lining of blood vessels, leading to the formation of plaques and narrowing of the arteries, which can ultimately result in heart attacks and strokes.
Moving further down the respiratory tract, tobacco use affects the pharynx and esophagus. Regularly inhaling tobacco smoke can irritate and inflame the throat and pharynx, increasing the risk of throat cancer. Moreover, smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer, as the harmful substances in tobacco can directly come into contact with the esophageal lining.
The stomach is another organ that is negatively affected by tobacco use. Smoking increases the risk of developing stomach ulcers and can worsen existing ulcers. It also impairs the healing process of ulcers, making them more resistant to treatment. Additionally, smoking has been linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer.
The liver, responsible for detoxifying the body, also suffers from the harmful effects of tobacco. Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. Moreover, tobacco use can interfere with the metabolism of certain medications, making them less effective or potentially toxic to the liver.
The kidneys, responsible for filtering waste from the blood, can also be affected by tobacco use. Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of kidney cancer and can worsen existing kidney conditions. It can also contribute to the development of kidney stones due to the dehydration caused by smoking.
Lastly, tobacco use can have a detrimental effect on various tissues throughout the body. The toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke can impair wound healing and increase the risk of infections. Furthermore, smoking can accelerate the aging process, leading to premature wrinkles and sagging skin.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses significant risks to various organs and tissues in the body. From the lungs to the blood vessels, pharynx to the stomach, and liver to the kidneys, the detrimental effects of tobacco are far-reaching. It is crucial to raise awareness about the harmful consequences of tobacco use and promote healthier alternatives to protect our overall health and well-being.
The Impact of Tobacco on Chronic Conditions and Cardiovascular Health
Tobacco use has long been recognized as a major risk factor for numerous chronic conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, stroke, dementia, and hypertension. These conditions can have a significant impact on an individual's overall health and well-being. In this article, we will explore how tobacco use contributes to the development and progression of these chronic conditions, and the importance of quitting smoking for a healthier life.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung condition that is often caused by smoking. The chemicals in tobacco smoke can irritate and inflame the airways, leading to a narrowing and obstruction of the lungs. This can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing. Quitting smoking is crucial for individuals with COPD, as it can help slow down the progression of the disease and improve lung function.
Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke, is another serious health consequence of tobacco use. Smoking damages the lining of the blood vessels, causing them to become narrower and stiffer. This restricts blood flow and increases the risk of blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Additionally, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that can increase blood pressure and promote the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries, further contributing to cardiovascular problems. Quitting smoking is essential for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving overall heart health.
In recent years, research has also shown a strong link between tobacco use and dementia. Smoking has been found to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and memory loss. Quitting smoking can help protect brain health and lower the risk of developing dementia.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that is strongly associated with tobacco use. Smoking causes an immediate increase in blood pressure and also damages the blood vessels over time, making them less elastic and more prone to narrowing. This can lead to long-term hypertension and increase the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular complications. Quitting smoking is an important step in managing hypertension and improving overall cardiovascular health.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses a significant threat to both respiratory and cardiovascular health, and is linked to a range of chronic conditions including COPD, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dementia, and hypertension. Quitting smoking is the best way to reduce the risk of developing these chronic conditions and improving overall health. If you or a loved one is struggling with tobacco addiction, seek support and guidance from healthcare professionals to embark on a smoke-free journey towards a healthier life.
Remember, your health is your most valuable asset.
The Impact of Tobacco on Pregnancy and Childbirth
Tobacco use has long been associated with a wide range of health risks, including pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. In this section, we will explore the detrimental effects of tobacco on pregnancy, focusing on the increased risk of preterm birth, miscarriage, stillbirth, and complications related to the uterus and cervix.
Pregnancy is a crucial period that requires utmost care and attention to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the infant. Unfortunately, tobacco use during pregnancy can have severe consequences for both parties involved.
One of the most concerning risks associated with tobacco use during pregnancy is the increased likelihood of preterm birth. Preterm birth refers to the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. Babies born prematurely are at a higher risk of experiencing various health issues, including respiratory problems, developmental delays, and long-term disabilities.
Furthermore, tobacco use during pregnancy has been linked to an elevated risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Miscarriage refers to the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks, while stillbirth refers to the loss of a baby after 20 weeks of gestation. These tragic outcomes can be devastating for expecting parents and highlight the importance of avoiding tobacco during pregnancy.
Additionally, tobacco use can lead to complications related to the uterus and cervix. The chemicals present in tobacco can cause damage to the delicate tissues of the reproductive system, leading to issues such as cervical incompetence. Cervical incompetence refers to the inability of the cervix to remain closed during pregnancy, which can result in preterm labor or miscarriage.
It is crucial to note that these risks are not limited to active smoking alone. Secondhand smoke exposure can also have detrimental effects on pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnant individuals should avoid environments where smoking is prevalent to protect themselves and their unborn babies.
In conclusion, tobacco use during pregnancy poses significant risks to both the mother and the infant. From an increased likelihood of preterm birth to higher rates of miscarriage and stillbirth, the negative impacts of tobacco on pregnancy and childbirth are undeniable. To ensure a healthy and safe pregnancy, it is crucial for expecting parents to prioritize their well-being and avoid tobacco use altogether. Health tourism in Turkey offers a range of resources and support for individuals who are looking to quit smoking and improve their overall health during pregnancy.
Importance of Primary Care and Doctor's Visits for Tobacco-Related Health Issues
When it comes to addressing tobacco-related health issues, having a reliable health care provider is crucial. Primary care plays a vital role in managing the overall well-being of individuals, including their tobacco usage. Regular doctor's visits not only help in preventing tobacco-related diseases but also provide necessary support during medical emergencies. In this article, we will highlight the significance of primary care and doctor's visits in tackling tobacco-related health concerns.
Primary care serves as the foundation of healthcare services, providing comprehensive and continuous care for individuals of all ages. It involves a range of services, from routine check-ups to managing chronic conditions. For tobacco users, primary care physicians can offer guidance, support, and resources to quit smoking or reduce tobacco consumption. These healthcare professionals are equipped with the knowledge and expertise to address the specific health risks associated with tobacco use.
Regular doctor's visits are essential for individuals who smoke or use tobacco products. During these visits, healthcare providers can assess the impact of tobacco on various aspects of health, such as lung function, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being. They can also provide personalized advice on quitting strategies, including medication options and behavioral interventions.
In the case of a medical emergency related to tobacco use, having a trusted healthcare provider becomes even more critical. Whether it is a severe respiratory issue or a cardiovascular event, immediate medical attention is crucial. Your primary care physician can guide you through the necessary steps to manage the emergency effectively. They can provide the appropriate medical interventions and ensure that you receive the best possible care during such critical situations.
Furthermore, primary care physicians can also offer technical support for individuals looking to quit tobacco. They can help you navigate through the available resources, such as helplines, support groups, and online programs. By providing continuous guidance and monitoring, they can enhance your chances of successfully overcoming tobacco addiction.
Health tourism in Turkey could also be an option for individuals seeking specialized tobacco-related care. With its advanced healthcare infrastructure and renowned medical professionals, Turkey offers various healthcare services, including tobacco cessation programs. However, it is essential to consult with your primary care provider before considering health tourism options.
In conclusion, primary care and regular doctor's visits play a crucial role in addressing tobacco-related health issues. By partnering with a trusted healthcare provider, individuals can receive comprehensive care, support, and guidance throughout their journey to quit tobacco. Whether it is preventive care, managing chronic conditions, or addressing medical emergencies, primary care physicians are equipped to provide the necessary assistance. Remember, seeking help from a healthcare professional is the first step towards a healthier, tobacco-free life.
The Adverse Effects of Tobacco on Health
Tobacco use is widely known to have detrimental effects on our health. It is associated with various complications and can lead to severe illnesses such as tuberculosis, bronchitis, osteoporosis, hepatitis, type 2 diabetes, and even herpes simplex infections. In this article, we will explore the adverse effects of tobacco on our overall well-being and discuss the importance of quitting this harmful habit.
One of the most common complications of tobacco use is lung-related diseases. Smoking can significantly increase the risk of developing tuberculosis, a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to contracting this infectious disease.
Another common respiratory condition associated with tobacco use is bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can cause persistent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Smoking damages the airways and impairs the lungs' ability to clear mucus, leading to the development of this condition.
Tobacco use also has a negative impact on bone health. Studies have shown that smokers are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Smoking interferes with the absorption of calcium, an essential mineral for maintaining bone density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and bone-related complications.
Additionally, tobacco use can have severe effects on liver health. Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections. The toxins in tobacco smoke can damage liver cells and impair the organ's ability to function properly, potentially leading to chronic liver disease.
Type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, is another health concern associated with tobacco use. Smoking increases insulin resistance and impairs glucose metabolism, making individuals more susceptible to developing this type of diabetes. Furthermore, smokers with diabetes face an increased risk of complications such as heart disease and kidney damage.
Lastly, tobacco use can also contribute to the reactivation of herpes simplex virus infections. Smoking weakens the immune system, making individuals more prone to recurrent outbreaks of cold sores or genital herpes. These viral infections can cause discomfort and have a significant impact on the individual's quality of life.
In conclusion, tobacco use has numerous adverse effects on our health. From respiratory complications such as tuberculosis and bronchitis to the increased risk of osteoporosis, hepatitis, type 2 diabetes, and herpes simplex infections, the consequences of smoking are far-reaching. It is crucial to prioritize our well-being and consider quitting this harmful habit to safeguard our health and prevent further complications.
The Link Between Tobacco and Mental Health: Addressing Stress, Depression, and Anxiety
Tobacco use not only affects physical health but also has a significant impact on mental well-being. Research has shown a strong association between tobacco consumption and mental health issues such as stress, depression, and anxiety. In this article, we will explore how smoking can contribute to these conditions and discuss effective strategies for problem-solving and achieving positive results in managing tobacco addiction.
Stress, Depression, and Anxiety: The Consequences of Tobacco Use
1. Stress: Many individuals turn to smoking as a way to cope with stress. However, smoking actually exacerbates stress levels in the long run. Nicotine, the addictive substance found in tobacco, stimulates the release of adrenaline and cortisol, hormones that increase stress levels. Smoking may provide temporary relief, but it ultimately leads to a vicious cycle of increased stress and the need for more cigarettes.
2. Depression: Studies have shown a higher prevalence of depression among smokers compared to non-smokers. Nicotine affects the brain's reward system, leading to temporary feelings of pleasure and relaxation. However, once the effects wear off, individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms, including feelings of sadness and irritability. Over time, this can contribute to the development of depression.
3. Anxiety: Smoking has been linked to increased anxiety levels. Nicotine activates the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. However, excessive dopamine release can disrupt the brain's balance, leading to heightened anxiety and an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders.
Addressing Tobacco Addiction: Problem-Solving Strategies
If you are struggling with tobacco addiction, it is crucial to seek support and adopt problem-solving strategies to overcome this harmful habit. Here are some effective approaches to consider:
1. Set clear goals: Define your reasons for quitting tobacco and establish realistic goals. Whether it's improving your mental health, reducing the risk of smoking-related disabilities, or setting a positive example for loved ones, having a clear purpose can motivate you to stay on track.
2. Seek professional help: Consult with healthcare professionals who specialize in smoking cessation. They can provide personalized advice, prescribe medication to manage nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and offer ongoing support throughout your journey.
3. Build a support network: Surround yourself with a supportive network of friends, family, or support groups who understand the challenges of quitting smoking. Their encouragement and accountability can significantly enhance your chances of success.
4. Adopt healthy coping mechanisms: Find alternative ways to manage stress, depression, and anxiety without turning to tobacco. Engage in regular physical exercise, practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing and meditation, and explore hobbies or activities that bring you joy and fulfillment.
The Result: Improved Mental Health and Overall Well-being
By addressing tobacco addiction and prioritizing mental health, individuals can experience a range of positive results. Quitting smoking not only reduces the risk of developing smoking-related disabilities but also improves overall mental well-being. Increased energy levels, improved mood, and a greater sense of control over one's life are just a few of the benefits that can be achieved through tobacco cessation.
In conclusion, tobacco use has a detrimental impact on mental health, contributing to stress, depression, and anxiety. However, by adopting problem-solving strategies and seeking the necessary support, individuals can overcome tobacco addiction and achieve improved mental well-being. Remember, your journey towards a smoke-free life is within reach, and the positive results are worth the effort.
The Effects of Tobacco on Health and Well-being
Smoking has long been recognized as a harmful habit that can have detrimental effects on our overall health. Inhalation of tobacco smoke, whether through smoking or chewing, can lead to a myriad of health issues. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which tobacco affects our bodies and discuss the importance of maintaining good respiratory health.
One of the most obvious consequences of smoking is the damage it causes to our respiratory system. The inhalation of tobacco smoke directly affects our lungs, impairing their ability to function properly. Over time, this can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a condition characterized by shortness of breath, coughing, and reduced lung function. Additionally, smoking can increase the risk of developing aspiration pneumonia, a type of lung infection that occurs when foreign substances, such as tobacco particles, enter the airways and cause inflammation.
Chewing tobacco, although not as commonly practiced as smoking, also poses its own set of risks. The habit of chewing tobacco involves placing a tobacco product, such as snus or dip, in the mouth and allowing the tobacco to be absorbed through the oral mucosa. This can result in oral health problems, including gum disease, tooth decay, and even oral cancer. Furthermore, chewing tobacco can have negative effects on our sense of smell and taste, impairing our ability to fully enjoy the flavors and aromas of food.
It is important to note that tobacco use not only affects the individual engaging in the habit but also those around them. Secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoking, can be just as harmful to non-smokers. The inhalation of secondhand smoke has been linked to an increased risk of various health conditions, including lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory infections.
In recent years, health tourism in Turkey has gained popularity, attracting individuals seeking high-quality medical treatments and services. However, it is crucial to recognize that tobacco use can significantly impact the success of these treatments. Whether it is a cosmetic procedure or a more serious medical intervention, smoking can impair the body's ability to heal and recover. Therefore, it is advisable for individuals considering health tourism in Turkey to quit smoking prior to their trip to enhance the effectiveness of their treatments and ensure optimal health outcomes.
In conclusion, tobacco use, whether through smoking or chewing, has far-reaching consequences for our health. From respiratory issues to oral health problems, the negative effects of tobacco are undeniable. By understanding these risks and making the decision to quit, individuals can take proactive steps towards improving their overall well-being. Remember, your health is in your hands, and quitting tobacco is the first step towards a healthier, smoke-free FUTure.
The Link Between Tobacco and Serious Health Conditions
Tobacco use has long been associated with a wide range of health problems, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, tuberculosis, bronchitis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. In this article, we will explore the detrimental effects of tobacco on the body and the importance of quitting smoking to improve overall health.
One of the most well-known consequences of tobacco use is the increased risk of cancer. Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer associated with smoking, accounting for a significant number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In addition to lung cancer, tobacco use has also been linked to oral cancer, affecting the mouth, throat, and lips. The carcinogenic substances present in tobacco smoke can damage the cells in these areas, leading to the development of cancerous tumors.
Furthermore, tobacco use greatly contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease. Smoking damages the lining of blood vessels, causing them to narrow and harden over time. This condition, known as atherosclerosis, can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular complications. The chemicals in tobacco smoke also increase blood pressure and heart rate, further straining the cardiovascular system.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is another serious health condition commonly associated with tobacco use. This progressive lung disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both of which are characterized by difficulty breathing and reduced lung function. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD, with the harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke causing inflammation and damage to the airways and lung tissue.
In addition to the aforementioned conditions, tobacco use also increases the risk of stroke, tuberculosis, bronchitis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is disrupted, often due to the formation of blood clots. Smoking damages blood vessels and promotes the formation of clots, increasing the likelihood of a stroke. Similarly, tobacco use weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections such as tuberculosis and bronchitis.
Moreover, smoking is a significant risk factor for hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. The chemicals in tobacco smoke cause blood vessels to constrict and increase the heart rate, resulting in elevated blood pressure levels. Over time, high blood pressure can lead to heart disease, kidney problems, and other complications. Additionally, smoking has been identified as a contributing factor to the development of type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses a significant threat to our health, increasing the risk of various serious conditions such as cancer, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, tuberculosis, bronchitis, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Quitting smoking is crucial for improving overall health and reducing the chances of developing these life-threatening conditions. Remember, your well-being is in your hands, and taking steps towards a smoke-free life can have long-lasting benefits.
The Impact of Tobacco on Various Body Systems
In today's world, tobacco use remains a significant health concern, affecting various body systems and increasing the risk of numerous diseases. The detrimental effects of tobacco are not limited to just the respiratory system; they extend to other vital organs and systems in the human body. In this article, we will explore how tobacco affects the artery, circulatory system, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, human eye, and sweat gland.
Tobacco use is a leading cause of arterial damage. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can lead to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow and increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.
The circulatory system, responsible for the transportation of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, is greatly affected by tobacco use. Smoking leads to an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, putting additional strain on the heart and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, tobacco smoke reduces the amount of oxygen carried by the blood, leading to tissue damage and impaired healing.
Tobacco use has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. The toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke are filtered by the kidneys and excreted through the urinary bladder. Continuous exposure to these toxins can lead to DNA damage and the development of cancerous cells in the bladder.
Tobacco use not only affects the respiratory system but also has detrimental effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of various gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. It can also worsen symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and increase the likelihood of developing peptic ulcers.
The human eye is not spared from the harmful effects of tobacco. Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that can damage the delicate blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss and impairment.
Tobacco use can also impact the sweat glands in the body. Smoking disrupts the normal functioning of sweat glands, leading to a decrease in perspiration and impairing the body's ability to regulate temperature. This can result in overheating and an increased risk of heat-related illnesses.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses significant risks to various body systems, including the artery, circulatory system, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, human eye, and sweat gland. Quitting smoking and avoiding tobacco products is crucial for maintaining optimal health and reducing the risk of associated diseases. If you're a smoker, consider seeking support and resources to help you quit. Remember, your health is in your hands.
"Advancements in Health Tourism: Stem Cell Therapy and Gastroenterology Procedures in Turkey"
Tobacco use continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. The harmful effects of tobacco on various organs, including the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, have been extensively studied. However, the impact of tobacco on other vital organs, such as the kidney and liver, is often overlooked. In this article, we will explore the detrimental effects of tobacco on these organs and discuss potential treatment options, including innovative procedures in the field of gastroenterology and the promising use of stem cell therapy.
The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and excess fluid from the blood. However, tobacco use can damage the delicate blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to a condition known as kidney disease. Over time, this can progress to chronic kidney disease, which significantly impairs kidney function. Patients with chronic kidney disease may require dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain their health and wellbeing.
In recent years, Turkey has emerged as a leading destination for health tourism, offering state-of-the-art treatments and procedures. One such procedure is catheter-based interventions in gastroenterology. This minimally invasive approach allows doctors to diagnose and treat a wide range of gastrointestinal conditions, including liver disease. By inserting a catheter into the blood vessels of the liver, doctors can deliver targeted therapies, such as chemotherapy or radiation, directly to the affected area, minimizing side effects and improving treatment outcomes.
Another exciting development in the field of regenerative medicine is the use of stem cell therapy. Stem cells have the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, including liver cells and kidney cells. Researchers are exploring the potential of using stem cell therapy to regenerate damaged tissues in the liver and kidney caused by tobacco use. Preliminary studies have shown promising results, with improved organ function and reduced inflammation observed in animal models.
Health tourism in Turkey offers access to cutting-edge medical facilities and highly skilled healthcare professionals. Patients seeking treatment for tobacco-related organ damage, such as kidney or liver disease, can benefit from the expertise of Turkish gastroenterologists and the advancements in stem cell therapy. The combination of innovative procedures in gastroenterology and the potential of stem cell therapy provides hope for patients in need of effective treatments for tobacco-related complications.
In conclusion, tobacco use can have severe consequences on vital organs such as the kidney and liver. However, advancements in gastroenterology procedures, including catheter-based interventions, and the potential of stem cell therapy offer new hope for patients seeking treatment for tobacco-related organ damage. Health tourism in Turkey provides an opportunity for individuals to access state-of-the-art treatments and receive care from highly skilled healthcare professionals. It is crucial for individuals to prioritize their health and seek assistance in quitting tobacco use to prevent further damage to these vital organs.
Tobacco Use in the United Kingdom: A Social Perspective
Tobacco use is a significant public health concern that affects populations worldwide, including the United Kingdom. In particular, the bustling city of London has a diverse population that is impacted by the social aspects of tobacco consumption. Understanding the relationship between tobacco use and society is crucial in order to develop effective strategies to reduce smoking rates and promote a healthier lifestyle.
The United Kingdom has been actively working towards reducing tobacco use within its population. Various public health initiatives, such as awareness campaigns and smoking cessation programs, have been implemented to address the social and health consequences of smoking. These efforts have resulted in a decline in smoking rates over the years, but challenges still remain.
In London, the social dynamics surrounding tobacco use are complex. The city's diverse population brings together individuals from different cultural backgrounds, each with their own attitudes and beliefs towards smoking. While smoking rates have decreased overall, certain communities within London may still have higher rates of tobacco use due to cultural norms or social influences.
One of the factors that contribute to the social acceptance of smoking in the United Kingdom is the tobacco industry's marketing strategies. Despite strict regulations, tobacco companies continue to target specific populations, including young adults and vulnerable communities. By understanding the influence of these marketing tactics, policymakers can develop targeted interventions that counteract the industry's efforts.
The social aspect of tobacco use also extends to secondhand smoke exposure. Non-smokers, including children and individuals with respiratory conditions, can be negatively affected by exposure to secondhand smoke. Implementing smoke-free policies in public spaces, such as parks and outdoor venues, can help protect the health of the population and create a supportive environment for those who want to quit smoking.
In conclusion, tobacco use in the United Kingdom, particularly in London, is a complex issue influenced by social factors and population dynamics. Efforts to reduce smoking rates and promote a healthier lifestyle must consider the diverse nature of the population and address the social influences that contribute to tobacco use. By implementing comprehensive tobacco control measures, the United Kingdom can continue to make progress in improving public health and reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases.
Understanding Tobacco: A Financial Perspective
Tobacco is a widely consumed product that has significant implications not only for our health but also for our finances. In this article, we will explore the financial aspects of tobacco consumption, including the impact on personal finance, the tobacco industry's profitability, and the potential for financial gains through investments in tobacco-related stocks.
Personal Finance and Tobacco Consumption
When it comes to personal finance, tobacco consumption can have a detrimental effect on your budget. The money spent on purchasing tobacco products can quickly add up, especially for individuals who smoke regularly. Over time, these expenses can become a significant burden on your finances, limiting your ability to save or invest for the FUTure. By quitting smoking or reducing tobacco consumption, individuals can free up money to allocate towards more productive uses, such as saving for retirement or investing in other health-promoting activities.
The Profitability of the Tobacco Industry
From a broader perspective, the tobacco industry is known for its financial success. Despite the well-documented health risks associated with tobacco use, the industry continues to generate substantial profits. This profitability is primarily driven by the addictive nature of tobacco products, which creates a consistent demand and customer base. As a result, tobacco companies have been able to maintain their financial stability, despite increasing regulations and public health campaigns aimed at reducing tobacco consumption.
Investing in Tobacco-Related Stocks
For those interested in investing, tobacco-related stocks can be an option to consider. Many large tobacco companies are publicly traded, offering individuals the opportunity to invest in their financial success. These stocks often provide investors with regular dividends, a portion of the company's profits distributed to shareholders. However, it's important to note that investing in tobacco-related stocks comes with ethical considerations, as the industry's products have been linked to numerous health problems. It's crucial for investors to carefully weigh the financial gains against the potential ethical implications before making any investment decisions.
While tobacco consumption has significant implications for our health, it's also important to consider its impact on our finances. By understanding the financial aspects of tobacco use, individuals can make informed decisions about their consumption habits and explore alternatives that can benefit their personal finances. Additionally, for those interested in investing, tobacco-related stocks may present an opportunity for financial gains, but it's crucial to consider the ethical implications before making any investment decisions.
Health Tourism in Turkey: An Opportunity for Quitting Smoking
In recent years, Turkey has emerged as a popular destination for health tourism, offering various medical treatments and services. This includes smoking cessation programs, where individuals can receive professional support and guidance in their journey to quit smoking. With its renowned healthcare facilities and experienced medical professionals, Turkey provides a conducive environment for individuals seeking to break free from tobacco addiction. So, if you're considering quitting smoking, exploring health tourism options in Turkey might be a viable and beneficial choice.
The Impact of Tobacco Research on Addiction and Accessibility
Tobacco addiction is a widespread issue that affects millions of people worldwide. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the harmful effects of tobacco on our health and to develop strategies for addiction recovery. In this article, we will explore the importance of research in combating tobacco addiction and how it has improved accessibility to resources for individuals looking to quit smoking.
Research plays a crucial role in shedding light on the various aspects of tobacco addiction. It helps us understand how nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco, affects our brain and body. By studying the behavioral patterns of smokers, researchers have been able to identify triggers and develop effective cessation methods. Moreover, research has also highlighted the long-term health risks associated with smoking, such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems.
One of the key ways research has improved accessibility to resources for smokers is through the development of comprehensive content formats. Gone are the days when information about quitting smoking was limited to pamphlets and brochures. Nowadays, individuals can access a wealth of information online, ranging from articles and videos to interactive tools and apps. These resources provide valuable guidance on the best strategies for quitting smoking, managing withdrawal symptoms, and staying smoke-free.
The accessibility of research-based information has been further enhanced through the use of PDF documents. PDFs allow for easy sharing and downloading of important research findings, making them accessible to healthcare professionals, policymakers, and individuals looking to quit smoking. Moreover, PDFs also ensure that the content format remains consistent across different devices and platforms, ensuring that the information is easily readable and accessible to all.
Another important aspect of research in combating tobacco addiction is the use of technical drawings. These drawings help visualize the harmful effects of smoking on our body, such as damaged lungs and clogged arteries. By presenting this information in a visually engaging manner, technical drawings help raise awareness about the consequences of tobacco use and motivate individuals to quit smoking.
In conclusion, research has played a significant role in understanding and combating tobacco addiction. Through extensive studies, researchers have improved our understanding of the addictive nature of tobacco and its detrimental effects on our health. Furthermore, research has led to the development of accessible content formats, such as PDFs and technical drawings, that provide valuable information and resources to individuals seeking to quit smoking. By harnessing the power of research, we can continue to make strides towards a tobacco-free FUTure.
"The Importance of Resource Reuse in Health Care: A Contractual Term and Policy Perspective"
In the ever-evolving field of health care, the concept of resource reuse has gained significant attention in recent years. With the aim of maximizing efficiency and reducing waste, health care organizations are increasingly adopting contractual terms and policies that encourage and regulate the reuse of resources. This article explores the significance of resource reuse in health care, focusing on the role of contractual terms and policies in promoting this practice.
Resource reuse refers to the process of utilizing a resource multiple times instead of disposing of it after a single use. In the context of health care, this can include items such as medical equipment, supplies, and even certain medications. By reusing resources, health care organizations can not only reduce their environmental impact but also save significant costs.
Contractual terms and policies play a crucial role in facilitating and regulating resource reuse in health care settings. These terms and policies outline the responsibilities and obligations of all parties involved, ensuring that the process is carried out safely and effectively. They may include guidelines for cleaning and sterilization, quality control measures, and documentation requirements.
One key aspect of contractual terms and policies related to resource reuse is the inclusion of clear information and documentation. Health care organizations must maintain accurate records of the reuse process, including details of cleaning and sterilization procedures, any necessary repairs or modifications, and information on the original source of the resource. This ensures traceability and accountability, allowing for proper monitoring and evaluation of the reuse practice.
Implementing contractual terms and policies that promote resource reuse not only benefits individual health care organizations but also contributes to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly health care system. By reducing waste and minimizing the need for new resources, health care organizations can significantly decrease their carbon footprint and conserve valuable natural resources.
Furthermore, resource reuse can also have a positive impact on health tourism in Turkey. As a popular destination for medical tourism, Turkey can position itself as a leader in sustainable and responsible health care practices. By emphasizing the importance of resource reuse and implementing robust contractual terms and policies, Turkey can attract environmentally conscious patients seeking high-quality care that aligns with their values.
In conclusion, resource reuse is an important practice in the field of health care. Through the implementation of contractual terms and policies, health care organizations can promote and regulate resource reuse, leading to cost savings, environmental benefits, and enhanced patient satisfaction. By embracing resource reuse, Turkey can not only contribute to a more sustainable health care system but also position itself as a desirable destination for health tourism.
The Impact of Tobacco on Reproductive Health and Childbirth
Tobacco use is a global health concern that not only affects the respiratory system but also poses significant risks to reproductive health and childbirth. In this section, we will explore the detrimental effects of tobacco on fertility, vision, and the well-being of unborn infants.
Infertility is a distressing issue faced by many couples, and tobacco use has been identified as a potential cause. Studies have shown that smoking can have negative effects on both male and female fertility. In men, smoking can lead to reduced sperm count, decreased sperm motility, and even DNA damage. Women who smoke are more likely to experience hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, and a higher risk of miscarriage.
Furthermore, tobacco use has been linked to distorted vision. Smoking increases the likelihood of developing cataracts, a condition that clouds the lens of the eye, leading to blurred vision and eventual vision loss. Additionally, smoking has been associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, a progressive eye disease that can cause central vision loss.
For pregnant women, tobacco use poses serious risks to the health of both the mother and the unborn child. Smoking during pregnancy can result in a higher likelihood of stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birth weight. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can restrict the oxygen and nutrient supply to the developing fetus, leading to growth restrictions and developmental issues. Moreover, exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy can also have detrimental effects on the baby's health.
Smoking during childbirth can also increase the chances of a medical emergency. Women who smoke are more likely to experience complications during labor, such as placental abruption, which is the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery. This condition can cause heavy bleeding and endanger both the mother and the baby's well-being.
In light of these alarming effects, it is crucial to prioritize tobacco cessation for individuals planning to conceive or who are already pregnant. Seeking professional help and support from healthcare providers can greatly increase the chances of successfully quitting smoking and improving reproductive health outcomes.
Health tourism in Turkey is an excellent option for individuals seeking comprehensive care and support in their journey towards tobacco cessation and reproductive health. With its state-of-the-art medical facilities and experienced healthcare professionals, Turkey offers a range of services to support individuals in quitting tobacco and improving their chances of conception and healthy childbirth.
The Role of Customer Service in the Tobacco Industry
In the highly competitive tobacco industry, brands and corporate titles play a crucial role in attracting and retaining consumers. However, it is the quality of customer service that ultimately determines the satisfaction and loyalty of customers. In this article, we will explore the importance of customer service in the tobacco industry and how it contributes to the overall success of brands.
The tobacco industry is constantly evolving, with new products and regulations emerging regularly. As a result, consumers rely heavily on customer service to navigate through the complexities of the industry. Whether it is assisting with product selection, answering inquiries about ingredients, or providing support for quitting smoking, customer service representatives play a vital role in ensuring that consumers have a positive experience with tobacco brands.
One of the key responsibilities of customer service in the tobacco industry is to provide accurate and up-to-date information to consumers. This includes educating customers on the potential health risks associated with tobacco use, as well as informing them about the various products available and their respective features. By doing so, customer service representatives not only empower consumers to make informed choices but also establish trust and credibility for the brand.
Moreover, customer service acts as a bridge between the tobacco industry and its customers. It serves as a platform for consumers to voice their concerns, provide feedback, and seek assistance. By actively listening to their customers and addressing their needs and concerns promptly, tobacco companies can demonstrate their commitment to customer satisfaction and build strong, long-lasting relationships.
In addition to providing support to individual consumers, customer service also plays a crucial role in addressing corporate clients' needs and maintaining strong business relationships. From wholesalers to retailers, the tobacco industry relies on a vast network of partners and distributors. By offering exceptional customer service to these corporate clients, tobacco companies can ensure smooth business operations and foster loyalty among their key stakeholders.
In conclusion, while brands and corporate titles may capture the attention of consumers in the tobacco industry, it is the quality of customer service that ultimately determines the success of these brands. By providing accurate information, addressing customer concerns, and fostering strong relationships with both individual consumers and corporate clients, the tobacco industry can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty. In this ever-changing landscape, customer service remains a critical component in the overall success of the tobacco industry.
Understanding the Complications of Tobacco Use on Health
Tobacco use is a widespread habit that has severe implications for both physical and mental health. In this article, we will explore the various complications associated with tobacco use, including the risk of dementia, miscarriage, inhalation, and aspiration pneumonia.
Dementia is a debilitating condition characterized by a decline in cognitive abilities, memory loss, and impaired thinking skills. Recent studies have found a link between tobacco use and an increased risk of developing dementia. Smoking cigarettes releases harmful toxins into the bloodstream, which can damage blood vessels in the brain, leading to cognitive decline over time.
For women who smoke, the risk of miscarriage is significantly higher compared to non-smokers. Smoking during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on the developing fetus, increasing the risk of premature birth, low birth weight, and complications during delivery. It is crucial for expectant mothers to quit smoking to ensure a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of miscarriage.
Inhalation of tobacco smoke is a major concern for both active smokers and those exposed to secondhand smoke. The harmful chemicals present in tobacco smoke can irritate the respiratory system, leading to various respiratory conditions. One such condition is aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when foreign material, such as tobacco smoke, is inhaled into the lungs. This can result in inflammation and infection, causing symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
Complications arising from tobacco use can have a significant impact on an individual's overall health and well-being. It is essential to recognize the risks associated with smoking and take proactive steps to quit or seek assistance in doing so. Health tourism in Turkey offers various resources and support systems to aid individuals in their journey towards a smoke-free life.
In conclusion, tobacco use poses numerous complications, including an increased risk of dementia, miscarriage, inhalation, and aspiration pneumonia. Quitting smoking is crucial for preserving one's health and preventing these adverse outcomes. Seek professional help and explore the available options to embark on a healthier lifestyle free from the harmful effects of tobacco.
Written by Cansın Mert ✓ Medically Reviewed by Mehmet Toprak, MD & Necat Kaplan, MD. on September 18, 2023
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Among women with young children, those in low-income households are more likely to exceed recommended levels on alcohol, according to a new study.
Dr Sarah Baker of Leeds Beckett University used information from the Millennium Cohort Study, which follows families with children born in 2000-01. She looked at 7,000 mothers with children aged 9 months in England and found an association between ‘risky’ levels of drinking and mothers’ socioeconomic circumstances. Differences were most marked between mothers in the poorest households (with incomes less than £10,400 a year) and those from the most affluent homes (with more than £31,200 a year).
In 1995 the Department of Health recommended drinking no more than two to three units of alcohol a day, or 21 units per week. In 2016, the limits were lowered to no more than 14 units a week – the equivalent of six glasses of wine or six pints of beer.
The study defined ‘risky’ as more than 21 units a week, in keeping with the recommendation at the time mothers were interviewed. About one in seven of women had risky drinking habits, based on what they said they consumed.
Mothers who had left school at 16 were more likely to report ‘risky’ drinking than those who stayed on in education until their early 20s. Teen mums were likely to drink more than those who gave birth when they were over 30, and single mothers had higher odds of risky drinking than their married counterparts. The chances of risky drinking also increased the more children a woman had.
The more of these socioeconomic disadvantages a mother faced, the greater her chances of drinking above the recommended limits.
These findings contrast with some previous studies that suggested mothers in higher income households and those with more years of education tended to drink more alcohol.
Dr Baker said the study showed the importance of examining risky alcohol use in relation to social circumstance. Because motherhood is such an important turning point in women’s lives, mothers’ drinking habits should be the focus of specific studies, she said.
‘The influence of social circumstances on ‘risky’ patterns of alcohol consumption among mothers with preschool-aged children in England’ by Sarah Baker was published in Substance Use & Misuse in December 2016.
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Digital healthcare definition
This article continues the series of Code Inspiration’s articles about digital transformation to E-Government.
Just in case, we remind that E-Government means transfer of administrative functions to digital format. E-government means that state authorities offer citizens to carry out state services online, be it purchasing a city transport travel pass, online business registration, entering a university etc. Or book a visit to a doctor. Let’s see what the Public Healthcare module of the E-Government system should look like.
Thus, digital healthcare means automation of healthcare, application of information technologies making all the processes run in a digital form.
The article might be not interesting for readers from advanced digital countries, because the author lives in Belarus where E-Government services development is considered to be an emerging activity. What’s more, the opinion is based on the local public healthcare system applied here in Belarus and CIS countries, where the majority of people uses state healthсare services, which are free of сharge and the quality of services is not satisfying sometimes. Anyway, we suppose that the article’s core ideas of digital healthcare within the E-government system are relevant to any healthcare system in any country.
Digital healthcare benefits for citizens
Let’s pretend the healthcare system has already become fully digital and runs as a module of the whole E-Government service. The implementation of the system made possible:
- To book a visit to any doctor in any medical facility
- To get a personal account and see:
- his/her medical report and records,
- aggregated doctor’s advice and prescriptions – E-Prescriptions,
- past and schedule of upcoming vaccinations,
- other relevant information.
- Telemedicine: request and carry out online consultation with a doctor.
The image is illustrative.
Digital healthcare benefits for state authorities
Development of a state digital healthcare system will make possible or state authorities:
- To have a clear vision of the public healthcare system state of things.
- To see end-to-end real time analytics on:
- Number of patients by day/month/year and its dynamics
- Number of disease incidences and its dynamics
- Availability of healthcare services. For instance, how many doctors-subspecialists there are and are they capable of providing medical consultations to all the patients. The same situation with local medical units: booking a visit a month in advance will show there are not enough doctors in the given medical facility
- Successful/unsuccessful treatment for further analysis.
- To redirect patients to doctors in other medical facilities with doctors available.
- To plan the budget in a more efficient way on the basis of real-time information and statistics. It will be possible to make predictions on the future demand in medical facilities and doctors.
Summarizing the above, we want to underline that citizens are main beneficiaries of an E-Government healthcare service development. On the whole, the main aim of making the public healthcare system digital within the entire E-Government is enhancing healthcare services for citizens.
Digital healthcare development risks
- Personal data breach – should be addressed at a data security level which is applied to any state information system development. Surely, with the announcement of a breach testing challenge where anyone can take part.
- More risks TBD.
Digital healthcare development challenges
There will be some challenges on the way to digital healthcare system development. Among the principle are:
- Implementation of infrastructure for the needs of the system: servers for data storage and processing as well as computers, tablets, laptops for doctors. And, surely, maintenance of this infrastructure.
- Transfer of data from paper records to digital format. – A very complex issue. Probably, it could be addressed by letting people decide whether to participate or not to participate in digital document flow. If a person refuses to go digital, doctors continue his\her records using paper forms. Such an approach will make the process last several dozens of years, but people must not be forced to go digital. We believe that gradually there will be a great number of users who are considered to be digitally active and will be ready to use the service.
- To study people use the system. Here we mean all the parties to the process: patients, doctors, state authorities, medical administrators. Probably, doctors – representatives of the older generation will refuse to learn a new computer system. They should not be forced – the right to keep working “in the old fashion” must be granted.
- Design and develop the software itself. The task to develop a state-level digital healthcare system as a part of E-Government service is a complex one. Even the stage of requirements engineering may take months, and this is only the beginning of a long road of digital transformation ahead. By the way, doctors must become the principal source of requirements. Exactly the doctors who work with patients directly every day, should tell the developers how the future information system should work. Doctors’ interests must also be taken into account, they should be comfortable using the developed information system.
- Elaborate current processes that take place in the healthcare system. And make sure they work fine. We have a recent example from Russia, where the national project “Digital state of healthcare” is being realized. Since recently citizens are able to book a visit to a doctor via a single online portal of state services. For 2020, 63.5 million of requests were registered. And only 17% of ALL the requests were successful. More than 52 million of requests were rejected due to the following reasons: 43% – no booking slots to necessary doctors, 13% – no necessary doctors-subspecialists, 16% – error of checking patient’s data, 2% – no medical facilities available, 10% – other errors. Thus, it looks like there is a great challenge to deal with shortage of doctors-specialists as well as manage load on existing doctors firstly, and start digital transformation after. (Source: May Decree – non-governmental organization for May Decree execution audit, Telegram channel).
- Analyze experience in the sphere of healthcare system digitization of other digitally advanced countries. And probably, cooperate with them.
Final thoughts on digital healthcare
We would like to stop here. Surely, there are still more details to talk about, but we suppose such a high-level description of a state digital healthcare service is enough. Going deeper seems difficult enough because it is necessary to take into consideration state and private healthcare systems, existence of health insurance etc. These are questions a team of analysts will have to deal with prior to any digital healthcare system software development.
Digital healthcare system is an inevitable future. One of the digital healthcare system development results will be the existence of a big amount of data about medical histories and treatment performed. Deep analysis of these data will make it possible to improve future methods of treatment and help doctors to treat better. In addition, ancillary services such as telemedicine, remote monitoring, and online consultation will become more prevalent and accessible to patients.
By the way, there is an interesting idea to develop a digital assistant, which a doctor can consult and find similar cases and treatment records with results and decide how to treat a given patient better. With the implementation of such innovative technologies and ancillary services, the future of digital healthcare is undoubtedly bright.
Make good E-Government services and don’t make bad E-Government services!
The image is illustrative.
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Understanding Healthcare Regulatory Compliance: Unraveling the Complexities
Healthcare regulatory compliance refers to the adherence to laws, rules, and guidelines set by authorities that govern the delivery of healthcare services. These regulations aim to:
The Importance of Healthcare Regulatory Compliance: Paving the Way for the Industry
Compliance with healthcare regulations is not merely an option but a necessity for any organization or professional operating within the healthcare sector. It plays a vital role in maintaining trust between patients and providers while promoting ethical practices within the industry.
By adhering to healthcare regulatory compliance standards, organizations can safeguard patient privacy by protecting their protected health information from unauthorized access, disclosure, or breaches. Additionally, compliance ensures that proper protocols are followed when it comes to billing procedures and financial practices, reducing the risk of fraud or misconduct.
Moreover, healthcare regulatory compliance helps uphold consistent quality standards in patient care. By following established guidelines and protocols, healthcare providers can minimize errors and improve outcomes, ultimately enhancing patient safety.
The Role Of Healthcare Regulatory Compliance Software: Empowering Healthcare Providers
With the increasing complexity of healthcare regulations, many organizations have turned to technology for assistance. Healthcare regulatory compliance software provides automated solutions that simplify the process of meeting regulatory requirements.
Healthcare compliance software tools offer features such as:
- Real-Time Monitoring
- Data Analysis
- Documentation Management
- Risk Assessment
- Incident Reporting Systems
They help streamline the compliance processes by centralizing data collection and analysis while also providing alerts for potential issues or non-compliance.
Healthcare Regulatory Compliance Consulting: Expert Guidance
Navigating healthcare regulations as they are constantly evolving and changing can be overwhelming for many organizations. This is where healthcare regulatory compliance consulting steps in to provide expert guidance and support.
Healthcare regulatory compliance consulting is provided by professionals who deeply understand the industry’s legal requirements. They work closely with organizations to develop:
- Effective Compliance Strategies
- Conduct Audits
- Identify Areas of Improvement
- Implement Necessary Changes
Healthcare regulatory compliance consulting helps organizations stay up-to-date with new regulations and ensure their policies and procedures align with current guidelines. By leveraging their expertise, healthcare organizations can minimize risks, avoid penalties, and maintain a culture of compliance within their operations.
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Co-Written by Parul Malik, Arathi P Rao, Urvashi Priyadarshini & Sudhamshi Beeram
The WHO Health Promotion Glossary describes health literacy (HL) as the empowerment of the individuals to gain and apply health related knowledge effectively. It involves more than just ‘acquiring’ information about diseases and health conditions. It is influenced by socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic factors, as well as by the health status, health care access and the nature of any forthcoming educational directives and/or materials etc. Those with limited education or inadequate access to technology and technological skills may have difficulties in finding the broader health care options and in accessing the appropriate level of healthcare. There may even be under or non-utilization of the existing resources.
In the scenario of a pandemic striking, any health system comes under immense pressure to manage the situation. There is an increase number of patients and the requirement of more beds, trained healthcare workers and hospital equipment. The consequences on all the departments and indirect impact on non-infected patients must be anticipated and dealt with. Commitment of hospital staff and health authorities must be ensured by an effective leadership and provision of their safety. Also, communication must be organized with the wider public. In such a situation, prevention, control and management of NCDs, even though of paramount significance, gets neglected, unintentionally. The recent COVID-19 highlights importance of managing NCDs as people with comorbidities are more vulnerable to acquire the infection and for the worsening of the disease. Also, with the stay-at- home orders, isolation, physical distancing etc. outdoor activities have become constrained, leading to reduction in physical activity. There is poor management of behavioural risk factors with increase in alcohol consumption and smoking and unhealthy diets becoming rampant as the pandemic advances.
The burden of diseases globally and especially in the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is swiftly transitioning from communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) leading to significant illness and disability. Also, seven out of ten deaths around the world can be attributed to NCDs (Cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and stroke), with a high proportion (85%) of the premature NCD deaths occurring in LMICs.
Health literacy level of a population is one of the major determinants of a patient’s ability to manage and maintain their health status by oneself. Existing evidence suggests that there is a consistent association between low HL and poorer disease-related knowledge, poorer self-efficacy and poorer beliefs in various communicable as well as non-communicable diseases. “Self-management” of an ailment is one of the important practical applications of health literacy. The domain of self-management for NCDs is not new and refers to practices that enable patients to better manage their health condition(s) on a day-to-day basis. It usually requires behavioural and environmental changes to be incorporated into daily practice and is therefore a cost-effective approach as availing medical care can sometimes be an expensive affair, depending upon the condition the patient is suffering from.
Also, the long waiting hours at the overloaded clinics and the very limited healthcare manpower and resources, particularly in the LMICs, self-management strategies being paramount for effective managment of a range of chronic diseases. Low HL could affect behaviors necessary for the development of these skills and thus pose a considerable health concern.
Taking measures to build a good health literacy can go a long way in handling the NCD crisis. Ample evidence is available to support this, and various studies conducted show better self-management practices in patients with good HL. A social media-based, HL-sensitive diabetes management intervention showed effective results in mitigating the disadvantages faced by people with low health literacy when attempting self-care. Associations have been established between high HL levels and better adherence to medication, enhanced Health-related quality of life (HRQL) and higher follow up with the physician, especially because of the self-identification of symptoms that need attention. Technological interventions such as smartphone applications etc. and non-technological medium like educational materials, personal training sessions and social support groups etc. are facilitators for managing a disease condition by self.
Self-management therefore comes to the rescue as a tool for effectively tackling non-communicable diseases. To aid this, enhancing health literacy levels of the population in the “pandemic-free” periods can lead to better health outcomes, if and when any such a biological disaster were to strike again. Also, the period “during a pandemic”, though chaotic, is also a time when people tend to be more receptive to health-related messages due to the anxiety to go to a hospital for maintaining their health. Health literacy oriented self-management interventions and practices, tailor made across the age groups, ought to be devised and implemented, at all times, to ensure continuum of care and thereby reduce NCD related morbidity and disability, as well as to reduce the mounting pressures on the healthcare systems in place in any country, particularly during a pandemic.
Dr. Parul Malik is a medical doctor with a Master of Public Health (Global Health) degree from Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
Dr. Arathi P Rao is the Coordinator of MPH Programme and the Head of Manipal Health Literacy Unit at the Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
Dr. Urvashi Priyadarshini is a dental surgeon and is currently a postgraduate student, pursuing Master of Public Health (Health Policy) at Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
Dr. Sudhamshi Beeram has a bachelor’s degree in Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences and is currently a postgraduate student, pursuing Master of Public Health (Global Health) at Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India.
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Study examined the influence of chewing gum on our weight
Can chewing Gum help in a diet? Many people think that chewing gum can curb cravings and of the body through Mastication is a kind of digestive fake. Those assumption turned out to be a myth. Two studies showed that gum-Chewing is not with weight loss can help and even be counterproductive.
Two scientific studies showed that gum-Chewing to reduce the number of total meals of the day, the intake of total calories, however, remains almost the same.
Chewing gum to unfold even a tangible negative effect: “chewing gum can reduce the consumption of fruit”, the researchers of the University at Buffalo in the scientific journal “Eating Behaviors”.
The researchers carried out a review study to examine the short and long effects of gum-Chewing. During the study, 44 male and female subjects chewed in the lab, chewing gums with different flavors. A second group took the meals as a check, the group without previous Chewing gum.
Calorie intake remained the same
The total intake of calories compared to eating meals without previous chewing gum-the same Chew for all subjects. It also turned out that “the flavors rich no influence on the food of high-calorie food”. The result showed that Mini chewing gum reduced the intake of fruit significantly. “It could be that the mint bitter ingredients to be reinforced or sweeter weaker tasted”, according to the research team.
In a second study that took a total of 54 subjects, two times a week, long before each meal, gum chewing. The study participants were able to choose between two varieties of chewing gum. The size of the meal was no matter. The first variety contained Guarana and green tea extracts. The second chewing gum-variety looked visually the same, but contained no significant ingredients. Both of these gum varieties but without the sugar and with Spearmint and Sugar substitutes added. Also, it turned out, “the fact that the calorie intake was not reduced as a whole, however, the fruit consumption decreased for most participants”.
When chewing gum, less fruit was chewing eaten
For comparison among all participants took two gum-free weeks, the locations between the chewing gum weeks. It was noticeable, however, that the participants during the gum weeks less between meals revenue, but the meals have the calories loss. As a result, the calorie intake was the same as in the gum-free weeks. “In no week of testing, the participants have lost weight. Chewing gums are very likely to be for a diet to be unsuitable.“ In addition, it showed that gum-chewing will also have a negative impact on a healthy diet. The subjects ate a total of less fruit. Both studies are published in Eating Behaviors. (sb)
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Water is the essence of life. It’s a crucial element that plays a vital role in our physical health, mental well-being, and overall life quality. We often hear about the general rule of drinking eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day. But is this “8×8” rule applicable to everyone? Specifically, how much water should a person weighing 45 kg drink daily? Let’s dive into the answers.
Understanding the Basics of Hydration
Before determining the exact amount of water intake for a 45 kg individual, it’s essential to understand why hydration is so critical.
- Cell Functionality: Water ensures that our cells function correctly. It aids in nutrient transport and waste removal.
- Temperature Regulation: Sweating and respiration – processes facilitated by water – help maintain our body’s ideal temperature.
- Digestion and Nutrient Absorption: Our digestive system needs adequate water to digest food and absorb essential nutrients.
Determining Water Needs for a 45 kg Person
The general guideline is to drink between 30 to 35 ml of water per kilogram of body weight. For a 45 kg individual:
Hence, someone weighing 45 kg should aim to drink between 1,350 ml to 1,575 ml (or approximately 1.3 to 1.6 liters) of water daily under standard conditions.
However, it’s essential to adjust this amount based on various factors:
- Activity Level: Physical activity can cause more water loss through sweating. Active individuals or those living in warmer climates might need to drink more.
- Diet: If you consume foods with high water content, such as fruits and vegetables, you might require less additional water.
- Health Conditions: Some health conditions or medications can affect hydration needs. Always consult a doctor if unsure.
Practical Tips to Maintain Optimal Hydration
- Carry a Water Bottle: Always having water on hand encourages regular sips throughout the day.
- Monitor Urine Color: Light yellow urine typically indicates good hydration, while dark yellow suggests you might need to drink more.
- Incorporate Water-Rich Foods: Include fruits like watermelon or cucumbers in your diet. They can contribute significantly to your daily water intake.
- Set Reminders: In today’s digital age, there are plenty of apps designed to remind you to drink water. Alternatively, alarms or notifications can be just as effective.
Staying hydrated is crucial for maintaining optimal health. For a 45 kg person, aiming for 1.3 to 1.6 liters daily is a good benchmark, but individual needs can vary based on activity, diet, and health conditions. It’s always essential to listen to your body and consult healthcare professionals when in doubt.
Stay hydrated, stay healthy!
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HodlX Guest Post Submit Your Post
- At home miners are contributing to Covid-19 research
- Blockchain banking comes to the rescue as traditional banks come to a grinding halt
- Blockchain supply management can ensure that everyone has necessary supplies
- Blockchian-based information management ensures transparency
By now everyone has heard of coronavirus Covid-19. Infecting over 1,200,000 people worldwide, the virus has affected every aspect of daily life. However, the question remains: how do cryptocurrencies fit into all of this?
In short, cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology may be just what we need, offering decentralized solutions and computing power in times of chaos and panic.
Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology as a whole offer numerous advantages, most notably, their decentralization. Unlike centralized currencies and services, the blockchain is decentralized and thus not reliant on a single party. Unlike the government, blockchain technology can never shut down and will continue to function flawlessly during times of panic.
Furthemore, many major crypto institutions have spent millions in aid amid Covid-19. These include decentralized cryptocurrency charities and for-profit cryptocurrency exchanges. Without cryptocurrencies, these massive donations would not be possible.
Compute for Research
The most significant way cryptocurrencies are combating Covid-19 is through mining, or rather the lack of. Many cryptocurrency blockchains employ POW blockchains.
These blockchains require massive amounts of computing power to process and verify transactions. However, many individual miners are now directing their miners to Folding@Home, a program that allows Covid-19 researchers to use excess computing power to create models that assist in the fight against the virus. This program works by assigning various graphics cards fractions of a model to compute. These models are then pieced together to create a full model. This is truly a revolution in decentralized computing.
Many of the hundreds of thousands of GPUs mining cryptocurrencies are now available to researchers to compute necessarily models quickly. Without POW cryptocurrencies, many farms and individuals would not have significant excess computing power at their disposal.
In addition to contributing to the greater cause, many cryptocurrencies compensate users for sending their power towards research. Although these payouts are far less than typical mining payouts, they help cover a fraction of the electricity expense to run power-hungry GPUs.
With financial markets mimicking the 2008 financial crisis, many are rightfully concerned about bank failures. In addition to the fear of bank bankruptcies, many banks have drastically reduced their workforce to cope with the crisis. Thus banking has come to a grinding halt with many looking for alternative options.
Blockchain banking is a viable solution to this problem. Blockchain banking involves financial smart contracts that are not controlled by any party, and thus reliable, quick, and secure. Amid coronavirus Covid-19, blockchain banking will get an opportunity to shine. Prior to this, the technology was not needed and did not provide a significant benefit.
Blockchain Supply Management
There are many applications that utilize blockchain technology. These include blockchain supply management. Supply chains can be tracked with the help of the immutable decentralized blockchain. There are many blockchain platforms that employ RFID tags to track items through the supply chain. What’s more is that blockchain-based supply management has been proven to be cheaper, reliable, and more secure than traditional centralized methods.
Blockchain-based management has several advantages during times of crisis. Firstly, the blockchain can never be taken offline contrary to centralized tracking services. Furthermore, blockchain tracking is immutable, thus the whole chain is transparent. Transparency is essential during times of crisis and chaos. Transparency allows everyone to see where crucial supplies are being sent and can prevent bad actors from siphoning off supplies. This will help control chaos and panic and, thus, streamline operations.
Blockchain Information Management
As blockchain technology prides itself in being transparent, it is the perfect candidate for information management, specifically medical data. Publishing Covid-19 cases and statistics on the blockchain will effectively create a public database. This database will be tamper-proof and provide much needed transparency.
In addition, blockchain-based information management can be used to collect survey data during this unprecedented time. This data will not be alterable and can provide far greater accuracy than traditional alternatives.
The future offers a glimmer of hope during uncertain, panic-ridden times like this. With individual home miners offering their computing power to researchers, a cure for Covid-19 can be found quicker.
Furthermore, blockchain-based technology can help ensure transparency and distribute information and supplies in a controlled manner. We believe that as blockchain technology steps up amid the crisis, many will see its true value. As a result, we expect to see greater awareness and adoption of blockchain technology post-Covid-19.
Adit Gupta is the founder and editor-in-chief at The Crypto Associate, a crypto media publication.
Disclaimer: Opinions expressed at The Daily Hodl are not investment advice. Investors should do their due diligence before making any high-risk investments in Bitcoin, cryptocurrency or digital assets. Please be advised that your transfers and trades are at your own risk, and any loses you may incur are your responsibility. The Daily Hodl does not recommend the buying or selling of any cryptocurrencies or digital assets, nor is The Daily Hodl an investment advisor. Please note that The Daily Hodl participates in affiliate marketing.
Featured Image: Shutterstock/Maridav
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Midway through fall quarter there is a massive influx of crows. Thousands upon thousands of these birds come to roost, brood, and defecate upon the property and population of Davis.
The species of crow that you'll find in Davis is the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Crows live in a group called a murder. Ravens, which are in the same family (Corvidae) and genus (Corvus) as crows, look similar but are much larger. Crows are louder, have a harsh caw sound, and are more nervous. When flying, crows flap and yap. Ravens are quieter and are more calm. When ravens fly, they spend their time quietly soaring. Video: link Interestingly, two other corvid species, the Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica) and to a lesser extent the Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli), can also be found in and around Davis. Contrary to public belief, crow meat actually tastes similar to the meat of other similarly-sized birds. The phrase "eat crow" has more to do with their association with morbidity due to their black color, harsh "caw" vs. a song, and scavenger nature. For further information, look here.
Crows are considered one of the most intelligent animal species on the planet due to their ability to create and use tools and their powerful memory. Some studies show that crows can count to 16 and recognize individual humans based on facial features. In Davis it's pretty common to see Crows placing nuts in the road and waiting for cars to run them over, thus releasing the delicious content and demonstrating a high level of problem solving aptitude.
During late Spring and early Summer you may come across a fledgling crow that has recently left its nest. They're unable to fly at this point and appear generally helpless. Many are tempted to intervene and help the fledgling but you should resist the urge so long as the bird is not in immediate danger from cars or domestic animals. The parent crows are generally nearby at this stage and the fledglings are best left in the care of their parents.
Parking spaces, primarily along Russell, are intensely coveted. Car owners hold on to these spots ferociously. Consequently, you can see many cars completely covered in bird excrement. The absence of predators (coupled with an abundance of things to scavenge) allows the crows to rule the daytime Davis skies with impunity.
A nest of crows near Hutchison were found dead circa July 2005. A specimen was sent to be tested for possible west nile virus infection as of 2005-07-08.
The crow problem used to be so bad at University Mall in the late 90s and early 2000s that they set up speakers to play the sound of predatory birds in order to scare away the crows.
On the evening of November 7th, 2005, there was a large crow population circling around the Davis sky.
2007-05-12 23:13:45 I will always remember my first year at Davis. The skies darkened from thousands of crows filling the sky. The noise was deafening. It was like an evil plague sweeping across the land. Then I saw a crow close up and realized that he had kind of a cool walk with his head bobbing back and forth. So every Halloween I always think about putting up a fake crow. —Jedron
2007-06-20 22:34:03 A few years in a row, I've noticed that hundreds, if not thousands of crows will gather in the fields where the West Village is slated to be built. They walk or stand around, cawing at each other in the way that crows will. It's really something to see. There's also a giant tree in front of the county courthouse in Woodland where hundreds will gather and raise a ruckus for several nights at a time...you know, like at a noisy, crowded bar where you have to shout "So what's your sign?" to be heard. —DukeMcAdow
2007-06-21 11:48:25 The crows will also swarm predators, I've seen them attacking owls and other raptors. They even circled over my backyard due to all it's awesome fruits and veggies, but I had a broomstick and I belive they thought it to be a gun, eventually they forgot what they were doing and drifted off and then dispersed. —StevenDaubert
2007-06-22 00:55:07 Crows are nothing but bad news —EfremRensi
2008-03-16 09:57:29 My wildlife parasitology professor told me that the University tried to introduce a disease into the crow population. As you can see, their attempt at reducing the crow population failed. —EmilyTung
2008-03-16 10:38:59 An ornithologist told me years ago that 30 - 40% of the regional crow population is residential, not migratory. You will see them heading in from the fields toward various groups of tall trees on evenings during nearly any time of year, with significant increases in the populations in the fall. There have been large populations in Yuba City and other valley communities, and it seems they are on the increase in the Bay Area as well: http://www.redwoodcitydailynews.com/article/2007-11-22-11-22-07-bil-paul —DonShor
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AI Interior Design Diaries – Post 1
Artificial intelligence (AI) can help designers visualize established interior design styles better in a number of ways.
One way this is possible is because AI can analyze and understand the characteristics of different design styles from photos. In this case the AI was asked to produce a generic image of a living room in the Art Deco style.
The AI I used was Midjourney, and like other AIs like DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion, it has been trained on libraries of real Art Deco rooms. Because of this store of visual knowledge it can apply it in order to understand how to read the use of specific colors, patterns and materials that would be typically found in this style.
If it sounds like the way we learn, it basically is! Instead of the processes our human brains use, AI uses machine learning algorithms. These can analyze and classify different design styles based on their characteristics and the AI can later use this knowledge to generate its own visualizations.
In this series I’d like to explain how using AI in the design process can help designers to more easily identify and understand the features that define a particular style, like Art Deco interior design style, and to better visualize how to incorporate these elements into their own designs.
The visualizations that AI renders are not exact “how to’s”, and when you look closely, you will spot that some things are “off”. Nonetheless, they contain some incredible stylistic information and often a high degree of creativity. These images should thus be seen as suggestions for how to incorporate these style elements into into a design and not a strict or rigid design idea. In the design process I think of them as being the style conception board.
Where interior design professionals once threw mood boards together and called it a day, the cool kids are now creating AI renderings according to their initial research and asking AI to give a preview of what it might look like.
The way that it works is that AI will offer four initial ideas in large thumbnails, as shown in the four generic Art Deco images above. After viewing these first images, it is then up to the designer to decide what they like about what AI has produced, and what they’d like to change. Designers can select the designs they’d like to scale up, or continue to refine their ideas by ‘teaching’ the AI to change aspects of the design, producing more examples of certain images with slight differences. They can start over with a different prompt.
AI programs like Midjourney and Stable Diffusion are already starting to help designers more easily and accurately visualize existing styles. This gives designers valuable insights they need to better understand and replicate these styles in their own work.
I hope after reading this you can appreciate for yourself how good AI is at creating original design in a specific style.
In this second set of Art Deco-inspired images, I asked the AI to create a contemporary version of the Art Deco style utilizing some key elements, such as geometric shapes and solid classic modern furniture. I also specified warm and contrasting tones.
The top left result is interesting because in that image the AI chose to interpret “render” to produce what looks like a hand-drawn rendering like interior designers have to do in design school. This type of image is a charming result and it could totally come in useful if you want to give your client something that appears to have a personal touch.
But how did AI do with the prompt? Remember, Art Deco is the most important style of interior design from the 1920s and 1930s. It’s the style you might be familiar in recent memory from the movies, Titanic and the Great Gatsby.
This style always presents with bold, geometric shapes and patterns, and there is liberal use of materials such as stainless steel, glass, and lacquer. Art Deco was significantly influenced by some important modern artistic movements, like Art Nouveau, Cubism, and Futurism.
I don’t know about you, but I can see a lot of modern visual influence in these examples. I can also see some similarities to Art Nouveau architecture and art, plenty of Cubist influence, and even some similarities to the Hollywood Regency style, which extended all the way into the fifties, almost thirty years later.
Like the Eiffel Tower, which was intended to be a temporary structure, and then was never taken down, tthe Art Deco style was first popularized at a trade show. This new way of looking at the world, which ignored classical motifs and prefered angles and geometry, was brought into the public consciousness by way of the 1925 International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts in Paris.
Some common features of Art Deco interiors we should be aware of include the use of bold, geometric patterns in wallpaper, textiles, and flooring; the incorporation of metallic accents such as chrome and stainless steel; and the use of luxe materials such as marble, glass, and lacquer.
Love Art Deco style homes? Check out our recent contribution to Redfin Blog on Art Deco style houses. Art Deco Houses: Everything You Need to Know
Art Deco interiors are rich and highly decorated, and as you can see from these examples, that is exactly how the AI decided to portray the style. This style wasn’t modern enough yet to shun excess ornamentation; that school of thought still came much later. Even so, the seeds of modern are all here.
Rooms in this style tend to be eclectic if they are heavy in tone and eclectic-modern if they are lighter.
These rooms are usually known for their dramatic use of color and contrast and rich ornamentation. Though Art Deco is pre-modern, the style will often have a modern look and feel. While the heavy ornamentation evident in the style is beautiful, these would make better fantasy interiors than everyday designs for residential clients.
Until you use these for mood boards! There’s a lot of inspiration here, wouldn’t you agree?
Perhaps these beautiful AI designs will populate the interior worlds of the Metaverse someday. I’m sure I would visit Art Deco World. How about you?
See you in the next one!
We are on a mission at Design Baddie to make basic interior design information accessible and free to all! Get our introductory interior design e-book absolutely free when you sign up for our newsletter.
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What Is Methamphetamine and How It Is Abused
What is Methamphetamine?
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), “methamphetamine is a stimulant drug usually used as a white, bitter-tasting powder or a pill. So what is methamphetamine and how it is abused? Crystal methamphetamine is a form of the drug that looks like glass fragments or shiny, bluish-white rocks. It is chemically similar to amphetamine (a drug used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy, a sleep disorder.”
Methamphetamine can be smoked, swallowed in pill form, snorted, or injected. Also according to NIDA, “Because the ‘high’ from the drug both starts and fades quickly, people often take repeated doses in a ‘binge and crash’ pattern.
In some cases, people take methamphetamine in a form of binging known as a ‘run,’ giving up food and sleep while continuing to take the drug every few hours for up to several days.”
Methamphetamine Effects on the Brain
Methamphetamine use causes the rapid release of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that regulates motivation and reinforcement of rewarding behaviors like exercise or eating food. However, the levels of dopamine released via methamphetamine use are much higher. According to a study conducted by The Permanente Journal:
A wide variety of stimuli affect dopamine levels. Natural rewards such as food and sex elevate dopamine output by 150% to 300% above basal output. Stimulant drugs, however, are more efficient than natural rewards at increasing the release of dopamine.
Methamphetamine increases dopamine release to >1000% above basal levels within the first hour of taking the drug, with levels returning to basal after three hours. Similar increases are seen with cocaine, nicotine, and ethanol, of >300%, >200%, and approximately 200%, respectively.
Users feel intense sensations of pleasure and euphoria. Other psychological effects include increased confidence and alertness, elevations of mood and sex drive, increased energy levels and talkativeness, as well as decreased sense of boredom and loneliness.
Dangers of Methamphetamine
According to the Permanente Journal study, “Brain-imaging studies in both animals and humans show profound, long-lasting alterations of brain chemistry after relatively brief exposures to methamphetamine.”
Prolonged use of the drug can create numerous physical and psychological impairments. Physical effects include tremors, dry mouth, weight loss, diarrhea, sweating, headaches, and oily skin. Psychological effects include confusion, irritability, paranoia, memory loss, depression, insomnia, and panic reactions.
Meth users also often encounter pronounced skin and soft tissue infections due to obsessive picking of the skin. Methamphetamine also causes a decrease in the production of saliva that, when combined with other toxic chemicals in the drug, creates degradation of the teeth known as “crystal meth mouth syndrome.”
Snorting the drug can cause chronic runny or bloody noses and sinus infections, with the possibility of a hole developing in the septum. Smoking meth can lead to severe respiratory infection or even failure.
Users who inject the drug run the risk of contracting diseases like HIV or hepatitis C. The use of needles can also lead to other infections—particularly in the heart tissue—and collapsed veins
Meth by the Numbers
- People who regularly abuse meth have a death rate 67 times greater than non-users of the same age.
- According to the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), approximately 1.6 million people (0.6 percent of the population) reported using methamphetamine in the past year.
- An estimated 964,000 people aged 12 or older (about 0.4 percent of the population) had a methamphetamine use disorder in 2017.
- Nationwide, overdose deaths from the category of drugs that includes methamphetamine increased by 7.5 times between 2007 and 2017.
- About 15 percent of all drug overdose deaths involved the methamphetamine category in 2017.
Methamphetamine Abuse Treatment
Design For Recovery helps addicts willing to put in the work, recover from addiction with our peer driven programs in Sober Living Homes.
Costa Mesa Sober Living Home, Los Angeles
A few minute drive from Newport Beach and Huntington Beach lies Costa Mesa, a place known as the City of Arts, home to more than 113,000 people. Although the city prides itself as the center of performing arts, like many cities in California and indeed the whole country it is grappling with the problem of drug and substance abuse, more particularly high rates of cocaine and opioid dependence. According to the Costa Mesa police department, there were 1300 drug abuse violations which were a report in 2017.
This trend has continued with the city being ranked as one of the top 8 cities in opioid and cocaine-related emergency admissions in hospitals in Orange County. Latest health care agency report indicates that deaths related to drug have been on the increase with Orange County recording one of the highest increases by eighty-two percent. Close to seventy percent of these deaths are caused by accidental overdoses of prescription opioids such as hydrocodone and oxycontin.
Drug and Alcohol Treatment Facilities
Apart from opioids and cocaine, alcohol also ranks as highly abused substance; it is most prevalent among the whites, 25 to 34 years old, a segment of the population that is close to fifty percent. Those in the ages between 18 and 24 years old males are frequent binge drinkers. Other commonly abused drugs and substances include marijuana, heroin, club drugs, methamphetamine, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives among others.
Healthcare agency reports indicate that there has been a sharp rise in drug overdose with emergency department visits increasing by fifty-eight percent over five years. The number of deaths due to opioid overdose also increased by twenty percent in the same period. In 2017 alone almost 100 people made emergency visits concerning opioid overdose.
This is the highest number of visits in the whole of Orange County. In terms of racial composition, statistics show that seventy-eight percent of those who were hospitalized due to opioid overdose were not Hispanic white, with Hispanics accounting for fifteen percent with most of them falling between 18 to 34 years. It has been hypothesized that people living in more affluent communities in the town have more recreational time and have easy access to prescription medication are more prone to be victims of drug use more specifically opioids and cocaine.
Like other areas in Orange County and larger California, Costa Mesa has a variety of countermeasures focused on fighting the drug menace. Currently, the city boasts of more than thirty-seven SAMHSA accredited facilities. Approximately thirty percent of the state-licensed drug and alcohol treatment centers in Orange Country can be found at Costa Mesa; the city has an estimated 1600 recovery beds.
These and more facilities have been built to help people recover from drug addiction and also assist them to live drug-free lives. There are a variety of recovery options available in sober living homes.
Rehabilitation centers offer in and outpatient treatment programs coupled with early interventions and hospitalization services. Other options which are available in these centers include behavioral therapy, individual therapy, support group therapy, cognitive therapy, medicated assisted treatment among others.
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Welcome . Click “Here!” to record your attendance.You do not have permission to view this form.
Today’s Assignments: Day 140
Today in Visual/Performing Arts, you will experience street artist, Karolina Protsenko play the violin.
Be sure to click “Completed” after each assignment.
Read and Log
Read for 30 minutes. Record it in your Reading Log.
Language Arts 7
Use a word processor to write a 3-5 paragraph essay about anything you like, and include a drawing or picture to go with your writing. You can also use the 180 Days of Writing Prompts to get ideas. Use the Research Center and reference tools to gather information, and site your sources.
Spelling Quiz: Take the Quiz.
Statistics and Probabality
Watch the video to learn more about compound probability. Follow along using Grid Paper.
History/Social Studies 7
The Scientific Revolution
Take notes while reading about the Islamic Golden Age, a period in Islam’s history during the Middle Ages when Islam experienced a scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing. Use the Research Center to investigate further.
- The Islamic Golden Age
- The History and Achievements of the Islamic Golden Age
- Islamic Golden Age
- Research Center
- Lined Paper
Underlying Biological Structures and Functions
QUIZ: Take the Human Heart Quiz. Click the “completed” button when finished.
Visual and Performing Arts 7
Watch street musician – Karolina Protsenko play the violin.
You do not have permission to view this form.
Physical Education 7
Do the following exercises and record them in your P.E. Log. First stretch. Then do a minimum of 20 jumping jacks, 5 lunges on each leg, 10 sit ups, and 10 push ups.
This Weeks Spelling Words
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What is Transition Logic (TL)?
Transition Logic (TL) is first and foremost a method of designing a graphics package that allows the designer to maintain the look and feel of the graphics while also allowing anyone else, such as journalists or producers, to add graphics items to a rundown without the need for any kind of technical knowledge of how the system works. TL allows the independent control of any number of graphics layers, providing a code-free and design-based method for building graphics that gracefully animates in and out, and transitions from one to another automatically. Transition Logic (TL) can be played out by most Vizrt control applications such as Viz Trio, Viz Pilot and Viz Multichannel.
How does TL Work?
This is accomplished by using a Master Scene that coordinates the animation of independently controlled objects which make up the whole. The master scene commonly contains the background items of the graphics package. Such items can be looping backgrounds or the design items of the lower third, over the shoulders, and full-screen graphics. The variable or changing content, such as the text in a lower third, is stored separately in Object Scenes.
When a lower third is played On Air, the object scene for the lower third is triggered. This tells the engine to load the master scene, place the object scene inside the master, and animate the timelines. TL handles all of this automatically.
Basic TL Concepts
Combo Templates: A TL template that contains more than one layer of scenes.
Master Scenes: A TL scene is not a single scene, but a set of Viz graphics scenes that consist of a master scene that may have multiple layers of graphics that can be On Air at the same time and independently controlled.
Object Scenes: Each layer in the master scene may have multiple referring object scenes. However, only one object scene per layer can be active at any given time.
Layers: Layers in the transition logic scene define how many scenes can be on air at the same time. TL layers are conceptual, not spatial.
Note: With Transition Logic scene design, take in and take out commands are still used as with standalone scene design. Where standalone scene design demands that only a single scene can be On Air at a time. However, Transition Logic allows more than one scene to be On Air simultaneously. This means using Transition Logic lets you have a graphic covering the lower third of the screen and another graphic covering the left and/or right side of the screen for the shoulder graphics On Air at the same time.
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Blood Pressure Medications Cause Increased Cancer Risk
In my book, Drugs That Don’t Work and Natural Therapies That Do, I wrote, “You can’t poison a crucial enzyme or block an important receptor for the long-term and expect a good result.” This statement has led many to criticize me. However, as more and more research comes out about the toxicity of drugs I am more confident than ever that this statement is true.
The headline blared, “Popular blood pressure pills linked to cancer.” [i] The headline referred to an important article in Lancet Oncology that found patients who took the popular angiotensin-receptor blockers--ARB inhibitors-- (e.g., Cozaar, Atacand, Micardis,) had a one percent higher risk of getting cancer as compared to patients not taking the drugs. Increases in cancers of the prostate, breast, and lung cancer were noted. There was no long-term study with these drugs. This study looked at the results of five studies that included 68,402 patients.
In the U.S., cancer is the second leading cause of death. The authors of this study estimated that one extra cause of cancer will occur for every 105 patients taking the ARB inhibitors for about four years. But, patients generally take these drugs for much longer than four years. What is the risk of ARB inhibitors causing cancer in patients who take the medications for 10 years? Or 20 years? No one knows the answer. Furthermore, this class of drugs is taken daily by millions of Americans. If the study is true, the cancer numbers will be staggering.
Hypertension is not a drug deficiency syndrome. It is a sign of a problem in the body. When hypertension is diagnosed, a thorough workup needs to be performed before a patient is reflexively placed on long-term ARB inhibitors (or any other hypertensive medication).
What causes hypertension? That is a difficult question. The body elevates blood pressure to preserve perfusion to vital organs and tissues. Obesity and poor lifestyle choices (e.g., smoking and poor dietary habits) are the main cause of hypertension. Simply adopting a healthier lifestyle can help nearly anyone improve their blood pressure.
Do blood pressure medications have a place? Are there appropriate times for using an antihypertensive medication? The answer to both of these questions is ‘yes’. Severely elevated blood pressure can cause serious adverse effects such as a stroke or heart attack. Antihypertensive medications can prevent these complications. However, my experience has shown a large percentage of patients treated for hypertension with antihypertensive medications can stop taking the medications if they make better lifestyle choices. I see it occur on a daily basis in my office. Furthermore, there are specific vitamin, mineral, and herbal remedies that can keep blood pressure from elevating to critical levels.
This study is another warning on the long-term use of prescription medications that block receptors and poison enzymes. Natural therapies such as magnesium, unrefined sea salt, B-vitamins, vitamin C and cleaning up the diet of refined foods should be the initial treatment regimen in a patient with elevated blood pressure. Finally, drink enough water. In my experience, dehydration is the number one cause of elevated blood pressure.
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The quality of sleep you get matters just as much as (if not more so than) the quantity. While you rest, your brain makes its way through different stages of the sleep cycle. Deep sleep is the stage of sleep that is most important for helping you to wake up feeling refreshed; it is the sleep phase in which your brain is super calm and slow. People who have more of this high quality sleep pattern have better memory and are less likely to develop cognitive decline with aging.
Scientists have long known that deep sleep has positive effects on brain health and performance for a long time. New research studies are helping to determine the biology of why you feel so much more refreshed after a good night of sleep. They have zeroed in on the link between deep sleep and the spinal fluid that routinely rinses the brain of waste material (byproduct of chemical processes in billions of neurons). This fluid, called cerebrospinal fluid or CSF, is produced deep inside the brain and as it flows toward the blood veins, it carries the toxic waste of the brain to the blood and immune system of the body (where they are then cleared out of the body through breakdown in the liver or filtration in the kidney). In short, CSF cleanses the brain of unwanted “stuff.” New studies show that the deep sleep is linked with both blood flow and the CSF flow out of the brain. This is an amazing discovery.
A new study led by a team of researchers at Boston University found that the deep sleep’s slow brain oscillations, or slow brain waves, are driven by the oscillations in blood flow and the CSF flow.
During the study, the team of researchers measured how CSF flow changed during sleep. They carefully studied the changes in the electrical activity of the brain and the blood flow in the brain. They used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain waves of 13 volunteer participants in this study while they slept inside a MRI machine (which measured blood flow and CSF flow in the brain).
Interestingly, this method was possible because of a flaw that enabled any form of newly arriving fluid to be viewed by lighting up the image. The researchers were thus able to measure CSF flow and blood oxygenation simultaneously. As it turns out, this was huge because the two are actually linked in a surprising way – a way in which researchers wouldn’t ever have been able to determine without measuring the activity of blood and CSF flow in addition to electrical activity.
As it turns out, the slow waves occur in conjunction with changes in CSF and blood flow. The team was able to build a computer model that unveiled more information about the physics that links these three processes. The model helped to predict that deep sleep slow waves were coupled with the pulsations in the flow of blood and CSF.
They believe that when the brain enters the slow phase, less blood is required for its overall activity; this in turn reduces the blood volume in the brain. During this phase, CSF enters the brain to fill the empty space. When brain activity increases again, more blood is drawn into the brain and so more CSF is flown out of the brain, washing out toxins that it attracted from the brain cells during the slow brain wave cycle.
Slow wave deep sleep thus appears to promote the CSF rinsing of the brain in a pulsatile manner that is in synch with blood flow. The more CSF rinses the brain, the fresher it will be and the better it can function the next day. This may be one reason why memory function is much better after a good night’s deep sleep.
This is good news for those seeking to find solutions for neurodegenerative diseases. These diseases are considered to be the result of toxic protein build-up in the brain. Research in the past has shown that some of these proteins, such as amyloid-Beta (which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease), are most effectively cleared from the brain during sleep. Unfortunately, sleep is typically disrupted in patients with disease, making it difficult for this process to effectively occur.
It has previously been determined that people with some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, have less slow brain waves. The researchers theorize that there might also be a reduced level of CSF waves. This could be helpful in determining a new method of treatment for people suffering from those disorders. Future research could be promising in helping to treat brain disorders, from Alzheimer’s or age-related brain shrinkage, with better sleep hygiene and higher duration of deep sleep.
In summary, the recent studies suggest that the better you sleep (and the longer the duration of your deep sleep), the more CSF will rinse your brain of toxic waste material that builds up during the day, and the better your brain will function; and this in turn will help you ward off Alzheimer’s disease decades later.
To learn about how we can improve your sleep and your brain performance through our Brain Fitness Program, please visit us at NeuroGrow.com.
This blog was written by Mrs. Courtney Cosby and edited by Dr. Majid Fotuhi.
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MIDNIGHT IN LONDON
The Anglo-Irish Treaty Crisis 1921
Ebook edition available
During the night of 5–6 December 1921, Irish delegates at Downing Street signed an agreement to end the War of Independence and create a new Irish state. This is the story of that fraught deal, and of the events and people behind it. The story is told from original sources and eyewitness accounts, and brings to life the Treaty that sparked a civil war but made modern Ireland. Irish negotiators were under great pressure in London. For nearly two months Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins and three others faced some of the most powerful men in the British Empire, including Lloyd George and Winston Churchill. Griffith and Collins saw the Treaty as a stepping-stone to greater freedom. Both were dead within a year. Colum Kenny turns a spotlight on the key issues and problems they faced, examining why Éamon de Valera stayed away and what the delegates themselves achieved. Ireland was already partitioned when the talking started. The choice was whether or not to fight on for some kind of republic – or accept Britain’s offer of limited independence. Why and how the deal was done is laid out fairly here, for any reader with an interest in Irish history
Dr Colum Kenny BL is Professor Emeritus, Dublin City University, a journalist and an honorary bencher of King’s Inns. Awarded the Irish Legal History Society’s Gold Medal, his books include histories of King’s Inns, an account of Irish emigration to the USA, a biography of Arthur Griffith and most recently, Kenmare: History and Survival (Eastwood Books).
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Kalanchoe is a tropical succulent commonly grown as a houseplant. This plant hails from Madagascar, where it grows as a perennial in arid environments. More formally known as Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, this plant has one of the more bizarre common names: widow’s thrill. Whatever you call this darling, it is a good fit as an indoor plant because it’s easy to maintain and blooms with proper care. A relative to the Jade plant, kalanchoe is slow-growing and thrives with a small degree of neglect. Learn more about kalanchoe care and how to encourage this beauty to bloom.
Types of Kalanchoe
This plant has a lot going on, thanks to its eye-catching foliage and flowers. Thick, leathery leaves have scalloped edges and a curved form. The foliage grows in symmetrical pairs opposite one another on the stem. Dainty flowers bloom in clusters that stand above the foliage. Depending on the cultivar, the flowers can be single or double blooms. Kalanchoe flowers are commonly white, yellow, orange, pink, or red. When the plant blooms, the thick canopy of flowers almost obscures the foliage.
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana is typically sold as a houseplant, and it’s a common sight in the plant section of grocery stores during the holidays. Most kalanchoe cultivars are grown as outdoor plants. Kalanchoe is a perennial in zones 10 through 12. The plant is grown as an annual in other zones, or gardeners bring this beauty inside to grow as a houseplant during the winter. Some of the more common kalanchoe varieties include:
- Chocolate Soldier Kalanchoe
- Flapjacks Kalanchoe
- Kalanchoe farinacea
- Kerinci Kalanchoe
- Lanin Kalanchoe
- Panda Plant
- Queen Jodie Kalanchoe
- Queen Lindsay Kalanchoe
- Simone Kalanchoe
- Variegated Kalanchoe
Kalanchoe Light Requirements
A sunny window sill or a spot that receives bright indirect sunlight is ideal for kalanchoe care. This indoor plant likes lots of light. Sunlight is critical to getting kalanchoe to bloom, as these plants only push out flowers if the lighting is just right. With some careful planning, you can encourage your plant to bloom.
How to Get Kalanchoe to Bloom
In nature, kalanchoe blooms after experiencing the darkness of winter. If you want your kalanchoe to bloom, you need to recreate these conditions by placing the plant in a spot that receives limited light. Ideally, this plant needs six weeks of 14-hour nights or darkness. Once the simulated winter is complete, relocate the kalanchoe in bright indirect sunlight, and the plant should set flower buds.
Gently remove the flowers as soon as they fade to encourage another flush of blooms. Use clean, sharp pruning shears to remove the entire stem. Do not pull or yank the stem because you may damage leaves and remove more than intended. Kalanchoe can continue to bloom for months at a time with proper care.
How Often to Water Kalanchoe
As a succulent, kalanchoe has low water needs. This plant stores water in its thick foliage to sustain itself in the dry climates it calls home. Old habits die hard, so let this beauty dry out completely before giving it a drink. Drench the soil when watering until excess water runs through the container. Drainage is important for all plants but extremely important for succulents like kalanchoe. Too much water or exposed contact to damp conditions can cause root rot, so always plant kalanchoe in a container with drainage.
Best Soil for Kalanchoe
Well-drained soil is crucial for kalanchoe. This plant naturally grows in arid climates, so it prefers dry conditions. Most cactus or succulent mixes are a good choice for kalanchoe care. You can also mix regular potting soil with a cactus mix. If you want to provide next-level kalanchoe care, use slightly acidic soil with a 5.8 to 6.3 pH.
Temperature for Kalanchoe
Warm conditions are best for proper kalanchoe care. Most homes are kept at a comfortable temperature for these plants but avoid drafts from exterior doors, windows, and heating or cooling systems. Wait until outdoor temperatures are consistently above 55° F before moving the plant outdoors. Frost kills kalanchoe, so get this plant back inside before the weather turns chilly.
Humidity is not that important to kalanchoe. As a succulent, this plant can do very well in dry conditions, but increased dampness in the air is not a deal breaker. Humidity will impact how often the plant needs water, so be aware and plan to water plants grown in dry conditions more frequently than plants in a humid environment.
Kalanchoe is not a heavy feeder, but giving this plant a nutritional boost will help it set flowers and live its best life. Indoor plants benefit from monthly feedings using a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer. Practice good kalanchoe care by feeding the plant during the spring and summer while it is actively growing and blooming. Hold off on fertilizing when the plant is dormant and resting up for the next bloom cycle.
When to Repot Kalanchoe
A crucial part of kalanchoe care is repotting. This plant does not like cramped conditions and needs regular upgrades as it grows. Repot kalanchoe after the blooming cycle is complete. Choose a pot that is 1 to 2 inches larger in diameter.
Kalanchoe can be propagated through offsets or cuttings. Offsets are small baby plants that appear alongside the mother plant. These tiny plants can be removed and placed on top of soil. The tiny plant will take root and become a full-fledged plant in no time.
Sections of the stem can be removed and propagated. A cutting needs at least a couple of leaves to be viable. Remove the lower leaves, but hold on to the foliage. Both the stem cuttings and the leaves can be propagated. Let the stem and leaves sit out for a few days, so the cut ends dry out and callous over. Next, place the cut end of the stem and the leaves in soil. Roots should form in a few weeks, and you’ll have a new batch of kalanchoe plants.
Is Kalanchoe Pet Friendly?
Kalanchoe is toxic to pets, so avoid gifting this plant to friends or family with furry companions. All parts of the plant are harmful if ingested.
Kalanchoe Styling Tips
Kalanchoe has a mounded, upright growth habit. Plants range from 1 to 18 inches tall, making them an excellent addition to a desk or end table. Cluster several small plants together to create a curated look. The leaves are interesting, and the flowers steal the show, so pair this plant with a neutral cover pot or complement this plant’s good looks with a bold statement-worth container.
Kalanchoe Care Tips
Kalanchoe is a charming plant with lovely flowers that is easy to grow. This beauty effortlessly brightens up a sunny spot with its attractive foliage and dainty flowers. Proper care is essential for all plants, but kalanchoe care largely depends on a sunny location and being left alone long enough for the soil to dry out. Follow these kalanchoe care tips to keep your plant lush and blooming.
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Humans have been harnessing the power of the sun for centuries, using a variety of ingenious methods ranging from concentrating mirrors to glass heat traps. The foundation of modern solar cell technology was set by Alexandre Becquerel in 1839 when he observed photoelectric effect in certain materials. Materials exhibiting photoelectric effect emit electrons when exposed to light, hence converting light energy to electrical energy. In 1883, Charles Fritt designed a photovoltaic cell by coating selenium with a very thin layer of gold. This gold-selenium junction based solar cell was 1% efficient. Aleksandr Stoletov created a cell based on outer photoelectric effect in 1988.
Einstein’s paper on photoelectric effect in 1904 expanded the solar-cell research horizons and Bell laboratories produced the first modern photovoltaic cell in 1954. They achieved an efficiency of 4% which was still not cost effective as a much cheaper alternative was available: coal. However, this technology proved to be cost-effective and quite suitable for powering space missions. In 1959, Hoffman electronics succeed in creating solar cells that were 10% efficient.
Solar cell technology gradually became more efficient and by 1970s, terrestrial use of solar panels became feasible. The cost of the solar cell modules decreased significantly over the next years and their use become more widespread. Further down the timeline, the dawn of transistor age and subsequent semiconductor technology enabled significant solar-cell efficiency jumps.
First generation cells
Conventional wafer-based cells fall under the first-generation category. These cells, based on crystalline silicon, dominate the commercial market. The structure of the cells can be mono- or polycrystalline. The monocrystalline solar cell is constructed from silicone crystals by the Czochralski process. Silicon crystals are cut from large ingots. Single crystal development requires accurate handling as the "recrystallization" phase of the cell is quite expensive and complex. These cells are around 20% efficient. The polycrystalline silicon solar cells generally comprise of a number of different crystals, grouped together in one cell during the manufacturing process. Polycrystalline silicon cells are more economical and consequently most popular to date.
Second generation cells
Second generation solar cells are installed in building and standalone systems. Electric utilities also lean towards this technology in solar panels. These cells use thin film technology and are significantly more economical than wafer-based cells of first generation. Light absorbing layers of silicon wafers are around 350 μm in thickness, while, thin film cells are around 1 μm thick. Three common types of second-generation solar cells are:
- Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
- Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
- Copper indium gallium di-selenide (CIGS)
Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have been on the market for over 20 years and a-Si is probably the most well developed thin film solar cell technology. The low processing temperature during the production of amorphous (a-Si) solar cells allows the use of various low-cost polymers and other flexible substrates. These substrates require less processing energy. The word amorphous is used to describe these cells because they are not well structured like the crystalline wafers. They are made by coating the doped silicon content on the back of the substrate.
CdTe is a compound semiconductor with direct band gap crystalline structure. This is excellent for light absorption and thus efficiency is significantly improved. This technology is cheaper and has the least carbon footprint, lowest water-use and a shorter recovery period of all solar technologies on a lifecycle basis. Although cadmium is toxic, but this is countered by recycling of the material. Nevertheless, there are still concerns about it and thus widespread usage is limited.
CIGS cells are made by the deposition of a thin layer of copper, indium, gallium and selenide on a plastic or glass base. Electrodes are installed on both sides to collect the current. Due to a high absorption coefficient and consequent strong absorption of sunlight, the material requires a much thinner film than other semiconductor materials. CIGS cells are highly economical and quite efficient.
Third generation cells
Third generation of solar cells include latest emerging technologies that aim to surpass the Shockley-Queisser (SQ) limit. This is the maximum theoretical efficiency (31% to 41%) that a single p-n junction solar cell can achieve. Currently, the most popular, state of art emerging solar cell technologies include:
- Quantum dot solar cells
- Dye-sensitized solar cells
- Polymer based solar cells
- Perovskite based solar cell
Quantum dot (QD) solar cells are composed of nanocrystals of a transition metal-based semiconductor. Nanocrystals are mixed in a solution and then layered onto a silicon substrate. Typically, a photon will excite an electron there by creating a single electron hole pair in conventional compound semiconductor solar cells. However, if a photon hits a QD of a particular semiconductor material, several pairs (typically two or three) of electron holes can be produced.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were first developed in the 1990s and have a promising future. They work on the principle of artificial photosynthesis and consist of dye molecules between electrodes. These cells are cost effective and have the advantage of easy processing. They are transparent and maintain stability and a solid state over a wide range of temperatures. Efficiency of up to 13% has been reported for these cells.
Polymer solar cells are considered "flexible" solar cells because the substrate used is a polymer or plastic. They are composed of thin functional layers serially connected and coated on a ribbon or a polymer foil. It usually works as a combination of a donor (polymer) and a receiver (fullerene). There are different types of sunlight absorption materials, including organic material such as a conjugate polymer. Special attributes of polymer solar cells have opened up a new portal for the development of stretchable solar devices, including textiles and fabrics.
Perovskite based solar cells are a relatively recent innovation and they are based on perovskite compounds (a combination of two cations and a halide). These solar cells are based on state of art technology and have an efficiency of around 31%. They have the potential to significantly revolutionize the automobile industry but there are still issues with the stability of these cells.
Solar cell technology has clearly come a long way from silicon wafer-based cells to the latest "emerging" solar cell technologies. These advancements will no doubt play an important role in reducing carbon foot print and finally achieving the dream of a sustainable energy resource. Nano-crystal QD based technology has a theoretical potential of turning more than 60% of the total solar spectrum into electricity. Furthermore, polymer based flexible solar cells have opened up a realm of possibilities. The main issues with emerging technologies are instability and degradation over time. However, the ongoing research shows promise, and widespread commercialization of these latest solar cell modules might not be far off.
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I am teaching my little one to read, there is a sentence, i wonder what tense this belongs to ?
the next day was moms birthday
why using was after the next day ?
what tense is it ?
thank u all
English grammar questions, answered by Alan
2 posts • Page 1 of 1
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We'll open the story with Benjamin Franklin Shumard. We've met up with Shumard a few times before, including at Fort Snelling, on the old Santa Fe Trail, and near Grey Cloud Island. For this occasion, it's the late 1850s and he's the State Geologist of Texas, looking at a fresh batch of Permian fossils from the Guadalupe Mountains on the New Mexico–Texas border. Shumard hadn't collected the fossils himself; instead, his brother George Shumard collected them while acting as a geologist for an expedition under Captain John Pope. Pope, incidentally, went on to command in the Civil War; at the end of August 1862, he may well have wished he was back in the Guadalupe Mountains.
Shumard described about 25 species of invertebrates from the Guadalupe Mountains in 1858 and 1859, marking the beginning of study of the classic Guadalupian fauna. The Guadalupe Mountains and their Permian fossils are in fact so outstanding that they have lent their name to the Guadalupian Stage of the Permian. It's a bit of an inauspicious start, though, as Shumard did not illustrate any of the species or give any detailed locality information. Furthermore, none of the fossils are extant. The incarnation of the Texas Geological Survey that Shumard organized fell apart in 1860 amid political infighting and his collections and maps, left in Austin, were all but completely lost when the survey's facilities were converted to making percussion caps for the Civil War, with any straggling fossils lost to the state capitol fire in 1881 (Hill 1887). The absence of figures, at least for the Guadalupian fossils, was corrected by George Girty in 1908, via a lavishly illustrated monograph on the fossils of the Guadalupe Mountains and related areas (you can read it section by section here, or download the whole thing as a pdf here; the former doesn't require as much of a commitment, but the latter has better scans of the figures).
Among Shumard's species was a brachiopod he named Crania permiana in 1859. Over a long paragraph he described it as a large brachiopod with an enlarged subconical upper valve, about 1.5 inches tall and 1 inch in diameter, with concentric lines, and a variety of brachiopod minutiae that I am choosing to omit. Almost 50 years later Girty was confident that Shumard's species was represented in a new group of specimens from the Delaware, Glass, and Guadalupe mountains, and provided a new description as well as moving the species to a different genus, Richthofenia, in the family Richthofeniidae. He also illustrated a number of specimens, which give a much better idea of the animal than the text alone. An additional taxonomic change was made by King (1930), who made Crania permiana the type species of new genus Prorichthofenia. However, the loss of Shumard's specimens, combined with larger collections and other advances, led Cooper and Grant (1969, 1975) to decide to leave Shumard's species alone and rather extensively rework the taxonomy of "Prorichthofenia". For the sake of convenience, I'll refer to the brachiopods in question as "Prorichthofenia", with the note that this should be understood as representing several genera and species from the Permian of Texas and New Mexico.
|A clip from Girty (1908) (plate 14) showing several views of a specimen from Capitan Peak.|
What Shumard and Girty had were brachiopods in which one valve had grown into an elongated conical structure, and the other had turned into a sort of hinged-trash-can-lid, although not on top of the conical valve but recessed within; in other words, brachiopods that looked very much like a moderately sized horn coral with an inner cover. "Prorichthofenia" was not the only brachiopod to have done this, or even the only bivalved animal: for example, in the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, a lineage of bivalve mollusks known as rudists hit upon the same idea of one big conical valve and one lid valve. The rudists, which appeared long after the extinction of rugose corals, formed reef-like accumulations in the Cretaceous before running into the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction. (Of course, for both richthofeniaceans and rudists, we can throw out the general rules for shell symmetry.)
|Another clip from Girty (1908) (plate 31), this time showing silicified specimens from the Glass Mountains, later named Cyclacantharia kingorum in Cooper and Grant (1969).|
Apart from the lid, "Prorichthofenia" and its relatives would have visibly differed from your typical horn coral by having spines. As productid brachiopods, they had numerous thin spines; in the clip from Girty's Plate 31, you can see fine perforations in the conical valve, which would have housed spines. Spines would have helped to anchor the tip of the conical valve in the substrate, keeping it upright. Spines also projected from the interior of the conical valve and from the lid valve, forming a complex mesh over the opening in some species.
The unusual anatomy of "Prorichthofenia" has attracted some interesting ideas. Rudwick (1961) proposed that the thin lid valve was not a protective structure, but was flapped up and down to drive a feeding current, with the spines on the inside of the conical valve and the underside of the lid valve screening out large particles while capturing smaller particles, perhaps reducing or even eliminating the need for a typical brachiopod lophophore organ. As you might suspect, this flapping model proved controversial. It was pretty much done in by the publication of a specimen in which another more typical brachiopod was found trapped between the lid and a mesh of spines on the inside of the conical valve. This second brachiopod had arrived there as a larva and grown up into an adult while the "Prorichthofenia" also lived on; clearly the lid did not need to be able to open widely for the "Prorichthofenia" to feed (Grant 1975). Instead of a flapper, "Prorichthofenia" may have been similar to other brachiopods, opening the lid to expose the lophophore and closing it as a protective measure (Cowen 1983).
Or was "Prorichthofenia" that similar? One final twist: befitting an animal that has adopted at least part of a coral-like lifestyle, it has been suggested that "Prorichthofenia" and similar brachiopods had symbiotic zooxanthellae living in exposed mantle tissue in the conical valve and on the lid valve (Cowen 1970, 1983).
Cooper, G. A., and R. E. Grant. 1969. New Permian brachiopods from West Texas. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 1.
Cooper, G. A., and R. E. Grant. 1975. Permian brachiopods of West Texas, III. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 19.
Cowen, R. 1970. Analogies between the Recent bivalve Tridacna and the fossil brachiopods Lyttoniacea and Richthofeniacea. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8(4):329–344.
Cowen, R. 1983. Algal symbiosis and its recognition in the fossil record. Pages 431–478 in M. J. S. Tevesz and P. L. McCall, editors. Biotic interactions in Recent and fossil benthic communities. Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Girty, G. H. 1908. The Guadalupian fauna. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Professional Paper 58.
Grant, R. E. 1975. Methods and conclusions in functional analysis: a reply. Lethaia 8:31-33.
Hill, R. T. 1887. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Bulletin 45.
King, R. E. 1930. The geology of the Glass Mountains, Texas. Part II: Faunal summary and correlation of the Permian formations with description of Brachiopoda. The University of Texas Bulletin 3042.
Rudwick, M. J. S. 1961. The feeding mechanism of the Permian brachiopod Prorichthofenia. Palaeontology 3(4):450–471.
Shumard, B. F. 1858. Notice of new fossils from the Permian strata of Texas and New Mexico, collected by Dr. George G. Shumard, geologist of the United States Government Expedition for obtaining water by means of artisan wells along the 32d parallel, under the direction of Capt. John Pope, U. S. Corps Top. Eng. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 1:290–297.
Shumard, B. F. 1859. Notice of fossils from the Permian strata of Texas and New Mexico, obtained by the United States Expedition under Capt. John Pope, for boring artisan wells along the 32d parallel, with descriptions of new species from these strata and the coal measures of that region. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis 1(3d):387–403.
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“Pride and Prejudice” has consistently been the most popular classical Jane Austen’s novel, known and loved by millions of readers all over the world. The author displays commonplace faults and virtues of small cocooned world of the middle-class gentry in England during the early nineteenth century. Some critics argue that there are no real “villains” in the novel. In fact, there are antagonists because stories are dull and plain without them. Jane Austen’s primary interest is people. Hence, she uses her antagonists to criticize negative traits of her own society through them. I would certainly choose George Wickham as the main “villain”. As for the others, I would like to focus on satirical characters of pompous Reverend Collins and snobbish Lady Catherine de Bourgh. All of them do not represent “classical” villains, but still they embody selfishness, pride and deceit.
Consequently, the most famous villain of the story is Mr. George Wickham, the handsome fortune-hunting officer who charms everyone. The first information the readers obtain about him is that he is a man of “fine countenance, a good figure, and very pleasing address”, whose inquisitive manners bring its fruit – as almost “every female eye” (Austen 115) turns upon him – even Elizabeth initially likes him. Wickham with his fine manners opposes proud and class-conscious Mr. Darcy and looks very favorably in comparison. However, soon he reveals his true nature of a selfish and wicked man. He spreads lies that Darcy is cheating him out of his inheritance. It seems he simply neglects the fact that they have grown up together since after the death of Wickham’s father, Darcy’s father took Wickham and treated him like his own son. Therefore, Wickham’s gossips further encourage personal prejudice of Elizabeth and the negative impression of Darcy.
Wickham has no true respect for women and regards them only as a way to move up to a higher level of society. He attempts to elope with the fifteen-year old Georgiana Darcy simply because she has a large fortune. Darcy prevents the dishonorable elopement and buys Wickham off, ending all connections between them. Then the readers find Wickham, who truly likes Elizabeth, casting aside his interest and expressing his affections to Mary King, only for the sake of the girl’s ten thousand pound inheritance. Finally, this chain ends with his elopement with young Lydia Bennet, who is in love and, thus, unconcerned about the disgrace upon her family. Nevertheless, I think that he is quite aware of the situation. Since she has no financial benefits, he never intends to marry her, even knowing that this scandal would ruin the Bennet family’s reputation. Their elopement is a good reason for him to flee from creditors and abandon the town, where he leaves nothing but enemies and debts. Despite the fact that Darcy saves Lydia’s good name by bribing Wickham with a steady income and a considerable sum of money for the marriage, this is not a good solution for her. When Elizabeth finds it out, she exclaims in despair that “small as is their chance for happiness, and wretched as is his character” (Austen 459), understanding that her sister will not find happiness in the marriage with this deceitful and sneaky man.
Darcy’s housekeeper considers that Wickham “turned out very wild” (Austen 370) as he often breaks social norms. He has enough moral awareness, but still does not care about feelings and reputation – neither his own, nor somebody else’s. Wickham is a worthless man interested only in money matters. His selfishness and irresponsibility, combined with his ability to read people and manipulate them, make him a villain who never stops using others for his self-serving life philosophy.
Another character I have chosen as a “mild” villain is Reverend Collins. He is not very wicked, but selfish and kind of socially tone-deaf, as well as oblivious to the feelings of other people. The author tells that his “deficiency of nature had been but little assisted by education or society”, and his life circumstances made him “a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance and humility” (Austen 105). During his first visit to the Bennets, he is intolerable and talkative, endlessly praising his own merits, the most important of which is the protection of a wealthy aristocrat Lady Catherine de Bourg. Despite the fact that Elizabeth has never seen him before, she rightly observes that “there is something very pompous in his style” just from the tone of his letter (Austen 95). Still, Collins always humbly speaks of himself and expresses his humility towards patrons or anybody of a higher rank. What is more, he is a Christian clergyman though charity is surely not his virtue. Thus, he gives wrong advice to other people. He tries to amend his financial impact on the Bennets by proposing to Elizabeth. She refuses, considering him conceited, arrogant, narrow-minded, and foolish. His marriage proposal to Elizabeth reveals his humorless and pedantic nature, which is far from the passion or genuine care. He is obviously an unsuitable companion for Elizabeth. Moreover, he is incredibly insensitive because he even does not take her refusal seriously for the first time and makes her explain herself very clear. Mr. Collins has a one-dimensional character that does not allow him to experience any other reality than the practical one. His mentality is not changing or growing; through the novel he remains the same, silly and rhetorical, even though he is the only person to take his rhetoric seriously.
The last “slightly villainous” character from "Pride and Prejudice" I want to discuss is Lady Catherine De Bourgh, which perfectly complements and accentuates Collins. She is an aunt of Mr. Darcy; in addition to this, she is wealthy and possesses a high status in society. Thus, she considers herself entitled to be haughty and domineering. Though some people (such as Collins) admire her manners, regarding them as proper ones, Elizabeth is appalled by her arrogance and vulgarity.
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For business owners in New Orleans and surrounding areas, understanding various financial statements is a critical part of running an effective and profitable business. From balance sheets to profit and loss statements, a business owner is tasked with making sense of various financial documents. One of the most important of these documents is a cash flow statement; indeed, cash flow statements are key to understanding your business’ profitability. For help navigating the complicated world of business financial statements and what they mean for your company, reach out to an experienced New Orleans Certified Public Accountant (CPA) who specializes in services for small businesses.
What Is a Cash Flow Statement?
As defined by Investopedia, a cash flow statement is a financial statement that summarizes the amount of cash and cash equivalents that are flowing into and out from a business. While often confused for an income statement or a balance sheet, a cash flow statement complements these other financial document types. Not only is a cash flow statement an important element of understanding your business’ financial picture, but it is also a mandatory document; in 1987, the Financial Accounting Standards Board – Statement No. 95, mandated that businesses provide a statement of cash flow.
Important for Your Business’s Profitability
Different financial documents provide you with different information. For example, while a balance statement may tell you how much you owe on a loan and an income statement may provide you with information about how much interest you paid on the loan, only the cash flow statement will provide you with information about how much cash was consumed by servicing that loan. Because a cash flow statement measures how much cash was collected and spent over a certain period of time, it is a cash flow statement that can provide some of the most critical information about:
Most financial professionals hold that a cash flow statement is the best indicator of a company’s performance, even more precise than profit and loss statements.
When you understand your cash flow, you’ll be able to make financing and investment decisions more soundly. What’s more, creditors will also look at a company’s cash flow in order to determine whether or not the company is on solid financial footing, and therefore worth investing in/loaning money to.
Various operating activities
One of the most valuable uses of a cash flow statement is that a cash flow statement provides insight about your various operating activities, ranging from income tax payments to interest payment to rent payments and more. When you understand how your operating activities affect cash flow, you can make adjustments in a profitable way.
Work with a Certified Public Accountant
To learn more about your business’s cash flow statement, why you need one, and how to create one that is accurate and useful for your business, you need a Certified Public Accountant on your side. If you are in the New Orleans area, call Estess CPAs today to learn more about our accounting services for small businesses and to schedule a meeting.
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Have you ever thought about how many distinct emotions we generally feel throughout a day? Emotions, big or small, play a major role in determining the decisions we make everyday. Emotional intelligence, therefore, is an important skill to have for everyone. Simply put, it’s the ability to be aware of one’s emotions and identifying those of others. Teaching young children to recognize their various emotions but it can be quite a tricky task. Children with developmental disabilities and cognitive deficits, especially, may need additional help in identifying and regulating their emotions.
F is for Fun and Feelings
Imagine giving a lecture to young children about all the 27 distinct emotions that humans are said to have. No matter how articulate you are, chances are most children might not pick up any valuable information on how to deal with emotions. Emotions is a complex concept to teach. As distinct as many of these emotions are, they are also interconnected. So, the best way to teach emotion is through fun activities and games. Here are a few simple, interesting ideas to help children learn emotions:
- Story and Movies
What’s great about using stories and movies is that you can teach emotions with an activity that most children typically love. They also offer excellent opportunities to help children make the connection between an emotion and something that happened in the story.
“Look at Sara. She looks sad.”
“I think she is sad because her brother fought with her.”
You can use emotion cards while reading the story and ask children to place the right emotion card that corresponds to how the character in the story is feeling.
“Johnny got a huge present. He must be feeling…”
Encourage the child to place the right emotion card or tap the appropriate icon in their AAC system.
- Emotion Masks Game
Make DIY masks using craft paper and draw the different emotions on them. There are two ways to play this game. One is to wear a mask and ask the learner to identify the emotion. You can also explain a situation and encourage the learner to tell you how they would feel by wearing a mask.
“Remember when you were the first to finish the puzzle. How did you feel?”
“You told me that you miss your grandparents. How do you feel about that?”
- Personal Photo Album
This can be a fun project to do with siblings and friends. Name an emotion or give a scenario and ask children to act out the emotions they would feel.
“You dropped your ice cream on the floor. How would you feel?”
“I’m baking your favourite cake today. How would you feel?”
“Your tablet runs out of charge. How would you feel?”
Click photos as children make faces to show the different emotions. Print the photos and make an album. Use the album to help children identify the facial expressions corresponding to each emotion.
- Emotions Scale/ Chart
Also called, Feelings scale or stress chart, this is a very simple tool with which we can teach children to develop their emotional intelligence. The scale has numeric and visual representation of feelings ranging from positive to negative. Encourage children to point to the color or picture that represents how they are feeling. When you find them in a good mood, ask them to tell you how they feel using the scale. If you noticed any antecedent to challenging behaviours, tell them they can use the scale to tell you when they get frustrated or overwhelmed.
- Voice Recordings
The volume and tone in which we speak can imply emotions. Children with social communication challenges can miss these cues and can misinterpret messages. One way to teach voice tone to children is record sentences with different voice tones. Play them back and explain how the different tones can suggest different emotions.
Speaking the same sentence in different tones helps children understand that tone is something they should pay attention to in addition to facial expressions.
“I don’t want to talk now” can be said in a sad and angry tone.
“She gave me this story book” can be said in different tones indicating excitement, disappointment, happiness, and anger.
Avaz AAC Resources for Teaching Emotions
Here’s a story about Johnny, a little boy and his different emotions. Read the story and help the child identify the emotions. You can ask the learner to match the emotion tiles from the given Vocab Toolbox to the emotions in the book. You can also encourage them to tap the corresponding emotion icon on their AAC system.
It’s important to give communicators vocabulary to describe their emotions so that they can express their distinct feelings. Avaz AAC offers extensive vocabulary for emotions. You can download communication board for emotions here. that can help develop the emotional intelligence skills of young children.
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Without exercising, it is difficult to maintain your weight, or even lose if that is your goal. You have to burn the same amount of calories consumed to maintain and burn more to lose weight. Exercising is the key to both.
But not all exercise is equal. The type of exercise you do, along with intensity and duration, makes a difference in the number of calories burned, both at the time you are exercising and well after. Other factors that affect the number of calories burned are age, gender and genetics – all of which you can’t do much about. So focus on the one thing that you can control – exercising.
Aerobic exercise, like cardio and endurance, are activities usually done at a slower pace, but over a longer period of time. These activities burn calories but usually focuses on burning stored fat. Walking, running, Zumba and Pilates are all types of training that fall into this category. These activities burn calories, but they are calories that the body doesn’t need to replace, so the rate at which your body is burning calories decreases once the aerobic activities stop.
However, when you engage in anaerobic-type activities – strength training activities done at a faster pace, but for a shorter duration – you are burning glucose, calories that reside deep within your muscles. This includes activities such as medicine ball throws, kettle bell swings, resistance training and heavy weightlifting. The beauty of strength training is you not only get a high calorie burn while exercising, but the burn continues afterward as your metabolism keeps working at a high rate until it has replaced the glucose that was depleted in your muscles.
The secondary effect of strength training increases the size of your muscles. Ladies, we are not talking about body building – just a toning, firming and slight increase in size. Many women are afraid to get into strength training because they think they will develop a lot of muscle. It just won’t happen; the hormone structure of your gender won’t allow it.
With a more defined muscle structure, your metabolism will work at a higher rate even while at rest and sleeping. More muscle means more glucose in your muscles which makes your metabolism work harder to keep up on the glucose used.
The downside of strength training is you can’t do it six days per week. Your body could never keep up. So a good compromise is to do a cardio activity four days per week and include a couple days of strength training. Just make sure you have a day or two between your two days of strength training.
For strength training, focus on one or two sets of 12 to 15 repetitions in each set of each of your major muscle groups: abs, glutes, quads and biceps.
Strength training gives you the most calorie burning increase, along with giving you a more defined look. When you look good, you feel good. And when you feel good, you exude confidence.
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Republican state senators in Virginia, as well as the state’s Republican governor, Bob McDonnell, announced Friday that they would oppose a bill to change how the state awards its electoral votes in presidential elections. The proposed legislation would have moved the state from awarding its electors on a winner-take-all basis to a proportional system based on Congressional districts.
There have been rumblings of similar changes in other Republican-controlled states carried by President Obama in 2008 and 2012: Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Ohio and Michigan. And the chairman of the Republican National Committee, Reince Priebus, has voiced his approval of such measures.
Although the Virginia bill now looks unlikely to become law, Democrats had expressed concern. Were they right to worry?
As Virginia demonstrates, the odds of all those states adopting a proportional system are probably small; some Republican lawmakers have expressed reservations about the idea. In Florida — the other state that Mr. Obama has carried where Republicans control the legislature and the governor’s mansion — the speaker of the House, a Republican, has come out against changing the state’s system.
But if some of those states did make the switch, it would substantially alter the nation’s electoral math. With Virginia, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin awarding their electors proportionally by Congressional district, Mr. Obama would have won re-election by just 30 electoral college votes instead of 126, according to a Times analysis of data from The Cook Political Report’s David Wasserman.
If those five states and Florida had switched to a proportional system, Mr. Romney would currently be getting accustomed to the West Wing computers.
An Electoral College based on Congressional districts would be decidedly more friendly to Republican presidential candidates than the current system. Democratic-leaning voters tend to live in more densely populated areas, making for a less efficient distribution of votes. And Republicans were in charge in many states when districts were redrawn after the 2010 census.
Moreover, the states where these proposals are being floated, perhaps not coincidentally, are many of the states where a proportional system would have the biggest impact. If Arkansas or Connecticut moved to proportional allocation by Congressional district, the two states’ 2012 Electoral College votes would have been awarded in exactly the same way. In fact, that is true in 21 states. And in 42 states a proportional system would have each moved fewer than five votes in the 2012 election.
But the states where these proposals are percolating are among the few where Mr. Romney would have gained a substantial number of electors.
Could Democratic lawmakers play the same game?
Not really. The states where Democrats could gain a significant number of votes from proportional allocation by Congressional district — Texas, Georgia, North Carolina and Arizona — are all controlled by Republicans. In addition, even if the system were somehow put in place in every state, the payoff for Democrats would be substantially smaller than the G.O.P.’s electoral windfall.
If the Virginia proposal had been adopted in 2012 and the other 47 states had adopted a system like Maine’s and Nebraska’s (where one electoral vote goes to the winner of each Congressional district and two votes go to the statewide winner), then 103 of Mr. Obama’s blue state electoral votes would have gone to Mr. Romney. Mr. Obama, by contrast, would have gained only 32 electoral votes in red states.
And, by an electoral college count of 277 to 261, Mr. Romney would be president.
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_____ LONGEVITY _____
The horse and mule live thirty years,
And nothing know of wines and beers.
The goat and sheep at twenty die,
and never taste of scotch or rye.
Cows drink water by the ton,
and by eighteen, they're mostly done.
The dog at fifteen cashes in,
without the aid of rum and gin.
The cat in milk and water soaks,
And then in twelve short years it croaks.
The modest, sober, bone-dry hen
Lays eggs for nogs, then dies at ten.
All animals are strictly dry;
They sinless live and sinless die.
But sinful, ginful, rum-soaked men
Survive for three score years and ten.
And some of them, though very few,
Stay drunk yet live past ninety-two!
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According to legend, the herb Angelica archangelica, took its name from the Angel who revealed its virtues to a monk during the plague. Angelica is said to give protection from the infection.
Angelica archangelica is native to northern Europe and Asia; it is a biennial, though it often lives for three years, growing from 4-8 foot in height, with divided pale-green leaves and green flowers that bloom in July and August, followed by flat oval seeds. The whole plant gives off a pleasant muscatel scent.
Sow from seed of Angelica archangelica in July at the back of a border or in shallow 'uncovered' drills 20 inches apart. germination often fails as a result of the gardener nor knowing that theses seeds need light to germinate! The normal herb sowing regime of shallow trays and seed lightly covered will not be successful for Angelica. Do NOT cover the seed with soil until you see germination has taken place, and the first root - the radical - has emerged. then cover with a light layer of horticultural vermiculite.
plants will need supporting as they grow taller, though if surrounded
by low growing perennials, this sometimes suffices. Angelica requires
a moist soil, containing some humus. Angelica will flourish in
semi-shade - preferring dappled shade to direct sunshine.
Again - as with Clematis - they will tolerate full sun if the root area is shaded. Bear in mind that whilst this plant is good for height effect, it also has a good spread down at the base with its lush foliage.
The lush - somewhat large - attractive foliage, together with the long spikes that hold the floral umbels of pale yellow flowers, make this a good specimen plant, with its 'architectural' qualities. It is well suited to a centrepiece, surrounded with smaller contrasting herbs - such as the purple leaved Origanum varieties.
The common Archangel has a more colourful relative in the shape of Angelica gigas. This variety has deep red stems and bright red floral umbels, which contrast well with the bright green foliage. The foliage of this variety being more attractive than the normal version. Angelica gigas is slightly shorter than its green cousin - being around 1.2 metres tall.
An explanation of the name of this plant is that it flowers on the day of the Archangel Michael. Because of that it is seen as a preservative against most evil spirits and witchcraft! All parts of the Angelica archangelica plant are said to be effective against witchcraft spells. It was once known as ‘The Root of the Holy Ghost.'
Angelica archangelica is a carminative and aids the digestion system, due to
the angelicin it contains, it also has anti-inflammatory properties. Angelica
lowers fevers and acts as an expectorant. A poultice of the leaves is said to
help sooth sunburn, but should be used with caution.
An infusion may be made by pouring a pint of boiling water on an ounce of the bruised root, and two tablespoonful of this should be given three or four times a day. As such it is a good relief for flatulence!
Nowadays, it is only the common green variety of Angelica archangelica that is used for medicinal or culinary purposes. Though, the wild version - Angelica sylvestris or A. montanum, would have been used when herbalism first found it of use.
When you think of angelica, you only think of the candied cake decoration, but angelica has many other culinary uses. The young stems of Angelica Archangelica are the part that is candied. Young angelica stems will impart their unique Muscat flavour when added to tart fruits and berries, it will reduce the acidity. Add angelica to jams it is exceptionally good. Try adding ginger to angelica, even the seed can be used when making biscuits. Fresh young leaves can be added to hops, to make stimulating “bitters”.
Only use young leaves of the Angelica archangelica, as older leaves are more course and stringy.
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In continuous quest to improve the biological functions of the body systems for healthier body, human beings consistently search for substances, with the Western world placing greater emphasis on certain herbs, shrubs, roots, foods and plants as sources of health booster. Researchers recorded over 3.5 billion individuals all over the world relying on plants and herbal medicines for health boosting and care.
One of such health booster to be discussed within the context of this study is mushroom. All mushrooms are fungi however, not all fungi are mushrooms. According to Bhakta and Kumar (2013), mushroom is a fleshy fruiting body that comprises of stem, cap and gills with a spore-bearing fungus-like body. This fleshy spore-bearing shrub originally grows above the ground level or on conducive environment. The mushroom gill also known as pore, generates microscopic spores that enable the fungus to spread all over the surface of the ground it is growing. This article titled Mushrooms; The Super Beneficial Fungi, aims to bring forward some of the basic facts you ought to know about mushrooms.
Basic facts and benefits of mushroom;
1) Nutrition Facts
Edible mushrooms are consumed by human beings due to their high nutritional and medicinal value. Edible mushrooms, cultivable and wild mushrooms are usually available in the markets and it is noteworthy to identify and verify any wild mushroom before consumption as some of them can be very fatal to health. Mushroom contains very low calorie and can be eaten as food either raw, fried or cooked. Ahmed et., al. (2013), state that mushrooms are rich source of essential minerals, non-starchy carbohydrate, potassium, phosphorus, dietary fiber selenium, B vitamins, such as niacin, riboflavin and pantothenic acid.
2) Health Benefits
a) Anti-Cancer properties
According to Mwitari et., al. (2014), cancer is in one way or the other connected with the body’s immune system and this cankerworm is eating so deep into the whole world with an upsurge in cases. Some medicinal plants and their extracts are notable for boosting immunity and one of such immune booster is mushroom. Biological properties of medicinal mushrooms have been studied in the past and researchers agreed that mushrooms possess both immunostimulatory and anti-tumor properties due to the presence of polysaccharide-proteins, polysaccharides and polysaccharide-peptides in them.
Studies on breast cancer revealed that the presence of conjugated linoleic acid (fatty acid) in mushrooms is very vital due to it's ability to bind onto aromatase enzymes in hormone-related breast cancer thereby reducing their ability to produce estrogen. Since most breast cancer tumors solely depend on estrogen for their growth, blocking the aromatase enzyme by the conjugated linoleic acid present in mushrooms can help to prevent and control this sort of tumor.
b) Immune System Booster
Researchers agree that mushrooms greatly boosts the human immune system by having the activity levels of the immune cells of the white blood cells appropriately maintained. These white blood cells greatly plays a major role in the health of the human immune system and any unhealthy activity on the white blood cells can be very detrimental to the body. Healthy immune system helps to protect against health-related problems such as cancer, arthritis and cardiovascular diseases by maintaining balanced activities amongst the white blood cells.
An article by Mushrooms and Health Global Initiative Bulletin (2013) agrees that mushroom contains natural ergosterol which produces vitamin D2. Researchers support that growing and exposing mushrooms to UltraViolet light rays are an effective means of vitamin D production in food thereby making them the major vegetable source of vitamin D. The researchers further went ahead to prove that that the Vitamin D2 contained in mushrooms are capable of preventing the cognitive and certain abnormalities connected with dementia. Kalaras et. al., (2012) support that mushrooms are rich source of protein with the protein content far above most of the vegetables. Mushrooms also contain all the important amino acids needed by the human body for boosting the immune system.
c) Cardiovascular Diseases
According to Bhakta M. and Kumar P. (2013), mushrooms are capable of preventing and controlling cardiovascular diseases. The presence of B vitamins such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline and folate in mushrooms makes them capable of preventing cardiovascular diseases.
Antioxidants protection are of immense importance to the cardiovascular system as they prove effective in regulating inflammation. Due to the presence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients in mushrooms, they are capable of preventing and controlling cardiovascular diseases by protecting the blood vessels such as aorta from chronic inflammation and oxidation.
3) Medicinal Facts
Certain mushrooms are often studied and utilised for treating diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Studies suggest that certain mushrooms are capable of inhibiting tumor growth while others have anti-diabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic abilities. Mushrooms are medicinal in nature as agreed by Smith et., al. (2002), and are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, modern medical research has recorded the use of mushroom extracts since the 1960s for laboratory research.
Mushrooms with psychoactive properties are traditionally used for healing mental, visionary and physical human states. Psilocybin mushroom contains psychedelic properties, which encourages life-changing insights as well as capable of treating psychological disorders as agreed by Grifithis et., al. (2008). These psychedelic mushrooms are also capable of stopping migraine headaches as well as useful in treating addiction with cigarettes and alcohol.
4) Consumption Facts
Mushrooms are basically used for cooking in several cuisines. Commercially, mushrooms are grown mainly on mushroom farms and the safest and most popular specie is Agaricus bisporus which is cultivated in a sterilized and adequately controlled environments. The most commercially grown species of Agaricus bisporus includes maitake, whites, enoki, crimini and portobello etc. Although mushrooms are edible, it is noteworthy that certain species are poisonous and the consumption of these poisonous species can be very detrimental to human health. Edible mushrooms on the other hand, can produce some allergic reactions to susceptible individuals so it is advisable to always be on the watch out for this.
Ahmed M., Abdullah N., Ahmed K. U. and Bhuyan M. H. M. B (2013), Yield and nutritional composition of oyster mushroom strains newly introduced in Bangladesh, Institute of Biological Sciences, Mushroom Research Centre, p.197.
Bhakta M. and Kumar P. (2013), Mushroom Polysaccharides as a Potential Prebiotics, International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, Vol.3, Issue 8, pp.78, 82.
Griffiths R, Richards W, Johnson M, McCann U, Jesse R. (2008). "Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later". Journal of psychopharmacology, 22 (6), pp. 627-30.
Kalaras, M. D.; Beelman, R. B.; Elias, R. J. (2012). "Effects of postharvest pulsed UV light treatment of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on vitamin D2 content and quality attributes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60 (1), pp.222-3.
Mushrooms and Health Global Initiative Bulletin (2013), An ISMS Global Initiative to increase the worldwide consumption of mushrooms through the collection, evaluation and dissemination of scientifically validated information, issue 24, p.2
Mwitari, Githaiga P., Yuhong B., Ayeka, Amwoga P., Zhang and Jun Y. (2014), Effect of substrate dependent mushroom polysaccharide extracts on IL-7 up regulation and cancer immunotherapy and their probable mode of action. 3:301, p.2.
Smith, Rowan and Sullivan (2002) Medicinal Mushrooms: Their therapeutic properties and current medical usage with special emphasis on cancer treatments, Cancer Research UK, p.67
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Butter is an all natural product that gets its start the same way every natural product gets its start: on the farm.
After fresh, whole milk is collected, it is brought to the creamery, where the cream is separated from the milk.
The cream is then pasteurized by heating it rapidly, which eliminates bacteria and promotes freshness.
Pasteurized cream is beaten in a churning cylinder until it naturally forms into butter. The butter milk is drained off.
The butter is then blended, sometimes with salt, for added flavor and freshness.
The final product is then ready for packaging and shipping to the store. By regulation, it contains at least 80% fat, about 16% water, 3% milk solids and nothing artificial.
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Nurturing Digital Literacy through Writing Content Creation
In the digital age, digital literacy has become a fundamental skill for students. It encompasses the ability to effectively navigate, evaluate, and create digital content. Writing content creation serves as a powerful means to nurture digital literacy skills among students. This article explores the significance of writing content creation in developing digital literacy, highlighting its benefits and providing valuable insights for students.
Understanding Digital Literacy:
Digital literacy encompasses a range of skills, including information literacy, media literacy, and technological proficiency. It involves the ability to locate, evaluate, and utilize digital resources critically. Writing content creation is a valuable avenue through which students can develop and showcase their digital literacy skills.
Navigating Digital Platforms:
Writing content creation necessitates navigating various digital platforms, such as websites, blogs, and social media. By engaging in content creation, students become familiar with the functionalities and interfaces of these platforms. They learn to optimize their content for different platforms, ensuring maximum visibility and engagement.
Evaluating Online Information:
In the vast expanse of the internet, the ability to evaluate the credibility and reliability of online information is crucial. Writing content creation encourages students to critically assess the sources they reference, ensuring accuracy and validity in their work. Through research and fact-checking, students develop a discerning eye for trustworthy digital resources.
Engaging with Multimedia Elements:
Writing content creation enables students to incorporate multimedia elements into their work. They can integrate images, videos, infographics, and interactive media to enhance the visual appeal and engagement of their content. By engaging with and creating multimedia content, students become proficient in utilizing digital tools and applications effectively.
Developing Digital Communication Skills:
Effective digital communication is a key component of digital literacy. Writing content creation hones students' ability to communicate their ideas clearly and concisely in digital formats. Students learn to adapt their writing style to suit different digital platforms, utilizing features such as hyperlinks, bullet points, and headings to enhance readability and comprehension.
Ethical Use of Digital Resources:
Digital literacy encompasses ethical considerations, such as respecting intellectual property rights and adhering to copyright laws. Writing content creation educates students about proper citation practices and the importance of giving credit to original authors. By understanding and applying ethical guidelines, students develop integrity in their digital endeavors.
Empowering Creativity and Self-Expression:
Writing content creation provides a platform for students to unleash their creativity and express their ideas in unique ways. It encourages students to think critically, solve problems creatively, and present information in engaging formats. By honing their digital literacy skills through content creation, students can amplify their voice and leave a lasting impact in the digital realm.
Writing content creation serves as a powerful catalyst in nurturing digital literacy skills among students. Through engaging with digital platforms, evaluating online information, utilizing multimedia elements, developing digital communication skills, practicing ethical use of resources, and empowering creativity, students become adept in navigating the digital landscape with confidence and proficiency. Embrace the opportunities presented by writing content creation, harness your digital literacy skills, and embark on a journey of meaningful and impactful digital engagement.
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The Parable of the Sadhu tells the story of hikers who find a nearly lifeless Sadhu in the Himalayan Mountains. The group is made up of Americans, New Zealanders, Swiss, Japanese, Porters, and Sherpas all striving to reach the summit of an 18,000-foot mountain. While climbing, the New Zealanders come across the Sadhu and initially help him as their moral duty dictates. However, their personal interests become more important than their ethical responsibilities, causing them to ultimately leave the Sadhu behind.
The Sadhu’s purpose for being at the top of the mountain and whether his own self-interest prompted him to climb remains uncertain. Nevertheless, as he made the choice to ascend voluntarily, he bears ultimate responsibility for his own welfare and safety. The New Zealander felt a moral duty to safeguard the Sadhu and considered this obligation fulfilled by entrusting him with the Americans, Sherpas, and porters. Additionally, both the Americans and Swiss provided assistance to the Sadhu by offering clothing and warmth.
The act exhibited by the individuals showcased both their compassion and their consideration for their own well-being. They recognized their moral duty to ensure the safety of the Sadhu for the greater good, yet they opted to entrust Stephanie, one of the Americans, with the responsibility of taking care of the Sadhu. Stephanie, feeling a sense of ethical obligation, instructed the Sherpas to accompany the Sadhu to a safer location close to the Japanese base camp. Consequently, the Japanese hikers provided the Sadhu with sustenance and refreshments.
Feeding, giving drink, dressing, and keeping warm the Sadhu were all the group believed they could offer while still pursuing their own self-interest in reaching the peak. Regardless of the Sadhu’s gender, the climbers would have behaved the same way. Their actions were motivated solely by their fixation on achieving their goal. The climbers prioritized their own self-interest. All the hikers at the Himalayan had one shared objective: reaching the summit of the Himalayan Mountain. Challenges of this kind arise in various aspects of our daily lives.
We can compare the Sadhu to a young adult who is turning eighteen. Both the Sadhu and the young adult will make decisions for which they are responsible, with their own self-interest in mind. Each group showed shared leadership. A good leader would have ensured the safety of the Sadhu and returned him to a place of safety. Although the hikers did well, they prioritized their own self-interest over the greater good of helping their fellow man. The ultimate greatest good was to ensure the safety of the Sadhu and abandon their hike.
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“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution passed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified December 15, 1791.
One of the foremost American ideals is freedom of speech. But our freedom of speech is being taken away by big tech companies. Social media is now part of American daily life, but our freedom of speech on these platforms is becoming more and more limited.
During what was already a challenging year, we watched as Facebook started putting “warnings on misleading posts” and fact-checking boxes on posts. Twitter started hiding tweets by President Trump behind a message reading, “Some or all of the content shared in this Tweet is disputed and might be misleading about an election or other civic process.”
At one point, even My Patriot Supply was blocked from being able to post on Facebook about emergency preparedness for whatever the reason. Maybe it was because our company has the word “patriot” in its name and AI didn’t approve of that.
Back in 2018, the Pew Research Center surveyed the public’s attitudes towards technology companies. In 2018, they found, “72% of the public thinks it likely that social media platforms actively censor political views that those companies find objectionable.” That was before tech companies started actively posting warnings on conservative posts in 2020. Since the presidential election, a much larger percentage of Americans believe social media platforms censor political views. As a result of the amount of power big tech has in the political arena, many Americans fear we are headed to a technocracy rather than a constitutional republic.
Here are just a few examples of how big tech companies, such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, have blocked information and decided themselves what people can and cannot see.
- On December 9, just days before press time, YouTube announced it would remove videos that question the integrity of the U.S. presidential election.
- In October, Facebook and Twitter blocked The New York Post’s account after it published the Hunter Files, including an article indicating that Hunter Biden introduced Joe Biden to a Ukrainian businessman.
- The hashtag #SaveTheChildren was temporarily blocked on Facebook in August. Searches for the hashtag came back with a message that said that this hashtag was “temporarily hidden” because it went against the social media site’s “community standards.”
- Popular comedian JP Sears pokes fun at wellness trends and has gained a massive following on YouTube and Facebook. In 2020, Sears was censored on YouTube for “spreading unfounded conspiracy theories.” He responded on Facebook to his YouTube censorship by saying, “YouTube has been censoring doctors, banning videos that speak about medicine and health from perspectives that aren’t calibrated into the orchestrated mainstream narrative. Last night they put duct tape over my mouth, banning my most recent video.”
- According to a Republican Staff Report, Committee on the Judiciary U.S. House of Representatives, titled Reining in Big Tech’s Censorship of Conservatives, “Perhaps the most prominent example of Twitter’s mistreatment of certain views and speakers occurred in summer 2018. In July, Twitter temporarily ‘shadow-banned’ prominent Republicans. These Republicans included Ranking Member Jim Jordan, Representative Matt Gaetz, Representative Devin Nunes, and former Representative Mark Meadows.”
- It’s not just political censorship. YouTube frequently bans (or censors) cryptocurrency content and popular crypto content creators.
The alarming amount of censorship performed by big tech even led to President Trump writing an Executive Order on Preventing Online Censorship. Here is a portion of the executive order:
“The growth of online platforms in recent years raises important questions about applying the ideals of the First Amendment to modern communications technology. Today, many Americans follow the news, stay in touch with friends and family, and share their views on current events through social media and other online platforms. As a result, these platforms function in many ways as a 21st century equivalent of the public square.
Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube wield immense, if not unprecedented, power to shape the interpretation of public events; to censor, delete, or disappear information; and to control what people see or do not see. […]
Online platforms are engaging in selective censorship that is harming our national discourse. Tens of thousands of Americans have reported, among other troubling behaviors, online platforms ‘flagging’ content as inappropriate, even though it does not violate any stated terms of service; making unannounced and unexplained changes to company policies that have the effect of disfavoring certain viewpoints; and deleting content and entire accounts with no warning, no rationale, and no recourse.”
And on December 9 – again just days before press time – the Federal Trade Commission and New York Attorney General Letitia James announced antitrust lawsuits against Facebook. Specifically, federal regulators have asked Facebook to divest its Instagram and WhatsApp services, accusing Facebook of “anti-competitive conduct and using its market dominance to harvest consumer data and reap a fortune in advertising revenues.”
When social platforms censor ideas
Why is this happening? To be blunt, there is a clear liberal bias. According to The New York Post, fed-up social media employees post anonymously to the website Blind. On this site, one Facebook employee wrote, “[Facebook] employees want Trump to lose […] If that means rigging [the platform] against him, they don’t care.” The Blind post garnered 29 “likes” from other employees.
Essentially, the same type of content is allowed to be posted by people who are left-leaning, but is blocked or banned by those who are right-leaning. According to the Facebook employee who spoke with The New York Post, “If you’re left-wing, you can say what you want. But if you’re conservative — or even just apolitical — you have to go on this anonymous app [Blind] to speak your mind.”
For example, The Christian Post reports that “the pro-life group Live Action, who spoke at the White House summit on big tech and social media censorship last year […] had not only been barred from doing any advertising on Twitter, but their accounts had been periodically shut down for espousing pro-life views.” Meanwhile, Planned Parenthood is allowed to advertise and post to the site.
Moreover, Twitter allows pornography and the hashtag #killalljews.
Censorship on social media platforms occurs when we don’t even realize it is happening. For example, many people are shadowbanned. Merriam-Webster explains, “Shadowban is meant as a contrast with ban, an action that is usually imparted decisively and without secrecy. When a user is banned from Twitter, for example, their account is suspended and the user cannot tweet, reply, retweet, or otherwise engage with other users’ posts. In most instances, a banned user is made aware that they’ve been banned from the service. Shadowban adds to that concept the notion of such an action taking place without knowledge of the person being banned. In that case, the user’s account is still active, but is prevented from appearing in the feeds of other users.”
In other words, conservatives (or those with views in contrast to the platform’s) on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram may not get many responses (or likes/comments) on their posts because these posts are essentially hidden from others. Certain words or phrases, including “immune system,” can cause a post to be hidden from other people’s timelines. It is another form of censorship by big tech.
If censorship of topics around our personal health choices is already happening, it’s only a matter of time before content around “self-reliance” and “food sovereignty” get banned. Because the name of the game is control. And the last thing big tech (and let’s face it, our government) wants is for we the people to be independent, self-reliant, and have an opinion that’s different from what’s being dictated.
It’s vital not to wait until big tech begins cracking down on ideas important to the preparedness community to do something about it. Now is the time to voice our opinions, speak out, and protect our First Amendment rights. Now is the time to find alternatives so we may continue to share ideas on independence and how to protect ourselves and our families from a government that does not always have our best interests at heart.
Social platforms for the rest of us
The not-so-hidden censorship on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter has led many people to drop their accounts on these sites and find more welcoming social platforms. The one garnering the most attention is Parler.
According to CNET, “Parler has seen a wave of interest in the wake of the election. On Nov. 9, Parler racked up roughly 880,000 installs in the US from the Apple App Store and Google Play, the most downloads the app has seen in a single day, according to estimates from Sensor Tower, which analyzes mobile app data. From Nov. 3 to Nov. 9, Parler has been downloaded more than 2 million times in the US. The app has roughly 4.7 million installs in the states.”
Parler offers an ad-free and uncensored public square type platform. Many conservatives and Republican politicians are flocking to the free speech social network to regain some of the freedom they feel they have lost on other sites.
In addition to Parler, these other uncensored sites are worth checking out.
- LBRY – This is an alternative to YouTube, Instagram, and Spotify for content creators and content viewers without middlemen, censorship, or advertising.
- MeWe – An alt-tech social media site with no spyware, no ads, and limited content moderation. According to MeWe, “You have full control over your newsfeeds and the order of how posts appear. We do not manipulate, filter, or change the order of your newsfeeds.”
- Rumble – This video site defines itself as your rights management video platform. Host, distribute, and monetize all your professional, social, and viral videos.
Protect your freedoms, friends. Move to places where your voice can be heard. You never know when preparing for emergencies and encouraging a self-reliant lifestyle so you can be independent of the government will be next on the shadowban list.
Preparedness Advisor, My Patriot Supply
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Zotero is a free bibliographic management tool that can help you organize, save, and format citations. It can also enter and format footnotes or endnotes within Word and some other word processing programs. See this guide for help with this powerful tool.
Style and Citation Help
Your professors will tell you which style they prefer you to use when writing your papers. The publishers of the three major styles, below, do not offer complete guides on the web, but OU has purchased access to the Chicago Manual of Style. The best place to go for further help is the OU Writing Center.
The American Psychological Association (APA) Style Blog and the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) can help with APA Style, used chiefly by disciplines in the social sciences.
The Chicago Manual of Style has an online edition. (OU login required)
The MLA Style Center and the Purdue OWL supplement the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook.The MLA (Modern Language Association) style of formatting and citing is used primarily in language and literature departments.
There are print copies of the style guides behind the Information desk and on reserve for use while in Bizzell.
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