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The Evolution and Impact of the Internet: A Comprehensive Overview
The internet, a global network system that facilitates communication and access to data resources, has become an integral part of our lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and access information. This article aims to provide an overview of the internet, its evolution, and its impact on our lives.
History and Development of the Internet
The internet originated in the 1960s with the U.S. government’s ARPANET project. In 1985, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned the development of NSFNET, a university network backbone. By 1995, commercial internet service providers replaced the system, and the internet was brought to the public on a larger scale.
The internet has evolved over time, enabling services such as email, web-enabled audio/video conferencing, online movies and gaming, file transfer, instant messaging, internet forums, social networking, online shopping, and financial services.
Evolution of the Internet
The internet is constantly evolving to cater to the growing demand for data transfer and process facilitation. For instance, the initial IPv4 protocol for distributing IP addresses has largely been replaced by IPv6, increasing the number of available addresses for each continent.
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) has expanded the internet beyond traditional workstations, blurring the line between the internet and the analog world. Devices connected to the internet now commonly use reduced instruction set software, making the internet even more accessible and integrated into our daily lives.
The World Wide Web: Three Iterations
Understanding the internet’s evolution involves looking at the three versions of the World Wide Web:
- Web 1.0: The original incarnation of the internet focused on read-only data, where users primarily read, researched, or learned about products and services.
- Web 3.0: The future internet, also known as the “semantic web,” is envisioned to have evolved relationships and mapping between data, automating many manual processes. The semantic web may help eliminate the need for cookies by seamlessly linking virtual objects and websites.
The Future of the Internet and its Broad Scope As the internet continues to evolve, organizations like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) work on developing standards and universal approaches. The internet has proven its broad scope and general-purpose nature in human societies, and it will continue to have a significant impact on our lives.
The internet has come a long way since its inception, providing numerous services and changing the way we live, work, and communicate. As technology continues to advance, the internet will likely continue to evolve and adapt to meet the growing demands and expectations of users around the world.
- I'm Vasyl Kolomiiets, a seasoned tech journalist regularly contributing to global publications. Having a profound background in information technologies, I seamlessly blended my technical expertise with my passion for writing, venturing into technology journalism. I've covered a wide range of topics including cutting-edge developments and their impacts on society, contributing to leading tech platforms.
- Troubleshooting15/11/2023Intel Fixes Critical Vulnerability Affecting All Processors – CVE-2023-23583
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- Technology04/11/2023North Korea Upgrades Mobile Networks with Huawei Equipment Imports
- Technology03/11/2023Chinese Scientists Invent Passive Saltwater Cooler, Boosts CPU Speed by a Third
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It is often said that Theodor Herzl is the “Father of Zionism.” According to numerous sources, however, the Zionist movement was born in 1881 in Russia prior to Herzl’s rise to prominence.
Zionism originated in the Ḥibbat Zion [Love of Zion] movement which came into being after the pogroms of 1881–83. A few of the hundreds of thousands of Jews who left for overseas turned toward Ereẓ Israel [Land of Israel] and established the first settlements there. Ḥovevei Zion [Lovers of Zion] societies in Russia propagated the idea of this settlement and raised funds for its maintenance.
The movement gained great impetus with the appearance of Theodor Herzl, the convention of the First Zionist Congress in Basle, and the founding of the World Zionist Organization (1897). [See Encyclopedia Judaica entry published on the Jewish Virtual Library]
In the years following the First Zionist Congress, the movement appeared to make little progress.
On January 25, 1904 – the Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul – Theodor Herzl, with the assistance of an Austrian papal portraitist by the name of Count Lippay, managed to gain an audience with Pope Pius X, wherein the Zionist sought the Holy Father’s support for his movement.
In Herzl’s own words as recorded in his personal diary, their interaction (with a conversation spoken in Italian) proceeded, in part, as follows:
Yesterday I was with the Pope … I arrived 10 minutes ahead of time and didn’t even have to wait … He received me standing and held out his hand, which I did not kiss. Lippay had told me I had to do it, but I didn’t. I believe that I incurred his displeasure by this, for everyone who visits him kneels down and at least kisses his hand.
Note the sheer arrogance of the man! If not out of respect for the Holy Father himself – of whom he was about to request a monumental favor – a decent person would have adhered to the protocol if for no other reason than as an expression of gratitude toward Count Lippay who deigned to arrange for the audience.
Herzl goes on:
He seated himself in an armchair, a throne for minor occasions. Then he invited me to sit down right next to him and smiled in friendly anticipation. I began:
“I thank Your Holiness for the favor of according me this audience.”
“It is a pleasure,” he said with kindly deprecation.
I apologized for my miserable Italian, but he said:
“No, you speak very well.”
So much for Herzl’s belief that he had incurred the Holy Father’s displeasure (which he later described as his possible annoyance) for failing to kiss the papal ring. That Herzl imagined as much revealed him as a worldly man who had grossly overestimated the weight of his own stature.
I briefly placed my request before him. He, however, possibly annoyed by my refusal to kiss his hand, answered sternly and resolutely:
“We cannot give approval to this movement. We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem—but we could never sanction it. The soil of Jerusalem, if it was not always sacred, has been sanctified by the life of Jesus Christ. As the head of the Church, I cannot tell you anything different. The Jews have not recognized our Lord, therefore we cannot recognize the Jewish people … This very day the Church is celebrating the feast of an unbeliever who, on the road to Damascus, became miraculously converted to the true faith. And so, if you come to Palestine and settle your people there, we shall have churches and priests ready to baptize all of you.”
This is how a true Roman Pontiff speaks to the Jews. Yes, with sternness and resoluteness, but ultimately, with truth and charity, calling their attention to Christ and His Church that they may be saved.
Note three important points expressed by the Holy Father, the same that have no place whatsoever in Conciliar-Jewish dialogue:
– Without any equivocation whatsoever he refers to Catholicism as “the true faith.”
– He makes plain the Church’s commitment to its mission: We stand ready to baptize all of you.
– Lastly, he not only refuses to support the Zionist cause, but also declares more broadly, “We cannot recognize the Jewish people.”
With respect to the latter point, it must be said that there is no longer any such thing as “the Jewish people,” there are only Talmudists and those calling themselves Jews. [For expedience, I will refrain from prefacing every mention of “Jews” with the qualifier “self-identified.”]
As Pope Pius X explained to Herzl without apology:
“The Jewish religion was the foundation of our own; but it was superseded by the teachings of Christ, and we cannot concede it any further validity. The Jews, who ought to have been the first to acknowledge Jesus Christ, have not done so to this day.”
How differently the leaders of the conciliar counterfeit church behave in their subservience to the Jews of our day!
If nothing else can be said of Theodor Herzl, the man had chutzpah, a Yiddish word for boldness, whether admirable or not.
It was on the tip of my tongue to say, “That’s what happens in every family. No one believes in his own relatives.” But I said instead: “Terror and persecution may not have been the right means for enlightening the Jews.”
Herzl’s juvenile attempt to deflect blame for the Jews’ failure to embrace the Messiah was met with a history lesson.
But he rejoined, and this time he was magnificent in his simplicity:
“Our Lord came without power. He was poor. He came in peace. He persecuted no one. He was persecuted. He was forsaken even by his Apostles. Only later did he grow in stature. It took three centuries for the Church to evolve. The Jews therefore had time to acknowledge his divinity without any pressure. But they haven’t done so to this day.”
Herzl’s recollection of his audience with Pope St. Pius X as recorded in his diary (linked above) is worthy of reading in its fullness, but at this, let us take a step back in time prior to their meeting.
Beginning in the late 19th century, Britain, in an attempt to safeguard its commercial interests in Africa, exercised control over what was called the East Africa Protectorate (later, Kenya). Development of the region, however, proved more difficult than imagined due to Britain’s inability to convince Europeans to settle there.
In 1903, Joseph Chamberlain, the British colonial secretary of the Protectorate, conceived of the notion of offering the land to the Jews, and he proposed the idea to Theodor Herzl. As described in an article published by Jewish Action, the magazine of the Orthodox Union:
On Sunday, August 23, 1903, Herzl stunned the nearly 600 delegates of the Sixth Zionist Congress with his proposal to settle Jews in East Africa. The proposal led to heated, often acrimonious, debate among both the Zionists and the East African settlers. It also spawned numerous articles, editorials and letters in the Anglo and Jewish press.
Herzl was on board with Chamberlain’s idea, mainly as a means of providing refuge as quickly as possible for Jews living under harsh conditions in other nations, including Russia.
Even so, the Zionists in Russia, the birthplace of the movement, were dead set against it. They were determined to press forward, and exclusively so, with the notion that the Jews were entitled to take possession of Ereẓ Israel, the program of which Pope St. Pius X said the Church cannot give approval and could never sanction.
Get that? The Church – the true Church of Christ, that is – could never sanction the Jews taking possession of Palestine.
In May of 1917, the first month during which Our Lady of Fatima appeared to the three shepherd children in Portugal, the seventh conference of the Zionists of Russia met in Petrograd, just as Jewish youth groups were forming in many Russian towns in hopeful preparation for settlement in Palestine.
The movement was going nowhere fast. Behind the scenes, however, a plan was unfolding that would change history.
In 1916, just as the British were on the verge of conceding WWI to the Germans, Zionists with connections in the United States intervened, proposing a plan to the Brits that would allow them to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. In exchange for a promise to entice the U.S. to enter the war on the side of Great Britain, the Zionists demanded that Britain take steps after the war to help them secure possession of Palestine.
This resulted in the famous Balfour Declaration, a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour addressed to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, declaring Britain’s support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people,” and pledging that the British government “will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object.”
It wasn’t until November of 1917, one month after the great Miracle of the Sun during Our Lady’s final apparition at Fatima, that news of the Balfour Declaration reached Russia. This, of course, reinvigorated the Russian Zionists, strengthening their resolve to take possession of Palestine.
During the apparition of July 13, 1917, Our Lady told the Fatima seers that if people did not stop offending God, He would punish the world “by means of war, hunger and persecution of the Church and of the Holy Father.”
“Russia will be the instrument of chastisement chosen by Heaven to punish the whole world if we do not beforehand obtain the conversion of that poor nation,” Our Lady said.
“To prevent this,” the Blessed Virgin continued, “I shall come to ask for the Consecration of Russia to my Immaculate Heart,” and she promised that if only this solitary request be met, Russia would be converted, and a period of peace would be given to the world.
If, however, her request was ignored, Our Lady warned:
Russia will spread its errors throughout the world, raising up wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have much to suffer, and various nations will be annihilated.
Fast forward to the spring of 1929.
The Revisionist newspaper – edited by Russian Zionist Ze’ev Jabotinsky – ran a long campaign claiming Jewish rights over the Western Wall on the Temple Mount. The newspaper even went so far as to call for “insubordination and violence,” encouraging Jews in Palestine to continue protesting and demonstrating until the Wall is “restored to us.” (see Philip Mattar, “The role of the Mufti of Jerusalem in the political struggle over the Western Wall, 1928–29,”)
Jewish historian Benny Morris concurred:
Right-wing Zionists began to demand Jewish control of the Wall: and some even publicly advocated rebuilding the Temple, confirming Muslim fears. The crisis simmered until summer 1929. (see Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict)
It was at this time – June 13, 1929, to be precise – that Our Lady formally made her as yet unmet request for the consecration of Russia to her Immaculate Heart.
Two months later, in late August of 1929, tensions between the Zionists and the Arabs in the Holy Land came to a violent head with the Buraq Uprising (aka the 1929 Palestine riots), resulting in Muslims and Jews killing one another over access to the Western Wall in Jerusalem.
Volumes could be written on the violence and unrest that has plagued this region ever since.
With this limited historical review in mind, especially in light of current events, one might well wonder if Zionism – a movement founded in Russia and exported therefrom – is among the “errors of Russia” about which Our Lady forewarned.
While this is debatable, it must be said that properly speaking Zionism is not a “Jewish” movement at all, nor is Israel a “Jewish state,” rather both are products of “the synagogue of Satan, those who say they are Jews and are not” (cf Apoc. 3:9).
Furthermore, that Zionism is not of God is beyond any and all dispute, as are its machinations, its methods, and its fruits – theft, war, persecution, and death.
As such, the only Catholic response to Zionism in general, and the present situation in the Holy Land in particular, is summed up well in the response of Pope St. Pius X to Theodor Herzl. In short:
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Python is one of the most popular programming language. It’s an interpreted, high-level, and general-purpose language used for a wide variety of tasks. It is known for its simplicity, ease of use, and readability, making it a popular choice for developers of all levels. If you’re a Python developer, you know how important it is to have a complete toolbox to be efficient, productive, and deliver quality work on time. Therefore, this blog will discuss the complete toolbox for Python developers, covering essential tools and libraries that you need in your arsenal.
- Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
- Code Linting and Formating
- Package Managers For Python Developers
- Testing Frameworks
- Debugging Tools.
- Version Control System
- Documentation Generator
- Deployment Tools
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)
IDEs are tools that provide a complete development environment to developers. They typically include a code editor, a debugger, and tools for testing and deploying applications. Here are some of the most popular IDEs for Python development.
PyCharm is an IDE developed by JetBrains, the makers of IntelliJ IDEA. It is a popular choice for Python development due to its extensive features, such as code completion, debugging, and refactoring. It has a community edition and a professional edition with more advanced features.
Visual Studio Code
Visual Studio Code is a free, open-source IDE developed by Microsoft. It has a large extension library, including Python-specific extensions, making it a popular choice among developers.
Spyder is an IDE developed for scientific computing in Python. It has a built-in console, code editor, and debugging tools. It’s a popular choice among data scientists and machine learning developers.
Code Linting and Formatting
Code linting and formatting tools help developers ensure their code follows best practices, standards, and is readable. These tools can help catch errors, improve code quality, and make code maintenance easier.
Pylint is a code analysis tool that checks for errors and enforces coding standards. It can catch syntax errors, unused variables, and other issues that could cause problems later on.
Black is a code formatter that automatically formats code according to a set of style rules. It can make code more readable, consistent, and easier to maintain.
Flake8 is a tool that combines the functions of Pylint, PyFlakes, and McCabe into one package. It checks for errors, enforces coding standards, and measures code complexity.
Package Managers For Python Developers
Package managers are tools that help you manage dependencies and libraries for your projects. They make it easier to install, update, and remove packages.
pip is the most popular package manager for Python. It is used to install and manage Python packages, including dependencies.
Anaconda is a package manager and distribution platform for Python and R. It includes over 7,500 packages, including popular data science and machine learning libraries.
Poetry is a modern package manager that provides dependency resolution and isolation. It’s a popular choice for Python developers due to its simplicity and ease of use.
Python has a vast array of libraries that can help developers perform specific tasks or solve specific problems. Here are some of the most popular libraries for Python development.
NumPy is a library for scientific computing with Python. It provides support for multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, and includes a range of mathematical functions.
Pandas is a library for data manipulation and analysis. It provides a range of tools for reading and writing data, filtering and sorting data, and more.
Matplotlib is a library for creating visualizations in Python. It provides support for creating line charts, scatter plots, bar charts, and more.
Requests is a library for sending HTTP requests with Python. It provides a simple interface for sending GET, POST, and other types of requests.
TensorFlow is a popular library for machine learning and artificial intelligence. It provides support for building neural networks and other types of models.
Testing frameworks are essential tools for Python developers. They provide a range of features for testing code and ensuring that it works as expected. Here are some of the most popular testing frameworks for Python development.
unittest is a built-in testing framework that comes with Python. It provides a range of tools for writing and running tests, including support for test fixtures, test suites, and test runners. unittest is a popular choice for developers who want to keep their testing code within the same codebase as their application code.
pytest is a popular testing framework that’s known for its simplicity and ease of use. It provides a range of tools for testing, including support for test fixtures, parameterized testing, and more. pytest is a popular choice for developers who want a lightweight testing framework that’s easy to set up and use.
nose is a testing framework that’s designed to make it easy to write and run tests. It provides a range of tools for testing, including support for test fixtures, test generators, and more. nose is a popular choice for developers who want a testing framework that’s easy to use and extend.
Debugging tools help developers find and fix errors in their code. They can save time and effort by making it easier to identify the root cause of issues.
Pdb is a Python debugger that can be used to step through code, inspect variables, and evaluate expressions. It’s a powerful tool that can help you find and fix bugs quickly.
PySnooper is a debugger that provides detailed output on the execution of your code. It can help you understand how your code is working and identify issues.
Debugpy is a Python debugger, we can use Debugpy with Visual Studio Code or other IDEs. It provides a powerful debugging experience, including breakpoints, step-through debugging, and more.
Version Control Systems
Version control systems (VCS) help developers manage changes to their code and collaborate with others. They allow developers to track changes, collaborate with others, and revert to earlier versions if needed.
Git is the most popular VCS for software development. It allows developers to track changes to their code and collaborate with others. Git has a wide range of features, including branching, merging, and pull requests.
Subversion (SVN) is an open-source VCS that has been around for over 20 years. It’s still a popular choice for some developers, especially those who need to manage large codebases.
Mercurial is a distributed VCS that’s similar to Git. It’s known for its ease of use and simple setup, making it a popular choice for some developers.
Documentation is essential for helping other developers understand how your code works and how to use it. Here are some of the most popular documentation generators for Python development.
Sphinx is a popular documentation generator that’s widely used in the Python community. It provides a range of tools for creating documentation, including support for multiple output formats, cross-referencing, and more. Sphinx is easy to use and can generate documentation in a variety of formats, including HTML, PDF, and EPUB.
mkdocs is a lightweight documentation generator that’s designed to be simple and easy to use. It provides a range of tools for creating documentation, including support for Markdown formatting, multiple themes, and more. mkdocs is a popular choice for developers who want a quick and easy way to create documentation for their code.
pydoc is a built-in documentation generator that comes with Python. It provides a simple command-line interface for generating documentation for Python modules and packages. pydoc is a lightweight tool that’s ideal for generating documentation for smaller projects.
Best Deployment Tools For Python Developers
When it comes to deploying Python projects, there are many tools available to choose from. Here are three popular deployment tools that developers commonly use:
- Ansible: Ansible is a popular deployment tool for managing complex environments. It uses YAML configuration files to automate tasks, making it easy to deploy Python projects to multiple servers at once. Ansible is flexible, scalable, and has a large community, which means there are plenty of resources available to help you in deployment.
- Docker: Docker is a containerization platform that is often used for deploying Python applications. With Docker, you can package your application and its dependencies into a single container, which can then be deployed to any environment that supports Docker. Docker simplifies the deployment process by providing a consistent and portable environment for your application.
You would also like to learn about Docker vs Kubernetes.
- Fabric: Fabric is a Python library that provides a simple way to execute shell commands on remote servers. It allows you to automate common deployment tasks, such as copying files and restarting services and can be used to deploy Python projects to multiple servers at once. Fabric is lightweight and easy to use, making it a great choice for smaller projects.
- Python is a popular programming language known for its simplicity, ease of use, and readability.
- IDEs like PyCharm, Visual Studio Code, and Spyder provide a complete development environment for Python developers.
- Code linting and formatting tools like Pylint, Black, and Flake8 help ensure code follows best practices and is readable.
- Package managers like pip, Anaconda, and Poetry help manage dependencies and libraries for Python projects.
- Libraries like NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Requests, and TensorFlow provide support for scientific computing, data manipulation, visualizations, HTTP requests, and machine learning.
- Testing frameworks like unittest, pytest, and nose help ensure code works as expected and catches errors.
- Debugging tools like Pdb, PySnooper, and Debugpy help identify and fix bugs in code.
- Version control systems like Git help in managing changes to code and collaborating with other developers.
- Documentation is essential for code readability, these are the most used documentation generators Pydoc, Sphinx, and MKdocs.
- Finally, the last step for any application development is deployment.
There are many deployment tools but Ansible, Docker, and Kubernetes are the most popular for deployment.
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Call for Emergecy604-681-0882
When it comes to efficient heating and cooling solutions, heat pumps are a popular choice for many households. They offer a versatile and energy-efficient alternative to traditional heating and cooling systems. In this section, we will provide an introduction to heat pumps by exploring what they are and how they work.
A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one location to another. It works by utilizing the principles of thermodynamics to extract heat from a source and deliver it to a desired location. While the name may suggest that heat pumps only provide heat, they can also be used for cooling purposes. This dual functionality makes them a versatile option for maintaining comfort throughout the year.
Heat pumps can extract heat from various sources, including the air, ground, or water. Air-source heat pumps are the most common type and extract heat from the outside air. Ground-source heat pumps, also known as geothermal heat pumps, extract heat from the ground. Water-source heat pumps, on the other hand, extract heat from a water source, such as a lake or pond.
The operation of a heat pump can be summarized in three main steps: evaporation, compression, and condensation. These steps are facilitated by a refrigerant, a substance with properties that allow it to change states between liquid and gas at low temperatures.
Evaporation: The process begins with the refrigerant evaporating in the evaporator coil. As it evaporates, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment, whether it’s the air, ground, or water source.
Compression: The vaporized refrigerant is then compressed by a compressor, which increases its temperature and pressure. This compression raises the refrigerant’s energy level, preparing it for the next stage.
Condensation: The pressurized refrigerant travels to the condenser coil, where it releases heat to the desired location, such as a home or building. As the refrigerant condenses back into a liquid state, it releases the absorbed heat.
By cycling through these three stages, a heat pump can effectively transfer heat from a lower-temperature source to a higher-temperature destination. This process allows heat pumps to provide both heating and cooling capabilities, making them a versatile and efficient choice for maintaining comfort in different climates.
Understanding the basics of heat pumps sets the foundation for exploring their efficiency in cold climates and the benefits they offer. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into these topics to help you make informed decisions about incorporating heat pumps into your home.
In cold climates, the efficiency of heat pumps can be a concern for homeowners looking for reliable heating solutions. However, understanding the performance of heat pumps in cold weather and the defrosting mechanisms they employ can help alleviate any doubts.
Heat pumps are designed to extract heat from the outside air and transfer it to the indoor space. As the outdoor temperature drops, the availability of heat decreases, which can impact the efficiency of the heat pump. However, advancements in technology have led to the development of heat pumps that are specifically engineered to operate efficiently even in cold climates.
To assess the performance of heat pumps in cold weather, it’s important to consider the Coefficient of Performance (COP). The COP measures the ratio of heat output to the amount of electricity input. A higher COP indicates greater efficiency. Heat pumps with a higher COP can provide effective heating even when temperatures are below freezing.
During cold weather, frost and ice can build up on the outdoor unit of a heat pump. This accumulation can reduce the efficiency of the heat pump and hinder its ability to extract heat from the outdoor air. To combat this, heat pumps are equipped with defrosting mechanisms.
When the heat pump detects the formation of frost or ice, it switches to a defrost mode. During this mode, the heat pump temporarily reverses its operation, directing warm refrigerant through the outdoor coil to melt the ice buildup. This process allows the heat pump to resume normal operation and maintain optimal efficiency.
Modern heat pumps employ various defrosting strategies, such as time-based defrost cycles, demand defrost controls, or sensors that monitor the outdoor coil temperature. These mechanisms ensure that the heat pump can effectively defrost and provide efficient heating even in cold climates.
By understanding how heat pumps perform in cold weather and the defrosting mechanisms they use, homeowners can make informed decisions about their heating needs. It’s essential to consider factors such as insulation, proper sizing, and supplementary heating options to maximize the performance of a heat pump in a cold climate. For more information on heat pumps and related topics, check out our articles on heat pumps and heat pump efficiency.
Heat pumps offer numerous benefits, making them an attractive heating option for cold climates. Let’s explore two key advantages: energy efficiency and cost savings and versatility and year-round comfort.
One of the major benefits of heat pumps in cold climates is their remarkable energy efficiency. Heat pumps operate by transferring heat from one place to another, rather than generating heat from a fuel source like traditional furnaces. This process consumes significantly less energy, resulting in lower heating costs and reduced environmental impact.
Heat pumps achieve high energy efficiency through their utilization of the heat pump coefficient of performance (COP). COP measures the ratio of heat output to the amount of electricity consumed. In colder climates, advancements in technology have allowed heat pumps to maintain high COP values even at lower outdoor temperatures. This means that heat pumps can efficiently extract heat from the air, even when the air is cold.
To put it in perspective, a heat pump with a COP of 3.0 can provide three units of heat for every unit of electricity consumed. This translates into substantial energy savings compared to traditional heating methods. For more information on heat pump efficiency and COP, visit our article on heat pump efficiency.
In addition to their energy efficiency, heat pumps offer versatility and year-round comfort. Unlike furnaces that only provide heating, heat pumps serve a dual purpose by offering both heating and cooling capabilities. This means that you can use your heat pump not only during the cold winter months but also in the hot summer months to keep your home cool and comfortable.
The ability of heat pumps to provide both heating and cooling eliminates the need for separate heating and cooling systems, reducing installation and maintenance costs. Moreover, heat pumps are typically quieter and produce less airflow compared to traditional HVAC systems, offering a peaceful and comfortable indoor environment.
By utilizing a heat pump, you can enjoy consistent temperatures throughout the year, adjusting the thermostat to suit your comfort needs. For more information on heat pump thermostat settings and optimization, refer to our article on heat pump thermostat.
In conclusion, heat pumps offer several benefits in cold climates. They provide energy-efficient heating while offering the flexibility of year-round comfort. With their ability to save on energy costs and provide both heating and cooling functions, heat pumps are an excellent choice for those looking for efficient and versatile heating solutions in colder regions.
When it comes to maximizing the performance of a heat pump in a cold climate, there are several key factors to consider. These include sizing the heat pump, insulation and air sealing, and supplemental heating options.
Properly sizing the heat pump is essential for optimal performance in cold climates. A heat pump that is too small may struggle to meet the heating demands of your home, leading to reduced efficiency and comfort. On the other hand, an oversized heat pump may cycle on and off frequently, resulting in inefficient operation and potential temperature swings.
To determine the appropriate size for your heat pump, it’s important to consider factors such as the square footage of your home, insulation levels, and local climate conditions. Consulting with a professional HVAC technician can help ensure that your heat pump is sized correctly for your specific needs.
Well-insulated homes with proper air sealing can greatly enhance the performance of a heat pump in a cold climate. Insulation helps to retain the heat generated by the heat pump, preventing it from escaping through walls, ceilings, and floors. This not only improves comfort but also reduces the load on the heat pump, allowing it to operate more efficiently.
Additionally, air sealing helps to minimize drafts and prevent cold air infiltration into your home. By sealing gaps, cracks, and openings in windows, doors, and other areas, you can prevent heat loss and ensure that your heat pump operates at its peak efficiency.
In extremely cold climates, a heat pump may require supplemental heating to provide sufficient warmth. Supplemental heating options can include electric resistance heating, gas furnaces, or even hydronic systems. These systems can be integrated with the heat pump to provide additional heat when the outdoor temperatures drop too low for the heat pump to efficiently extract heat from the air.
When considering supplemental heating options, it’s important to choose a system that is compatible with your heat pump and provides efficient and reliable heating during colder periods. A professional HVAC technician can help guide you in selecting the most suitable supplemental heating solution for your specific needs.
By taking into account these factors, you can optimize the performance of your heat pump in a cold climate. Remember, proper sizing, insulation, and supplemental heating options are crucial for ensuring efficient operation and year-round comfort. Regular maintenance and service are also essential to keep your heat pump running smoothly. For more information on heat pump maintenance, check out our article on heat pump maintenance.
To ensure optimal performance and efficiency of your heat pump in cold climates, there are several key tips to keep in mind. By following these recommendations, you can maximize the comfort and energy-saving benefits of your heat pump system.
Regular maintenance and service are essential for keeping your heat pump in top condition. Schedule annual maintenance appointments with a professional technician to inspect and clean the system, check refrigerant levels, and ensure all components are functioning properly. Regular maintenance helps prevent issues, improves efficiency, and extends the lifespan of your heat pump. For more information on heat pump maintenance, refer to our article on heat pump maintenance.
Proper use of thermostat settings can significantly impact the performance of your heat pump. In colder climates, it’s important to maintain a consistent temperature for optimal efficiency. Set your thermostat to the desired temperature and avoid constantly adjusting it. Utilize programmable or smart thermostats to automatically adjust temperatures based on your schedule, saving energy when you’re away. For more information on heat pump thermostats, refer to our article on heat pump thermostat.
Consider utilizing zoning and smart controls to enhance the efficiency and comfort of your heat pump system. Zoning allows you to divide your home into different heating zones, enabling you to control the temperature in each area independently. This prevents unnecessary heating of unoccupied spaces and reduces energy consumption. Smart controls, such as Wi-Fi-enabled thermostats, provide remote access and advanced scheduling options, allowing you to optimize your heat pump settings from anywhere. For more information on optimizing your heat pump system with zoning and smart controls, refer to our article on heat pump controls.
By implementing these tips, you can optimize the performance of your heat pump in cold climates, ensuring optimal comfort and energy efficiency. Remember to schedule regular maintenance, use thermostat settings wisely, and explore zoning and smart control options to enhance the overall performance and effectiveness of your heat pump system.
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The Kara Sea is a marginal sea, separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and from the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Ultimately the Kara, Barents and Laptev Seas are all extensions of the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia. It is named after the Kara River (flowing into Baydaratskaya Bay), which is now relatively insignificant but which played an important role in the Russian conquest of northern Siberia. The Kara River name is derived from a Nenets word meaning "hummocked ice".
The Kara Sea's northern limit is marked geographically by a line running from Cape Kohlsaat in Graham Bell Island, Franz Josef Land, to Cape Molotov (Arctic Cape), the northernmost point of Komsomolets Island in Severnaya Zemlya.
The Kara Sea is roughly 1,450 km (900 mi) long and 970 km (600 mi) wide with an area of around 880,000 km2 (339,770 sq mi) and a mean depth of 110 metres (360 ft).
Its main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. Significant discoveries of petroleum and natural gas, the East-Prinovozemelsky field, an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin, have been made but have not yet been developed. In 2014, US government sanctions resulted in Exxon having until September 26 to discontinue its operations in the Kara Sea.
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FODMAP Diet for IBS
FODMAP is an acronym for fermentable oligo-di-monosaccharides and polyols, which are carbohydrate molecules found in specific foods. Eliminating foods containing FODMAPS may help immensely with the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
There are 5 categories of foods containing FODMAPS: foods with excess fructose, lactose, fructans, galactans, and pylols.
Normally when carbohydrates are eaten, they are broken down into monosaccharides (sugar molecules including glucose, galactose, and fructose) and absorbed in the small intestine. If malabsorption of carbohydrates occurs, fructose can pass into the large intestine and will ferment, leading to bloating and gas. It can also pull water into the lumen, resulting in diarrhea in some people.
Fructans, which consist of fructose molecules bound together, and galactans, which consist of galactose molecules bound together, can also be poorly absorbed and lead to symptoms. Fructose is more readily absorbed when bound to glucose in the form of sucrose, so malabsorption occurs when fructose is present in excess of glucose in a particular food. Pylols are very poorly absorbed and commonly contribute to symptoms in IBS patients.
- Excess Fructose: Apple, mango, nashi, pear, canned fruit in natural juice, watermelon, fructose, high fructose corn syrup, concentrated fruit sources, large servings of fruit, dried fruit, fruit juice, honey, corn syrup
- Lactose: Milk, yogurt, soft cheese, custard, ice cream, goat’s milk
- Fructans: artichoke, asparagus, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, eggplant, fennel, garlic, leek, okra, onion, shallots, what, rye, (crackers, cookies, pasta), watermelon, persimmon, chicory, dandelion, inulin, pistachio
- Galactans: baked beans, chickpeas, kidney beans, lentils, soy beans
- Polyols: apple, apricot, avocado, blackberry, cherry, nectarine, peach, pear, plum, prune, cauliflower, bell pepper, mushroom, sweet corn, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, xylitol
It is recommended that before beginning the FODMAP diet, your gastroenterologist test you for celiac disease, and if available, lactose malabsorption. It is important to keep gluten from wheat, rye, and/or barley in your diet in significant amounts for a celiac antibody blood test to be accurate. If you are underweight, under the age of 18, or have a current or history of eating disorders, consult with your doctor before beginning an elimination diet such as the low FODMAP diet.
The purpose of the FODMAP elimination diet is to do a 2-3 week elimination of FODMAP-containing foods to help identify food triggers of IBS. If after this period of time there is no improvement, there is probably nothing more to be gained from this approach. At this time it is often helpful to test for food sensitivities to identify your individual food triggers. If improvement was seen on the FODMAP diet, a challenge phase begins in which each individual FODMAP category is tested back in one-by-one to determine which of the categories provoke symptoms.
A registered dietitian who is trained in the FODMAP approach can provide you with an extensive list of specific foods and ingredients to include and to avoid, recipes, restaurant ideas and help you build a FODMAP-free meal plan for your elimination phase. It is important to keep a food diary during this time and monitor symptoms. The dietitian will then guide you through the steps of the challenge phase to determine which FODMAP groups provoke symptoms.
Your healthcare provider is the best source of information for questions and concerns related to your health. To find a physician near you, please see our locations page. To learn more about treatment options for gas, schedule an appointment with our Registered Dietitian Nutritionist by calling (602) 422-9800.
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For years, patients and many doctors assumed that a colonoscopy was a colonoscopy. Patients who had one seldom questioned how well it was done. The expectation was that the doctor conducting the exam would find and cut out any polyps, which are the source of most colon cancer.
But a new study, published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, provides a graphic illustration of how wrong that assumption can be, gastroenterologists say. The study, of 12 highly experienced board-certified gastroenterologists in private practice, found some were 10 times better than others at finding adenomas, the polyps that can turn into cancer.
One factor distinguishing the physicians who found many adenomas from those who found few was the amount of time spent examining the colon, according to the study, in which the gastroenterologists kept track of the time for each exam and how many polyps they found.
They discovered that those who slowed down and took their time found more polyps.
. . .
The Rockford study was preceded by other signs that colonoscopies are by no means foolproof. But as problems have been pointed out, they have all too often been met with disbelief among doctors, Dr. Rex said.
The first indication that colonoscopies were not as effective as widely believed came with two studies, one in 1991 and a larger one, in 1997, in which patients had two colonoscopies on the same day. Those studies showed that doctors were missing 15 to 27 percent of adenomas, including 6 percent of large adenomas.
Then, in the last few years, two studies of so-called virtual colonoscopies, which use a CT scan to view the colon, found that the rate of overlooked adenomas in traditional colonoscopies was even higher. Patients in those studies had traditional and virtual colonoscopy on the same day. Traditional colonoscopies missed 12 to 17 percent of the large adenomas detected in the virtual colonoscopies. But many doctors dismissed those findings, saying — if they believed them at all — that they applied to other doctors, not to themselves, Dr. Rex said.
Dr. Schoen, for one, said he was a believer. The conclusions of the adenoma detection studies were reinforced, he said, by studies finding that colonoscopies missed not just polyps but actual cancers.
That finding emerged from studies testing ideas about how to prevent polyps, like taking beta carotene or calcium pills or sticking to a low fat, high-fiber diet.
The patients in all the studies had at least one adenoma detected on colonoscopy but did not have cancer. They developed cancer in the next few years, however, at the same rate as would be expected in the general population without screening.
. . .
The study by the group in Rockford suggests a way to improve colonoscopy: by slowing down. “If you rush things, you miss things,” Dr. Schoen said.
That happens in part because reimbursement rates for colonoscopies have fallen in recent years, and some doctors are doing the exams faster than ever, Dr. Schoen and others say.
“I have heard of people who do it in 30 seconds,” Dr. Schoen said. “Whoosh, and it’s out.”
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There are many reasons why people may be unhappy, and it can vary greatly from person to person. Some common causes of unhappiness include:
Lack of fulfillment in one’s career or daily activities: When a person feels unfulfilled in their job or daily routine, it can lead to feelings of unhappiness and dissatisfaction with life.
Relationship issues: Problems with friends, family, or romantic partners can cause a great deal of stress and unhappiness.
Financial difficulties: Money problems can cause a great deal of stress and anxiety, leading to unhappiness.
Trauma or past experiences: Traumatic experiences, such as physical or emotional abuse, can have a profound effect on a person’s mental and emotional well-being, leading to unhappiness.
Mental health issues: Depression and anxiety are two of the most common mental health issues that can lead to unhappiness.
Lack of social support: People who feel isolated or unsupported by friends and family may experience feelings of unhappiness.
Poor physical health: Chronic pain, chronic illness, or disability can lead to unhappiness.
Unrealistic expectations: Setting unrealistic expectations for oneself or others can lead to feelings of disappointment and dissatisfaction with life.
Socio-economic status: People from lower socio-economic backgrounds may experience more stress, poverty, and social disadvantages that can contribute to unhappiness.
It’s important to note that unhappiness is a normal part of life and everyone goes through ups and downs. It’s also important to acknowledge that everyone has different ways of coping with unhappiness, and what works for one person may not work for another. It’s important to find healthy ways to cope with unhappiness, such as talking to a therapist, practicing self-care, and seeking support from friends and family.
In summary, unhappiness is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by a variety of factors. It can be caused by lack of fulfillment in career, relationship issues, financial difficulties, past traumas, mental health issues, lack of social support, poor physical health, unrealistic expectations, and socio-economic status. It’s important to understand that unhappiness is a normal part of life and finding healthy ways to cope with it is important.
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1. Of a person, to have the same facial features as another person. English = look like, resemble.
2. Of a person, to look like an older relative. English = resemble, take after.
3. Of a person, to give the impression to other people from their expression or behaviour that they feel something or someone will do something . English = seem, look like, appear.
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Something that you wouldn’t like to have in the bathroom is a bad smell.
There can be several reasons behind this, and one most quoted reason is the dropping water level in the tank.
As the water level drops down, the tank starts getting dry. The dried interior can result in a blocked vent or clogging. Thus, in the end, it will result in a bad odor.
Reasons Behind Dropping Water Levels
There are two major causes behind the constantly dropping water levels. It is either the cracked toilet bowl or the clogged drain vent.
In both cases, things can worsen for the toilet bowl as the water will continue dropping down.
The toilet bowl with the crack makes the water run down into the puddle on the floor, or it will go down the drainpipe in an excessive amount.
A clogged drain vent is another reason behind the dropping water levels in the toilet bowl. The drains are connected to the sewer and the vent at the top of your house.
As the water keeps flowing down the drain, it will create a seal. This seal reduces the pressure as the gravity lessens too. This is the process behind the flushing in the toilets.
The vent system works so that the air rushes to the low-pressure areas of the drain. Thus, the air would not draw into the drain causing serious harm.
Diagnosing The Problems
What is causing the dropping water levels? This can be hard to diagnose. If there is a hairline crack, it can be hard to check.
Checking the vent can be hard as it needs you to climb up the roof for inspection?
Finding The Crack In The Toilet Bowl
- Open the faucets provided the toilet is full.
- Check for the gurgling sounds. If the gurgling sound comes, it shows that there is some problem with the vent.
- Turn off all the faucets until you are done.
- Fill the toilet to the maximum level. Mark the location of the water.
- Wait for at least one or two hours.
- If the water level lowers, there is some problem with the toilet bowl, and there is a leakage in the toilet bowl.
- Remove the caps or debris that you may find after opening the vent.
- Spray the water into the vent. If it overflows, there is a blockage that is not letting the water go down.
- The clogging can be due to toilet papers, mold growing due to moisture, or any other means of obstruction.
To get rid of the blockage, use an auger. Place it deep into the bathroom tank and rotate. Keep moving the auger until you find the tough spot.
It is very important to keep the water level at an adequate level in the tank. The water level determines that the toilet bowl is working just the right way as you like.
In case you find a problem, simply check the system. Don’t ignore the minutest change in the bowl. It can lead to serious situations in the future.
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Holiday Home Decorations: Some of the Essential Deals
Traditional Halloween activities did not always entail preparing carved pumpkins and collecting candy. In the following paragraphs, you’ll learn about the origins of this famous (and little eerie) celebration.
If you grew up with the holiday, this is probably how you picture October 31st having always been. However, Halloween has changed dramatically throughout the years. Many Halloween traditions, such as trick-or-treating, Halloween parties, costumes, carving pumpkins, reading terrifying tales full of monsters, and visiting haunted homes, have evolved throughout the years. It’s quite doubtful that you would recognize the first Halloween even if you travelled back in time to see it. Before you begin brainstorming Halloween costume ideas, planning Halloween party games and activities, hanging homemade decorations, or studying Halloween facts, read on to discover the true origins of this spooky holiday. The Holiday Home Decoration is essential here.
So, explain Halloween to me
Today in the United States, Halloween is a celebration of the spookier, creepier side of life that is marked by costume parties, trick-or-treating, and a plethora of sugary treats. The show is silly, somewhat spooky, and not at all serious. But the event has always had a religious undercurrent, and its observance has always been of the highest importance to the cultures that have honored it. The Halloween Costumes are most important parts here.
What day do we celebrate Halloween?
The 31st of October is the traditional date for Halloween celebrations in the United States. Countries that observe Halloween similarly to the United States, such as Canada, also have a holiday on October 31. However, not all cultures place as much importance on Halloween as Americans do.
The majority of England does not celebrate Halloween. Because of the Protestant Reformation, this happened. In its stead, the United Kingdom celebrates Guy Fawkes Day on November 5—a holiday that has nothing to do with Halloween. At this celebration, an effigy of a known traitor is burned with bonfires and fireworks.
What’s the point of keeping Halloween going strong year after year?
This 1928 Southern California Halloween celebration features:
Most of us aren’t frightened by the thought of being eaten by monsters, and we have no desire to celebrate the harvest, so why do we still celebrate Halloween? It was difficult to persuade people to celebrate Halloween due to the Puritans’ strict religious views, as stated by Sterling-Vete, in early Colonial America. Nonetheless, the festival’s popularity among nonreligious societies persisted, and its rites evolved further when more Europeans arrived in North America and interacted with the indigenous people who had previously settled there.
Festive public gatherings, singing, dancing, ghost stories, and practical jokes were standard fare during Halloween, which eventually fused with the autumn festivities. But it wasn’t until the late 19th century that Halloween became a widespread American tradition. Why? Irish refugees during the Potato Famine brought with them Halloween traditions that are being practiced today.
What historical moments or trends shaped Halloween into what it is today?
In this lighthearted climate, the Celtic tradition of dressing up and going door-to-door to collect candy was adopted by the Americans and became known as trick-or-treating. In honor of the Halloween holiday, we did this. Even more so than All Saints’ Day, Halloween had grown firmly secular by the 1930s. Some people have always been averse to celebrating October 31 as a holiday, and that sentiment persists even now. Since the second part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first, economic interests have dominated Halloween.
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ESG has been a hot button topic for many years now. Asset managers globally are expected to increase ESG-related AUM to $33.9 trillion by 2026, up from $18.4 trillion in 2021. While ESG focused investing continues to be more popular than ever, there has also been a rise in an anti-ESG counter movement. An anti-ESG ETF debuted in 2021 so called “B.A.D”.
However, before there was “ESG” there was Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
I thought it would be helpful to take a step back and look at an overview of the history of CSR and how it has grown into the modern ESG Movement.
- The term CSR was first coined by American Economist Howard Bowen in the 1950s. The concept of CSR continued to accelerate in the 1980’s as this decade saw several environmental disasters at the hands of companies including a massive oil spill in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska.
- 1990-The Domini 400 Social Index was created, which is known today as the MSCI KLD 400 Social Index. This index was the first of its kind to track sustainable investment through a capitalization-weighted method. By 1994, investors had access to 26 sustainable funds, with assets of around $1.9 Billion.
- 1992-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, also known as the Earth Summit, convened in Rio de Janeiro and 154 countries sign into an international environmental treaty aimed to curb environmental impacts across the globe.
- 1997-The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) was founded in Boston Massachusetts. GRI is the independent, international organization that helps businesses and organizations take responsibility for their impacts, by providing them with the global common language to communicate those impacts.
- 2000– The United National Global Compact is launched. This pact is “a call to companies to align strategies and operations with universal principals on human rights, labour, environment, and anti-corruption, and take actions to advance those goals”. Today, the Global Compact includes signatories from 13,000+ companies across 160 countries.
- Early 2000s- CSR had become an essential strategy for many organizations, with multi-million dollar companies, such as Wells Fargo, Coca-Cola, Walt Disney, and Pfizer incorporating this concept into their businesses processes.
- 2004-The term ESG is first popularly used in the Through the Global Compact, the report “Who Cares Wins– Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World”. It provided guidelines for companies to incorporate ESG into their operations.
- 2011-The Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) is launched to standardize sustainability accounting and measurements across 77 industries. The purpose of SASB is “to establish and improve industry specific disclosure standards across financially material environmental, social, and governance topics that facilitate communication between companies and investors about decision-useful information”
- 2015-At the United Nations Framework Convention, the Paris Agreement is drafted, and at the United Nations General Assembly the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were created. The SDGs are a collection of 17 interlinked objectives designed to serve as a “shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet now and into the future”.
- 2019- Business Roundtable publishes “The Purpose of a Corporation” which was a document signed by 181 CEOs who want to commit to leading their companies for the benefit of all stakeholders – customers, employees, suppliers, communities, and shareholders. This signals the shift from shareholder capitalism to stakeholder capitalism.
- 2020- The COVID-19 pandemic brought economic disparities to the forefront and highlighted gaps in healthcare systems and access across the world. Workforce issues take center stage. Work from home, focus on human capital. etc. George Floyds death. At annual Meeting in Davos, 120 of the world’s largest companies supported efforts to develop a core set of common metrics.
- 2021-Larry Fink, CEO of BlackRock, published his Annual Letter to Shareholders with a clear message- the time to act is now. ESG is a prominent theme throughout the letter and Fink examines the impacts of the pandemic and how the business community can/should play a role in creating a better world.
- 2022- Headlines of the year include: Russia invades Ukraine, Roe v. Wade, Don’t Say Gay Disney CEO backlash, Deutsche Bank Greenwashing scandal results in CEO resigning, rise in Anti-ESG ETFs (B.A.D.)
- 2023- SEC expected to announce new regulations in April (TBD). During the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2023in January, the Forum announced that 137 companies have already included the Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics in their mainstream reporting materials
The concept of ESG is deeply nuanced and interwoven with political trends / shifting consumer sentiment. Looking back at the 40+year history it is clear that ESG is not just a buzzword or a trendy topic. The concept will continue to evolve and perhaps the next iteration will have a new name.
Ultimately, no matter what the concept is dubbed, it is important for boards and leadership teams to stay up to date on the latest developments. Companies that are able to shift and grow to meet shifting consumer / societal demands will be the long-term winners.
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It never ceases to amaze me the wonders astronomers are able to observe and calculate. For instance, this story at Space.com reports on a team of astronomers in New Mexico that has determined that a group of 48 galaxies located within the Coma Cluster are so saturated with dark matter that they may be what one expert describes as “stillborn” galaxies. Shannon Hall, who authored the piece at Space, explains:
“The galaxies in question are part of the Coma Cluster, which lies 300 million light-years from Earth and packs several thousand galaxies into a space just 20 million light-years across. To study them, Pieter van Dokkum of Yale University and his colleagues used the Dragonfly Telephoto Array in New Mexico.”
Van Dokkum’s team noticed “faint little smudges” in their view of the cluster. Upon further examination via the Hubble Space Telescope, van Dokkum realized that he was looking at a set of atypical galaxies similar in size to the Milky Way yet relatively void of stars:
“With very few stars to account for the mass in these galaxies, they must contain huge amounts of dark matter, the researchers said. In fact, to stay intact, the 48 galaxies must contain 98 percent dark matter and just 2 percent ‘normal’ matter that we can see. The fraction of dark matter in the universe as a whole is thought to be around 83 percent.”
Van Dokkum describes how these “failed” galaxies reveal new details about the kinds of galaxies formed within the universe. The next step will be to further examine the activity of the stars within the group, though this may necessitate more advanced equipment than what is currently available.
The details about how the astronomers were able to verify these galaxies’ positions and cosmological makeup are fascinatingly covered by Hall in her piece, which I’ve linked below. You can find the link to van Dokkum’s paper below as well.
Photo credit: Valerio Pardi / Shutterstock
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In February, the Cooperative Children’s Book Center (CCBC) released its statistics on the number of children’s books by and about people of color published in 2017. In 2016, we witnessed a substantial increase in the number of diverse books being published. Diversity remains an ever-evolving topic in publishing when it comes to books as well as the diversity among the authors and illustrators creating them.
So what has changed since last year?
The number is steadily increasing…
Starting in 2014, the number of diverse books being published increased substantially. And in 2016, the number jumped to 28%. This year shows that number is steadily increasing, hitting 31% – now the highest year on record since 1994. Like 2016, there were major award wins for authors of color in 2017, including a Newbery Medal for Erin Entrada Kelly, a Newbery Honor for Jason Reynolds, Renée Watson, Derrick Barnes and Gordon C. James, and a Morris Award and Printz Honor for Angie Thomas.
Even as the number of diverse books increases substantially, the number of books written by people of color still has not kept pace. Not much has changed since last year when Black, Latinx, and Native authors combined wrote just 6% of new children’s books published. This year the number is only 7%.
Like last year and many of the years before, the majority of books (diverse or not) are still written by white authors. We wrote about this phenomenon back in 2015, and the numbers haven’t changed much since then.
There still seems to be a particular resistance to allowing African American creators to tell their own stories. It could also be the lack of opportunities and/or access given to African American authors as KT Horning noted last year. According to detailed CCBC statistics, only 29% of books about African/African American people were by Black authors/illustrators. Also, only 34% of books about Latinx folks were written/illustrated by Latinx people whereas last year the percentage was 61%.
Other #ownvoices books by other cultural groups aren’t much better; 39% of books about Asian Pacific/Asian Pacific Americans were created by Asian Pacific creators; 53% of books with Native content/characters were written/illustrated by Native creators.
So What Happens Now?
It’s great that the number of diverse books continues to increase, but we’re still left with similar questions from last year:
- Why are we still giving preference to white authors telling diverse stories rather than authors of color/Native authors?
- Why are Black, Brown, and Native authors and illustrators still so underrepresented?
- What efforts (if any) are publishers making to diversify the creators they work with?
We’re looking forward to the day creators of color will be able to tell their own stories and be given the same opportunities to write stories with animal characters or talking inanimate objects that white authors are given. As the CCBC begins to track books with LGBTQIA+ content, we hope to see more LGBTQ+ characters of color and more intersectionality in regards to characters of color with disabilities. But change will only happen when publishing recognizes that equity is crucial, that the world is rapidly changing, and that creators of color deserve the chance to have their voices heard too.
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ADHD is often not diagnosed until an individual is in their adult years. Adolescent symptoms can differ from adult ones. A person should know what to look for so they get the support they need to understand who they are and fulfil their potential.
Most people, including some clinicians, do not fully understand adult ADHD. As a person grows and develops, so do their symptoms.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) adversely affects the brain’s executive functions such as focusing and maintaining attention, planning and organizing activities and managing emotions.
Most children with autism suffer from the condition. Despite this, many children who have ADHD do not receive a diagnosis. Symptoms might not have been apparent because some grew up in an environment that suited them well.
Attention problems can be a symptom of ADHD in childhood. As a result, they lose books or jumpers, and their bedrooms or desks are disorganized. They might not comprehend or remember the teacher’s instructions.
When hyperactive-impulsive children cannot sit still during school lessons or at dinner, they may be restless and noisy, making other people angry, interrupting them, or not waiting their turn.
ADHD in adults can present with different signs
Even in adults, symptoms will still be present, but it does become more internalized and less noticeable. Adult ADHD symptoms may present differently than those in childhood, as follows:
1. No time for pause
A restless adult may have an inner sense of restlessness rather than climbing things and being hyperactive. These individuals may have trouble relaxing or focusing. Some people may feel driven to be doing something and be productive all the time. Despite being on vacation, a person cannot relax and must be involved in many activities.
2. Get organized, then over-whelm for a while
It’s a way to compensate for their ADHD symptoms, adults sometimes become highly organized instead of feeling disorganized. In the following weeks and months, they may feel overwhelmed and unable to take care of everything. There may be a few days of overwhelm for someone with ADHD. As a result, they must put in extra effort to stay organized.
3. Procrastination to the extreme
A failed university subject and difficulties completing work tasks can be the result. In addition to neglecting chores around the house, procrastination can lead to delays in general life administration, like paying bills on time. ADHD patients often put things off to a great extent – which may result in a last-minute, “all-nighter” effort to meet an impending deadline.
4. An inability to track time
The result is that adults continually underestimate the duration of tasks, which leads to frequent lateness. People may not consider traffic and coffee stops when calculating their commute time.
There are times when we feel or act in the ways described above. These behaviours may be indicators of ADHD. It may require a diagnosis if the instances interfere with multiple aspects of life – such as study, work, socialization, or caring for family members – or result in negative self-perceptions.
The public has become increasingly aware of adult ADHD, through social media and websites with people sharing their experiences. Many adults have been assessed and treated for ADHD due to this increase in demand.
The lack of clinicians with expertise in ADHD, the lack of public services for adults with ADHD, and the lack of uniform standards of care for adults with ADHD simply cannot be overlooked. As a result, diagnosis and treatment waitlists are quite long.
Proper diagnosis, treatment, and support are essential. Medications and psychological treatment, such as cognitive behaviour therapy, are available as evidence-based treatments for adult ADHD. If you have ADHD and are treated properly, you’ll live longer, have fewer accidents, and have fewer substance abuse problems.
The lack of guidelines for clinicians that outline evidence-based, best practice recommendations for ADHD diagnosis, treatment, and support has been key to ineffective care for people with ADHD.
The guidance provided by Blog Magazine must include input from those living with ADHD, and those involved in diagnosing and supporting them, in order to be effective. With these guidelines, people with ADHD can identify it as early as possible and receive the support they require to achieve their goals.
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- http://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/septoct-2013/pay-or-dont-play/ 6 Dec. 2016. ~ The author suggests that it is unfair for paying college athletes in the U.S. to pay for their tuition as they could improve college basketball. Topics discussed include the increasing number of prospective basketball players who cannot afford to go to college as of September 2013, the symbiotic relationships between the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the details of the hardship rule established by the NBA for poor athletes.
http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/11/ncaa-taylor-branch/415389/ ~ This article talks about how many of the players are finding the NCAA treats them unfairly. More importantly, this article talks about how the NCAA forbids all players from engaging in endorsements from brand name companies and how some universities are trying to give athletes the chance to be able to accept deals and sell autographs.
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-of-college-sports/308643/ November 2nd 2016. ~ This article discusses recent the big money that is made off of the promotion of college sports. It discusses how important these sporting events have become to our culture, which allows corporations to turn a rather large profit. Unfortunately, very little of this money generated by the success of the athletes is ever seen by them. The article argues that this is a flaw in the system, and college athletes should not be taken advantage of by this. The article includes verification and evidence. Being published by The Atlantic, which is considered a respectable news network, this article can be considered reliable.
http://sportsscholarship.com/about/history-of-sports-scholarships/ 15, Nov. 2016. ~ This article is about the history of college scholarships. The article discusses the origins of amateur college sports. The site also explains how the NCAA was initially created with the intention of aiding students as they pursued finding an a college program, and providing funding that rewarded their athletics abilities. The article also explains how scholarships gradually changed, and how this modern system affects the experience of college athletes. The article comes from a site intended to aid potential college athletes by providing information on athletic scholarships.
http://www.cnbc.com/2014/10/13/think-athletic-scholarships-are-a-holy-grail-think-again.html 15 Nov. 2016. ~ This article discusses athletic scholarships. The article provides insight into the probability of receiving a college scholarship out of high school, and how little money is available in term of scholarships- averaging around $13000. This source shows how difficult it is to obtain a scholarships, and how hard many athletes work to receive these scholarships. The article goes on to explain that because of this pressure the transfer rate among college athletes is very high. The article claims that the stakes for college scholarships are too high for them to be beneficial to student.
http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2014071100 ~ Karaim, Reed. “Paying College Athletes: Are Players School Employees?.” CQ Researcher 24.25 (2014): 577-600. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2016. ~ This investigation used the survey method to analyze college students’ perceptions on additional payments, beyond an athletic scholarship, to intercollegiate student-athletes. Four components of college students’ perceptions were examined: Whether student-athletes should be allowed to receive payment, proponents’ arguments, opponents’ arguments, and the revenue source that should provide the funding if the NCAA were to allow payment. Results revealed: (a) College students’ supported payment to college student-athletes, (b) College students’ perceived illegal payments would decline if payment was allowed, (c) Opponents’ of payment believed an athletic scholarship is adequate payment, and (d) The additional funding should come from the athletic department of the university. These findings suggest that for athletic conferences exhibiting high levels of “corporate athleticism” college students’ support paying intercollegiate student-athletes.
http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2014071100 24 Nov. 2016~ This article refers to a multitude of statistics regarding the economic gains athletic programs make annually. Additionally, this article includes whether it would be possible (economically), to pay college athletes fixed wages. The article also includes multi-variable graphs that cover data on annual revenue for different athletic programs, and percentages of how many college athletes that end up making it to the professional level.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/magazine/reply-all-paying-college-athletes.html ~ ” 6 Dec. 2016 ~ Denying players a basic stipend when coaches are making ridiculous amounts is the height of inequity. But paying football and men’s basketball players isn’t feasible, given Title IX regulations and politics. If you disconnect money making sports, women’s sports will very likely lose financing. Paying basketball and football players will not address the core problem of an unsustainable arms race in college sports.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/magazine/lets-start-paying-college-athletes.html Dec. 4, 2016 ~ This article by Joe Nocera entertains the idea of paying college athletes. Nocera writes about his investigation into the $2000 stipend that was offered to athletes in addition to a regular scholarship. While the $2000 was not considered part of an athlete’s scholarship, it was also not considered pay. According to NCAA president, Mark Emmert, it was used to compensate for the $3500 of tuition that scholarships did not cover. Unfortunately, universities were quick to argue that they did not have the funds necessary to provide students with this additional funding. As a result the program, of sorts, was cancelled, with the exception of the students that had already signed a contract to receive it. Nocera argues the hypocrisy of this, as large football and basketball programs are known to generate millions of dollars in revenue. This article is well supported with evidence collected by the author, including statistics and quotes directly from sources.
http://www.wsj.com/public/page/archive-2016-4-1.html ~ 6 Dec. 2016 ~ The multibillion-dollar industry that college sports has become has richly rewarded the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), university athletic programs and top football and basketball coaches. Athletes, however, continue to play under a decades-old system in which scholarships pay for tuition and room and board but fall short of covering the full cost of attending school. In return, players are expected to maintain a rigorous training and playing schedule while keeping up their studies. A recent ruling that Northwestern University football players are school employees and thus have the right to unionize, along with class-action lawsuits demanding more compensation and better treatment for college athletes, has amplified debate over whether they should be paid. Supporters of the system say the education and training athletes receive are adequate compensation; critics say college athletes are being exploited. Observers also differ over whether colleges could afford salaries for players, and whether schools should pay more attention to athletes’ academic experience.
http://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/11666316/big-ten-guarantees-four-year-scholarships-student-athletes ~ This is an ESPN article that talks about how some schools have started giving out four year guaranteed scholarships to their student athletes. It also talks about that some schools that won’t make the switch.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=8c96a095-cc01-4dd3-958f-68ce8ca20a95%40sessionmgr4010&vid=0&hid=4213 ~ This article discusses how collegiate athletics could lie to athletes who go to colleges for sports but once they get injured, their scholarships could get revoked and they might have to pay for all of their medical expenses. It also talks about specific ways of how the NCAA should protect their athletes such as providing extensive medical coverage to all athletes that is provided by the NCAA.
Sack, Allen L., and Ellen J. Staurowsky. College Athletes for Hire : The Evolution and Legacy of the NCAA’s Amateur Myth. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1998. Web. ~ Source is relevant to the topic involving collegiate sports. The book contains several articles that look into the history of college sports. Also, it appears to contain accurate information (based on popularity, and reviews).
http://search.proquest.com/docview/897408894?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:wcdiscovery&accountid=10730 6 Dec. 2016. ~ This article discusses how overuse of college athletes has lead to a significant increase in the amount of injuries that these athletes obtain in just a short period of time as they are rushed back from rehabilitation in order to play again. They discuss although there may be more focus on protecting the players while they are on the field, once they get off the field, they are subject to injuries due to overworking and year-long practice seasons.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43194698?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents 21 Nov. 2016 ~ Located on JSTOR, this document written by Allen Sanderson, dives into the essential questions behind paid college athletics. Sanderson speaks of four main elements that help keep athletic programs afloat: (1) the demand for television broadcast rights for live programs, (2) stable attendance for sports events must be large, (3) alumni presence to keep strong connections and to keep donations an existing entity, and lastly (4) a cartel agreement to limit compensation for the essential input required to stage the games. In this source, Sanderson speaks of how athletic programs can easily stay successful if they have these four components. Percentages and statistics are used to make the claim that there is a possibility that college athletes might be paid one day.
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-ncaa-athletes-pay-sports-college-perspec-0203-20160202-story.html ~ This article talks about some of the deals college players are taking illegally from companies. This article shows that many teams are plagued by these scandals because athletes are looking for a way of payment.
http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/42/2/423.full.pdf+html ~ This source talks about how the quality of life for collegiate athletes could be worse than the quality of life for non-athletes because of different health complications that could arise by playing these sports. The article goes into detail about how the stresses that athletes put on their bodies during college is extremely unhealthy and causes them to suffer later in life due to payments for their injuries that they sustained or living with pain throughout their life because of injuries accrued during their college sports days.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/27/ncaa-pay-student-athletes_n_6940836.html ~ This article showed that the NCAA makes so much profit that they can easily pay athletes each year. It shows that many athletes, coaches, and professors have grouped together in order to discuss how athletes could be paid in the future.
http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/05/i-trusted-em-when-ncaa-schools-abandon-their-injured-athletes/275407/ 07 Nov. 2016. ~ This article discusses specific cases in which college athletes were wronged by their schools when they were injured and either didn’t tell the student that they were seriously injured or they just refused to pay for medical expenses at all. It also goes into certain NCAA rules that don’t force the NCAA or these schools to pay for athlete’s scholarships or medical expenses if they don’t want to.
http://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/6778847/college-athletes-deserve-paid 18 Jul. 2011, 19 Nov. 2016. ~ This article composed by Michael Wilbon is an article that justifies the benefits and reality behind paying college athletes. Wilbon makes the claim that if we were to implement paid salaries for college athletes, the salaries would range. Wilbon compares it to the analogy with signed autographs from college athletes. Wilbon states that college athletes are to not autograph memorabilia for fans, and it is deemed illegal by the NCAA. Wilbon is upset with the fact that these institutions can acquire a plethora amount of money, and the athletes themselves cannot make a dime or even sign a jersey with their name on it. According to the NCAA student-athletes may not allow their name, picture or personal appearance to advertise, recommend or promote the sale or use of any commercial products, services or businesses.
http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6678.html 15 Nov. 2016.~ This publication is written by Andrew Zimbalist, a writer for the New York Times Upfront magazine. This source discusses the topic of college athletes competing at the professional level, and if these individuals should or should not receive pay. After reading and analyzing the first few chapters, it is clear that Zimbalist believes that it is possible to incorporate paid wages for college athletes. Zimbalist throughout the opening chapters refers to college athletes as “unpaid professionals”. Additionally, Zimbalist refers to multiple historical occasions at which school athletic programs gained economic revenue from more than ticket sales. This would include the multi-million dollar contracts universities would have television broadcasting companies as well as merchandising deals with apparel. Another thread that is made throughout the book is the reality that only a small fraction of college athletes make it to the professional level. Zimbalist, on the contrary, also values the contradiction of his thesis. He states that cutting out money from the school will only remove a large portion of that particular school’s academic benefits.
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French holidays: Bastille Day Posted by Tim Hildreth on Jul 11, 2017 in Culture, Music
This Friday (vendredi), le quatorze juillet (July 14), is la fête nationale française, known in the United States and many parts of the world as Bastille Day. And if you’re like many francophiles, you may think this day celebrates the storming of the royal prison of la Bastille on July 14, 1789 … and you’d be right, but only partly so!
Officially established as la fête nationale (the national holiday) by the French Assemblé in 1880, the festivities do indeed celebrate the storming of the Bastille as the start of the revolution, but perhaps more importantly the 14th is also the anniversary of la Fête de la Fédération (a celebration of the ideals of the French Revolution – la liberté, la fraternité, et l’égalité / liberty, brotherhood, and equality – and of the nation) during which Louis XVI himself (before, of course, famously losing his head later!) and other representatives of the young republic swore an oath to the constitution, promising to uphold the laws of the new nation.
The ceremonies of this first Fête de la Fédération were led by the Marquis de LaFayette (whom Louis XVI had named as commander of the troops in Paris after his return from supporting the American colonists in their recent bids to win independence from the other great European monarchy of the day, Great Britain) and took place on the Champs de mars (named, not for the month of March, but for the Roman god of battle, Mars [Greek: Ares or Aries]) which is framed today by the Eiffel Tower at one end and Hôtel des Invalides at the other.
As today, the early celebrations of the 14th involved local dances and military parades. In 1989, year of the bicentennial celebrations, I was lucky enough to spend juillet in Paris and to participate in three days of bals, defilies, feux d’artifices, and more (balls, parades, fireworks). La nuit du 14 (the night of the 14th), we even went out to a night club after the final fireworks, danced till dawn, and then went back to the Champs-Élysées for le petit-déjeuner au levé du soleil! (breakfast at sunrise) In the clips below you can see highlights from the amazing défilé along the Champs and the world-famous Opera singer, Jessye Norman, performing the French national anthem, La Marseillaise*, from the Place de la Concorde.
* Did you ever notice that la Marseillaise is a major motif in Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture? It shouldn’t be a surprise, I suppose, since the piece was written to celebrate Russia’s defense of its territories against the invading armies of Napoleon. Listen to the horn section that begins here (link will take you to Youtube) for an example.
Build vocabulary, practice pronunciation, and more with Transparent Language Online. Available anytime, anywhere, on any device.
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In the at any time-evolving globe of architecture and development, innovation has constantly been the driving drive guiding the creation of structures that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also environmentally welcoming and sustainable. One particular of the most remarkable breakthroughs in current years is the advent of Nanoglass Slabs, a match-altering materials that guarantees to reshape the way we build and layout buildings. These outstanding slabs are set to redefine the boundaries of architectural prospects, supplying a blend of toughness, attractiveness, and sustainability that was formerly unimaginable.
Nanoglass Slabs are a slicing-edge development in the realm of constructing components. Comprising tiny glass particles at the nanoscale, these slabs are engineered to show outstanding toughness, transparency, and environmental positive aspects. This innovative materials is created by means of a specialized manufacturing method that fuses glass particles with each other at large temperatures and pressures, resulting in an exceptionally tough and resilient substance. Its power rivals that of classic concrete, nevertheless it is drastically lighter, making it an perfect selection for a vast selection of architectural purposes.
One of the standout functions of Nanoglass Slabs is their outstanding transparency. When polished and processed to perfection, these slabs grow to be virtually entirely see-via, generating the illusion of structures floating in thin air. This transparency delivers architects the opportunity to press the boundaries of style, generating amazing, futuristic constructions that seamlessly blend with their surroundings. From skyscrapers with glass facades that mirror the sky to transparent bridges spanning majestic canyons, the choices are limitless.
Outside of their aesthetic attractiveness, Nanoglass Slabs are also a boon for sustainability. As the entire world grapples with the urgent want to lessen carbon emissions and vitality usage, these slabs supply a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. Their production emits fewer greenhouse gases, and their thermal homes let for greater insulation, lowering the strength required to heat and amazing buildings. Additionally, their transparency can optimize normal lights, reducing the want for artificial illumination in the course of the working day.
Nanoglass Slabs are also incredibly sturdy, with a lifespan that surpasses numerous classic building resources. Their resistance to corrosion and degradation guarantees that constructions constructed with them will stand the check of time, decreasing the need to have for recurrent renovations and replacements. This not only saves methods but also minimizes construction-connected disruptions and fees.
In Marmoglass , Nanoglass Slabs are poised to redefine the potential of architecture and construction. Their outstanding toughness, transparency, and sustainability make them a groundbreaking substance for building patterns that are as awe-inspiring as they are environmentally pleasant. As architects and builders progressively turn to revolutionary answers to deal with the problems of our rapidly altering planet, Nanoglass Slabs stand out as a shining instance of how technological innovation and creative imagination can come together to shape a brighter, much more sustainable foreseeable future for our developed atmosphere.
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Ischemic heart disease
National Air Quality
annual average PM 2.5
Child Deaths (0-5yrs)
to leave the car at home for a monthGet Started
for clean air news & success stories
The data featured on this page comes from WHO’s Global Platform on Air Quality and Health. This includes an urban air pollution database with monitoring data collected from 4,300 cities worldwide, representing nearly 40% of the world’s urban population. It also includes a global ambient (outdoor) air pollution database for 108 countries and every corner of the world. These data contain measurements for the annual average exposure to particulate matter, PM 2.5, the tiny particles within air pollution that can penetrate the body and are most closely linked with premature death and climate change.
In the past 2 years, the database - now covering 4,300 cities and health burden data for nearly every country in the world - has nearly doubled in size, with more cities measuring and reporting on air pollution and levels and recognizing the associated health burden.
Calibration for the air pollution gauge was completed through partners at the University of Bath to help represent levels in which the majority of cities in the database fall.Close
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That influence extends to young people’s election participation. People ages 18 to 29 have historically been less likely to vote than older adults. But in recent years, they have been spurred to organize and vote by major national controversies, like school shootings and police violence against Black people.
As a researcher with more than 20 years of experience tracking youth voting and examining young people’s political views and engagement, I believe that the fight over abortion rights now taking place in states has strong potential to motivate and mobilize young voters on both sides of the issue – and that their participation could be decisive in key races around the country.
Young people are supportive of abortion rights
About 62% of Americans support abortion’s being legal in all or most cases, according to Pew Research polling from July 2022. But that view is even more widely held among people ages 18 to 29 – 70% of people in that age group support legal abortion.
Other recent polling puts young people’s support for abortion even higher – a CBS/YouGov survey conducted in June 2022, shortly after the Supreme Court’s Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision, found that 78% of young people favor legal abortion.
Young people are also the most likely age group to disapprove of the Supreme Court’s decision to overturn the constitutional right to an abortion. Sixty-nine percent of young people disapprove of the ruling, compared with 60% of adults ages 30 to 49 and half of Americans older than 49.
Women and people of color across all age groups – especially Black and Asian Americans – are also more likely than men and white people to disapprove of the Supreme Court’s ruling.
That’s notable because young women and young women of color, in particular, have led civic and electoral participation in recent years. Young women voted at a higher rate than young men in 2020. Young women of color were more likely to talk to their peers about politics, attend demonstrations and register others to vote than young white women.
Nearly half of young women said that they supported or were active participants in the reproductive rights movement, according to my 2018 survey of people ages 18 to 24. Women of color were more likely to be involved in the reproductive rights movement than young white women, our survey found.
Many young people want action on abortion
For some young people, political engagement goes beyond abortion, as a spring 2022 Harvard poll found that about half of young people think the country is on the wrong track.
And 41% of 18-to-29-year-olds surveyed in another poll say the Dobbs decision makes them more likely to vote in the midterms. In the Pew Research survey mentioned above, over two-thirds of those under 30 reported at least somewhat disapproving of the court decision.
Other surveys suggest that specific policies and laws to protect abortion access are top priorities to young voters.
When young people want action on issues they care about, like abortion, they can feel motivated to push political leaders. Their disappointment or disillusionment with particular politicians does not necessarily mean they’re disillusioned about their own political power. On the other hand, those who oppose abortion rights may now harbor positive feelings about politics: 19% of young people in the CBS/YouGov survey said they felt “happy” about the recent decision.
In 2018, my survey of young people before that year’s midterm election found that feeling more disappointed or cynical about politics actually led to a higher, not lower, likelihood to vote.
According to my estimates, the percentage of young people who voted more than doubled from the 2014 midterm election to the 2018 midterms – rising from 13% to 28%. My research group’s analyses suggest multiple reasons for this jump, including many groups’ starting voter registration much earlier in the year, and the youth-led activism after the Parkland school shooting.
In 2020 a similar dynamic played out nationally following the murder of George Floyd, who was killed by police officers in Minneapolis. In a CIRCLE pre-election survey, young people ranked racism as the second-biggest issue that would influence their vote for president, just behind the environment and climate change. About 50% of youths voted during the 2020 election, compared with 39% of young people who did so in 2016.
Youths can swing elections in key states
The youth vote can decisively shape election results at every level. In 2020, for example, young people cast hundreds of thousands of votes in key battleground states like Arizona, Pennsylvania and Georgia, helping President Joe Biden win all three states and Democratic senators win in Arizona and Georgia.
Now that states are deciding on their own abortion laws, young voters’ ballots in gubernatorial and other state and local races may be especially critical in such places as Pennsylvania and Georgia, where new abortion restrictions are a possibility depending on election results.
The potential for impact is there – not just for the majority of young people who support abortion, but for the significant minority who oppose it – 32% of people ages 18 to 29 in the CBS/YouGov poll said they approve of the Supreme Court’s decision on abortion.
Nevada, Maryland and Maine rank among the top 10 states where young people could decide governor races, according to my research. All three states have abortion protections in place, which could motivate young people to vote for candidates who share their position on abortion, whether for or against abortion rights.
CIRCLE team members Ruby Belle Booth, Megan Lam and Alberto Medina contributed to this analysis.
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Often, we try to divide the world into two groups of people: Those who succeed and those who fail. While there are countless definitions of success and failure, this seems to make a logical dividing or measuring point.
Conventional wisdom might tell us that people who succeed never fail, and failures never succeed. Nothing could be further from the truth. If a picture is worth a thousand words, an example may be worth a million.
Albert Einstein wasn’t able to speak until he was almost four-years-old, and his teachers said he would “never amount to much.”
Michael Jordan was cut from his high school basketball team, went home, locked himself in his room, and cried.
Walt Disney was fired from a newspaper for “lacking imagination” and “having no original ideas.”
Steve Jobs was left devastated and depressed at 30-years-old after being unceremoniously removed from the company he started.
Oprah Winfrey was demoted from her job as a news anchor because she “wasn’t fit for television.”
The Beatles were rejected by Decca Recording Studios, who said, “We don’t like their sound—they have no future in show business. Guitar music is on the way out.”
Lucille Ball was dismissed from drama school with a note that read, “Wasting her time. She is too shy to put her best foot forward.”
Ulysses S. Grant was a failed soldier, farmer, and real estate agent. At 38-years-old, he went to work for his father as a handyman.
Thomas Edison was told by a teacher that he was too stupid to learn anything and that he should go into a field where he might succeed by virtue of his pleasant personality.
Abraham Lincoln’s fiancée died, he failed in business twice, he had a nervous breakdown, and he was defeated in eight elections.
Failure isn’t final. It is the fertilizer for your future success. The only thing that is final is quitting. No outside force, current circumstance, or future obstacle can keep you from your destiny if you are willing to persevere. Being successful is a choice and, therefore, being defeated is a decision. It’s always up to you.
As you go through your day today, learn how to succeed from those who failed. Today’s the day!
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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 – Free PDF Download
*According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 7.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers is an essential study material that is required for all students studying Class 12 Chemistry. These NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry help the students with exercises, worksheets and assignments in practising important structures and formulas from the aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids topic. Referring to these solutions will strengthen conceptual knowledge among students.
Moreover, the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry presents you with accurate answers to textbook questions coupled with extra questions prepared by subject experts at BYJU’S, and according to the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24. These solutions will also impact your understanding of this complex topic and aid you in preparing your own notes. Download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 from the below-mentioned link to kickstart your preparations.
Download NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 PDF:-Download Here
Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers – Important Questions
Q 11.1 :
Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(i) 2, 2, 4 -Trimethylpentan – 3 – ol
(ii) 5 – Ethylheptane – 2, 4 – diol
(iii) Butane – 2, 3 – diol
(iv) Propane – 1, 2, 3 – triol
(vi) 4 – Methyl phenol
(vii) 2, 5 – Dimethylphenol
(viii) 2, 6 – Dimethylphenol
(ix) 1 – Methoxy – 2 – methyl propane
(x) Ethoxy benzene
(xi) 1 – Phenoxyheptane
(xii) 2 – Ethoxybutane
Q 11.2 :
Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows:
(i) 2 – Methylbutan – 2 – ol
(ii) 1 – Phenylpropan – 2 – ol
(iii) 3 , 5 – Dimethylhexane – 1 , 3 , 5 – triol
(iv) 2, 3 – Diethylphenol
(v) 1 – Ethoxypropane
(vi) 2 – Ethoxy – 3 – methylpentane
(viii) 3 – Cyclohexylpentan – 3 – ol
(ix) Cyclopent – 3 – en – 1 – ol
Q 11.3 :
(i) Draw the structures of all isomeric alcohols of molecular formula C5H12O and give their IUPAC names.
(ii) Classify the isomers of alcohols in question.
(i) The structures & IUPAC names of all isomeric alcohols with a molecular formula of C5H12O are shown below:
Pentan – 1 – ol (1 °)
2 – Methylbutan – 2 – ol ( 3 ° )
(ii) Primary alcohol: Pentan – 1 – ol ; 2 – Methylbutan – 1 – ol ;
3 – Methylbutan – 1 – ol ; 2, 2 – Dimethylpropan – 1 – ol
Secondary alcohol: Pentan – 2 – ol ; 3 – Methylbutan – 2 – ol ;
Pentan – 3 – ol
Tertiary alcohol: 2 – methylbutan – 2 – ol
Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane.
The presence of – OH group makes Propanol undergo intermolecular H-bonding. Butane, while on the other side does not have the same privilege
Hence, additional energy would be required to break the intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
This is the reason why hydrocarbon butane has a lower boiling point than propanol.
Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.
Due to the presence of – OH group, alcohols form H – bonds with water.
As a result, alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses.
What is meant by the hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an example.
The hydroboration – oxidation reaction is the reaction where borane is added in order for the oxidation to take place. For example, propan – 1 – ol is formed by making propene undergo the hydroboration – oxidation reaction. In the above reaction, the reaction between propene and diborane ( BH 3 )2 takes place in order to form trialkyl borane which acts an additional product. This additional product is oxidized to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
Give the structures and IUPAC names of monohydric phenols of molecular formula, C7H8O.
While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.
Intramolecular H – bonding is present in o – nitrophenol & p – nitrophenol. In p – nitrophenol, the molecules are strongly associated due to the existence of intermolecular bonding.
Therefore, o – nitrophenol is steam volatile.
Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.
To synthesize phenol, cumene is initially oxidized in the presence of air of cumene hydroperoxide.
Followed by, treating cumene hydroxide with dilute acid to prepare phenol & acetone as byproducts.
Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.
There are three steps that are involved in the mechanism of hydration of ethene to form ethanol. these steps are as follows:
Step 1 :
Protonation of ethene to form carbocation by an electrophilic attack of H3 O + :
Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation :
Deprotonation to form ethanol :
Write a chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.
Chlorobenzene is combined with NaOH ( at 623 K & 320 atm pressure ) to prepare sodium phenoxide, resulting in phenol on acidification.
You are given benzene, conc. H2SO4 and NaOH. Write the equations for the preparation of phenol using these reagents.
Show how will you synthesise:
(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.
(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2 reaction.
(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?
(i) By acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylbenzene ( styrene ), 1 – phenylethanol can be synthesized.
(ii) When chloromethyl cyclohexane is treated with sodium hydroxide, cyclohexyl methanol is obtained.
(iii) When 1 – chloropentane is treated with NaOH, pentan – 1 – ol is produced.
Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity of phenol with that of ethanol.
The acidic nature of phenol can be proven with the two reactions given below :
(i) Phenol reacts with sodium to give sodium phenoxide, liberating H2.
(ii) Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phenoxide & water as by-products.
The acidity of phenol is more than that of ethanol. This is because after losing a proton, the phenoxide ion undergoes resonance and gets stabilized whereas ethoxide ion does not.
Explain why ortho nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol.
The nitro – group is an electron-withdrawing group. The existence of this group in the ortho position decreases the electron density in the O – H bond. Consequently, it is easier to give away a proton. Furthermore, the o -nitrophenoxide ion formed after the loss of protons is stabilized by resonance. Therefore, ortho nitrophenol is a stronger acid. In contrast, a methoxy group is an electron – releasing group. Hence, it increases the electron density in the O – H bond and thus, losing proton is not possible easily. Therefore, ortho – nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho – methoxyphenol.
Explain how the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activates it towards electrophilic substitution.
The density of the electron increases in the benzene ring as the – OH group acts as an electron-donating group. This is clearly shown in the resonance structure of phenol given here.
As a result, the benzene ring is activated towards electrophilic substitution.
Give equations of the following reactions:
(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO4 solution.
(ii) Bromine in CS2 with phenol.
(iii) Dilute HNO3 with phenol.
(iv) Treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of aqueous NaOH.
Explain the following with an example.
(i) Kolbe’s reaction.
(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
(iii) Williamson ether synthesis.
(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.
(i) Kolbe’s reaction:
Sodium phenoxide is formed when phenol is treated with sodium hydroxide. Ortho – hydroxybenzoic acid as the main product when sodium phenoxide is treated with carbon dioxide, followed by acidification, it undergoes electrophilic substitution. This reaction is known as Kolbe’s reaction.
(ii) Reimer – Tiemann reaction:
A -CHO group is introduced at the ortho position of the benzene ring when phenol is treated with chloroform ( CHCl 3 ) in the presence of sodium hydroxide.
This reaction is known as the Reimer – Tiemann reaction.
Salicylaldehyde is produced when the intermediate is hydrolyzed in the presence of alkalis.
(iii) Williamson ether synthesis:
A chemical method to synthesize symmetrical & unsymmetrical ethers by making alkyl halides to react with sodium alkoxides is called Williamson ether synthesis.
The above reaction includes Sn 2 attack of the alkoxide ion on the alkyl halide. In the case of primary alkyl halides, better results are obtained.
Only If the alkyl halide is tertiary or secondary, in that case, elimination competes over substitution.
(iv) Unsymmetrical ether:
When an oxygen atom has two groups on two of its side, it is called Unsymmetrical ether. ( i.e., the number of carbon atoms is unequal ). For eg: ethyl methyl ether ( CH 3 – O − CH 2 CH 3 ).
Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.
The mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene involves the following three steps :
Step 1 :
Formation of ethyl oxonium by protonation of ethanol :
Step 2 :
A carbocation is formed ( rate-determining step ) :
Step 3 :
Ethane is formed by elimination of proton:
The acid is released in Step 3 which was being consumed in Step 1. It is removed to shift the equilibrium in a forward direction, after ethene is formed.
How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene → Propan-2-ol.
(ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol.
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan-1-ol.
(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide → 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.
(i) When propene is reacted with water in the presence of an acid as a catalyst, as a result, we obtain propan – 2 – ol.
(ii) If then benzyl alcohol is obtained when benzyl chloride is reacted with NaOH which is then followed by acidification.
(iii) An adduct is obtained when ethyl magnesium chloride is reacted with methanal, as a result, propan – 1 – ol on hydrolysis is obtained.
(iv) On treating methyl magnesium bromide with propane, an adduct is obtained which results in 2 – methylpropane – 2 – ol on hydrolysis.
Name the reagents used in the following reactions:
(i) Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
(ii) Oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde.
(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.
(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.
(vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.
(i) NaBH4 or LiAlH4 to acidified KMnO4
(ii) Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC)
(iii) Bromine water
(iv) Acidified potassium permanganate
(v) Concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4
(vi) Catalytic hydrogenation or sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
Give a reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in comparison to methoxymethane.
Ethanol experiences intermolecular H – bonding because of the presence of – OH group, which results in the association of molecules. additional energy is necessary to break these hydrogen bonds. Conversely, methoxymethane does not experience H – bonding. Therefore, ethanol has a higher boiling point when compared to methoxymethane
Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:
(i) 1 – Ethoxy – 2 – methylpropane
(ii) 2 – Chloro – 1 – methoxyethane
(iii) 4 – Nitroanisole
(iv) 1 – Methoxypropane
(v) 1 – Ethoxy – 4, 4 – dimethylcyclohexane
Q 11.24 :
Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following
ethers by Williamson’s synthesis:
(i) 1-Propoxypropane (ii) Ethoxybenzene
(iii) 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane (iv) 1-Methoxyethane
Q 11.25 :
Illustrate with examples the limitations of Williamson synthesis for the preparation of certain types of ethers.
The reaction of Williamson synthesis includes SN2 attack of an alkoxide ion on a primary alkyl halide.
while, tertiary alkyl halides or secondary alkyl halides were to be substituted in place of primary alkyl halides, in that case elimination would contend over substitution. This results in the formation of alkenes. This happens because alkoxides are nucleophiles as well as strong bases. Therefore, they react with alkyl halides, which results in an elimination reaction.
Q 11.26 :
How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol? Write the mechanism of this reaction.
1 – propoxypropane can be synthesized from propan – 1 – ol by dehydration.
Propan – 1 – ol undergoes dehydration in the presence of protic acids (such as H 2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4 ) to give 1 – propoxypropane.
The mechanism of this reaction involves the following three steps :
Step 1 : Protonation
Step 2 : Nucleophilic attack
Step 3 : Deprotonation
Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols is not a suitable method. Give reason.
The synthesis of ethers with dehydration of alcohol is a bimolecular reaction (SN 2) which involves the attack of an alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol molecule. In the method, the alkyl group should be unhindered. In the case of secondary or tertiary alcohols, the alkyl group is hindered. As a result, elimination of dominates substitution. Hence, in place of ethers, alkenes are formed.
Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:
(i) 1-propoxypropane (ii) methoxybenzene and (iii) benzyl ethyl ether
Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers
(i) the alkoxy group activates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution
(ii) it directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in the benzene ring
The electron density in the benzene ring boosts up because of the existence of + R effect of the alkoxy group in aryl alkyl ethers, which is given in the resonance configuration below :
Therefore, a benzene ring is activated by the alkoxy group towards electrophilic substitution.
(ii) The above resonance configuration, we infer that the electron density is higher at the para and ortho positions compared to meta position. Consequently, the substituent which is incoming is directed to the para and ortho positions in the benzene ring.
Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxymethane.
The steps of the reaction of methoxymethane with HI are given below :
Step 1 : Protonation of methoxymethane :
Step 2 : Nucleophilic attack of I – :
Step 3 : The methanol synthesized in the above step is made to react with another HI molecule which then converts to methyl iodide. This is done at a high temperature & HI is present in excess.
Write equations of the following reactions:
(i) Friedel-Crafts reaction – alkylation of anisole.
(ii) Nitration of anisole.
(iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.
(iv) Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.
Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes.
The alcohols given above can be synthesized by applying Markovnikov’s rule of acid-catalyzed hydration of appropriate alkenes.
Acid-catalyzed hydration of pent-2-ene also produces pentan-2-ol but along with pentan3-
Thus, the first reaction is preferred over the second one to get pentan-2-ol.
When 3-methylbutan-2-ol is treated with HBr, the following reaction takes place:
Give a mechanism for this reaction.
(Hint : The secondary carbocation formed in step II rearranges to a more stable tertiary carbocation by a hydride ion shift from 3rd carbon atom.
The steps of the reaction given above involve the following procedure :
Step 1 : Protonation
Step 2 : Forming 2 ° carbonation by eliminating the water molecule
Step 3 : Re – arranging by the shifting hydride – ion
Step 4 : Nucleophilic attack
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the most preferred educational boards in the country. The schools affiliated with CBSE are advised to follow the NCERT curriculum as well as the NCERT books. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 are prepared by the subject matter experts of BYJU’S so that students can easily understand the concepts of the chapter Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 deals with alcohols and phenols and their classifications based on the number of -OH groups present. Compounds containing one -OH group are known as monohydride alcohols and phenols. The terms dihydric, trihydric or polyhydric are used, when the compounds contain two, three or more -OH groups, respectively. Develop a strong foundation on these topics by solving the exemplar questions of this chapter.
Class 12 NCERT Solutions for Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Chapter 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers of Class 12 Chemistry, is crafted as per the CBSE Syllabus for 2023-24. After studying this chapter about alcohol, phenols and ethers using the NCERT Solutions, students can learn how to write the names of alcohols, phenols and ethers according to the IUPAC system of nomenclature.
- The reactions involved in the process of making alcohol from Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers. The reactions involved in the preparation of phenols from benzene sulphonic acids, haloarenes, cumene and from diazonium salts.
- The reaction for the preparation of ethers from alcohols, alkyl halides and sodium alkoxides.
- The physical properties of ethers, phenols and alcohols.
Subtopics of Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11 – Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
- Structures of Functional Groups
- Alcohols and phenols
- Some Commercially Important alcohols
Why Opt for BYJU’S?
BYJU’S provides the latest NCERT Solutions, updates, notifications, sample papers and previous year questions. All the resources provided by us are the result of the experience and expertise of the subject teachers at BYJU’S. These study resources will help you pass your exams with good grades.
Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 11
How can I learn Chapter 11 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry faster?
What concepts will I learn in Chapter 11 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry?
3. Structures of Functional groups
4. Alcohols and phenols
5. Some Commercially Important alcohols
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Scaly-leg mites, also known as Knemidocoptes mutans, are microscopic parasites that burrow under the scales of a bird’s legs and feet. They are highly contagious and can spread easily from bird to bird through contact with infested bedding, perches, or other objects.
One of the most susceptible captive avian species besides backyard birds is small songbirds such as canaries and Gouldian finches. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms of scaly leg mites, and how to prevent and treat them in canaries and Gouldian finches.
Symptoms of Scaly Leg Mites
Scaly leg mites feed on the keratin in the skin and can cause a variety of symptoms for canaries and Goudlina finches including:
- Swelling, redness, crusting, scaling, deformity, infection in the affected area, and reduced mobility.
- The appearance of raised scales on the legs and feet of the bird. These scales can become thickened and crusted, and the legs may become swollen and red.
- In severe cases, the infestation can cause the toes to become deformed or even lead to lameness. Scaly leg mites can also cause the bird to experience discomfort and pain.
Prevention and Control
To prevent and control scaly leg mites, it is important to regularly clean and disinfect the living area, paying particular attention to perches, bedding, and other objects that come into contact with the bird’s legs and feet. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands and changing clothes before and after handling avian species, can also help prevent the spread of scaly leg mites. Additionally, providing proper nutrition and veterinary care can help keep the bird’s immune system strong and prevent infestations.
- Keep your environment clean and free of parasites. This includes regularly cleaning the cage, coop, and nesting boxes. You can also use diatomaceous earth to help prevent them.
- Inspect your birds regularly for signs of mites. If you see any, treat your bird immediately with a miticide.
- Quarantine new birds for at least 30 days before introducing them to your flock. This will help to prevent the spread of mites.
Treatment of Scaly Leg Mites
If a bird is infested with scaly leg mites, it is important to consult with a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. Infested birds can be treated with topical or systemic medications, such as ivermectin or permethrin, as prescribed by a veterinarian. It is important to follow the instructions provided by the veterinarian and complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the mites are completely eliminated. Infested birds should also be isolated from other birds to prevent the spread of the mites.
Note: Overdosage of using ivermectin can kill your bird. Consult your vet before using it.
Scaly leg mites can cause discomfort, pain, and reduced mobility in pet birds, particularly canaries and Gouldian finches. To prevent and control scaly leg mites, it is important to regularly clean and disinfect the bird’s living area, provide proper nutrition and veterinary care, and practice good hygiene when handling birds. Infested birds should be treated with topical or systemic medications as prescribed by a veterinarian and isolated from other birds to prevent the spread of the mites. By taking these measures, pet bird owners can ensure the health and well-being of their feathered friends.
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As a pet budgie’s owner, you need to identify its sex firstly if you want to pair it with an opposite sex. The most simple and common way to identify a budgie’s sex is to observe its nose cere’s color. But budgies at different age have different colors.
An adult budgie who has pure white or dark blue or purple cere is surely a male, and an adult budgie who has a brown or giner yellow cere is surely a female. But the young budgie may be a little hard to indentify the sex for its cere’s color is not that pure/obvious , generally when the young budgie’s cere is while / pink and has a white cycle around the nostril should be a female, otherwise it’s a male.
The hard case is the cere appears white mainly with light blue at lower area, it’s often white around the nostril and then you judge it’s a female, but one or two months later, the blue on its cere may become darker, and then your judgement has to change. Actually it’s a male budgie, its “white” cere become blue because it grow up. And you can see the budgie often do head bobbing that looks like vomiting, this is a male parrot’s sexual behavior. So we can judge a budgie’s sex not only on its cere’s color, but also on its behaviors when he grow up to be an adult bird. Now let’s come back to the point: the cere appears white but with ligh blue at bottom is more possible a female actually, but you still need to wait one or two months to see its color changing and also put attention on its behaviors.
The below is more about the cere’s color at different situation to judge a budgie’s sex.
The adult female budgerigars in estrus.
The adult male budgerigars in estrus.
The adult female budgerigars who are still not in estrus.
The adult male budgerigars who are not in estrus yet
The young male budgerigars who are not adult yet.
The young female budgerigars who are not adult yet. The ceres are white or white with the lower area are light blue, the area around the nostril is surely white. Please be noted that the budgies with ceres are basically white but the lower area are light blue, such budgies may need one or two more months to observe, see if the cere will turn into blue or dark blue to be male actually.
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CLOCK means a part that generates or processes a clock signal in an electronic part.
The clock signal is one of the most important signals in digital circuits.
A clock signal is a signal that specifies when a circuit should operate, and is used to control the speed and synchronization of a circuit's operation.
Clocks have a variety of uses in electronic devices. For example, in a computer, the CPU and other components must be synchronized as they operate, so they generate clock signals on the system bus.
In addition, digital signal processing devices that process digital signals use clock signals to sample digital signals or generate digital signals.
Clocks are classified into different types based on factors such as frequency, duty cycle, rise/fall time, accuracy, and stability.
Therefore, when selecting a clock on an electronic component, it is important to select an appropriate clock that meets the requirements of the circuit in question.
*This information is for general informational purposes only, we will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the above information.
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Saint Francis Xavier – the relic of whose forearm, instrumental in the baptizing of tens of thousands made a tour around Canada a number of years ago – was one of those remarkable men of history, whose intensity, focus and singleness of purpose echo through the ages. His desire to give everything to save souls, brought into full force after his own deep and irrevocable conversion, was spurred on by the equally intense Ignatius of Loyola at the University of Paris, and drove him quite literally to the ends of the earth, to India and Japan. He struggled and persevered against what to lesser men would seemed insuperable odds, baptizing, confirming, catechizing, and making saints of untold tens of thousands, myriads of myriads, with the gift of tongues, of miracles, truly an image of Saint Paul.
He evangelized India and Japan, and dreamed of venturing into the untold vastness of China, but died of a fever at the age of 46 – having lived several lifetimes in that short span – alone in a hut, on the small island of Shangchuan, 8 or so miles off the coast of China, on this day in 1552.
Francis, a Basque, handsome, athletic, intelligent, used all these charisms as a true missionary, in the fullness of that term; as Ad Gentes declares, the document on the missions from the Second Vatican Council:
Yet man must respond to God Who calls, and that in such a way, that without taking counsel with flesh and blood (Gal. 1:16), he devotes himself wholly to the work of the Gospel. This response, however can only be given when the Holy Spirit gives His inspiration and His power. For he who is sent enters upon the life and mission of Him Who “emptied Himself, taking the nature of a slave” (Phil. 2:7). Therefore, he must be ready to stay at his vocation for an entire lifetime, and to renounce himself and all those whom he thus far considered as his own, and instead to “make himself all things to all men” (1 Cor. 9:22).
Once he left Europe, Xavier never saw his native land again, and died in exile, as we all must in some sense. As he wrote to his former fellow scholars back in Paris: I wish they would work as hard at this as they do at their books, and so settle their account with God for their learning and the talents entrusted to them.
If not their salvation, at least ours may depend upon leaving ‘all’, in some sense, for the sake of the Gospel. We could use more of his intensity in our Church, that there really is much at stake in this pilgrimage of life, and we will all be asked what we have done with the time and talents we have been given, in the cause of Christ, the beginning and the end of all history.
For only in the mystery of the Incarnate Word, as Gaudium et Spes declares, does the mystery of man make sense.
And what that Word can do with a few good men such as Saint Francis Xavier, who gave all, and gained everything.
Ora pro nobis! +
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Three major types of depository institutions—banks, thrifts (also known as savings and loans), and credit unions—provide checking accounts, credit cards, loans, and savings instruments for American consumers and businesses. Although credit unions face the highest overall level of government regulation, each type of institution enjoys some special privileges and limits. For example, thrifts can open up new branches most easily, credit unions pay the least taxes, and banks have the fewest restrictions on the type of loans they can make. All of these privileges and restrictions have historical reasons for existing but, for the most part, no longer make sense. In the long, medium, and short terms, a variety of approaches could improve the quality of depository institution regulation in the United States.
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Red fruit color is associated with higher sales because color appeals to consumers. Apples with rich, dark color are perceived as having increased nutritional value and antioxidant properties.
Dr. Macarena Farcuh, assistant professor of horticulture, University of Maryland, addressed fruit growers at a Fruit Quality and Safety Workshop, saying the challenge in growing desirable red apples is that among all the apple cultivars available, there’s poor or marginal development of red color that doesn’t meet the requirements for retail sale.
Several compounds influence in color development in apples. “Green hues are due to the presence of chlorophyll,” said Farcuh. “Yellow hues are from the presence of carotenoids. Red color is due to anthocyanins. The content and composition of anthocyanins will determine the intensity or quality of apple red skin coloration.”
Anthocyanins are developmentally regulated and produced in small quantities when fruit is at fruitlet stage but produced mostly during fruit ripening. Anthocyanins are also highly dependent on the sugar content of fruit.
Several things influence red color, including environmental factors such as temperature and light. “The ideal conditions for red skin coloration are bright, clear days with temperatures around 77º Fahrenheit, and cool nights around 69º,” said Farcuh. “In this situation, the trees will not be stressed. There’s increased photosynthesis during the day and production of sugar, and decreased respiration at night so sugars are not being oxidized.”
She added that sugars being produced and not broken down is key because sugars are an important raw material for anthocyanin production.
Anthocyanin production is suppressed if daytime temperatures above 90º are combined with warm nights with temperatures above 68º. Farcuh said this is a factor in fruit coloration for early cultivars such as Honeycrisp.
Light, both intensity and quality, also influences apple coloration. Fruit requires adequate light to enhance coloration. Ultraviolet rays are the most important aspect for promoting anthocyanin production.
Orchard elevation also plays a role. Higher elevations allow for a more optimal temperature differential between day and night. “That will increase anthocyanin accumulation and development of red skin color,” said Farcuh. “The aspect, or the way the sun hits the earth, of the orchard also matters. In general, the sun’s rays will shine more directly on southern aspects compared to northern aspects.”
The water and nutrient holding capacity of orchard soil also affects anthocyanin production. Excessive or late nitrogen application may reduce red coloring and promote tree vigor and higher potential for shading due to less UV light in the canopy.
“Another important factor is cultivar and rootstock selection,” said Farcuh. “Different cultivars have different maturity dates, and this directly determines the temperature range at fruit maturity.”
Prolonged warm spells in August and September can affect the color of early-ripening cultivars such as Gala and Honeycrisp. This, combined with stricter color grading standards, results in a loss of value in some cultivars due to lack of red coloration.
“The older, less colored strains are being pushed out of the market because they are not complying with red color requirements,” said Farcuh. “But there are newer, highly red colored strains like Gale Gala®, Firestorm Honeycrisp™ and Royal Red Honeycrisp® that genetically will produce higher red coloration.” It’s important to remember the propensity for red coloration involves more than one factor – not just genetic background.
Rootstock also influences apple coloration. “Size controlling rootstocks can reduce the canopy volume and density, and that increases light distribution and improve red coloration,” said Farcuh. “Rootstock should give us vigor that is strong enough to create a productive tree but without a lot of shading. The recommendation is to plant the most dwarfing rootstock that can be managed given the inherent vigor of the soil and the cultivar.”
Balanced mineral nutrition for apple trees is critical in achieving highly marketable, attractive red fruit. Nitrogen and potassium are primary influencers of red color. “We need enough nitrogen to maintain high productivity, but we know excessive nitrogen is detrimental for red skin coloration,” said Farcuh. “It can result in fruit with a dull, muddy color.”
Nitrogen also promotes excessive vegetative growth, which decreases light exposure and may result in lack of color.
Low potassium levels are linked to poor fruit coloration. In general, the optimal range for leaf potassium in apples is around 1.5% to 2.5%. “There’s a need for active management of this mineral to replace what is removed by the crop,” said Farcuh. “There is no evidence that excess potassium can increase red color, but there is a lot of evidence that excessive potassium can increase bitter pit in Honeycrisp.”
Crop load management plays a role in desirable red skin coloration. “With an excessive crop load, there’s a lack of red color because there’s a shortage of resources (sugars and nutrients) that reach the fruit,” said Farcuh. “In the case of Honeycrisp, highly nutritional sugars affect fruit coloration development of the current year’s production but also affect the juvenile buds that develop for the next year’s crop.”
Low crop load and excess vegetative growth leads to a lack of red skin color due to excess canopy. With too much shade, fruit isn’t receiving the necessary sunlight for anthocyanin development.
“In the ideal situation, a balanced crop load target is seven to eight fruits per square centimeter of trunk sectional area,” said Farcuh. “This will allow the sunlight to reach the surface of the fruit and have good fruit size with good returning bloom for the coming years.”
Fruit maturity management also plays a role in red coloration. “The synthesis of anthocyanin is internally regulated and happens early in the fruitlet stage,” said Farcuh. “But the important biosynthesis of anthocyanin is happening during fruit ripening. Ethylene will control ripening and can be regulated with the use of pre-harvest growth regulators.”
Ethylene regulation can also affect red skin coloration. “Ethephon is an ethylene-releasing chemical and will promote fruit ripening and increase red skin color,” she said. “If temperatures are above optimum ranges, it will only advance maturity and will not increase color. Remember, it isn’t just one factor – it’s all integrated.”
Farcuh added that Ethephon can accelerate fruit abscission and may negatively impact fruit storability.
ReTain®, which is the opposite of Ethephon, inhibits ethylene production and delays fruit ripening. It also has negative effects on color development. Harvista™ blocks the perception of ethylene so there’s no response of the fruit to ethylene, which can delay ripening.
Farcuh said the use of ReTain and Harvista allow delayed harvest, which can prevent fruit drop and possibly delay maturity to a cooler weather window and help fruit reach optimum coloration.
Promoting and preserving favorable red coloration in apples involves a combination of factors, and with comprehensive management, growers can produce higher quantities of highly desirable red fruit.
by Sally Colby
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Are Your Children’s Toys Eye-Safe?
Did you know that roughly a quarter of a million children are seen in hospital emergency rooms each year due to toy-related injuries?
About half of these injuries are to the head and face, and many affect the eyes. While they may be fun to buy for birthdays and other occasions, certain toys pose a great risk to a child’s vision.
4 Things To Keep In Mind For Eye-Safe Toys
Most things will find a way into your child’s mouth, especially if they are under the age of four. When putting things into their mouths, other parts of the toy may find a way into their eyes by accident. Keep small parts and sharp edges away from younger children. If a must-have toy contains small flying parts, purchase protective eyewear.
The shape and construction of the toy is very important. Stuffed, plush toys are very eye-safe, whereas action figures may sometimes pose a problem. Here are some guidelines:
- The toy needs to be constructed properly so that no part will fall or break off during reasonable play. It should also not be able to be manipulated into a smaller size.
- Avoid toys with rough, jagged, edges.
- Make sure that long-handled toys (pony stick, broom, mop, etc.) have rounded handles as these are often involved in many eye injuries.
- Avoid toys that shoot objects into the air, such as slingshots and darts, for children under six. The most common play-related eye injuries are due to projectile toys. After all, you don’t want them to shoot their eye out!
Usually, toy manufacturers provide a recommended age group for when a toy will be most appropriate for a child. For instance, a toy for a young child under three years old should never have any sharp edges or protrusions.
Supervision is prudent if there is more than one child at home. Kids will often play with their older siblings toys and inadvertently hurt themselves.
#4: Developmentally Appropriate
While paying attention to a toy’s recommended age range is important, it’s still just a guideline—and you know your child best. If a four year old is still putting objects into their mouth, they should not have certain kinds of toys. If your child is a little less coordinated, choose their toys wisely.
Sometimes, age ranges on toy labels even defy common sense. A pointy tiny sword, for example, can be labeled as suitable for three year olds when, in reality, for the average toddler it really isn’t appropriate.
We’re Here To Help
When buying your child’s next toy, keep these tips in mind! As always, we care about your family. We want your children to be accident-free during playtime so they can enjoy a long life of clear, healthy vision.
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World Food Day is observed on the 16th of October each year. This day is celebrated to honor the date when the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was founded in 1935. It is also recognized to raise awareness about hunger, as well as encourage the public to take action is to help eliminate world hunger.
The World Food Day is celebrated by organizing food drives and distributing free meals for the homeless and less fortunate. If you have the heart to participate in this holiday, here are some of the ways you can take a stand against hunger and make a difference.
Take a photo of your meal and share it on social media
If you think taking photos of your sumptuous meals and uploading them on the social media is meaningless, then you have been thinking wrong. By sharing photos of your meals, you are also literally sharing your food. All you have to do is to download FoodShareFilter or Feedie. Both applications were designed to help fight global hunger. Every time photos of food are shared using the app, the restaurant donates a meal to an organization called the Lunchbox Fund that provides meals for orphaned children in South Africa.
Volunteer in your local community garden
Food scarcity and insecurity affect people living in poverty and those who have limited access to healthy and fresh food. Help make a difference by volunteering in your local urban garden. Address hunger by getting outside, by connecting with people, and by distributing fresh produce to people who need it most.
Participate in local community events
There are plenty of local events you can participate in if you want to help fight hunger in your community. Search World Food Day USA on Google to find some ways you can help. There are plenty of volunteer opportunities: packing meals for the homeless, walking for hunger, or helping out in a soup kitchen to name a few. No matter how big or small, your efforts will make a difference. However, you help out will be valuable for the nourishment of those who are in need. So serve your community by giving your time and efforts.
Help improve the quality of school lunches
In different parts of the United States and throughout the world, a school lunch or breakfast may be the only full meal a student eats in a day. The sad part is that these meals do not always contain important nutrients a child needs for growth and development. By improving the quality of food at schools, children can enjoy better health and improve their academic performance.
Did you know that by treating yourself with your favorite food at your favorite restaurant, you are also making a difference in the world’s problem with hunger and food scarcity? So go ahead and invite a friend for a meaningful and sumptuous meal. As soon as the check arrives, donate the cost of your meal by joining the #HungerFree movement. This movement is organized to help fight hunger in South Sudan, Kenya, and many other parts of the globe.
Attend an event
If you are looking for other ways to participate in World Food Day, you can visit foodday.org and enter your zip code to find an event near you. It doesn’t matter which event you choose, whether you dine or donate, the important thing is that you are helping spread awareness. You are also encouraging people to join the fight against hunger.
Food scarcity and hunger may seem to be overwhelming global problems. But if we all decide to take action, even in our little ways, and become advocates for health and food, we can all make a difference to make this world a better place.
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Individuals dealing with or managing chronic back pain should incorporate swimming exercises. Swimming is a low-impact aerobic conditioning exercise that’s easy on the back and healthy for the spine. When an individual struggles with back problems, they may be tempted to rest and avoid physical activity/exercise. Total rest is not recommended as it can cause the muscles that support the back to weaken or atrophy. When the muscles weaken, they cannot stabilize the spine or body correctly, which causes conditions to worsen or contribute to new injuries. Starting swimming exercises can expand the spine, relieve painful pressure or strain on the back and strengthen the muscles for spinal health.
Table of Contents
Starting Swimming Exercises
Swimming does not impact the spine and other musculoskeletal structures because the water suspends the body.
- Swimming is a full-body, low-impact exercise which is excellent for individuals of all ages and all body shapes and sizes.
- Talk to a healthcare professional about any questions or concerns about how swimming may impact your body.
- Swimming benefits include stress relief, a strengthened musculoskeletal system, and support in heart health.
Swimming for Back Problems
Relaxes The Nervous System
- Tense muscles can cause or contribute to back problems and pain symptoms and aggravate spinal conditions.
- Swimming exercises release endorphins to relax the nervous system and tense muscles.
Relieves Pressure on Joints
- The water lightens the body relieving pressure on the joints and muscles.
Builds Muscle to Support the Spine
- The resistance and movement strengthen the whole body with the joints and spine supported.
- Swimming engages muscles not always used, specifically those needed to improve spinal stability.
Exercises for Back Relief
Checking with a physician before exercising is recommended, especially if starting a new exercise routine. When you meet with the Injury Medical Chiropractic and Functional Medicine Cline team, we can determine if starting swimming exercises would benefit you. Once cleared, here are some swimming exercises that could help bring relief:
- Walking around the pool means movement that the body needs to heal and build muscle without aggravating symptoms.
- Water aerobics is perfect for working on cardiovascular health needed to build strength.
- Increase mobility and flexibility.
- Start slow when swimming laps, maybe only twice a week at first.
- The different types of strokes work various muscles in the hips, chest, and back.
- Treading water is a great way to get the body used to the movements.
- A swim coach can provide tips on the proper technique and form.
Swim Exercise Tools and Accessories
Proper swimming equipment can make the exercise sessions much more enjoyable.
- Swim caps protect the hair from the water’s elements and keep hair from blocking the view.
- Goggles protect the eyes and help to see better underwater.
- Look for a comfortable pair that doesn’t leak.
Sun protection and clothing
- A day in the sun and water increases the risk of exposure to UV rays.
- For listening to music or podcasts while swimming.
- Many pools can provide kickboards that swimmers can borrow during their time there.
- Lean the upper body on the board and kick, focusing on lower body movements.
- Pull buoys help focus on the upper body and arm work.
- It is placed between the upper thighs to help the legs float as the individual pulls with their arms.
It is recommended to take some lessons to learn how the body moves through the water. Once a basic understanding of balance and buoyancy is met, individuals can propel through the water more efficiently.
Sciatica Secrets Revealed
Bartels, Else Marie, et al. “Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis.” The Cochrane Database of systematic reviews vol. 3,3 CD005523. 23 Mar. 2016, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005523.pub3
Cole, A J et al. “Spine pain: aquatic rehabilitation strategies.” Journal of Back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation vol. 4,4 (1994): 273-86. doi:10.3233/BMR-1994-4407
Ferrell, M C. “The spine in swimming.” Clinics in sports medicine vol. 18,2 (1999): 389-93, viii. doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70153-8
Su, Yanlin, et al. “Swimming as Treatment for Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” BioMed research international vol. 2020 6210201. 15 May. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/6210201
Wirth, Klaus, et al. “Strength Training in Swimming.” International Journal of environmental research and public health vol. 19,9 5369. 28 Apr. 2022, doi:10.3390/ijerph19095369
The information herein on "Starting Swimming Exercises For Back Health: Chiro Science" is not intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional or licensed physician and is not medical advice. We encourage you to make healthcare decisions based on your research and partnership with a qualified healthcare professional.
Our information scope is limited to Chiropractic, musculoskeletal, physical medicines, wellness, contributing etiological viscerosomatic disturbances within clinical presentations, associated somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, subluxation complexes, sensitive health issues, and/or functional medicine articles, topics, and discussions.
We provide and present clinical collaboration with specialists from various disciplines. Each specialist is governed by their professional scope of practice and their jurisdiction of licensure. We use functional health & wellness protocols to treat and support care for the injuries or disorders of the musculoskeletal system.
Our videos, posts, topics, subjects, and insights cover clinical matters, issues, and topics that relate to and directly or indirectly support our clinical scope of practice.*
Our office has reasonably attempted to provide supportive citations and has identified the relevant research study or studies supporting our posts. We provide copies of supporting research studies available to regulatory boards and the public upon request.
We understand that we cover matters that require an additional explanation of how it may assist in a particular care plan or treatment protocol; therefore, to further discuss the subject matter above, please feel free to ask Dr. Alex Jimenez, DC, or contact us at 915-850-0900.
We are here to help you and your family.
Dr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN* CIFM*, IFMCP*, ATN*, CCST
My Digital Business Card
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Edited By: Akanksha Arora
Last Updated: January 09, 2023, 16:46 IST
Twitter User Uploads Video of an Atlas Moth. (Image: Twitter/@ErikSolheim)
Twitter user Erik Solheim took to his official handle and shared a video of the spectacular species.
Mother earth houses some very rare and beautiful creatures. One of them is the Atlas moth. Considered as one of the largest moth species in the world, its wings are larger than a human hand and are known for their spectacular colours and designs. Recently, Twitter user Erik Solheim took to his official handle and shared a video of the spectacular species. The video shows the moth spreading its wings on a human hand. “Wonderful Mother Earth. The atlas butterfly, seen in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Malaysia, is the largest known butterfly in the world with a wingspan of 30 centimeters,” read the caption of the video.
These moths do not take large flights despite the size of their wings. Also, they have a brief lifespan of just one to two weeks after coming out of their cocoons. Because of their appearance, they are often confused with a butterfly. Have a look at the video:
Wonderful Mother Earth 🌏 The atlas butterfly, seen in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Malaysia, is the largest known butterfly in the world with a wingspan of 30 centimeters. pic.twitter.com/8Q4BwInvVL
— Erik Solheim (@ErikSolheim) January 8, 2023
Since uploaded, the video has gone viral and managed to gather over 202K views. “When i was kid these kind of moth/butterfly was common sight in houses, garden. Now it’s becoming rare, almost never see these kind. We’re getting used to their absence. I’m wondering what happened to them,” wrote a Twitter user. Another person wrote, “Maybe wonderful but a butterfly that big on my hand would mean I need to change my pants. Not liking things with more than 4 legs ,creeps me out.”
Meanwhile, earlier, as part of the third annual butterfly count in Delhi, the counting team found 66 new species of butterflies. The species were spotted by the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS). In fact, some of these species are among the rarest species of this year.
Sohail Madan, CEC, Manager of Bombay Natural History Society, said, “Brown awl, Dingy Swift and common red flash were among the rare species spotted this year, while the common ones included plain tiger, common grass yellow, mottled emigrant and common emigrant.” Ishwar Singh, principal chief conservator of forests, said, “The butterfly month (September) shows the results of the habitat improvement in Delhi, as these insects are the indicators of a good ecosystem.” He added that during the counting drive, butterflies were spotted at 45 locations in Delhi on September 22.”
Read all the Latest Buzz News here
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An Uncommon Material
Meteorite is not the most common material for jewelry, so naturally we answer many questions and address many concerns about how meteorite should be worn and how it changes as it is worn.
Does Meteorite Rust?
Meteorite is composed of iron (and nickel), which means that it does have the potential to form rust. However, if your meteorite jewelry is worn on a regular basis, rust should not be a problem, and it can always be cleaned if needed.
Meteorite Jewelry Allergies
Meteorite jewelry may not be for everyone. If you know that you have metal sensitivities, especially to iron or nickel, meteorite jewelry is probably not the best choice for you. Our rings are made with an inner band and rails of gold, silver, or stainless steel to lessen direct contact with the meteorite, but it is possible for the surrounding fingers to react.
The crystalline pattern, known as Widmanstätten, is formed as the meteorite is cooling. The jewelry is etched in order to accentuate this patterning. Each piece is unique and varies. It is common for cracks, divots, etc. to be present in the piece. This is part of the formation of the meteorite.
Meteorite Jewelry Care Tips
To keep your meteorite jewelry looking great, we recommend removing it prior to activities that could create rust or heavily burnish the metal, such as swimming, weightlifting, yard work, rock climbing, etc. Rings should be removed prior to contact with chemicals and cleaning solutions. They can be worn while washing your hands, however. Like all metals, the patterning will burnish and become less visible in rings as the metal comes into contact with surfaces in daily wear. This is normal, and it is possible to restore the pattern by etching it again.
Coatings On Meteorite
We often have clients ask about coating meteorite jewelry with some type of clear, protective layer. We do not recommend coatings because they wear off eventually, but not evenly and not all at once. Because of that, it’s possible for moisture to enter in a spot where the coating has worn off, but then become trapped. That is when rust can become a real problem.
How Our Rings Are Made
Our rings are one solid continuous circle of meteorite. There really is no beginning and no end. An inner band and rails are soldered to the meteorite. Then it is etched to enhance the Widmanstätten patterning.
We also have clients ask which meteorite we use. Most of the time we use Muonionalusta, which is classified as a fine octahedrite. It is 4.5 billion years old, and it impacted northern Scandinavia about a million years ago. The first fragment was found in 1906. Today we are able to use this amazing space metal to create unique pieces of jewelry.
Shop our meteorite jewelry here!
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The United Kingdom is outside the Schengen Area, which much of mainland Europe is part of, therefore it is necessary to pass through border control, monitored by British authorities, to enter the country. This requires showing a valid ID document.
When inside the UK, it is not necessary to carry ID with you at all times, therefore it is best to store it in a safe location, and carry a photocopy with you, to avoid losing your ID and having problems later when trying to leave the country.
There are three official languages spoken in Scotland: English, Scots, and Gaelic.
Everyone in Scotland speaks English, so communication in English is generally not a problem, especially in Edinburgh. Most people will speak with a Scottish accent, which can be a little difficult to understand in some cases, but it is not as strong in Edinburgh as other parts of the country.
Weights and measures
The imperial unit system has been in use since 1824, as defined by the Weights and Measures Act, in order to standardise measurement units.
It was also official across the whole of the British Empire during the 19th century, but as the Empire dissolved, the majority of countries adopted the metric system, which became the most commonly used system around the world during the 20th century.
However, imperial units are still in use for some things in the UK. Below, are conversions between the imperial and metric systems.
1 inch: 25,4 mm
1 foot: 30,4 cm
1 yard: 0,91 mm
1 mile: 1,61 km
1 nautic mile: 1,85 km
1 liquid once: 28,4 ml
1 pint: 568 ml
1 gallon: 4,5 l
1 once: 28,35 g
1 pound: 453,6 g
1 ton: 1016 kg
The United Kingdom’s only official currency is Pound Sterling. The symbol used is “£” and its abbreviation is GBP (Great British Pounds). The pound sterling is also the oldest currency in the world still in use.
Since 1971, one pound has been divided into 100 pence, or pennies. Prior to then, one pound was divided into 20 shillings, and one shilling into 12 pence, meaning a total of 240 pence in a pound. Shillings and these older pennies are no longer in circulation.
Coins come in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 pence, and 1 and 2 pounds. Notes have denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pounds.
The Scottish banknotes
In Scotland, as well as the notes printed by the Bank of England, there are other notes printed by Scottish banks: Bank of Scotland, Royal Bank of Scotland, and Clydesdale. These do not always have the portrait of the Queen found on notes printed by the Bank of England.
Scottish banknotes are legal currency everywhere in the UK, but are sometimes rejected in areas outside of Scotland, where they are less commonly used, but this is rare.
It can be difficult to exchange Scottish notes into other currencies in banks outside the UK, therefore it is recommended to use or exchange all your notes before departing from Scotland.
Scottish banknotes come in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pounds, but it’s also possible to get £1 notes from the Royal Bank of Scotland, though these are rare to find in circulation.
It is also possible, but not common in Scotland, to see notes printed by the Bank of Northern Ireland. Like Scottish notes, these are legal currency throughout the UK.
Payments by card
Instead of withdrawing cash and having to pay the currency exchange fee, another safe option is to pay by card. In Edinburgh, and throughout Scotland, it is usually possible to pay with any debit or credit card in most locations. However, it is important to note whether there are any additional transaction or exchange fees from your card issuer.
If you prefer to pay in cash, Edinburgh has many cash machines (ATMs) throughout the city. Depending on the company that owns each particular cash machine, different transaction and exchange fees may apply, but they must legally inform you of this fee on the screen before the cash is withdrawn.
There are also many currency exchange bureaus in Edinburgh, if you wish to exchange cash, including several on the Royal Mile and Princes Street.
The weather in Edinburgh, and across the rest of Scotland, is characterised by being very changeable. A common saying is that Scotland can experience “four seasons in one day”, or that “if you don’t like Scottish weather, just wait a bit”, since it could suddenly change.
In Edinburgh, the weather is generally quite mild compared to other parts of the country, due its proximity to the sea and low altitude (90m). The annual average temperature is 8.5°C, and total annual precipitation is around 700mm.
Rain in Edinburgh
Despite the fact that it can rain on more then 250 days out of the year, which is around 20 days each month, heavy rain is unusual. It rains consistently at all times of year, but more frequently in summer and autumn.
Snow is uncommon through most of the year, but is possible in winter, though it is not usually very heavy.
Temperatures in Edinburgh
The average temperate in Edinburgh is generally quite mild throughout the year, and it is rarely extremely hot or cold. In summer, it ranges from lows of 10°C and highs of 20°C, while winter ranges from 0°C to 6°C.
However, the temperature often feels colder than it actually is, due to the strong winds at all times of year, especially since Edinburgh is so close to the sea.
Hours of daylight
Due to its northernly latitude, Edinburgh’s number of hours of daylight varies dramatically depending on the time of year.
On the summer solstice (20th or 21st June), sunrise is before 5am, and sunset is around 10.30pm, with a total of over 17 hours of daylight.
On the winter solstice (21st or 22nd December), sunrise is around 9am, and sunset is at 4pm, giving a total of just 7 hours of daylight.
2023 Bank and Public Holidays in Scotland
2nd January New Year’s bank holiday
3rd January New Year's Day (substitute day)
7th April Good Friday
1st May Early May bank holiday
8th May Coronation bank holiday
29th May Spring bank holiday
7th August Summer bank holiday
30th November St Andrew's Day
25th December Christmas Day
26th December Boxing Day
*When a bank holiday date falls on a weekend, it will be taken on the following Monday instead.
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Magnetic toy demonstration device made by George Adams, Fleet Street, London, 1765. Consisting of two mahogany boxes. One contains 4 dials with the numbers: 1, 5, 6 and 7 in each - situated beneath sliding lid with square window revealing one number per dial. The second box contains 4 ebony blocks numbered 1, 7, 6, 5, each slightly trapezoid in shape. Both boxes have hinged lids with 2 metal catches at the front.
This toy was a demonstration device made by George Adams, instrument maker to King George III. It was used to demonstrate magnetism. If the box containing the windows was placed above the box containing the ebony pieces, the numbers in the windows corresponded to the numbers below on the ebony pieces. This is because the paper dials under the windows carry concealed magnets which align themselves with concealed magnets in the ebony pieces.
- King George III
- Object Number:
- brass (copper, zinc alloy), ebony (wood), glass, mahogany (wood), paper (fibre product), steel (metal) and wood (unidentified)
1st box: 22 mm x 352 mm x 70 mm, , .2kg
2nd box: 16 mm x x , , .15kg
- furnishing and equipment
- tools & equipment
- King's College, London
- Unlinked Name
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- Parallel Computing
Porting Java to Xeon Phi would be a good CS project. As to if the end product of the project would be desirable for others to use... that would be up to the implementation and to the particular type of applications you run with Java.
An alternative to running Java inside the Xeon Phi is to use offload mode. A likely good starting route would be to use JNA (Java Native Architecture) for Java/C++ or Java/Fortran interoperability.
I suppose some people have tinkered with java native (e.g. gnu java compiler) on Intel(r) Xeon Phi(tm) but there is little to brag about if it can't deliver better performance than it does on a modern laptop.
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Bleeding gums are a lot more common than you think. Almost everyone will experience gum bleeding at some point in their lives and over half of the people in the world have experienced it in the last year while brushing their teeth. While bleeding gums are common, they are also a symptom of gum disease which is a red flag that you need to check with your dental care provider about your oral hygiene routine.
New statistics have shown that people tend to overlook their gums bleeding and 19% or 1 in 5 stop brushing the area that is specifically bleeding and 8% or 1 in 10 stop brushing their teeth completely. Only 21% or 1 in 5 make the proper decision by booking an appointment to see their dental care provider while 28% or more than 1 in 4 people just ignore the problem completely.
While occasional gum bleeding is normal, it still should not be ignored. There are several things that you can change up about your oral hygiene routine to help stop your gums from bleeding.
- Brush With Toothpaste For 2 Minutes A Day, 2 Times A Day
The first thing that you can do is brush your teeth for two minutes, twice a day, using a fluoride toothpaste. This is the first change listed because it is the most important. You should be brushing like this everyday by default for minimal dental care.
Getting into the habit of properly brushing your teeth can prevent many problems down the road. This is very important for your gum health and protects your mouth from developing oral diseases. For optimal results you should be using an electric toothbrush once during the day and once at night when you are finished eating and drinking until the next day.
It is also really important to make sure that you are spitting out any extra toothpaste in your mouth but not rinsing with water when you are finished.
- Flossing Should Be Part Of Your Daily Oral Care Routine
Another important habit to add is flossing. You can floss your teeth with either dental floss or interdental brushes. A toothbrush cannot get in between your teeth like floss and interdental brushes can. Not flossing can cause plaque to build-up and cause decay between the teeth or health problems related to your gums.
If your gums bleed when you begin flossing then you should continue and finish the job because once your gums get used to it they will stop bleeding, usually within a couple of weeks. There have been studies done recently that link good gum health to a lower risk of developing heart disease so taking care of your mouth has a lot more benefits than just preventing your gums from bleeding.
- Kill Bad Bacteria With a Fluoride Mouthwash
Using a fluoride mouthwash is very beneficial to your overall oral health. Mouthwash clears your mouth of debris like leftover food particles, and helps to prevent plaque on your teeth. It prevents plaque build up in between teeth, on the surface of teeth in between brushes, and it helps you to avoid build up of plaque on your gums as well.
Mouthwash even keeps your breath fresh by eliminating the bad bacteria that cause bad breath or halitosis. You should always make sure that your mouthwash contains fluoride in order to get that extra layer of protection for your teeth.
After using mouthwash you should not eat or drink immediately after or rinse your mouth with water as this will wash that layer of protection right off of your teeth.
- Get In The Habit of Visiting The Dentist
If your car is having problems, the initial reaction is to take it to see a mechanic. It should be the same thing when it comes to tooth and gum problems and visiting your dental care provider. Your dentist is there to figure out what the problem is and fix it, like a mechanic for your mouth.
Visiting your dentist regularly for check ups and preventative measures such as cleanings is very important for your overall oral health. Your dental care provider will let you know if you are taking care of your teeth properly and they are more likely to spot problems early on if you visit them frequently.
The standard rate of visits, not including problem visits, is every six months. If you are having problems, whether severe or not, then you should call and book an appointment rather than waiting for your next routine visit.
- Lifestyle & Healthy Diet Is Factor for Oral Health
One last thing that you can pay attention to is your diet and lifestyle choices. Both diet and lifestyle choices have an effect on oral health as well as your overall health in general. Your mouth cannot function properly without a healthy diet and good lifestyle choices.
As far as diet goes, an example of something you should know, is that just because a product says sugar-free on the label doesn’t mean it is. It likely means that there are no additional sugars that have been added aside from naturally-occuring sugar.
Also, lifestyle choices, such as smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol affect oral health as well. If you smoke cigarettes then you are at a much higher risk of developing gum disease because the smoking lessens the oxygen in the bloodstream and the gums that are infected are unable to heal. Smoking has no good effects on your mouth.
Practicing good oral hygiene and taking care of your gums is very important. While bleeding gums can be seen as not much of a concern, it is actually the opposite. If you ignore your gums bleeding, and do not go see your dental care provider, then you could even wind up losing some of your teeth or developing a disease or many other problems.
You should attempt to follow some of the habits listed above and incorporate them into your oral hygiene routine. Taking care of your gums helps you to take care of your teeth which helps to prevent many different diseases and problems that could come about.
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Could Prolonged Sleep Put You At Risk For Dementia?
Data from the Framingham Heart Study has shown that people who consistently sleep more than 9 hours each night had double the risk of developing dementia in 10 years as compared to participants who slept for 9 hours or less. The findings, which appear in the journal Neurology, also found those who slept longer had smaller brain volumes.
A large group of adults enrolled in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), were asked to indicate how long they typically slept each night. Participants were then observed for 10 years to determine who developed dementia, including cases due to Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers from Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) then analyzed the sleep duration data and examined the risk of developing dementia.
“Participants without a high school degree who sleep for more than 9 hours each night had six times the risk of developing dementia in 10 years as compared to participants who slept for less. These results suggest that being highly educated may protect against dementia in the presence of long sleep duration,” says co-corresponding author Sudha Seshadri, MD, professor of neurology at BUSM and FHS senior investigator, in a release.
According to the researchers the results suggest that excessive sleep may be a symptom rather than a cause of the brain changes that occur with dementia. Therefore, interventions to restrict sleep duration are unlikely to reduce this risk.
“Self-reported sleep duration may be a useful clinical tool to help predict persons at risk of progressing to clinical dementia within 10 years. Persons reporting long sleep time may warrant assessment and monitoring for problems with thinking and memory,” adds co-corresponding author Matthew Pase, PhD, fellow in the department of neurology at BUSM and investigator at the FHS.
To read the rest of this article, click here.
You can buy CPAP Machines, tubing and all of your CPAP supplies at CPAP America, 707 Mantua Pike, West Deptford, NJ 08096. Feel free to contact us at 1-800-569-0167.
You can also reach us via email here.
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Environment & Climate Change
The charity promotes planting more trees and hedgerows, taking better care of our soils and restoring peatlands. These actually suck carbon from the air and store it in the ground. And the organisation is calling on government to speed up the move to renewable energy and adhere to a target date for phasing fossil fuels out.
CPRE Rutland is collaborating with Rutland County Council in the production of its future environmental vision for the county and on volunteer litter picking.
The charity also has a particular interest in solar energy, low carbon vehicles and bio diversity. On the latter it is pursuing the adoption of the principles of net gain in biodiversity for all planning applications, whereby developers have to make a financial contribution to the Local Planning Authority to fully replace any measured potential biodiversity loss caused by their development proposals. It is believed Rutland County Council needs to implement this as other forward thinking LPA's have already.
Engaging with young people on environmental issues is seen as a forward step by the charity and the commissioning of appropriate local research and climate change activity. Specifically local research on rural transport, low carbon vehicles and solar energy was undertaken in 2022.
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As new technologies emerge and emissions targets become more ambitious, engineers will require entirely new skill sets to keep pace with industry demands. New postgraduate degrees from QUT will equip them with the tools they need.
A look at a typical day in Brisbane’s transport network perfectly illustrates the revolution underway in data analytics and artificial intelligence. It also shows how engineers can harness innovative, smart solutions as never before to benefit communities and the environment.
The city has more than 2000 signalised intersections equipped with Bluetooth scanners that monitor traffic movements around the clock and generate an extraordinary eight million pieces of data a day.
Meanwhile, Translink public transit vehicles are fitted with GPS units that produce another 25 GB over the same period.
Such vast data sets simultaneously unlock unprecedented opportunities for engineers to develop more sustainable and efficient transport systems, and require them to learn entirely new skills to keep up with industry demands.
Sustainability’s central role
“More diversified transport systems mean that analysis has become much more complex,” said Ashish Bhaskar, Professor of Transport Engineering at Queensland University of Technology (QUT). “New technologies are evolving very quickly, while sustainability is at the heart of every infrastructure project. So the demands on those planning future developments are immense.”
With $120 billion set to be spent on infrastructure over the next decade, it’s no wonder that sustainability engineering has been ranked by the government as one of the top 25 emerging professions.
To help engineering undergraduates gain the specialist skills they’ll need, QUT has launched a suite of postgraduate courses, with the first intake commencing in February 2024, focused on sustainable engineering solutions.
New QUT courses to meet new challenges
Among the new courses is the Master of Sustainable Infrastructure, majoring in Smart Transport and Mobility. It provides the knowledge and experience to lead complex sustainable infrastructure projects and respond rapidly to emerging local and global challenges, such as impacts of climate change, pollution and urbanisation.
The industry-centred course, the only one of its kind in Queensland, takes 18 months to complete and has been designed to address the specific needs of the transport sector.
“Its content was informed by the many interactions we’ve had with our industry partners, so it will have tangible real-world applications,” said QUT Senior lecturer Shamsunnahar Yasmin. “Gaining such a deep understanding of specialised skills from undergraduate degrees is simply not possible.”
QUT is also offering a major in Water Engineering within the Master of Sustainable Infrastructure, focusing on modelling of water systems, flood management, and sustainable water and wastewater treatment technologies.
With mounting pressure on water systems due to population growth and climate change, there’s an urgent need to devise more sustainable drinking supply and wastewater solutions, and achieve improvements to ecosystems and human health. Managing flooding in cities has become a particularly big challenge due to climate change.
The university is offering Commonwealth Supported Places (CSP) for full-time domestic students, which means no upfront fees for those eligible for HELP support.
Transforming public transport
“If we look at those data statistics for Brisbane, it’s clear that transport engineers need to process the data from multiple sources in order to gain insights into how we can persuade more commuters to switch from their cars to buses, trains and ferries,” Bhaskar explained.
“That will only happen if those modes of transport become a more attractive proposition. Ensuring there’s sufficient capacity on each route at different times of day, and that passengers don’t suffer lengthy delays, is critical.”
Such quantitative analysis is obviously integral for transport engineering, but it doesn’t give the full picture, according to Yasmin.
“The main element is always human beings,” she said. “Any calculations or projections have to take into account how people behave and what motivates them. And that can be complicated.”
Particularly as those behaviours evolve as technology advances.
Equipping the next generation of engineers
“Ten years ago, the landscape was very different,” she said. “You either drove, biked or walked. Today there is ride sharing, taxi apps and e-scooter and bike rental. They’ve all fundamentally altered our cities.
“And as transport is the second highest source of pollution and a leading cause of accidents, we need to be proactive in equipping the next generation of engineers with the skills to make it sustainable, safe and beneficial to the community. That’s where our new Masters degrees will play a key role.”
The biggest infrastructure event on the horizon is the 2032 Brisbane Olympics and Paralympics. Bhaskar predicts it will be a catalyst for an even greater emphasis on sustainable solutions.
“Sustainability will be integral to every construction and transport plan associated with it,” he said. “It’s vital that it leaves the city with an environmentally responsible legacy that will serve future generations.”
Accelerate and future proof your career with QUT’s new postgraduate degrees. Applications for courses starting in February 2024 close on 31 January.
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| 0.942331 | 1,078 | 2.625 | 3 |
A crypto airdrop is a distribution of free cryptocurrency tokens or coins to a specific group of people or to the wider crypto community. It is typically initiated by blockchain projects or companies as a way to promote their digital assets, increase awareness, reward existing token holders, or attract new users. In this article, we will explore the concept of crypto airdrops, their purpose, how they work, and some considerations for participants.
Purpose of Crypto Airdrops:
Promotion: Airdrops are often used as a marketing strategy to generate buzz and attract attention to a particular cryptocurrency project or platform. By distributing free tokens, projects can reach a wider audience and potentially increase adoption.
Reward: Airdrops can be a way to reward existing token holders. By distributing additional tokens to holders of a specific cryptocurrency, projects can incentivize and retain their community.
User Acquisition: Airdrops can serve as a method to onboard new users. By providing free tokens, projects can encourage individuals to sign up, explore the platform, and potentially become active participants.
Types of Airdrops:
Standard Airdrops: These airdrops involve distributing tokens to eligible participants based on specific criteria, such as holding a certain amount of a particular cryptocurrency in their wallets. The distribution may occur manually or automatically through smart contracts.
Bounty Airdrops: In bounty airdrops, participants are required to perform specific tasks or actions to receive the free tokens. Tasks can include social media engagement, content creation, bug reporting, or other contributions to the project.
Holder Airdrops: These airdrops reward individuals who hold a particular cryptocurrency in their wallets at a specific snapshot time. The distribution is often proportionate to the amount held, incentivizing users to maintain a long-term investment.
Fork Airdrops: Fork airdrops occur when a new cryptocurrency is created as a result of a blockchain network fork. In this case, holders of the original cryptocurrency receive an equivalent amount of the new cryptocurrency.
How Crypto Airdrops Work:
Announcement and Eligibility: Projects typically announce their airdrop plans through their official channels, social media platforms, forums, or dedicated airdrop websites. They specify the eligibility criteria, such as holding a specific cryptocurrency, completing tasks, or meeting certain conditions.
Registration and Verification: Participants may be required to register for the airdrop by providing their wallet address or completing a KYC (Know Your Customer) process to ensure compliance with regulations and prevent fraudulent activities.
Token Distribution: Once the eligibility period ends, the project distributes the tokens to the eligible participants. The distribution can occur manually by the project team or automatically through smart contracts.
Wallet Compatibility: Participants must have a compatible wallet to receive the airdropped tokens. It’s important to use wallets that support the specific blockchain or token standard of the airdrop to ensure successful token reception.
Token Listing and Trading: After receiving the airdropped tokens, participants can choose to hold them, use them within the project ecosystem, or trade them on cryptocurrency exchanges if the tokens are listed for trading.
Considerations for Airdrop Participants:
Research and Legitimacy: Due diligence is essential before participating in any airdrop. Verify the legitimacy of the project, the team behind it, and the airdrop announcement. Be cautious of scams or projects with questionable intentions.
Wallet Security: Use secure wallets and ensure that they are compatible with the airdrop. Be cautious of sharing private keys or sensitive information with unknown sources. Keep backups of your wallet and follow best security practices.
Compliance and Regulations: Some airdrops may require participants to complete KYC procedures. Ensure that
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Deep Learning Research Identifies Antimalarial Drug
Osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and increases the risk of fractures, particularly in older individuals, has been a persistent health concern. It arises when the balance between bone-building cells (osteoblasts) and bone-resorbing cells (osteoclasts) is disrupted, with osteoclasts becoming overly active, leading to excessive bone loss. Traditional treatments for osteoporosis mainly aim to slow down the activity of osteoclasts. However, scientists have explored a new approach that addresses the root cause of the problem.
Here are the key points about this innovative approach to treating osteoporosis:
1. Osteoporosis Challenge: Osteoporosis is characterized by excessive bone loss and an increased risk of fractures, particularly in older individuals.
2. Balance of Bone Cells: A delicate balance is maintained in healthy individuals between bone-building osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts.
3. Disrupted Balance: Osteoporosis occurs when this balance is disrupted, with overactive osteoclasts leading to bone loss.
4. Conventional Treatments: Current treatments primarily focus on slowing the activity of osteoclasts to mitigate bone loss.
5. AI-Powered Approach: Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning algorithms, have opened up new avenues for addressing osteoporosis.
6. Targeting Stem Cells: Researchers are exploring a novel approach by targeting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), which can become osteoblasts, the bone-building cells.
7. Stem Cell Reprogramming: The goal is to reprogram these versatile stem cells to combat osteoporosis at its source.
8. Deep Learning Analysis: Researchers employed a sophisticated deep learning algorithm to analyze differently expressed genes in mice.
9. Key Discovery: Their research led to the identification of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin, a component used in malaria treatments.
10. Striking Results: When DHA was administered to mice with induced osteoporosis over six weeks, it significantly reduced bone loss in their femurs, preserving bone structure.
11. Advanced Delivery System: Researchers fine-tuned their approach by developing a robust delivery system involving DHA-loaded nanoparticles, ensuring effective treatment.
This innovative approach to osteoporosis treatment represents a promising shift from conventional methods. By targeting mesenchymal stem cells and reprogramming them to counteract the disease, scientists are working toward addressing the root cause of osteoporosis. The use of advanced deep learning algorithms and the discovery of DHA as a potential treatment signify a significant breakthrough in the field. Moreover, the development of a delivery system with nanoparticles enhances the effectiveness of the treatment. This research holds the potential to revolutionize the way osteoporosis is managed and treated, offering hope to those affected by this condition.
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| 0.911533 | 618 | 3.578125 | 4 |
GDP per capita (current US$)
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Source: World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Topic: Economic Indicator
Aggregation Method: Weighted average
License: CC BY-4.0
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| 0.890035 | 125 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The City of London (also known simply as "the City") is divided into 25 wards. The city is the historic core of the much wider metropolis of Greater London, with an ancient and sui generis form of local government, which avoided the many local government reforms elsewhere in the country in the 19th and 20th centuries. Unlike other modern English local authorities, the City of London Corporation has two council bodies: the now largely ceremonial Court of Aldermen, and the Court of Common Council.
The wards are a survival of the medieval governmental system that allowed very small areas to exist as self-governing units within the wider city. They are both electoral/political sub-divisions and permanent ceremonial, geographic and administrative entities within the city. They had their boundaries changed in 2003, and to a lesser extent in 2013, though the number of wards and their names did not change.
Each ward, or aldermanry, has its own alderman, who is the most senior official or representative in the ward. The aldermen traditionally held office for life but in the modern era put themselves up for re-election at least every six years. They also now customarily retire at 70, the same retirement age as a justice of the peace. Each ward (irrespective of its size) returns one alderman to the Court of Aldermen. One of the aldermen is elected (by the senior liverymen) as Lord Mayor of London for a period of one year.
The Lord Mayor performs many functions and holds many ancient positions and privileges. The Lord Mayor continues to be the alderman of their ward during and after their term of office, though there is a period of purdah whilst in (and for a period after) office, and during this period their appointed deputy will usually take their role within the ward. The City of London is the only remaining local authority in Great Britain to have (non-honorary) aldermen, since their general abolition in England and Wales in 1974 and the London boroughs in 1978.
Wards continue to have beadles, with most having just one, but the larger wards two or three. This is an ancient elected office that is now largely ceremonial, in that they accompany their alderman on the eight high ceremonial occasions in the city's civic calendar and in attending to call to order the wardmote, an annual meeting in each ward of electors, representatives and officials. These should not be confused with the beadles of the livery companies of the city, who are employees of them.
The ward's alderman presides over the wardmote and appoints one of the common councillors of the ward as a deputy (in some wards two are appointed) for the year ahead. Wardmotes at which an alderman is to be elected are presided over by the Lord Mayor. There are also ward clubs, which are similar to residents' associations found elsewhere in the country, but because these have membership open to those without an electoral qualification in the ward they have essentially become social clubs as part of the city's general civic social life along with the guilds, associations and liveries. There are twenty-two of these (Farringdon has always been an association of both wards of that name and Vintry and Dowgate the result of merger of the two clubs of each ward in 1957). Confusingly, there is also a 'United Wards Club' which was formed before many of the others as a joint association and is now additional to them.
In recent times the ward clerk is a permanent position held by an official at the corporation, and based at the Guildhall, though wards can appoint (usually at the wardmote) an honorary ward clerk in addition. The ward clerk is a separate office to that of the Town Clerk of London, who is the chief executive of the corporation.
Particular churches, livery halls and other historic buildings, structures and institutions are associated with specific wards, such as St Paul's Cathedral with Castle Baynard ward, Vintners' Hall with Vintry ward, the insurance markets (especially Lloyd's) with Lime Street ward, and London Bridge with Bridge ward. Boundary changes in 2003 removed some of these connected places from their wards, but that boundary review and the current review do take into account of these historic/traditional connections.
The City of London Police use the wards in their day-to-day neighbourhood policing, as well as in recording crime and other statistics, with each ward having a constable assigned, known as the Ward Constable, with the larger wards having Assistant Ward Constables in addition.
The wards appear to have taken shape by the 11th century, before the Norman conquest of England. Their administrative, judicial and militia purposes made them equivalent to hundreds in the shires. The primary purpose of wards that had a gate on the city wall appears to be the defence of that gate, as gates were the weakest points in any fortification.
In 1322 it was settled that an assembly consisting of two people elected from each ward would create ordinances for the whole City; in 1346 the number of representatives from each ward was formally linked to the size of the ward. The Common Council as we know it today, as a representative body of the wards, was realised in 1384 when the city's guilds no longer elected members. The number of members of the Common Council grew to 240 by the mid-nineteenth century, but is today fixed at 100.
Each ward was divided into precincts, each of which elected one common councilman. As the number of precincts grew over time, the number of councilmen elected therefore also increased. The precincts have now been abolished.
The wards are ancient and their number has only changed three times since their creation in time immemorial. Their number was stated as 24 in the year 1206. In 1394 Farringdon was divided into Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without. In 1550 the ward of Bridge Without was created south of the river, with the ward of Bridge becoming Bridge Within. These two wards were merged in 1978, into the present-day Bridge ward. Thus the number of wards was 24 prior to 1394, 25 from 1394 to 1550, then 26 from 1550 to 1978, and has been 25 since 1978.
The words "Without" and "Within" indicate whether the ward fell outside or within the London Wall, though only Farringdon and (formerly) Bridge have been split into separate wards in this way (Bridge Without was beyond the gates on London Bridge). Some wards—Aldersgate, Bishopsgate and Cripplegate—cover an area that was both within and without the Wall and, although not split into separate wards, often the part (or division) within the Wall is denoted (on maps, in documents, etc.) as being "Within" and the part outside the Wall as being "Without". Archaically "Infra" (within) and "Extra" (without) and the terms "intramural" and "extramural" had the same meaning.
Following changes to the City of London's boundary in 1994 and later reform of the business vote in the city, the wards underwent a major boundary and electoral representation revision in 2003. The ward boundaries, and electoral representation at the Court of Common Council, were reviewed again in 2010 for change in 2013, though the change is less extensive this time. The review was conducted by senior officers of the corporation and senior judges of the Old Bailey. The wards are not reviewed by the Electoral Commission or a local government boundary commission under the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 and (unlike other local government electoral reviews) the number and the names of the wards do not change.
The final decision on changes to ward boundaries and representation was made by the Court of Common Council and an Act of Common Council was passed on 4 November 2010 to give effect to the changes from 8 March 2013.
Under the current arrangements, each ward is an electoral district, electing one alderman to the Court of Aldermen, and between two and ten common councilmen (the city's equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council. The number of common councilmen elected by a ward depends inter alia on the number of electors (which comprises both of residents and the business vote) in the ward.
Only electors who are freemen are eligible to stand. Instead of a conventional electoral register, each ward has a ward list. All common councilmen are elected every four years in one set of elections held Citywide. A by-election in a particular ward can occur between scheduled elections if a vacancy arises, for example, by the resignation or death of a councilman. The elections of aldermen are held individually from one another and arise if the sitting alderman dies, resigns or (after the six-year term) puts themselves up for re-election.
Since the 2003 review (and confirmed by the 2013 review process) the four residential wards elect twenty of the hundred common councilmen, and the remaining, "business-dominated" wards elect the remaining eighty councilmen. The four residential wards are Portsoken, Queenhithe, Aldersgate and Cripplegate, and the 2003 boundary changes reinforced this. The majority of City residents are in the Barbican Estate which is split between Aldersgate and Cripplegate wards. There are a minimum of two common councilmen per ward and three specific wards have their number of councilmen capped: Farringdon Without at ten, Cripplegate at nine and Farringdon Within at eight.
With boundary changes as well as changes in the electorate, the elections in 2013 and 2017 elected a revised number of common councilmen in a number of wards. The present and altered representation is shown in the main ward summary table below; the total number of common councilmen (one hundred) will not change. The cap on Farringdon Without is maintained; the wards of Farringdon Within and Castle Baynard each have eight councilmen by normal allocation.
Some wards were, or are, divided into two divisions (these are given in the main ward list of this article) and where this happens a Deputy is appointed by the Alderman for each division, instead of the one for the whole ward. Additionally, all wards were further divided into precincts.
The numbers and names of these precincts changed gradually over the centuries; precincts were named in various manners across the city's wards. In some wards they were named after localities or the numerous parishes (on which many precincts were based), in other wards they were simply given numbers. In those wards which were divided into divisions, the precincts were allocated to one division or another.
As of around 1800, the numbers of precincts in each ward (and for each division in brackets) were: Aldersgate 8 (4 Within and 4 Without), Aldgate 7, Bassishaw 2, Billingsgate 12, Bishopsgate 9 (5 Within and 4 Without), Bread Street 13, Bridge Within 14, Broad Street 10, Candlewick 7, Castle Baynard 10, Cheap 9, Coleman Street 6, Cordwainer 8, Cornhill 4, Cripplegate 13 (9 Within and 4 Without), Dowgate 8, Farringdon Within 17, Farringdon Without 16, Langbourn 12, Lime Street 4, Portsoken 5, Queenhithe 6, Tower 12, Vintry 9, and Walbrook 7. This amounted to 228 precincts, making each precinct on average around 3 acres (1.2 ha) in size. The City of London was very densely populated until the mid-19th century, giving each precinct in the region of 500 residents on average.
A record of the wards, their divisions and precincts (including the names of the precincts) in 1715 give the following differences from the above figures: Aldersgate Within 5, Billingsgate 6, Broad Street 8 (4 Upper and 4 Lower), Castle Baynard 7 (4 First and 3 Second), Farringdon Without 15 (Fleet Street Side 8 and Holborn Side 7), and Queenhithe 9. This record also states the numbers of precincts for each division in two further wards: Dowgate (4 West and 4 East), and Langbourn (7 West and 5 East). This made a total of 220 precincts in 1715.
Each precinct elected a Common Councilman. In 1831 there were a total of 236 Common Councilmen (including Deputies, some of whom were elected in their wards in addition to the Councilmen elected by precincts). The ward of Bridge Without had no precincts and did not elect any Common Councilmen throughout its history.
Precincts no longer exist in the city.
The number of Commoners each ward returns to the Court of Common Council is given (for both before and after the 2013 election); being largely based on the size of the electorate, this gives some indication as to the present number of residents (with respect to the four residential wards) and the scale of business activity. (A † symbol is shown where the representation has been capped despite the normal allocation rules.)
|Aldersgate||5||6||Often (though not currently) divided into "Within" and "Without"||Named for the Roman gate.|
|Aldgate||5||5||None||Named for the Roman gate|
|Bassishaw||3||2||None||Archaically named "Basinghall ward"; historically the smallest ward.|
|Bishopsgate||8||6||Often (even today) divided into "Within" and "Without", with a Deputy appointed for each division||Named for the Roman gate.|
|Bridge and Bridge Without||2||2||None||Merger of Bridge (Within) with Bridge Without in 1978; commonly known simply as Bridge.|
|Broad Street||3||3||Historically (pre-c. 1800) was divided into "Upper" and "Lower" divisions.|
|Castle Baynard||7||8||Historically (pre-c. 1800) was divided into "First" and "Second" divisions||Named after the former Baynard's Castle.|
|Cheap||2||3||None||Archaic word meaning "market".|
|Cordwainer||3||3||None||Sometimes referred to as the "Cordwainers' ward" — the trade which gave the ward its name.|
|Cripplegate||9†||8||Often (even today) divided into "Within" and "Without", with 5 Councilmen allocated to Within, 4 to Without, and a Beadle and a Deputy appointed for each division||Named for the Roman gate.|
|Dowgate||2||2||Historically (pre-c. 1800) was divided into "East" and "West" divisions.|
|Farringdon Within||8†||8||Currently divided into "North" and "South" sides, with 4 Common Councilmen allocated to and a Deputy appointed for each side||Result of split of Farringdon ward in 1394; within the London Wall.|
|Farringdon Without||10†||10†||Divided (historically) into Fleet Street and Holborn sides, or (historically and currently) into "North" and "South" sides with 5 Common Councilmen allocated to and a Deputy appointed for each side. City Police however now split ward east–west||Result of split of Farringdon ward in 1394; outwith the Wall; includes Inner Temple and Middle Temple.|
|Langbourn||2||3||Historically (pre-c. 1800) was divided into "East" and "West" divisions||Spelt variously over the ages; possibly named after a supposed subterranean stream.|
|Portsoken||4||4||None||Lay entirely outwith the London Wall.|
|Tower||5||4||None||Historically known as "Tower Street ward".|
|Vintry||2||2||None||Named for its association with the Vintners.|
|Walbrook||2||2||None||Named after the small (now subterranean) stream that flows through the area.|
|Farringdon||Became by far the largest ward due to the city's westward expansion;|
split into separate Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without wards in 1394
|Bridge Without||Created in 1550; the only City ward south of the Thames (and in Surrey);|
ceased to be part of the City in 1899, however only de jure merged with Bridge (Within) in 1978
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House of the Giant (Heidelberg)
The Haus zum Riesen is a modern city palace built in 1707 in Heidelberg's old town . The building is named after a statue that adorns the building . It has been used by the University of Heidelberg since the middle of the 19th century , and several important scientists once worked there.
Building history of the palace
In front of the palace , built in the Baroque style in 1707 at Hauptstrasse No. 52, the inn "Zum Löwen" was located on this property . The building owner of the newly built palace was the Secret Council and Lieutenant General Eberhard Friedrich von Venningen . The architect of the palace was Johann Adam Breunig , according to whose plans the Heidelberg Jesuit College and the Heidelberg Old University were built.
With the express permission of the elector, the building was allowed to be constructed from ashlar stones from the blown thick tower of Heidelberg Castle . His name Haus zum Riesen , the building was a larger than life statue that represents the client. The statue was created by Heinrich Charrasky . It adorns the central projection at the level of the second floor . In the early 19th century, an inn with a brewery was operated in the building .
The palace has been owned by Heidelberg University since the mid-19th century , and various institutes have had their headquarters in this building since then. For example, the chemists explored Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff here on the spectral analysis . The physiologist Hermann Helmholtz , inventor of the ophthalmoscope , the geologist Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi and other important scientists worked and researched here. The home to the Giant was around 1907 under the direction of Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi, the seat of the Geological - Palaeontological Institute of the University Heidelberg.lf
The lower jaw of the wall
Here Otto Schoetensack researched recovered fossils . Schoetensack examined and described in the years 1907/1908, at his place of work in the Haus zum Riesen, the oldest prehistoric human find in Central Europe, the lower jaw of Mauer , which he named Homo heidelbergensis .
A type specimen of the lower jaw of Homo heidelbergensis found in the sands of Mauer is a cast in the museum of the Institute for Geosciences at Heidelberg University.
- Bernd Müller: Architectural Guide Heidelberg - Buildings around 1000–2000. City of Heidelberg 1998
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As a teacher, you have the incredible responsibility of facilitating learning in your classroom, which includes establishing positive, meaningful teacher and student relationships. Building strong connections is key for creating an environment conducive to student success.
In this article, we’ll look at how you can effectively build positive relationships with your students with 7 actionable strategies. Whether you’re new to teaching or have been in education for a while, these tips will help you create stronger bonds with your students so you can put them on the path to academic success.
Importance of student-teacher relationships
The student-teacher relationship is fundamental to your students’ success both in school and outside of it. A positive student-teacher relationship enhances learning, improves engagement and motivation, influences peer relationships, and can have a lasting impact on student lives.
When students have a strong connection with their teachers, they are more engaged and motivated, more likely to participate actively in class, and more invested in their education. In addition, teachers who build a caring and supportive relationship with their students create a safe space where students feel understood and respected. These students are more likely to take risks, express their ideas, and explore their interests.
And because teachers act as role models, positive teacher-student relationships can also influence students’ attitudes towards learning and how students interact with each other. Teachers who model values such as respect and cooperation promote positive behaviours and social interactions, not only between the teacher and their student, but also between students and their peers.
7 ways to build positive teacher-student relationships
1. Provide structure
A well-structured lesson ensures time in the classroom is optimised, with very little downtime. Routines that are transparent and predictable make students feel safe, build trust between students and teachers, and can lead to better learning outcomes. Lesson structures that change frequently, on the other hand, create unpredictability, which can cause anxiety.
In fact, providing structure is so important to student learning that it’s included as one of the “high impact teaching strategies” (HITS) – a collection of 10 instructional practices that can be used to improve student learning. Based on the findings of thousands of studies, the HITS are recognised as the most reliable strategies for improving learning outcomes.
So how do you ensure your lessons are well structured? Start by setting the purpose of the lesson, articulating clear goals and outlining the content you’re going to cover. Make sure transitions between lesson parts are smooth and call attention to main ideas throughout the lesson. Then, end the lesson with a review of the main points.
2. Be enthusiastic
Enthusiasm is contagious and can inspire students to become more engaged and motivated in their learning. That’s because when a teacher displays enthusiasm, it can foster a sense of positivity among their students and ignite curiosity for the subject matter, making students more likely to participate. When students perceive that their teacher genuinely enjoys teaching and is passionate about the subject, it can help to develop trust and connection, building a stronger student-teacher bond.
3. Make learning fun
Students engage more with teachers who make learning fun by creating an exciting and enjoyable learning environment. There are plenty of ways to do this, such as making use of gamification, interactive presentations, AR technology and apps like Promethean’s Whiteboard app, which provides easy ways to enhance lessons and create immersive activities.
Making learning fun not only fosters a positive teacher-student relationship, but it can also improve student motivation and engagement and lead to better learning outcomes. A study found that using digital technology in education has a positive impact on student engagement and motivation, with students being more likely to participate, interact with their peers, and hold positive attitudes towards learning.
4. Show respect and build trust
Respect is fundamental for building a positive teacher-student relationship. When teachers demonstrate respect for their students, it creates an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding. Students feel valued, acknowledged, and appreciated, which leads to a positive and meaningful relationship with their teacher. Respectful and positive teacher-student interactions foster a sense of safety, encourage students to participate actively in class, and contribute to the creation of a positive, supportive and inclusive classroom climate.
Respectful communication is also essential for effective teacher-student interactions. When teachers listen attentively and respond respectfully, it fosters open and meaningful conversations and builds a sense of connection and understanding between teacher and student.
5. Encourage feedback
Feedback is a powerful tool for building positive relationships with students because it creates an environment of trust where students feel supported and valued, leading to stronger and more meaningful connections.
Feedback can be used to provide praise and recognition for your students’ hard work. This kind of positive feedback can boost your students’ self-confidence and enthusiasm for learning, creating a more positive learning environment, and stronger relationship between student and teacher.
On the other hand, when students receive constructive feedback in a respectful and caring way, they understand that the teacher has their best interests at heart. It shows that the teacher believes in their potential and is committed to helping them succeed. This type of attention helps students feel valued and supported.
It’s also important that feedback flows both ways. Establishing a two-way dialogue gives students the opportunity to share their thoughts and ask questions. This open communication can help students feel comfortable expressing their ideas and concerns, which in turn can help you establish trust.Digital technology is great for capturing and delivering detailed and actionable feedback. For example, Promethean’s ActivInspire Annotate app enables teachers to quickly comment or draw on anything displayed on the ActivPanel screen, including student work, while the ActivInspire Screen Recorder app provides a way to create quick, engaging video feedback.
6. Build a safe and welcoming space
It’s important that every student feels safe and welcome in the classroom. A safe learning environment promotes a positive classroom climate where students feel safe to participate, express their thoughts and opinions, ask questions, and take risks.
Teachers who foster such an environment contribute to the development of positive relationships with their students. It also helps to build trust between students and teachers because it demonstrates that the teacher is committed to their students’ well-being.
The teacher plays a major role in ensuring the classroom is a safe space by building a culture of trust and mutual respect. To create a safe and welcoming space, teachers should celebrate diversity, monitor for and address bullying, encourage questioning, reframe mistakes as learning opportunities and celebrate student achievements.
7. Know your students and how they learn
All students have different strengths and weaknesses, and each of your students will have a learning style that best suits their unique needs. By learning about your students’ different learning styles, you can provide each and every student with the support they need to succeed.
Learning about your students’ learning needs, and then tailoring your lessons to meet those needs, is important for building a positive student-teacher relationship because it shows that you recognise and value the uniqueness of each student. This helps students feel seen, heard, and understood, fostering a sense of connection and trust. It conveys that you care about your students’ progress and success.
One of the most effective ways to accommodate different learning styles is through differentiated teaching, an approach that emphasises personalised instruction (and another one of the 10 HITs). Differentiated teaching enables you to design and deliver lessons tailored to the unique needs of each student in your classroom.
Technology is an invaluable resource for planning and delivering differentiated teaching. For example, you can use Promethean’s interactive display and teaching software to ensure content is accessible and engaging for all students, using technologies like audio recordings, videos, interactive games and presentations, virtual excursions, recorded lessons, podcasts, music, and assistive technologies, such as voice-to-text and text-to-speech software.
Using technology to build positive student-teacher relationships
Technology is an invaluable asset for teachers looking to build positive relationships with their students. EdTech tools can enable you to create more engaging lessons and activities, tailor your instruction depending on the needs of your students, administer and receive feedback, and make learning more fun. These are just a few ways in which incorporating technology into the classroom can help foster strong teacher-student bonds. If you’re interested in learning how Promethean can help you promote positive teacher-student relationships with cutting-edge EdTech tools, get in touch.
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America's Food: What You Don't Know About What You Eat
Harvey Blatt is the author of
The complete story of what we don't know, and what we should know, about American food production and its effect on health and the environment.
We don't think much about how food gets to our tables, or what had to happen to fill our supermarket's produce section with perfectly round red tomatoes and its meat counter with slabs of beautifully marbled steak. We don't realize that the meat in one fast-food hamburger may come from a thousand different cattle raised in five different countries. In fact, most of us have a fairly abstract understanding of what happens on a farm. In America's Food, Harvey Blatt gives us the specifics. He tells us, for example, that a third of the fruits and vegetables grown are discarded for purely aesthetic reasons; that the artificial fertilizers used to enrich our depleted soil contain poisonous heavy metals; that chickens who stand all day on wire in cages choose feed with pain-killing drugs over feed without them; and that the average American eats his or her body weight in food additives each year. Blatt also asks us to think about the consequences of eating food so far removed from agriculture; why unhealthy food is cheap; why there is an International Federation of Competitive Eating; what we don't want to know about how animals raised for meat live, die, and are butchered; whether people are even designed to be carnivorous; and why there is hunger when food production has increased so dramatically. America's Food describes the production of all types of food in the United States and the environmental and health problems associated with each. After taking us on a tour of the American food system—not only the basic food groups but soil, grain farming, organic food, genetically modified food, food processing, and diet—Blatt reminds us that we aren't powerless. Once we know the facts about food in America, we can change things by the choices we make as consumers, as voters, and as ethical human beings
Download citation file:
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Nuclear weapons are conceptualized, designed, developed, produced, maintained in the stockpile, and then retired and dismantled. This sequence is called the nuclear weapons life cycle and is detailed here.
Phase 1: concept study
The Department of Energy (DOE)/National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) and/or Department of Defense (DOD) make preliminary assessments of the effectiveness and survivability of a weapon concept and identify delivery system/nuclear warhead trade-offs.
Phase 2: program feasibility study
The technical feasibility of weapon concepts developed in Phase 1 is determined. Alternatives within the concepts are also developed.
Phase 2A: design definition and cost study
Once the feasibility study is completed, the Phase 2A study is conducted to refine warhead design definition, program schedule, and cost estimates.
Phase 3: full-scale engineering development
The program baseline is established. Additional efforts to test and evaluate the warhead to engineering standards are completed.
Phase 4: production engineering
DOE/NNSA transitions the developmental warhead design into manufacturing processes. The required production line equipment and tools are designed to ensure that all required components can be produced.
Phase 5: first production
DOE/NNSA procures raw materials, establishes the production line, starts producing components, evaluates the production processes and products, and makes modifications if necessary. DOE/NNSA conducts tests and evaluations of the warhead components from the production line.
Phase 6: quantity production and stockpile maintenance and evaluation
DOE/NNSA increases the production rate of warheads and components and delivers the completed warheads to DOD for the stockpile. NNSA continues to test and evaluate components as required. Stockpile maintenance is performed. Safety, security, personnel reliability, use control, transportation, supply publications, accountability, inspections, emergency response preparation and exercises, and technical operations training are performed.
Phase 6.1: concept assessment
Concepts to meet DOD and DOE/NNSA needs are assessed. If valid, the Project Officers Groups (POG) decides whether a formal program study is warranted or whether the activity should be managed as a maintenance action outside the 6.X Process.
Phase 6.2: feasibility study and design options
The POG develops design options and assesses the feasibility (e.g., cost, schedule, and technical maturity) of these options based on developed criteria to include tradeoffs and courses of action depending on military characteristics, stockpile-to-target sequences, timelines, and budgetary and resource constraints to meet the needs for a particular nuclear weapon.
Phase 6.2A: design definition and cost study
The POG refines the down-select options by updating criteria, developing design and qualification plans, identifying production needs, and creating a preliminary life-cycle plan. This phase culminates with the release of the Joint Integrated Project Plan (JIPP) from the POG and the Weapon Design and Cost Report (WDCR) from the DOE/NNSA. The JIPP serves as the baseline control document for the stockpile sustainment activity.
Phase 6.3: development engineering
DOE/NNSA in coordination with the DOD conducts experiments, tests, and analyses to develop and validate the selected design option. The national laboratories initiate process development activities and produce test hardware, as required.
Phase 6.4: production engineering
DOE/NNSA refines the developmental design into a producible design and prepares the production agencies for production. DOE/NNSA updates production cost estimates and defines procedures with the DOD to conduct stockpile sustainment.
Phase 6.5: first production
DOE/NNSA production agencies produce the first warheads. The POG determines if these warheads meet design and military requirements.
Phase 6.6: full-scale production
DOE/NNSA must have written authorization from the NWC prior to beginning full-scale production and delivery of refurbished weapons for the stockpile.
Phase 7: retirement/storage
Retirement is the reduction quantity of that warhead-type in the stockpile. This phase initiates a process that continues until all warheads of that type are retired and dismantled.
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Horticulture could be the art and science of developing and cultivating many flowers in pots for personal use as a passion or perhaps revenue. Landscapes are generally expanded to thesplendor and plants, or greenery advantageous plant life, for those veggies and fruits they deliver or beneficial therapeutic plants, for those flowers they contain. Growing plants is just about the very first types of farming acknowledged to the human race. Early persons developed plants and flowers for example whole wheat and barley, and applied them formeals and fuel, and fertilizer these very early societies set about implementing backyards to makesmall cloth and meal, house constructing fabric, and shelter.
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Now, garden is practiced by many folks, as well as being typically a significant part associated with a home’s decor. A main post of issue for many is definitely the blossoms they will develop into their gardens. Every single males, lady and gardener, young or old, needs fresh flowers in everyshapes and colors, and capacities. This is the incredibly satisfying task that provides workout, rest and fun and also is usually a source of funds.
In ancient times, the principle report of concern for individuals landscaping was the flowers they increased. In current modern society, persons shrub veggies, some fruits, and in many cases blossoms to produceclothes and meal, home-creating product, and protection. Crops, whether they are fresh flowers or veggies, are usually perceived as getting additional “organic” than other solutions, but this is not always the case. Lots of vegetation, like some elaborate fresh flowers, are treated with pesticide sprays and also other harsh chemicals which may be harmful to human beings.
Herbal plants and produce are generally harvested in garden soil which has been enriched with garden compost. This adds the nourishment vital to produce the crops increase and do well. Besidescompost and manure, and plants, men and women will sometimes put manure from your cow, sheep, or chicken breast for their landscapes to provide puppy aminoacids for the plants and flowers. Even though men and women use normal rich compost to fertilize their home gardens, other folks will blend rich compost with manure from pets or animals. In any case, any fertilizer used should be natural, chemical like-free, and drinking water-soluble.
One of many variations somewhere between outdoors and in house backyards would be the escalating time. Inside gardens are usually comprised in the home or other enclosed structure throughout the increasing time of year, once the temperature and moisture are more strong. In contrast, exterior backyards tend to be found external, where by they might encounter various temperatures and environments every day. Equally types of backyards should really be stored very well-taken care of, specifically over the growing season.
When you begin garden, it is wise to examine your dirt. You will need to increase different nutrition includingnitrogen and potash, and phosphorous. You may want to really need to analyze foriron and copper, and zinc. Your garden products dept at the community garden store should be able to support you with any nutrient inadequacies you might have. The quantity of these nutrients that you just put in your earth is a crucial part of ensuring that your flowers will improve accurately.
Lots of people find that growing plants adds something great on their existence. For a few, horticulture provides an wall plug for creativity. It lets people to give plant life alive, letting them see final results without using instruments or earth. For some individuals, horticulture permits them to escape the rigors on the business office. Whether you are thinking about planting veggies at home or promoting your generate for the market, you could find an abundance of growing plants ideas by perusing garden publications, talking to gardeners, and checking out gardens close to you.
Should you be just getting started with landscaping, you might think that the cost of obtaining seed products and compost is substantial. The good thing is, you will find discount rates on many garden products by sorting out nearby garden sales or simply online auction marketplace websites. You will consider you want to shrub your fresh vegetables, as you get more experienced with growing plants. With the number of options to select from, placing your own personal greens is surely an pleasurable way to save money and improve your health at the same time.
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Dogs are loyal buddies, but they may additionally hold bacteria that can produce you unwell. So it is necessary to wash your palms often and stay clear of exposure to dogs when possible. quick
On top of that, particular species are actually very likely to deal with a lot of hereditary ailments. That is actually why it is crucial to understand what signs to try to find.
Cancer is actually a common ailment that can easily impact canines of all ages and also breeds. It is actually a leading cause of death among pet dogs 10 years as well as older, yet the majority of forms of canine cancer cells are actually treatable if sensed and alleviated early.
The very best means to prevent cancer is to on a regular basis have your dog checked for swellings, bumps, and stained skin layer by your animal medical practitioner. A simple test phoned an alright needle aspiration can easily calculate if cancerous cells are present.
Particular breeds of dogs are actually much more susceptible to cultivating cancer cells than others. These consist of fighters, bull terriers, Boston terriers, and also Labrador retrievers.
A canine’s soul is one of one of the most necessary body organs in their body system and also lots of types of heart disease could be found. Some exist at childbirth (genetic) and also others build as the dog ages.
A typical sort of heart disease is congestive heart failure (CHF). When the cardiovascular system can not push enough blood via the body to maintain all of them to life, this health condition happens.
There are medicines accessible that might slow the progress of some heart conditions and minimize indicators. These are actually certainly not a treatment and will only function if detected as well as treated in the very early phases.
A canine’s immune system shields the physical body versus contaminations as well as other foreign substances. It involves a network of leukocyte, antitoxins and various other defenses.
Some pet dogs are actually born with an inherited problem of the body immune system that disrupts their potential to combat infections. This kind of disease is actually referred to as immunodeficiency.
Immunodeficiencies could be major (inherited as an autosomal latent characteristic) or secondary (gotten). An animal medical practitioner will definitely do a bloodwork and also biochemistry profile to establish your canine’s immune system efficiency.
The vet might additionally suggest a comprehensive method to enhancing your pet’s immune system. This can consist of offering your dog certain nutrients, including zinc, vitamin E as well as selenium.
Junction condition is actually a popular concern that can easily impact your dog of any sort of age. It may additionally lead to serious health ailments and also personal injuries or even alleviated appropriately.
A Thornton vet can calculate whether your dog is actually developing shared ailment via an extensive exam. They can easily likewise assess your pet’s diet plan, task degree and also various other variables to view if shared discomfort is actually the source.
There are actually a number of veterinarian therapies on call to aid handle your pet’s ache and irritation. A few of them feature medicine as well as supplements. Your vet will highly recommend a procedure plan that is actually ideal for your pet dog’s particular demands. These procedure alternatives must provide suggestive renovation, decrease pain and allow your dog to enjoy normal workout once more.
Excessive weight is actually a common nutrition-related health issue in canines. It happens when regular caloric intake surpasses the electricity shed, causing excess body system excess fat that can lead to a large variety of troubles.
Depending upon the underlying root cause of excessive weight, it can be handled through diet plan, exercise and personality alteration. It can easily also be actually treated through veterinary assistance, including nutritional therapy or medicine therapy.
Cysts can easily show up anywhere on your pet’s system, from little bumps to big masses. Some tumors are harmless while others are cancerous.
These growths occur when tissues increase out of hand, forming irregular tissue. They perform certainly not comply with the all-natural pattern of cell death as well as may certainly not be actually gotten rid of without surgical procedure or chemotherapy.
While many of these growths are actually benign, they can trigger significant troubles if they advance vital body organs or even nerves. These cysts may also spread to other portion of the physical body in a method referred to as metastasis.
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To better understand the captivating world of dreams, delve into the introduction, where the definition of dreams and the importance they hold will be explored. Gain insights into the mysterious realm of dreams and discover why they have such significance in our lives.
Definition of Dreams
Dreams have been a mystery to humans for ages. They are made up of thoughts, images and sensations during sleep. Dreams could mean more than just random ideas – they can be a sign of our deepest fears, desires, and emotions.
Interpretations of dreams depend on the individual’s background, life experiences and feelings. Symbols in dreams can have special meanings, like flying in a dream can stand for freedom or being chased may represent fear.
Dreams have been an important part of many cultures and religions. In ancient times, they were believed to be messages from gods or visions of the future.
The Bible tells the story of Joseph, who interpreted Pharaoh’s dream and saved Egypt from famine. It shows how dreams were seen as important in old societies and their power to help in difficult times.
Importance of Dreams
Dreams are super important! They give us motivation and help us find our goals. Dreams can even help us discover new things and make great inventions. From Einstein’s theory of relativity to MLK Jr.’s famous speech, dreams have changed the world.
Dreams can also help us solve problems and make decisions. Many successful people get their ideas from dreams. Our unconscious minds can give us innovative ideas while we sleep.
Dreams can also help us with our emotions. We can explore feelings that are hard to express in real life. Through dream analysis, we can learn more about ourselves and heal.
Dreams have been around for thousands of years. People used to believe they were messages from gods. During the Renaissance, philosophers studied dreams to learn about the human mind.
So, let’s explore the strange world of dreams! Where nightmares reign and unicorns make frequent appearances.
The Science of Dreams
To understand “The Science of Dreams” and explore what dreams really look like, dive into the sleep cycle, REM and non-REM sleep, and the role of the brain in dreaming. Discover how these sub-sections shed light on the fascinating world of dreams and unravel the science behind their mysterious nature.
The Sleep Cycle
The Sleep Cycle is a fascinating discovery which has been studied by researchers for centuries. In 1953, scientists identified Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep as a distinct stage – a breakthrough which revolutionized our understanding of dreams and their importance.
The Sleep Cycle consists of:
- Stage 1: A transition phase between wakefulness and sleep, with drowsiness and decreased brain activity.
- Stage 2: Body gradually relaxing, and brain waves become slower with occasional bursts of rapid waves (sleep spindles).
- Stage 3: Deep sleep stage, essential for physical restoration, with extremely slow brain waves.
- REM Sleep: Dreams occur here, with increased brain activity and rapid eye movements under closed eyelids.
- Nighttime Sleep Cycles: Stages repeat in cycles of around 90 minutes each.
Studying The Sleep Cycle leads to advances in fields such as neuroscience, psychology, and medicine. It helps us to understand our minds and bodies during sleep. REM and Non-REM Sleep provide an experience like a movie but without the high-priced snacks!
REM and Non-REM Sleep
REM Sleep: This stage usually begins 90 minutes after falling asleep. Initially it lasts for about 10 minutes, but gradually increases to around an hour as the night progresses. Brain waves resemble those when we are awake while our muscles relax to avoid acting out our dreams.
N1 Stage: This marks the switch from being awake to falling asleep. We experience light sleep and can be easily woken up.
N2 Stage: Our body temperature drops and heart rate slows further. It makes up the majority of our sleep cycle.
N3 Stage: Deep or slow-wave sleep. This is the most restorative stage. Tissue repair, hormone release, and energy restoration occur here.
Studies have shown that REM Sleep is important for memory consolidation and emotional processing. It has also been linked to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
In 1953, Eugene Aserinsky – the ‘father’ of REM Sleep research – accidentally discovered rapid eye movement while monitoring his son’s sleeping patterns. This discovery has drastically changed our understanding of sleep and dreams.
Dreaming is the brain’s way of saying ‘Lights, Camera, Hallucination!‘
The Role of the Brain in Dreaming
The brain plays a major role in the mysterious world of dreams. As we sleep, our brains create complex patterns that cause vivid and often peculiar dream experiences. Different regions of the brain work together in harmony to make this happen.
The cerebral cortex is a key part of these processes. It’s the outer layer of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions. It acts as a stage, allowing us to feel emotions, create scenarios, and interact with imaginary characters. The limbic system, a group of structures deep in the brain, helps regulate emotions and form memories that can appear in our dreams.
The brain stem is important during REM sleep – a stage linked to dreaming. This region sends signals to temporarily paralyze our muscles, so we don’t act out our dreams. Without this, we could do dangerous things in our sleep.
Recent studies have shown how neurotransmitters help dreams form. For example, serotonin is thought to affect the intensity and emotions in dreams. Acetylcholine helps with memory consolidation during dreaming hours, which may help us learn and solve problems.
Researchers are still figuring out the relation between dreaming and mental well-being. Dreams may help process emotions and memories, leading to greater creativity and problem-solving skills. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to new treatments for mental health issues like trauma or sleep disorders.
The next time you drift off into sleep, remember your brain is off on an amazing journey. Exploring the processes in the brain during dreaming states may unlock more secrets about this captivating mystery. Don’t miss out on the chance to explore the depths of your own mind and discover what’s hidden inside.
The Visual Aspect of Dreams
To better understand the visual aspect of dreams, delve into the solutions explored in this section: exploring dream landscapes and recognizing common dream imagery. By delving into dreamscapes and recognizing recurring dream symbols, you can gain insight into the visual language of your dreams and unravel their hidden meanings.
Dreams possess an extraordinary power to take us to fantastical realms, full of our wildest imaginations. In these ethereal landscapes, our minds explore endless possibilities and experiences that defy nature. Let us delve deeper into the captivating world of dreamscapes to uncover their mesmerizing allure.
Within our dreamscapes, we find breathtaking vistas that defy logic. Mundane boundaries vanish, giving way to transcendent views that astound us. Enigmatic landscapes emerge, cloaked in mystery and intrigue, beckoning us to uncover their secrets. As we explore uncharted territories within our dreams, we are liberated from constraints and behold astonishing scenes that fire up our imaginations.
In this vast expanse of subconscious creation lies an array of unique details waiting to be discovered. Every dream presents new scenarios and environments that challenge our perceptions and widen our perspective. From floating islands to underwater cities, each dream unveils a distinct world brimming with infinite creativity. Embracing these unprecedented visions allows us to access the boundless depths of human imagination.
Unlock the potential of your dreamscapes journey today. Step into unexplored territories where breathtaking wonders await. Don’t miss out on this chance to experience extraordinary landscapes that only exist within the realm of dreams. Set your sights on new frontiers, for they contain a world belonging uniquely to you.
Step boldly into the realm of dreamscapes and let your imagination run wild amidst transcendent vistas and enigmatic realms. Uncover the hidden secrets of uncharted territories of your mind and fuel your dreams with the limitless power of boundless imagination. Seize the opportunity to explore a world beyond reality, where dreams become a living canvas for the extraordinary. Embrace the allure of dreamscapes and embark on a journey you’ll never forget.
Common Dream Imagery
Dreams are a captivating phenomenon that intrigues scientists, psychologists, and philosophers alike. Symbols, nature, repetition, people, motion, and transformation are all common dream motifs. They can help us to unravel the mysteries of the dreaming world and learn more about ourselves.
Blind individuals can also experience visual imagery in their dreams. Activation of other sensory inputs and mental images enables them to have vivid dreams even without visual input.
Dreams offer us glimpses into our subconscious minds. By exploring their visual aspects, we can gain deeper understanding and insight into ourselves.
Interpretation of Dream Symbols
To gain insights into the interpretation of dream symbols, explore the sub-sections: Freudian Interpretation, Jungian Interpretation, and Cultural and Personal Influences. Each approach offers a unique perspective on understanding the deeper meanings behind the symbols that appear in our dreams.
The Freudian Interpretation of dream symbols delves into the secret meanings of subconscious imagery. It provides profound knowledge into the mind and reveals repressed feelings, struggles, and unsolved matters. Let’s investigate this extraordinary idea further.
Check out the chart beneath for a thorough analysis of the Freudian Interpretation of dream symbols:
|Teeth falling out||Anxiety|
Exploring further into the Freudian Interpretation, dreams can be seen as mirrors of both conscious and unconscious thoughts. Symbols portray complex depictions of wants or worries that may not be clear in daily life. By deciphering these symbols, our understanding of ourselves and our motivations can be greatly amplified.
Pro Tip: Keep a dream journal beside your bed to jot down your dreams when you wake up. This will help you find out frequent symbols and themes, aiding in the interpretation process.
Unlock the hidden depths of your mind, or just blame that bizarre dream on the odd pizza you had before bed—either way, Jungian interpretation has all the answers.
Unlock the power of Jungian Interpretation when exploring dream symbols. Symbols represent personal and collective meanings, whilst archetypes contain universal patterns and images deeply ingrained in the human psyche. Shadow embodies our deepest fears, insecurities and repressed desires whilst anima/animus represent the qualities and characteristics opposite our own gender. Persona is the mask or social role presented to others, and Self is the true essence of the individual.
Don’t miss out! Delving deeper into dream symbolism can unlock hidden truths. Don’t dismiss dreams as mere fantasies – they hold immense significance. Engage with your unconscious mind and discover untapped potential. Embrace the mysterious realm of dreams and journey towards self-discovery.
Cultural and Personal Influences
Analyzing dream symbols requires us to examine cultural and personal influences. These external factors can change the meaning of dream elements.
Cultural Influences: Society, race, and religion may all affect the symbolism of objects or events in dreams. For instance, in the West, a wedding might mean unity and commitment, but in the East, it may represent wealth and prosperity.
Personal Influences: Our age, gender, and education level can shape our interpretation of symbols in dreams. Past traumas or positive experiences can also influence how we interpret specific symbols.
Therefore, it is essential to consider these cultural and personal influences when deciphering dream symbols. This can help us gain a better understanding of our dreams.
Unlock the secrets of your dreams. Explore the cultural and personal influences that shape their meanings. Begin unraveling the mysteries today! Dreaming is like an emotional rollercoaster – without the long lines or the fear of getting sick.
The Emotional Experience of Dreams
To understand the emotional experience of dreams, delve into the intricacies of how dreams evoke emotions and the connection between dreams and mood. By exploring these sub-sections, you will gain insight into the powerful influence that dreams have on our emotional state and how they can reflect and influence our overall mood.
How Dreams Evoke Emotions
Dreams unleash a torrent of emotions, luring us into a realm of vivid sensations and gripping tales. As we drift off, our minds dive into a realm where reality and fantasy meld together, immersing us in a wild sea of feelings. These strong emotions stem from the abstract, rather than the concrete.
In this intangible space, feelings reign supreme. Joy showers us like fireworks in a summer sky, bathing us in warmth and happiness. Fear ripples through our souls, gripping us tightly as we navigate treacherous terrains. Grief floods over us like an unforgiving tide, leaving us gasping for air in its suffocating waves. All feelings are amped up, yet strangely familiar.
Dreams differ from life in that they carry us swiftly between different mental states. Like chameleons changing hues, we transition seamlessly from one emotional landscape to another. We may be giggling hysterically at a hilarious show one moment, and sinking into a deep abyss of misery the next, with no provocation.
Our psyche is a complex tapestry of memories and experiences that shape our emotional responses. Dreams draw on this intricate web of emotions, creating stories that touch the core of our being. It’s through this profound connection to our inner world that dreams stir our emotions so intensely.
Emily, a young woman, shared her experience of these emotionally charged dreams. Night after night, she was taken back to her childhood home – a place of joy and sadness. These dreams were drenched in nostalgia, as if they were whispers from a distant past. As Emily went deeper into her dreams, she discovered buried emotions and unresolved issues that had shaped her journey. Through the emotional experience of her dreams, Emily found healing and understanding.
The bond between dreams and emotion is like a rollercoaster – one minute you’re soaring in delight, and the next you’re tumbling into misery, all while trying to make sense of a dream about talking spaghetti.
The Connection Between Dreams and Mood
Dreams and mood have a strange connection. Our feelings during dreams can affect our emotions when we wake up. If we have nice dreams, we’re likely to be content. On the other hand, nightmares or upsetting dreams can leave us scared or anxious.
The link between dreams and mood can be seen in mental health. Studies have found that people with depression may experience more negative emotions in their dreams than those without it. This hints that there is a relationship between our feelings while dreaming and our mood during the day.
The emotions in dreams can also affect how we process emotions throughout the day. Dreams give our brains a way to make sense of different emotions, so we can better manage them in real life. They’re an outlet for unresolved feelings and can help us gain new perspectives on difficult situations.
It’s amazing how dreams can affect not only our mood but also other cognitive processes. Sarah, a woman with anxiety, had nightmares about being trapped or suffocated. These nightmares reflected her sense of being overwhelmed in real life. After therapy, Sarah noticed a decrease in her nightmares and distress during the day.
At least in lucid dreams, you can have control – unless something is chasing you, then it’s just a good workout!
To understand Lucid Dreaming and explore its visual realm, discover the section that uncovers what Lucid Dreaming is, the techniques for inducing them, and the ways to explore their visual dimension.
What is Lucid Dreaming?
Lucid dreaming is an amazing ability that allows people to be aware and conscious in their dreams. They can control and manipulate what goes on in their dream world, making it hard to tell the difference between reality and imagination.
People can fly, explore other worlds, or fulfill their deepest desires when they are lucid dreaming. It happens during REM sleep which is recognised by intense brain activity and vivid dream scenes.
These dreams are usually remembered in detail due to the heightened level of awareness. Techniques such as reality checks, meditation and journaling can help people to experience lucid dreaming.
It has been linked to lots of beneficial effects including personal growth, creativity improvement, problem-solving development and conquering nightmares. Scientists still carry out research to uncover its full potential and implications.
Furthermore, lucid dreaming has potential use in therapy, such as getting over nightmares and PTSD.
Something interesting; Stephen LaBerge, a famous psychophysiologist from Stanford University, created techniques to induce lucidity in dreams. Ready to become a lucid dreamer? These techniques may have you questioning your own reality, or why you’re still awake at 3am.
Techniques for Inducing Lucid Dreams
Lucid dreaming is the ability to be aware and take control of one’s dreams. Techniques for inducing lucid dreams include practices that may increase the chance of lucidity during sleep. These include:
- Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams (MILD): Set an intention to remember that you are dreaming.
- Reality Testing: Perform checks throughout the day to determine if you are awake or dreaming.
- Wake-Back-to-Bed (WBTB): Wake up after a few hours of sleep, stay awake briefly, then return to sleep with the intention of having a lucid dream.
- Visualizing a desired dream scenario: Before bed, imagine your desired dream scenario.
Other ways to increase self-awareness within dreams are keeping a dream journal and practicing meditation. It’s important to be patient and persistent when trying to induce lucid dreams, as effectiveness may vary for each individual.
The concept of lucid dreaming has been around for centuries; ancient Tibetan Buddhist practices described states similar to modern-day lucid dreaming. In recent years, more scientific research has been conducted, leading to more knowledge and understanding about this unique part of human consciousness. Lucid dreaming is like having your own personal IMAX theater – you’re the director, actor, and audience all in one!
Exploring the Visual Realm of Lucid Dreams
Let’s take a closer look at the visuals of lucid dreams. Here’s a table to show you the elements you might encounter:
|Landscapes||Vast natural or urban scenes||Rolling hills or busy city|
|People||Familiar or unfamiliar faces||Loved ones or strangers|
|Creatures||Mythical or realistic beings||Dragons or cats|
|Objects/Items||Ordinary or extraordinary||Flying cars or diamond rings|
These examples show how varied the visuals can be in lucid dreams. Each person’s dream imagery is unique, and can be influenced by their personal experiences and imagination.
Lucid dreams can also be clearer and more detailed than regular dreams. This adds an extra layer of wonder to the experience.
Practicing visualization while awake can help people to engage with visuals in their lucid dreams. Visualizing vivid imagery regularly can give people more control over what they experience in their dreams.
Research conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison showed that skilled lucid dreamers could communicate with researchers through prearranged eye movements. This shows just how powerful lucid dreaming visuals can be (source: Scientific American).
Dream Interpretation Tools and Techniques
To enhance your dream interpretation skills with effective tools and techniques, explore the world of dream journals, dream analysis apps and websites, and seeking professional dream analysis. These resources offer comprehensive approaches and insights into understanding what dreams look like, helping you unlock the mysteries within your subconscious mind. So, grab a pen, download an app, or reach out for expert guidance to unravel the secrets of your dreams.
Dream journals are a great way to capture the vivid details and fleeting memories of our dreams and preserve their essence. Writing them down brings them to life! Plus, they enable us to explore the range of emotions in our dreams. Joy, sadness, fear, excitement – all can be felt on paper.
We can also identify recurring symbols or patterns and decipher their messages with greater clarity. Dream journals become a wellspring of inspiration for creative individuals. The imagery and narratives they provide can ignite new ideas and fuel artistic endeavors.
Most importantly, they facilitate self-discovery. We can gain a better understanding of ourselves – both consciously and unconsciously. Start your own dream journal today and embark on an extraordinary journey within yourself.
Dream analysis apps and websites are also available for extra help!
Dream Analysis Apps and Websites
Explore dream analysis apps available on your mobile or tablet device. These apps let you record and analyze your dreams and give personalized interpretations based on dream symbols.
On the web, access sites with info and tools. These often include dream dictionaries, interactive forums, and expert articles to help you explore your dreams.
Engage with like-minded people on community forums focused on dream analysis. Share your dreams, get input, and join discussions to broaden your understanding.
Seek guidance from professionals who specialize in dream interpretation. They have deep knowledge and can decipher complex dreams, giving valuable insights.
Advanced platforms use AI algorithms to interpret your dreams. They have databases of symbolism and psychological theories.
To get the most from these tools, consider journaling before bed, meditating, and setting intentions for your dreams. Develop a practice and explore these resources to learn more about yourself.
The goal is to understand individual symbols and the overall story and emotions. Enjoy the journey of self-discovery as you delve into the mysteries of your dreams.
Seeking Professional Dream Analysis
Dreams are a mysterious gateway to our subconscious. To unlock their secrets, enlisting the help of a professional dream analyst is key. Here are some of the benefits of doing so:
- Gain expert guidance. A professional can provide in-depth analysis and interpret symbolisms, emotions, and messages hidden in your dream.
- Uncover deep-rooted patterns. Working with a professional helps identify recurring patterns in your dreams. These could be signs of unresolved issues or repressed emotions. Analysing these patterns can help you understand yourself better and initiate personal growth.
- Benefit from objectivity. Seeking professional help eliminates subjective interpretations and provides an objective perspective. This can help reveal aspects you may have overlooked.
In addition, dream analysts often use psychological frameworks and therapeutic approaches to delve deeper into the symbolism and themes in your dreams. Exploring this realm with professional guidance opens up unlimited possibilities for self-discovery and growth. Don’t miss out – start this journey today! With the right dream interpretation tools and techniques, you’ll no longer dread sweet dreams!
To wrap up the article on “What Do Dreams Look Like,” delve into the intriguing world of dreams and the ongoing study and research on them. Gain insight into the fascinating realm of dreams and discover the latest advancements and investigations in understanding their mysteries.
The Intriguing World of Dreams
The enigma of dreaming captivates us all as we sleep. Philosophers, scientists, and psychologists have been intrigued by the secrets of dreams for centuries. In them, we visit strange lands, embark on extraordinary adventures, and encounter surreal characters.
Throughout history, dreams have held spiritual significance. Ancient civilizations believed that dreams were messages from the gods. Even today, many seek interpretation and guidance in their dreams.
Dreams are special for their ability to surpass reality. We can experience sights and sounds that defy the laws of physics. Time bends and twists, creating dreamscapes that combine different eras and locations.
Lucidity in dreams allows us to actively shape our dream experiences. We can direct events, summon objects, and interact with dream characters. An amazing example is a story shared by a renowned sleep researcher. She found herself in an ancient forest illuminated by moonlight. With lucidity, she conjured a white tiger and embarked on an unforgettable journey.
Through dreams, we hope to answer the age-old question: why do we dream about being unprepared for exams, but never dream about being prepared for a spontaneous dance battle?
The Ongoing Study and Research on Dreams
Researchers continue to be captivated by the ongoing study and research of dreams. They investigate different facets, uncovering remarkable discoveries.
For instance, they research the meaning behind our nightly imaginings. Analyzing symbols and patterns, they strive to decipher the messages embedded in our dreams.
Scientists conduct experiments to determine the physical processes that happen during dreaming. They observe brain activity, neurotransmitters, and sleep cycles to better comprehend this enigmatic phenomenon.
Psychologists explore how dreams aid in emotional processing. Through dream analysis, they gain a deeper understanding of our inner self and struggles.
Therapists use dream interpretation as a therapeutic tool. By deciphering dreams, they provide valuable insights into their clients’ subconscious feelings, aiding in personal growth and recovery.
They also learn more about lucid dreaming—when people are conscious of dreaming while still immersed in their fantasy world. Researchers investigate the potential uses of this remarkable state, such as in mental health treatment and creative problem-solving.
Additionally, all through history, humans have been intrigued by dreams. Ancient cultures viewed dreams as divine messages or omens of future events. Shamans interpreted dream symbols to offer advice and guidance.
Dreams have been the source of inspiration for literature and art, like William Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” and Salvador Dali’s surrealist paintings. From ancient mythology to present-day psychology, humans remain preoccupied with unlocking the secrets of the dream world.
The ongoing study and research on dreams have not only extended our knowledge but also stirred our imagination. As we keep exploring, we uncover a mosaic of human experiences threaded with symbols and emotions. Dreams, in their mysteriousness, remain an endless fascination for scholars and dreamers alike.
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQs about what dreams look like:
Q: What are dreams composed of?
A: Dreams are made up of a combination of images, sounds, and sensations that occur in the mind while we sleep.
Q: Do dreams always look real?
A: Dreams can vary in their level of realism. Some dreams may appear very realistic, while others can be more abstract or surreal.
Q: Can dreams have color?
A: Yes, dreams can definitely have color. Many people report experiencing vivid and colorful dreams.
Q: Can dreams be blurry?
A: Yes, dreams can sometimes appear blurry or unfocused, just like real-life experiences can be blurry in our memories.
Q: Why do dreams sometimes change locations or settings?
A: Dreams often have shifting scenes and settings because they are a product of our imagination. Our minds can create new environments and scenarios during the dream state.
Q: Can all dreams be remembered?
A: No, not all dreams can be remembered. Some dreams are more easily forgotten, while others may leave a lasting impression in our memory.
blog. With a lifelong fascination for the nocturnal narratives that play out in our minds, Josh has dedicated years to understanding the intricate tapestries of dreams and their profound meanings. His passion for dream interpretation is not just academic; it’s deeply personal. Each article penned by him is a testament to his commitment to helping others unlock the mysteries that lie within their subconscious.
From the most vivid nightmares to the most whimsical daydreams, Josh believes that every dream has a story to tell and a lesson to impart. Drawing from a rich blend of cultural, historical, and psychological insights, he deciphers these nightly tales, offering readers a unique perspective that bridges the gap between the mystical and the scientific.
When he’s not unraveling the secrets of the dream realm, Josh can be found with a book on dream theories, attending workshops, or simply gazing at the stars, pondering the vastness of the universe and the dreams it might hold.
Join Josh on this captivating journey and discover what your dreams are trying to tell you.
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Statistics from Altmetric.com
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
QUESTION: In people with normal and elevated blood pressure (BP), does a reduction in dietary salt decrease blood pressure, death, or cardiovascular events?
Studies were identified by searching the Cochrane Library, Medline, and EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; reviewing bibliographies or relevant studies; and contacting authors.
2 reviewers independently selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared interventions designed to reduce salt intake with placebo or no active intervention in adults (≥16 y) with normal or high BP. Institutionalised, acutely ill, or pregnant people were excluded.
2 reviewers independently assessed the quality of RCTs (randomisation method, allocation concealment, blinding, and losses to follow up) and extracted data on patient characteristics, interventions and type of controls, and outcomes (including mortality, cardiovascular events, dropouts, and BP levels).
11 RCTs met the selection criteria. 3 RCTs included normotensive participants (2326 participants, mean age 40 y), 5 RCTs included untreated hypertensive participants (387 participants, 16–64 y of age), and 3 RCTs included treated hypertensive participants (801 participants, 55–67 y of age). Follow up ranged from 6 months to 7 years. Dietary salt restriction reduced systolic and diastolic BP at 6–12 months (7 RCTs) and systolic BP at 13–60 months (4 RCTs). Groups did not differ in the number of dropouts, mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, diastolic BP at 13–60 months (table), or BP at >60 months.
In people with normal or high blood pressure, dietary salt restriction reduces blood pressure at 6–12 months. In the few trials reporting on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, no difference was seen.
The small reduction in BP with salt restriction reported in the review by Hooper et al is unimpressive. It is interesting, however, that some patients were able to stop their antihypertensive medication and use salt restriction as an alternative, without any deterioration in their BP control. The fact that this review could show no benefit in cardiovascular events is not surprising as there were only 17 deaths in the whole review and they were equally distributed between intervention and control groups.
The average sodium intake in developed countries is about 150 mmol/day. Most dietary sodium comes from processed food (eg, bread, cheese). The average Yanomamo Indian from the Brazilian forest has an intake of just 1 mmol/day and an average adult BP of 96/61 mm Hg.1 Such low levels of intake are not realistic in developed countries, and intakes of no higher than 50–100 mmol/day are recommended to reduce BP. Sodium restriction is not popular and should only be recommended to the few who are determined to stay off medication or at least stay on the lowest dose possible. They will need to make their own bread or find a supply of low or no sodium bread. It will take them about 6 weeks to adapt to the taste in their food.
Patients may be more interested in increasing their aerobic physical activity, which can result in reductions of BP of about 4 mm Hg systolic and 3 mm Hg diastolic, or losing weight with a 2–4 kg weight loss resulting in a 1 mm Hg reduction in systolic BP. Others may prefer to reduce their alcohol intake because each drink reduction per day results in systolic and diastolic reductions of about 1 mm Hg.
Source of funding: North West Research and Development Training Fellowship.
For correspondence: Ms L Hooper, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Question:Can someone please help me with this problem...
the absolute value of 3 plus 4i.
well how I'd do it is just simply change the 4i into the square root of negative 1
so it'd be |3+4(negative square root of 1)|
and just work from there
i is the imaginary number equal to the square root of -1
so i suppose you could write
The "absolute value" (vertical bars) is akin to length. |-2| = |2| = 2 = distance from zero.
Consider the complex numbers as points on a plane, whereas the natural numbers are points on a line.
The question is asking how far away from the point 0+0i is the point 3+4i. Big hint: think right-angled triangle.
(NB: You asked for help, not the answer!)
a complex no. z=3+4i
mod of z is l3+4il
la+ibl=square root of a^2+b^2(square of a +square of b)
n da ans shud b "5"
More Related Questions & Answers...
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September 8 is UNESCO’s International Literacy Day. One overlooked aspect of literacy limitations is its impact on voting.
Those who cannot read or who only read in non-majority languages are often disenfranchised from election processes that cater only to those who read and write the majority language of a country. Fortunately, new voting technology is helping to alleviate this problem and make elections more inclusive.
Literacy rates worldwide have continually risen in recent history. The global literacy rate for people over age 15 is 86.3%. Moreover, the average literacy rate across developed nations is 99.2%. Unfortunately, there are still 750 million illiterate adults around the world, two-thirds of whom are women. According to UNESCO (2018), “literacy challenges persist, distributed unevenly across countries and populations. Embracing linguistic diversity is central to addressing these challenges and achieving sustainable development.”
UNESCO’s 2019 theme, Literacy and Multilingualism, dovetails nicely with the celebration of the International Year of Indigenous Languages. Today’s election technology can support the participation of multicultural communities in the election process.
Why is it relevant?
People mostly understand literacy as a function of education. But it goes beyond reading and writing. The International Literacy Association (ILA) defines it as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, compute, and communicate using visual, audible and digital materials across disciplines and in any context.
Similarly, enabling multilingual options in digital democracies is closely linked to the progress of inclusive societies.
Here there are five ways in which election management systems and electronic voting support literacy and multilingualism during the voting process.
- Election systems designers and developers are leveraging machine learning and other AI technologies to make voting more accessible to voters with differing language needs such as indigenous communities or illiterate electors.
- Electronic voting systems offer a human-centered voting experience including multilingual interfaces on a single device and secure and convenient options for everyone, regardless of their (digital) literacy rate.
- Election technologies−including e-voting−have successfully reduced barriers to participation in countries with significant aboriginal communities, such as Canada, Australia, the Philippines, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador.
- Technology can support election management bodies meet the challenges of “decoding digital literacy,” helping voters understand and apply digital information during voting.
- The election technology industry has recognized the value of supporting STEM education and basic computer coding, particularly for girls. Doing so supports the development of a diverse future workforce.
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Diving into the world of Raspberry Pi can be an exciting journey, filled with great possibilities. However, as any experienced maker knows, it is essential to ensure you have a reliable workflow set-up before getting things started. One crucial step you should take is to install VirtualBox on your Raspberry Pi board – this way you’ll be able to run multiple programs and platforms at once while staying within your limited hardware capacity. In this blog post, we’re going to walk through the entire process so that anyone who wants to explore their creative projects using a Raspberry Pi has all the information they need!
Specifics of Working with Raspberry Pi
When working with a Raspberry Pi, there are many details to consider. We’ve put together a few of the most important ones so you can make sure your project is successful.
Powering Your Raspberry Pi
The first step in powering up your Raspberry Pi is choosing the right power supply. The official recommended power supply for all models of Raspberry Pi is 5 volts and at least 2.5 amps.
Your system needs to be connected to your local network in order to access the internet and other devices on the same network. You can use either an Ethernet cable or a wireless connection for this. To set up a wireless connection, you’ll need to have a compatible Wi-Fi dongle (such as one made for the Raspberry Pi). Once connected, you can configure your settings directly from the Raspberry Pi’s desktop.
You’ll need to consider storage requirements when setting up a project. Depending on your application, you may need to add an additional microSD card or USB flash drive. The Raspberry Pi is capable of using cards with up to 64GB of storage.
Types of Projects
Raspberry Pi can be used for a variety of projects, from simple educational applications to more complex networked systems. Before starting your project, consider the type of application you want to create and make sure you have the necessary hardware and software requirements. You can find many tutorials online that will help you get started.
When working with Raspberry Pi, security is always a concern. Make sure to enable SSH on your device and configure it securely with strong passwords and encryption if applicable. Additionally, be sure to regularly update the operating system and applications to ensure your data is safe from any potential threats.
When learning how to work with Raspberry Pi, there are plenty of helpful resources you can use. The official Raspberry Pi website has a wealth of information and tutorials that can help you get started. Additionally, there are several online forums and communities dedicated to helping people build projects with the Raspberry Pi. These can be great places for asking questions and getting answers from experienced users.
There are many books and courses available which cover topics regarding Raspberry Pi. These can provide a great way to gain more in-depth knowledge about the Raspberry Pi platform. With some dedication and effort, you can become an expert in no time!
What Types of Raspberry Pi Exist?
There are several different types of Raspberry Pi available on the market. The most popular models are the Raspberry Pi 4, 3B+, 3A+, Zero W, and Zero WH.
- The Raspberry Pi 4 is the most powerful model that features a 1.5 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A72 CPU, dual monitor support up to 4K resolution, USB 3.0 ports, and Gigabit Ethernet.
- The Raspberry Pi 3B+ is the successor to the popular Raspberry Pi 3 B model and features a 1.4 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, dual monitor support up to 1080p resolution, USB 2.0 ports, and 10/100 Ethernet.
- The Raspberry Pi 3A+ is a more compact version of the 3B+ and features a 1.4 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, single monitor support up to 1080p resolution, USB 2.0 ports, and 10/100 Ethernet.
- The Raspberry Pi Zero W is the smallest model in the lineup and features a 1.0 GHz single-core ARM Cortex-A5 CPU, support for 1080p resolution, USB 2.0 ports, and onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
- The Raspberry Pi Zero WH is an improved version of the Zero W that includes soldered GPIO headers to make it easier to use with HATs or pHATs (add-on boards).
No matter what your needs are, there is a Raspberry Pi suitable for the job. With an ever-growing community of enthusiasts, it’s no wonder why this small but powerful device is so popular among makers and tinkerers alike!
What Are the Best Projects to Build with Raspberry Pi?
When it comes to learning and experimenting with computer hardware, there’s no better tool than the Raspberry Pi. It’s a small, affordable device that can be used for a variety of projects. Whether you’re just starting out or you’re an experienced maker looking for something new, here are some fun Raspberry Pi projects to get your creative juices flowing:
- Make a security camera system. With the Raspberry Pi, you can set up a security camera to keep an eye on your property from anywhere in the world. All you need is a USB webcam and some surveillance software like MotionEyeOS and you can get started right away.
- Build a retro gaming console. It makes it easy to build a powerful gaming console with classic games like Mario Bros., Sonic the Hedgehog and more. All you need is an emulator, some ROM files and an HDMI-compatible display.
- Create a media server. The system is great to stream music and video from services like YouTube, Netflix, Pandora and more directly to your TV or speaker system. It’s perfect for those long weekends when you want to kick back and relax with some movies.
- Construct a weather station. With the help of sensors, the Raspberry Pi can be used to measure temperatures, humidity and barometric pressure, allowing you to create your own weather station at home. You can even connect it to the internet and share your readings with others in real-time.
- Put together a home automation system. The system can be applied to control almost any electronic device in your home, from lights and appliances to music players and thermostats. With the right software, you can have an automated schedule for almost anything in your house.
- Develop a robot. Thanks to its powerful processor and versatile GPIO pins, the Raspberry Pi can be used to create robots of all shapes and sizes. Whether you want a robot that moves around on its own or one that responds to voice commands, the Raspberry Pi has everything you need.
- Launch your own website. It is an ideal platform for hosting a personal website or blog. With the help of some web server software like Apache and a domain name, you can have your own website up and running in no time.
Specifics of Working with VirtualBox
VirtualBox is a powerful and easy to use virtualization platform that allows you to run multiple operating systems on a single computer. This type of software can be invaluable for software developers, system administrators, and users who need access to different operating systems without having multiple physical machines. When working with VirtualBox, there are some important things to keep in mind.
Before using VirtualBox, it is important to ensure that your system meets the necessary requirements. This includes having a CPU with hardware virtualization support, as well as potentially additional memory and storage depending on the operating systems you plan to run. You should also make sure that your computer has enough RAM to handle the demands of running multiple guest operating systems.
Disk Images and Storage Requirements
In order to use VirtualBox, you will need to create disk images for each operating system that you plan to run in the virtual environment. These disk images should be stored on separate hard drives or other storage media in order to ensure optimal performance. Plus, it is important to make sure that you have enough storage space for all of your disk images and guest operating systems.
It is essential to ensure that you have an adequate network connection in order to maximize performance. You should make sure that your internet connection is fast enough to handle the demands of running multiple virtual machines at once, as well as any other applications or services that you may be running. Additionally, you should ensure that your router or modem is properly configured to handle the additional demands of the virtual environment.
As with any type of computing, it is important to consider security when working with VirtualBox. You should make sure that all guest operating systems have appropriate firewall and antivirus software installed, as well as any necessary patching and updates to ensure that your environment is secure. Plus, ensure that all guest operating systems are properly configured in order to minimize the risk of unauthorized access or other malicious activity.
When running multiple VirtualBox machines, it is important to consider the performance of your environment. You should make sure that all guest operating systems are configured for optimal performance, as well as ensuring that you have enough RAM and storage to handle the demands of running multiple machines at once. Additionally, you should consider disabling any unnecessary services or applications in order to minimize resource usage and maximize performance.
How to Install VirtualBox on Raspberry Pi?
Installing is a great way to get the most out of your home computer. With VirtualBox, you can run multiple operating systems at once and switch between them with ease. Here’s how to install it on your Raspberry Pi:
- Firstly, make sure that you have the latest version of Raspbian installed on your device. If you do not have the latest version, go to the official Raspberry Pi website and download it from there.
- Next, open up your terminal and enter the following commands: `sudo apt-get update` followed by `sudo apt-get install virtualbox`. This will automatically download and install VirtualBox on your Raspberry Pi.
- Once the installation is completed, you can launch VirtualBox by typing `virtualbox` into your terminal.
- Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the installation process and then you’re good to go!
VirtualBox allows you to create multiple virtual machines with different operating systems installed within them. This means that you can run Linux, Windows, or even Mac OSX. By running different operating systems, you can perform various tasks and use software that may not be available for the Raspbian OS.
Furthermore, VirtualBox gives you complete control over the settings of your virtual machines. You can set up networking configurations, allocate RAM to each machine, and much more. This makes it easy to optimize your system for specific tasks.
How to Set Up a Raspberry Pi Desktop on Virtualbox?
Virtualbox is a great tool for running virtual machines on your computer. It can be used to create and run multiple operating systems from the same machine, allowing you to easily switch between different environments. The Raspberry Pi is a popular development platform due to its small size and affordability. With Virtualbox, users are able to set up a Raspberry Pi desktop environment on their computers, allowing them to easily test and debug their Raspberry Pi projects.
Let’s walk through the steps of setting up a Raspberry Pi desktop on Virtualbox:
- Download the appropriate Raspberry Pi image for your version of Virtualbox. You can find images for the latest versions of both Raspbian and Ubuntu from their respective download pages.
- Create a new virtual machine in Virtualbox and select the downloaded .img file as its disk image.
- Assign resources to your virtual machine: Set an amount of RAM and CPUs that will allow your Raspberry Pi to operate optimally.
- Configure the networking for your virtual machine: You can select a NAT network or bridged network depending on your requirements.
- Start up the virtual machine and it should boot into the Raspberry Pi operating system just like a regular Raspberry Pi would do when connected to an HDMI display.
- You can now use the Raspberry Pi operating system as if it was running on a physical device, allowing you to test and debug your projects on Virtualbox instead of a real Raspberry Pi.
With these steps, you should be able to successfully set up a Raspberry Pi desktop on Virtualbox and begin testing and debugging your projects without having to invest in a physical Raspberry Pi.
What Issues Can Arise with VirtualBox on Raspberry Pi?
VirtualBox is widely available and straightforward to use, issues can arise when running it on Raspberry Pi devices. Some of the main issues that one may encounter when running VirtualBox on Raspberry Pi include:
Due to its limited hardware capabilities, the Raspberry Pi is not optimal for running VirtualBox. This can result in noticeable levels of lag and choppy performance which may be unacceptable for certain applications. It is worth considering whether a higher-powered device would better suit your needs before investing in a VirtualBox setup on a Raspberry Pi.
The Raspberry Pi has limited memory, and this can become a major issue when running VirtualBox. If the memory requirements become too high for the device, then it will struggle to keep up with all of the processes that need to be carried out. Just make sure that you have enough RAM when running VirtualBox on a Raspberry Pi, otherwise your experience may be severely hindered.
Limited Software Support
The system is not supported by all software currently available for VirtualBox, which may limit your choice of operating system or application.
Due to their limited processing power and lack of built-in cooling, running VirtualBox on Raspberry Pi devices can cause the hardware to overheat. This may lead to instability in the system or even permanent damage if not addressed quickly. Ensure that your device has adequate ventilation when running VirtualBox so as to avoid any potential issues with heat.
Can you install a virtual machine on a Raspberry Pi?
Yes, it is possible to install a virtual machine on a Raspberry Pi. One of the most popular and widely used virtual machine software for Raspberry Pi is called VirtualBox. It allows users to run multiple guest operating systems (e.g. Windows, Linux, MacOS) on their Pi device without having to partition the hard disk or change any hardware components. With VirtualBox, you can easily create and manage virtual machines on your Raspberry Pi.
How to install VirtualBox in Linux OS?
Installing VirtualBox on a Linux operating system is simple and straightforward. First, you will need to download the software from the official website. Once you have downloaded it, open a terminal window (or command line) and use the following command to install:
- `sudo apt-get install virtualbox`
Once the installation is complete, you can launch VirtualBox from the Applications menu. From here, you will be able to create and manage your virtual machines.
In addition to installing on Linux-based systems, VirtualBox can also be downloaded directly from its website for Mac OS X and Windows computers. The installation process is similar – simply download the software and follow the provided instructions to complete the installation.
Once you’ve installed VirtualBox, make sure to install the virtual machine extensions (also known as guest additions) so that your virtual machines have access to all of their features.
Finally, if you want to be able to use your Raspberry Pi with VirtualBox, then you’ll need to enable hardware virtualization on the Pi. This can be done by running the following command in a terminal window:
- `sudo raspi-config`
Under the “Interfacing Options” menu, select “Enable/Disable automatic loading of ARM Virtualization extensions”. This will enable the hardware virtualization on your Raspberry Pi, so you can use it with VirtualBox.
Can VirtualBox emulate Raspberry Pi?
The simple answer is no – VirtualBox does not have the capability to emulate a Raspberry Pi. However, it is possible to install and run a version of VirtualBox on the Raspberry Pi, allowing you to use existing virtual machines (VMs) or create new ones.
This can be done by using a third-party program called ExaGear Desktop, which is a virtual machine that allows you to run x86 applications on the Raspberry Pi. ExaGear Desktop provides an environment that can emulate x86 Linux OS, so it can support VirtualBox.
How to install VirtualBox Guest Additions Raspberry Pi?
VirtualBox Guest Additions is a set of drivers and system applications that can be installed inside the guest operating system to improve performance. It provides improved graphics, mouse pointer integration, better video support and easy file sharing between host and guest systems. To install VirtualBox Guest Additions on Raspberry Pi, you will need to download the ISO image from the official website.
Once you have downloaded the ISO image, connect your Raspberry Pi to your computer. You will need an external keyboard and mouse for this step. Then open up VirtualBox, create a new machine from the ISO image, and start it up.
Next, you’ll need to install the Guest Additions package. Just click on ‘Devices’ in the upper menu bar, and then select ‘Install Guest Additions’. A wizard will appear that will guide you through the installation of the Guest Additions package.
Once the installation is complete, restart your Raspberry Pi. Your system should now be running VirtualBox with the Guest Additions installed.
Useful Video: How to Install Raspberry Pi OS (Raspbian) on VirtualBox in Windows 11
The Bottom Line
All in all, installing VirtualBox on your Raspberry Pi is not a difficult task if you follow these simple steps. With the Raspberry Pi’s increasing power and capabilities, it’s no wonder why so many people are turning to this versatile computer for their daily digital needs. Not only can you use the Raspberry Pi to browse the web, but with VirtualBox installed, you also have the ability to run thousands of Windows programs on your machine! Be sure to give it a try and don’t forget to share your experiences with others. With more knowledge and resources shared, we can continue pushing forward the boundaries of what technology is capable of achieving!
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It is called twilight at the interval before sunrise or after sunset, during which the sky is still somewhat illuminated. Twilight occurs because sunlight illuminates the upper layers of the atmosphere. The light is diffused in all directions by the molecules of the air, reaches the observer and still illuminates the environment.
The map shows the parts where they are during the day and where they are at night. If you want to know exactly the time that dawns or dusk in a specific place, in the meteorological data we have that information.
Why do we use UTC?
Universal coordinated time or UTC is the main standard of time by which the world regulates clocks and time. He is one of the several successors closely related to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most common purposes, UTC is synonymous with GMT, but GMT is no longer the most precisely defined standard for the scientific community.
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Erie County Public Library and the other public libraries of Erie County — Albion Public Library, Rice Avenue Community Library and Waterford Public Library — are holding a Black History Month Reading Challenge.
The challenge, open to all ages, runs through Sunday, Feb. 28.
By participating in the February challenge and earning activity badges, readers will learn about Black history makers, explore cultural traditions and honor the evolution of Black history in America. It is vital to understand history in order to impact the future, from the Civil Rights Movement to #BlackLivesMatter.
The challenge is free and open to all ages.
Readers are challenged to read at least 10 hours during the month and track their reading on the challenge site. There will also be optional activities throughout the challenge where participants of all ages can learn about everything from Black history makers to the Black Lives Matter movement.
Readers earn badges by reading and completing the Black History Month-related challenges.
All public libraries within Erie County offer this program thanks to the generous support of Friends of the Erie County Public Library.
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For many early readers, learning to read is not so simple. Struggling to sound out and comprehend words in a text can leave them confused and frustrated. Decodable books give early readers a place to practice their phonics skills easily and successfully by focusing on just a few speech sounds and letter-sound combinations at one time.
I have developed this guide to help educational professionals – from teachers to superintendents – better understand what decodable books are and how they can improve children’s reading skills. Additionally, this guide will help teachers and other educators learn how to select and use decodable books to boost new readers’ skills and confidence.
Decodable books are books that contain words mostly composed of letter-sound correspondences that students have already learned during instruction. At the beginning of the scope and sequence of skills, the sentences are often simple to allow students to comprehend every text they read. Decodables enable learners to decode words more easily, accurately, and without all the obstacles.
Practicing reading real words in context rather than memorizing words using tools like sight word lists or flashcards helps young readers master phonics. This increases fluency and accuracy, which helps students comprehend more complex texts.
Like all decodable texts, decodable chapter books differ from traditional storybooks and leveled texts. They focus on helping children master:
Decodable chapter books help children advance their reading skills quickly by introducing more challenging words and concepts as the reader progresses through the book.
Often, these books are a way to reach older readers who still need the skill practice provided by decodable text, while not making them feel as though they are reading a childish book. These books allow them to practice like their peers while removing the higher-level phonics skills that they still need to learn or master.
The science behind decodable books requires more research to become highly evidence-based. However, a recent study found that phonics is the most reliable way to teach students how to decode words. In connection, children were more likely to apply their phonics knowledge more easily, read more accurately, and need less assistance when reading decodable books.
Decodable texts are highly effective practice for early or struggling readers who are learning to sound out words. In one peer-reviewed study, it was found that students’ reading strategies were highly influenced by the type of text used for practice. This means that if the text is decodable, students are more likely to use sound-symbol relationships to read the words. If the books are not decodable, students are more prone to guessing or trying to predict the words in the text.
Wiley Blevins explained that “Students progress at a much faster rate in phonics when the bulk of instructional time is spent on applying the skills to authentic reading and writing experiences.” Other tools can be used to apply phonics to authentic reading such as blending lines, decodable sentences, and decodable passages, but the value of children feeling successful at reading an actual book often points towards decodable books as the strongest source of connection.
With the growing availability of decodable books, the possibilities for use are increasing, since many of the books now provide complete storylines and opportunities for comprehension practice and vocabulary acquisition. Although true decodable books have a specific place and practice for students, all books become “decodable” as students amass sound-spelling knowledge.
If books were “fully decodable,” there would not be a possibility of the story making sense. Some irregular words or words with phonics that have yet to be learned will always have to be included. However, texts should be as decodable as possible for early learners, without losing their meaning.
Decodability is measured as a percentage, based on the number of words and phonics combinations a student of that skill level has been taught. It depends on the scope and sequence with which phonics has been taught to the reader. The more decodable words a text contains for a specific student and their learned skills, the higher the decodability percentage. However, as reading ability improves and students are introduced to more phonetically complex texts, decodability decreases, and teachers may need to provide additional instruction to help students comprehend a text.
Decodability is not always consistent throughout a text. To ensure a student receives a text with high decodability, educators often choose to assign decodable books, rather than using more familiar books that might require students to read undefined words with unfamiliar letter-sound combinations.
Here are some tips when selecting a decodable book:
While decodable books are a very effective tool, it is important to remember that they are just one tool that educators should use to help students become successful readers. Here are some ways you can teach using decodable books effectively:
Decodable book sets introduce children to the basics of reading, so they become more confident and successful readers. These sets are made up of stories that only focus on a few sound-spellings at a time, allowing young learners to gain mastery over those sounds before moving on to the next book in the set.
Decodable book sets are also effective starter kits for decodable libraries, which are collections of books that students can choose from containing the skills they are practicing to master. If a child has learned all basic letter sound-spellings, short vowels, and early blending, the section of the decodable library would be the CVC sets. A child can then have the option to choose their own book and still be able to read the words in that book.
Express Readers offers many types of book sets. These sets are categorized by grade level and skill level. Parents and educators should choose decodable books based on skill level to ensure their student receives the most successful reading instruction possible.
Below we have a list of highly recommended book sets to choose from:
Decodable books, book sets, readers, and other texts can help students:
Parents, teachers, and educators all play a role in teaching children how to read, whether it is by allowing safe spaces to practice, encouragement when mistakes are made, or just a listening ear. By using decodable books both at school and home, educators and parents can reinforce a child’s reading education as a team, promoting the same strategies and consistent practice sources.
If a child is effectively learning to read in school, a parent will not have to teach using a decodable book, but by continuing practice at home, the mastery of instruction will come more readily. Also, some students may even experience less stress and frustration when practicing their reading skills at home, making the process more enjoyable. Parents or family members can reinforce what their young readers have learned in school by using decodable books at home, while providing encouragement and positive reinforcement for a child’s reading gains.
Parents are still strongly encouraged to read to their child as a way to continue developing background knowledge and comprehension skills, alongside allowing children to practice their own reading and decoding skills in decodable text.
The short answer is that these are all variations of the same thing. Let us break each down to understand these differences in greater detail.
Generally, any texts with words that a reader can read and sound out are considered decodable texts. This includes decodable readers, decodable passages, and decodable books. Decodable texts are composed of words that contain only the sounds and letters that have been taught up to that point in the instructional program.
Decodable texts are typically used in early literacy instruction to help children learn how to read and understand written language. Regular practice with decodable texts can help students become proficient readers and practice the skills that will help them read more complex material in the future.
There is no difference between decodable readers and decodable books. Both readers and books contain words that can be decoded using phonics rules, allowing children to practice reading in a controlled environment.
It is also important to note that the goal is to make all text eventually decodable for a reader. When new words are introduced, if a student has the sound-spelling skills, the words can be decoded. Just don’t forget that just because text is decodable does not mean a person will be able to understand the content. Remember that although decoding is essential to the mechanics of reading, knowledge and vocabulary are crucial in order to make sense of decoded words.
The collections of decodable books are growing, and with a scope and sequence in mind, educators can find quality decodable books from multiple authors and publishers. There are lists of decodable text sources given on sites such as The Reading League and IDA Ontario.
Obviously, some sources will be higher-quality than others, so make sure to look carefully. You can even get free samples from companies upon request, so make sure to ask!
There are other great sources of decodable texts, many of which are freely available online. You can find blending lines on multiple sites and decodable passages on Lexile Hub for Decodable Books. No matter what you choose, just look carefully at the words included, identify the irregular spellings for children, and ensure you are finding decodable resources that align to your scope and sequence!
Read on to understand more about predictable text and how it differs from decodable text.
Predictable texts are often a version of leveled readers, not decodable books. They were developed to assist early readers in memorizing words and predicting, or guessing, words based on the context. By providing pictures to help guess unknown words, students can predict what words are in the text, rather than decoding or sounding them out. The books usually feature a repeated sentence on each page in which one word has been modified, and each sentence is paired with an image that provides a hint regarding the unknown word
Predictable texts push students to guess words based on clues about what comes next, repeating words and phrases throughout the work. Once young readers recognize the pattern, they start to anticipate what will come next, removing the need for reading the actual text.
For example, a predictable book may read as follows, with each sentence on a different page accompanied by a relevant image:
Decodable texts are passages or books with which a child can use the knowledge of sound structures, learned phonics, and background knowledge to read. They are passages or books that do not require actual word strategies, but guessing based on what comes next or the picture provided.
By learning to focus on decoding words themselves through the use of decodable books, rather than relying on patterns and pictures for context in predictable text, students attend to the actual text and words in the book. Students can also practice the reading skills and phonics structures that are learned during instruction.
Simply put: There is no exact or research-based answer. It depends on the needs of the student. Each child’s acquisition of skills and mastery of concepts is different. Students will reach a point at which they no longer need to use defined decodable books once they learned most of the sound-spellings.
Educators use decodable books because they:
Generally, once your student has mastered phonics skills and can read 80-90% of the words in a text with accuracy and comprehension, they are ready to move on to more complex texts. As children progress in their reading ability, they will be able to read more complex stories that are not already broken down into smaller words and sounds or controlled based on specific phonics rules.
When students are ready for increased complexity in text, they will show increased accuracy with learned skills. Educators can also begin to provide less controlled text for students if they preview and map words that cannot be decoded by the student yet.
If educators preview higher-level phonics or words with irregular patterns with students, they can model the strategies that will help students identify, map, and retain new words for themselves as they become proficient readers.
The simple answer is “no.” Decodable passages and disconnected decodable sentences can be used to practice phonics and sound structures in context, but there is no alternative for a book with this type of practice. There are, however, multiple ways to USE decodable books. Here are just a few:
So, there you have it. This guide includes all the information you need to get started with decodable books. Decodable books are an essential part of any early reading curriculum. They provide readers with opportunities to practice their phonics knowledge in a controlled – but authentic – space and help them learn to love reading through consistent success.
Visit our website to learn more about our curriculum, download free resources, and shop books.
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- Establish an emergency fund to cover basic expenses in case of financial instability or disrupted income.
- Develop good credit habits to protect credit scores and access loans or mortgages at lower interest rates.
- Take on home responsibilities such as managing bills, doing laundry, and basic repairs to save money and time.
- Prioritize safety by investing in security devices, learning self-defense tactics, and having a support system.
Living independently as a woman is a significant milestone that requires careful preparation and planning. It can be a rough transition but also comes with great rewards, such as increased confidence and independence. With the right mindset and tools, young women can confidently embark on a fulfilling journey of living solo.
In many countries, women face greater economic insecurity than their male counterparts due to workplace discrimination and unequal pay. According to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2020, women in several countries earn significantly less than men with similar qualifications in the same job. In addition, many women experience gender-based violence in their homes or communities, making them more vulnerable to homelessness and poverty when they decide to live alone. Preparing for independent living is essential for these young women to become economically secure and build resilience against potential threats.
Fortunately, you can prepare yourself by prioritizing a few life aspects. Here is a guide for young women getting ready for solo life.
Financial stability is essential for young women living alone to thrive in their independence. Without proper financial management, young women risk becoming overwhelmed with debt and other financial troubles. Financial stability also helps protect against threats like gender-based violence and homelessness. Fortunately, you can pursue these steps to help you:
Building an Emergency Fund
Creating an emergency fund is critical for young women living alone, as unexpected costs can arise anytime. An emergency fund should be enough to cover basic expenses such as rent, food, and utilities for up to six months in case of a job loss or income disruption. It would be best to consider opening a checkings account to keep your emergency fund, as you can easily access it in the case of an emergency.
Making a Budget
A budget is a great way to stay on top of finances and manage expenses more effectively. It allows young women to keep track of their income sources and spending habits while being mindful of any lifestyle changes they may need to make if needed. A budget should include all fixed expenses such as rent, groceries, utilities, car payments, phone bills, etc., and it should also have flexible spending categories that allow for some fun purchases such as entertainment or travel.
Saving money is just as important as budgeting regarding financial management. Setting aside a certain amount each month into savings will help build up an emergency fund faster and provide protection from any potential risks associated with living independently. Young women should try to save at least 10% of their net income towards retirement planning or other investments that will benefit them in the future.
Developing Good Credit Habits
It’s also essential for young women living solo to develop good credit habits early on to protect their credit scores. The better the credit score, the easier it will be to get approved for future loans and mortgages at lower interest rates which can result in considerable savings over time. To achieve this goal, young women should pay off debts on time, limit the number of new credit cards they open yearly, and review their credit reports regularly. Dispute errors they find there quickly before they become more significant problems later down the road.
Taking on Home Responsibilities
Living independently also requires young women to take on home responsibilities such as managing bills, doing laundry, and handling basic repairs. Learning how to do these tasks around the house can save money and time, giving young women more control over their lives and helping them become more self-reliant.
The first step to learning these skills is to familiarize yourself with the tools and appliances in your home. Knowing how to use them correctly can make life much easier when something needs fixing or replacing. You can take classes at a local community college or watch tutorials online to learn more about basic home repairs.
Learning how to handle maintenance and repairs around your home will take time, but it will be worth the effort. You will save money on repair bills and have more confidence in caring for yourself.
Staying Safe and Secure
Living alone for a woman can be intimidating, and safety should always be a priority. To ensure your safety, young women living alone should invest in security devices such as cameras, door locks, and window alarms that alert authorities when an intruder occurs. A basic understanding of self-defense tactics also helps protect against potential threats.
Finally, having a sound support system is essential for any woman living solo. Friends and family can provide emotional support during difficult times and offer advice on how to handle various issues that may arise. Reach out to them when you need help or just someone to talk to – it can make the transition into independent living much more accessible.
Living alone as a young woman can be daunting but also rewarding. With the proper preparation and mindset, you can confidently embark on this journey, knowing you have the skills and resources to handle any potential problem.
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Indian tattoos, also known as Henna tattoos, are a form of body art that originated in India and are now popular worldwide. In Indian culture, Henna tattoos are often used to celebrate important events such as weddings, religious festivals, and other special occasions. Henna tattoos are typically temporary and are made using a paste made from the leaves of the Henna plant, which is mixed with water and applied to the skin.
In some cultures, Henna tattoos are believed to have spiritual or cultural significance. For example, in Hinduism, Henna tattoos are often associated with the goddess Kali, who is revered as a symbol of strength and power. In other cultures, Henna tattoos may be seen as a form of self-expression or a way to celebrate cultural identity.
In addition to their cultural and spiritual significance, Henna tattoos are also popular for their aesthetic appeal. They are often intricately designed and feature a range of patterns and symbols, such as flowers, animals, and geometric shapes.
It is worth noting that the meanings of Indian tattoos can vary depending on the context in which they are used and the cultural background of the person wearing them. If you are interested in getting an Indian tattoo, it is important to research the symbolism and cultural significance of the designs you are considering and to understand the cultural context in which they are being used.
Is it a good idea to get indian tattoo?
Whether or not it is a good idea to get an Indian tattoo, or any tattoo, is a personal decision that depends on your individual circumstances and preferences.
There are some things to consider if you are thinking about getting an Indian tattoo:
- Pain tolerance: Getting a tattoo can be painful, and the level of discomfort can vary depending on the location of the tattoo and the individual’s pain tolerance.
- Aftercare: It is important to follow proper aftercare instructions to ensure that your tattoo heals properly. This may involve keeping the area clean and moisturized, avoiding certain activities (such as swimming or soaking in a bath), and avoiding exposure to sunlight.
- Cultural sensitivity: If you are considering an Indian tattoo, it is important to be mindful of the cultural context in which the tattoo is being used. Make sure you understand the symbolism and cultural significance of the designs you are considering, and respect the traditions and values of the culture from which the tattoo originates.
- Long-term commitment: Tattoos are a permanent form of body art, so it is important to be sure that you are comfortable with the idea of having the tattoo for the rest of your life.
Ultimately, the decision to get an Indian tattoo (or any tattoo) should be based on your own personal preferences and values. If you are considering a tattoo, it is a good idea to take the time to research and understand the symbolism and cultural significance of the designs you are considering, and to be sure that you are comfortable with the long-term commitment involved.
What are the best body parts for a indian tattoo?
The best body parts for an Indian tattoo (also known as a Henna tattoo) are largely a matter of personal preference. Some people choose to place their Henna tattoos on areas of the body that are visible, such as the hands, feet, arms, or legs, while others prefer to place them on more hidden areas of the body.
Some common body parts for Indian tattoos include:
- Hands and fingers: Henna tattoos on the hands and fingers are often very intricate and detailed, and can be used to create beautiful and unique designs.
- Feet and ankles: Henna tattoos on the feet and ankles can be a good choice for those who want a tattoo that can be easily covered up if necessary.
- Arms and shoulders: Henna tattoos on the arms and shoulders can be a good choice for those who want a tattoo that is more visible and noticeable.
- Back and torso: Henna tattoos on the back and torso can be a good choice for those who want a tattoo that is more discreet, or for those who want to cover a larger area with a single design.
Ultimately, the best body part for an Indian tattoo is one that is comfortable for you and that you feel confident showing off. It is important to consider the size, placement, and visibility of the tattoo when deciding where to place it on your body.
Which tattoo style to choose for a indian tattoo?
There are many different styles of Indian tattoos (also known as Henna tattoos) to choose from, and the style that is right for you will depend on your personal preferences and the look you are trying to achieve.
Some common styles of Indian tattoos include:
- Traditional Indian: Traditional Indian tattoos, also known as Rajasthani tattoos, are inspired by the cultural traditions of India and feature intricate designs, bold colors, and a range of symbols and patterns.
- Modern Indian: Modern Indian tattoos are influenced by contemporary art and design and often feature more abstract, stylized designs.
- Minimalist Indian: Minimalist Indian tattoos are simple and understated, and often feature geometric shapes and clean lines.
- Spiritual Indian: Spiritual Indian tattoos are inspired by spiritual and religious traditions and may feature symbols and patterns that are meaningful to the wearer.
Calculate the Indian tattoo cost
Estimated cost: $
When choosing a style for your Indian tattoo, it is important to consider the cultural context in which the tattoo will be used, as well as your personal aesthetic preferences. It is also a good idea to research the symbolism and meaning of different tattoo styles to ensure that you choose a style that aligns with your values and goals.
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Lifelong gamer Russell Alford, 15, usually has to wait until his homework and chores are finished before he can play “Call of Duty 4,” but this semester, he got to play another video game at school. His finance class at Marshall High School in Fairfax County, Va., designed avatars and saved a virtual city from an oil spill — earning points for teamwork, research on the world’s water supply, business ethics and negotiating skills.
As Net-generation teachers reach out to gamers, classrooms across the country are becoming portals to elaborate virtual worlds. Business and science classes are sampling sophisticated software that allows students to try out potential careers, practice skills or explore history through simulated missions in national parks, ancient cities or outer space.
To read the full article, click here: http://www.modbee.com/life/buzzz/story/555416.html
Source: Michael Alison Chandler, The Washington Post
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The notion of threat society is characterized by social anxiousness resulted from incalculable, unpredictable, and uncontrollable impacts of scientific and technological advancement in postindustrialized international locations. However, the risk society framework is inadequate for understanding consumers’ response to guidelines and laws that are supposed to attenuate risks of modernity and guarantee food safety (Kjærnes 2010). In China, a sequence of food quality certification standards, together with “hazard-free food,” green food, and organic food, have been established to cope with the rise of food security scandals (see Scott et al. 2014). In the Nineteen Nineties and 2000s, a set of food safety legal guidelines and laws was enacted.
A massive part of the charity’s work includes its community food projects – together with community pantries, providing dignified entry to low-value, high-high quality food, and cooking abilities lessons. Homelessness charity Cyrenians has launched their summer ‘Food That Goes Further’ attraction which calls on people to pledge common help to their group food projects to ‘help ensure that nobody goes hungry’. It’s hard to break free from starvation if there isn’t enough cash coming in to cowl the rising value of absolute necessities like food and housing. It’s utterly unacceptable that anybody is pressured to turn to a food bank as a result. We help and encourage our food banks to provide compassionate, sensible support to people in crisis to sort out the foundation causes that lock people into poverty and build people’s resilience so they’re much less likely to need a food financial institution in the future. People deliver their voucher to a food bank centre where it can be redeemed for three days’ emergency food.
Craving Food For Thought? Hungry Guide Membership
More than a easy place of transaction, farmers’ markets nowadays emphasize “wholesome” and “ecological” food manufacturing processes and other social values (Si et al. 2014). Vendors at these markets are dedicated to making sure the security and high quality of food. However, to convince the shoppers, a lot effort is required to reconstruct particular person belief as a result of customers are skeptical about whether the food is indeed secure and healthy when they’re incapable of judging the standard from its look. These activities advised that, as troublesome because it might be, trust issues may be overcome through sure social mechanisms.
While the worlds of manufacturing tend to pay attention in one place, worlds of consumption could also be far eliminated. Goods subsequently possess a set of traits which might be fastened at a given moment within the manufacturing process14. A product, then again, is set of rules that outline the number of items that can be produced beneath the identical name, in addition to the socio-technical system and the operations needed to produce these goods. In order to stabilise the traits of a product into a desired set, producers need to coordinate a network of managers, engineers, workers, uncooked material, machines analytical instruments and knowledge around a typical aim. For example, if raw materials is not accurately selected, or if machines are not properly cleaned and properly maintained, the ensuing items might noticeably differ from these produced on another event. Callon et al. would interpret this action as a process geared toward ‘detaching’ consumers from a socio-technical actor-network and ‘reattaching’ them to another one.
The Great Food Network
After a few year, she was internet hosting the every day stay program as a cooking and life-style expert, which included hosting cooking competitions and holding her own cooking segments on Fridays. “During that time when I was in recovery from the surgical procedure, that’s once I had that eye-opening realization of, ‘What am I doing with my life? It’s an identical path Martha Stewart took to succeed in her degree of success, which wasn’t derived from a conventional restaurant background but as an alternative via catering and decorating, mentioned Wahid. Ariel Robinson had earned both local and nationwide recognition in August when she gained the Food Network’s show “Worst Cooks in America.” “I’ve dreamed of being on “Chopped” since my sister Krista and I had been little and we hosted our personal make-imagine restaurant, ‘Café Croissant,'” she said.
- The open source nature of project means that we will pool data and assets to a standard global infrastructure.
- Gruen led the network into an explosive development until 1998, by launching the biggest and number one site for food, FoodNetwork.com, greater than doubling the subscriber base, tripling the viewership and multiplying the network’s yearly income.
- We do that by bringing collectively literature on the political ecology of food methods and a number of spatialities, together with Doreen Massey’s understanding of house as a heterogeneous multiplicity and Eric Sheppard’s conceptualization of sociospatial positionality.
- Their inspiration, along with my keen interest in the open supply culture, led me to the Open Food Network.
- Locality food is the result of a separation between the world of manufacturing and the world of consumption.
Covid-19 is showing that collective responsibility is alive within the streets and neighbourhoods. In issues of food entitlements and justice, Brazil’s social material stays strong and responsive. Home delivered food baskets and digital platforms connecting farmers to shoppers via social media have received a boost in the course of the pandemic and at the moment are extending past prosperous neighbourhoods. The solidary network of the Baixada Santista is considered one of many of these initiatives.
We related our first-hand data with theories of direct and oblique reciprocity and explained how individual belief between prospects and distributors has been reconstructed. Finally, we uncovered two extra social conditions, endogenous rules and altruism, and elucidated how they’ve facilitated the event of organizational trust and the prosperity of the BCF and CSAs. By unpacking the process of belief transformation, we supplement earlier social theories of trust from a dynamic and multidimensional perspective.
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3 Indian cities have managed to solve the problem of landfills
Three Indian cities, each located in a different state, have set a major benchmark for the rest of the country when it comes to ideal waste management practices, according to a new NITI Aayog report.
At a time while rubbish disposal sites have grown to be a big hassle for maximum city centers, Chhattisgarh’s Ambikapur, Maharashtra’s Chandrapur and Kerala’s Taliparamba have followed a “zero-landfill model” of development, which seeks to segment out dependency on new landfills. This fulfillment has landed the 3 towns in a listing of 28 with the great waste control practices, cited withinside the record launched with the aid of using NITI Aayog.
“With fast populace increase in city areas, capacities of nearby government regularly fall quick of attaining the set dreams of city provider delivery. Therefore, zone stakeholders should be ready with good enough expertise sources to plot green waste control systems,” stated Kant on the launch.
According to the record, a zero waste landfill is primarily based totally on aid healing and concepts of round economy” which might be socially, environmentally, and economically sound. It identifies a “zero-landfill city” as one which guarantees most portions of waste are subject to medical remedy and recycling, therefore decreasing the quantity of residual stable waste and minimizing the want to assemble new landfills.
Garbage disposal sites have become a massive problem for most urban centers, but Ambikapur, Chandrapur and Taliparamba have adopted 'zero-landfill model.
DCC, initiative waste Recycle is the largest waste management solution in India. We strategize to bring in environmental solutions that can help the communities and organizations to become sustainable. Waste Management is been specially categorized for communities where both dry and wet waste is been found.
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Education for unaccompanied migrant children in Europe
A new policy memo published by EPIC (European Platform for Investing in Children) on approaches to education for unaccompanied migrant children in Europe.
The importance of migrant children’s access to education has been recognised by national and international governments. Hence, there are a variety of legal and policy frameworks applied at international, national and local levels in support of migrant children’s access to education (including unaccompanied minors).
However, despite these legal and policy provisions, access to both formal and non-formal education remains a challenge for many unaccompanied migrant children.
This EPIC policy memo, provides a brief overview of the national and school-level approaches to the inclusion of unaccompanied migrant children in Member State education systems. The memo also discusses wider policy responses to the integration of these children into the host societies.
The document is part of a series of short policy memos aimed at policymakers, researchers and practitioners and focusing on topics relevant to child welfare.
You can find the policy memo on the European Commission Publications catalogue.
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How Genetic Engineering Can Positively Impact the Health of Future Generations
Genetic engineering is one of the most advanced technologies in recent history. It is the intentional manipulation of genes of an organism through the use of biotechnology with the purpose of producing improved organisms. Scientists have been actively working towards enabling the efficient and accurate manipulation of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genetic engineering has the potential to enhance the lives of people. One of the positive impacts the technology could have on the health of future generations is curing diseases that were previously incurable such as cancer. Also, genetic engineering can be used to eliminate congenital disabilities before the child is born (Daniell et al. 134). Furthermore, the technology could be adapted to cure hereditary diseases and prevent them from being inherited by the future generations. In agriculture, the technology can be used to modify plants and animals to ensure higher productivity and better quality foods (Hu and Lizhong 726).
The application of genetic engineering in the fight against incurable diseases implies that people will be able to maintain their lifestyles without the fear of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or cancer. It can improve the health of people in society immensely compared to today. Genetic engineering has already found application in the fight against problems like cysti…
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Sidst opdateret 14. august 2023
What is demand planning?
Demand planning is a supply chain management process. It’s the process used by businesses to predict what a company expects to sell in the future. The goal of demand planning is to ensure that a company has the right amount of inventory or resources available at the right time to meet customer needs while minimizing excess inventory or shortage.
Why is demand planning important?
Demand planning is important for businesses. Firstly, it empowers companies to assess their inventory and ensure an optimal quantity of products is positioned appropriately to proactively address customer demand. By enhancing planning processes, companies can adeptly manage inventory. Furthermore, demand planning serves as a safeguard against the pitfalls of excessive stockpiling. This includes the potential escalation of inventory carrying expenses, markdowns on products, or the necessity to rapidly liquidate unsold inventory through significant discounts. Such actions are undertaken to create space for the introduction of new products.
What is the difference between demand planning and supply planning?
What role does data play in demand planning?
Accurate and relevant data is crucial for demand planning. Historical sales data, customer behavior, market trends, and external factors help create more . Companies strive to improve accuracy by continuously refining their forecasting accuracy.
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Plant-Based Diet Best for Your Heart
WEDNESDAY, July 7, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Want to be good to your ticker?
Load up on veggies — especially beans, Italian researchers recommend.
They've published a comprehensive review of research on eating habits and heart disease that provides consistent evidence that eating less salt and animal proteins and more plant-based foods is associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
Those good-for-you foods include whole grains, fruits, veggies, legumes and nuts.
The researchers also recommend replacing butter and other animal fats with non-tropical vegetable fats, such as olive oil.
"A mistake we made in the past was to consider one dietary component the enemy and the only thing we had to change," said study author Gabriele Riccardi of the University of Naples Federico II, in Italy. "Instead, we need to look at diets as a whole and if we reduce the amount of one food, it is important to choose a healthy replacement."
The findings were published July 7 in Cardiovascular Research, journal of the European Society of Cardiology.
Red meat such as beef, pork and lamb should be limited to two 3.5-ounce servings a week, the study suggests. Up to three 3.5-ounce servings of poultry, and two to four 5.3-ounce servings of fish a week are also OK.
Processed meats like bacon, sausages and salami should be eaten only occasionally.
In place of red meat, researchers suggest up to four 6.3-ounce servings of legumes a week.
They also recommend eating 14 ounces a day each of fruits and vegetables, and an ounce of nuts.
It's OK to have moderate amounts of full-fat or low-fat dairy products, they added.
And there's good news for cheese and yogurt-lovers.
Small quantities of cheese and yogurt appear to have protective effect, because they're fermented, Riccardi said in a journal news release. The magic numbers are slightly less than 2 ounces of cheese and about 7 ounces of yogurt per day.
"We now understand that gut bacteria play a major role in influencing cardiovascular risk," Riccardi said. "Fermented dairy products contain good bacteria, which promote health."
But go easy on white bread and white rice, the findings suggest. Those have a high glycemic index, meaning they quickly raise blood sugar. Limit them to two servings a week. Instead, choose whole grain, low glycemic index foods such as pasta, parboiled rice and corn tortillas, the researchers recommend.
Up to three cups a day of coffee and tea were associated with lower heart disease risk. But soft drinks, including diet drinks, were linked to greater risk. Replace them with water except occasionally, the researchers advised.
And, Riccardi added, the studies his team reviewed associated moderate alcohol consumption with a reduced risk of heart disease. Just remember: That's no more than two glasses of wine a day in men and one glass for women; or one beer, he pointed out.
"Considering the overall impact of alcohol on health, this evidence should be interpreted as the maximal allowed intake rather than a recommended amount," Riccardi said.
Finally, feel free to enjoy up to 0.3 ounces of dark chocolate a day. Researchers said the benefits of that small, sweet treat exceed the risk of weight gain and heart problems.
The American Heart Association has more on healthy eating.
SOURCE: Cardiovascular Research, news release, July 6, 2021
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Also known as social phobia, social anxiety is a kind of condition that triggers fear in social environments. People who have this disorder find it hard to participate in social gatherings, make new friends, and converse with others. Though they’re aware of their fears, they feel helpless and afraid of what others think of them.
Some psychological symptoms of social anxiety are worrying about an event for days or even weeks, skipping social gatherings like parties, and worrying about humiliating yourself in public.
When you have anxiety, life as a mom can be even more stressful and almost impossible to deal with. But to protect the well-being of your kids, you’ll need to learn how to manage your social anxiety. Whether you’re going to the playground, talking to teachers, or meeting with other moms, it’s essential to know how to handle social interactions.
Read on to learn how to work out your social anxiety as a mom.
1) Pay Attention To Your Child
Managing social anxiety can be difficult for an introverted mom. But if you need to interact with others for the sake of your little one, you should look for ways to reduce your anxiety. One way to do that is to pay attention to your child instead of others. This way, you’ll feel more at ease and find social interactions much easier to deal with.
For example, if you’re dealing with your child’s tantrums at the grocery store, think about what you can do at that moment and try to ignore what other people might say or think about you. The more you take your mind away from other people, the better you can overcome social anxiety by not adding any fuel to it.
2) Try Some Self-Care Strategies
When it comes to keeping yourself mentally healthy, practicing self-care will be an excellent solution. There are so many things you can do to improve your mental and emotional well-being while taking care of your child. Here are some common self-care strategies that you can try:
- Create healthy sleeping habits to relax and forget any daily worries.
- Perform some mindfulness techniques, such as yoga or deep breathing exercises, to clear your mind of worries. Breathing exercises will especially help when you’re out with others.
- Learn more about social anxiety and how to cope with it by reading books.
- Do some hobbies that can make you feel relaxed and less anxious, such as painting, drawing, gardening, and taking pictures.
- Take some supplements like nootropics. Nootropics are cognition enhancers used to address the chemical imbalance in your brain’s neurotransmitters, which cause social anxiety. If you’re thinking of taking one, you can check out this list of the best nootropics for social anxiety or other sources to find the right product that suits your needs.
3) Seek Professional Help
Social anxiety can disrupt your daily routines and interpersonal relationships. So, if you feel like your anxiety has started to overpower you in social interactions, you’ll have to seek professional help from a counselor, a psychologist, or a therapist.
Generally, working with a professional will help relieve symptoms significantly and boost your self-confidence. For example, they can introduce you to forms of therapy like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This treatment is designed to help patients identify and fight negative beliefs or assumptions about themselves.
During therapy, you’ll learn how to enhance your coping skills by engaging in some activities, such as role-playing and social skills training.
4) Get Yourself Out There
If you suffer from social anxiety as a mother, one of the best ways to handle it is to get yourself out there. Although it’s easy to avoid situations that can make you feel afraid or anxious, it’s essential to accept invitations to some social gatherings to practice your social skills and minimize anxiety.
By getting yourself out there, you can develop social and communication skills needed to work out your social anxiety. For instance, you feel less anxious when you know how to communicate well with others. Try to join some group conversations, share your opinions or thoughts, or tell stories. Communicating with others will make you stronger and more confident.
Social anxiety is a mental health condition that can affect your role as a mom. You worry about attending your child’s soccer game, meeting other parents, or visiting school for a parent-teacher conference. Social interactions are inevitable, but they can be easier to deal with when you know how to manage your condition.
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It took Jacques de Vaucanson took the seven years between 1731 and 1738 to design and construct his first automaton, or android— The Flute Player. Vaucanson's Flute Player was most probably the first automaton to perform a series of mechanical procedures long enough and complex enough to provide a credible imitation of life. When finally completed the automaton was "a life-size figure of a shepherd that played the tabor and the pipe and had a repertoire of twelve songs." Vaucanson presented The Flute Player at the Académie Royale des Sciences in 1738, and published a pamphlet in Paris entitled Le mécanisme du fluteur automate, presenté a messieurs de L'Académie Royale des Sciences. Avec la description d'un canard artificial, mangeant, beuvant, digerant & se vuidant, épluchantses aîles & ses plumes, imitant en div. maniers un canard vivant. . . .
Vaucanson completed his Canard digérateur or Digesting Duck, an automaton that imitated or simulated the process of eating kernels of grain, of digestion, and of defecation in 1738.
"The duck had over 400 moving parts in each wing alone, and could flap its wings, drink water, digest grain, and defecate. Although Vaucanson's duck supposedly demonstrated digestion accurately, his duck actually contained a hidden compartment of 'digested food', so that what the duck defecated was not the same as what it ate; the duck would eat a mixture of water and seed and excrete a mixture of bread crumbs and green dye that appeared to the onlooker indistinguishable from real excrement. Although such 'frauds' were sometimes controversial, they were common enough because such scientific demonstrations needed to entertain the wealthy and powerful to attract their patronage. Vaucanson is credited as having invented the world's first flexible rubber tube while in the process of building the duck's intestines. Despite the revolutionary nature of his automata, he is said to have tired quickly of his creations and sold them in 1743" (Wikipedia article on Jacques Vaucanson, accessed 05-20-2013).
Vaucanson's Canard digérateur was the first automaton to simulate biological processes. In 1742 Vaucanson's flute-player and his duck were exhibited at the Opera House in the Hay-Market in London. In association with that exhbition. Vaucanson's booklet describing the automata was translated into English by J. T. Desaguliers and published as An Account of the Mechanism of an Automaton, or Images Playing on the German Flute. As it was Presented in a Memoire, to the Gentlemen of the Royal-Academy of Sciences at Paris. By M. Vaucanson, Inventor and Maker of the Said Machine. Together with a Description of an Artificial Duck, Eating, Drinking, Macerating the Food, and Voiding Excrements, Pluming Her Wings, Picking Her Feathers, and Performing Several Operations in Imitation of a Living Duck: Contrived by the Same Person. As Also That of Another Image, No Less Wonderful Than the First, Playing on the Tabor and Pipe ; as He Has Given an Account of Them Since the Memoire was Written. Translated Out of the French Original, by J.T. Desaguliers, L.L.D.F.R.S. Chaplain to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.
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Plumbers play a vital role in ensuring the proper functioning of our water supply systems. Their expertise is essential for repairing and maintaining pipes, valves, and other components that transport clean water to our homes and businesses. However, the work they do is not without its risks. One of the most significant threats to public health associated with plumbing is backflow contamination.
Backflow occurs when contaminated water from a non-potable source, such as a sprinkler system or swimming pool, flows back into the main water supply. This can happen when there is a sudden drop in water pressure or when a cross-connection between potable and non-potable sources exists. If left unchecked, backflow can lead to serious health consequences, including illness and even death.
To prevent backflow contamination, plumbers must be certified in backflow prevention and install and maintain the appropriate backflow prevention devices. In this article, we will explore the importance of backflow certification for plumbers and how it helps protect public health.
The Importance of Backflow Certification for Plumbers
- Ensuring Safe Drinking Water
The primary reason why backflow certification is critical for plumbers is to ensure the safety of our drinking water. By installing and maintaining backflow prevention devices, certified plumbers can prevent backflow contamination and safeguard public health.
- Meeting Legal Requirements
In many jurisdictions, backflow prevention is required by law. Plumbers who are not certified in backflow prevention may not be able to work on certain projects, leading to lost business opportunities. Additionally, failure to comply with backflow prevention regulations can result in fines or other legal consequences.
- Protecting Public Health
Backflow contamination can have severe health consequences, especially for vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. By preventing backflow, certified plumbers can help protect public health and prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.
- Enhancing Professionalism
Backflow certification demonstrates a plumber’s commitment to professionalism and expertise. Certified plumbers have completed training and passed exams to ensure they have the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent backflow contamination. This certification can help build trust with clients and increase business opportunities.
Q: What is backflow prevention? A: Backflow prevention refers to the measures taken to prevent contaminated water from flowing back into the main water supply. This is typically accomplished through the installation and maintenance of backflow prevention devices.
Q: Who needs backflow certification? A: Plumbers who work on projects that involve the installation, repair, or maintenance of backflow prevention devices are required to be certified in backflow prevention.
Q: How often do backflow prevention devices need to be tested? A: Backflow prevention devices should be tested annually to ensure they are functioning properly and preventing backflow contamination.
Q: What are the consequences of backflow contamination? A: Backflow contamination can lead to serious health consequences, including illness and even death. It can also damage plumbing systems and compromise the quality of drinking water.
Backflow certification is an essential requirement for plumbers who want to protect public health and ensure the safety of our drinking water. By completing backflow prevention training and certification, plumbers can demonstrate their expertise and professionalism while preventing backflow contamination. As consumers, we can also play a role in preventing backflow contamination by ensuring that our plumbing systems are properly maintained and backflow prevention devices are installed where necessary. Together, we can help safeguard our water
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Your kids can learn all about the water cycle with this FREE Water Cycle Unit with Fact Cards! They’ll learn the 12 parts of the water cycle, practice their definitions, label a water cycle diagram, have fun with fact cards, and more!
This post is part of the FREE Cheat Sheets & Fact Cards Series
This FREE Water Cycle Unit with Fact Cards includes:
- a water cycle vocabulary cheat sheet
- water cycle vocabulary print copywork to trace or copy
- water cycle vocabulary cursive copywork to trace or copy
- water cycle labeling activity
- water cycle vocabulary fact cards
- blank water cycle vocabulary fact cards for practicing definitions (images can be colored if desired)
This unit explores:
- plant uptake
- river discharge
- surface flow
- surface runoff
Your students can have fun learning and practicing what they learn with this FREE Water Cycle Unit with Fact Cards. Scroll down for this FREE instant download!
You might also enjoy these FREE Constellations Cards and Cheat Sheets.
Earths Water Cycle – NEW Meteorology Classroom Science PosterTREND enterprises, Inc. The Water Cycle Learning Chart, 17American Educational 8884 Water Cycle ModelThe Water Cycle at Work (Water In Our World)Evaporation, Transpiration and Precipitation | Water Cycle for Kids | Children’s Water BooksLet’s Investigate with Nate #1: The Water Cycle
Bonnie Rose Hudson’s heart’s desire is for every child to feel the love of God and know how special they are to Him. She would love for you to stop by her website WriteBonnieRose.com for homeschool and history curriculum, resources to help teach your children about missions and the persecuted Church, free history and writing printables, and to check out her newest release from JourneyForth, The Hidden Village, an early reader set in India.
Series Navigation Previous: Geology Fact Cards to Learn About Rocks & Gemstones Next: Free Parts of a Cell Cheat Sheet and Fact Cards
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How To Draw Princess Daisy fom Super Mario Bros with this how-to video and step-by-step drawing instructions. Simple drawing for kids and everyone.
Please see the drawing tutorial in the video below
You can refer to the simple step-by-step drawing guide below
Start with a circle for her head and then add guides on the face. You will then draw the top of her pretty dress, and when you’re done you can draw the bell shape of the bottom of her dress.
Now you will outline the front of her hairstyle, also known as her puff. Once her hair is done, draw Princess Daisy’s crown, and then add details on it. Finally, you’ll draw her eyes, eyebrows, and then the shape of her right ear.
Finish off Daisy’s hairstyle and then draw her face shape. Sketch the flower earrings, then draw the flowers on the rounded shoulders, and draw her whole body. She has a flower emblem on her dress as you can see here.
Add her nose, mouth, and inner details to her dress, then outline the ribbon she has lined up on her dress. Draw a border at the end of her left sleeve before leaving this step.
For you the final drawing step all you have to do is draw the rest of the cape. Add two ruffled linings around the bottom of her gown, and then you can draw crinkled lines for extra stroke and detail. Erase all the principles and shapes that you drew in step one.
Now you are ready to color in Princess Daisy. When you’re done, you’ve just finished this great lesson that taught you how to draw another Mario character.
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This series allows participants to examine and appreciate anew the rhetoric, political skill, and moral transformation of the sixteenth president. His words are a window into the mind of a canny politician and deep thinker considering the central questions of Civil War era: the nature of democratic participation; how to navigate the turbulent partisanship and regionalism of the antebellum era; the secession crisis and outbreak of civil war; the meaning of the nation’s bloodiest conflict; and, finally, the task of “binding up the nation’s wounds” and protecting the newly won citizenship of African Americans at the close of the war. […]
This volume includes nine of the sixteenth president’s most stirring addresses on issues of freedom, civic duty, slavery and the Constitution. The addresses include his early 1838 speech “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois”, his famous “House Divided” and Cooper-Union speeches, as well as signal wartime addresses.
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Izz ad-Din al-Qassam is a Muslim freedom fighter who participated in various resistance movements against the western occupations in the Middle East including against the Italians in Libya, the French in Syria, and most importantly, the British in Palestine.
The killing of al-Qassam by the British in 1935 has inspired generations of Palestinians to fight for the liberation of Palestine from any form of occupation.
This century-old conflict has a very long and complicated history.
In 1917, the British had promised the land of Palestine to the Zionists in the infamous Balfour Declaration. 31 years later, the state of Israel was established at the end of the British mandate.
73 years after the establishment of Israel, the Palestinians are still resisting the Israeli occupation. With the United States backing the Israelis, many regarded the Palestinian resistance as futile. The gap in technology and economy is just too great.
Why was there never an end to this century-long conflict? Why can’t a two-state solution peace deal succeed?
Firstly, in any such deals, a line on the map should be drawn to establish the border of the two states. The question is, where should the border be?
The Malaysian Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin stated on the 11th May 2021, that Malaysia supports the two state solution based on the pre-1967 border with East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.
The pre-1967 border includes the Palestinians giving Israel 78 percent of historic Palestine and only keeping 22 percent of their own land.
However, Israel has built hundreds of illegal settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, with many more on the way. The recent Sheikh Jarrah evictions were part of the plans to remove Palestinians from their homes in East Jerusalem in order to establish new Israeli settlements.
These illegal Israeli settlements impede the viability of the two state solution. The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2334 states that the “establishment by Israel of settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem, has no legal validity and constitutes a flagrant violation under international law and a major obstacle to the achievement of the two-State solution and a just, lasting and comprehensive peace.”
Indeed, it is a major obstacle. In many preceding peace talks, Israel demanded more land from the Palestinians, citing the major Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. This does not sit well with the Palestinians as they had already given up 78 percent of their land.
The continued expansion of the settlements reflects Israeli government’s lack of commitment towards peace. As recent as January 2021, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu approved the building of 800 new settlement homes in the West Bank.
On top of it all is the issue of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem was divided in 1948 into East and West Jerusalem, with West Jerusalem occupied by Israel. In 1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem.
In 1980, the Israeli parliament passed the Jerusalem Law. Under this law, it is declared that “Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel”.
In response to the Jerusalem Law, the UNSC passed Resolution 478, condemning the Jerusalem Law as it violates international law. However, Israel explicitly rejected and ignored this resolution.
This is the Gordian knot of this conflict. In fact, both sides are willing to compromise about land and other issues, but the issue of Jerusalem is where every peace talks failed.
This is best reflected in the Taba Summit 2001. The summit is said to be the closest ever to an agreement between Palestine and Israel. That being said, the issue of Jerusalem is still causing an impasse among the negotiators.
Even though the Palestinians are willing to give Israel the sovereignty of the Wailing Wall, the then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak declined to grant sovereignty of the Temple Mount, which houses the al-Aqsa Mosque, to the Palestinians.
Another issue that usually trips the peace negotiations is the issue of refugees. The Palestinian refugees that were displaced by the formation of the state of Israel and the settlements should be able to return home to their land. Some of them still kept the keys to their home.
However, if after the two state solution, the refugees’ home is in Israel, would they be able to return home and become Israeli citizens?
In most of the peace talks, Israel rejects the right for the refugees to return.
The Israeli Arab population has always been viewed suspiciously by the Israeli conservatives. They were even referred to as a “demographic time bomb” which threatens the identity of Israel as a ‘Jewish state.’
Currently, the total population of Israel is 9.2 million. Of them, 6.8 million are Jews and 1.8 million are Arabs. The number of Palestinian refugees is estimated to be around 7 million. The return of these refugees home as Israeli citizens would shift the majority in Israel, and Israel would never let this happen.
Therefore, how would this conflict end? Is the two state solution still viable? At this point, nobody really has a realistic answer.
Some argued that the Palestinians should just quit resisting and just accept the Israeli occupation to prevent further deaths.
Just after 12 hours of the ceasefire between Palestine and Israel on 21st May 2021, Israeli police had thrown stun grenades and stormed into the al-Aqsa Mosque. Israeli settlers are also seen entering the holy site. The Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah are being barred from returning to their homes.
These actions were very much identical with prior incidents that led to the conflict escalation in the first place. Here it is again, during the ceasefire, as a direct provocation to the Palestinians.
Should the Palestinians be forced to live under occupation? Should they remain silent when the occupation forces evict them from their ancestral homes? Should they just let the occupation police and settlers violate the sanctity of their holy mosque?
As a Palestinian, if you resist, you’ll be bombed, like in Gaza. If you keep quiet, you’ll be evicted from your home, like in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. If you run away, your claims to your land and your holy mosque might be revoked forever, like the refugees.
Persatuan Belia Harmoni Malaysia
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Calculate Endurance Using Quadcopter Architectural Design
This example shows you how to create the physical architecture of a quadcopter following a target green ball using System Composer™ and Requirements Toolbox™ and following a model-based systems engineering (MBSE) workflow. Start by defining requirements, then extend architectural data using stereotypes and custom property values for model elements, and finally use analysis to iteratively improve on the design.
Define Functional Requirements for Quadcopter Design
The first step in the MBSE methodology is to define requirements. The concept of operations, or conops, define the overall idea of the system. You then derive functional requirements from conops requirements and further define the logical and physical subsystems by linking requirements.
Open the project.
Load Simulink® customizations.
Load the physical architecture model in memory to view its requirement links.
Load the requirement sets.
Concept of operations
Open the Requirements Editor (Requirements Toolbox).
Inspect the conops requirement
Target Characteristics. The requirements under the Decomposed by list represent the requirements contained in the top-level requirement. The requirement
Target Identification under the Derived from list represents requirements derived from the conops requirement.
To open the quadcopter physical architecture model, run this code.
Add mask icons to your components by selecting a component and then navigating on the tooltrip to Format > Add Image to Block. Browse for a mask icon from the Tools folder. Click OK.
Manage requirements and architecture together in the Requirements Manager from Requirements Toolbox. Navigate to Apps > Requirements Manager. You are now in the Requirements Perspective in System Composer. In this perspective, you can see which requirements are associated with specific components in the physical architecture.
Specify Functional Design Using Stereotypes and Properties
Stereotypes, defined on a profile, include properties to specify metadata on model elements to which stereotypes are applied.
To open the Profile Editor tool, on the System Composer toolstrip, navigate to Modeling > Profile Editor. Alternatively, run this command.
AirVehicle stereotype applies to components and inherits from the base stereotype
HW_Implementation. Each property under the
AirVehicle stereotype is specified by a data type defined by
Type, and some properties include an engineering unit defined by
Unit. You can apply the
AirVehicle stereotype to components in the quadcopter physical architecture to elaborate on these components with specific property values. Define these property values for the
RPiCam_RadioComms component in the Property Inspector.
Perform Roll-Up Analysis to Calculate Endurance for Quadcopter Design
To open the Instantiate Architecture Model tool, on the System Composer toolstrip, navigate to Modeling > Analysis Model. Select all the stereotypes under the
QuadcopterPhysicalProperties profile. Click the open button, then open the analysis function file
Bottom-up for Iteration Order. Click Instantiate.
In the Analysis Viewer tool, you can use an analysis function to calculate roll-up property values such as
TotalMass. The analysis function also calculates the performance characteristics
Endurance. For more information, see Analysis Function Constructs. Click Analyze to view the analysis results highlighted in yellow.
Endurance property for this particular configuration is calculated as approximately
3.825 using this equation.
You can change the variant configuration on the Variant Component blocks,
Quadcopter, then run the analysis function again to calculate
Endurance and compare different proposed designs.
Faisandier, Alan, and Rick Adcock. “Physical Architecture.” Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) v. 2.7, released October 31, 2022. https://sebokwiki.org/wiki/Physical_Architecture.
- Profile Editor | Instantiate Architecture Model | Requirements Editor (Requirements Toolbox) | Analysis Viewer
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Diagram of the lungs with the respiratory tract visible, and different colours for each lobe
The lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and many other animals including a few fish and some snails. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange. Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species. Mammals, reptiles and birds use their musculoskeletal systems to support and foster breathing. In early tetrapods, air was driven into the lungs by the pharyngeal muscles via buccal pumping, a mechanism still seen in amphibians. In humans, the primary muscle that drives breathing is the diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that makes vocal sounds including human speech possible.
Humans have two lungs, a right lung and a left lung. They are situated within the thoracic cavity of the chest. The right lung is bigger than the left, which shares space in the chest with the heart. The lungs together weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb), and the right is heavier. The lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles and which receive air breathed in via the conducting zone. These divide until air reaches microscopic alveoli, where the process of gas exchange takes place. Together, the lungs contain approximately 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli. The lungs are enclosed within a sac called the pleural sac which allows the inner and outer walls to slide over each other whilst breathing takes place, without much friction. This sac encloses each lung and also divides each lung into sections called lobes. The right lung has three lobes and the left has two. The lobes are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments and lobules. The lungs have a unique blood supply, receiving deoxygenated blood sent from the heart for the purposes of receiving oxygen (the pulmonary circulation) and a separate supply of oxygenated blood (the bronchial circulation).
The tissue of the lungs can be affected by a number of diseases, including pneumonia and lung cancer. Chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema can be related to smoking or exposure to harmful substances. Diseases such as bronchitis can also affect the respiratory tract.
In embryonic development, the lungs begin to develop as an outpouching of the foregut, a tube which goes on to form the upper part of the digestive system. When the lungs are formed the fetus is held in the fluid-filled amniotic sac and so they do not function to breathe. Blood is also diverted from the lungs through the ductus arteriosus. At birth however, air begins to pass through the lungs, and the diversionary duct closes, so that the lungs can begin to respire. The lungs only fully develop in early childhood.
The lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart in the rib cage. They are conical in shape with a narrow rounded apex at the top and a broad base that rests on the diaphragm. The apex of the lung extends into the root of the neck, reaching shortly above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. The lungs stretch from close to the backbone in the rib cage to the front of the chest and downwards from the lower part of the trachea to the diaphragm. The left lung shares space with the heart, with an impression in its medial surface called the cardiac impression. The front and outer sides of the lung face the ribs, which make light indendations on their surfaces. The bottom of the lungs is smooth and rests on the diaphragm, matching its concavity. The medial surface of the lungs faces towards the centre of the chest, and lies against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the two main bronchi branch off from the base of the trachea.
The lungs are surrounded by the pulmonary pleurae. The pleurae are two serous membranes; the outer parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the rib cage and the inner visceral pleura directly lines the surface of the lungs. Between the pleurae is a potential space called the pleural cavity containing pleural fluid. Each lung is divided into lobes by the invaginations of the pleura as fissures. The fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion.
The lobes of the lungs are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments based on the locations of bronchioles. Segments for the left and right lung are shown in the table. The segmental anatomy is useful clinically for localising disease processes in the lungs.
The right lung has both more lobes and segments than the left. It is divided into three lobes, an upper, middle, and a lower, by two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal. The upper, horizontal fissure, separates the upper from the middle lobe. It begins in the lower oblique fissure near the posterior border of the lung, and, running horizontally forward, cuts the anterior border on a level with the sternal end of the fourth costal cartilage; on the mediastinal surface it may be traced backward to the hilum.
The mediastinal surface of the right lung is indented by a number of nearby structures. The heart sits in an impression called the cardiac impression. Above the hilum of the lung is an arched groove for the azygos vein, and above this is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right innominate vein; behind this, and close to the top of the lung is a groove for the innominate artery. There is a groove for the esophagus behind the hilum and the pulmonary ligament, and near the lower part of the esophageal groove is a deeper groove for the inferior vena cava before it enters the heart.
The left lung is divided into two lobes, an upper and a lower, by the oblique fissure, which extends from the costal to the mediastinal surface of the lung both above and below the hilum. The left lung, unlike the right, does not have middle lobe, though it does have a homologous feature, a projection of the upper lobe termed the “lingula”. Its name means “little tongue”. The lingula on the left serves as an anatomic parallel to the right middle lobe, with both areas being predisposed to similar infections and anatomic complications. There are two bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula: superior and inferior.
On the same surface, immediately above the hilum, is a well-marked curved groove for the aortic arch, and a groove below it for the descending aorta. The left subclavian artery, a branch off the aortic arch, sits in a groove from the arch to near the apex of the lung. A shallower groove in front of the artery and near the edge of the lung, lodges the left innominate vein. The esophagus may sit in a wider shallow impression at the base of the lung.
The lung is part of the respiratory system, and contains the majority of the lower respiratory tract after the trachea. The trachea receives air from the pharynx and travels down to a place where it splits (the carina) into a right and left bronchus. These supply air to the right and left lungs, splitting progressively into the secondary and tertiary bronchi for the lobes of the lungs, and into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become the respiratory bronchioles. These in turn supply air through alveolar ducts into the alveoli, where the exchange of gases take place. Oxygen diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into the enveloping capillaries (small blood vessels).
Estimates of the total surface area of lungs vary from 50 to 75 square metres (540 to 810 sq ft); roughly the same area as one side of a tennis court.
The bronchi in the conducting zone are reinforced with hyaline cartilage in order to hold open the airways. The bronchioles have no cartilage and are surrounded instead by smooth muscle. Air is warmed to 37 °C (99 °F), humidified and cleansed by the conduction zone; particles from the air being removed by the cilia on the respiratory epithelium lining the passageways.
The tissue of the lungs receive oxygenated blood via the bronchial circulation, a series of arteries that leave the aorta and are part of the systemic circulation. There are usually three arteries, and they branch alongside the bronchi and bronchioles. The blood volume of the lungs is about 450 millilitres on average, about 9 per cent of the total blood volume of the entire circulatory system. This quantity can easily fluctuate from between one-half and twice the normal volume.
The lungs also receive deoxygenated blood from the heart and supply it with oxygen, in a process known as respiration. In this process, venous blood in the body collects in the right atrium and is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries into the left and right lungs. Blood passes through small capillaries next to the alveoli in the lung, receives oxygen, and travels back to the heart. This is called the pulmonary circulation. The oxygenated blood is then pumped to the rest of the body.
The lungs are supplied by nerves of the autonomic nervous system. Input from the parasympathetic nervous system occurs via the vagus nerve. When stimulated by acetylcholine, this causes constriction of the smooth muscle lining the bronchus and bronchioli, and increases the secretions from glands. The lungs also have a sympathetic tone from norepinephrine acting on the beta 2 receptors in the respiratory tract, which causes bronchodilation.
The respiratory tract begins with the trachea and bronchi. These structures are lined with columnar epithelial cells that possess cilia, small frond-like projections. Interspersed with the epithelial cells are goblet cells which produce mucous, and club cells with actions similar to macrophages. Surrounding these in the trachea and bronchi are cartilage rings, which help to maintain stability. Bronchioles possess the same columnar epithelial lining, but are not surrounded by cartilage rings. Instead, they are encircled by a layer of smooth muscle. The respiratory tract ends in lobules. These consist of a respiratory bronchiole, which branches into alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs, which in turn divide into alveoli.
The epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract secrete epithelial lining fluid (ELF), the composition of which is tightly regulated and determines how well mucociliary clearance works.:Section 4 pages 7–8 (Page 4–7ff) which in turn is coated with a layer of surfactant.
Alveoli consist of two types of alveolar cell and an alveolar macrophage. The two types of cell are known as type I and type II alveolar cells (also known as pneumocytes). Types I and II make up the walls and septa of the alveoli. Type I cells provide 95% of the surface area of each alveoli and are flat ("squamous"), and Type II cells generally cluster in the corners of the alveoli and have a cuboidal shape. Despite this, cells occur in a roughly equal ratio of 1:1 or 6:4.
Type I are squamous epithelial cells that make up the alveolar wall structure. They have extremely thin walls that enable an easy gas exchange. These type I cells also make up the alveolar septa which separate each alveolus. The septa consist of an epithelial lining and associated basement membranes. Type I cells are not able to divide, and consequently rely on differentiation from Type II cells.
The development of the human lungs arise from the laryngotracheal groove and develop to maturity over several weeks in the foetus and for several months following birth. The larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs begin to form during the fourth week of embryogenesis. from the respiratory bud (or diverticulum) which appears ventrally to the caudal portion of the foregut.
At the end of the fourth week the lung bud divides into two, the right and left primary bronchial buds. During the fifth week the right bud branches into three secondary bronchial buds and the left branches into two secondary bronchial buds. These give rise to the lobes of the lungs, three on the right and two on the left. Over the following week, the secondary buds branch into tertiary buds, about ten on each side. From the sixth week to the sixteenth week, the major elements of the lungs appear except the alveoli. From week 16 to week 26, the bronchi enlarge and lung tissue becomes highly vascularised. Bronchioles and alveolar ducts also develop. During the period covering the 26th week until birth the important blood-air barrier is established. Specialised type I alveolar cells where gas exchange will take place, together with the type II alveolar cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant, appear. The surfactant reduces the surface tension at the air-alveolar surface which allows expansion of the terminal saccules. These saccules form at the end of the bronchioles and their appearance marks the point at which limited respiration would be possible.
At birth, the baby's lungs are filled with fluid secreted by the lungs and are not inflated. After birth its central nervous system reacts to the sudden change in temperature and environment. This triggers the first breath, within about 10 seconds after delivery. Before birth, the lungs are filled with fetal lung fluid. After the first breath, the fluid is quickly absorbed into the body or exhaled. The resistance in the lung's blood vessels decreases giving an increased surface area for gas exchange, and the lung begins to breathe spontaneously. This accompanies other changes which result in an increased amount of blood entering the lung tissues.
At birth the lungs are very undeveloped with only a fraction of the alveoli present. The alveoli continue to form until the third year. Inter alveoli septa have a double capillary network instead of the single network of the developed lung. Only after the maturation of the capillary network can the lung enter a normal phase of growth. Following the early growth in numbers of alveoli there is another stage of the alveoli being enlarged.
Breathing refers to the process by which air enters and leaves the lungs. It is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm at the bottom of the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm pulls the bottom of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed downward, increasing volume and thus decreasing pressure, causing air to flow into the airways. A number of muscles assist in this action, including the intercostal muscles and muscles that line the abdominal wall. The lung is not capable of expanding itself, and only expands because of a negative pressure between the two pleural walls outside the lung. The lungs are pulled by this negative pressure and expand or contract to fill it out. This draws air into the lungs, which passes through the respiratory tract and into the alveoli, where respiration occurs.
The process of breathing occurs because of signals sent along the phrenic nerve in the respiratory centres situated in the medulla of the brainstem. The respiratory centres are situated below the fourth ventricle and contains two main groups of neurons, a ventral respiratory group and a dorsal respiratory group. The ventral respiratory group is responsible for muscle movements associated with respiration (such as of the pharynx, larynx and intercostal muscles) and may contain the "pacemaker" cells responsible for driving the rate of respiration in the pre-Botzinger complex. The dorsal respiratory group seems primarily responsible for control of the diaphragm and integration of signals transmitted back via the vagus nerve that affect the rate of respiration. Within these two groups are mixed groups of nerves, inspiratory neurons, and expiratory neurons. These spontaneously generate signals (action potentials) responsible for inspiration and expiration which are then transmitted to the diaphragm by the phrenic nerve.
A number of factors influence the rate of breathing. Carbon dioxide levels, particularly the arterial and cerebrospinal fluid levels, detected by medullary central chemoreceptors, cause an increase in the rate of breathing when high and a decrease when low. The acidity of blood, detected by peripheral chemoreceptors, causes an increase in the rate of breathing when low and a decrease when high. Significant hypoxia, primarily detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic body, can cause an increase in the rate of breathing. Factors internal to the lung, including pulmonary stretch or detection of irritants, can also stimulate breathing.
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is expelled. Respiration is divided into 'inspiration, in which air is taken into the lungs, and expiration, in which it is expelled from them. This gas exchange takes place in the alveoli during breathing.
In humans, the trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter the roots of the lungs. The bronchi continue to divide within the lung, and after multiple divisions, give rise to bronchioles. The bronchial tree continues branching until it reaches the level of terminal bronchioles, which lead to respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs, are made up of clusters of alveoli, like individual grapes within a bunch. The individual alveoli are tightly wrapped in capillaries and it is here that gas exchange actually occurs. Deoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood and is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins to be pumped back into systemic circulation.
The lungs possess several characteristics which protect against infection. The lung tract is lined by epithelia with hair-like projections called cilia that beat rhythmically and carry mucous. This mucociliary clearance is an important defence system against air-borne infection. The dust particles and bacteria in the inhaled air are caught in the mucous layer present at the mucosal surface of respiratory passages and are moved up towards the pharynx by the rhythmic upward beating action of the cilia. The lining of the lung also secretes immunoglobulin A which protects against respiratory infections; goblet cells secrete mucous which also contains contains several antimicrobial compounds such as defensins, antiproteases, and antioxidates. In addition, the lining of the lung also contains macrophages, immune cells which engulf and destroy debris and microbes that enter the lung in a process known as phagocytosis; and dendritic cells which present antigens to activate components of the adaptive immune system such as T-cells and B-cells.
The size of the respiratory tract and the flow of air also protect the lungs from larger particles. Smaller particles deposit in and behind the mouth, and larger particles are trapped after inhalation by nose hairs.
In addition to their function in respiration, the lungs also have a number of other functions. They are involved in the maintenance of homeostasis. They help in the regulation of blood pressure as part of the renin-angiotensin system. The inner lining of the blood vessels secretes angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. The lungs are involved in the blood's acid-base homeostasis by expelling carbon dioxide when breathing.
The lungs also serve a protective role. Several blood-borne substances, such as a few types of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, serotonin and bradykinin, are excreted through the lungs. Drugs and other substances can be absorbed, modified or excreted in the lungs. The lungs filter out small blood clots from veins and prevent them from entering arteries and causing strokes.
The lungs also play a pivotal role in speech by providing air and airflow for the creation of vocal sounds.
Human lungs can be affected by a variety of diseases. Pulmonology is the medical speciality that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract, and cardiothoracic surgery is the surgical field that deals with surgery of the lungs.
Infections of the lung tissue are called pneumonia, of the respiratory tract are called bronchitis or bronchiolitis, and of the pleurae surrounding the lungs pleurisy. Many infections are due to bacteria or viruses, however not all causes of pneumonia or bronchial tree inflammation are caused by infection. One important cause of bacterial pneumonia is tuberculosis. Chronic infections often occur in those with immunodeficiency and can include a fungal infection by Aspergillus fumigatus that can lead to an aspergilloma forming in the lung.
A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that becomes lodged in the pulmonary arteries. The majority of emboli arise because of deep vein thrombosis in the legs. Pulmonary emboli may be investigated using a ventilation/perfusion scan, a CT scan of the arteries of the lung, or blood tests such as the D-dimer. Pulmonary hypertension describes an increased pressure at the beginning of the pulmonary artery that has a large number of differing causes. Other rarer conditions may also affect the blood supply of the lung, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which causes inflammation of the small blood vessels of the lungs and kidneys.
A lung contusion is a bruise caused by chest trauma. It results in hemorrhage of the alveoli causing a build-up of fluid which can impair breathing, and this can be either mild or severe. The function of the lungs can also be affected by compression from fluid in the pleural cavity pleural effusion, or other substances such as air (pneumothorax), blood (hemothorax), or rarer causes. These may be investigated using a chest X-ray or CT scan, and may require the insertion of a surgical drain until the underlying cause is identified and treated.
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are all obstructive lung diseases characterised by airway obstruction. This limits the amount of air that is able to enter alveoli because of constriction of the bronchial tree, due to inflammation. Obstructive lung diseases are often identified because of symptoms and diagnosed with pulmonary function tests such as spirometry. Many obstructive lung diseases are managed by avoiding triggers (such as dust mites or smoking), with symptom control such as bronchodilators, and with suppression of inflammation (such as through corticosteroids) in severe cases. One common cause of COPD and emphysema is smoking, and common causes of bronchiectasis include severe infections and cystic fibrosis. The definitive cause of asthma is not yet known.
Some types of chronic lung diseases are classified as restrictive lung disease, because of a restriction in the amount of lung tissue involved in respiration. These include pulmonary fibrosis which can occur when the lung is inflamed for a long period of time. Fibrosis in the lung replaces functioning lung tissue with fibrous connective tissue. This can be due to a large variety of occupational diseases such as Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, autoimmune diseases or more rarely to a reaction to medication.
Lung cancer can can either arise directly from lung tissue or as a result of metastasis from another part of the body. There are two main types of primary tumour described as either small-cell or non-small-cell lung carcinomas. The major risk factor for cancer is smoking. Once a cancer is identified it is staged using scans such as a CT scan and a sample of tissue (a biopsy) is taken. Cancers may be treated by surgically removing the tumour, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or combinations thereof, or with the aim of symptom control.Lung cancer screening is being recommended in the United States for high-risk populations.
Congenital disorders include cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypoplasia (an incomplete development of the lungs)congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and infant respiratory distress syndrome caused by a deficiency in lung surfactant. An azygos lobe is a congenital anatomical variation which though usually without effect can cause problems in thoracoscopic procedures.
Lung function testing
Lung function testing is carried out by evaluating a person's capacity to inhale and exhale in different circumstances. The inhaled and exhaled by a person at rest is the tidal volume (normally 500-750mL); the inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume are the additional amounts a person is able to forcibly inhale and exhale respectively. The summed total of forced inspiration and expiration is a person's vital capacity. Not all air is expelled from the lungs even after a forced breath out; the remainder of the air is called the residual volume. Together these terms are referred to as lung volumes.
Pulmonary plethysmographs are used to measure functional residual capacity. Functional residual capacity cannot be measured by tests that rely on breathing out, as a person is only able to breathe a maximum of 80% of their total functional capacity. The total lung capacity depends on the person's age, height, weight, and sex, and normally ranges between 4 and 6 litres. Females tend to have a 20–25% lower capacity than males. Tall people tend to have a larger total lung capacity than shorter people. Smokers have a lower capacity than nonsmokers. Thinner persons tend to have a larger capacity, and capacity can be increased by physical training as much as 40%.
Other lung function tests include spirometry, measuring the amount (volume) and flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. The maximum volume of breath that can be exhaled is called the vital capacity. In particular, how much a person is able to exhale in one minute (called FEV1) as a proportion of how much they are able to exhale in total (FEV). This ratio, the FEV1/FEV ratio, is important to distinguish whether a disease is restrictive or obstructive.
The lungs of birds are relatively small, but are connected to 8–9 air sacs that extend through much of the body, and are in turn connected to air spaces within the bones. On inspiration, air travels through the trachea of a bird into the 8–9 air sacs. Air then travels continuously from the air sacs at the back, through the lungs, and to the air sacs at the front. From here, air is expelled. This type of lung construction is called a circulatory lung, as distinct from the bellows lung possessed by other animals. Lungs are relatively fixed in size, unlike the fluctuating size of a bellows-type lung. This means that birds are able to extract a greater concentration of oxygen from inhaled air. Birds are thus equipped to fly at altitudes at which mammals would succumb to hypoxia. This also allows them to sustain a higher metabolic rate than most equivalent weight mammals.
The lungs of birds are honeycomb-like and contain millions of tiny passages called parabronchi. Small sacs called called atria radiate from the walls of the tiny passages, and are the site of gas exchange. Gas exchange occurs by diffusion in these walls, as gas travels between the blood vessels and the lumen of each parabronchus.
The air sacs, which hold air, do not contribute much to gas exchange, despite being thin-walled, as they are poorly vascularised. The air sacs expand and contract due to changes in the volume in the thorax and abdomen. This volume change is caused by the movement of the sternum and ribs and this movement is often synchronised with movement of the flight muscles.
This typical system is one of two types of parabronchi found in birds, called paleopulmonic parabronchi and is found in all birds. Some bird species also have a lung structure where the air flow is bidirectional, called neopulmonic parabronchi.
The lung of most reptiles has a single bronchus running down the centre, from which numerous branches reach out to individual pockets throughout the lungs. These pockets are similar to alveoli in mammals, but much larger and fewer in number. These give the lung a sponge-like texture. In tuataras, snakes, and some lizards, the lungs are simpler in structure, similar to that of typical amphibians.
Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung.
Both crocodilians and monitor lizards have developed lungs similar to those of birds, providing an unidirectional airflow and even possessing air sacs. The now extinct pterosaurs have seemingly even further refined this type of lung, extending the airsacs into the wing membranes and, in the case of lonchodectids, tupuxuara, and azhdarchoids, the hindlimbs.
Reptilian lungs typically receive air via expansion and contraction of the ribs driven by axial muscles and buccal pumping. Crocodilians also rely on the hepatic piston method, in which the liver is pulled back by a muscle anchored to the pubic bone (part of the pelvis), which in turn pulls the bottom of the lungs backward, expanding them. Turtles, which are unable to move their ribs, instead use their forelimbs and pectoral girdle to force air in and out of the lungs.
The lungs of most frogs and other amphibians are simple and balloon-like, with gas exchange limited to the outer surface of the lung. This is not very efficient, but amphibians have low metabolic demands and can also quickly dispose of carbon dioxide by diffusion across their skin in water, and supplement their oxygen supply by the same method. Amphibians employ a positive pressure system to get air to their lungs, forcing air down into the lungs by buccal pumping. This is distinct from most higher vertebrates, who use a breathing system driven by negative pressure where the lungs are inflated by expanding the rib cage. In buccal pumping, the floor of the mouth is lowered, filling the mouth cavity with air. The throat muscles then presses the throat against the underside of the skull, forcing the air into the lungs.
Due to the possibility of respiration across the skin combined with small size, all known lungless tetrapods are amphibians. The majority of salamander species are lungless salamanders, which respirate through their skin and tissues lining their mouth. This necessarily restrict their size: all are small and rather thread-like in appearance, maximising skin surface relative to body volume. Other known lungless tetrapods are the Bornean flat-headed frog and Atretochoana eiselti, a caecilian.
The lungs of amphibians typically have a few narrow internal walls (septa) of soft tissue around the outer walls, increasing the respiratory surface area and giving the lung a honey-comb appearance. In some salamanders even these are lacking, and the lung has a smooth wall. In caecilians, as in snakes, only the right lung attains any size or development.
The lungs of lungfish are similar to those of amphibians, with few, if any, internal septa. In the Australian lungfish, there is only a single lung, albeit divided into two lobes. Other lungfish and Polypterus, however, have two lungs, which are located in the upper part of the body, with the connecting duct curving around and above the esophagus. The blood supply also twists around the esophagus, suggesting that the lungs originally evolved in the ventral part of the body, as in other vertebrates.
Some invertebrates have "lungs" that serve a similar respiratory purpose as, but are not evolutionarily related to, vertebrate lungs. Some arachnids, spiders and scorpions, have structures called "book lungs" used for atmospheric gas exchange. Some species of spider have four pairs of book lungs but most have two pairs. Scorpions have spiracles on their body for the entrance of air to the book lungs.
The coconut crab is terrestrial and uses structures called branchiostegal lungs to breathe air. They cannot swim and would drown in water, yet they possess a rudimentary set of gills. They can breathe on land and hold their breath underwater. The branchiostegal lungs are seen as a developmental adaptive stage from water-living to enable land-living, or from fish to amphibian.
Pulmonates are mostly land snails and slugs that have developed a simple lung from the mantle cavity. An externally located opening called the pneumostome allows air to be taken into the mantle cavity lung.
The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and the gas bladders of today's fish are believed to have evolved from simple sacs, as outpocketings of the esophagus, that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions. These outpocketings first arose in the bony fish. In most of the ray-finned fish the sacs evolved into closed off gas bladders, while a number of carps, trouts, herrings, catfish, and eels have retained the physostome condition with the sack being open to the esophagus. In more basal bony fish, such as the gar, bichir, bowfin and the lobe-finned fish, the bladders have evolved to primarily function as lungs. The lobe-finned fish gave rise to the land-based tetrapods. Thus, the lungs of vertebrates are homologous to the gas bladders of fish (but not to their gills).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to lungs.|
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- Hoad-Robson, Rachel; Tim Kenny. "The Lungs and Respiratory Tract". Patient.info. Patient UK. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- Smyth, Hugh D.C. (2011). Controlled pulmonary drug delivery. New York: Springer. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN 9781441997449.
- Mannell, Robert. "Introduction to Speech Production". Macquarie University. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
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- "The Surgical Specialties: 8 – Cardiothoracic Surgery". Royal College of Surgeons. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
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- "Lung Cancer Screening". U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. 2013.
- Cadichon, Sandra B. (2007), "Chapter 22: Pulmonary hypoplasia", in Kumar, Praveen; Burton, Barbara K., Congenital malformations: evidence-based evaluation and management
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- Criée, C.P.; Sorichter, S.; Smith, H.J.; Kardos, P.; Merget, R.; Heise, D.; Berdel, D.; Köhler, D.; Magnussen, H.; Marek, W.; Mitfessel, H.; Rasche, K.; Rolke, M.; Worth, H.; Jörres, R.A. (July 2011). "Body plethysmography – Its principles and clinical use". Respiratory Medicine. 105 (7): 959–971. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2011.02.006. PMID 21356587.
- Applegate, Edith (2014). The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 335. ISBN 9780323290821.
- Ritchson, G. "BIO 554/754 - Ornithology: Avian respiration". Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University. Retrieved 2009-04-23.
- Maina, John N. (2005). The lung air sac system of birds development, structure, and function ; with 6 tables. Berlin: Springer. pp. 3.2–3.3 "Lung", "Airway (Bronchiol) System" 66–82. ISBN 9783540255956.
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- Claessens, Leon P. A. M.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Unwin, David M.; Sereno, Paul (18 February 2009). "Respiratory Evolution Facilitated the Origin of Pterosaur Flight and Aerial Gigantism". PLoS ONE. 4 (2): e4497. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004497. PMC 2637988. PMID 19223979.
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- Longo, Sarah; Riccio, Mark; McCune, Amy R (June 2013). "Homology of lungs and gas bladders: Insights from arterial vasculature". Journal of Morphology. 274 (6): 687–703. doi:10.1002/jmor.20128. PMID 23378277.
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The benefits of exercise to the human body have long been known. Particularly in the central nervous system (CNS), regular exercise has been shown to improve memory, reduce inflammation and stimulate growth factors in the brain, and even prevent neuronal death. Exercise has also been shown to be an effective non-invasive therapy against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. However, little is known if such benefits extend to another part of the CNS – the retina. At the Clear Vision Research Lab, we investigate the neuro-protective benefits of different forms of exercise to retinal health and aim to understand what molecular processes mediate this. Our ongoing projects aim to determine whether or not these benefits can be translated into therapeutic approaches for retinal diseases such as AMD.
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A group of 25 volunteers, mostly women, met at the Burbank Recycling Center for a bi-monthly Waste Warriors training class. Amy Hammes, a recycling specialist, is one of the two leaders who runs this community program in Burbank, Calif.
The Waste Warriors, formerly known as the Master Recyclers, includes a series of eight classes which educate volunteers on the six Rs of waste reduction—Rethink, Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Return. The goal is to create community ownership and spread awareness about the waste crisis in the United States.
Municipal recycling centers across the U.S. have seen a drastic decrease in the recycling market since China enacted its “National Sword” Policy in January 2018. For decades, the U.S. exported 70% of its discarded plastics to China, the world’s largest importer of scrap plastics. Much of what the U.S. thought was being recycled and reused in China was in fact discarded due to the high contamination and low-quality plastics. China’s ban has forced local governments and waste processors to look elsewhere for disposal, according to the Energy & Commerce Committee.
The Energy & Commerce Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change recently held a recycling meeting led by Chairman Frank Pallone, Jr. (D) of New Jersey. The committee memorandum stated, “The Chinese ban could displace as much as 111 million metric tons of plastic waste (which otherwise would have been exported to China) by 2030. In the absence of new waste management practices, much of that displaced waste will likely end up in landfills.”
Hammes aims to educate the Waste Warriors about changes in the recycling markets so they can become more informed consumers. As a former member of the California Product Stewardship Council she stressed the power of consumer choice and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), a strategy which places responsibility for end-of-life product management on the producers instead of the general public.
“Democracy is not a spectator sport,” said Hammes.
“You don’t have to run for office or be the crazy person at the city council meeting always causing havoc, but a simple phone call matters,” said Hammes.
The Burbank Recycling Center, which is the area’s largest curbside materials processing centers, used to collect plastic bags, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PETE bottles, mixed plastics labeled #3, #4, #5, #6 and #7.
China’s Sword Policy caused a plastic market slump, and as of 2019, the center only takes PET #1 bottles, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) #2, and #5 plastic containers. Aluminum cans, metal scraps and glass bottles remain at a stable market value and are highly recyclable, according to the Energy & Commerce Committee.
Hammes believes the Waste Warriors program has a ripple effect in spreading information about the plastic and waste problem. Her goal is to make consumers understand the extraordinary amount of materials, production and fossil fuels required to make disposable items. Calling on State and Federal officials to advocate for better policies and regulations for climate-related issues.
Shea Smith is one of the volunteers going through the Waste Warriors program and works for a personal-care product company, BeautyCounter. During the workshop, Smith said one of the company’s pillars is advocacy and shared that it only takes 20 people calling, texting or writing in to their Federal and State representatives office for it to go on the meeting agenda.
“With all of this information we’ve been giving you, yes, it’s upsetting and overwhelming and angering but it feels good to know there are other people around you that care,” said Hammes.
The Waste Warriors volunteers will graduate from the program at the end of March 2020.
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Kids With Special Needs
Kids Who Might Need Extra Help
Isn't every kid special? We think so. But what do we mean when we say "kids with special needs"? This means any kid who might need extra help because of a medical, emotional, or learning problem. These kids have special needs because they might need medicine, therapy, or extra help in school — stuff other kids don't typically need or only need once in a while.
Maybe you know of kids in your school who need a wheelchair or use braces when they walk. Those kids have special needs. They not only need the equipment that helps them get around, but they might need to have ramps or elevators available. They also might need to get a special bus to school — one that lifts them up into the bus so they don't have to get up the steps.
Kids who have illnesses, such as epilepsy or diabetes, would have special needs, too. They might need medicine or other help as they go about their day. Kids with sight problems might use special apps, tablets, or computers to read. Those with hearing or speech problems would have special needs, too. A kid who has hearing trouble might need hearing aids to hear and speech therapy, too, since it can be hard to say words correctly when you can't hear very well.
Kids with learning problems often have special needs. Kids with Down syndrome might go to a regular school and might even be in your class. But they have special needs when it comes to learning, so an aide (someone to help) might come with them to class.
You might be able to spot a few kids with special needs, but you probably don't notice all of them. A kid could have a problem that isn't noticeable unless you know the person well. For example, someone could have trouble with anxiety (worry), but you wouldn't know it unless the kid told you about it. Privately, their parents, teachers, and counselors may be working to help them worry less.
What's Life Like for a Kid With Special Needs?
Life can be extra-challenging for a kid with special needs. It might be harder to do everyday stuff — like learning to read or, if a person has physical handicaps, just getting around school or the mall. The good news is that parents, doctors, nurses, therapists, teachers, and others can help. The goal is to help kids be as independent as possible.
Other kids also can be a big help. How? By being a friend. Kids who need a wheelchair or have other health problems want friends just like you do. But meeting people and making friends can be tough. Some kids might tease them or make fun of them. Be sure to tell a teacher if you see someone being bullied or teased. That's a very lonely feeling.
Also try to be helpful if you know someone with special needs. Ask if they would like help with carrying their books or opening a door. Ask them to join you and your friends at lunch. It's important not to be "overly helpful" when no help is needed. Why? Because just like you, kids with special needs like to be as independent as they can be.
Being friendly to kids with special needs is one of the best ways to be helpful. As you get to know them, they may help you understand what it's like to be in their shoes. And you'll be helping fill a very special need, one that everybody has — the need for good friends.
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Food insecurity among families with children rose significantly last year after falling markedly in 2021, according to a US Department of Agriculture report released Wednesday.
Children were food insecure at times in 3.3 million households with kids during 2022, an increase of 1 million families from the prior year, the report found.
Some 8.8% of households with children were unable at times to provide adequate, nutritious food for their kids last year, compared with 6.2% in 2021.
Overall, some 17 million households, or 12.8%, had difficulty providing food for all members at some time in 2022 because of a lack of resources. That is up from 13.5 million households, or 10.2%, the year before.
“There’s just a lot of precarity in the economy still,” said Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, a social policy professor at Northwestern University. “Food is one of the few places that families kind of have the ability to cut back because you can’t say, ‘Let me pay half of my mortgage this month or pay half of my rent.’”
Poverty also rose last year, particularly among children, she noted.
Some 12.4% of children were in poverty in 2022, up from a record low of 5.2% the year before and roughly comparable to where it was prior to the pandemic in 2019, based on a broader alternative measure developed by the US Census Bureau.
“We know that food insecurity and poverty were both pushed down by the extraordinary Covid response,” she said of the improvements in both measures in 2021.
Expiration of pandemic support
Though the USDA does not delve into the factors behind the changes in food insecurity, experts point to the loss of federal Covid-19 pandemic assistance as a major reason why food insecurity increased in 2022.
Among the supports that expired was the enhanced child tax credit. As part of the American Rescue Plan Act, tens of millions of families received half the credit as monthly payments of up to $300 per child from July through December 2021. They received the other half when they filed their 2021 tax returns.
The relief package increased the maximum credit to $3,600 for children under age 6 and $3,000 for those ages 6 through 17 for 2021. Also, it made the credit fully refundable so the lowest-income families could qualify.
Studies showed that families spent much of the money on necessities, while the US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey found that parents reported less trouble paying for food and household expenses after the initial installment was received.
Also, Americans received their third and final stimulus payment, worth up to $1,400, in 2021.
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Nanoporous ultrathin films of titania were prepared. First, a titania/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) nanocomposite film was prepared via the surface sol-gel process, with the thickness of the titania gel layer to be 0.44 ± 0.10 nm/cycle. The organic species in the film were then removed by low-temperature oxygen plasma treatment, as monitored by quartz crystal microbalance frequency measurement and Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The plasma treatment was effective at least up to the depth of 10-12 nm. The resulting ultrathin titania film showed a UV-visible absorption with the edge at about 330 nm, which is considerably blue-shifted from that of bulk titania. The film surface was flat and uniform over a large area, and its density was as low as 0.54 g/cm3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of pores with diameters of ca. 2 nm. The pore existence was confirmed by the formation of silver nanoparticles inside the film by photoreduction of silver ions.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Materials Science(all)
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Surfaces and Interfaces
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Our most sensitive and important software systems are written in programming languages that are inherently insecure, making the security of the systems themselves extremely challenging. It is often said that these systems were written with the best tools available at the time, so over time with newer languages will come more security. But we contend that all of today’s mainstream programming languages are insecure, including even the most recent ones that come with claims that they are designed to be “secure”. Our real criticism is the lack of a common understanding of what “secure” might mean in the context of programming language design. We propose a simple data-driven definition for a secure programming language: that it provides first-class language support to address the causes for the most common, significant vulnerabilities found in real-world software. To discover what these vulnerabilities actually are, we have analysed the National Vulnerability Database and devised a novel categorisation of the software defects reported in the database. This leads us to propose three broad categories, which account for over 50% of all reported software vulnerabilities, that as a minimum any secure language should address. While most mainstream languages address at least one of these categories, interestingly, we find that none address all three. Looking at today’s real-world software systems, we observe a paradigm shift in design and implementation towards service-oriented architectures, such as microservices. Such systems consist of many fine-grained processes, typically implemented in multiple languages, that communicate over the network using simple web-based protocols, often relying on multiple software environments such as databases. In traditional software systems, these features are the most common locations for security vulnerabilities, and so are often kept internal to the system. In microservice systems, these features are no longer internal but external, and now represent the attack surface of the software system as a whole. The need for secure programming languages is probably greater now than it has ever been.
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Ludo, a game that transcends generations and borders, has been captivating players of all ages for centuries. This classic board game, originally from India, has gained immense popularity worldwide due to its simplicity, excitement, and the spirit of competition it brings to the table. In this article, we will explore the origins, rules, and enduring appeal of Ludo.
Origin of Ludo
Ludo, often referred to as « Pachisi » in India, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. The game’s origins can be traced to the Indian subcontinent, where it was initially known as « Pachisi. » Pachisi was commonly played by Indian royalty and nobility as early as the 6th century. The game was enjoyed not only for its entertainment value but also for its strategic elements.
As the British Empire expanded its influence in the 19th century, Pachisi found its way to England and underwent a transformation. It was during this time that the game was rebranded as « Ludo, » a Latin word meaning « I play. » The modern Ludo we know today emerged in England and quickly gained popularity as a family game.
Rules of Ludo
Ludo is a game designed for 2 to 4 players, each of whom controls four colored tokens. The game board consists of a cross-shaped path with a circular center area known as the « home column. » The objective is to move all four of your tokens from the starting area around the board and into your home column. The first player to get all their tokens home wins.
Here are the basic rules of Ludo:
Each player takes turns rolling a six-sided die to determine how many spaces their token can move.
Tokens are moved clockwise along the path, and players can choose which token to move based on the die roll.
If a player’s token lands on a space occupied by an opponent’s token, the opponent’s token is sent back to its starting area.
To enter a token into the home column, a player must roll the exact number needed. For example, if a player needs a 3 to enter the home column and rolls a 4, they must wait for their next turn.
The first player to get all four tokens into their home column wins the game.
Ludo is a game that combines luck and strategy, making each move exciting and unpredictable. Players must make tactical decisions about which token to move and when to try and knock opponents’ tokens back to the starting area.
Enduring Appeal of Ludo
Ludo’s enduring appeal lies in its simplicity and the social interaction it fosters. It’s a game that can be enjoyed by people of all ages, making it an ideal choice for family gatherings and social events. The game’s simple rules make it accessible to beginners, while the element of chance keeps even seasoned players on their toes.
Additionally, in today’s digital age, Ludo has made a successful transition to online platforms and mobile apps, allowing players to enjoy the game with friends and family from afar.
Ludo’s journey from ancient India to modern gaming tables around the world is a testament to its enduring popularity. Its simple yet engaging gameplay, coupled with its ability to bring people together, ensures that Ludo will continue to be a beloved classic for generations to come. Whether you’re rolling dice with family at home or challenging friends online, Ludo is a timeless game that promises hours of fun and excitement.
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https://lataupe.ca/index.php/2023/09/28/ludo-a-timeless-classic-board-game/
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We see the world through the artists’ eyes. India has witnessed many talents. They have brought glory to the country. Thus, human life seems barren without Kala(art).
As a matter of fact, it is important for children to learn any form of art from their childhood. It sharpens their skills. Likewise, this also increases concentration. Hence, we must take inspiration from our previous generation of artists. Let’s take a look at these maestros of the brush and sculpture with Podium School!
Ravi Varma was born in an aristocratic family at Kilimanoor in the erstwhile Travancore state of present-day Kerala on April 29, 1848. Varma was patronized by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then monarch of Travancore, when he was 14 years old, and learned watercolor painting at the city palace. A protege of the British artist, Theodore Jenson trained the rather reluctant Varma in oil painting. Ironically, Ravi Varma is known best for his oleographs, an art form he was snit particularly fond of.
Raja Ravi Varma is a well-known Indian painter who is noted for combining European realistic painting techniques with Indian iconography. He is famous for his portraits of Indian women and oleographs showing various instances from Hindu lore.
Viceroy Lord Curzon presented him with the title Kaisar-i-Hind Gold Medal on behalf of the British Emperor in 1904. Before he passed away at the age of 58, he is thought to have created over 7,000 paintings. Damayanti Talking to a Swan, Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, and Shantanu and Matsyagandha are among his most well-known works. In 1894, he established a lithographic printing press and began producing oleographs, most of which depict gods, goddesses, and sequences from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Puranas.
Sudarshan Sahoo is a prolific Indian sculptor from Odisha. With the support of the Odisha government, he built Sudarshan Art & Crafts Village, Bhubaneswar in 1991. It revived the Gurukul system of education. As a matter of fact , the establishment serves as a training and innovative centre for traditional stone, wood, and fiberglass sculptures for various artists.
In 1981, Sahoo won the National Award for Stone Carving. Henceforth, his honor came in the form of the Padma Shri, which he received in 1988. Consequently, he was a recipient of the Shilp Guru Award in 2003. For the year 2012, the Odisha Lalit Kala Academy awarded him the Dharmapada award.
Sudarshan was born on 11 March 1939 in Puri, Odisha. He took the art of sculpting to a grand level.
In 2021, he will receive the Padma Vibhushan, the second-highest civilian honor of India.
Sher-Gil is regarded as a significant 20th-century Indian painter, whose legacy is comparable to that of the Bengal Renaissance pioneers. She was also a musician and a voracious reader. Sher-paintings Gil’s are among the most valuable among Indian women painters today, despite the fact that her work remained in obscurity when she was alive. Amrita Sher-Gil was born in Budapest, Hungary, on January 30, 1913. Her mother arrived in India as a friend of Princess Bamba Sutherland, Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s granddaughter.
Sher-early Gil’s paintings show a strong influence of Western painting styles, particularly the post-impressionism style. In the early 1930s, she spent a lot of time practicing in Paris’s bohemian groups. Young Girls, an oil painting she completed in 1932, was a career-defining piece for her, earning her a gold medal and election as an Associate of the Grand Salon in Paris in 1933.
She was the youngest member in the organization’s history, as well as the only Asian to receive this honour. Her works have been designated as National Art Treasures by the Indian government. The majority of them are on display at the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi. Some of her works are also on display in the Lahore Museum.
Sudarsan has competed in 60 international sand sculpture competitions and festivals around the world. He has won 27 championship awards for India. As a matter of fact, he was one of 15 outstanding sand artists from around the world to compete in the 2019 Revere Beach International.
Sudarsan Pattnaik was born in Puri district, Odisha, in 1977. His family was poor. Sudarshan Pattnaik has been a creative person since he was a child. Following that, he set the Guinness World Record for building the world’s largest sandcastle in Puri Beach, Odisha, 2017.
At the 3rd Moscow World Sand Sculpture Championship, he earned the gold medal for the People’s Choice Award. Meanwhile, for his outstanding and wonderful seashore sand arts, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri, India’s fourth-highest civilian award.
Maqbool Fida Hussain
Hussain’s early work with the Bombay Progressive Artists’ Group showed modern techniques. It came from the influence by the new India following the 1947 split. His narrative paintings were of a modified Cubist style. Although, they can be humorous as well. Often, they were solemn and gloomy too.
Gandhi, Mother Teresa, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the British Raj, and elements of Indian urban and rural life are among his themes. Henceforth, which we can see occasionally in series. He was among India’s most well-known people. Hussain remains one of the most prolific internationally recognized artists in the twentieth century.
In the 1940s, M.F. Husain was associated with Indian modernism. Moreover, Through the Eyes of a Painter won him the National Film Award for Best Experimental Film in 1967. In the 1930s, Husain spread his abilities by painting billboards for the Bollywood film industry.
On September 17, 1915, Hussain was born in a Suleymani Bohra family in Maharashtra. While learning calligraphy at a Madrasa in Baroda, he developed an interest in painting. Hussain sold his first painting for Rs 10 on the roadside. Hussain grew up in a Muslim family. Therefore, his desire during the freedom struggle to capture the spirit of beauty in other religious traditions was criticized immensely by the conservative sections of the society.
Therefore, these Indian artists showcase the different streams of the legacy of Indian arts and culture. Podium believes that these personalities deserve a fitting tribute as it fits their stature. A more deserved tribute is if we are able to inspire others to pick up where these legends left of and display their own individuality on the canvas.
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This Beauty or the Beast lesson plan also includes:
- Informational Text
- Join to access all included materials
Does the FDA really intend to protect public health? Spark a debate in your chemistry or health class by using this article, titled "Beauty or the Beast." It questions the safety of cosmetics and toiletry products, govenment regulations, and the toxicity of their ingredients. After reading the article, learners review the ingredients of a few different products. This is a stimulating topic, and the instructional activity can help you meet the Common Core Standards for literacy in science. Note that the link to the article does not work, but you can find it with an online search.
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A Prayer for My Daughter is a notable literary work by William Butler Yeats. A complete discussion of this literary work is given, which will help you enhance your literary skills and prepare for the exam. Read the main text, key info, Summary, Themes, Characters, Literary Devices, Quotations, Notes, to various questions of A Prayer for My Daughter.
Parental Love and Concern: The poem reveals a parent’s deep love and respect for their child. Yeats mentions his hopes and fears for his daughter’s future, emphasizing the protective and nurturing instincts of a parent.
The Fragility of Innocence: The poem mourns the loss of innocence that comes with growing up. Yeats is concerned that the world will corrupt his daughter’s pure and innocent spirit. He investigates the contrast between childhood innocence and adulthood’s complexities.
Gender Roles and Expectations: Yeats delves into the societal expectations placed upon women in his time. He conveys concern about his daughter’s challenges and limitations as a woman. It counts a feminist undertone to the poem.
Cultural and Historical Context: The poem is impacted by the historical and cultural context of early 20th-century Ireland. Yeats was writing during political turmoil and change. This context declares his hopes and fears for his daughter’s future in a rapidly changing world.
Spirituality and Mysticism: The poem has respect for spiritual and mythological elements. Yeats sketches Irish mythology and folklore, invoking the idea of “girlish laughter” as a protective shield for his daughter against the world’s harshness.
The Passage of Time: Yeats echoes the passage of time and how it shapes individuals. He believes in the cyclical nature of life and the idea that his daughter’s future will be affected by her ancestry and the generations that came before her.
The Power of Language and Poetry: As a poet, Yeats employs his craft to convey his hopes and fears for his daughter. The poem becomes a prayer, an artistic expression of his love and concerns, emphasizing the power of words and poetry to convey complex emotions.
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Lotteries are a form of gambling. The goal of a lottery is to pick a few numbers and win a prize. While some governments outlaw lotteries, others endorse them. They may also regulate the lottery and organise a national or state lottery. Whatever the case, a lottery is a popular and addictive form of gambling.
Lotteries are a form of gambling
Lotteries are a popular form of gambling, and can result in enormous prize payouts. Winners are chosen randomly through a periodic drawing. Though some governments restrict the practice, many still have state and national lotteries. These lotteries are overseen by government officials. During the twentieth century, many games of chance were illegal, but these laws were repealed after World War II.
Lotteries generate a substantial amount of revenue for state governments. They are the largest source of gambling revenue for governments in the U.S., with over $13.8 billion in net revenues in 1996. Lotteries also contribute a significant portion of the country’s gaming tax revenues.
They are a form of social welfare
Lotteries are a popular way to provide social benefits. They are widely used in a variety of countries to fund public works programs and distribute vaccines. Many lottery participants are poor and disadvantaged. These individuals have few other opportunities to get the benefit they need. Furthermore, a lottery provides an open, participatory method that is easy to understand. This system is particularly important in areas that are fragile and prone to violence.
The effects of lottery gambling have been well studied. They have proven to be similar in low-income households in different countries. In the United Kingdom and Australia, studies have shown that a lottery can reduce poverty in low-income households. In addition, researchers have found that gambling is doubly regressive against income.
They are addictive
Lotteries are a form of gambling in which players draw numbers in hopes of winning a prize. Some governments have outlawed lotteries, while others endorse or regulate them. Regardless of their intentions, lotteries can be addictive. Some of the most common problems associated with heavy lottery players include impulsive behavior, compulsive buying, and high lottery consumption. This can lead to serious social and psychological problems for lottery players. Lotteries can be extremely addictive, which is why they’re regulated by state governments.
A new study has examined the question of whether lottery gambling is addictive. The researchers studied lottery players to see if they fit the criteria for pathological gambling. They also found that heavy lottery players were more likely to be younger, male, and smokers than non-gamblers.
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Pliers are a hand tool used to hold objects firmly, possibly developed from tongs used to handle hot metal in Bronze Age Europe. They are also useful for bending and compressing a wide range of materials. Generally, pliers consist of a pair of metal first-class levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on the other side. This arrangement creates a mechanical advantage, allowing the force of the hand’s grip to be amplified and focused on an object with precision. The jaws can also be used to manipulate objects too small or unwieldy to be manipulated with the fingers.
Pincers are a similar tool with a different type of head used for cutting and pulling, rather than squeezing. Tools designed for safely handling hot objects are usually called tongs. Special tools for making crimp connections in electrical and electronic applications are often called “crimping pliers”; each type of connection uses its own dedicated tool.
There are many kinds of pliers made for various general and specific purposes.
plural of plyer
A pincer-like gripping tool that multiplies the strength of the user’s hand, often used for bending things.
“I need a pair of pliers to get a good grip on that broken screw.”
pincers with parallel, flat, and typically serrated surfaces, used chiefly for gripping small objects or bending wire
“a pair of pliers”
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How to protect the worker against molten aluminium splashes? Test EN 9185[social_buttons facebook=”true” google_plus=”true” linkedin=”true”]
Have you ever wondered how is tested the behaviour of a fabric against molten aluminium splashes? If it’s your case, then you’re in the correct place. If not, maybe you will find it interesting. In any case, you will learn something new today!
As you will imagine, the aluminium foundry environment (mainly primary aluminium smelters) is a place full of incandescent objects where a drop of molten aluminium can occur at any time, and believe me, you don’t want to be there if this happens.
Even so, there are people that work in such environments every day, so how can we protect them against the molten metal aluminium splashes and ensure a safe work?
The regulation EN 9185 explains how is performed the test to check if a fabric is suitable to be used to make a PPE that protects the worker against molten aluminium splashes.
The test consists to drop an amount of molten aluminium (where all the measures, distances, angles, materials and temperatures are given by the regulation) and check the behaviour of the fabric. The grams to drop on the fabric of molten aluminium, from low to top are: 100 g to pass D1 / 200 g to pass D2 and 350 g to pass D3.
Also, there is a plastic layer behind the fabric (PVC) that simulates the human skin.
To say that a test has been successful, the “must-to-pass” are:
a) No hot metal stuck on the fabric
b) No flame or ignition of the fabric
c) No after-flame
d) No burns on the PVC film
e) No holes
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If you have heart failure symptoms or your doctor suspects you may be developing heart failure, the first step is a detailed medical history and description of your symptoms, followed by a comprehensive physical exam.
Blood tests will be done to check your blood count, kidney and liver function, levels of sodium and potassium, blood sugar, and other measurements. A chest x-ray will be performed to check the size of your heart and look for fluid buildup in your lungs, as well as determine if there is some other obvious cause of your heart failure symptoms. An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) will record the electric activity of your heart to reveal any heart rhythm problems or lack of blood flow to the heart ( ischemia).
Your doctor may order imaging tests to check the movement of your heart and see if it is contracting and pumping normally. The most important of these tests is an echocardiogram, or “echo” for short. This test allows doctors to examine the size and movement of your heart and measure your heart’s pumping ability, called ejection fraction (EF). Your ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped—or “ejected”—out of a filled pumping chamber ( ventricle) during each heartbeat. It is usually measured on the left ventricle because the left ventricle is your heart’s main pumping chamber, supplying blood to the rest of the body.
Other imaging tests—such as a nuclear ventriculogram or cardiac MRI—may also be done to take a more detailed look at the structure of your heart and how it is working. You may also undergo stress tests to check how your heart responds to an increased workload and determine if there is enough blood flow to the heart. Stress tests are usually exercise tests (the standard exercise ECG or other exercise imaging tests); if you cannot exercise, you may have a pharmacological stress test that uses medication to mimic the effects of exercise on your heart.
If a diagnosis of heart failure is confirmed, you doctor will then classify your heart failure symptoms. The most widely used scale is the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification system. The results help doctors determine the best course of treatment for you and to evaluate prognosis.
Many of the tests used to diagnose heart failure will also be used to investigate the causes of your heart failure. Identifying the cause is important because it helps doctors determine the best treatment and prevent your heart failure from getting worse. Rarely, a heart biopsy may be done after standard tests have failed to identify a cause.
Medical History & Physical Exam for Heart Failure
The first step in diagnosing heart failure is a detailed medical history and a thorough physical examination. The results of this initial evaluation can help your doctor make a preliminary diagnosis to determine what tests are necessary to look at your heart function and confirm or rule out heart failure.
Click here http://www.pamf.org/forms/143952_Adult_Med_Hx.pdf for an example of a thorough medical history form like the one you may be asked to fill out.
What is a medical history?
A medical history is a catalogue of your symptoms, current and past health conditions, medications, and lifestyle choices. Your doctor will be looking for the presence of any health conditions (for example, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity or other heart conditions) or behaviors (such as smoking or excessive drinking) that put you at high risk of developing heart failure.1 She or he will also look for signs that something other than heart failure may be responsible for your symptoms: many of the symptoms of heart failure are common in other diseases including asthma, pneumonia, and lung disease.
Your doctor will ask about any symptoms you have been experiencing, including when you first had them, how often they occur, and how severe they are. You will also be asked a series of questions whether or not you are having any difficulty carrying out everyday activities like climbing a flight of stairs or carrying groceries. Your answers will help your doctor determine how much your symptoms are affecting your functional capacity (ability to perform basic physical tasks). Your symptoms will also be graded based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification system, which ranks symptom severity from mild (Class 1) to severe (Class 4). The NYHA classification helps doctors decide the best course of treatment for you, how aggressively you should be treated, and evaluate your prognosis. Click here for more information on the NYHA classification system.
You will be asked about any medical conditions or illnesses (for example, coronary artery disease or a heart attack) you currently have or have had in the past, as well as any surgeries or procedures you may have undergone. You should also provide your doctor with a detailed family history, particularly if heart attacks or heart muscle disease ( cardiomyopathy) runs in your family.1 You will also need to provide a list of all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you are taking.
How does my medical history influence my heart failure diagnosis?
The more heart failure symptoms and risk factors you have, the greater the likelihood that heart failure explains the symptoms you have been experiencing. A medical history alone is never enough to diagnose heart failure, but provides a solid foundation for further investigation. A physical examination and diagnostic tests are still necessary to rule out other conditions and evaluate how your heart is functioning.
What does the physical examination for heart failure consist of?
The physical examination looks for signs of heart failure and its effects on your body. During the physical examination, the doctor will measure your pulse, temperature, blood pressure, and weight. Sudden weight gain (5 pounds or more in a week) may be a sign of fluid retention. The doctor will also check your abdomen, arms, and legs, as well as the veins in your neck for any signs of swelling that could be caused by fluid buildup related to heart failure.1 Using a stethoscope, the doctor will listen to your chest for abnormal sounds in your heart (a rapid heartbeat or heart murmurs indicating faulty heart valves) and in your lungs (the crackling sound of fluid buildup).
There are many other possible causes for these signs and symptoms, especially shortness of breath. Your doctor may order one or more tests, including a chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram, to check on your heart and lungs and confirm or rule out a diagnosis of heart failure.
The results of the medical history and physical examination help doctors decide which diagnostic tests are necessary to identify the cause of your symptoms and may provide clues to the treatment course that is likely to be most effective for you. The results of your initial medical history and physical exam will also serve as a “baseline” that can be compared with the results of later exams done throughout the course of your treatment. At later visits, your doctor will look for any changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and weight gain or swelling, and compare your current symptoms with your symptoms when you were first diagnosed. Any changes in these measurements or symptoms help doctors in determining how quickly your disease is progressing and how well your treatment plan is working.
- Hunt SA. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. S2005;46(6):e1-82.
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FBT splitter, or FBT coupler, is an optical splitter that uses the Fused Biconic Taper (FBT) technique. The FBT technique is a well known industry technology for splitting optical power and/or splitting wavelengths. The fused fiber coupler is created through a process of fusing two bare fibers like an “X” and pulling the fused section to achieve the desired optical characteristics. FBT couplers are fused in tree structures to combine optical splitting effects to create power ratio output of 1×N or 2×N, where “N” is the number of desired outputs.
1×2 FBT couplers are used to split light with minimal loss from one into two fibers or to merge light from two fibers into one. 1×N tree FBT couplers and N×N star FBT couplers are made with fuse cascade-connecting N-1 pieces of 1×2 and 2×2 couplers respectively. There are mainly three types of FBT coupler splitters.
1. Standard Type
Standard FBT couplers have minimal excess loss and long-term stability. Unused ports are terminated to reduce back reflection. There are also polarization-independent FBT couplers based on the standard type. However, they have extra-low Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL) of less than 0.04 dB for coupling ratio 50/50, suited for applications where PDL of the system is critical. Here is an example of standard type 1×2 fiber splitter that uses FBT technique.
2. Wideband Type
The wideband FBT couplers have wide bandwidth, minimal excess loss, long-term stability and high directivity. They are optimized at 1310 nm, 1550 nm, or WDM wavelengths, and is available in a variety of coupling ratios. Covering 1260 nm to 1620nm, the bi-directional wideband couplers are suitable for WDM applications. These couplers are cost-efficient building blocks in WDM optical networks that allow splitting multiple signals transported over CWDM with one module into two redundant paths. There are also polarization and wavelength independent FBT couplers based on the standard wideband type. With very low PDL of less than 0.05 dB for coupling ratio 50/50, they are suited for applications where PDL of the system is critical. Here is an example of wideband type 1×8 fiber splitter that uses FBT technique.
3. Dual-window Type
The dual-window FBT couplers have dual windows of 1310 nm and 1550 nm, minimal excess loss, long-term stability and high directivity. They are optimized at 1310 nm and 1550 nm, and is available in a variety of coupling ratios. There are also polarization-independent dual-window FBT couplers base on the standard dual-window type. With very low PDL of less than 0.06 dB for coupling ratio 50/50, they are suited for applications where PDL of the system is critical. Here is an example of dual-window type 1×16 fiber splitter that uses FBT technique.
As one of the key components for GPON FTTx networks, FBT coupler splitters can be placed in the Central Office or in one of the distribution points (outdoor or indoor) because they are highly stable for multiport optical signal splitting with low insertion loss. FBT coupler splitters are designed for power splitting, telecommunication equipment tapping, and are excellent for duplex transmission on a single fiber in CATV systems or within fiber optic test sets. FBT tree couplers are also created for WDM systems to achieve different levels of wave isolation from the various outputs.
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|◀||Abstract Wikipedia Updates||▶|
- The goal of Abstract Wikipedia is to generate natural language texts from an abstract representation of the content to be represented. In order to do so, we will use lexicographic data from Wikidata. And although we are quite far from being able to generate texts, one thing that we want to encourage everyone’s help with is the coverage and completeness of the lexicographic data in Wikidata.
- Today we want to present prototypes of two tools that could help people to visualize, exemplify, and better guide our understanding of the coverage of lexicographic data in Wikidata.
The first prototype is an annotation interface that allows users to annotate sentences in any language, associating each word or expression with a Lexeme from Wikidata, including picking its Form and Sense.
You can see an example in the following screenshot.
Each “word” of the sentence here is annotated with a Lexeme (the Lexeme ID
L31818is given just under the word), followed by the lemma, the language, and the part of speech. Then comes, if selected, the specific Form that is being used in context — for example, on “dignity” we see the Form ID
L31818#F1, which is the singular Form of the Lexeme. Lastly, comes the Sense, which is assigned Sense ID
L31818#S1and defined by a gloss.
At any time, you can remove any of the annotations, or add new annotations. Some of the options will take you directly to Wikidata. For example, if you want to add a Sense to a given Lexeme, because it has no Senses or is missing the one you need, it will take you to Wikidata and let you do that there in the normal fashion. Once added there, you can come back and select the newly added Sense.
The user interface of the prototype is a bit slow, so please give it a few seconds when you initiate an action. It should work out of the box in different languages. The Universal Language Selector is available (at the top of the page), which you can use to change the language. Note that glosses of Senses are frequently only available in the language of the Lexeme, and the UI doesn’t yet do language fallback, so if you look at English sentences with a German UI you might often find missing glosses.
The goal of this prototype is to make more tangible the Wikidata community's progress regarding the coverage of the lexicographical data. You can take a sentence in any written language, put it into this system, and find out how complete you can get with your annotations. It's a way to showcase and create anecdotal experience of the lexicographic data in Wikidata.
Korpusni qoplash uchun panel
The second prototype tool is a dashboard that shows the coverage of the data compared to the Wikipedia corpus in each of forty languages.
Last year, whilst in my previous position at Google Research, I co-authored a publication where we built and published language models out of the cleaned-up text of about forty Wikipedia language editions.Besides the language models, we also published the raw data: this text has been cleaned up by the pre-processing system that Google uses on Wikipedia text in order to integrate the text in several of its features. So while this dataset consists of relatively clean natural language text; certainly, compared to the raw wiki text — it still contains plenty of artefacts. If you know of better large scale encyclopaedic text corpora we can use, maybe better cleaned-up versions of Wikipedia, or ones covering more languages, please let us know.
We extracted these texts from the TensorFlow models. We provide the extracted texts for download. We split the text into tokens and count the occurrences of words, and compared how many of these tokens appear in the Forms on Lexemes of the given language in Wikidata’s lexicographic data. If this proves useful, we could move the cleaned-up text to a more permanent home.
A screenshot of the current state for English is given here.
We see how many Forms for this language are available in Wikidata, and we see how many different Forms are attested in Wikipedia (i.e., how many different words, or word types, are in the Wikipedia of the given language). The number of tokens is the total number of words in the given language corpus. Covered forms says how many of the forms in the corpus are also in Wikidata's Lexeme set, and covered tokens tells us how many of the occurrences that covers (so, if the word “time” appears 100 times in English Wikipedia, it would be counted as one covered form, but 100 covered tokens). The two pie charts visualize the coverage of forms and tokens respectively.
Va nihoyat, bu yerda Wikidata mavjud bo'lmagan mingga yaqin formalar bor This can help communities prioritise ramping up coverage quickly. Note though, the progress report is manual and does not automatically update. I plan to run an update from time to time for now.
The prototype corpus coverage dashboard is at: Wikidata:Lexicographical coverage
Bu yerda muhokama qilishingiz mumkin
Both prototype tools are exactly that: prototypes, not real products. We have not committed to supporting and developing these prototypes further. Shu bilan birga, barcha kodlar va ma'lumotlar, albatta, ochiq manbalardan olingan. If anyone would like to pick up the development or maintenance of these prototypes, you would be more than welcome — please let us know (on my talk page, or via e-mail, or on the Tool ideas page).
Also, if someone likes the idea but thinks that a different implementation would be better, please move ahead with that — I am happy to support and talk with you. There is much to improve here, but we hope that these two prototypes will lead to more development of content and tools in the space of lexicographic data.
- Mandy Guo, Zihang Dai, Denny Vrandečić, Rami Al-Rfou: Wiki-40B: Multilingual Language Model Dataset, LREC 2020.
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Movement at the Hip9
The appendicular muscles of the lower body position and stabilize the pelvic girdle, which serves as a foundation for the lower limbs. Comparatively, there is much more movement at the pectoral girdle than at the pelvic girdle. There is very little movement of the pelvic girdle because of its connection with the sacrum at the base of the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle is less range of motion because it was designed to stabilize and support the body.
Muscles of the Thigh
What would happen if the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs to the torso, were capable of the same range of motion as the pectoral girdle? For one thing, walking would expend more energy if the heads of the femurs were not secured in the acetabula of the pelvis. The body’s center of gravity is in the area of the pelvis. If the center of gravity were not to remain fixed, standing up would be difficult as well. Therefore, what the leg muscles lack in range of motion and versatility, they make up for in size and power, facilitating the body’s stabilization, posture, and movement.
Gluteal Region Muscles That Move the Femur
Most muscles that insert on the femur (the thigh bone) and move it, originate on the pelvic girdle. The psoas major and iliacus make up the iliopsoas group. Some of the largest and most powerful muscles in the body are the gluteal muscles or gluteal group. The gluteus maximus is the largest; deep to the gluteus maximus is the gluteus medius, and deep to the gluteus medius is the gluteus minimus, the smallest of the trio (Figure and Figure).
The tensor fascia latae is a thick, squarish muscle in the superior aspect of the lateral thigh. It acts as a synergist of the gluteus medius and iliopsoas in flexing and abducting the thigh. It also helps stabilize the lateral aspect of the knee by pulling on the iliotibial tract (band), making it taut. Deep to the gluteus maximus, the piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris laterally rotate the femur at the hip.
The adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus can both medially and laterally rotate the thigh depending on the placement of the foot. The adductor longus flexes the thigh, whereas the adductor magnus extends it. The pectineus adducts and flexes the femur at the hip as well. The pectineus is located in the femoral triangle, which is formed at the junction between the hip and the leg and also includes the femoral nerve, the femoral artery, the femoral vein, and the deep inguinal lymph nodes.
Marcos Gridi-Papp, Human Anatomy. OpenStax CNX. Mar 1, 2018 http://[email protected]
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Modie Park’s Green Roof
Visitors to Ruth Rowell Modie Park often ask about the plants growing on the roof of the restroom.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Why build a restroom with a green roof in Modie Park?
A. The Modie Park concept plan describes an outdoor classroom where “ecological harmony between humans and the natural elements will be the principle that guides management decisions.” The green roof, and the interpretative panel that describes it, provide an opportunity for dialog with visitors about ecosystems, natural resource interrelationships, and sustainable development.
What are the advantages to a green roof?
A. Storm water management – During a storm, soil on a green roof absorbs precipitation until it reaches its saturation point which reduces or eliminates runoff during a short event. During a more sustained storm, runoff is released slowly reducing or delaying the impact runoff and perhaps delaying it until rainfall has stopped.
Reduced energy costs – Several inches of soil on the roof provide additional insulation reducing the need for air conditioning and heating.
Reduced heat island effect – Normal roofing material absorbs heat from the sun during the day and radiates it back at night heating up the area around the building creating a “heat island”. Soil and plants absorb less heat.
Longer roof life – Soil and plants protect roofing material from damaging UV radiation extending the life of the roof.
Isn’t a green roof more expensive?
A. Installation of a green roof is more expensive than a traditional roof but, energy savings and longer life amortize the expense. Although oxygen produced and carbon sequestered by a green roof doesn’t put money back into the pockets of property owners, it does benefit the environment.
Are the plants on the roof in Modie Park irrigated?
A. The sedums planted were selected for their drought resistance. A computer controlled drip irrigation system is installed on the roof and was used to help establish the plants in 2007. Plant health and the monthly rainfall are be carefully evaluated to set future irrigation levels.
What are the names of the plants growing on the roof?
- Tricolor Stonecrop Sedum – Sedum spurium ‘Tricolor’
- Dragon’s Blood Sedum – Sedum spurium ‘Dragon’s Blood’
- Variegatum – Sedum kamtschaticum ‘Variegatum’
- Variegated Creeping Stonecrop – Sedum rupestre
- Sedum Blaze of India – Sedum spurium “Fuldaglut’
- Carnea Sedum – Sedum spathulifolium ‘Carnea’
- Hen and Chicks – Sempervivum tectorum ‘Red Beauty’
Why were sedums selected for planting on the roof?
A. Plants in the sedum family are drought resistant and produce a minimum of organic material.
When was the roof planted?
A. The roof was planted April 18, 2007, by Lewiston Parks and Recreation employees Kim Jones and Brian Jarolimek.
Is that real dirt on the roof?
A. The plants are rooted in a growing medium manufactured to be lighter and absorb more water than natural soil.
Does the green roof have to be weeded?
A. Yes, weed seeds are deposited on the roof by wind and birds. Because the artificial soil is not compact, weeds can be pulled by hand easily a couple of times a year.
Restroom, parking, irrigation, and plantings in Ruth Rowell Modie Wildlife Park are made possible by a Land and Water Conservation Grant with assistance from Idaho Foundation for Parks and Lands.
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In this Connected article scientist Hannah Rainforth investigates kākahi, Aotearoa New Zealand’s threatened freshwater mussels in the Whanganui River, to find whether the evidence supports claims by local kaumātua that kākahi have nearly disappeared.
Key nature of science ideas profiled in this article are:
- scientists’ ideas and explanations are supported by evidence
- evidence is based on observations of the natural world
- scientists use evidence to support or revise their predictions and explanations.
Use this article to explore how species survival is dependent on reproduction and that environmental changes in an ecosystem may also impact survival rates. Hannah’s research showed the value of utilising local mātauranga Māori to help with scientific research.
Check your school library for the article from the 2014 level 3 Connected journal ‘Why is that?’, download it as a Google slide presentation or order it from the Ministry of Education.
The teacher support material (TSM) can be downloaded from TKI (Word and PDF files available, click on 'Look inside this issue'). It includes the learning activities – Getting the full picture, The life cycle of kākahi, Tōku awa koiora and Become a citizen scientist – along with related resource links. You can adapt these activities to make the focus on the nature of science explicit and to also support students to develop the capabilities of using evidence to support ideas and interpreting representations.
Read about Amber McEwan’s research on whether mātauranga Māori could help save New Zealand’s freshwater mussels.
Discover more about mussels.
Tōku awa koiora – introduction curates resources about the Waikato River ecosystems and the iwi, researchers and scientists who are working to restore and protect the health and wellbeing of the Waikato River.
The help of citizen scientists was invaluable in collecting data for this research project. See our Citizen science section for a range of projects that could be used in the classroom, including Marine Metre Squared (MM2).
Check out our entire range of Connected articles here. We’ve curated them by topic and concepts.
Find out more about kākahi in this National Geographic article What is killing the kākahi?
Read the Stuff news article about Hannah’s research project.
The Whitebait Connection is a community conservation education programme and its coordinators will come to your school to help plan and integrate the programme into your curriculum. Students take part in hands-on exploration of their local freshwater environment and then take action to preserve it.
Find out how community volunteers learn about kākahi populations in Lake Wairarapa. It is part of a longitudinal citizen science study led by freshwater ecologist Amber McEwan.
The Connected journals can be ordered from the Down the Back of the Chair website. Access to these resources is restricted to Ministry-approved education providers. To find out if you are eligible for a login or if you have forgotten your login details, contact their customer services team on 0800 660 662 or email [email protected].
The Connected series is published annually by the Ministry of Education, New Zealand.
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The Assam Public Works Department was established in the year 1880 under the British Rule. At the beginning it had the responsibility for all public infrastructure development, construction and maintenance works.
But in the year 1956, the embankment and drainage wing came out of the parent department. The department has undergone considerable expansion after attainment of independence and for smooth functioning of the organization, to share the increasing work load and for providing more stress on developmental works, the Assam P.W.D. was divided into two wings viz Roads and Building wings in August, 1977.
Since then the both the wings are functioning with their prescribed responsibility.
The principal function of the Public works Department is to develop the infrastructure for transport and communication of the state.
Assam PWD discharges its function in construction and repair of roads, bridges, culverts.
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Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on October 9, 1997. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Pansies Are Tops For Winter Color
By Norman Winter
Central Mississippi Research & Extension Center
Pansies are no wimps, and neither are the people who plant them generously in their landscapes.
The choices of pansies have become staggering. One major seed supplier alone lists 180 varieties and various mixtures. The reason is plain and simple: The pansy sits on the throne as the most popular fall and winter flower.
You macho types probably figured the word pansy meant the flowers were kind of wimpy. Yet, these beautiful flowers are tough enough to survive most Mississippi winters.
Those of you who "parle vouz fransaise" a little may know that "pansy," as in the flower, originates from the French word "pensees," for thoughts or remembrances.
The pansy is found in the Viola family originally cultivated in Greece in the 4th century B.C. The plant we now call the pansy began in England.
In the early 1800s, an inquisitive Lord Gambier and his gardener, William Thompson, began crossing various Viola species.
History credits Thompson with the discovery of a cross that began the new species in 1839 named Medora. He found a bloom with huge blocks or blotches of color on the lower petals called the face. Medora and its progeny became popular with gardeners and breeders throughout Europe.
Today, pansies fall into one of three categories: large -- 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 inches, medium -- 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches and multiflora - - 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches.
Two series that have really sparked my interest are Bingo and Rally. Both made their appearance in 1994 and are gaining in popularity.
Bingos have large flowers with dark blotches borne on short stalks, or peduncles. Their flower faces straight up giving a stronger impact of color as passersby gaze at the bed. The Rally series does much the same but are smaller 2-inch flowers.
Pansies with dark blotches have long been a personal favorite, but the Crystal Bowl series and its larger cousin called the Crown series are beginning to win me over. These are flowers without blotches and are mostly pure in color. These are great for mass planting.
The Crystal Bowl plants are dwarf with small deep green leaves and numerous branches. The Crown series has larger 3-inch clear flowers and are also dwarf or compact.
There are numerous series, some that have been around a long time like Majestic Giants, that have not lost their popularity and are equally good performers.
As with almost any other flower, the key to success lies in bed preparation. Pansies like well-drained beds with ample amounts of organic matter added.
Nurseries will soon have transplants available in various sizes ranging from jumbo six packs to those grown in a four- or six- inch container. Larger plants in bloom give you the most immediate impact as well as a larger root system for the onset of winter. Be sure to mulch after planting.
Remove old blooms for the best flower production. Our grandparents were adamant about fertilizing with bone meal, and that's OK. However, pansies prefer a complete and balanced water- soluble fertilizer.
Your happiness with pansies may hinge on how aggressively you use them in the landscape. Massing the beds with one color gives the most dramatic impact. Massing the bed, even if a mixture is used, is still far better than spot planting.
Spring bulbs make an excellent combination with pansies. When the bulbs emerge in the spring with the large pansy plants, the bed is a sight to behold.
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What is a musical and why should we care? As performers, writers, designers, theater fanatics, or simply pop culture consumers, we are touched by musicals every day. Reaching millions of people, this uniquely collaborative and expansive form continuously shapes our world. Students will explore the history of the American musical and develop tools to analyze musicals and their reception. They will investigate music theater through artist conversations, trips to see musicals, and expanding scholarship in the field. The class will culminate with visions of the future of the musical presented via student-written, collaborative mini-musicals.
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What is Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? What are the main symptoms?
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a complex medical condition in which the individual experiences a draining of energy and low vitality. It may be difficult to perform every day tasks as well, making it harder for the individual to be active and energetic.
Some individuals can experience post exertional malaise, which is a worsening symptoms experience upon performing simple tasks. Individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome can experience a range of core symptoms that can cause cognitive impairment as well.
You may also have a condition called systemic exertion intolerance disease which can significantly impact physical or mental activity over time. You may feel severe fatigue, joint pain, and other symptoms, along with increased risk of chronic illness.
Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome you should watch out for
These are some of the main symptoms that you should be aware of when it comes to CFS. They can change over time, which is why it is important to track them closely.
Long-term feeling of tiredness
One of the main symptoms of chronic fatigue is extended feelings of tiredness. These may last for several weeks, making it harder to participate in everyday activities.
You may have lower energy levels mentally as well, which is one of the main symptoms of chronic fatigue. You can also experience lower cognitive abilities which can impact daily tasks.
You may be falling sick more often when you have chronic fatigue. This can be present with other symptoms, making it harder to experience a positive wellbeing outlook.
You may be experiencing joint pain as an important sign of chronic fatigue, which is why it should be one of the most important symptoms.
Sudden change in body
You may experience changes in body composition as a result of chronic fatigue. This may be accompanied with secondary symptoms such as immune health problems.
Issues with sleep
You may be having sleep problems as one of the main fatigue symptoms. This can be a critical symptom as long-term issues with sleep may worsen symptoms of chronic fatigue.
Risk factors associated with chronic fatigue syndrome
There are multiple risk factors that you should be aware of when it comes to chronic fatigue CFS, which is why you should get a complete blood test done immediately.
If you have a medical history with complications and health problems, then chronic fatigue may be a core risk factor. This can be addressed with a complete blood test and check-up.
If you have a chronic illness such as postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, it can increase your risk of developing chronic fatigue.
Lifestyle related issues
Certain lifestyle decisions such as smoking, excessive drinking, etc. can lead to chronic fatigue. These can also escalate over time if you have deficiencies or other underlying illnesses.
If you have certain deficiencies that can put you at risk of developing imbalances or complications, then getting a complete blood test done is key. You can target your key deficiencies with the right nutritional choices.
Here's how you can manage chronic fatigue better
You can follow these strategies to manage your chronic fatigue better long-term.
Getting a complete blood panel
Based on your medical history and disease control measures, you should get a complete blood test done. Your physical symptoms may be related to an underlying condition that could be causing issues.
Certain medications can mimic symptoms of chronic fatigue, which may not be related to any other underlying reason.
You can opt for yoga, cognitive behaviour therapy, and other strategies to deal with high stress levels. By decreasing stress you can improve some of the symptoms of chronic fatigue.
Improving sleep quality
You can take medication and test your sleep cycle effectiveness with technology. These should help you understand where you may find solutions with your sleep, which can boost vitality.
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What are Phytochemicals?
Phytochemicals are nutrients found only in plants. Plants produce phytochemicals to protect themselves from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
For humans, phytochemicals can be used to help fight against cancer. At almost every step along the pathway to cancer, there are one or more phytochemicals that can slow or reverse the process. So, consuming a wide variety of phytochemicals is better for the immune system.
What are some examples of the actions of Phytochemicals?
Broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower contain sulforaphane, which can help keep cancer-causing agents away from cells. Sulforaphane also boosts your body’s ability to remove cancer-causing agents. Soy contains genistein, which helps prevent cancer cells from receiving the nutrients they need to grow. Limonin and nomilin, phytochemicals in citrus fruits, can help prevent the spread of cancer throughout the body.
Cactus contains various phytochemicals such as phenolic acid and flavonoids. Research shows that cactus has anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, while also helping to lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels.
Ginseng also contains a wide variety of phytochemicals, including ginsenosides and saponins. Ginseng contributes to antioxidant activity, as well as having potentially anti-diabetic effects.
Research has shown that phytochemicals can help enhance the immune system, reduce inflammation, prevent processes that lead to cancer, prevent DNA damage, and reduce oxidative damage to cells, as well as many other benefits. These are merely the effects that research has identified; there are more benefits yet to be discovered.
Why do I need a wide variety of Phytochemicals?
Every phytochemical may help inhibit certain phases of cancer. There are many pathways to cancer; a single phytochemical can only prevent one pathway. To comprehensively improve the body’s resistance to cancer, we need to consume a large amount as well as a wide variety of phytochemicals.
There are thousands of phytochemicals, and scientists have only just discovered the tip of the iceberg. So far, research strongly suggests that eating foods high in phytochemicals has a positive benefit on health, and can help prevent diseases such as heart disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes as well as certain neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
Which foods contain Phytochemicals?
Phytochemicals are present in all plant foods. Fresh greens, cactus, ginseng, and fruits like blueberries are some examples of plant foods that contain a wide range of phytochemicals.
The American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund has shown that a healthy lifestyle and diet alone can prevent up to 30% – 40% of cancers. Research shows that a diet containing at least 400 grams of vegetables and fruits per day can reduce the risk of various types of cancers, including cancers of the oral cavity, esophageal cancers, stomach and colon cancers. It can also reduce the risk of other health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and stroke.
In conclusion, we need a healthy lifestyle, complete with a healthy diet rich in vegetables and fruits, and regular exercise to stay healthy.
Scientists have found that phytonutrients are the best nutrients for immune cells; they can nourish immune system function, improve immunity and fight various diseases. The higher the phytonutrient content, the more beneficial it is for the body. Its content is related to plant type, location, maturity, freshness, harvest period, growing soil, planting method, processing method and other factors.
According to research by scientists, they can play the following roles:
Can eliminate carcinogenic toxins
Can eliminate carcinogens before they reach DNA
Can prevent microvascular supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tumors, making it impossible for the tumor to survive and spread
Prevents carcinogens from invading cells, prevents hormones that cause human cancer from being attached to normal cells, and prevents the spread of cancer cells
Can restrain the growth of cancer cells and prevent carcinogens from damaging DNA
Can prevent toxic substances from damaging DNA and achieve anti-cancer effect
Plant nutrients are not only crucial for the growth and development of plants, but they also play a vital role in human health. Humans obtain various phytonutrients through their diet, and these nutrients have key physiological functions in our bodies.
They include essential components such as polysaccharides, antioxidants, and fibers, which are crucial for maintaining human health.
According to scientific research, different phytonutrients have the following effects:
Eliminating carcinogens before they damage DNA.
Differentiating cancer precursors of the female hormone estrogen, dividing substances that treat cancer, and reducing the likelihood of cancer formation.
Blocking the oxygen and nutrient supply to tumor blood vessels, preventing tumor survival and spreading.
Defending against carcinogens invading cells and preventing carcinogenic hormones from attaching to normal cells.
Inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and preventing DNA damage from carcinogenic substances.
Scientific studies have found that phytonutrients are essential for immune cell nutrition. They nourish the immune system, enhance immunity, and help resist various diseases.
In simple terms, phytonutrients are crucial for human health. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet and consume a variety of phytonutrients.
Furthermore, adopting scientific cooking and food processing methods can maximize the retention of the nutritional value of phytonutrients. By fully understanding the importance of phytonutrients, we can better pay attention to our dietary habits and lay a solid foundation for a healthy and happy life.
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