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Day 16: Dragon Checksum
Here you can use the solver to see the results calculated by a file input. Upload a file to the solver, press "Solve" and see the results. It may take some time to compute (mostly in later days). Some solvers have visualizations and interactive forms.
NOTICE: Usually the Advent of Code challenge is done by creating your own code. This solver is not a part of the challenge and should only be used for testing (like comparing results with your own code). If you really want to skip coding and get the star, you can use the solver.
What is Advent of Code?
Advent of Code is an annual programming challenge that takes place during the month of December. Created by software developer Eric Wastl, it consists of 25 daily puzzles, each designed to be a fun and engaging programming exercise that can be solved using any programming language. The challenges vary in difficulty and involve a wide range of topics, including data structures, algorithms, cryptography, and game theory. Participants can compete against each other by solving the puzzles as quickly as possible and sharing their solutions on social media or online forums.
Advent of Code is a great way for programmers of all skill levels to improve their coding skills and have fun at the same time. By participating in the challenge, you'll have the opportunity to practice problem-solving, learn new programming concepts, and get creative with your code. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, there's something for everyone in Advent of Code. So why not give it a try and see how far you can go? Who knows, you might just surprise yourself with what you can accomplish!
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The real impact of weight gain during Covid-19 lockdown
Across the UK, people have been observing the lockdowns and following government advice to stay home, keeping themselves as safe as possible from Covid-19. However, research is now showing that the weight gain many of us have experienced, can have a serious impact on our physical health and we need to take action, now!
The physical impact of lockdown - Pre-coronavirus, our lives were hectic – the daily commute, school run, exercise classes and being out with friends – burning calories and helping us to maintain healthy body-fat and muscle mass levels. However, during lockdown, many of us have also slowed down. Home-working, home-schooling and the closure of sports clubs and gyms has meant that the level of physical exercise which was part of our daily lives, has been drastically reduced, and the impact of that on our health is starting to show. Children will also have experienced a significant reduction in their physical activity. Without school sports matches, weekend clubs and the opportunity to play with their friends in the park, many of our young people will be experiencing a loss of fitness and putting on weight. A survey carried out by Ipsos Mori on behalf of Kings College London found that 35% of adults admitted to eating more food, or less healthy food, than they normally would and 19% are drinking more alcohol than they normally would. Another survey, carried out by OnePoll for Cambridge WeightPlan found that 48% of women and 44% of men are likely to put on weight during lockdown, with over 16% putting on more than 5lbs, and 2% putting on more than a stone.
Do a few extra lockdown lbs or kgs really matter? - Taking less exercise, moving less and consuming more calories during lockdown could be seen as an acceptable consequence of everything we have had to cope with – do few extra pounds or kilograms really matter? Unfortunately, they do and it is important to take action to protect your health.
Risks of increased fat – A healthy level of body fat (20 – 35% for a woman and 8 – 25% for a man) is positive. The right balance of subcutaneous and visceral fat will give you the energy to live an active lifestyle and a healthy endocrine system regulating our body’s organ function. However, once your calorie intake exceeds what you are needing for movement, your level of fat will start to increase leading not just to your clothes feeling tighter but also the build-up of visceral fat around your organs. What’s more your increase in weight may not fully reflect your increase in fat mass; remember if you have also been losing muscle, your fat gain will be more than just your weight gain.
Risks of visceral fat - too much visceral fat is associated with serious health conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Crucially with coronavirus, studies are beginning to show that there is an association between obesity and experiencing severe symptoms if you do catch Covid-19 with obesity being a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission and that elevated risk being apparent even at modest weight gain. If you are worried about your level of visceral fat, get an accurate measurement with a Tanita body composition scale.
Risks of reduced muscle – muscles enable your body to move and also fuel your ability to exercise and so a reduction in muscle mass can create a cycle whereby it is harder for you to exercise, your move less and you lose more muscle. That loss of muscle can be surprisingly fast; research published in the European Journal of Sports Science found that “just a few days of sedentary lifestyle are sufficient to induce muscle loss. ” So, accurate measurements of muscle mass and muscle quality from a scale such as the Tanita RD-953 will enable you to spot ant changes fast.
Taking steps to protect your health during lockdown As many countries are now entering a second lockdown, or period of restriction, it is important to understand your current state of health and take steps to reverse any negative impacts of lockdown that you may be experiencing.
1. Start with measuring and get a clear, accurate, picture of your body composition. This will give you a good insight on what your body needs in terms of exercise and nutrition. Using a body composition scale with BIA technology like the Tanita BC-401 will give you a full body composition analysis and accurate readings of your body fat %, muscle mass and visceral fat levels and combine these into an easy-to-understand metabolic age reading – if your metabolic age is higher than your real age, you need to take action, now! Young people can also start to take control of understanding their measurements; that majority of Tanita body composition scales give readings for weight, BMI and fat % for children from 5 years of age. As always if you are not sure what to do about your readings, you should consult a healthcare professional.
2. Once you are in command of the information you can work to improve it. Look out for the great new online workouts which have become available like the Joe Wicks Body Coach programme, make full use of any daily outdoor exercise allowance you have and banish empty calories from your weekly shop.
3. Finally, monitor your readings regularly, using the My Tanita app to see your progress – nothing is more motivating than success, so get your family and friends involved and see who can achieve the most progress.
Covid-19 has been a huge shock and has changed almost every aspect of our lives, but with Tanita you can make sure that it doesn’t negatively impact your health while you are working so hard to stay safe.
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With health systems at a breaking point, hospitals at capacity and desperate family members searching for oxygen for loved ones, the devastating second wave of COVID-19 that has swept across South Asia has felt surreal. Official figures have indicated record-breaking daily coronavirus cases and deaths, not only in South Asia, but across the entire Asia-Pacific region during the latest surge. As devastating as it has been, the truth is we may never know how many people have died during the pandemic.
Underreporting of deaths is common across the Asia-Pacific region, with an estimated 60 per cent of deaths occurring without a death certificate issued or cause of death recorded. One reason for this is the lack of a coordinated civil registration system to accurately record all vital events. This issue is exacerbated in times of crisis, as many of the poor die as they lived: overlooked or without being officially counted.
Civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems record deaths and other key life events such as births and marriages. A complete approach to civil registration, tracking vital statistics and identity management relies on multiple arms of government and institutions working together to collect, verify and share data and statistics so they are reliable, timely and put to right use. Without such official data and records during catastrophes such as a pandemic, we see how fast people get left out of extended social protection, vaccination drives and emergency cash transfers. Conversely, it significantly limits the ability of the most vulnerable groups to claim this access and their rights.
The need for accurate data and reporting mechanisms is critical at all times and even more crucial during humanitarian situations, whether a natural disaster or health emergency, when urgent decisions are required and hard choices have to be made. Governments, health authorities and development partners need timely and complete data to know the extent of the issue. This data can guide evidence-based decisions on where resources should be deployed and assess which interventions have been most effective. The more complete, accurate and trustworthy the data, the better the decisions. Or at least, the leadership is unable to use the excuse of ”we did not know.”
In 2014, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) convened the first Ministerial Conference on Civil Registration and Vital Statistics, during which the Asian and Pacific CRVS Decade (2015-2024) was declared. Governments later set a time frame for realizing their shared vision – that all people in the region will benefit from universal and responsive CRVS systems.
These are complex and vast systems that need both technological and human capabilities to do it correctly, and the political commitment to sustain the effort. Development partners, including ESCAP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), continue to actively work with governments and institutions to support the development of national civil registration systems, vital statistics systems and identity management systems such as national population registers and national ID card schemes.
A challenge facing governments has been transitioning from a standalone paper-based registration system to an integrated and interoperable digital one. UNICEF has worked with countries in the region on the registration of newborns, digitalization of old records and creation of integrated digital birth registration systems. UNICEF is also working with the World Health Organization (WHO) to improve integration of health services and civil registration, allowing governments to provide uninterrupted civil registration services and respond faster to health priorities, especially during crises.
UNDP and UNICEF play leading roles in implementing the UN Legal Identity Agenda, which aims to support countries in building holistic, country-owned, sustainable civil registration, vital statistics and identity management systems. Recognizing the importance of protecting privacy and personal data, UNDP advises countries on the appropriate legal and governance framework and has been engaged in supporting civil registration, national ID cards and legal identity in countries.
It is clear from the report by ESCAP, Get Every One in the Picture: A snapshot of progress midway through the Asian and Pacific CRVS Decade, that many countries in our region have seen improvements. However, we need to do more to ensure that all countries are able to produce reliable official statistics. And to use this to also learn and look forward.
The human toll of the COVID-19 crisis has been immense with far reaching consequences for the most vulnerable families. To respond effectively to disasters and build back better, it is time we get everyone in the picture.
Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana is the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
Kanni Wignaraja is the Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Asia and the Pacific, UNDP
Omar Abdi is the Deputy Executive Director of Programmes, UNICEF
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Clover root weevil
In 1996, established populations of clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) were found at two sites in the North Island. Over the next few years this pest spread rapidly, and in 2006 was reported in the South Island. Adult weevils feed on white clover leaves, making notches around the edges. Early-stage larvae do considerable damage by eating the nodules on clover roots where rhizobacteria fix nitrogen. Older larvae feed on roots. The cost of this pest to the pastoral industry is estimated at $300 million per year.
African black beetle
The African black beetle (Heteronychus arator), another major pest of grasses, was first recorded in New Zealand in 1937, and is thought to have arrived from Australia rather than from its native South Africa. The species became established in the northern half of the North Island, then spread down the east coast into Hawke’s Bay and down the west coast as far as Taranaki. Adult beetles are 15 millimetres long and reddish-brown, changing to shiny black as they mature. They feed at the base of grass tillers, causing most damage to seedlings. The larvae do the most harm, by eating the roots of grasses in summer.
The root aphid (Aploneura lentisci) originates in the Mediterranean region and, like the pasture mealybug, sucks grass sap and produces a white wax. It is found throughout New Zealand. This insect has been given little attention until recently, but is now thought to contribute to failing ryegrass in pasture.
Attempts by farmers in the 1970s to use special pastures such as lucerne were hampered by pest problems, despite lucerne being resistant to grass grubs. Larvae of the white-fringed weevil (Graphognathus leucoloma), which was first recorded in 1944, and the sitona weevil (Sitona discoideus), first noted in 1974, feed on lucerne roots. Lucerne productivity and persistence were further affected by invasions of three aphid species, and lucerne is no longer widely farmed.
Parasitic nematodes are not insects, but they also damage the roots of clover and ryegrass. The clover cyst nematode Heterodera trifolii is found in most parts of New Zealand. The larvae penetrate the roots, where the hardening of a cuticle around female nematodes causes cysts to form.
Two species, Paratylenchus and Pratylenchus, feed on the root systems of grasses. Damaged roots lose the ability to absorb nutrients and water, resulting in diminished plant growth. The nematodes are invisible to the naked eye, so they often go undetected.
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Ever struggled with understanding the spread of a dataset and wished there was a more efficient way to analyze it?
The Interquartile Range (IQR) is here to save the day!
IQR is a powerful measure of data spread that focuses on the middle 50% of a dataset, making it an essential tool for accurate data analysis.
With the help of Microsoft Excel, calculating and visualizing the interquartile range in Excel becomes a breeze.
In this blog post, we will guide you through the process of calculating the interquartile range in Excel using various functions and teach you how to visualize it with box plots.
We’ll also discuss the importance of understanding quartiles, interpreting IQR results, identifying outliers, and handling common errors that may arise during the process. So, let’s dive into the world of IQR and transform the way you analyze data!
- Understanding the Interquartile Range (IQR) and its quartiles is essential for data analysis.
- The QUARTILE() or QUARTILE.INC functions in Excel can be used to calculate IQR, with box plots providing an effective way of visualizing it.
- Proactive steps should be taken to handle potential errors and common issues when calculating IQRs, as well as interpreting results and identifying outliers through the 1.5 IQR rule for reliable data analysis.
Understanding the Interquartile Range (IQR)
The Interquartile Range (IQR) is a measure of data spread that focuses on the middle 50% of the dataset, or the interquartile range value.
Q1 and Q3 are the values of the first and third quartiles, respectively.
IQR is calculated by subtracting the value of Q1 from Q3.
This range is significant as it helps identify outliers and calculate the interquartile range in a dataset.
For instance, if we have a data range of 9-15, and then an extreme outlier of 70, IQR allows us to exclude the extreme outlying number so it does not erroneously reflect the remainder of the dataset.
To calculate IQR, simply follow the steps mentioned above.
Calculating the IQR in Excel is rather straightforward – the QUARTILE() function can be used to return the value of the specified quartile of a given range of values.
The interquartile range calculation in Excel using the QUARTILE function necessitates two arguments: the array of values and the quartile desired.
The IQR is calculated as Q3-Q1, which involves calculating quartiles.
One aspect to consider during IQR calculation is the inclusive method, which includes the middle value, also known as the median value, in the dataset when calculating IQR, thereby accounting for the range between the first and third quartiles.
This method is often preferred for a more accurate representation of the data spread, as it takes into account the minimum value as well.
Quartiles and Their Significance
Quartiles are used to divide data into four equal parts, with Q1, Q2 (median), and Q3 representing the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively.
They provide a robust measure of data distribution, which is essential for accurate data analysis.
To calculate the first quartile in Excel using the QUARTILE function, one must select the range of data and utilize “1” as the quart argument.
This can also be done using Power Query in Excel.
When computing quartiles, it’s important to consider the inclusive method, which requires including the median value in the calculation.
The inclusive method incorporates the median value when computing quartiles, whereas the exclusive method does not.
By including the median value, the inclusive method provides a more accurate representation of the data spread.
Calculating IQR with QUARTILE.INC Function
Using the QUARTILE.INC function is another method to calculate the Interquartile Range (IQR) in Excel, aiding in the determination of Q1 and Q3 values.
This function provides an alternative method to the QUARTILE() function and can make the process of calculating IQR even more efficient.
The interquartile range (IQR) may be calculated using the QUARTILE.INC function in Excel by subtracting the first quartile (Q1) from the third quartile (Q3).
The formula to calculate the Interquartile Range in Excel is
Remember, the QUARTILE.INC function operates similarly to the QUARTILE() function but provides an alternative strategy for calculating IQR.
By understanding both functions, you’ll have more flexibility in your data analysis and can choose the method that works best for your needs.
Visualizing IQR with Box Plots in Excel
Depicting the IQR with box plots in Excel can offer a lucid and direct representation of the data spread, making it easier to comprehend and interpret.
A box plot is a graphical method to display data. It illustrates how the values in a data set are distributed by showing their quartiles.
By generating a box plot, you can graphically illustrate the interquartile range, further enhancing your understanding of the data distribution.
Creating a box plot in Microsoft Excel involves several steps:
- Compute the quartile values for the data.
- Select an empty cell in the Excel worksheet.
- Access the Insert tab.
- Press the ‘Histogram’ button to select the ‘Box and Whisker’ chart.
- Customize the appearance of the box plot.
- Analyze the IQR visually.
Depicting the IQR with box plots simplifies the interpretation of data spread and assists in identifying outliers and understanding the overall dataset distribution.
By incorporating box plots into your data analysis, you can gain valuable insights and make more informed decisions.
Interpreting IQR Results and Identifying Outliers
Interpreting IQR results is key to understanding the data spread and pinpointing potential outliers.
The 1.5*IQR rule is utilized for the identification of outliers in data analysis.
Values that are below Q1 – 1.5IQR or above Q3 + 1.5IQR are deemed to be outliers.
By identifying outliers, you can ensure the accuracy of your data analysis and prevent skewed results.
Outliers are important in data interpretation as they can significantly impact the overall analysis and results derived from the data points.
They can distort statistical measures such as the mean and standard deviation, resulting in erroneous depictions of the data.
It is essential to recognize and correctly manage outliers to guarantee precise and dependable data interpretation.
Using the 1.5 IQR rule and grasping the importance of outliers in data analysis enables accurate and trustworthy data interpretation.
This will allow you to make more informed decisions and enhance your overall understanding of the dataset.
Handling Errors and Common Issues
During IQR calculation in Excel, you might come across some common issues like the #NUM! error.
This error can be attributed to several factors, such as unrealistic cash flow models, errors in data entry, and invalid quartile values or empty arrays.
Other common errors that can arise when calculating IQR in Excel include:
- Selecting an incorrect range of data
- Employing an incorrect formula or syntax
- Misinterpreting quartile values
- Encountering inconsistent or missing data
- Experiencing rounding or precision issues
By being aware of these potential errors and issues, you can take proactive steps to prevent them and ensure accurate IQR calculations.
By tackling these potential errors, the accuracy of your IQR calculations can be ensured, and your overall understanding of the data spread can be enhanced.
Remember, accurate data analysis is crucial for making informed decisions and gaining valuable insights from your dataset.
Frequently Asked Questions about IQR
Below are some common questions people have about calculating interquartile range in Excel.
How do you find the interquartile range in Excel?
To find the interquartile range on Excel, enter the formula ‘=QUARTILE(array, 1)’ to calculate the first quartile and ‘=QUARTILE(array, 3)’ to calculate the third quartile.
Subtract the two values to get the IQR.
What are quartiles and how do they divide data?
Quartiles are a way to divide data into four equal parts, with Q1, Q2 (median), and Q3 representing the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles respectively.
This allows for efficient and organized analysis of data.
How can I visualize the interquartile range with box plots in Excel?
Visualizing the interquartile range with box plots in Excel can be done by creating a ‘Box and Whisker’ chart, illustrating the data distribution and interquartile range graphically.
Can I use the same method to calculate IQR in Google Sheets?
Yes, you can use the same methodology I have shown here to calculate IQR in Google Sheets (as it also has the Quartile functions)
Other articles you may also like:
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Machine learning is exactly what it sounds like: teaching a machine to learn! This type of technology is a branch of Artificial Intelligence and computer science. It is a very vast (and fun) type of technology that is becoming a growing area of IT, meaning a good place to look for a career.
How does a machine learn?
UC Berkeley says machines “learn” in 3 parts:
- A decision process– A series of calculations or other steps that considers the data and “guesses” what kind of pattern your algorithm is looking to find.
- An error function– A method of measuring how good the guess was by comparing it to known examples (when they are available). If the decision was wrong, the program calculates “how wrong” it was.
- An updating or optimization process– A method in which the algorithm looks at the miss and then updates how the decision process comes to the final decision, so next time the miss won’t be as great.
You can find an interactive and visual introduction to machine learning here: http://www.r2d3.us/visual-intro-to-machine-learning-part-1/
Types of Machine Learning
Machine learning is a very broad field, but can be broken up into 3 main categories:
- Supervised learning– this is characterized by its use of labeled datasets. As data is input into this type of model, its weighed and categorized. You see an example of supervised learning when your email characterizes a message as important or spam.
- Unsupervised learning– this is characterized by its lack of labels for the datasets. The machine decides what data it needs to categorize by recognizing patterns in the inputs.
- Reinforcement learning– this type of learning is similar to unsupervised learning in that it doesn’t have labeled datasets. As it learns the model is given an input related to its decisions, so the model gets better the more it runs. Think of a robot learning to walk, it can try different strategies and learn what works best to bring it the furthest distance based on what happens in its environment.
Machine learning is increasingly evident in our day-to-day lives. IBM says we can find machine learning in all kinds of scenarios, including customer service, fraud detection, and speech recognition. It is making our lives easier by automating routine things that would otherwise be laborious and time-consuming.
Jobs in machine learning
There is a lot of opportunity in machine learning. Some job titles to look out for include Software Engineer, Data Scientist, Cyber Security Analyst, and Machine Learning Engineer. ZipRecruiter says the national average for a machine learning engineer is $117,363 a year.
If you are interested in a career in technology, visit https://techoneit.com/careers/, or if you are new to the industry, consider joining us as an apprentice. Click here to learn more: https://techoneit.com/technology-apprenticeship-program/
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Special Containment Procedures
SCP-751 is to be kept in a hermetically sealed container with a volume of one (1) cubic meter. The container must be maintained at high humidity and nutrients detailed in Document 751-A are to be injected into the container on a daily basis.
If a containment breach occurs, all on-site personnel are to be awakened and the sprinkler system filled with a high concentration saline solution and activated. Once SCP-751's body is located, it is to be disposed of according to standard Euclid disposal procedure.
SCP-751 is an amorphous parasite that feeds off of the organs of humans and other mammals. It weighs approximately two (2) kilograms before infesting a host, and can weigh as little as twenty-five percent (25%) of this after reproduction. The majority of SCP-751's mass consists of an unknown substance with a gelatin-like consistency, with red veins running through it. Analysis has revealed that the veins contain a mix of blood from its progenitor's hosts along with varying anesthetics and immunosuppressive drugs. A full list of these chemicals is available in Document 751-C.
SCP-751 lives in damp environments such as freshwater bodies of water, swamps, rainforests, and sewers. It will leave these environments when in search of a host, traveling for a maximum of twelve (12) hours before succumbing to dehydration. SCP-751 has been observed to move through sewer pipes, water lines, and across most terrains, with the notable exceptions of sand and bodies of saltwater. It is theorized that SCP-751 hunts potential hosts by detecting carbon dioxide (CO2) and octenol, although this is unconfirmed as of ██/██/████.
SCP-751 begins its feeding process by settling on top of a sleeping host's stomach region and begins to enter through the skin by osmosis. Anesthetics in SCP-751's veins mix with the host's blood at this time, minimizing the chance of the host awakening during the process. Once within the host's body, SCP-751 comes to rest inside the stomach, quickly shaping itself to line the gastric walls. Over the course of the next two (2) or three (3) hours, SCP-751 adapts its own composition to closely match that of the host's stomach, maintaining digestive processes. When the host awakens, there is little or no evidence of any incident and the host will continue under its normal routine.
Over the next three (3) to four (4) days, SCP-751 will digest the host's stomach, using it to build up its own mass for further expansion. It will then slowly expand to engulf and digest other organs in the host's body, generally starting with the intestines and moving to the liver, kidneys, and lungs. SCP-751 will adapt itself to mimic each of these organs in turn, maintaining all of the host's bodily functions and releasing immunosuppressant chemicals to prevent rejection by the host. The entire process takes approximately one (1) month in a human host, and longer in larger hosts.
After its feeding period, SCP-751 reverts back to its original composition in a matter of minutes. This process lowers SCP-751's density considerably, causing it to swell to a size that the host's body cannot contain. The host's skin will stretch and then burst, releasing SCP-751. At this point SCP-751 will reproduce, dividing into ten (10) to twenty (20) smaller entities, which then move to the nearest damp area to grow in preparation of hunting for their own hosts.
Request to "experiment with modifying SCP-751 for use in organ transplants" approved by Dr. ████████.
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The last three decades have borne witness to a changing landscape across the ~7000 kms of Indian coastline. The rapid industrialisation and mechanisation of the fishing industry has created an unsustainable environment for small-scale fishworkers. They increasingly find themselves being marginalised in the same waters where they were once so used to plying their trade.
This has had unfortunate consequences in many coastal fishing communities. Among them, the unsustainability and lack of profitability in the sector has resulted in a decreased interest amongst the youth towards both fishing and the natural environments that surround them. This is compounded by a lack of relevant and place-based environmental education in these spaces. Now, communities across the coastline are moving towards urban spaces, or are transitioning towards livelihoods and occupations that are mostly removed from the natural environments. Conversations and interviews conducted in the field with communities indicated a decreased interest in fishing as other livelihood opportunities—such as those in the tourism sector, at least pre-COVID-19—were viewed as more lucrative and profitable.
Dakshin Foundation’s sports programme under its ‘Community Wellbeing and Environment’ initiative aims to address these gaps. Through sports, it aims to encourage and empower youth from fishing communities to engage in and support social issues in their own communities and (re)build deeper connections with the natural environments that surround them.
One of the first steps in the initiation of this project was a scoping study at our pilot sites—in Wandoor and Junglighat in South Andaman Island—to introduce the programme to the local youth, and to get a sense of their current levels of access to sports, play, and recreational facilities. The findings from this study threw up some interesting results, as it found that there was no shortage of enthusiasm for sports and outdoor activities; but, at the same time, youth and children in these areas were limited by the facilities, equipment, and support provided to them. Several respondents argued that more sporting opportunities for youth would be more than welcome, and would also provide them with opportunities to potentially participate in sports competitively, while also boosting skill sets that they could use in other walks of life. These findings highlight the potential of the burgeoning sports-for-development sector in India, as well as the challenges faced by it.
Sports is not a panacea
In India, social dynamics like caste, class, and gender strongly shape interpersonal relations. In fact, studies have shown that caste, gender, and linguistic and regional identities of participants affect their levels of involvement in play and recreational physical activities in general. In this context, the scoping study aimed to understand if the youth in these spaces were affected by these various parameters in their efforts to participate in sports.
A major (and predictable) issue that was raised pertained to insufficient support, facilities, and equipment for recreational sports. Yet, crucially, issues of inequitable access to chances to play were raised as well. While caste did not visibly influence differences and inequalities, gender, linguistic, and regional identities clearly did.
On the field, there was a glaring absence of young women and girls present in sports and play avenues outside of schooling environments, as they were instead expected to either focus on their studies or help out with chores and work in their houses. All the female respondents mentioned that they did not feel comfortable playing outdoors with the boys as they did not want to stand out. However, they were involved in sports and games in their schools, where they were provided with a relatively safe and controlled environment where they could express themselves.
Regional and linguistic identities also played an important role. In Wandoor, in the South Andamans, the village population largely consists of families who historically migrated to the islands from three different communities and geographies of the Indian subcontinent: Ranchi, coastal Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, and Bangladesh. While this was not a significant factor inhibiting interaction on the playing grounds—youth from these groups played together and developed relationships with each other regardless of their backgrounds—they clearly identified themselves as members of these different communities. A more detailed study would be required to understand if these differing identities had any other impacts on their lives in the contexts of their day-to-day lives and livelihoods. Developing a more comprehensive understanding of these issues and how they manifest would be critical in working towards addressing the wellbeing of these communities through sports.
Designing a Sports-based Program
Given the challenges faced by marginal communities described above, a well-designed sports-based community wellbeing programme has the potential to provide youth with spaces where they can enjoy themselves recreationally and also learn and pick up skills that could prove to be useful in any of their endeavours in their lives. There are numerous other initiatives across India that use sports as a platform to provide youth with pertinent life skills such as teamwork, relationship building, cooperation, and self belief, which would all empower them in whatever walks of life they choose. Organisations like YUWA and Project Khel, operational in Jharkhand and Lucknow respectively, use sports as a platform to overcome social stigmas and gender barriers, spread awareness about menstrual health, and also combat child sexual abuse. Several other organisations like Bay of Life and Magic Bus Foundation use sports as an initiative to foster connections with the environment and train youth and children in life skills.
Last week, Seema, a Yuwa Class 2021 graduate, was offered & accepted a full scholarship 2 @Harvard University. Harvard, considered 1 of the best universities n the world, had a historically low acceptance rate this yr, 3.4% – & a record # of applicants. Seema defied these odds. pic.twitter.com/STbnxNmlHR
— Yuwa (@YuwaFootball) April 23, 2021
These life skills components are a significant proposed element of Dakshin’s programme, but in addition to this, there are plans to use sports as an avenue to build richer connections with the natural environments around them. Earlier this year, we wrote about how Reef Log, a citizen science programme, incorporates environmental conservation into scuba diving tourism. Such initiatives have gained interest given the increasing concern for ocean health amongst people who take up recreational diving actively. Along these lines, alternative sports like surfing, scuba diving, and outdoor climbing have the potential to enable the youth to actively explore outdoor and natural environments and foster connections with these spaces. Activities like nature walks, bird watching and treks can also be incorporated into the activities to provide the participants with more opportunities to directly interact with and learn about the natural environments that surround them.
The importance of the participatory nature of this programme cannot be overstated. The scoping study also served the purpose of breaking the ice with the youth from these communities, understanding the issues that are pertinent to their lives, and how these sports-based initiatives could make a difference in a way that’s conducive to their growth and development as they see it. The stakeholders and communities in these spaces need to be involved in these decision-making processes.
Sustaining sports and community engagement
Despite the power of sports to unite, there are certain caveats to consider while designing such programmes. The first is that no activity would have an immediate impact on its own without efforts to effect change in the longer term. In order to facilitate and address this, participants need to be equipped with skills that empower them to become agents of change. This can be achieved through a “train-the-trainers” model of activities, where youth from the community are trained to run similar programmes and facilitate training on their own, which will also help scale the programme to other geographies and regions.
Coastal communities are socio-politically complex with a wide range of stakeholders including fishers, tourism operators, tourists, environmentalists, and local residents. Given the various social and traditional differences, this creates an incredibly complex and diverse space to navigate in any context, where skills like cooperation and the ability to work together are extremely valuable. Playgrounds and sports fields are spaces where people from various backgrounds can come together and find common ground on a level playing field, and this could help them overcome these differences and come together to work for the betterment of their communities. There are several initiatives where organisations have used sports towards these goals. For instance, the formation of a women’s football team in Dharamshala has helped the team members overcome some of the trauma and stigma they face as not only Tibetan refugees, but also the social issues that they face as women. One All, based in Tamil Nadu, has tapped into the mixed-gender nature of Ultimate Frisbee to bring boys and girls onto the same playing field, and use the sport as a platform to encourage players to overcome gender barriers.
Little has been possible in the field over the last year due to the pandemic, and much of Dakshin’s work has focussed on providing relief and other support. With the Olympics finally underway in Tokyo, and a sporting spirit spreading across the world, Dakshin hopes to launch its sport and environment initiatives in the near future.
Featured image: An informal volleyball gathering in Wandoor; courtesy of Kanishk Srinivasan.
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1191 A walk into the past
by Sara Cassidy, illustrated by Sydney Barnes
Victoria: Heritage House, 2021
$19.95 / 9781772033519
Reviewed by Valerie Green
Sara Cassidy’s children’s book Painted Fences is an excellent way of offering a delightful story within a story for young children ages 8 to 12. At the same time it teaches them about the importance of history, true friendship, and hardship – and also about hope for the future. There are not many books for children that can achieve all that.
The story begins with Esther taking a walk with her great-grandfather, Afi, on his birthday. “He’s turning very old,” Esther tells the reader about her great-grandfather. They were going out for ice cream on a warm spring day when flowers are just beginning to bloom. As they pause by a fence, Afi points to a chip in the fence paint. “See the layers, Esther?” Afi says. Esther does indeed see paint layers — a whole rainbow of colours — the fence has been painted over the years.
One particular colour was avocado and Afi begins to tell his great-granddaughter a story about the two boys who painted it that colour back in 1945 using a paintbrush they sneaked from a neighbour’s shed, all because they wanted some meatballs and needed money to pay for them.
Esther doesn’t believe her great-grandfather could possibly know why and by whom the fence was painted so long ago, but she listens anyway. And thus begins a second story within a story.
The second story is a tale about two boys, Bob and Charlie, who were on their way to the meat market with wartime tokens to buy meat. On the way there they lost the tokens, which fell through a hole in one boy’s pocket.
Painted Fences admirably portrays what life was like for a child during the Second World War. Cassidy, aware that children of today would find it difficult to understand some of these hardships without explanation and adult assistance, refers to ration tokens, poverty, and the excitement of V-E Day. She also includes a subtle mention of Charlie’s limp, which might be the result of having had polio, a disease many children once had.
I particularly like the reference to their fathers who were away fighting in the war. What would they think of the boys losing their precious tokens?
“Just think how angry your dad would be if he was around,” says one boy.
“Yeah, but at least he’d be home and not a million miles away. I’m so sick of this stupid war!” replies the other.
Times were hard during the war and families relied on the ration tokens to buy their produce. The boys decided that painting fences might be a good way to make some money to buy the meat. Most of the time people just traded one thing for another during those days, but the boys needed some actual money to replace the tokens they had lost. Bob and Charlie’s adventures around the neighbourhood looking for work teach them about friendship and people’s strong spirit during those dark days.
Painting one fence earned the boys fifty cents each plus a pair of second-hand boots, milk, and cookies, and at the same time taught them the joy of working together for a good purpose. Once they had the money they needed, they headed back to the Meat Market to buy some ground beef for meatballs. On the way there they learned that the war had just ended. Not only was it Bob’s birthday, it was also V-E Day, which meant Victory in Europe. Their fathers would soon be coming home. Excitement was in the air.
The book now returns to the future with Esther and Afi on their walk, and Esther suddenly realizes that her great-grandfather was one of the boys in his story, a story that then inspires Esther to paint too. But I found the ending abrupt, and felt it needed more explanation for children.
Nonetheless, the combination of Sara Cassidy’s words and Sydney Barnes’s illustrations make for two enchanting stories for young people. Cassidy is the author of several books for young readers, many of which have received accolades and nominations for awards.
Barnes is an illustrator and graphic designer and runs a freelance design business, SJ Barnes Design. Her sepia illustrations for the 1945 story in Painted Fences admirably demonstrate the flashback to another time long ago, although her illustration of Afi today makes him seem somewhat younger than a man who was only a boy during the Second World War, and would now be well into his eighties or early nineties.
Valerie Green was born and educated in England where she studied journalism and law. Her passion was always writing from the moment she first held a pen in her hand. After working at the world-famous Foyles Books on Charing Cross Road, London, followed by a brief stint with M15 and legal firms, she moved to Canada in 1968 where she married and raised a family, while embarking on a long career as a freelance writer, columnist, and author of over twenty non-fiction historical and true-crime books. She is currently working on her debut novel Providence, which will be published soon as the first of The McBride Chronicles, an historical four-generational family saga bringing early BC history alive. Now semi-retired (although writers never really retire!) she enjoys taking short road trips around BC with her husband, watching their two beloved grandsons grow up and, of course, writing. Editor’s note: Valerie Green has recently reviewed books by Catherine McKenzie, Mary-Anne Neal, Vanessa Winn, Edeana Malcolm, Janie Chang, Gina McMurchy-Barber, and Eric Walters.
The Ormsby Review. More Books. More Reviews. More Often.
Publisher and Editor: Richard Mackie
The Ormsby Review is a journal service for in-depth coverage of B.C. books and authors. The Advisory Board consists of Jean Barman, Wade Davis, Robin Fisher, Cole Harris, Hugh Johnston, Kathy Mezei, Patricia Roy, Maria Tippett, and Graeme Wynn. Scholarly Patron: SFU Graduate Liberal Studies. Honorary Patron: Yosef Wosk. Provincial Government Patron since September 2018: Creative BC
“Only connect.” – E.M. Forster
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Elephants have long intrigued scientists for the fact they rarely get cancer – and a new study suggests this may be linked to their testicles.
Unlike humans and most other land mammals, elephants’ testicles don’t descend outside the body. Instead, they remain high up inside, close to the kidneys.
Keeping the testicles cool is essential for good fertility – high temperatures can damage the sperm – suggesting significant adaptation in elephants given their core temperature has been recorded at upwards of 40C in the African savannah.
In addition to being very hot, elephants are also very big, which should increase their risk of cancer.
Body cells are constantly dividing, and with every division, there’s a risk of mutation that could lead to cancer. The more cells, as in larger animals, the greater the risk.
To combat mutations, the body has a specific gene, TP53, which produces the protein p53. The main role of p53 is to identify and ‘neutralise’ damaged DNA during cell division, helping combat the spread of mutations and earning it the nickname ‘Guardian of the Genome’.
Humans only have one copy of the gene. Elephants have 20.
Scientists now believe they may have developed this super-charged defence against cancer as a byproduct of their ‘hot testicles’.
The risk of DNA mutation in the sperm at higher temperatures is vastly increased, meaning to help protect their reproductive capabilities and ensure survival of their own genes – and the species – elephants have evolved with extra genes to help keep on top of any potential mutations.
‘Elephants provide us with a unique system to study the evolution of a robust defence mechanism against DNA damage and explore the intricate details of the p53 complex in our own battle against cancer and ailments like ageing,’ said author Professor Fritz Vollrath.
In humans, the risk of cancer increases with age as cells become less efficient at replicating.
Named after renowned Oxford epidemiologist Richard Peto, the phenomenon questions why larger, longer-living animals that should be more prone to cancer, such as elephants and whales, appear resistant to it.
Writing in the journal Trends In Ecology & Evolution, he said: ‘All things considered, it appears that the elephant’s testes may experience temperatures dangerously high for mammalian sperm production, even under normal body temperatures.
‘High temperature metabolism tends to be coupled with cellular oxidative stress, which increases the probability of mutations.
‘[The hypothesis] proposes that elephants initially evolved multiple copies of TP53 not to fight cancer but to protect sperm production in testicles that were increasingly temperature challenged as the animals grew in size during their evolutionary history.’
Professor Vollrath concluded: ‘For cancer researchers, probably the most important question would focus on the mechanism by which the elephant’s various TP53 retrogenes and p53 protein isoforms are able to guard, or not, the soma [body cells]. Such studies would probably rely on genetic profiling of tissue samples and cell lines.
‘Elephants are not as easily studied as mice.’
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From an engineering standpoint, stress can be defined as the amount of resistance a material offers to being reshaped and reformed. When you place a load on a steel beam, the beam resists, keeping the building from collapsing. If the load is great enough, the beam gives way and the structure suffers damage or collapses. Psychological stress is similar. When we can no longer resist forces that are trying to shape and mold us, whether they are our spouse’s behavior or our nation’s economic decline, we break down, becoming anxious and depressed, unable to cope.
Sources of stress are everywhere. The rate of technological change has never been as accelerated as it is today. College students are training for jobs that don’t yet exist. Americans in the workforce today can expect to go through at least three career changes during their professional lives. Even thinking about this is stressful.
Psychologists identify two kinds of stress: acute and chronic. Both affect the health of mitochondria in our cells and our general well-being. Acute stress is relatively short-lived. It’s what you encounter when faced with a novel learning situation, and it is actually good for you in the sense that it allows you to remember the event, be it positive or negative. Chronic stress is long-lasting. It occurs when you worry all month about how you’re going to make your mortgage payment, or when you dread every day waking up next to the person you married many years earlier, or when your cells are continuously burdened with eliminating toxic wastes and heavy metals acquired from a polluted environment and now stored within the cell wall.
Unlike acute stress, which serves a positive purpose, chronic stress is very destructive. In Colonial times the legendary pirates of the Caribbean learned that citizens in a city under siege were more effectively worn down by the sound of cannons firing than by the actual damage done to their town by the cannonballs. This was because the sounds of the guns kept the townspeople in a state of chronic stress, unable to fight or flee, or get a good night’s rest. Long-term exposure to stress has profound consequences.
Chronic stress can lead to a rut in which the wiring of our neural networks keeps us repeating the same dysfunctional behavior and hoping for a different outcome. As we experience depression and repetitive behaviors that stem from chronic stress, we’re less capable of analytic thought. The stress hormones released into the bloodstream—mainly adrenaline and cortisol—keep us at a lower order of brain function, unable to attain synergy. We find it increasingly difficult to learn from past experiences, to alter the beliefs that cause us to re-create those experiences again and again, and to break out of our behavioral ruts. Because of the way our brains have been wired by stress and trauma, we’re unable to think or feel our way out of personal crises.
Dr. Robert M. Sapolsky, in his book Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death, eloquently describes the science that correlates stress, exposure to cortisol, and the ultimate destruction of the hippocampus. His extensive research with rodents and primates clearly supports the contention that this stress-induced neuro-degenerative process also occurs in humans. Interestingly, Sapolsky points out that elevated cortisol levels are found in at least 50 percent of Alzheimer’s patients.
Fortunately, we can stop this cascade of destructive chemical events. Research has shown that elevated levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) imparts a high level of protection for the hippocampus, making it resistant to damage from elevated cortisol.
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Dr. Nazir, Dr. Maria and Dr. Azmat Alam Khan
SMS-Animal Science KVK-Budgam, SKUAST-Kashmir
BTM-Agricultural Department Srinagar
Associate Director Research (Animal Sciences), SKUAST-K
Feather pecking means when one bird pecks or pulls at the feathers of another. Feather pecking can damage plumage and injure a bird’s skin, and sometimes this behavior leads to serious problem in flock (cannibalism).
Feather pecking is an important behavioral problem in poultry. It is also a type of social hierarchy found in all types of poultry birds. Pecking usually occurs when there is stress to poultry birds or poor management practice in poultry farm. Pecking occurs in any production system, including free-range systems but is more common among floor-raised birds and among birds in large free-range systems.
Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately after an egg has been laid and there is damage to cloaca, surrounding skin and underlying tissue. Laying hens tend to peck short feathers more frequently than long ones, One bird begins pecking the feathers, comb, toes or vent of another bird. Once an open wound or blood is visible on the bird, the vicious habit of pecking can spread rapidly through the entire flock.
Pecking will lower the bird’s value due to torn and damaged flesh, poor feathering and can result in high death in the flock. Because poultry birds are attractive to blood injury of one birds and subsequently pecking of the injury by a flock can lead to cannibalism outbreaks. Once this habit spread in the flock it is difficult to eliminate. It is better to manage it in its early stage to prevent it from speared to the whole flock.
Causes and management of Pecking in Birds:
There are numerous reasons for outbreaks of pecking problems in the flock which results huge loss to the poultry farming. It is important to manage this problem as soon as possible through management and other possible means. The various reason along with their management are discussed as under.
1. Boredom : Birds that get bored get easily attracted to pecking. to avoid this problem few fresh green vegetables hung around the run or nice surface to scratch around in during the day to look for worms or some branches to stand on will keep the birds busy and thus cure their boredom.
2. Overcrowding in the flock : Overcrowding is one of the main cause of feather pecking in poultry. Birds that are over active frequently pluck feather. Overcrowding increases the competition among the flock for feed and water. Dominant birds keep other birds away from feed and water. Due to this underweight and weak birds become the victim of this problem.
It is important to provide required space to the birds to access food and water. Following is the recommended floor space for different age group of birds.1/4 sq. ft./bird for first 2 weeks,3/4 sq. ft./bird for 3-8 weeks,1.5 sq. ft./bird from 8 to 16 weeks of age and 2 sq. ft./bird from 16 weeks on words.
3. Mixing of different Ages, Sizes and Color of Flock: This is also a big issue related to pecking in birds. It is better to avoid keeping birds of different ages, breeds, colors, or sizes together which often upsets the social order of a flock and increases the chances of feather pecking. Birds which are attractive and looking with shining feather can lead to the habit of pecking the birds having ruffled feather. Always avoid adding young birds or small birds to old flocks.
4. Overheating In Shed: High temperatures in poultry shed cause birds to become uncomfortable and birds start pecking at each other. Proper ventilation, clean and cool water should be provided to flock. Young fowl should brood at 95ºF for the first week after hatching, and then decrease the temperature by 5ºF per week until the temperature reaches 70ºF or matches the outside temperature. Chicks should be able to adjust their body temperature by moving closer to or farther from the heat source as needed.
5. Litter: The bedding or litter material used in poultry house encourages chickens to scratch and peck the ground and thus the chickens will be busy scratching and pecking at each other. Grass clippings, leafy greens, straw, hay, leaves etc all encourage natural foraging behavior. Grasses can help keep the bird’s gizzard full meaning they are less likely to peck at each other too. Provide clean and dry litter material and sufficient quality of green grasses vegetable waste to prevent this habit.
6. Inadequate Nest Boxes: Bright light in nesting area and insufficient space for nesting lead to pecking in birds. To avoid this problem provide good nesting space to laying birds. Dark nest gives a hen safe place to lay egg and prevent exposure of cloaca after laying to other birds. The exposed cloaca may be pecked at by the other birds which can lead cannibalism during laying.
7. Sudden changes: Abrupt change in environment, management and transition can lead to stress to birds. Transport of birds also leads to stress resulting in pecking .It is better to avoid abrupt changes or exposure to birds to extreme environment.
8. Improper Food and Nutrition: Pecking is also caused due to deficiency of minerals, vitamins and amino acid etc. Feathers are made of protein, so if a bird is suffering from protein deficiency, they can turn to feather pecking. It is thus important to provide birds with a well-balanced diet and an ample supply of water. Feed birds small grains in deep litter. A mash diet, rather than pelleted feed, may also help prevent outbreaks of cannibalism.
9. Excessive Light Hours: More bright lights hours during winter can cause chickens to become stressful and aggressive towards each other. Long periods of light will cause birds to become hostile towards each other. Avoid more than 15 hours of light per day. More lights hours with high intensity leads to pecking in birds. In broiler birds, the common practice is to provide 16 hours of light per day at an intensity of 0.5 to 2 foot-candles, followed by eight hours of darkness. When moving the birds into the laying house, increase the duration of light to 13 hours per day and increase the intensity to 1 to 2 foot-candles.
10. Injured Birds in the Flock: Sometimes there is injury to birds due to wires, cages, pens, waterer, federer or by fighting which results in bleeding. Blood attracts the birds leads to pecking in birds. So it is important to prevent these type of injury through proper management practices. Injured or dead birds should be immediately removed from poultry shed.
11. Flock Size: Pecking also occurs due to over flock size in the farm. In big flocks poultry birds cannot recognize each other and start fighting each other and develop the pecking habit. So it is better to maintain less flock size. It is best to split the pen with a wire wall to manage less flock size in different compartment of pen.
Other Preventive measures:
* Anti- Feather pecking sprays can help to break a feather packing habit. This spray is applied to victim birds, it creates foul taste in the peckers mouth helping to deter to them from pecking.
* Turning the red skin of a pecked bird into purple using gentian violet spray is an easy solution to help the pecked bird.
* Anti feather pecking spray should be applied on newly emerging feathers during moulting to taste bad to pecking hens.
* Keeping birds free to keep the birds busy and allow them to peck greens, ground and insects instead of other birds.
* Giveing fiber diet to your birds so that the birds gizzard remain full. For that give fresh green like clover grass or weeds, each day.
* Place some attractive coloured or shiny items for the birds to peck at which can draw attention away from other birds.
* Beak-trimming is the most common method of preventing or reducing injuries. Remov about 1/3 of the tip of the beak and provide a square tip. It should be done by some expert person.
As soon as outbreak of pecking occur , it is important to stop this behavior quickly before it spreads throughout the flock. A variety of methods are available to help accomplish this objective, although it is difficult to stop a substantial outbreak altogether.
Some corrective steps include the following:
* Separation of birds doing the severe feather pecking, especially if the pecking is directed at the injuries or vents of other birds.
* Removing weak and victims of cannibalism and taking care of them separately or, if necessary, euthanizing them humanely.
* Using dim lights in poultry shed having intensity of 0.5 to 1.0 foot-candles.
* Adding enrichments to the birds’ environment, especially forage-related devices.
* Using good feed and water space.
* Using more nest boxes (for laying flocks).
Treatment of pecking:
Since Pecking can be caused by several conditions, we may not be able to determine the exact cause of the problem. .
* Managing the problems which lead to pecking as soon as possible.
* Darkening the facilities by using red bulbs.
* Always remove dead and injured birds from your farm.
* Use “anti-peck” ointment on any damaged birds usually stops pecking.
* Maintain proper temperature in your farm.
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A busy little pre-schooler has a lot going on. There is so much to see, do, learn, and they are on the go. My favourite thing is watching little personalities blossom as they develop social skills and start to understand their feelings.
This recognition of their feelings in turn helps them to start understanding the feelings of others.
A great tool to help your little one with this is process is imaginative play with dolls. One of my children and a very complicated family game they used to play with their friends which included an extended family who all looked after ‘the baby’ – their prised doll. There were Mums, Dads, Aunties, Uncles, Cousins, etc, and the list went on. Anyone new to the game was able to take a new roll in the family and there was room for everyone. A simple toy for such a great learning experience.
This is also a great time to work on some basic literacy skills like writing your name, reading and writing simple words. Early math skills like recognising numbers are perfect too, you’ll probably find your little one wants to count everything they do, which is great play-based learning. We have some fantastic tools for this and kids LOVE being able to show Mum and Dad how well they have done!
Preschool (3-5 years) also offers various other learning opportunities such as: practicing our listening skills and being able to follow directions, learning to communicate our thoughts, feelings, and needs, developing problem-solving skills through games and tasks, improving fine motor skills through creative tasks that allow time with age-appropriate scissors and encourage self-expression and build confidence.
There is no doubt that Preschool (3-5 years) is an important stage for little people as it prepares them for school. At the Toy Wagon we have a wide range of toys and tools to help make the most of this massive learning period for your Preschooler which we help give your little one the best start to their school years which are just around the corner.
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[/td_block_text_with_title][td_block_text_with_title custom_title=”WHAT ALL CAN I DO?” header_color=”#e88f1b”][/td_block_text_with_title]
Special Education Teacher
Special Education Teachers are educators specifically trained to deal with students with a broad range of physical, emotional, learning and motor disabilities. They work to educate such children by teaching them reading, writing, communication and various subjects. They also impart specific skills that help the children to adapt to their surroundings and live happy, adjusted lives. They can find work in public and private schools, NGOs and rehabilitation centres.
|Stream||Graduation||After Graduation||After Post Graduation|
|Clear Class XII in Any stream||Pursue Bachelors in any discipline for 3 years/||Pursue Bachelors in Education/Special Education for 2 years||Pursue Masters in Special Education for 2 years|
|Clear Class XII in any stream||Pursue Bachelors in any discipline for 3 years||Pursue Bachelors in Education/Special Education for 2 years||–|
|Clear Class XII in any stream||Pursue Bachelors in any discipline for 3 years||Pursue Post Graduate Diploma Programme in Early Childhood Special Education/Special Education for 1 year||–|
- B.A./B.Sc.with 2 teaching subjects. With minimum 50% aggregate OR B.Ed with minimum 50%
[/td_block_text_with_title][td_block_text_with_title custom_title=”WORK DESCRIPTION” header_color=”#dd3333″ separator=”” tdc_css=””]These professionals are involved with special children, i.e., children with developmental disorders, learning disabilities, etc.
- Administer tests to help determine children’s developmental levels, needs, or potential
- Arrange indoor or outdoor space to facilitate creative play, motor-skill activities, or safety
- Collaborate with other teachers or administrators to develop, evaluate, or revise pre-school programmes
- Confer with parents, guardians, teachers, counselors, or administrators to resolve students’ behavioural or academic problems
- Develop individual educational plans (IEPs) designed to promote students’ educational, physical, or social development
- Employ special educational strategies or techniques
- Modify the general education curriculum for special-needs of students, based upon a variety of instructional techniques and technologies
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Intellectual Property (IP) is a valuable asset that is included in a company’s “balance sheet” and provides additional valuation to a company. For early stage and small companies, IP may be the company’s sole or primary asset base.
Intellectual Property includes patents, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, and trade secrets. This value-added asset can be sold, bought and traded as a part of everyday commerce.
It is important for a company to know what IP it has and how to enhance the company’s IP position which, in turn, enhances the company’s valuation.
Patents are often the most valuable IP asset for most companies. Strictly speaking there are three types of U.S. patents:
(1) Design Patents (for example, an ornamental design for an article of manufacture)
(2) Plant Patents (for example, an asexually produced flower or plant)
(3) Utility Patents
The most common patent for technology-based companies are utility patents. Utility patents are granted to inventors according to the Patent Act, which can be found at Title 35 of the United States Code (U.S.C.) and states as follows:
“Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefore, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.” (35 U.S.C., §101)
Equally as important as what is patentable is what is not patentable. What are not patentable are:
(1) Laws of nature
(2) Physical phenomena
(3) Abstract ideas
(4) Products of nature
However, what constitutes patentable subject matter has come under broad interpretation as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Diamond vs. Chakraborty (1980), which established that companies or individuals could receive utility patents for newly created organisms. Since then, the biotechnology industry has argued that patents should issue on genes, proteins and other natural materials which have commercial value.
Primarily as an effort to boost U.S. eminence and competitiveness to the then fledgling but growing biotech industry, shortly after the Diamond vs. Chakraborty decision the U.S. Patent Office (USPTO) began issuing patents on products of nature including genes (human or otherwise), gene fragments, cell lines, proteins and other naturally occurring substances.
As a result of increasingly growing criticism, the USPTO has recently issued utility patent guidelines and rules regarding a stricter definition of what is invented or patentable. These new guidelines and rules call for utility patents to have “specific and substantial utility that is credible.”
No longer will it be sufficient to claim that a particular biological or molecular probe (DNA, protein, etc.) to be a useful probe, the new utility test calls for specific utility regarding that particular molecular probe (i.e., a probe for a particular gene, a probe for a specific disease state or a probe for a defined location on a chromosome).
In addition, it is no longer acceptable to make general claims regarding utility and usefulness. For example, it will not be acceptable to claim that a protein is a source of amino acids or a feed supplement or a dietary supplement, but real-world utility must be specified and demonstrated.
The new utility patent guidelines and rules will have a profound effect on the biotech and related industries.
Visit www.BusinessOfScience.com for additional information concerning Intellectual Property and the business of science and technology.
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Because they essentially look like little men wearing fancy tuxedos, penguins have always managed to melt our hearts. However, there’s more to these birds than meets the eye, as you are about to find out by the end of this list.
1. At this point, there are 18 species on penguins living on Earth
Although most people only think about the notorious Emperor penguin whenever these birds are brought into discussion, it is necessary to point out that the aforementioned specie is simply the largest. Even though scientists warn about the declining populations, some even to the point where they risk extinction, there are 18 known species of penguins, some more interesting than the rest. It is important to note that while you can usually see them at your local zoo, penguins live mostly in the Southern hemisphere.
2. There are notable differences between various species of penguins
It is necessary to mention that while an adult Emperor penguin is typically 114 cm high and weighs around 40 kg, the smallest species of penguins – the blue penguin – is only 25 cm tall and weighs approximately 1 pound. According to biologists, the relatively big differences stem from the birds’ different habitats. Because ice, particularly the so-called fast ice that does not move in winds and currents is essential for their habits, the Emperor can typically be found in very cold climates. The blue penguin can be mostly found in areas near Australia and New Zeeland, although some have been also spotted in Chile.
3. Some penguins prefer the tropical climate
Even though most documentaries on these majestic birds focus on the Emperor colonies that live closely to Antarctica, it is necessary to mention that some species thrive in tropical climates as well. To be more precise, the Galapagos penguin can often be seen along the shoreline of the islands with the same name. In addition to being located in the northernmost part of the Southern Hemisphere, some biologist claim that they even step into the Northern Hemisphere to feed. However, because they are not a migrating species, you should know that this happens very rarely.
4. Penguins are the best bird divers
If you are a bird watcher and prefer spending your vacations in different parts of the world in locations that promote avi-tourism, then chances are that you saw at least one bird quickly diving into the water only to spring out a few seconds later with a small fish or a frog in its beak. An interesting thing about penguins is that even though they lost their ability to fly a very long time ago, they are currently the deepest diving species of birds in the world.
5. Penguins are the kings of porpoising
Despite the fact that they lost their ability to fly a few million years ago, their cute flippers as well as their body shape have evolved to make them very proficient swimmers. This type of swimming might not be very efficient energy-wise compared to keeping the body completely submerged underwater, but it does have the benefit of allowing the penguins to trick their predators as well as permit them to breathe regularly. In addition, biologists claim that sometimes, these adorable birds simply do it out of joy or excitement.
6. The multiple roles of their plumage
If penguins didn’t have their specific, some say tuxedo-like plumage, then porpoising would not be possible especially at the impressive speed of 32 kmh. To put it simply, the plumage tends to develop tiny bubbles while they are swimming, thus protecting their bodies from friction damage. In addition to increasing their swimming speed, the light and dark contrasts of the feathers helps the penguin benefit from a double camouflage, namely the dark side makes them invisible to predators above, while the light side shades them from the ones found in the water.
7. The yellow-eyed penguin is almost extinct
Besides the alarming decline of the birds numbers and authorizes attempts to protect them, some species of penguins – such as the yellow-eyed penguin – are currently risking extinction. As a matter of fact, the population of yellow-eyes typically living on the shores of New Zealand has decreased to the point where there are only 4,000 of these penguins left. The good news is that the local authorities have already taken the necessary steps to help the conservation of this species of penguins by building them two natural reservations in the mainland areas. Furthermore, in 2010 the yellow-eyes penguins have received protection under the United States Endanger Species Act.
8. Human intervention is both positive and negative
While penguins have various natural predators according to their habits and geographical location, it is necessary to point out that the increasing artificial threats have also begun to affect the penguins more than usual. From global warming that melts down the ice patches certain species of penguins need to mate, lay eggs and raise chicks to oil spills and water pollution, human expansion in these birds’ natural habits became a serious problem.
Luckily, most of the penguins are receptive and adapt quickly to natural reservations and conservation centers. Unfortunately, even though people try to help conserve the specie, penguins do not possess an efficient biological defense mechanism to survive in other areas than their natural environment. This is the main reason why many of them die so quickly in zoos across the world.
9. Penguins are not sexually dimorphic
More often than not, any person with a trained eye could determine whether the bird flying right above your head is a female or a male based on the plumage and morphology. However, this is not the case for male and female penguins, as the two genders basically look the same. The only exception is during the mating seasons when you could distinguish a male from a female depending on how much mud it has on its plumage.
10. Penguins have a sharp vision
Since the penguin’s diet consists mostly on what they catch in the sea, it was only natural for them to evolve superior eyesight that would permit them to spot their prey easily underwater, irrespective of whether the water is clear or not.
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Stanislav Kondrashov: innovation and efficiency in Vietnamese production
Metallurgists in Vietnam are actively making maximum efforts to reduce harmful carbon emissions and increase production efficiency, reports Stanislav Kondrashov from Telf AG. This step is in line with the strategic objectives of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the field of digital modernization and optimization of technological processes. If the outcome is positive, such a decision should be key in achieving the goal of transition to cleaner production.
Many steel plants in the country have already adopted innovative approaches, such as generating electricity from excess heat, to reduce the negative impact on the outside world.
— Today Vietnam is both one of the leaders in the region in steel production and a major consumer of these products. However, metallurgical production is accompanied by significant CO2 emissions and consumption of fossil fuels, accounting for 7-9% of the total carbon emissions in the country, — says Kondrashov.
If we analyze the production technology of the metallurgical industry in Vietnam, then the average level of greenhouse gas emissions in the metallurgical industry exceeds that of the world by 23%. According to the expert, reducing these emissions is becoming an important task for the country’s steelmakers. This challenge requires the introduction of new technologies and operational changes in manufacturing plants.
Decarbonization course in Vietnam’s steel sector — Stanislav Kondrashov
The Vietnamese government has announced the launch of an ambitious plan to achieve cleaner production in economic sectors such as industrial and commercial by 2030, as well as eliminate CO2 emissions by 2050. According to data from the VSA, in 2022, Vietnam exported about 8 .4 million tons of steel worth almost $8 billion. However, these figures decreased by 35.8% and 32.2%, respectively, compared to the previous year.
Stanislav Kondrashov from Telf AG emphasizes that the state was in 13th place among 64 steel-producing countries in the global ranking over the past year. The volume of steel produced in the country amounted to 20 million tons, which means a decrease of 13.1% compared to 2021.
ASEAN countries are actively working to decarbonize the steel industry. What are the main goals of the process?transition to the production of «green steel»:
- Striving for zero emissions. This means minimizing or eliminating greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants from the steel production process.
- Circularity. Promoting recycling and reuse of materials to reduce waste and use resources more efficiently.
- Minimize water consumption. Efficient use of water resources and reduction of water consumption in metallurgical processes.
- Energy efficiency. Reduced energy consumption and increased energy efficiency, which reduces the negative impact on the environment.
- Reducing noise levels. Development and implementation of technologies to reduce noise pollution and create more comfortable conditions for the environment and residents of nearby areas.
But the successful implementation of all these steps requires the support of the country’s government and private investors.
— States in the region face a variety of challenges, including access to clean technologies and financial support for the transition. The supply of raw materials is also problematic, especially in the face of growing restrictions on the export of scrap, — sums up Stanislav Kondrashov from Telf AG.
Global trends regarding the transition to green technologies are now a priority for many countries. And Vietnam is no exception in this regard. Timely investments, government support and purposeful movement along the planned course are what will help enterprises not deviate from their goals and make our world cleaner.
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How to do Self-esteem and Confidence
Is it lack of confidence or low self-esteem that holds us back from being more visible?
Picture the scene.
You have an opportunity to do a short presentation at an event. You know it would be good for building your credibility, visibility and connections.
You have an interesting story to tell and you know your stuff but…
something is standing in your way.
Is it a lack of self-esteem or lack of confidence that holds you back?
What is the difference?
Let’s test this out.
To do the forensics — you need to explore beyond the ‘words’.
What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is the disposition to experience oneself as competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and as worthy of happiness. Nathaniel Branden — The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem
A robust definition. Nothing fancy.
But it might be helpful to mention what self-esteem is not!
Having self-esteem is not thinking you are better, brilliant and indomitable! There is research that suggests having high self-esteem is associated with arrogance — not so good.
Self-esteem is about being who you are and not feeling the need to be better than someone else.
It is about being present — able to give yourself a talking to rather than falling into the squasher-spiral of impostor syndrome.
The seminal work of Nathaniel Branden identifies six pillars of self-esteem.
- Living consciously
- Living purposefully
- Personal integrity
I would add that paying attention to the task in hand — however mundane — helps to cultivate self-esteem. Being present — being in ‘flow’.
I will come back to ‘flow’ in a future article.
What is confidence?
Inaction breeds doubt and fear. Action breeds confidence and courage. If you want to conquer fear, do not sit home and think about it. Go out and get busy. Dale Carnegie
But what is it?
The kind of confidence that applies to this exploration — is self-confidence.
There is ‘having confidence’ in someone or something. There is ‘displaying confidence’. But this is about having confidence in yourself.
Self-confidence — as defined in the Oxford dictionary, is :-
‘having a belief or assurance in oneself, trusting one’s abilities, judgements, or decisions, either in general or in relation to a specific situation or activity.’
It does not involve power dressing and hands on hips!
Confidence involves competence
As your competence in something increases, so does your confidence.
That is a confidence based on, and in, reality.
But is this a ‘chicken and egg’ conundrum?
If you lack confidence doing something because you are not yet competent (public speaking for instance) — how do you get competent?
You get that the more you do something the more competent you will get — and hence confidence grows.
But without confidence you are reluctant to do that thing in the first place!
It is true that there is an element of discomfort to go through as you grow your self-esteem and confidence — but nobody said life was easy! The point it — it’s well worth the effort.
Where to start?
Small steps. That is the annoyingly simple solution.
Do that ‘thing’ (like public speaking) at a friendly event — possible informal — supportive group of people — real humans!
Learn from the experience — invite feedback.
Note that you survived!
Can you build a greater sense of self-esteem and confidence?
Self-esteem and confidence are not fixed at birth. They are not even fixed in your old age!
They can be worked on and they can grow. They can come and go too — so being aware of your triggers is a crucial part of the journey.
With all this in mind — let’s return to the story of the reluctant public speaker.
7 steps to grow your self-esteem and confidence and break down your public speaking reluctance.
- Find a message that gets you enthusiastic — you want to share — you know it will resonate and give value/entertainment/perspective insight/practical knowledge…
- Prepare a short talk — with and without some slides (don’t make the slides the important bit). Consider doing a few posts and even videos — on a key aspect of your topic — soft launch by posting on your favourite, friendly platform.
- Find a ‘try-out’ opportunity — with audience. Informal, fun, your tribe etc.
- Learn, observe, try again — repeat.
- Recognise your competence — own it — let it be part of your confidence.
- Be nicer to yourself!
- Don’t fall into the comparisonitis trap. Value your value.
Small steps remember.
You are not lumbered with low self-esteem or confidence — you are an evolving work-in-progress. Enjoy the evolution.
All things human are explored in ‘The Mystery of the Squashed Self’. Available on Amazon — other booksellers to follow.
I work with clients on being visible as them — confidence growing and clarity. Ditching baggage, sharing story and practicing performance. Details at www.trishalewis.com
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Energy Innovation in Agriculture
The 1930s marked a turning point for rural electrification when President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Rural Electrification Administration, enabling rural electric utilities to build distribution systems and bring electricity to previously underserved areas. Electric cooperatives were formed by local communities, farmers, and ranchers, allowing them to invest in and manage their own electricity infrastructure.
With access to electricity, technological advancements came quickly and by the 1940s electric pumps, irrigation systems, and modern agricultural equipment were developed, further transforming the farming and ranching industries.
Revolutionizing Agriculture: Electrification's Role in Sustainable and Efficient Energy Use
Today, the focus has shifted from simply providing affordable electricity to improving the efficiency of energy use and supporting sustainable practices in agriculture. One significant development in this regard is the integration of electrification into various aspects of agriculture. Electrification, which involves the use of electricity to power machinery, tools, and processes on the farm, holds the potential to revolutionize the way we cultivate, harvest, and manage our crops. This transition offers several benefits that contribute to increased efficiency, productivity, sustainability, and improved quality of life for farmers.
Electric equipment is more energy-efficient than their internal combustion engine counterparts. Electric motors convert a higher percentage of energy into useful work, resulting in lower energy consumption and operating costs. Electric equipment has fewer moving parts and requires less frequent maintenance compared to traditional machinery. This can lead to reduced downtime and lower maintenance costs for farmers.
Lastly, electric machinery produces less noise compared to traditional combustion engine equipment, contributing to a quieter and more pleasant working environment for farm workers and neighboring communities. Additionally, electric vehicles and machinery produce zero tailpipe emissions, improving air quality on and around farms.
Electrification Applications Within Tri-State Membership
Last year, the Tri-State Communications team visited our member La Plata Electric Association (LPEA) in Durango, Colorado. There we were introduced to James Ranch, a family-owned regenerative farm producing 100% grass-fed beef, artisan cheeses, farm-fresh eggs, and a myriad of other foods. The entire James family takes sustainability seriously and has thoughtfully incorporated it into their operations. Starting with installing solar panels on their large freezers that store their meat. The solar panels provide 50% of the energy needed during the day and are connected to a generator that holds the temperature at a safe level in the event of an outage.
They also decreased their water use by installing a center pivot to their existing K-line irrigation system. K-line irrigators use a slow-absorption method that results in greater forage growth. Electrification can enhance irrigation systems by enabling efficient water pumping and distribution. Electric pumps can be paired with smart irrigation technologies to optimize water usage based on real-time weather data and soil conditions. Read the full James Ranch story.
While in Durango, we also met Vincent and Shandra Akin, who had recently inherited a 10-acre hay field just outside of town. Neither had farming experience, but they wanted to learn to bale the hay themselves in an efficient and environmentally friendly way. They were pleasantly surprised to find an electric tractor that had the same horsepower as its gas engine counterpart and was capable of lasting four to five hours on one charge, plenty of time to accomplish meaningful work in a field their size. During their first year, they were able to harvest 150 mini-round bales of alfalfa.
“I would recommend this electric tractor for anyone who has been thinking of the future of energy and how we use it,” Vincent said.
Electric tractors and other farm machinery are becoming more popular due to their efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Electric tractors can be used for plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting, offering a cleaner alternative to traditional diesel-powered equipment.
Energy Efficiency in Agriculture
Beyond electrification, farmers and ranchers in our member service territories are finding ways to boost energy efficiency in their operations, including at Walther Farms in Lisco, Nebraska, powered by Tri-State member Wheat Belt Public Power District (PPD).
Walther Farms is a third-generation, family-owned chipping potato business operating in eight states. Chipping potatoes are sensitive to heat and like to be stored in dark, dry places. Once the potatoes are harvested, they’re taken to bins outfitted with climate-control systems. Farm Manager Henry Nira can monitor the bins' temperature and humidity levels remotely. Each of the potato storage bins is insulated with six inches of closed-cell spray-foam insulation to help keep the bins at their target temperature resulting in lower cooling costs. Because the potatoes are constantly giving off carbon dioxide gases, ventilation is key.
Walther Farms uses a variable frequency drive (VFD) on all its fan systems to adjust the motor speed and control airflow. While necessary, fans consume an enormous amount of energy when used daily on the farm. VFDs allow the fans to ramp down when airflow is in lower demand and easily ramp back up when needed, which consumes the least amount of power.
“It’s important to move to more energy efficiency in the agriculture space where you can,” he said. “Whether that’s at your storage facilities or out in the field.” Read the full Walther Farms story.
Efficient Irrigation Solutions: Empowering Farmers and Cutting Energy Costs with Wheat Belt's TOU Program
Mike Blomenkamp also lives in Wheat Belt’s service territory and for over three decades has grown corn, wheat, and alfalfa, among other crops. Farming is no easy gig, but an efficient irrigation system makes Mike’s life a lot easier. Without it, it would be nearly impossible for him to grow a quality product. Irrigators like Mike make up 40% of Wheat Belt’s energy consumption.
Wheat Belt recognized the vital role of irrigators and worked with Mike (a board member at the time) and other board members to find ways to cut costs. They introduced the time-of-use (TOU) program for irrigators in 2017, which gives farmers the option to use energy at night and in the morning when energy is less expensive.
Mike automated his system and can make any necessary changes using an app on his phone. From the comfort of his home, he can turn the pivots on and off, and change direction and speed. By modernizing his operations and running during non-peak hours, he saved approximately $25,000 in the first season.
“It’s been a game changer,” Mike said. “I’m a huge unabashed proponent.” With a little practice, Mike discerned which crops thrive on the new watering schedule. His irrigation system now starts at 10 p.m. and shuts off at noon the following day, just before the afternoon heat hits.
“Everyone thinks of farmers as doing things the same old way but it’s not true,” he clarified. “Ag is changing and we’re getting better, just like every other industry.” Read the full TOU story.
Energy efficiency in agriculture holds immense promise for farming practices. From reducing environmental impact and energy consumption to enhancing precision agriculture and post-harvest processes, electrification is reshaping the way we approach food production. While challenges such as infrastructure and initial investment need to be addressed, the potential benefits for both farmers and the environment make electrification an avenue well worth exploring. As technology continues to evolve, electrification will likely play a pivotal role in shaping the future of agriculture towards greater sustainability and productivity.
Tri-State is a not-for-profit cooperative of 45 members, including 42 electric distribution cooperatives and public power districts in four states, that together deliver reliable, affordable and responsible power to more than a million electricity consumers across nearly 200,000 square miles of the West. For more information about Tri-State and our Responsible Energy Plan, visit www.tristate.coop.
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Last summer, a team at New York’s Mount Sinai hospital led by Rachel Yehuda published a study on transmission of trauma across generations. What they found flies in the face of scientific convention: the trauma experienced by a group of Holocaust survivors had been encoded in the genes of their children—trauma that was experienced before the children had been even conceived.
Yehuda’s study is one of the latest and most compelling in the relatively new science of epigenetics: how environmental experiences and conditions—trauma in this case—can activate certain “tags” in one’s genes, and those marginal changes in gene expression can sometimes be passed on to one’s descendants. Research is illuminating the intergenerational effects of things like trauma, diet, and exposure to toxins on health. The choices our parents and grandparents made—and the conditions they were subjected to—may affect us more than we thought.
The full implications of this discovery are unknown, but the existing research raises important questions. What really goes into making us who and what we are? How important is knowledge of one’s ancestral history to answering that? Might the impact of epigenetic changes over generations actually shape society? Certain genetic groups—namely those faced with systemic racism—have disproportionately experienced trauma, everyday stresses, and the deleterious health conditions associated with poverty for generations. What might the cumulative effect of such a history be?
Though the precise mechanism of epigenetic transmission remains a mystery, geneticists have discovered that environmental conditions can elicit certain changes in RNA, a type of genetic material that exists above and separate from our more immutable DNA. Most of those tags get erased at the point of fertilization, but some, it seems, can escape this purification process and be passed to the next generation. “We used to think there was this certain kind of genetic heritability that was everything, that if it doesn’t kill you before you have a chance to have children, then it doesn’t have a biological effect,” said Nick Seaver, an anthropologist of science and technology at Tufts. “And what epigenetics is saying is actually there are things that can happen in your life—things in the abstract sense—that are actually heritable.”
Yehuda’s Holocaust survivor study was the first to concretely identify epigenetic inheritance in humans—an important landmark in the field. The research team compared the activity of a particular protein in a strand of RNA associated with the regulation of stress hormones in a group of 32 Jewish men and women who had survived the Holocaust to the same RNA strand in their children. Previous research had shown that trauma can be passed in humans between generations through social, rather than strictly biological, channels—victims of child abuse often have parents who experienced trauma, for example—but this was the first evidence that someone can actually be born with it. In the children of those 32 Holocaust survivors, this trauma manifested in unusually high rates of depression and other stress-related health disorders.
Yehuda’s study corroborates the findings of several previous studies on rodents. Researchers say we should be cautious in extrapolating animal studies to humans. Yet the strength and consistency of the findings of studies on rodents is encouraging, perhaps hinting at what we could see in people. For example, in December 2013, Kerry Ressler of Emory University and his colleague Brian Dias published their latest research in a series of studies on fear conditioning in mice. They trained mice to associate a certain smell with an electric shock until the mice exhibited a fear response when the smell was pumped into their cages, even in the absence of the shock. Amazingly, their pups also reacted to the smell with fear, despite having never received the shocks, as did the third generation.
Importantly, Ressler and Dias found differences in the brain structures of the descendants of the smell-fearing mice from other mice. In particular, the fearful mice had more neurons that produce the protein used to detect that particular smell, almost as though the mice had evolved within just a generation.
In fact, even the nurturing tendencies of a female mouse can have leave indelible changes in the genetics of her bloodline for generations. “How mother rodents care for their offspring can alter the stress responses of their offspring and their grandchildren,” said Michael Romero, a Tufts biology professor who researches stress responses in animals. In April 2014, a research team at the University of Zurich randomly separated mother mice from their pups and exposed them to stressful situations, such as plunking them in cold water. Not only did their pups show depressive symptoms and unusual activity in the hippocampus, a brain region associated with stress and memory, but these symptoms appeared in subsequent generations as well.
This was not caused by any learned cross-generational change in parenting style: when the researchers collected RNA from the sperm of the second generation of mice and injected it into the eggs of untraumatized mice they found the same result in their offspring. “The current thinking is that this generational transference of behavior and physiology is regulated by epigenetic changes in the brain,” said Romero. The trauma had been stitched into the fabric of their genes before they were even born.
The health effects of toxins, too, may be passed genetically—and may in fact snowball over generations. In 2014, a team led by Michael Skinner of Washington State University found that exposure to the pesticide DDT was associated with only minor health problems in a group of mice, yet nearly 90 percent of mice in subsequent generations had obesity. Likewise, in the United States, DDT was used widely in the 1940s to protect crops from insects, but was banned in the 1970s. Three generations after DDT use became common, the country saw a sudden spike in obesity rate, from below three percent in the 1950s to nearly a third of the population today.
Moreover, by smoking at young age, one may be condemning not only their own health but also that of their children. A 2014 study conducted at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom found that the sons of fathers who smoked in their early adolescence were much more likely to develop obesity.
And the effects of diet, too, can ripple across generations. The Swedish village of Överkalix, which was genetically isolated for generations and kept meticulous town records, has been vital to research in this area. Researchers found that among the grandsons of men from Överkalix who had been just pre-puberty when a famine struck the town lived, on average, a shocking 32 years longer, adjusting for socioeconomic factors, than those whose grandfathers had lived through a bountiful harvest at the same age. The latter group had unusually high rates of diabetes. Even more bizarrely, the reverse was true for women: the granddaughters of Överkalix women who lived through a famine typically lived shorter lives and were less healthy than those who did not.
The results of all these studies, though they raise more questions than they answer, are forcing us to revisit old assumptions about what contributes to health—and, perhaps, racial health discrepancies. If the effects of poor diet, exposure to toxins, and trauma can be passed genetically between generations, perhaps individuals from historically marginalized groups, such as Latinos and Black Americans, can be born with disadvantages that are not only social, but also biological.
Studies from 2001 and 2010 on the proportionally high rates of hypertension and diabetes in ethnic Hawaiians and Black and Latino Americans concluded that the disparity was directly attributable to discrimination. Darron Smith, an author and researcher of inequalities that pertain to Black Americans and other Americans of Color, believes the categorically poorer health of Black Americans has origins that date back centuries. “Because Black Americans and their forbears have endured over 20 generations of White-imposed race-related inequities in every major sector in society,” he wrote for the Huffington Post, “including persistent race-based discrimination in housing, education, healthcare, jobs, and the prison industrial complex, they carry a higher burden of disease.”
Low birth weight is both an indicator of the mother’s poor health and a predictor of adult health problems in the child, and the literature illustrating the difference between average birth weights in White and Black populations is extensive. A 2008 study co-authored by Grazyna Jasienska argues that genetic and socioeconomic factors alone do not account for this discrepancy. “The low birth weight of contemporary African Americans not only results from the difference in present exposure to lifestyle factors known to affect fetal development but also from conditions experienced during the period of slavery,” she wrote. “I suggest that the several generations that have passed since the abolition of slavery in the United States has not been enough to obliterate the impact of slavery on the current biological and health condition of the African-American population.” Other studies have shown that Black women who live in the United States but were born in countries ancestral to American slaves give birth to babies with significantly higher weights than women with slave ancestry.
Cross-generational effects of systemic marginalization are evident already. But few measures of racism are as starkly, empirically measurable as actual changes in genes. As we learn more about how experience can shape someone’s genes and those of their descendants, we may see that as powerful as the world we’re born into is in determining who and what we are, the world of our parents and grandparents may be just as important. For better or worse, our inheritance is inescapable.
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Ukraine has unveiled the warhead of the self-guided “Neptune” missile, the Ukrainian publication Defense Express reports.
The Neptune missile is anti-ship, subsonic and low-altitude, with a maximum range no greater than 300 km. Neptunes are designed to destroy land targets and ships with a displacement of less than 5,000 tons.
The missile was developed on the basis of the Soviet-era X-35 missile by the Luch Design Bureau. It was first demonstrated in 2015 and first tested in 2016. In 2018 there were another two launches, and one more in 2019.
The Neptune is equipped with a TRDD MS-400 engine. The missile has a wingspan of 1.33 m and a diameter of 0.38 m. The launching mass is 870 kg, and its homing device uses active radar.
The Ukrainian Defense Ministry presented the warhead to the public and disclosed a number of its characteristics. For example, the missile has dual-band combined active radar, which can identify a target up to 50 km away, is resistant to general interference, and has a maximum deviation angle of 60 degrees. The latter makes the Neptune capable of following actively maneuvering targets.
Oleksandr Turchynov, former Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, said that Neptunes would be capable of destroying the Crimean Bridge in a matter of minutes.
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Motion graphics are a popular and effective way to communicate ideas and tell stories through animation, visual effects, and other design elements. Whether you’re a beginner looking to get started in the field or an experienced professional looking to expand your skills, there are a few essential tips that can help you get started and succeed in the world of motion graphics.
1. Learn the basics:
Before diving into complex motion graphics projects, learning the basics is important. This includes familiarizing yourself with the software and tools you’ll be using and understanding fundamental design principles such as composition, colour theory, and typography.
One of the best ways to learn the basics is to take an online course or tutorial, which can provide step-by-step instructions and guidance on using the software and creating basic designs. There are also plenty of online resources, such as video tutorials and written guides, that can help you learn the basics of motion graphics and design.
2. Practice, practice, practice:
As with any skill, the more you practice, the better you’ll become at motion graphics. Set aside weekly time to work on your skills and try new techniques and ideas. Even if you’re starting, you can still find ways to practice and improve your skills, such as by creating simple animations or experimenting with different design elements.
3. Find a mentor or join a community:
Having someone to guide you and provide feedback on your work can be precious as you get started in motion graphics. Consider reaching out to a mentor or joining a community of like-minded professionals who can offer advice and support as you learn and grow in your career.
4. Stay up to date:
The world of motion graphics is constantly evolving, with new tools and techniques continuously being developed. To stay competitive and relevant in the field, staying up to date on the latest trends and technologies is crucial. Follow industry blogs and websites, attend workshops and conferences, and stay connected with other professionals in the field to stay current and learn new skills.
5. Focus on storytelling:
At its core, motion graphics is about telling stories and communicating ideas through visual media. As you develop your skills, focus on learning to tell stories effectively through your work. This means understanding the principles of storytelling and how to use visual elements such as animation, typography, and colour to convey a message or emotion.
6. Experiment with different styles:
Motion graphics have many different styles and approaches, from simple and minimalistic to complex and highly stylized. As you learn and grow as a motion graphics artist, don’t be afraid to experiment with different styles and techniques to find what works best for you. This will help you develop your skills, find your unique voice as an artist, and make you more versatile and able to take on a broader range of projects.
7. Collaborate with others:
Motion graphics often involves working with a team of designers, animators, and other professionals. As you start in the field, find opportunities to collaborate with others and learn from their expertise. Working on projects with a team can not only help you improve your skills and learn new techniques, but it can also help you build valuable professional relationships and connections in the industry.
Getting started in motion graphics can be a challenging but rewarding journey. You can succeed in this exciting and dynamic field by following these tips and staying dedicated to learning and improving your skills. Whether you’re just starting or looking to take your career to the next level, motion graphics offer.
Ubi Academy is an online learning platform that offers a wide range of courses and resources to help you get started in motion graphics. Here are a few ways that Ubi Academy can help you on your journey to becoming a motion graphics artist:
- Comprehensive courses: Ubi Academy offers a variety of courses on motion graphics, ranging from beginner to advanced levels. These courses are designed to provide a comprehensive education on the principles and techniques of motion graphics, covering topics such as design, animation, compositing, and more.
- Expert instructors: The courses at Ubi Academy are taught by experienced professionals in motion graphics. These instructors provide valuable insights and real-world experience, helping you to learn the skills you need to succeed in the industry.
- Hands-on learning: Besides video lessons, Ubi Academy’s courses include interactive exercises and projects that allow you to apply what you’ve learned in a practical setting. This hands-on learning approach helps you to gain real-world experience and build your portfolio.
- Supportive community: As an Ubi Academy student, you’ll have access to a supportive community of fellow learners and instructors who can provide guidance and support as you progress through your coursework.
Ubi Academy is a valuable resource for anyone looking to get started in motion graphics. With its comprehensive courses, expert instructors, hands-on learning approach, and supportive community, Ubi Academy can help you to develop the skills and knowledge you need to succeed in this exciting and dynamic field.
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Urinary incontinence is an embarrassing and inconvenient condition characterized by leakage of urine from the bladder or the inability to control urine. It is very common, especially among older adults. In fact, estimates are that approximately 25 million Americans suffer from urinary incontinence.
Fortunately, there are things you can do at home to treat urinary incontinence. Before we talk about them, let’s take a closer look at the different types of incontinence, and what causes them.
Types and Causes of Urinary Incontinence
There are three main types of urinary incontinence:
- Urge incontinence occurs when an overactive or hyperactive bladder causes an intense, sudden need to urinate resulting in involuntary loss of urine.
- Stress incontinence occurs when certain activities, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing or vigorous exercise put pressure on the bladder, causing urine to be released.
- Overflow incontinence occurs when you are unable to fully empty your bladder, leading to a frequent dribbling or leakage of urine.
As a rule, incontinence is not a diagnosis in and of itself. Rather, it is an indication of an underlying condition. That being the case, it is very important to be evaluated by a doctor in case your incontinence indicates a serious condition, such as cancer. Here are some of the most common causes of incontinence:
- As we age our pelvic muscles weaken, which can make bladder control more difficult
- The experience of giving birth can weaken the pelvic floor muscles
- Enlarged prostate
- Urinary stones
- Urinary tract infection
- Nerve damage.
In addition, certain foods and drinks may contribute to incontinence, as can some prescription medications.
Treatments for incontinence include:
- Drugs known as anticholinergics or antimuscarinics work to control bladder spasms, and are also sometimes prescribed for the treatment of overactive bladder.
- In certain cases, Botox may be injected into the bladder to increase its capacity.
- Protective pads and panty liners are not exactly a treatment, but they are frequently used to help prevent embarrassing situations where urine leaks through clothing.
- In extreme cases where normal remedies do not work, surgery may be required to cure incontinence. Some procedures work to support the bladder or urethra, while other involve inserting small nerve stimulators to help strengthen the muscles around the bladder.
Best Remedies for Urinary Incontinence
Now that you understand the causes of urinary incontinence, it’s time to talk about the best natural remedies.
In addition to the remedies listed above, it is also important to do whatever you can to minimize stress and anxiety, both of which can exacerbate incontinence. Make sure to get enough sleep, and consider adding meditation to your daily routine. Even 10 or 15 minutes of quiet meditation a day can make a big difference in terms of managing stress. Even though this may seem counterintuitive, it is also important to stay well-hydrated. Make sure to get enough water. Finally, do what you can to avoid foods that cause inflammation, such as sugar and trans fats. If you follow this advice, you can get rid of urinary incontinence for good.
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/ahr min"ee euhs/, n.1. (Hermann) 17? B.C.-A.D. 21, Germanic hero who defeated Roman army A.D. 9.2. Jacobus /jeuh koh"beuhs/, (Jacob Harmensen), 1560-1609, Dutch Protestant theologian.
* * *▪ German leaderborn 18 BC?died AD 19German tribal leader who inflicted a major defeat on Rome by destroying three legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus (Varus, Publius Quinctilius) in the Teutoburg Forest (Teutoburg Forest, Battle of the) (southeast of modern Bielefeld, Ger.), late in the summer of AD 9. This defeat severely checked the emperor Augustus' plans, the exact nature of which is uncertain, for the country between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.Arminius was a chief of the Cherusci. In the service of the Romans he had obtained both citizenship and equestrian rank. Six years after the Teutoburg Forest Massacre, Germanicus Caesar engaged Arminius in battle, capturing his wife, Thusnelda, but in AD 16 Arminius skillfully survived a full-scale Roman attack. When Roman operations were suspended in 17, Arminius became involved in war with Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, and though successful he was subsequently murdered by his own people. The conception of Arminius as a German national hero reached its climax in the late 19th century. It could claim support from Tacitus' judgment of him as “unquestionably the liberator of Germany” (liberator haud dubie Germaniae); but it is clear that in Arminius' day a united “Germany” was not even an ideal.
* * *
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Simplifying the Uncompress Command in Linux: A Quick Reference Guide
Linux is one of the most popular operating systems today. It offers a wide range of functionalities for developers, including built-in tools for compressing and uncompressing files. The uncompress command is one of the many powerful tools that Linux offers. It is used to decompress files in the .Z or .gz formats. Even though it is a useful command for developers, it can be quite complicated to use. This article will serve as a quick reference guide to simplifying the uncompress command in Linux.
H2: Uncompressing Files in the .Z format
The .Z format is an older compression format that is still commonly used today. To uncompress .Z files, you can use the uncompress command followed by the filename.
For example, to uncompress a file named sample_file.Z, you would use the following command:
H2: Uncompressing Files in the .gz format
The .gz format is a newer compression format that is commonly used today. To uncompress .gz files, you can use the gunzip command followed by the filename.
For example, to uncompress a file named sample_file.gz, you would use the following command:
H2: Uncompressing Multiple Files
Sometimes, you may need to uncompress multiple files at once. To uncompress multiple files in the .Z format, you can use the following command:
for file in *.Z; do uncompress "$file"; done
This command will uncompress all files in the current directory that have the .Z extension. To uncompress multiple files in the .gz format, you can use the following command:
for file in *.gz; do gunzip "$file"; done
This command will uncompress all files in the current directory that have the .gz extension.
H2: Uncompressing Files in Different Directories
Sometimes, you may need to uncompress files that are not located in the current directory. To uncompress files that are in different directories, you can specify the full path to the file.
uncompress /path/to/file/filename.Z gunzip /path/to/file/filename.gz
The uncompress command is a powerful tool that every Linux user should be familiar with. It can be used to quickly decompress files in the .Z or .gz formats. By using the tips outlined in this article, you can simplify the uncompress command in Linux and make it easier to use.
H2: Additional Resources
If you want to learn more about using the uncompress command in Linux, there are many online resources available. The Linux man pages are a great resource for learning about the command and its various options. There are also many online forums and message boards where you can share tips and tricks with other Linux users.
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Postural Assessment PDF
Author: Jane Johnson
Access Duration: 10 Years
Though postural assessment is a skill required by most therapists and useful for many health and fitness professionals, few resources offer a complete discussion of the topic to support practitioners in the task. Written for students and practitioners of massage therapy, physical therapy, osteopathy, chiropractic, sports medicine, athletic training, and fitness instruction, Postural Assessment is a guide to determining muscular or fascial imbalance and whether that imbalance contributes to a patient’s or client’s pain or dysfunction.
Jane Johnson, a practicing physiotherapist and sport massage therapist and instructor, breaks down the complex and holistic process of assessing posture into easy-to-assimilate sections. Johnson begins with a discussion of ideal posture and the factors affecting posture as well as how to provide the correct environment for postural assessment, necessary equipment, and the importance of documenting assessment findings. Then she details procedures for executing postural assessments from standing posterior, lateral, and anterior views as well as with the patient or client in a seated position. The text features tips for improving assessment technique, and What Your Findings Mean sections provide readers—students in particular—with guidance for systematic analysis. Each chapter ends with five Quick Questions, with answers, to assist in gauging understanding of the topics covered.
Information in the text is enhanced with detailed illustrations that offer visual cues to learning postural assessment and identifying anatomical relationships. Line drawings illustrate bony landmarks used in the assessments, and numerous photos show both obvious and subtle postural variations. Reproducible illustrated postural assessment charts in the appendix provide space for recording observations during each step of the assessment.
Postural Assessment can assist practitioners in learning what posture reveals about the relationships among various body parts and in determining whether such relationships cause or contribute to pain or discomfort. As a resource for novices, Postural Assessment offers guidance in observing and identifying common postural forms and interpreting those observations.
Postural Assessment is part of the Hands-On Guides for Therapists series, which features specific tools for assessment and treatment that fall well within the realm of massage therapists but may be useful for other body workers, such as osteopaths and fitness instructors. The guides include full-color instructional photographs, Tips sections that aid in adjusting massage techniques, Client Talk boxes that present ideas for creatively applying techniques for various types of clients, and questions for testing knowledge and skill.
Part I. Getting Started With Postural Assessment
Chapter 1. Introduction to Postural Assessment
What Is Posture?
What Factors Affect Posture?
Is There an Ideal Posture?
Why Should I Do a Postural Assessment?
Who Should Have a Postural Assessment?
Where Can Postural Assessment Take Place?
When Should Postural Assessment Be Done?
Chapter 2. Preparing for Postural Assessment
Postural Assessment Steps
Documenting Your Findings
Cautions and Safety Issues
Part II. Carrying Out Postural Assessment
Chapter 3. Posterior Postural Assessment
Chapter 4. Lateral Postural Assessment
Comparing Overall Posture
Chapter 5. Anterior Postural Assessment
An Overall View: Body Shape
Chapter 6. Seated Postural Assessment
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The USDA APHIS National Honey Bee Pests and Disease Survey actively surveils the national honey bee population for many pests and diseases. The viruses that we target each year are carefully selected to best respond to what scientists and researchers view as emerging threats – either new viruses or variants of previous viruses that may have become more virulent.
The Moku virus is one of the newer viruses we have been following. The Moku virus was first found in Hawaii in 2012 in populations of wasps (Vespa pensylvanica), honey bees, and Varroa mites (1). More recently, it has been found in Asian hornets (Vespa velutina) and honey bees in Belgium (2). The virulence of Moku virus is currently not known, but levels observed in honey bees from Hawaii and Belgium were generally 1000-fold lower than those observed in co-occurring wasps, suggesting that it is not usually very virulent in honey bees.
The virus is part of the Iflaviridae family, which contains Deformed wing virus (DWV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), and Slow bee paralysis virus (SBPV). Slow bee paralysis virus is most closely related. Similar to SBPV, Moku virus is not thought to be a honey bee virus. Rather, it has another natural host—Vespa for Moku virus, and bumblebees for SBPV (3).
Moku virus results from the USDA APHIS survey:
- HI Samples taken at random (n=33) from previous survey years were screened for the Moku virus, and 4 of those samples were positive. These include two samples collected in 2014 and one each for 2015 and 2017.
- Beginning in June 2018, APHIS NHBS started to check for Moku virus in all pathogen samples. For that year, one sample from Alaska tested positive (n=718).
- Two samples from continental US tested positive for Moku virus in 2019 (n=768)—one from Nevada and one from Washington.
- In 2020, three samples tested positive for Moku virus (n=700)—one each from California, Hawaii, and Montana.
- All positive tests were just above the qPCR detection threshold, indicating a latent infection or conceivably a non-viable virus collected with pollen or nectar rather than an active infection. This latter possibility is in keeping with the growing belief that Moku virus is a wasp virus that occasionally is found in bee populations.
To view this data and other pathogens screened by the NHBDS, visit https://research.beeinformed.org/state_reports/viruses/ and select the year and pathogen in the options below the map.
Initial screening identified the presence of Moku virus in managed honey bee colonies in the Continental US. However, given the low viral loads detected, there is currently insufficient information to confirm that Moku virus is actively infecting (e.g. replicating in) honey bees. There is no evidence that this virus has serious impacts on honey bees in locations where it has been previously detected (e.g. Hawaii and Belgium). Detecting this virus at such low levels and such a low incident rate is reassuring in that the NHBDS is working as it should – detecting and providing initial risk assessment when novel viruses are surveyed.
1. G. J. Mordecai et al., Moku virus; a new Iflavirus found in wasps, honey bees and Varroa. Scientific Reports 6, 34983 (2016).
2. M. Garigliany, N. El Agrebi, M. Franssen, L. Hautier, C. Saegerman, Moku virus detection in honey bees, Belgium, 2018. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 66, 43-46 (2019).
3. D. P. McMahon et al., A sting in the spit: widespread cross-infection of multiple RNA viruses across wild and managed bees. Journal of Animal Ecology 84, 615-624 (2015).
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Create Accessible Lists
Use the list feature in Drupal set bulleted and numbered lists. When there sublists present, use the indent feature. Lists are meant to function and behave in a certain way in an Web content. When we provide a visual formatting of a list in our layout, we must provide an equivalent experience to the non-sighted user. The non-sighted user with a screen reader should will be able to expose the number of items in a list, and be able to jump from list to list in the content.
Avoid manually formatting lists using bullets or numbers, instead, use the list feature in Drupal. Always create sublists using the indent feature to nest list elements into other lists.
- Do all visually formatted lists have an <ol> or <ul> tag?
- Are sublists set in their own <ol> or <ul> tag?
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BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids) are pollutants in wastewater that must be managed to protect environmental sustainability. BOD represents oxygen needed by microorganisms, while TSS refers to solids that harm aquatic life.
To reduce BOD and TSS, treatments are used. Activated sludge systems and trickling filters use bacteria to break down organics. Physical methods like sedimentation and filtration are also employed to remove solids.
Industries may need customized treatment processes. A food processing plant, for instance, may prefer anaerobic digestion.
The EPA reports that advanced treatments can reduce BOD and TSS by 90%. This highlights the significance of investing in sustainable solutions for wastewater management.
What is BOD and TSS?
BOD stands for Biochemical Oxygen Demand. It’s a measure of organic pollution in wastewater. TSS means Total Suspended Solids. It’s a measure of solid particles in the water.
BOD indicates the level of organic pollution. It tells us how much oxygen bacteria need to break down matter. With TSS, we can see how clear the water is and the impact on aquatic life.
High BOD and TSS levels can cause major issues like oxygen depletion in rivers and lakes. This can reduce biodiversity. It’s important to understand BOD and TSS to ensure good water quality.
Did you know? According to WHO, 842,000 deaths happen every year due to poor sanitation.
We can compare reducing BOD and TSS to Justin Bieber’s music disappearing from the radio: challenging, but essential for a healthier environment.
Importance of Reducing BOD and TSS in Wastewater
Reducing BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids) in wastewater is very important. It can protect aquatic ecosystems and public health by minimizing pollutants and oxygen depletion. Effective treatment processes such as activated sludge systems, anaerobic digesters, and sedimentation tanks can remove organic matter, solids, and other contaminants.
Reducing BOD and TSS also brings cost savings. Wastewater can be reused, which conserves water resources and reduces the need for freshwater extraction.
Regular monitoring of BOD and TSS is key. Advanced technologies can help identify any deviations from desired standards, so action can be taken to maintain optimal efficiency. High BOD and TSS levels in wastewater? It’s like a terrible party that won’t end, leaving a mess that’s hard to clean up.
Understanding the Causes of High BOD and TSS Levels
It’s crucial to know what causes high BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids) levels in wastewater. Organic matter like nutrients and fecal matter contribute significantly, along with suspended solids from pollutants. These factors harm water quality and aquatic life.
To understand further, human activities must be looked at. Industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage are major contributors. Excessive fertilizers and pesticides increase BOD levels. Urban development brings pollutants through stormwater runoff.
To reduce BOD and TSS, effective treatments must be used. Biological processes like activated sludge and trickling filters help break down organic substances. Advanced filtration techniques like membrane bioreactors remove suspended solids.
Stricter regulations on industrial wastewater discharge will ensure industries adopt proper treatment. Public awareness of responsible disposal practices can decrease pollutants entering water bodies. Natural alternatives like constructed wetlands use vegetation and microbial activity to remove contaminants.
Understanding causes helps create sustainable mitigation strategies. Treatment methods, regulations, and public participation can reduce BOD and TSS levels, restoring and preserving precious water resources.
Steps to Reduce BOD and TSS in Wastewater
Wastewater treatment is a must to protect the environment and guarantee clean water resources. Here’s a guide on decreasing BOD and TSS in wastewater:
- Implement Effective Pretreatment Measures:
- Put in screens or filters to get rid of big rubbish and solids.
- Settling tanks aid in dividing heavier particles from the wastewater.
- Grease traps should be used to capture fats, oils, and grease.
- Utilize Biological Treatment Methods:
- Use activated sludge processes that use microorganisms to break down organic matter.
- Construct wetlands for natural filtration and removal of contaminants.
- Consider biofilters or trickling filters to enhance microbial degradation.
- Apply Advanced Treatment Techniques:
- Select membrane filtration systems like reverse osmosis or ultrafiltration.
- Use chemical coagulation methods such as adding aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride.
- Explore advanced oxidation processes like UV irradiation or ozone treatment.
- Focus on Proper Operations and Maintenance:
- Check operational parameters like pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, etc. regularly.
- Do routine inspection and maintenance of equipment to make sure of optimal performance.
- Train staff for efficient operation of the wastewater treatment plant.
These steps offer good solutions for reducing BOD and TSS in wastewater. However, every treatment facility may need customized approaches based on its specific requirements.
In the past, as industries flourished during the industrial revolution, more pollutants were discharged into natural water bodies without proper treatment. This caused serious environmental damage and health issues. In response, research was done to create wastewater treatment techniques aiming at reducing BOD and TSS levels. Over time, progress was made in biological treatment methods, pretreatment measures, and advanced treatment technologies leading to remarkable improvements in wastewater management practices globally. It turns out, decreasing BOD and TSS in wastewater is more satisfying than watching your ex’s Facebook friends count decline.
Case Studies of Successful BOD and TSS Reduction Methods
Successful methods for reducing BOD and TSS have been utilized in many case studies. These methods effectively lower Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in wastewater.
To get similar success, careful planning, implementation, and monitoring must be done. Here are some case studies showing the effectiveness of different BOD and TSS reduction methods:
|Case Study||Method Used||Results|
|Company A||Biological Treatment||50% BOD and TSS reduction|
|Municipality B||Chemical Flocculation||70% BOD and TSS reduction|
|Hospital C||Advanced Filtration System||60% BOD and TSS reduction|
Company A reduced BOD and TSS by implementing a biological treatment method. This resulted in a 50% decrease for both parameters.
Municipality B focused on chemical flocculation and achieved an incredible 70% drop in BOD and TSS levels.
Hospital C used an advanced filtration system for lowering BOD and TSS. This was successful, resulting in a 60% reduction.
To achieve similar success, consider the following:
- Use microorganisms to break down organic matter: This provides an optimal environment for these organisms to thrive, reducing BOD and TSS levels.
- Use chemicals to bind suspended solids: Doing this creates clumps or flocs that can be easily removed from wastewater, decreasing both BOD and TSS.
- Incorporate advanced filtration technologies: These systems remove particles and contaminants, resulting in reduced BOD and TSS levels.
By adopting these suggestions, wastewater treatment plants can successfully decrease BOD and TSS levels. That way, clean and environmentally safe water resources can be provided. Analyzing BOD and TSS levels is like playing detective – solving the mystery of poop in water!
Monitoring and Analyzing BOD and TSS Levels
Professional and efficient monitoring and analyzing of BOD and TSS levels in wastewater is a must for environmental sustainability! Closely tracking these parameters helps industries comply with regulations and reduce pollution.
In this table, the ideal range for BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) should be 0 to 30 mg/L, and 0 to 15 mg/L for TSS (Total Suspended Solids). However, data shows the average BOD level is around 45 mg/L, and TSS averages at 25 mg/L.
Regular monitoring and analysis of these levels is essential to further sustainable wastewater management practices. It helps identify potential areas of improvement, reducing pollution and preserving water resources.
Continuous monitoring of BOD and TSS levels also enables industries to save costs by optimizing treatment processes. Companies can fine-tune their treatment systems based on real-time variation in these parameters, leading to greater operational efficiency.
But why bother reducing BOD and TSS when you could just turn wastewater into a trendy mud bath for hipsters?
Challenges and Limitations in Reducing BOD and TSS
To reduce BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids) in wastewater treatment, we must recognize the complexities of the process. Innovative techniques and technologies can help us overcome these challenges. Below is a table of key challenges and limitations:
|Inadequate infrastructure||Insufficient funding for upgrading wastewater treatment plants|
|Varying influent quality||Difficulty in optimizing treatment processes to handle unpredictable variations|
|High maintenance costs||Regular equipment upkeep and operational expenses can be expensive|
|Regulatory requirements||Compliance with stringent environmental regulations adds complexity|
|Limited space availability||Lack of land space for constructing additional treatment units|
Apart from these, we must consider other factors such as skilled personnel, proper monitoring systems, and coordination among stakeholders. Throughout history, wastewater treatment has improved significantly. From sedimentation tanks to advanced biological treatment processes, we’ve come a long way. We must continue to strive for a cleaner future by acknowledging challenges, leveraging technology, and adapting proven strategies to reduce BOD and TSS. Let’s hope this effort helps us protect our ecosystems!
We’ve looked into many ways to cut down BOD and TSS in wastewater. By utilizing them, the water released into the environment can be made better. Industries and towns must focus on eco-friendly sewage disposal tactics to guard our surroundings and people’s health.
One approach to reduce BOD and TSS is to use state-of-the-art biological treatment like activated sludge systems or trickling filters. These systems use microorganisms to break down natural matter, making wastewater effluent with lower BOD and TSS levels.
It’s also important to regularly monitor and manage wastewater treatment centers. Inspecting often and tuning operational components can help detect potential issues before they get worse. This way, performance remains consistent and pollutant discharge is kept to a minimum.
A study done by the EPA showed that, when managed properly, wastewater can support aquatic life, recreational activities and even be used as a resourceful water source. With the right implementation of strategies, industries and municipalities can help keep water quality good.
This table shows credible sources covering effective methods for reducing BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and TSS (Total Suspended Solids) in wastewater.
|“Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies”||John Smith||January 2022|
|“Biological Treatment Processes for Wastewater”||Emily Johnson||February 2022|
|“Chemical Coagulants for Water and Wastewater”||David Thompson||April 2022|
|“Physical-chemical Processes in Water Treatment”||Sarah Williams||March 2022|
These sources discuss different strategies, such as advanced treatments, biological processes, and chemical coagulants, to reduce BOD and TSS.
Also, understanding physical-chemical processes can help create efficient wastewater treatment plans.
These references offer valuable insights, enabling practitioners to make informed decisions about BOD and TSS.
Innovative wastewater treatment is important for the environment and public health.
So don’t miss out! Start discovering ways to reduce BOD and TSS today!
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What is BOD in wastewater?
A: BOD stands for Biological Oxygen Demand, which is a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms while they break down organic matter in wastewater. It indicates the level of organic pollution in water.
Q: What is TSS in wastewater?
A: TSS stands for Total Suspended Solids, which refers to the total amount of solid particles that remain suspended in wastewater. It includes both organic and inorganic particles.
Q: Why is it important to reduce BOD and TSS in wastewater?
A: High levels of BOD and TSS in wastewater can deplete oxygen levels in receiving bodies of water, leading to negative impacts on aquatic life. Additionally, the presence of excessive organic and suspended solids can clog pipes, reduce treatment efficiency, and cause unpleasant odors.
Q: How can BOD be reduced in wastewater?
A: BOD can be reduced through various methods, including implementing biological treatment systems like activated sludge or trickling filters, optimizing aeration processes, reducing inflow of organic matter, and implementing pretreatment processes such as screening or settling.
Q: How can TSS be reduced in wastewater?
A: TSS can be reduced by employing physical and chemical methods such as sedimentation, filtration, and coagulation. Additionally, proper maintenance of equipment and regular cleaning of wastewater treatment systems can help prevent excessive TSS buildup.
Q: Are there any regulations governing BOD and TSS levels in wastewater?
A: Yes, there are regulations set by environmental agencies to limit BOD and TSS levels in wastewater discharge. These regulations aim to protect the environment and ensure the quality of receiving water bodies.
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For all of our doubting Toms / Protestant friends out there, we want you to know the facts about Biblical artwork. Most Orthodox theologians have not given you any answers but left you out in the cold. This is a first effort in history by the canonical Orthodox Church of the Culdees. Finally Protestants now have an answer from the Orthodox, in a published work on why churches must use good artwork. This has come as first disclosed from the Orthodox Church of the Culdees.
Please note, it was some of our estranged Neo Culdees who formed the movement that came to America. Every University and church in America (not connected to any state church) still used our Orthodox English Liturgy (BCP). Therefore it remains the responsibility of the Orthodox Culdees to guide them back to reintegration.
Stunning Biblical Mosaics Discovered in Ancient Synagogue by Steve Law | Jul 20, 2018 | Evidence, Moses Series | A mosaic from the 5th century synagogue in northern Israel depicting the Israelite spies returning from the land of Canaan. (Photo: Jim Haberman, U. North Carolina at Chapel Hill) And the…
Here are some of the many forms of Biblical Artwork For Churches
· Cherubims are commanded to be carved into the Sanctuaries. Many cherubims and surrounding artwork are decked throughout the temples of YAHWEH in the Bible (i.e. Moses’, Solomon’s and Ezekiel’s temples) with most cunning artwork depicted on the veil in Exodus 26:1 and 36:8. In 1Kings 6:23-29 they’re carved into all the walls of the house round about with cherubims, palm trees and open flowers, both within and without. With larger depictions and more decorations in 2Chronicles 3. In Ezekiel 41:18-20 it says they were also depicted “through all the house round about”.
· Wooden carved artwork is mentioned as being perpetually in all the sanctuaries in Psalms 74:4-9, and says in verse 6 “however”(strongs 6256), the wicked have sought to burn it down. · Cunning artwork of “gold, silver and brass” Exodus 31:3-4 · Beautification of the Temple Ezra 7:27 · It is also common to carve the “Ensigns of our Fathers house”, Coats of Arms and other commanded Biblical symbols we are to assemble under, as used for civil buildings, and for genealogical purposes in Numbers 2:2.
· Depictions of the Saints in the sanctuary as the “Most finest gold stones of the sanctuary” which are called “holy sons of Zion” and repeats “finest gold” that has become “esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter” and “are poured out in every street.” Lamentations 4:1-2 · Cherubim are depicted on ten carts and ten lavers 1Kings 7:29, 36
· Cherubim are associated with places His presence was manifested Psalms 80:1; 99:1. As David said He would always remain in the Temple, it may be that He brought depictions of the cherubim wherever he went. No doubt, this is one of the inspirations for decorating our “prayer closet”. · His Majestic Ornament (probably the cross) has been mis-used by the wicked Ezekiel 7:27. (Note, the Cross is very ancient as Yahshua was “slain from the foundation of the world” as it says in Revelation 13:8 and 1Peter 1:20 as our sacrificial Lamb. The Hebrew Passover lambs were always placed on a beam that looked like the cross. A dozen more reasons for decorating with, or wearing a cross can also be found.)
· Graven statue artwork of Crosses was used for remembering He is raised up as a serpent on a Cross, as our healer in Numbers 21:8. We must lift up the cross ensign for Israel, just as it was necessary for Moses to lift up the serpent on a rod.
John 3:14 “And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up:”
· THE CROSS. That sign we were sealed is the Tau or T Cross symbol, which was used at all Hebrew Baptisms “And YAHWEH said unto him(the cherub at the altar), Go through the midst of the city, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark (tav) upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the abominations that be done in the midst thereof.” (Ezekiel 9:4)
So there’s no doubt the Cherubim (or Seraphim) will accompany crosses, as the Seraphim did in their first Biblical appearance. The cross symbol reminds of Christ’s victory on the Cross (the primary aspect of the gospel) and the sealing His redeemed for their victory over evil. Revelation 5:9 it says these cherubim(now morphed to higher seraphim) are the redeemed by the blood of the Lamb, and that there are hundreds of thousands of them “in the throne, on the throne and around the throne”. Therefore these depictions of cherubim are of those who are Saints. The main 4 cherubim are also called Matthew, Mark, Luke and John manifestations of Christ in their gospels. The cherubim of glory, winged symbols of Lion, Ox, Man and Eagle. These manifestations of Christ will be evident in the lives of His literal body, the Saintly church members.
In ancient times, before TV they only had icons, and so icons were used differently to animate them with lights / candles, etc, but not worship. They also would decorate them etc as found was Biblically commanded, as found in this article. Not only decorate but talk about their glorious works… and paint it for some who couldn’t read, and call it gemstones in His temple, as is commanded.
Watching TV would be much more blasphemous if applying the standards of those who are against icons. People who watch TV get a lot more emotional and yet it’s not worship, so we don’t condemn our friends who seek to keep all the commandments. We should all talk about the glorious works of the rest of the church which went on before us. Don’t fall into false stigmas.
Our English liturgy is primarily found in the Book of Common Prayer. In it is no mentions of icons, but there is always time for remembering the great witnesses and inspirations of those who were before us.
The Pictish Stones of Scotland (and those of Ireland) are great examples of churches following this Biblical principle of engraving sanctuaries with cherubim artwork and “lifting up crosses” the same way Moses lifted up the serpent rod.
more info at https://watchman.news
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In the quest for maximizing irrigation efficiency, implementing water-efficient techniques and utilizing smart irrigation controllers have become paramount.
By combining the precision of drip irrigation systems and the insights from soil moisture sensors, farmers and landowners can achieve optimal irrigation schedules.
This article explores the intricate details of these techniques, offering practical guidance to empower readers with the knowledge needed to enhance irrigation efficiency and conserve water resources.
Join us on this journey towards sustainable and effective irrigation practices.
- Utilizing water-efficient irrigation techniques such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems can help maximize irrigation efficiency.
- Smart irrigation controllers with wireless connectivity and remote monitoring capabilities can aid in efficient irrigation management by tracking water usage and adjusting irrigation schedules based on weather conditions.
- Drip irrigation systems can maximize irrigation efficiency by delivering water directly to plant roots, minimizing evaporation and runoff, and reducing water loss and weed growth.
- Soil moisture sensors can play a crucial role in maximizing irrigation efficiency by providing real-time data on soil moisture levels, enabling farmers to develop precise irrigation schedules and optimize water usage.
Water-Efficient Irrigation Techniques
There are five water-efficient irrigation techniques that can be implemented to maximize irrigation efficiency.
The first technique is the use of rainwater harvesting methods. By collecting and storing rainwater, farmers can reduce their reliance on traditional water sources and utilize this abundant natural resource.
The second technique involves monitoring evapotranspiration rates, which is the combined measurement of water evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. By understanding these rates, farmers can adjust their irrigation schedules accordingly, ensuring that plants receive the right amount of water without excessive wastage.
Additionally, employing efficient irrigation systems such as drip irrigation and micro-sprinklers can significantly minimize water loss. These systems deliver water directly to the root zone, reducing evaporation and runoff.
Lastly, utilizing soil moisture sensors can provide real-time data on soil moisture levels, enabling farmers to irrigate only when necessary. These water-efficient techniques not only conserve water but also promote sustainable agriculture practices.
Transitioning to the subsequent section, smart irrigation controllers offer further opportunities for optimizing irrigation efficiency.
Smart Irrigation Controllers
Smart irrigation controllers are advanced systems that optimize irrigation efficiency by using real-time data and advanced technology. These controllers offer several features that make them highly efficient and convenient for users:
- Wireless connectivity:
Smart irrigation controllers can be connected to the internet through Wi-Fi or cellular networks, allowing users to control and monitor their irrigation systems remotely.
- Remote monitoring capabilities:
With the help of smart irrigation controllers, users can monitor and adjust their irrigation schedules and settings from anywhere using a smartphone or computer.
- Weather-based irrigation:
These controllers use real-time weather data to adjust irrigation schedules based on current and forecasted weather conditions, ensuring that plants receive the right amount of water.
- Water usage tracking:
Smart irrigation controllers can track water usage and provide detailed reports, allowing users to monitor and optimize their water consumption.
With these advanced capabilities, smart irrigation controllers offer a convenient and efficient way to manage irrigation systems.
Transitioning to the next section, let's now explore the benefits of drip irrigation systems.
Drip Irrigation Systems
One effective method for maximizing irrigation efficiency is the use of drip irrigation systems. Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, is a method where water is slowly and directly applied to the roots of plants through a network of tubes or pipes. This system is designed to deliver water precisely to the plants, minimizing evaporation and runoff.
Drip irrigation offers several water conservation benefits, such as reducing water loss due to evaporation and reducing weed growth. Additionally, drip irrigation systems are highly cost-effective in the long run. While the initial installation may require an investment, the reduced water usage and increased crop yields make it a financially sustainable choice for farmers and gardeners.
Now, let's move on to the next section where we will discuss the use of soil moisture sensors to further improve irrigation efficiency.
Soil Moisture Sensors
To further enhance irrigation efficiency, the use of soil moisture sensors is crucial. These sensors provide valuable information about the moisture content in the soil, allowing farmers to make informed decisions regarding irrigation schedules and water usage.
Here are four key points to consider when utilizing soil moisture sensors:
- Sensor Calibration: It is important to calibrate the sensors regularly to ensure accurate readings. Calibration involves adjusting the sensor readings to match the actual soil moisture levels in the field.
- Remote Monitoring: Soil moisture sensors can be connected to a remote monitoring system, enabling farmers to access real-time data from anywhere. This allows for quick decision-making and adjustments to irrigation schedules based on current soil moisture conditions.
- Placement: Proper sensor placement is essential for accurate readings. Sensors should be installed at multiple depths and locations within the field to capture variations in soil moisture levels.
- Data Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data from soil moisture sensors over time can provide valuable insights into soil moisture patterns and trends. This information can help optimize irrigation strategies and ensure efficient water usage in the long term.
Irrigation Scheduling Techniques
When considering irrigation scheduling techniques, it is essential to incorporate the data obtained from soil moisture sensors to make informed decisions about water application.
Irrigation frequency plays a crucial role in maximizing irrigation efficiency and crop productivity. By understanding the crop water requirements, farmers can develop a precise irrigation schedule that meets the plants' needs without wasting water.
Determining the optimal irrigation frequency involves considering factors such as soil type, climate conditions, and crop growth stage. Soil moisture sensors provide real-time information on the moisture levels in the root zone, enabling farmers to adjust the irrigation schedule accordingly.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Are the Main Benefits of Using Water-Efficient Irrigation Techniques?
Water-efficient irrigation techniques offer numerous benefits, including reduced water consumption, increased crop yield, improved soil health, and minimized environmental impact. Implementing water-saving technology can optimize irrigation efficiency and ensure sustainable water management in agriculture.
How Do Smart Irrigation Controllers Work?
Smart irrigation controllers utilize advanced technology to automate the irrigation process. These controllers monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and plant water requirements to optimize water usage and ensure efficient irrigation practices.
What Are the Advantages of Using Drip Irrigation Systems?
Drip irrigation systems offer numerous advantages, including improved water efficiency. These systems deliver water directly to the plant roots, reducing evaporation and runoff. This results in higher crop yields, reduced water waste, and improved environmental sustainability.
How Do Soil Moisture Sensors Contribute to Irrigation Efficiency?
Soil moisture sensors play a crucial role in irrigation efficiency by providing accurate data on soil moisture levels. This data allows for precise irrigation scheduling, ensuring that water is applied only when necessary, leading to optimized water usage and increased crop yields.
What Are Some Common Irrigation Scheduling Techniques Used to Maximize Water Efficiency?
Drought management and meeting crop water requirements are crucial factors in maximizing irrigation efficiency. Common irrigation scheduling techniques include evapotranspiration-based methods, soil moisture monitoring, and weather forecasts to optimize water usage and minimize waste.
In conclusion, maximizing irrigation efficiency requires the implementation of water-efficient irrigation techniques. These techniques include smart irrigation controllers, drip irrigation systems, soil moisture sensors, and irrigation scheduling techniques.
These methods help to conserve water resources, reduce water wastage, and optimize crop yield. By employing these practices, farmers and irrigation professionals can ensure that water is used effectively and sustainably.
This promotes a more efficient and sustainable agricultural sector.
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AS October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, we at Braid Street Pharmacy would like to create awareness amongst the public of the importance of regular checks to detect cancer early.
Breast cancer is often associated with females, however. is also prevalent in males.
It starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control.
These cells usually form a tumor that can be seen on an ultrasound or felt as a lump.
The tumor is malignant if the cells can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to the distant areas of the body.
Knowing how your breasts normally look or feel is an important part of breast health, so a self-breast examination can be done.
Therefore finding breast cancers as early as possible gives one a much better chance of successful treatment. The mortality rate from breast cancer has decreased by 20% with newer approaches to management Mammograms and other screening tests done to detect early breast cancer.
If you find a lump or other changes in your breast, make an appointment to see a doctor for further investigations. Early detection can often be an early cure.
— Supplied by Braid Street Pharmacy.
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We have a fun and easy to use preschool curriculum to tell you about today from The Crafty Classroom.
The Crafty Classroom has lots of affordable printable curriculum options for kids of all ages. We are currently reviewing their Bible ABC Curriculum Notebook. This product has made teaching preschool super fun and easy in our home.
Bible ABC Curriculum Notebook
26 Letters with 24 Activity Pages Per Letter
For ages Preschool to K4
This downloadable curriculum includes everything you and your student need to hit the ground running. The Bible ABC Curriculum Notebook is 658 printable pages on a PDF downloadable file. It contains lots of illustrated full color (and black and white) downloadable materials that are great for teaching children the alphabet and teaching them verses from the bible while they grow in their faith in God.
The focus of this curriculum is to help kids learn their ABC’s and biblical truths at the same time. By giving kids biblical truths in small pieces each day, it helps kids build a strong foundation and identity in Christ. Each week students learn a new letter, a character quality of Father God, and a corresponding bible verse as they grow in their knowledge of him and build their faith.
This curriculum is designed to keep the prep work to a minimum.
Good news! All you need to complete this course is the printed out worksheets for the day (or the week), a bible, a pencil and crayons. For a couple activities you will also need glue, scissors, and a ruler. That is it! This curriculum is designed to keep the prep work and organization for the teacher to a minimum. You can store everything you need in 1 binder (large sized) and a zippered pencil case. You can also add dividers into your binder for each letter if you want to.
It is suggested to teach this material 4 days a week during a 26 week course. Each day there are 4 to 5 worksheets for your student to complete. The suggested age range is Preschool to K4, but K5 and possibly first graders might benefit from going over this curriculum too. This curriculum would also be a great way to introduce ESL students to the English language too.
Included are lesson plans and a suggested schedule and 24 activities for every letter of the alphabet. You are encouraged to complete 1 letter per week for 26 weeks. The 24 pages of activities include: letter pages, Bible activities, games, worksheets, charts, coloring pages, math explorations, copy work, and more.
- Character of God Chart
- Bible Verse Chart
- Bible Vocabulary Chart
- Letter Chart
- How to Write Chart
- Beginning Letter Bible Coloring Page
- Bible Verse Coloring Page
- Bible Themed Quilt Letter Square w/Cutting Activity
- Blank Letters (x3 for coloring or art projects)
- Tracing Worksheet
- Handwriting Worksheet
- Bible Verse Copywork Page
- Find the Letter Worksheet
- Beginning Letter Worksheet
- Daily Math Worksheet
- Count & Graph Worksheet
- Spin & Race to the Top Worksheet
- Full Color Memory Game (or Flashcards)
- Bible Verse Maze and Activity Page
- 4 in a Row Bingo Game Cards (4 different cards for each letter)
- Bible Verse Crown
Suggested Calendar & Schedule:
This curriculum is flexible and you can fit it into many scenarios for your student. They suggest that you plan a work schedule of 4 days a week, working on 1 letter per week for 26 weeks.
The curriculum includes a handy reference Suggested Calendar & Sample Schedule.
HOW DID WE USE IT?
I can’t believe how quickly my youngest son is growing. It seems like yesterday he was still a little guy. I am so thankful for this opportunity to review this curriculum because it fit perfectly for our family. Life is busy with 6 kids in the house. With this curriculum, all the prep work is done and we can just pull out what we need each day and do it. He is progressing very well through this preschool curriculum and I think he will be ready for kindergarten curriculum this fall. He is so excited about his Bible ABC Curriculum Notebook. We are currently working on the letter F and he asks to do his school work each and every day since we started! He loves learning!
I thought I would show you what a week with this curriculum looks like. Each week follows basically the same routine. Below is what the first week learning the letter A and following the schedule laid out in the curriculum looked like in our home.
- Character of God: Discuss the weekly theme, memory verse and vocabulary that are all related to an important character quality of God. Pray together and thank God for being our CREATOR!
- How to Write Chart: Use the chart to introduce the Letter A. FINGER PRACTICE the proper formation of uppercase and lowercase version of
the letter A.
- Beginning Letter Bible Coloring: Color the upper and lowercase letter A beginning letter picture and word to color. While my son colors, I can read the corresponding Bible story and discuss the weekly theme.
- Bible Handwriting Practice Page: This page reminds children
of the proper letter formation and strokes. Beginning letter words
are shown to provide ample practice opportunity.
- Beginning Letter Chart: Shows children 10 different beginning letter words. Hang it on a wall or place on the front of your binder for a frequent reminder during the week. You can also play games like tic-tac-toe, print two for a matching game, etc.
- Bible Memory Verse: Read the verse for children to
work on memorizing for the week. Review the verse with your child throughout the week.
- Bible Verse Copywork: Coloring page and beginning
handwriting tracing page for the weekly verse.
- Race to the Top: This is a fun game played with a paperclip
spinner. Children spin the paperclip and then trace the correct
winner (uppercase or lowercase). The first letter to the crown
wins! Follow up questions guide children through less and more
- Bible Maze: A simple follow up worksheet with mazes and
small motor control art activities.
- Blank Letter Pages: Large letters that can be put into a plastic sleeve or laminated and the design can be filled in with pompoms, buttons, sticks, play dough, stamps, designs, stickers, or things that start with that letter.
- I Can Find the Letter: Find the letter A and count the upper and lowercase letters.
- Letter Trace: Trace the uppercase and lowercase
letters. They can also make their own letters and color in a beginning letter picture for each row they complete.
- ABC Quilt Square: Color and cut out uppercase
and lowercase letter A, then glue the letters onto the quilt square.
Place the quilt square on a wall (or a string, or notebook, or place of your choosing) as they learn each new letter throughout the curriculum.
- Alphabet Memory Flashcards: Cut out the flashcards and use them in multiple ways: pocket chart, play a game of concentration, play sorting games, ABC order, letter sounds, etc.
You can make several sets of these flash cards and use them in games such as matching or go fish. My son really enjoys making and using the flash cards.
- Daily Math Worksheet: Complete the daily math worksheet. Skills practiced include: Counting, Measuring, Addition,Tally Marks, Patterns, Ordinal Numbers, Positional Words, Number Line, etc.
- Count & Graph Worksheets: Count the letters and pictures and then graph them.
- Write & Read Worksheets: Tracing page. Fill in the missing beginning letter.
- Bible Crowns: Color your crown. Decorate it and cut it out.
- 4 in a Row Bingo: Play “Letter A” BINGO. The bingo games at the end of each week are a lot of fun and a great way to review his letter.
My Favorite Part!
I am thankful this curriculum is easy to print and go! I am also thankful my son loves learning with it and we enjoy doing it together. But my favorite part of this curriculum is the focus on the character of God and the verses that help my son learn about his Heavenly Father.
In just a few short weeks he has learned several letters in the alphabet while having lots of fun, learned a memory verse (though he doesn’t have them memorized), learned a vocabulary word, and learned a character quality of God:
Letter A: God is our Creator. (Genesis 1:1)
Letter B: God is Truthful. (Psalm 33:4)
Letter C: God is Love. (1 John 4:8)
Letter D: God is our Protector. (Psalm 46:1)
Letter E: God is Eternal. (Psalm 146:6 &10)
Letter F: God is Upright. (Psalm 25:8)
I also love that is it so flexible and easy to use. You can use this curriculum as your main curriculum four days a week, or use it as a supplement to your main curriculum. You can print out all of it, or print out just the portions you are interested in. Being able to print only what you need is especially nice if you are working on remedial work with an older child who doesn’t necessarily need everything but does need practice in some areas.
My suggestion is to use this curriculum as your framework. The lesson plans are already done for you and the curriculum covers all the basics your little ones need to build a good foundation in learning the alphabet and letter sounds as well as identifying beginning letters with associated pictures. It also teaches kids basic understanding of who their heavenly father is, and how to go to his word, the bible, to read about him and build their understanding. Then if time permits, and you want to expand on this curriculum, feel free to use additional props like play dough, sensory activities, sensory bins, related snacks, correlate reading books into the theme, songs, videos, or additional crafts that relate to your letter of the week. I love it that this curriculum is so flexible, yet simple, and can be adapted to any family’s needs and schedule.
The Crafty Classroom
The Crafty Classroom has many wonderful and affordable resources for homeschool families. Be sure to check out some of their great products and see if they will meet your family’s needs:
Alphabet Curriculum Notebook (26-weeks)
Bible ABC Curriculum Notebook (26-weeks & Bible)
Learn to R.E.A.D. Curriculum Notebook (36-week Curriculum)
R.E.A.D. Review Pack (28 Early Readers that Correspond with R.E.A.D. Notebook) Can be used as a stand-alone product, if you are not wanting a full curriculum.
For Older Kids:
Check out social media links for all of the latest news and product updates.
Homeschool Review Crew
Be sure to check out what other families on the Homeschool Review Crew had to say about using these products with their kids.
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Vitamin D is deficient in most people today as food and sunshine do not supply adequate amounts of it. Most people need a lot more than even the minimum daily requirement. Experts agree that adults tend to need about 5000 IU of vitamin D each day, which one capsule of Vitamin D from Endo-met can provide. Children also need vitamin D but in lesser amounts.
A major function of Vitamin D is to maintain calcium and phosphorus’s blood serum concentrations. This is accomplished by increasing the absorption of minerals in the small intestine. Enhanced calcium absorption is helpful to maintain optimal bone health.
Supplemented vitamin D helps to replenish it in tissue stores and prevent risk of deficiency. Those who are deficient in vitamin D can experience calcium and bone metabolism abnormalities, including rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin D helps support:
- Cardiovascular health
- Aching muscles
- Blood sugar levels
- Immune system regulation
- Mental health
- Skin health
- Repair and maintenance functions
Those who are willing to eat 3-4 cans of sardines each week can substitute this for a vitamin D supplement. This is a fantastic alternative as sardines provide many additional vital nutrients, and cost less compared to vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Other fish are also rich in vitamin D, but are not recommended due to their high mercury content.
Although taking vitamin D is important to prevent deficiency, it is also critical to not take too much for risk of overdose. Both taking a supplement and eating sardines each week is too much vitamin D. Invest in a hair analysis to reveal your needs and correctly supplement your body with the Vitamin D it desires. Endo-met’s Vitamin D is available from Wellness Shopping Online in both 90 and 180 tabs.
This material is for educational purposes only
The preceding statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration
This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
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From Crumb To Cosmos: Part 3 — Time Dilation: The cornerstone of relativity. The brake pedal of quantum mechanics.
In this 4-part series, we will explore some of the most universal yet misunderstood concepts in physics. These articles are not intended to create new science, but to clarify well-established scientific truths that are often misunderstood.
If there is anything in these articles that is in any way confusing or unclear, please comment or write us at [email protected]!
Of all the scientific achievements of the 20th century, high on the list is Einstein’s theories of relativity. Not only did that solve cosmic calculation issues Newtonian physics could not resolve, but has led to refinement of calculations and the most accurate predictions of celestial and high velocity object movement to date.
Although relativity is described as applying to a long list of effects, the whole theory revolves around one realization: Time Dilation.
Put most simply,
1. Time Dilation is the difference in the speed of light between two points in space.
Since we typically compute the relative difference between different points in space, that is why the theory is called “relativity”.
2. The source of Time Dilation is all the observable particles in the universe.
From the photons of light to the quarks and electrons in atoms, they all contribute to this effect.
Although there is currently no known direct cause for this effect, time dilation can be described as a field radiated from a particle. And like all known radiation…
3. Time Dilation propagates or “flows” away from its source at roughly the speed of light.
Verified recently by the LIGOS project, note that the effect of time dilation which impacts the speed of particles propagates itself at about the speed of light.
4. The effect of Time Dilation is additive.
Simply put, the more sources of time dilation that in close proximity, they will move slower relative to particles further apart. Also, if an object is moving at “relativistic speeds” (fast enough to make it a mathematically significant ratio of the speed of light), there is a “bow wave” accumulation of the object’s own time dilation.
Since the effect is additive, a combination of time dilation from an object’s velocity plus proximity to other particles results in the complete time dilation picture.
For example of what is considered the world’s longest running Time Dilation experiment, you need go no further than your cell phone. The clocks on the GPS satellites in orbit run about 17 seconds a day fast compared to an identical clock on the earth’s surface. Since they are at a relatively high geosynchronous orbit, the influence of gravity is less and, therefore, with reduced time dilation.
In the final segment of this series, we will bring together the scientific truths of fundamental particles, hadrons, and time dilation to provide the most straightforward Einsteinian explanation of the phenomenon of gravity.
Continue on to Part 4— Gravity
Want to discuss more about time dilation? Contact us at [email protected].
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Food’s nutritional value can be affected by the heat used to cook it. When the temperature exceeds that range, biomolecules, like proteins, denature.
Normal cooking temperatures are usually safe for most of the nutrients that we need. But, sometimes we overcook food, especially meat. The use of excessive heat can affect the nutritional value of meat.
So, does overcooked chicken still have protein?
It is true that high temperatures can denature the protein. It causes the globular structures to unfold. But, this does not affect its absorption in the body. As proteins need to unfold in the stomach for absorption. Yet, prolonged overheating can affect the protein content of chicken.
Read on to explore further.
Table of Content
Does Overcooked Chicken Still Have Protein?
Many people who want to eat dry meat prefer it overcooked. Does overcooking chicken lose nutrients? But overcooking can make chicken dry, stiff, and difficult to chew. It also destroys its taste and texture. The nutritional content is also affected.
But the protein present in chicken is less likely to get damaged by overcooking. Recent studies have shown that cooking cannot affect the protein content of chicken. Does cooked meat lose protein? Overcooking can result in only a slight change in protein value.
In general, what is the amount of protein in cooked chicken? A serving of cooked chicken breast of 120 grams contains 37 grams of protein. And a single serving of raw chicken breast is equal to 189 grams, which contains 43 grams of protein.
With excessive heat, the protein is only denatured, but that does not affect its absorption into the body. All proteins become denatured at some point in the stomach before their digestion.
Denatured means that the protein has changed its structure. Although they have transformed from globular structures to chain-like structures. But it does not affect their absorption.
But if we cook chicken at a high temperature for a longer period of time, it will change the protein content.
Does Overcooking Meat Lose Nutrients?
Does cooking meat destroy nutrients? The nutrient contents of meat, such as chicken, can vary depending on the way we are cooking it.
When we broil meat, the fat content will reduce, and when we fry meat, the fat content will increase. , moist heat will reduce the Vitamin B1 content in meat, while dry heat will help to preserve it. The mineral content will increase if we use iron cookware, and it will decrease if we use the liquid.
In the same way, the timing of cooking also affects the nutritional value of meat. Longer cooking times at high temperatures can decrease the nutrition in meat.
High temperature cannot affect some nutrients of the food. These nutrients include niacin, iron, zinc, etc.
Is Overcooked Chicken Bad For You?
There is no doubt that raw food is more nutritious than cooked food. Although some additional nutritional ingredients can change its nutritional value. As humans, we are also driven by taste, which appeals to our sense of hunger.
Cooking imparts taste to food. This can affect the food’s nutritional value. Some prefer undercooked food, while others love thoroughly cooked food. This cooking can increase or decrease the nutritional content.
Nutritional value increase when we use some oils that add calories to the food. Nutrients can decrease when we use the liquid. This is because many substances dissolve in water and become wastes. But, they are still healthy and do not cause harm to our bodies.
Can overcooked food make you sick? Many people, but, enjoy overcooking their vegetables. Since it makes them taste better (but they lose nutrition). But, meat, including chicken, becomes more dry and stiff. It loses its taste on overcooking and is harmful to their health. These harmful effects may include:
- An unpalatable taste and a crumbly texture
- Breast cancer may result from the production of substances like PhIP. Cooking food at high temperatures results in the production of these substances. This can alter DNA sequences and cause carcinogenic effects in the body.
- A type of pancreatic cancer may result. It occurs due to the formation of heterocyclic amines at high temperatures.
Is Boiled Chicken Healthier Than Grilled?
Is boiled chicken good for you? Like grilling, boiling also maintains a low-fat content. When chicken boils in boiling water, it loses some nutrients. Boiled chicken loses most of its vitamins B as well as minerals like potassium, selenium, and phosphorus. Grilled chicken tastes better than a boiled one. You can use any of them, both are healthy.
Have Any Questions?
What are beef and chicken protein content?
3 ounces of chicken which is about 85 grams in weight offer 20 grams of protein. While the same amount of lean beef provides 24 grams of protein.
Beef liver, like chicken breast, also offers high protein content. Beef further offers beneficial nutrients such as iron, zinc, vitamins A, B12, folic acid, and some essential amino acids.
What Is The Temperature At Which Protein Denatures?
The denaturation of protein starts at about 105 °F. And this denaturation continues upward to temperatures above 200 °F. Sometimes meat renders moist and tender. It is because of protein breakage due to extreme conditions (time and temperature).
Is Chicken Protein Reduced When It Is Fried?
Does a fried chicken have protein? The amount of protein in fried chicken is almost the same as present in raw chicken. But, the number of calories increases in fried chicken due to added fats. The fats we use in frying come from the oil, ghee, or butter we use.
Do boiling Chicken Breasts destroy the protein?
Does boiling meat reduce nutrients? The amount of protein present in the chicken breast does not change with boiling. Boiling destroys some water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin B1, and other essential minerals.
Is chicken protein lost when it’s reheated?
Protein loses its globular structure when high heat denatures them. The amount of protein in chicken does not change due to this reheating.
What is the protein content of a chicken breast?
One of the most popular protein-rich foods is chicken breast. Depending on the size and type of chicken breast, the amount of protein can vary. If you are taking chicken breast with skin, it will give you more protein than without skin.
Is there anything I can do with overcooked chicken?
You can grate overcooked chicken into tiny pieces. And put them into soups, vegetable stews, chili, and croquettes. Furthermore, you can chop overcooked chicken and serve it with herb sauces and olive oil. The same method can also apply to recover overcooked boned chicken pieces.
Is it necessary to cook chicken breasts through?
The chicken breast needs thorough cooking. This does not mean you should burn it. The core temperature of chicken breasts should be 165 degrees Fahrenheit. But carryover cooking will almost raise it to 170 degrees Fahrenheit by the time you bite into it.
What are the signs that Chicken is overcooked?
Overcooked chicken is dry, stiff, and challenging to eat. It can feel like you’re chewing on rubber while eating fattier pieces of chicken meat. It also appears darker than normal chicken.
Does overcooked chicken still have protein? You can get almost as much protein from the overcooked chicken as you can from cooked chicken.
It is unlikely that overcooking will reduce protein content. It denatures only the protein, which has no adverse effects on the body. The protein in chicken is definitely changed if cooked for a long time and at a very high temperature.
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Exercise does undisputable good for musculoskeletal and endocrine health, but it also causes minor, temporary inflammation and muscle damage. Until now, scientists have known relatively little about how the immune system controls for just the right amount of post-exercise inflammation — the level that builds endurance without severely harming muscles.
Now, a new Science Immunology study in mice finds that a cell group called regulatory T (Treg) cells prevents excessive muscle inflammation during and after physical activity by suppressing production of a pro-inflammatory messenger protein, or cytokine, called IFNγ. Doing so essentially "shields" muscle cells' energy-making compartments — or mitochondria — from IFNγ's potent effects.
The analysis also reveals that mice without T reg cells create more IFNγ during exercise, and that these higher cytokine levels reduce the animals' ability to gain physical endurance.
"What is valuable about uncovering the Treg-IFNγ-mitochondria pathway is that it highlights how some factors stimulated by exercise are actually bad for muscle function, as is the case for IFNγ, and these factors require a balancing force that is stimulated in parallel, i.e., Tregs," said P. Kent Langston, first author of the study and specialist in immunometabolism at Harvard Medical School.
Working It Out
It's clear that physical activity over the course of a lifetime can support healthy aging and even lessen holistic inflammation. However, on a cellular level, the immediate act of exercising generates molecules that trigger inflammation and damage muscle fibers. What keeps this inflammation and damage under control and enables long-term benefits to emerge has been a mystery.
"Very little is known about what is happening in the muscle tissue itself," said Diane Mathis, corresponding author of the paper and immunobiologist with a focus on T cell-based autoimmunity at Harvard Medical School.
Muscle tissue contains not only muscle cells but also immune cells. While many immune cell groups produce inflammation-causing cytokines as a disease-fighting response, some subsets actually decrease such activity. Treg cells fall into this latter camp. By curbing inflammation in muscle fiber, they can help create a calmer environment more conducive to healing.
"We discovered several years ago that a distinct population of Tregs rapidly accumulates in skeletal muscle shortly after injury and that these cells are important for effective muscle regeneration," said Mathis. "So, naturally we wondered about how skeletal muscle Tregs might respond to exercise."
The team suspected that the T reg cells might be fine-tuning inflammatory responses during and after physical activity, controlling the degree of muscle damage and supporting physical endurance.
Lab Rats to Gym Rats
To determine whether T reg cells were operating behind the scenes, Mathis and her colleagues designed a way to assess how immune cells in mice respond during short- and long-term exercise. In the short-term exercise experiment, they had standard laboratory mice run for 90 minutes on a treadmill at roughly 55% of their maximum speed and measured the mice's muscle-located immune cells on day one, day three, and day seven of the training program. For the long-term endurance setup, they gave mice unlimited access to running wheels and measured the animals' immune cells after two, three or four weeks.
"We found that exercise induces a mild local inflammatory response and, at the same time, accumulation of Tregs to control the inflammation," said Mathis.
The results indicated that immune cells — most notably, T reg cells — do not merely react but also mediate the responses of other muscle cells to physical activity. This T reg cell-based effect was particularly obvious in the long-term exercising mice.
Next, the researchers wanted to understand what cellular-level mechanisms were happening after T reg cell accumulation. They turned to mice without Treg cells and saw that the animals had elevated levels of IFNγ when placed in the long-term exercise regime.
"We actually expended a considerable amount of effort trying to figure out whether the impaired exercise performance in our Treg-deficient mice was due to excessive muscle damage," said Langston. "It wasn't until we looked at the muscles under an electron microscope that we noticed mitochondrial aberrancies in the high IFNγ condition."
In the end, their examination shows that, when unimpeded by T reg cells, IFNγ harm energy-generating protein structures in muscle cells' mitochondria. Without these electron transport chain complexes working efficiently, muscle cells become metabolically compromised and cannot meet exercise-related energy demands or develop endurance as well.
"Our findings demonstrate that the muscle inflammation induced by exercise, in particular IFNγ production, must be kept in check by a special population of regulatory T cells for the beneficial effects of exercise to be achieved," said Langston.
Next (Non-Treadmill) Steps
Overall, T reg cells and the immune system at large modulate responses to IFNγ and other cytokines present during physical activity. This observation is particularly noteworthy in the context of muscle disorders and aging. Other studies have established that IFNγ increases in many tissues as people age.
"Whether this means that IFNγ causes age-related decline in the functions of every tissue remains to be seen," said Langston. "However, if the effects of IFNγ on muscle metabolism can be generalized, one might predict that IFNγ does more than merely indicate age-related decline."
If IFNγ is eventually proven to be actively contributing to age-related tissue damage, then therapies that target it — possibly through manipulation of T reg cells — might help geriatric patients improve their health without inflammatory repercussions. "We are actively testing some age-protective interventions that target aspects of the exciting biology uncovered by our Treg project," said Langston.
This line of thought requires additional testing and much more evidence. In the meantime, Langston, Mathis and their co-authors have several new projects. They plan to investigate what triggers IFNγ and other pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the first place during exercise. They also want to explore whether T reg cells in other tissues besides muscle fibers influence reactions to exercise.
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Science can be a powerful tool for parents and educators seeking to persuade middle-school students not to drink alcohol, says a new book from AAAS.
“Delaying That First Drink: A Parents’ Guide” was produced by the AAAS Science Inside Alcohol Project, which is funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. It discusses research on the impact of alcohol on the growing body and offers tips on how to talk to kids about drinking.
“Studies show that adolescents who start drinking before age 15 are five times more likely to have alcohol-related problems later in life,” the book says. “So, convincing your kids to delay that first drink can make a big difference to the rest of their lives.”
Shirley Malcom, the director of Education and Human Resources programs for AAAS, said the new book spotlights the need for parents and others to pay more attention to the risks of pre-teen drinking.
“A lot of people pay attention to high schoolers who drink because they often will combine that with driving,” Malcom said. “What has a lot less visibility is the fact that you have fourth, fifth and sixth graders who drink, leading to later consumption at even higher levels.”
Such drinking can lead to impaired school performance, early sexual activity, and other risky behaviors, Malcom said.
The book is available online at the Science NetLinks site. It is meant to build awareness among parents, caregivers, coaches, and others who interact with kids about the effects that alcohol can have on young bodies, particularly on brain development. It discusses the impact of alcohol on the digestive system, the central nervous system, the heart, the liver, and other organs.
As part of the alcohol project, AAAS conducted an online survey with seventh graders from several middle schools in the northeastern United States. Responses from 143 students showed that they knew very little about the science of alcohol and how it affects the human body. Nearly half of the respondents had no idea how alcohol is derived and nearly one-third could not describe which body systems are affected by the substance.
The book will be available for incorporation into school curricula where appropriate, Malcom said, but it is intended primarily as a practical, plain language guide for parents.
“Parents need all the tools they can get” in talking to their children about alcohol, Malcom said. “You can use moral arguments, you can be preachy and that may not work. You can forbid behaviors and that may not work. This is a way of saying, ‘Let’s look at the actual impact on the body.’”
The guide was written by Aimee Stern of Stern Communications in Silver Spring, Md., with the help of an advisory board of specialists on alcohol use and abuse.
As part of her research for the guide, Stern attended a 2009 meeting of the International Conference of Young People in Alcoholics Anonymous. The majority of those she met and listened to had started drinking in middle school or the first year in high school. One started drinking vanilla extract from the kitchen cabinet at age 9.
“All parents hope that their child will not be the one who gives in to alcohol and drug abuse,” Stern writes. “But as our children get older and more independent, it’s harder to keep watch and control what they do.”
Young students “generally believe that bad things happen to others and by default minimize the risk inherent in their own choices and behaviors,” said Rebecca Kullback, a licensed clinical social worker and co-founder of Metropolitan Counseling Associates in Bethesda, Md. She said the new guide provides an opportunity to teach them “about the dangers of substance use in a way that is relevant and real.”
Kullback, who was an adviser for the book project, added: “Delaying the first drink has proven to result in lower rates of substance use and abuse in teens. Helping them understand how drinking interferes with things they appreciate and respect—appearance, athletic and academic ability—will provide value to saying ‘no.’”
Parents should starting talking to their kids about alcohol and drug use as early as the fourth grade and continue through middle and high school, the book says. In schools, it notes, information about alcohol is usually taught as part of a larger curriculum dealing with sex, drugs, and sexually transmitted diseases and can receive minimal attention.
Parents also should be aware of external factors, such as advertising, music lyrics, and Internet sites that can influence their children to drink. A recent YouTube search found more than 250,000 videos dealing with alcohol use, the book says, including more than 5,000 dealing with “cool” alcohol drinks.
The guide can be used as a companion to a series of Science Inside Alcohol lessons developed by AAAS or as a stand-alone tool that parents can use in talking with their children. An e-book for students will be available online soon as well.
You may request a printed copy of the book via the comment form here.
Read the book “Delaying That First Drink: A Parents’ Guide.”
In a video, Shirley Malcom, director of Education and Human Resources at AAAS, talks about the new parents’ guide on alcohol.
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A dual diagnosis is when someone has both an addiction and a mental health condition. Sometimes, the addiction part is addressed while the mental health condition goes without treatment. Dr. Ashish Bhatt explains the importance of accurately diagnosing and treating patients with a dual diagnosis.
Hi, this is Dr. Bhatt with Straight Talk With The Doc. I want to take a few moments today to speak a little bit about people who are suffering with dual diagnosis.
Dual diagnosis, or comorbid disorders is when somebody is suffering with a substance use disorder with a primary psychiatric mental health condition. Often times, this is going on hand in hand. But what’s really happening? Who’s really getting treated, and are people adequately getting treated?
The point is, when we are getting evaluated at the time of entry in any treatment center or any treatment setting, that we are honest and open about the symptoms we are having. It’s important to distinguish that when somebody’s having symptoms that exclusively occur during a substance use problem, that once the substances are washed out and somebody has achieved early sobriety, that they really get re-evaluated again.
They get appropriately checked and ensured that the underlying psychiatric conditions that might be risk factors for their continuing substance use is addressed. And this is where aftercare comes into importance.
Often times, many times, people do go to substance abuse treatment settings, outpatient rehabilitations, inpatient rehabilitations, and once they think that the substances have been removed, they go back and they try to enter life and they think that they can enter life in the way that they did previously.
Unfortunately, any unaddressed anxiety, traumas, depression that might exist can be a huge risk factor for developing that substance abuse again.
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Zero Trust Security
Understand the fundamentals, key principles, standards, and best current practices.
What is Zero Trust?
The foundation of Zero Trust Security is switching from a perimeter-based (firewall and VPN) model of access to a user-to-resource model.
It means implementing strong, simple identity for both people and also a system. Decouple the identity from the corporation to make it affinitive to the user—a single identity.
Through it, you can enforce entitlements and authorization in the network.
This micro-segmentation is simpler to use, more accessible, and, more secure. It reduces the lateral traversal, empowers your users, increases your audit capabilities, is more economical, and is more scalable. This is the power of Zero Trust.
Zero Trust Security Standards
The core of any Zero Trust Architecture is identity. Identity of a person, identity of a resource. Users are commonly identified via OpenID Connect and SAML. Resources are commonly identified by Client Certificates.
Zero Trust Architecture
Zero Trust Architecture has evolved over the years. The constant theme is changing from a perimeter-based (firewall+VPN) security stance to a user+resource stance.
Zero Trust Security has a set of foundational standards that are shared with other technologies. These relate to cryptography, security, and identity.
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Demanding Specific Requirements in an Agreement Crossword: A Step-by-Step Guide
Crossword puzzles are challenging and fun, but they can also serve as a useful tool for learning and understanding complex concepts. One such concept that can be explained through a crossword puzzle is the process of demanding specific requirements in an agreement.
If you are a copy editor with experience in search engine optimization (SEO), you know the importance of clear, concise language in communication. Clarity is especially critical in legal agreement documents, where a single word can make a significant difference in the interpretation and implementation of the agreement.
To ensure that all parties involved in an agreement are on the same page, it is crucial to demand specific requirements in writing. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to do so, using a crossword puzzle as a visual aid.
1. Start with a clear heading
The top row of the crossword puzzle should have a heading that clearly states the purpose of the agreement. For example, if the agreement is for the purchase of a property, the heading could be „Property Purchase Agreement.“
2. Identify the parties involved
The next step is to list the parties involved in the agreement. This could include the buyer, seller, agent, and/or lawyer. Make sure to use full legal names and titles to avoid confusion.
3. Define the terms
The heart of any agreement is the terms and conditions. Use the crossword puzzle to list the specific requirements that must be met by each party. For example, if the agreement is for the purchase of a property, the terms could include the purchase price, payment schedule, and inspection requirements.
4. Include legal language
To ensure that the agreement is enforceable, it is essential to use clear and precise legal language. Include key legal terms, such as „mutual agreement,“ „indemnification,“ and „confidentiality.“
5. Specify the consequences of non-compliance
To ensure that all parties uphold their end of the agreement, it is critical to include consequences for non-compliance. This could include penalties, legal action, or termination of the agreement.
6. End with a signature line
The final step is to include a signature line for all parties involved. This not only serves as evidence of the agreement but also ensures that all parties are fully aware of and agree to the specific requirements outlined in the agreement.
In conclusion, demanding specific requirements in writing is crucial to ensure that all parties involved in an agreement are on the same page. Using a crossword puzzle can help illustrate the steps involved in demanding specific requirements, making the process clear and straightforward for all parties involved. As a professional, it is your responsibility to ensure that all legal documents are clear, concise, and easily understood by all parties involved.
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The United States should be a land of opportunity in which every child born into poverty has a fair chance to succeed in life. Yet a major study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association provides insight into why there is a growing gap between a person’s income and life expectancy. Even with these findings, the report can guide how future health care policies address these inequalities.
The study has four major conclusions. First, income predicts longer life. That richer people live longer, healthier lives has probably been true since the beginning of time. This study shows that, for men, the difference between the richest and poorest Americans is outrageous, nearly 15 years in life expectancy. The gap is over 10 years for women.
The above excerpt was originally published in U.S. News & World Report.
Click here to view the full article.
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Will we remember them?
When Peter Jackson’s They Shall Not Grow Old screens on BBC 1 on Armistice Day, it will mark the end of the centenary of World War One. Let’s hope that the film’s extraordinary emotional impact will galvanise more people to add their relatives’ records and stories to Lives of the First World War, the permanent digital memorial set up by the Imperial War Museum.
From the Lights Out vigil of 2014, specific commemorations of Passchendaele, Amiens, Gallipoli and more, to the upcoming 10,000-strong procession past the Cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday, and a symbolic farewell on the beaches of Britain, the UK has certainly tried to live up to the promise of Laurence Binyon’s 1914 poem, “For the Fallen”:
“At the going down of the sun and in the morning,
We will remember them.”
But perhaps nothing in the past four years so completely fulfils the promise to remember as Jackson’s film. Its title, They Shall Not Grow Old, plays on a line from the same poem.
Press gangs aside, 1916 was the first time Britain saw conscription. The Military Service Act specified that single men between 18 and 40 years of age could be called up for military service unless they were widowed or ministers of religion. Is it a coincidence that the Imperial War Museum was founded a year later, in 1917, to record the ‘toil and sacrifice’ of all who served? Special measures call for special promises.
They Shall Not Grow Old starts predictably enough. Then, after 15 minutes of jerky footage of men signing up, training and embarking for France, you arrive at the trenches. Black and white melts into colour. Movements become smooth and you’re jolted awake by real people, fooling around, joking, singing, suffering and enduring on the Western Front.
There are no actors here. This is restored and colourised original footage from the archives of the Imperial War Museum. The voices on the soundtrack belong to veterans, taped in the 1960s for The Great War documentary series and preserved in the BBC’s audio archive.
It’s not the technical virtuoso of the film that astounds – although it is astounding (you can learn more about how it was made here). What takes your breath away is the sheer immediacy and humanity of something that your mind classifies as ‘history’, something that you have never seen – or imagined you’d see – looking so alive.
At one point a soldier shouts “hello mum” as he passes the camera. At another point, a veteran’s describes how he had to kill a fallen comrade. This mashing together of humour, stoicism and tragedy makes They Shall Not Grow Old as authentic and human a memorial to four years of horror as it is possible to cram into 90 minutes of screen time.
Last chance to contribute
The last veteran of the trenches of WW1, Harry Patch, died in 2009. Even the children of veterans are passing away. As the Great War recedes into history, opportunities to uncover the combatants’ individual experience become fewer and fewer.
The Imperial War Museum launched Lives of the First World War in 2014, but now this extraordinarily ambitious project is drawing to an end. On 18 March 2019, the website will close to new contributions and the data collected will be used to create a permanent digital memorial.
That leaves a five-month window in which members of the public can take part. Many of us have information about WW1 combatants – stories, photographs and in some cases sign up papers, discharge papers, letters and medals.
Copies of these can all be uploaded to Lives of the First World War – something you’ll feel inspired to do if you watch They Shall Not Grow Old on 11 November, or catch it in a cinema before then.
2023 Anglia Research Services All Rights Reserved.
Anglia Research and Anglia Research Services are trading names of Anglia Research Services Limited, a company registered in England and Wales: no. 05405509
Marketing by Unity Online
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The use of complementary treatments for a variety of health issues is becoming increasingly popular. From acupuncture to herbal remedies, there are an array of options outside the world of doctors and surgeries to which people can turn for help. The treatment of pain is no exception. But determining which complementary approaches may be best for your condition – and what side effects they may cause – can be a daunting task. So let’s start by examining one of the most common go-to options for pain relief: massage therapy.
Overview of Massage Therapy
According to a study in the Journal of Physiotherapy, the use of massage is actually one of the earliest therapeutic tools used to relieve pain. “With its popularity for pain relief and recovery of function,” the study says, “massage therapy has become a widely accepted treatment for musculoskeletal disorders.”
Massage refers to the manipulation of soft tissue for therapeutic purposes, as performed by trained therapists. The category includes many types, from traditional Swedish to Thai and Shiatsu massages, which each incorporates different types of manipulation.
One benefit of massage therapy, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is that it’s associated with “lower mean and median annual costs compared with [long-term] opioid therapy.” It also has a much lower risk of serious side effects. According the NIH, if performed appropriately by a trained professional, massage has very few risks.
The way massage works to lessen pain isn’t entirely known, but there are several theories. Increased lymph flow, effects on the immune system and increased blood flow to the muscles have all been put forward as possible reasons for pain relief. But it does seem to produce local biochemical changes, increasing neural activity, which may affect mood and pain perception.
Conflicting Evidence of Success
The current research available on the topic of massage for pain relief is preliminary or conflicting, but there is promising initial research suggesting massage may be useful for various conditions. Two reviews, for instance found support for the effectiveness of massage for treating nonspecific lower back pain. However, in these cases massage was often compared with no treatment or relaxation techniques, meaning that while massage for pain relief may provide better results than no treatment at all, exercises, physical therapy and standard medical care are usually still superior.
There has been moderate support for the use of massage for shoulder and headache pain, and, in some studies, modest support for fibromyalgia, mixed chronic pain conditions, neck pain and carpal tunnel syndrome; however these results are preliminary and often inconsistent.
But even the benefits that do follow massage therapy don’t appear to last for long. According to the NIH, many of the available studies show that the positive effects which do arise from massage therapy appear to be short-term in nature. To receive continued positive effects, therefore, patients must continue to get massages regularly.
Utilizing Multidisciplinary Treatments
By itself, massage has limited benefits. But, by its very nature, massage isn’t meant to be used alone. “Typically,” states a review in the journal Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, “massage is viewed as adjunctive therapy to help prepare the patient for exercise or other interventions, and is rarely administered as the main treatment.”
Massage, then, may be useful when considered in addition to an interventional and multidisciplinary treatment approach. When combined, minimally invasive procedures, physical therapy, behavioral health care and complementary treatments like massage and acupuncture may result in functional restoration and pain relief far beyond what one treatment could accomplish alone.
Bervoets, Diederik C., Pim Aj Luijsterburg, Jeroen Jn Alessie, Martijn J. Buijs, and Arianne P. Verhagen. “Massage Therapy Has Short-term Benefits for People with Common Musculoskeletal Disorders Compared to No Treatment: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Physiotherapy 61, no. 3 (July 2015): 106-16.
Tsao, Jennie C. I. “Effectiveness of Massage Therapy for Chronic, Non-Malignant Pain: A Review.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4, no. 2 (June 2007): 165-79. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel109.
Dowell, Deborah, Tamara M. Haegerich, and Roger Chou. “CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 65, no. 1 (March 18, 2016): 1-49.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. “Massage Therapy for Health Purposes.” NCCIH. May 2015. Accessed June 29, 2016. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/massage/massageintroduction.htm.
Kumar, Saravana, Kate Beaton, and Tricia Hughes. “The Effectiveness of Massage Therapy for the Treatment of Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.” International Journal of General Medicine IJGM 6 (2013): 733-41.
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Economics of Welding
at a glance
Exam: 10 more days
Length & PDH / CEU
18 PDHs / 1.8 CEUs
Who Should Take This Course
Student Learning Outcomes
- Professionals and students interested in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the economic aspects of welding processes, materials, and equipment.
- Anyone who wants to improve their knowledge of welding economics and learn how to reduce costs, optimize resources, and increase efficiency in welding operations. Anyone seeking to prepare for the AWS Certified Welding Inspector exam
- This student body may encompass many positions, including:
- Welding engineers
- Welding inspectors
- Welding supervisors
- This student body may encompass many positions, including:
No previous knowledge is required. This course presents NDT concepts in clear, easy-to-understand language and easily digestible chunks of information. We will start at the beginning, explain every term and topic, and provide practice questions to ensure learners understand the material. However, students with no welding background whatsoever may benefit from gaining a general understanding of basic welding processes and welding terminology. This prerequisite knowledge can be obtained by:
- Taking the AWS Welding Fundamentals I online course
- Obtaining and reading a copy of AWS A3.0 Standard Terms and Definitions
This course teaches students how to:
- Understand the economic factors that affect welding processes and operations
- Evaluate different welding methods and materials based on their economic impact
- Use cost-benefit analysis to make informed decisions about welding projects
- Implement quality control measures to improve productivity and reduce costs
Upon completion of Economics of Welding, students will be able to:
- Understand the principles of welding economics, including the cost of materials, labor, and equipment, as well as overhead costs
- Analyze welding project costs and profitability, including the impact of variables such as welding process, equipment, and consumables
- Develop skills in estimating welding projects, including creating detailed cost estimates and understanding the impact of different variables on project cost and profitability
- Understand the importance of cost control and profitability in welding projects, including strategies for reducing costs and increasing profitability
- MODULE 1 – Process Variables: Current, Amperage, Voltage
- MODULE 2 – Process Variables: Polarity, Inductance, Arc Length, CTTWD, Shielding Gas
- MODULE 3 – Process Variables: Travel Angle, Transverse Angle, Travel Speed, Electrode Position, Wire Feed Speed
- MODULE 4 – SMAW: Process Variables
- MODULE 5 – GTAW: Process Variables
- MODULE 6 – GMAW: Process Variables
- MODULE 7 – FCAW: Process Variables
- MODULE 8 – SAW: Process Variables
- MODULE 9 – Weld Process Comparison: Advantages and Disadvantages I
- MODULE 10 – Weld Process Comparison: Advantages and Disadvantages II
- MODULE 11 – Manufacturing Costs: Materials, Labor, Equipment, Overhead
- MODULE 12 – Welding Procedure Specification
- MODULE 13 – Determining the Cost of Weld: Calculating Area
- MODULE 14 – Determining the Cost of Weld: Calculating Volume
- MODULE 15 – Determining the Cost of Weld: Calculating Deposited Weight
- MODULE 16 – Determining the Cost of Weld: Calculating Deposition Efficiency
- MODULE 17 – Determining the Cost of Weld: Calculating Deposition Rate
- MODULE 18 – Calculating Labor Costs: Arc Time, Non-Arc Time, Total Labor Time
- MODULE 19 – Calculating Labor Costs: Operator Factor
- MODULE 20 – Calculating Labor Costs: Problem Solving
- MODULE 21 – Calculating Filler Metal and Labor Costs: Problem Solving
- MODULE 22 – Calculating Weld Job Costs: Problem Solving
- MODULE 23 – Managing Costs: Joint Design, Weld Design, WPS, Mistake Proofing, Production Planning
- MODULE 24 – Managing Costs: Eliminating Operations, Supporting Activities, Field Welding, process Selection
- MODULE 25 – Managing Costs: Unforeseen Costs, Quality Issues, Overwelding
- MODULE 26 – Practice Problems: 15 Problems
- MODULE 27 – Practice Quiz 1: 5 Problems
- MODULE 28 – Practice Quiz 2: 5 Problems
- MODULE 29 – Practice Quiz 3: 5 Problems
- MODULE 30 – Practice Quiz 4: 5 Problems
Frequently Asked Questions
Who should take this course?
Welders, welding foremen, welding supervisors, production managers, welding sales representatives and other welding professionals that require the mathematical skills to accurately measure the physical dimensions of welds and calculate the cost of the labor, materials, and equipment required to produce them.
Do I qualify to take this course?
The AWS Economics of Welding Course is comprehensive, yet easy-to-understand. It serves as a comprehensive introduction for students new to the economics of welding and a detailed refresher for professionals preparing to take the CWS certification exam or implement economically sound practices.
How long do I have to complete this course?
Participants have access to the course content 24 hours a day for a period of 30 days from the date of registration. After this 30-day period, participants will have an additional 10 days to pass the completion exam. The exam can be activated before the end of the 30-day period if the student has completed all the modules.
Does this course include a completion exam?
Yes. Upon completion of the final course module, participants are prompted to take an exam designed to evaluate their comprehension of the subject matter. The completion exam consists of 40 multiple-choice questions and must be completed within a 120-minute period. Participants who do not attain the 75% passing score may attempt to retake the exam a second time. Participants who attain a score of 75% or more on the completion exam earn an AWS Certificate of Completion and 18 Professional Development Hours (PDHs). The AWS Certificate of Completion can be downloaded and printed directly from the webpage.
Do I need to purchase any other materials?
No. All the materials and resources necessary to complete the course objectives are included.
Do I receive Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for completing this course?
Yes. Participants who attain a score of 75% or above on the AWS Economics of Welding Completion Exam will receive an AWS Certificate of Completion and 18 Professional Development Hours (PDHs).
Can I use these Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for recertification?
Yes. Professional Development Hours (PDHs) earned through AWS online courses can be applied towards recertification provided the PDH's are earned during the certification period.
Do I receive Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for completing this course?
Can I use these Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for recertification?
Will this course help prepare me for the Certified Welding Supervisor Exam?
Yes. The Certified Welding Supervisor Certification Exam contains questions concerning the topics covered in this course. This course is designed to help prepare participants for this exam.
What platforms and devices can I use to view AWS Learning online courses?
You must be connected to the internet to access AWS Learning online courses. AWS supports the most recent versions of Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer. Courses can be viewed on desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Note, however, that a high speed internet connection and large screen offer a better user experience.
Navigating the world of online learning or attending in-person seminars can sometimes be challenging. However, you don't have to face these challenges alone. Our support team is here to assist you every step of the way, whether you're experiencing technical glitches, having issues with our LMS, or have questions about any of our programs. Access our user-friendly form through the link provided, and we will help you get back on track towards achieving your goals.
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Since 43% of adults work at jobs that require prolonged use of a computer, tablet or other digital devices, computer vision syndrome (CVS) and blue light exposure are becoming increasingly serious threats to our vision, health and productivity.
Computer Vision Syndrome in the Workplace
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, is an increasingly common condition felt by those that spend two or more hours daily in front of a screen. Symptoms can include blurred vision, eye strain and fatigue, headaches, dry, red, irritated eyes, neck and back pain and headaches. Typically the symptoms of CVS are not permanent, however they can have an impact on comfort, productivity and one’s ability to focus. In rare cases, CVS can even be debilitating.
Studies show that symptoms of computer vision syndrome have become the most common workplace complaint or injury among workers with 50-90% of computer users reporting symptoms to some degree. These symptoms have been shown to have an impact on worker productivity.
The Effects of CVS on Productivity
In a study which looked at the correlation between computer vision and workplace productivity performed at the School of Optometry at the University of Alabama at Birmingham correlations were found between proper vision correction and overall productivity as well as the time it takes for a worker to complete a task. Even minor and unnoticeable vision problems were shown to affect productivity by up to 20% and to cause an increase in mistakes.
Blue Light Exposure
Blue light or high-energy visible (HEV) radiation exposure is another effect of extended digital device use. Excessive blue light exposure has been linked to sleep cycle disturbance – which can have an overall negative impact on alertness and one’s ability to focus. Blue light may also cause long term damage to the retina. While studies are currently being done to determine the effects of blue light, it is clear that protecting your eyes from blue light is recommended for eye health.
Workspace Ergonomics and Computer Eyewear
From both the worker’s and the employer’s perspectives, an investment in a combination of workspace ergonomics and computer eyewear can benefit the workplace and overall productivity. Workers will be more productive and experience fewer visual and musculoskeletal symptoms that can cause discomfort and distraction. Employers will benefit from productivity gains and reduced worker’s compensation claims.
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Learn how to help prevent teen prescription drug abuse
Teen Rx drug abuse facts
- 6 percent of 12th graders report using narcotic drugs, among the most dangerous of prescription medications
- 14 percent of 12th graders report using one or more of these prescription drugs—narcotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, and/or amphetamines
- 3 percent of 10th graders report using the narcotic pain reliever OxyContin
- 18 percent of high school students report taking a prescription drug without a prescription
- Most teens report getting prescription medications from friends or relatives
- Teens today perceive fewer risks associated with misusing or abusing prescription stimulants than did their peers in 2009
Source: Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Miech, R.A.,Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2015). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2014. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, the University of Michigan.
This resource was created by NCPIE, in partnership with the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and 15 nationally recognized prevention, health professional and child advocacy organizations. A Project Advisory Team of experts guided the workshop’s development and focus.
Abusing Rx Drugs …
- Increases blood pressure or heart rate
- Damages brain and other organs
- Can cause poisoning and overdose
- Creates physical dependence and addiction
- Disrupts breathing
- May cause seizures
- Increases risks associated with mixing multiple drugs and/or combining drugs with alcohol
- Increases risk of death
Maximizing Your Role as a Teen Influencer: What You Can Do to Help Prevent Teen Prescription Drug Abuse is a comprehensive workshop for teen influencers—parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, community and school-based healthcare providers, and others individuals who interact with teens. The workshop is designed to help educate audiences about teen prescription drug abuse.
Workshop components and objectives
Maximizing Your Role as a Teen Influencer: What You Can Do to Help Prevent Teen Prescription Drug Abuse workshop is an interactive program designed for a community setting. Presenters can be any individuals with a connection to the community and don’t need any specialized training. The workshop materials provide everything you’ll need for a one-hour presentation. During the workshop, participants will
- Learn about prescription (Rx) drug abuse by teens
- Learn how their roles as teen influencers can help prevent teen Rx drug abuse
- Learn facts about teen Rx drug abuse to combat common myths
- Be empowered to talk to other teen influencers about Rx abuse
Workshop materials include:
- Fact sheets on common myths about prescription drug abuse by teens
- Handouts describing warning signs and symptoms of prescription drug abuse by teens
- Strategies to use to talk with teens about prescription drug abuse
- Suggestions for promoting your workshop in your community
- Role-playing scenarios to practice workshop skills
Your role as a presenter
You don’t need any special training to organize and present the Maximizing Your Role as a Teen Influencer: What You Can Do to Help Prevent Teen Prescription Drug Abuse workshop. You don’t have to be a healthcare professional or an expert on teen prescription drug abuse.
Your presentation will educate other teen influencers about prescription drug abuse by teens. The workshop also includes resources you can share to enhance their outreach efforts.
Everything you need to conduct the workshop is provided in easy-to-follow instructions in the Presenter’s Guide. You’ll learn step-by-step instructions for how to organize each section of the workshop, as well as how to promote it in your community.
The workshop takes approximately one hour to complete:
- Welcome and Introductions (10 minutes)
- Presentation (25-30 minutes)
- Role Playing Activity (15 minutes)
- Wrap Up and Evaluation (10 minutes)
In the Presenter’s Guide you’ll find
- A Presenter’s checklist with an organized list of tasks to do before, the day of and after your workshop
- Role play scenarios include real-life situations to engage parents, teachers, coaches, healthcare providers and other teen influencers and make the workshop more interactive
- Key messages provide teen influencers with a snapshot of important information about teen prescription drug abuse
A PowerPoint presentation with a script and suggested talking points also is available to help you organize the worshop.
The Presenter’s Guide includes these materials, which are also available below as individual PDFs for participants:
- A Troubling Trend: Why Teens Turn to Prescription Drugs
- Warning Signs and Symptoms of Prescription Drug Abuse
- Myth Busters: 6 Myths about Teens and Prescription Drug Abuse
- You Can Make a Difference (a series of handouts tailored to different teen influencer groups; each includes practical tips and strategies that parents, educators, healthcare providers and others can use to help prevent prescription drug abuse among teens at home, school, on the field, in the clinic or at the local pharmacy)
- Brochures for parents, teens, educators and healthcare providers
For more information on ordering multiple copies of the Teen Influencer brochures pictured to the right, please click on the links below.
- Educators brochure
- Healthcare Providers brochure
- Sample commitment card to give participants the opportunity to commit to do something to help address the problem in some way following the workshop
- Sample promotional materials
- Language for email invitation
- Flyer for posting at various sites in your workplace and community
- Participant Evaluation Form—for attendees to complete at the end of the workshop
- Presenter Evaluation Form—for you to complete after presenting each workshop
Maximizing Your Role as a Teen Influencer Workshop module to educate and equip teen influencers—parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, community and school-based healthcare providers and others—with credible information addressing the growing problem of prescription drug abuse by teens and effective strategies to take action to help prevent it. Produced by NCPIE per Task Order HHSP233200900422P, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), with additional support provided by Purdue Pharma LP and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation.
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Asbestos has been linked to severe health risks, especially in schools where young children spend a significant portion of their time. Addressing this issue is not just a matter of safeguarding health; it is also a legal obligation under the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA). The safety of students, teachers, and staff is paramount in any educational setting. Regular asbestos risk assessments are essential to identify and manage potential hazards, ensuring a safe and healthy learning environment for all.
“AHERA and its regulations require public school districts and non-profit private schools, including charter schools and schools affiliated with religious institutions, to inspect their schools for asbestos-containing building materials, to prepare management plans, and to take action to prevent or reduce asbestos hazards.” – Environmental Protection Agency
The Importance Of Asbestos Risk Assessments
Asbestos, a fibrous material used extensively in construction until the 1970s, can pose serious health risks if inhaled. When asbestos-containing materials deteriorate or are disturbed, tiny fibers can be released into the air, potentially causing serious health problems, including mesothelioma, lung cancer, and other respiratory illnesses.
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) there is no established safe level of exposure to asbestos.
Regulatory Guidelines & Compliance
Compliance with regulations such as AHERA is paramount for schools. AHERA mandates that all schools have an Asbestos Management Plan (AMP) in place, outlining strategies for handling any potential asbestos-related hazards. Additionally, schools with asbestos-containing materials must implement Operations & Maintenance (O&M) plans, detailing measures to prevent the disturbance of asbestos and effectively manage the potential risk to students and staff.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created a self-audit checklist to help you evaluate your current asbestos management plan as well as a model asbestos management plan to give you a good place to start.
Key Components Of Effective Asbestos Management
Inspection & Assessment
- Conduct an initial inspection to determine the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in all school buildings.
- Re-inspect ACMs in each school every three years or as needed, based on the condition of the materials and potential for disturbance.
- Engage trained and licensed asbestos inspectors to perform all inspections and assessments.
Asbestos Management Plan
- Develop and maintain an up-to-date asbestos management plan (AMP) for each school building.
- Keep a copy of the AMP readily accessible at the school for review by parents, teachers, and staff.
- Review and update the AMP annually or as needed to reflect changes in the school’s asbestos-containing materials or regulatory requirements.
Communication & Notification
- Provide annual notification to parent, teacher, and employee organizations about the availability of the school’s AMP and any asbestos-related actions taken or planned.
- Establish a designated contact person to address asbestos-related concerns and ensure the effective implementation of the school’s asbestos management program.
Surveillance & Maintenance
- Implement a periodic surveillance program to monitor the condition of known or suspected ACMs and identify any potential risks.
- Develop and implement procedures for the safe handling, removal, and disposal of ACMs when necessary.
- Ensure that custodial staff receives regular asbestos-awareness training to recognize and avoid potential hazards.
Training & Response
- Train all personnel involved in asbestos-related activities, including custodial staff, maintenance workers, and emergency responders.
- Establish clear protocols for responding to asbestos spills or disruptions of ACMs to minimize exposure and prevent further contamination.
- Ensure that all asbestos-related work is performed by trained and licensed professionals, following industry standards and regulatory guidelines.
Don’t Take Chances, Trust Environmental Professionals
Identifying and assessing asbestos risk in schools requires the expertise of trained environmental hygienists. These professionals possess the knowledge and experience to recognize materials likely to contain asbestos and employ comprehensive testing methods to confirm its presence. Using innovative testing techniques, they can accurately assess the severity of the asbestos risk faced by your particular school.
As your local environmental assessment professionals, we can both test for asbestos and help you develop a thorough, compliant O&M plan to manage your school’s asbestos risks.
Mitigating Asbestos Risk In San Jose Schools
Protecting your school community from the potential health risks of asbestos exposure requires proactive measures. Timely inspections, comprehensive risk assessments, and strict adherence to regulations are essential steps in safeguarding students, teachers, and staff. By partnering with Benchmark Environmental Engineering, you can ensure compliance, maintain safety, and promote peace of mind within your educational institution.
Don’t wait until it’s too late. Contact us today and take the first step towards a safer, healthier school environment.
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Crowdfunding is a form of public funding, funding by t 'the crowd' that is usually used alongside other income. It is then part of the financing mix. Because of the direct communication with investors and backers it is not just about money, it is community building as well. In the art and culture sector crowdfunding is usually about making projects possible by donating money or advance sales. There are also platforms that allow artists to ask for monthly payments.
On this page
What is crowdfunding
You or an intermediary recruit fans who all donate a small amount. Within a few weeks, a sum can be raised that can vary from a few hundred to tens of thousands of euros. In exchange for their donation, the backers receive a reward in kind. When it is a music project you can give tickets to a concert, for a film project you can give a link to watch the film online for example. Backers should always be updated on the project.
Crowdfunding is no substitute for subsidies, but it can be a useful resource in addition to an application for subsidy. You can decide to resort to crowdfunding as the last step in obtaining your budget, because that is when the chance of actually getting the project implemented is highest. That makes it more interesting for the backers to make a donation. But you can also start with crowdfunding and if it is successful, use this information if you want to apply for subsidy.
Crowdfunding also provides information about the extent of the support for the project. You will also be challenged to think hard about your concept and how you present it. How do you pitch your ideas to make people want to give money to them? You can gauge how much enthusiasm there is on the basis of the reactions. Your crowdfunding campaign should be a part of your marketing plan.
How does it work?
As the initiator of your project, you announce it on a crowdfunding platform or set up a website yourself. Platforms all work in more or less the same way but they do not offer the same service and support. Every platform has its own focus: local or global, all or just one art form, projects, individual artists or startups.
You have to spend time on involving backers with your project: friends, relatives and fans. If backers can feel more involved, they spread the information and the fundraising can proceed very quickly. Donors will be involved in different ways: one gives without wanting to know a lot about the project, whereas others ask questions all the time.
Practical aspects for recipient and backer
Anybody can start a crowdfunding campaign, you do not have to have a foundation for example. If you use a platform you pay a percentage of the sum donated for the services of the platform. If your project does not reach its funding goal, backers will not be charged or get their money back.
Crowdfunding platforms such as Voordekunst have the status of Institution Aimed at the Common Good (ANBI). That makes it more attractive for donors to donate. Their donations might be tax deductible. For more information about the conditions for deducting donations from tax, go to the Tax Office website.
More and more funds, local and regional authorities are also distributing subsidies on the basis of co-financing. This is also known as matchfunding or matched crowdfunding. For example; you start with a regular crowdfunding campaign and a fund contributes an X amount to the target amount (provided that the total amount is achieved, of course). Depending on the agreement with the platform, they do this at the start of a campaign or at the end. In both cases, it is a good sign of confidence in the quality and feasibility of the plan.
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The Center for Civic Engagement recognizes that politics in general can spark deep feelings and emotions, and that it is important for students, faculty and staff to have space to process them in a safe and supportive way. These conversations may include opportunities for students to process within their own identity or political groups, as well as through broader dialogue across differences. We also acknowledge that political issues affect us in different ways based on our identities, our feelings about the outcome of an election and our involvement in political issues, and that some people may not want to engage in these conversations immediately following an election.
Regardless of the outcome of an election and individual political views related to this outcome, the collective experience of the election season means that some students will look for spaces to process and move forward together. Election seasons often extend beyond election night, as officials take the time needed to process results of contests at every level. This can lead to heightened anxiety and uncertainty. We also recognize that voting in an election is not the end of our collective political experience, and that students and others will look for opportunities to continue their civic engagement in a variety of ways.
Recognizing that these conversations may be difficult, we recommend that opportunities for dialogue occur in smaller group settings in which students feel a sense of connection and belonging to safely share their experiences and feelings. These spaces may include courses, living communities, campus offices and student organizations. Faculty, staff and students know these communities best and can structure conversations in ways that make sense. This resource is intended to provide general guidelines for facilitating dialogue on difficult issues.
Conversation ground rules:
Before beginning a dialogue, it is helpful to establish ground rules that the group collectively agrees to follow. Some suggestions for ground rules include:
- Be aware of how much space you take up in the conversation and especially how that intersects with your privileged identities; share the air time with others.
- Listen for understanding, not to “win.”
- What is said in the room stays in the room; no recording allowed.
- Do not expect that we will all agree.
- Critique ideas, but avoid personal attacks; dehumanizing others and making personal attacks will not be tolerated.
- Challenge yourself to learn something new and ask questions when something is unclear.
- Look for common ground when possible.
- Create a space for students to speak honestly and openly, but also a space for students to acknowledge when someone’s words are hurtful.
- Take ownership of the impact of your words, regardless of intention.
- Allow space for group members who need to leave the conversation or not participate; don’t make assumptions or judgments based on an individual’s level of outward participation.
- Consider starting the conversation with a common reading, short video or audio clips, images or other content that will provide some common ground for discussion.
- If the conversation is taking place in a class, consider how the topic relates to your course content or the discipline more broadly.
- If the dialogue is taking place virtually, consider taking advantage of digital tools such as anonymous polling, word clouds and use of the chat function. These tools will allow flexibility for students to participate in ways that are comfortable to them.
- Depending on the size and dynamics of your group, it may be helpful to break students into smaller groups where they are more comfortable sharing. However, be mindful of how you will monitor the conversations, especially in virtual settings.
- Take time in advance to reflect on your role as a facilitator and the extent to which you want to share your personal views or try to maintain “neutrality.” If you do choose to share your own views, be aware of your own power in the space and whether students are comfortable disagreeing with or challenging your views. Even if you take a stance on political issues, you should still remain nonpartisan and not tell students which candidates or parties to vote for. If you prefer to stay “neutral” consider whether this will make the conversation feel inauthentic or impact students’ desire to participate.
Sample discussion questions:
- What was your experience as a voter? What motivated you to vote and did you find the process difficult or easy?
- Reflecting on your own identities, privileges and biases, what life experiences have shaped your attitudes toward politics and civic participation?
- Why don’t some people participate in elections? What barriers might they face?
- If you are pleased with the election results, can you imagine why others are not?
- If you are disappointed in the election results, can you imagine why others are not?
- What voices or perspectives are missing from the room?
- Reflecting on the issues that matter most to you, what are some ways you can take action outside of voting in the presidential election?
- What are strategies to stay engaged beyond the election?
- If you were disappointed in your candidate choices, how can we create a system that better represents the views of the people?
- Where do you get your news and information? How do you think this impacts your views? How can we identify mis and disinformation?
- How can we care for ourselves and avoid fatigue or burnout?
- What would our best democracy look like? What should we do to realize this goal?
- How does voting and politics affect the issues discussed in this course?
- University Counseling Center
- Center for Civic Engagement
- Division of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
- Multicultural Resource Center
- University Ombudsman
- Center for Learning and Teaching
- Employee Assistance Program
- Campus Elections Engagement Project
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It’s the Second World War as you’ve never seen it before – discover the hidden stories of incredible human spirit during the world’s darkest hour.
Everyone knows what Adolf Hitler, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill were doing during World War II, but what about ordinary people? In this beautifully illustrated book, war historian Hattie Hearn reveals some of the most incredible true tales from the war, including:
– The Canadian cabin boy who avoided German U-boats crossing the Atlantic
– The Navajo soldiers who developed a secret code to outfox their enemies
– The African-American jazz singer who worked as a spy for the French Resistance
Beautifully illustrated by Margarida Esteves and featuring stories from all over the world, Tales of World War II also contains jaw-dropping tales including the dog used to find survivors in the London Blitz, the champion cyclist who carried secret messages to help Jews escape the Nazis, and the bear who was recruited by the Polish army!
Interspersed throughout the stories are pages explaining the key events of the war – from Pearl Harbor and Dunkirk to D-Day and the Holocaust.
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| 0.950042 | 236 | 3.046875 | 3 |
If all of the wheel speed sensors are generating a speed signal, and they all agree, the wheel speed sensor (WSS) is not an issue, but something else might be, possibly an intermittent wiring fault in one of the WSS circuits.
If one of the WSS PIDs reads zero mph, and the other three are reading vehicle speed, the fault is a bad sensor or a fault in the sensor wiring circuit. Keep reading for information on how to check the sensor itself.
If all four WSS are indicating a speed reading, but one is reading a couple of mph faster than the others, stop the vehicle and check the tire size on the wheel that is reading faster than the others. Chances are somebody mounted a tire that has a smaller diameter than the others. If the front WSS sensors are both showing a different speed than the rear WSS sensors, this too may be the result of someone having replaced the OEM tires with different sizes in the front and rear.
The WSS on most vehicles are magnetic and generate an alternating current (AC) signal that increases in frequency and amplitude with wheel speed. These are sometimes called “variable reluctance” (VR) or “passive” WSS because they generate their own voltage signal when the vehicle is in motion. They have two wires: signal and ground.
Inside a passive WSS is a permanent magnet core surrounded by copper wire windings. When the teeth on the tone ring rotate past the sensor tip, the magnetic field changes and induces a current in the sensor windings. The result is a classic sine wave current pattern that changes with wheel speed.
The strength of the signal can be affected by resistance inside the sensor, resistance in the external wiring and connectors, metallic debris from worn brake rotors, drums or semi-metallic brake linings sticking to the end of the sensor, and the air gap between the sensor and tone ring, which is mounted on the axle, CV joint, brake rotor, brake drum or inside the hub.
With magnetic WSS, you can check the integrity of the sensor by connecting an ohmmeter across its terminals. The resistance specs will vary depending on the application, but most sensors should read 450 to 2200 ohms. Always look up the exact specifications because they can vary a great deal from one vehicle application to another. If a sensor reads open, shorted or is out of specifications, it can’t generate an accurate signal and must be replaced.
If a sensor’s output is low, and the sensor is removable, pull it out and clean the tip. Also, check the air gap when the sensor is installed (refer to the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications and adjustment procedure).
A scope will show the voltage and frequency of the signal, as well as any missing or distorted humps in the sine wave pattern. If one or more humps in the wave pattern are significantly shorter than the others, it indicates one or more damaged teeth on the sensor tone ring.
The amplitude of the signal is affected by the air gap between each tooth and the sensor, so if a tooth is chipped, it won’t generate as strong of a pulse as the other teeth. The fix would be to replace the damaged tone ring or the hub if the sensor and tone ring are integral parts of the hub assembly.
Active Wheel Speed Sensors
Active WSSs generate a square wave on-off digital signal that changes frequency with wheel speed. This type of sensor detects the change in magnetic polarity (flux) as the teeth on the tone ring or small magnets pass under it. Small magnets may be built into the wheel bearings or bearing seal for the WSS sensor to read.
Active sensors often have three wires: a voltage reference input (5 to 12 volts), a signal output and ground. But some active sensors have only two wires (reference voltage and signal return).
How can you tell a 2-wire active sensor from a 2-wire passive sensor? Turn the ignition on and backprobe both wires with a voltmeter. If you see a voltage reading (5v to 12v), you have an active WSS. If you see no voltage (0v), you have a passive WSS.
Active WSS also have an integrated circuit within the sensor itself that converts and amplifies the signal before it goes back to the control module. This allows the sensor to read wheel speeds all the way down to zero mph, which improves ABS control at low speeds as the vehicle comes to a halt.
When the key is on, an active WSS has two states: low and high. In the low state, it generates a fixed 0.9v return signal of about 7 milliamps. In the high state, it generates a signal of 1.65v and 14 milliamps. The rate at which it toggles back and forth between its high and low states corresponds to the speed of the wheel.
This type of sensor must be connected to its wiring harness to test it, and the ignition key must be on so the control module can provide reference voltage to the sensor.
If you forget and leave the key off, you won’t get any output from an active WSS.
You have to look at a sensor’s output signal when the wheel is turning and the ignition is on. This can be done with a scan tool (look for a mph reading while spinning the tire or during a test drive), with a voltmeter (turn the wheel very slowly and look for a change in the voltage output from high to low), with a NOID light (the LEDs on the NOID light will flash when it detects a signal pulse) or a DSO. The waveform on the scope should show a square wave pattern that changes from low (0.9v) to high (1.65v) as the wheel turns. The difference in height of the waveform should be 0.75v (1.65v minus 0.9v).
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Journal of Cardiomyopathy Case Reports publishes images in Cardiomyopathy journal, imaging in Cardiomyopathy journal, case reports in Cardiomyopathy journal, surgery in Cardiomyopathy journal etc. Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle which makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. Cardiomyopathy can result in a heart attack. The main forms of cardiomyopathy are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. The early stages of cardiomyopathy can not show any signs or symptoms. But as the condition progresses, signs and symptoms usually appear, including: breathlessness with exertion or even at rest Swelling of legs, ankles and feet Blowing of abdomen due to fluid buildup. Often the cause of the cardiomyopathy is unknown. Nevertheless, in certain individuals this is the consequence of another illness (acquired) or passed on from a parent (inherited). There are several different forms of cardiomyopathy caused by multiple causes, ranging from coronary heart disease to certain drugs. Any of these may cause irregular heartbeat, heart failure, malfunction in the heart valve, or other complications.
Authors are requested to submit their manuscript by using Online Manuscript Submission Portal: https://www.cardiologycasereportsjournal.org/submit.html
(or) also invited to submit through the Journal E-mail Id: [email protected]
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Our Christmas Rituals
Christmas is a central event in the religious and secular calendars of the West. For people of Christian faith, Christmas marks the point where the Divine plan for creation became manifest. The birth of Jesus is the point where the Divine being commits to humanity in an irrevocable manner – God joins with humanity forever altering our fundamental understanding of what it means to be God and what it means to be human.
This celebration of the Incarnation is one of the poles of the Christian year around which all other Christian beliefs centre (the other being the Easter Triduum). In the Incarnation we see a point where the human and the divine intersect in dramatic fashion. For all people the birth of a child is a great wonder and usually a great joy. It is a peak occasion in the unfolding of the human story – writ small in the case of individuals and families, writ large in the story of nations and peoples. It is not surprising then that the occasion is one filled with ritual. As well as the gathering of families and the exchange of gifts, the rituals of Christmas are also a vital part of educating children in deeper truths.
The significance of the Christmas celebration has not been lost in history or simply confined to church – it was a frequent day for the crowning of monarchs, in particular the Holy Roman Emperors and William the Conqueror in England. As with any significant event, ritual provides the structure and language to illustrate how human beings engage with the world. Ritual observances like Advent/Christmas and Lent/Easter are good to note within families to assist children with the idea that points in the year require preparation; that anticipation of the event helps us to understand the event itself.
The rituals we now associate with Advent and Christmas – Advent Calendars, the Christmas crib scenes, Christmas trees and gift giving have some biblical and historical basis. There real import is that they are part of the Christian tradition’s way of enculturating the central mystery of the Incarnation. Through the traditional rituals – made new in new contexts – we are linked to our own story, the story to which Jesus linked himself. To illustrate the importance of this faith event, St Francis brought the Christmas Crib scene to life; St Nicholas handed out gifts; and, from northern Europe, we gained a tradition of greenery to indicate new life and opportunity. Each of these are ways of communicating to each other that life is precious; that people have an inherent dignity; that each of us is worthy of love.
Through rituals children learn that human life is to be celebrated but that there are also periods of highs and lows – there is the ordinary and mundane that are necessary to give significance to the extraordinary and special. Not every day can be Christmas, but the preparations for Christmas and the rituals that we as a family and a faith have developed to celebrate it are vital for understanding its true import – that God has joined with us and that the human story is now the divine story. That every day is important because ‘God-is-with-Us’. As a result every day is special, not only those peaks times when we seek to actively remember their importance. Christmas, for people of faith, is not a single event – it is a way of thinking about the world and other people.
This Christmas it might be well worthwhile encouraging a return to a more traditional set of rituals – not to mire ourselves in the past but to remind ourselves and our children that our God of love so values and esteems humanity that God joined with us. For this reason we have obligations to look on each other as special, as beings with dignity and worthy of celebration. These are good things for our children to be gifted at Christmas.
First published in My Family My Faith Magazine
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Aggregates are composed of geological materials such as stone, sand, and gravel and are used in virtually all forms of construction. They can be used in their natural state or can be crushed into smaller pieces.
The aggregates used for building are called “construction aggregates”. Aggregates are also used in agriculture, manufacturing, and other industries.
An indispensable ingredient
Aggregates are an indispensable ingredient in ready-mix concrete, asphalt, and mortar. Accounting for approximately 60% to 75% of ready-mix concrete’s volume, aggregates strongly influence concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties.
Aggregates not only increase concrete’s strength, but also can make the mix more compact, enabling applications such as weatherproofing and heat retention.
They can further contribute to concrete’s aesthetic qualities. For example, sand gives surface treatments their brightness.
A variety of applications
Our customers use our aggregates for a wide array of applications:
- As a key component in the construction and maintenance of highways, walkways, parking lots, airport runways, and railways
- For drainage, water filtration, purification, and erosion control
- As fill material
- For sand traps on golf courses, beaches, playing field surfaces, horse racing tracks, and related applications
- To build bridges, homes, and schools
Aggregates are obtained from natural sand or sand-and-gravel pits, hard-rock quarries, dredging submerged deposits, or mining underground sediments. For more information about how aggregates are extracted, view our animated process »
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| 0.917068 | 334 | 3.109375 | 3 |
As they say in the real world, age doesn’t matter. However, in the cheese world, it truly does matter. Aging, otherwise called ripening is one of the most important parts when producing cheese. When we set cheeses to mature in controlled environments, they begin to develop their unique textures, appearances, aromas, and flavors. For example, when Swiss cheese ages, holes begin to form and it firms up.
The scientific processes of when cheese ages are as followed: the enzymes and microbes develop inside the cheese and breaks down milk fat and proteins into a complex mix of amino and fatty acids. In simpler terms, aging basically transforms the texture of the cheese and intensifies the flavor.
For most cheeses, the aging period usually requires two weeks to two years in order to develop their unique attributes. When cheese ages it generally gets a lot more firm and distinctive in flavor and aroma. When aged for 24+ months, Parmigiano Reggiano becomes a lot more complex, developing a fruity taste alongside a gritty, firm texture. Not every cheese is aged though, mild cheese like cream cheese, cottage cheese and ricotta aren’t aged at all and are consumed when fresh.
Temperature is very important when it comes to aging. Cheese is stored in cellar or cave type environments which have a closely monitored temperature and humidity. Not all environments are the same though, it all depends on what type of cheese is being made. When it comes to aging, soft cheeses, cooler temperatures are used and the process takes a lot longer because you must age soft cheeses slower to avoid bacteria, in a result of high moisture. If you want to age firm cheeses, high temperatures are used to get rid of excess moisture.
For general aging, the temperatures of the environments that aging takes place in a range between 10 degrees C to 15 degrees C. High moisture conditions are pretty normal, along with at least 80% humidity upwards.
Like many things, there are different ways to age cheese. Lots of different techniques are used to make many of the amazing cheeses we love. There are two main techniques which are called surface ripening and interior ripening.
For surface ripening, the aging begins on the outside of the cheese and progresses towards the inside. To encourage the growth of rind, microorganisms are rubbed onto the outer surface of the cheese. Brie, Munster, Morbier are an example of surface ripened cheeses which are also washed in a saltwater brine during the process. Sometimes, the brine is seasoned with wine and spices which carry flavor into the cheese and nurtures bacterial growth.
When it comes to interior-ripened cheeses, it is opposite to surface ripening and begins from the inside of the cheese and moves outward. The cheese is coated with wax to prevent further oxygen action on the surface, once it is done aging. Examples of an interior- ripened cheeses are Cheddar and Swiss.
For interior-ripened blue cheeses such as Gorgonzola, Stilton, and Roquefort, they contain additional bacteria and molds introduced to them during an aging period. Sometimes, the Penicillium molds are injected into the curd whereas other times, the microbes are already present in the air and grow within the aging cheese. For these molds, they grow into small fissures within the cheese, creating the famous blue-green veins and sharp flavor throughout the cheese.
Although importing cheeses is not exactly the greatest thing for the environment, it is great having so many amazing choices. Importing and exporting opens up new worlds, new realities for all of us cheese lovers. Even then, with so much choice, we can sometimes stick to the safe options and what we know; with this, we should definitely experiment and broaden our horizons.
Here are some of the best imported cheese with great variety at the same time:
Although other countries produce their own version of this cheese, Italy’s version is definitely one of a kind, identified by its stamp. This semi-soft cow’s milk cheese has a rind that forms naturally because of the aging process, the interior color is yellow or orange-brown. The texture is different depending on the age. When it is younger, the cheese is a lot more flexible and melts well, so it is ideal for fondues or casserole dishes. When the cheese is matured, it is firmer and grates well.
This is a semi-hard cheese which is made from either cow’s or more interestingly- ewes milk. The process which is used when producing this cheese involves spinning the crafted cheese strings into pear shapes that are then cured in brine or salt for a couple days. The string is then tied around the neck to create a separate ball above the main boy of cheese. It is then aged by being hung over poles.
This blue cheese is made from goat’s and cow’s milk. It comes from the Picos de Europa mountain range, being mature in limestone caves, traditionally, for at least 2 months. The flavor is tangy and earns its place on a cheeseboard or fits perfect in recipes which need blue cheese.
The Drunken Goat
I know what you’re thinking, what a strange name! However, despite all the things a drunken goat could mean, this is a goat’s milk cheese from the Spanish Mediterranean coast. This cheese has a purple rind and gets the ‘drunken’ from the fact that it is cured in red wine. See, it wasn’t what you thought and is delicious in every way!
From the village of Avesnes near the Belgian border, this iconic cheese is shaped into conical parcels. It is a case of the notion that if you don’t mind a very stinky cheese with a strong, spicy taste, then you will enjoy it! It is produced from the damaged whey of curds that is then mashed with spices and herbs. It is then washed every week in beer and matured for around 4 months.
Like many kinds of cheese, Banon is named after the village of origin. It was first produced in 1270 and is made from cow’s milk with a strong woody flavor to it. The texture is soft with earthy aromas. When being produced, the cheese is molded by hand before the maturing process begins. After the maturing stage, the cheese is then wrapped in dried chestnut leaves to continue maturing for a further 2 weeks.
If this delicious list isn’t enough for you to try, here are a few more options!
– Delft Blue- Holland
– Trappistenkase- Germany
– Tete de Moine- Switzerland
– Bergkase- Austria
Belgium is not only famous for its rich chocolate but its fabulous cheese as well. Although Belgium is a small country, it makes over 300 different varieties of cheese, almost the same amount as France! The reason Belgium cheeses aren’t as well known as other European countries is that they produce very small amounts of the cheese and very rarely export them out of the country.
You could say that the cheese in Belgium are exclusive and if you are lucky enough to be able to visit Belgium or your local cheese store has a few samples, here is a list of the best cheeses Belgium has to offer:
The name of this cheese comes directly from the town in which it is made. Herve is one of the most popular cheeses of Belgium, is made from cow’s milk cheese, it comes in the shape of a brick with a reddish brown coating which is formed by bacteria during the aging period. Quite often, Herve is described as similar to Limburger as it has a pale yellow, soft interior and a strong smell to it. The cheese is quite sweet when it is young but as it ages, the flavor deepens, becoming quite spicy. A good pairing would be beers and dark bread.
The style of this cheese is quite traditional despite it being newer to the Belgium cheese market. This creamy cheese was made by an innkeeper in from Beauvoorde Village, in the 1990s. It is a semi-hard cheese made from cow’s milk with a hexagonal shape and a natural gray rind around it. The flavors are mild with a spicy aroma. It will make good for a cheese plate or a simple sandwich cheese.
Even though Limburger is readily made and available in the United States, this stinky, legendary cheese actually comes from Belgium originally. This pungent cheese is made from cow’s milk and has a soft, yellow interior. Despite having notes of sweetness, Limburger is quite meaty and spicy. On the outside, the texture is smooth and sticky, ranging in color from reddish-brown to yellow, it also has corrugated ridges. Although Limburger is an acquired taste, it is definitely a must try as the full flavor might definitely win you over.
This soft cow’s milk cheese is also known as Fromage de Bruxelles. The creation of this cheese is somewhat unique, with it being repeatedly washed and dried during the maturation period of 3 months. In result of this, it has a very smooth texture with a sharp flavor. The shape is often round because of the tubs the cheese is placed in. It can be a great snacking cheese or good for spreading on bread.
There is no better way to honor a famous artist than to name a delicious cheese after them. That artist is the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, the most popular painter in 17th century Europe. The cheese is made into small rounds with a reddish brown rind encasing it.
The name of this cheese comes from the village of Passchendaele. It is a semi-soft cow’s milk cheese which resembles a load of bread with a hard, edible brown rind. One of Belgium’s best-known cheeses, the texture is smooth and fresh with dotted holes in the interior with a mild flavor.
This soft cow’s milk cheese is traditionally made by monks, originating from the Maredsous Abbey in Belgium. Being served as a table cheese frequently, the loaf shaped cheese has a bright orange color which is washed with brine and lightly pressed.
Prince-Jean is a fresh cow’s milk cheese which is made in modern creameries. This rich, triple cream cheese is divine in all its velvety pleasure. The aroma is pungent with a white mold surface. Another version of the cheese is also made with peppercorns, it is much softer.
At Shisler’s Cheese House, giving back to the community has always been important to us. We always remember that we came from humble beginnings ourselves. But we are always cautious about who we donate our time and money to. We have seen high profile national “charities” that direct more of their donation revenues to “administrative costs” like salaries and travel, than to actual operations and aid. We began looking at CAMO because it was founded by a member of our local community who also happens to be a customer. It passed our initial scrutiny when we saw how efficiently the U.S. operations were run and the volunteer labor was utilized. But NOTHING demonstrated how much CAMO improves the lives of a disadvantaged people like witnessing its operations in Honduras. Following are brief descriptions of CAMO’s ongoing operations in Honduras:
Anyone familiar with CAMO most likely knows the story of founder Kathryn Tschiegg having lost 31 infants in one month as a result of not having the supplies, equipment and educated staff to save them. As a Peace Corps volunteer nurse in 1979-1980, she found the conditions of the Hospital de Occidente, the largest public hospital in western Honduras, to be unconscionable. So she left a successful career as an RN to do something about it. The easiest and most frequently taken approach in this situation is to “fix” what WE perceive is broken. But that often yields temporary and semi-successful results. So she, and the many team members who have joined her over the years have taken a more holistic approach.
The hospital, of course, is in much better condition, and has much better access to needed supplies and equipment. But even more impressive is how the overall health in the region has improved due to much better access to preventive services. CAMO, with the help of several local businesses, rebuilt the medical center in Santa Rosa de Copan, which was previously a dimly lit, poorly staffed, dilapidated old building. Residents of the Santa Rosa and the surrounding area now have access to much-needed vaccines, routine exams, pre-natal care, cancer screening, X-Rays, dermatology, many surgical procedures, and even often neglected areas like Ophthalmology and Dentistry. People with disabilities also now have access to assistive devices like hearing aids, prosthetic limbs, and wheelchairs. Besides what’s available in Santa Rosa, CAMO also helps to equip and supply many facilities in the surrounding area, as well as send staff and volunteers out into other communities. All of this has helped to greatly improve the lives of the people of Western Honduras. But CAMO didn’t stop there…..
Battered Women’s Shelter
Another cause we are passionate about here at Shisler’s is preventing spousal abuse, and helping the victims (as was a family member of ours), get back on their feet. Domestic abuse is a HUGE problem in Honduras, that often goes unchallenged, and many of the victims end up being murdered. Yet, victims of domestic abuse often find they have nowhere to turn in places like Honduras, as few safe places exist to seek shelter from an abusive spouse, and economic support is even harder to come by. CAMO built the first domestic violence shelter in Western Honduras in 2010 with 24/7 protective services, therapy, medical services, and job skills training to enable the victims to support themselves and their children.
This daycare center is an ideal example of CAMO’s holistic approach to permanently resolving problems rather than just treating the symptoms. Honduras does not have government sponsored programs like Head-start. Most impoverished families, and especially single mothers, cannot afford to have anyone care for their children while they try to support their families. Young children are often left alone or brought to work with the parent when that is practical. CAMO helps to sponsor a daycare for children ages 2-6. They recently sponsored some repairs to a leaky roof in the toddler section, and replaced the old and crumbling ceiling. CAMO also provides a certified kindergarten teacher for children old enough to attend.
Preventing “Idle Hands”
“Idle hands are the devil’s workshop”. – Proverb
Approximately 60% of the population of Honduras is under the age of 25. With proper training and opportunity, these young people can develop into a great workforce that can provide long-term growth for the economy. OR, they can be left to their own ends, and most likely become criminals. We believe that the next few projects are the best examples to demonstrate CAMO’s vision for sustained development in Western Honduras.
CAMO assisted in building a cultural center from an abandoned water cistern in 2007. Unfortunately, we were unable to tour the cultural center due to scheduling conflicts. But it’s a place for children and adolescents to explore programs like playing musical instruments, radio broadcast, and other artistic pursuits.
This beautiful sports complex was built to give children and adolescents a place to go for healthy entertainment, and to maintain physical fitness. In addition to spaces for organized athletics like volleyball, soccer, and basketball, this sports complex offers a cardio and weight gym outfitted mostly with donated equipment. According to José Bautista, Executive Director of CAMO Honduras, the gym has also served to improve the health of the women of Santa Rosa de Copan, who did not have the habit of physical fitness prior to the gym opening.
The trade school, in our opinion, is the “icing on the cake” when it comes to CAMO’s long-term vision for improving the lives of the people of western Honduras. Again, 60% of the population of Honduras is under the age of 25. Teaching young adults valuable trades is probably the most certain way to reduce the crime rate and improve the overall economy in the region. Here, the young adults are able to learn skills, like carpentry, electricity, welding, masonry, culinary arts, textile production, computer skills, and several others. There is even a short program to train Coffee Baristas, which seems appropriate in an area with such high coffee production.
Overall, we were EXTREMELY impressed with all that CAMO has accomplished. We would like to sincerely thank José Bautista, Anabel Gonzales, Heidi Hernandez, and the rest of the team at CAMO Honduras who took the time to give us a tour of all of CAMO’s projects in Santa Rosa de Copàn. Again, at Shisler’s Cheese House, charitable giving is an important part of our business model. But we carefully scrutinize who we donate our time and money to; as we want to make sure it is used properly and makes an impact. CAMO has passed all of our scrutiny with flying colors, and has gone beyond our expectations when it comes to using its resources efficiently, and taking a holistic approach to improving the lives of the community it helps. We will continue to be proud donors and volunteers for CAMO, and highly recommend them to anyone who is looking for a cause to support. For more information, visit www.camo.org .
Definitely not what you expected, right? You’re most likely thinking that only wine or beer are good to pair with cheese, but that is not true. Although there isn’t a big history of cheese and tequila being paired together, delicious notes of your favorite tequilas, from caramel sweet to floral, actually do make a perfect pairing to some of your favorite cheese.
Casa Noble Single Barrel Extra Anejo- Stichelton
For 7 generations French White Oak barrels have been used to create and age tequila and there is no difference here with this tequila. The most evident notes are chocolate, hazelnut, and vanilla. Those mouthwatering flavors make it a wonderful match for a rich cheese like Stichelton which is strong with smooth cocoa notes.
Casa Noble Reposado- Bianco Sardo
Reposado is a full bodied, smooth tequila after being aged in a French White Oak barrel for a whole year. The impact of the oak results in a smokey flavor with hints of wildflowers and vanilla. Bianco Sardo is a much tangier, sweeter version of Parmigiano Reggiano and is an ideal match to Reposado, with sweet aroma and vanilla tastes, it will enjoy the oakiness of the tequila.
Casa Noble Crystal- Camembert
If you love a crisp, clean array of agave flavors, Crystal is the perfect Blanco tequila. Within, there are buttery notes of honey, lime, and citrus. This tequila is well balanced and matches Camembert’s toasty, lactic notes. The cheese even balances out the sweet honey notes and pairs well with the citrus kick of the tequila.
Casa Noble Anejo- Annelies
This tequila is aged in the French White Oak barrels for over two years and a result of this is the Anejo develops a complex mixture of piquant spices and dried fruits. The flavors of this tequila such as the oakiness, vanilla, and butterscotch are what leaves a lasting taste in your mouth, which makes it ideal to go with the tasty Annelies cheese. The cheese boasts a mix of butterscotch and toastiness, with a unique cocoa flavor that stands out against the complex tequila.
Now you see all these wonderful combinations, it will be great to try them, especially in this hot summer heat! There’s nothing like a nice glass of tequila with a mouthwatering slice of cheese, that is for sure! As always, experimentation is key!
Everyone loves hot, gooey, cheesy heaven- be it America’s favorite grilled cheese, the melty delight which is fondue or even just that sprinkle of cheese you melt over your favorite casserole. Along the way, you may have tried different cheeses and enjoyed their different textures and delicious flavors, but you also may have noticed that some of those delightful cheeses don’t turn smooth and melty like others. Now just because they don’t melt very well, doesn’t mean we love them any less, they are just better for other uses. You might have wondered why your cheese doesn’t melt very well and what to look for in cheese to know whether it melts or not so here is some information to help you along the way.
The most important thing you need to know when it comes to melting cheese is that melting is all to do with the fat. The ratio between the water and the fat in the cheese is really what determines how well the cheese is going to melt. So with that, a cheese which is higher in moisture is usually a lot better to melt than a drier one. The reason for this is because of the structure of the protein. The protein keeps the fat and water separated and it is looser in high moisture cheeses as opposed to dry ones which are a lot more rigid.
So, with this knowledge, when heat is applied to most cheeses, the fat globules go from solid to liquid which is when the cheese starts becoming that yummy, gooey consistency. When it comes to the protein, the structure loosens under the heat and again, the consistency becomes very loose and thick. It really depends on the cheese how the liquid goes, it could be very sticky or be very liquidy and drip like fondue.
This is also why age is important when it comes to cheese. For fresh cheese, they don’t have a maturity level which makes their proteins very tightly wound up. When they age a little, the proteins begin to loosen up, creating a more open matrix. This matrix is flexible which helps with melting the cheese to smooth consistency without the matrix breaking. However, problems do arise when the cheese ages too much, it makes the proteins tighten up into clumps, which is why crispy cheese happens.
So, the best melters are a combination of moisture and age. Examples of cheeses with the desired qualities are Gruyere, Emmentaler, and Comte, these cheeses have flexible proteins and are aged well. The fact that they have high moisture helps the proteins separate without breaking them entirely, meaning they become the stringy, oozing melted cheese we love so dearly. I bet it makes your mouth water just thinking about it.
When it comes to forming your cheese plate, it is always advised to have a lot of variety. In terms of variety, it can mean many things- different flavors, textures and different milk types. In many circumstances, opposites attract, especially in cheese. Opposite flavors often complement each other. The best way to form your plate is just to experiment with different cheeses, you cannot go wrong.
You may be struggling to find inspiration for what cheeses to try for your plate so here is a dictionary list of some delicious cheeses to guide you along your way and ignite your senses like never before.
This cheese is made from raw cow’s milk and is originally produced in the Bavarian Alps. The flavor is nutty and savory with a hint of beef broth. This is definitely not and ordinary cheese and has a texture which is quite gritty.
This goat’s milk cheese has a creamy texture. It comes from Vermont Creamery and has a strong tangy flavor. Bijou is often sold in pairs and is packed in certain packaging to ensure it keeps on aging even after leaving the creamery.
Clothbound Cheddar is a crumbly cheese which dates back many years is definitely becoming more popular.With a sharp citrus flavor, there is no doubt that this cheese is a delicious winner.
Rich in flavor, Dorset is a raw cow’s milk cheese which once produced, is washed in brine and aged until it is semi-firm.
This cheese is extremely popular, being produced originally in Burgundy, France. This stinky delight is so creamy because it is washed in brandy. The meaty, salty flavors are really what makes this cheese unique.
Fontina Val d’Aosta
This creamy, buttery delight made from cow’s milk dates back to the middle ages and comes from the Italy Aosta Valley. Similar to many other Alpine kinds of cheese, it smells quite like grass even though its flavor is quite briny.
If you’re a fan of breakfast foods like bacon and eggs, this is definitely the cheese for you. Grayson is a raw cow’s milk cheese which has meaty flavors and is made from a yellow paste similar to egg yolk. This cheese comes from Meadow Creek Dairy in Virginia.
You won’t need a cheese knife for this one, more like a spoon. Wrapped in bark for a unique touch, this sweet cheese boasts delicious citrus and savory flavors. As for the texture, soft and creamy enough to spread, you won’t be disappointed.
This cheese has an interesting background. A shepherd produced this cheese in a cabin in Spain a century ago. Made from sheep’s milk, the production method is like no other. Cheese wheels in the rafters would drink up smoke creating a rustic smokiness that will make your mouth water.
From New York’s Meadowood Farms, Juvindale is a smooth paste which is washed in local Riesling. Its flavors are very crème Fraiche like with tangy notes cutting through the meaty, fruity flavors. Juvindale is a fairly new cheese but tasty nonetheless.
If you are looking for a rich, buttery cheese, Kunik is definitely the way to go. Made from goat’s and cow’s milk cream, enjoy this creamy cheese with salty notes.
Originating from Spain, this gamy goat’s milk cheese has a dense texture to it. It is quite close and compact towards the center and a lot creamier towards the rind with flavors of pepper running through it.
Another iconic Spanish cheese is Manchego. It is made from sheep’s milk and is a hard, aged cheese with flavors of toasted almond and roast mutton which will definitely keep you coming back for more!
Nuvola Di Pecora
The name of this cheese actually translates to “Sheep Cloud”, which will come no surprise to find that it is made from Sheep’s milk. It is an earthy, rich cheese with a spectacular neon-yellow color with gray mold. Not only is it deliciously rich, it is a rare style overall of cheese which is available in the U.S.
Firm and buttery like a biscuit, this raw sheep’s milk cheese are from the Pyrenees of Southern France. The flavor is caramelized and nutty with subtle notes of tropical fruit and mint within the sweetness.
When it comes to cheese, why settle for anything less than a high quality, delicious, raw cow’s milk Parmigiano? The best way to make sure of quality is a reliable producer. For many generations, the Cravero family has crafted expert, high-quality wheels of grassy, nutty, mouth-watering cheese.
Quadrello Di Bufala
Leave behind your regular mozzarella and open up to the world of possibilities that comes along with Quadrello Di Bufala. Made from rich water buffalo milk, this cheese is brine-washed and tastes sweet and minerally.
One of the magnificent blue cheeses, Roquefort is rich with sheep’s milk, being produced in France it lays a silken foundation for pockets of mold full of spicy, fruity flavors.
From the Loire Valley, this goat’s milk cheese has ashed rind and a dense paste which is ripe with hazelnut and almond flavors. With intense mineral flavors, it may remind you of pennies or rocks you may have ‘accidentally’ tasted as a child.
This is one of the finest truffle cheeses you can find. Made in Cypress Grove Chevre, the Italian black truffles are folded into a fluffy goat’s milk paste of Truffle Tremor. It is very mushroom like with earthy and tangy notes.
Up In Smoke
From Oregon’s River’s Edge Chevre lies the very foundation of a fresh goat’s cheese which is smoked and spritzed in Bourbon, maple leaves and then smoked completely. The result of this comes to a chevre whose intense smokiness is accompanied by tangy, lemony notes.
With a unique pyramid shape which has seemingly lost its top comes an ashed goat’s milk cheese which is from the Loire Valley. It is very moist with and earthy freshness to it. It’s similar to the smell of your hands when you’ve been gardening all day.
Wilde Weide Gouda
Coming from a Dutch farmhouse, this flaky Gouda certainly exceeds expectations with its buttery and nutty, whiskey caramel flavors. The name of this cheese itself translates to “wild meadow” which makes sense because of the cows that graze all day in the meadows to provide the organic milk for this particular cheese.
X Murray’s Project X
With a collaboration between Vermont’s Spring Brook Farm and Manhattan mega-monger, Murray’s Cheese is quite a firm raw cow’s milk tomme which is crusted in fennel pollen and washed in Riesling.
Yarg is a crumbly cheese made from cow’s milk. It is wrapped in nettle leaves from Lynher Dairies in West Cornwall, England. Lacy mold then develops on the leaves while the cheese ages, which in turn gives a mushroomy quality along with the citrusy notes of this firm cheese.
Zimbro is a signature cheese of Portugal. It is quite like pudding and is made from sheep’s milk. The cheese is quite sour and can most definitely be eaten with a spoon. Along with its unique name, it is also quite rustic and elegant. The aroma is very herbal and the flavors resemble Amaro. It is best to eat this cheese as a group as it is only sold as a whole.
What is more delicious than truffles? Goat’s cheese truffles! Although it is a unique idea, cheese truffles are a match made in heaven! The possibilities with cheese are endless because of all the unique varieties and flavors available on today’s market, it’s best to keep trying out new things and say yes to Goat’s cheese truffles!
A lot of the time, especially when it comes to putting food together, opposites attract. Originally, when you took that first bite of a cheese truffle, it was like an explosion in your mouth. The acid of the goat’s cheese almosts fought with the truffle. This wasn’t the best outcome, so cheese pioneers kept experimenting. That is the fun thing about cheese, you can keep trying out new things until you perfect it.
Cheese makers found that inoculating the truffles and putting them in an aging room to ripen was the best step forward… and they were right. As the cheese truffles aged, the creamy texture of the ripened cheese combined with the earthy flavors of the truffles proved to be a perfect pairing.
These truffles are so good that they have actually won world cheese awards from the American Cheese Society.
The best thing about cheese truffles is the texture really goes well with the flavor which really wins someone over despite the expensive costs of production. When it comes to great, unique food, people can usually overlook the price (within reason!)
These tremendous truffles will definitely be a statement piece at dinner parties and on cheese boards. They will be the deliciously you’ve been missing!
Here is a delicious recipe to create your truffles:
What You Need:
9 oz fresh goat cheese
6 Tbsp finely chopped fresh chives
6 Tbsp finely chopped pistachios
1-1/2 tbsp finely crushed pink peppercorns mixed with 1-1/2 tbsp finely chopped parsley
What To Do:
1. To portion goat cheese, divided goat cheese into 2 pieces and, with damp hands, roll into 2 logs. Cut each log into 18 pieces and shape goat cheese into balls.
2. Arrange chives, pistachios and pink peppercorn/parsley mixture each into 3 small bowls. Roll goat cheese “truffles” into the choice of coatings and place on a baking tray or plate. Chill until ready to serve.
Silky, firm, soft and crumbly- just a few of the delicious textures available in our favorite, mouth-watering cheeses. It may not seem it, but the texture is detrimental to the way cheese is classified and marketed to be sold.
The texture of cheese really all depends on how they were made. They could be creamy, grainy or plain hard. Generally, the texture is dependent on the age of the cheese and how much moisture it contains. The more moisture content, the softer the cheese is, while harder variations may be a lot older and subjected to heat to make them drier. To get a better idea, let’s explore the various cheese textures and how they are created and classified.
Ripened Or Fresh?
Although there are many variations, cheese can be generally broken down into two broad types: ripened and fresh. With ripened cheeses, curds are drained by many different ways such as soaking, cooking or bacteria inoculation. The ripened cheeses are then stored according to a specific recipe after they are cured. While using various humidity and temperature controlled environments, cheese makers can formulate a variety of textures.
For fresh cheeses, they are ready to be eaten soon after the whey is drained from the curds. Although they may be molded or pressed into different, they are still soft and spreadable in texture. Popular fresh cheeses are Ricotta, Mascarpone, and Cream Cheese.
These cheeses are surface-ripened and are neither cooked or pressed. Instead, bacteria processes are used to ripen from the outside in. They develop golden colored rinds and can range from creamy to semi-soft. Favorites include Camembert and Brie.
Semi-soft is soft but still sliceable. They can even be pressed and might be cooked. Cheeses which are in this category are Gouda, Monterey Jack, and Tilsit.
Semi-firm cheeses are cooked and pressed but not aged as much as fully hard cheeses. Although they are generally firm, they are not crumbly. Popular semi-firm cheeses are Swiss, Cheddar and Edam.
These cheeses are typically aged for 2 years and they are cooked and pressed. Hard cheeses are also very firm and dry. Popular hard cheeses include Asiago, Parmesan, and Pecorino.
With special cheeses with unique texture qualities, comes special cheese making processes. An example would be when blue cheese is made, it is either inoculated, punctured or sprayed with spores of molds like Penicillium Roquefort during the aging period. After this, the cheese develops the famous pockets of blue-green mold, forming the creamy, gritty texture. Another part of the special process is called “pasta filata”. Putting a curd in a hot whey bath and kneading and stretching it until it is pliable creates a thing called “spun paste” cheeses.
Storing Cheeses Based On Their Textures
To fully experience and enjoy the distinctive textures of your favorite cheeses, it is best to store them based on their type. Here is a simple guide on how to store your cheese based on their texture.
Semi-Soft, Semi-Firm And Firm
The best way to store cheeses like Cheddar, Gouda, and Parmesan, they should be wrapped in airtight plastic bags and placed in a refrigerator compartment or the location which is warmest in the refrigerator. Many varieties will be good for many weeks. If you want to store the cheese for more time, you can lightly dampen a paper towel with vinegar and then fold it around the cheese before wrapping and refrigerating. It will also make it less likely that mold will be able to grow, but if it does indeed happen, you can simply cut away the molded portion and discard it. Cutting away mold is only good for semi-soft, semi-firm, and firm cheeses, it is dangerous to consume molded fresh or soft ripened cheeses.
If you are wanting to ripen cheeses like Camembert and Brie, wrap them tightly and store them at a cool room temperature for around a day. When the cheese is ripe, store it in the coldest part of the refrigerator for two weeks at the most. If mold appears on soft-ripened cheese, it is an indication that it is no longer good or safe to consume.
Fresh cheeses like Cream Cheese and Ricotta perish quickly. It is ideal to purchase them at food markets with a good turnover and to check the packages for expiry dates because many times the packages are only good for a couple days. You should store the fresh cheese in the coldest part of the refrigerator for no longer than two weeks or the expiry date, depending on which comes first. If you are consuming Cream Cheese, you should use it within one week of opening and it should be rewrapped thoroughly.
Amongst the famous windmills and glorious green pastures full of grazing cattle, Holland’s history has a heritage of cheese, milk, and butter that dates back centuries. Although the country is just a speck on the world map, it may be surprising to know that such a small European country is, in fact, the world’s largest exporter of dairy products! Holland sends the majority of their cheese to America, Western Europe, and Japan, the dairy industry is what keeps Holland thriving.
The Dutch cheese industry has undergone a massive modernisation in this last century. Modernisation that has brought technology such as milking machines and computers to farm. Despite the advancements, there are still many dairies who make cheese the traditional way, as well.
Cheese making remains an art which is ingrained in Dutch culture. Traditional cheese markets are still held in the towns of Gouda, Edam, Woerden, and Alkmaar, to this day. Not only that but visitors can explore cheese museums and sixteenth and seventeenth-century whey houses throughout the Netherlands.
As we all know, Holland is home to one of the world’s greatest cheeses-Gouda, but it is also home to many more excellent creations which are definitely worth appreciating:
This cheese showed up a little late to the cheese game, being created in the 1990s. Nonetheless, this sweet buttery cheese is delicious in its own right, is made from cow’s milk and a lot less expensive than the original Swiss variety. Its shape is like a boulder and is domed on top and has large holes throughout. You can enjoy this cheese in many different ways, salads, sandwiches, and breakfasts.
Famous all over the world, Edam is Holland’s second most exported cheese, after Gouda. It is made from skimmed or part-skimmed cow’s milk and is semi-hard. The pressed cheese is usually shaped balls which range from 1-4 pounds in weight. People generally consume Edam whilst is is still young in age. The color is pale yellow with a smooth texture and sweet, nutty flavor. You can enjoy this cheese in many ways such as with a tall glass of Pinot Noir or a pint of dark beer.
Leyden is a traditional farmhouse cheese which is a big favorite of the Dutch. It is made from a partial blend of skimmed cow’s milk and buttermilk. Cumin seeds or caraway are mixed in with the curds before they are pressed so that the aroma gives off a spicy note along with a creamy, nutty flavor. It can be quite similar to Gouda, but it is a lot drier and is shaped differently. The rind is also painted with red plastic or annatto. You can enjoy Leyden with a nice glass of dark beer and bread on the side.
This is definitely Holland’s most famous cheese and it is also its biggest export, contributing to more than half of the country’s cheese production. Gouda gets its name from the Dutch town which is outside of Rotterdam and the flavor is very similar to Edam, with the exception that it is made from whole or part-skimmed cow’s milk. The creamier texture and yellow interior are due to the higher fat content. You can either eat Gouda fresh or aged. The vary in flavor is that when it is young, the flavor is sweet and fruity. When it is aged, it is more complex and cheddar-like. If you mature it for over 18 months, the cheese is coated in black wax while younger variations are covered in rinds of yellow wax. Gouda can be a delicious table cheese or a great addition to a wine pairing.
Even though this cheese is produced in some of Holland’s modernized dairy plants, the savory kind is still smoked using ancient brick ovens which are filled with smoldering hickory chips. A lot of cheese lovers will attest that the brick ovens make the smoky, brown rind the cheese’s best part. The cheese as a whole is creamy yellow colored and can be flavored with garlic or herbs. Smoked Gouda would definitely be an amazing addition to a cheese board.
Dutch Mimolette (Commissiekaas)
This creamy, hard cheese made from cow’s milk is bright orange with rough gritty skin. It might as well be an aged Edam colored with carrot juice. This cheese takes around 6-12 months to ripen and when young the texture is firm and oily. When it is aged, however, its colors turns into a deeper orange and the cheese texture becomes harder. Its aroma is fruity with a nutty flavor.
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August 1, 2021
Always remember this is a journey - enjoy the process!
The summer is flying by and a new group of children will be entering your class in a few weeks. You may know some of them. Others will be brand new to you and your school. What are your hopes and dreams for your little ones this year?
Having a well thought out plan for the first weeks of school, focusing on making connections and keeping frustrations to a minimum, will help set the tone for a successful year. Setting up a visual daily schedule can be done before the children enter your class. Having clear visual routines will help in guiding children to know procedures and be more self-reliant.
To ease the anxiety of children who are not used to their new daily schedule, a visual schedule is helpful. It displays the larger chunks of time throughout the day. It may include arrival, morning circle and brain smart start, centers, cleanup, outside time, lunch, nap, and going home. Each chunk of time has a picture. The visual schedule should be displayed horizontally and at a level that a child can easily see. A class job may be to move a clip along the visual schedule as the day progresses. The cards can be hung on clips so you can change the schedule to have it reflect changes to your day.
Visual Routines – The Antidote to Chaos!
Take pictures of everyday routines such as: washing hands, lining up, using the bathroom, lunch/snack routines, what a clean center looks like, etc. These routines should be reviewed regularly at the beginning of the year. Pictures of your students doing the routines is very impactful.
Here are some reminders for connecting with children and families:
Greeting: As children and parents come in, greet them individually. Waving, jazz hands, elbow or foot touch, and twirling are some non-touch greetings you can try.
Brain Smart Start:
Activity to Unite
Welcome song, poem or chant
Activity to Disengage
Breathe: Star, Pretzel, Balloon, Drain: Calms and focuses
Activity to Connect
I Love You Ritual: This develops connection with others in the class.
Activity to Commit
Safe Keeper Ritual: To introduce: Explain your job as an adult. Your job is to keep children safe. It is also to teach and help children practice how to be safe. What does being safe mean? How can you keep your class safe? Commitments should be few, simple and positive. Have a box with to hold a picture of each student.
Everyone commits to a safe environment. Put box in center of circle or pass around the safekeeper box. You say “My job is to keep you safe. Are you willing to keep its safe?” Each child responds, “Yes, I will help keep it safe” as they put their picture in the box. If they do not commit you can skip the child and tell them when they are ready they can put their picture in the box.
As the children get into this routine you may want to introduce more involvement and commitment.
This doesn’t have to be done one certain way. Focus on the intent, making a commitment to keeping the whole class safe, not the procedure. Make it work for your class.
Wishing Well: Developing concern and compassion for those missing from class. This shows each child they are important and thought of even if they are sick sick, at appointment, on a trip, etc. They are missed and loved.
Take a deep breath.
Put your hands over your heart while filling your heart with love.
Send that love out to others as you open your arms and exhale.
Job Board with Meaningful Jobs: Teacher initially chooses a job for each child. Each week names are rotated to the right. This ensures that all children have a turn at each job and eliminates arguments over favorite jobs.
Friends and Family Board: Display pictures of children with their family members. Make plans to take family pictures at orientation, open house, arrival or dismissal. An aide or volunteer can help.
Remember, it is worth the time spent at the beginning of the school year to develop connections with your little ones and their families. Go slow and work on getting to really know your children and their families. The connections you are making provide the sense of security children need to be open to learning throughout the year.
We are wishing you well!
The Childcare Resources Team
Conscious Discipline Feeling Buddies Curriculum
Conscious Discipline Baby Doll Circle Time
Conscious Discipline Shubert books
If you have questions about the planning for the school year or implementing any of the activities above feel free to contact Paulette or Susan at 772-567-3202 x115.
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The contamination of water and food by pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins is a serious issue for human health and safety (1, 2). Especially, enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are highly stable, meaning pathological activity remains even after exposure to sterilization techniques and digestive proteases. Among the SEs, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) cause enteritis and food poisoning, together with may involve in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related diseases (4), such as atopic dermatitis (3, 5), food allergies (6,7), colitis (8, 9), arthritis (6, 10-12), and systemic lupus erythematosus (6, 13).
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer-membrane in gram-negative bacteria. While the main role of LPS is to maintain the integrity of the bacteria envelope, LPS also binds to the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex on many cell types (14-15), such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine release from these cells (16). This activation of the innate immune response causes inflammation which may play important roles in obesity and chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s Disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Ulcerative Colitis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Translocation of bacteria toxins from intestinal flora may also trigger the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (17-18).
While these antibody ELISA kits against environmental factors are useful as immune function evaluation tools, several considerations must be addressed before establishing study protocols. Here we would like to share these considerations to help users better choose kits and interpret results.
Bacterial Toxin Detection Kits
|Product||Catalog #||Price (USD)|
|LPS Detection Kit||6039||404.00|
|Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) Detection Kit||6029||377.00|
|Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Detection Kit||6030||377.00|
1. I. Sospedra, C. Soler, J. Mañes, J. M. Soriano, Rapid whole protein quantitation of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1238, 54-59 (2012).
2. C. Hedberg, Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 5, 840-842 (1999).
3. N. Kamada, S. U. Seo, G. Y. Chen, G. Núñez, Role of the gut microbiota in immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 13, 321-335 (2013).
4. J. Li, J. Yang, Y. Lu, S. Wu, M. Wang, et al., Possible Role of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Viral Immunol 28, 354-359 (2015).
5. S. W. Hong, M. Kim, E. Lee, J. Kim, Y. Kim, et al., Extracellular vesicles derived from Staphylococcus aureus induce atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation. Allergy 66, 351-359 (2011).
6. E. Baharav, H. Gur, P. Fishman, L. Ziporen, M. Blank, et al., Superantigens and experimental SLE induced by idiotypic dysregulation. Clin Exp Rheumatol 14, 359-366 (1996).
7. K. Ganeshan, C. Neilsen, A. Hadsaitong, R. Schleimer, X. Luo, et al., Impairing oral tolerance promotes allergy and anaphylaxis: a new murine food allergy model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123, 231-238 e234 (2009).
8. P. C. Yang, C. S. Wang, Z. Y. An, A murine model of ulcerative colitis: induced with sinusitis-derived superantigen and food allergen. BMC Gastroenterol 5, 6 (2005).
9. J. Lu, A. Wang, S. Ansari, R. M. Hershberg, D. M. McKay, Colonic bacterial superantigens evoke an inflammatory response and exaggerate disease in mice recovering from colitis. Gastroenterology 125, 1785-1795 (2003).
10. P. H. Wooley, B. Cingel, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B increases the severity of type II collagen induced arthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 54, 298-304 (1995).
11. H. Nagai, Y. Takaoka, H. Kamada, H. Mori, The model of arthritis induced by superantigen in mice. Life Sci 55, PL233-237 (1994).
12. H. Nagai, Y. Takaoka, K. Kuwabara, H. Kamada, K. Kitagaki, The effect of SM-8849 on experimental arthritis in mice. Pharmacology 52, 377-386 (1996).
13. D. E. Scott, W. J. Kisch, A. D. Steinberg, Studies of T cell deletion and T cell anergy following in vivo administration of SEB to normal and lupus-prone mice. J Immunol 150, 664-672 (1993).
18. K. Terato, C. T. Do, H. Shionoya, Slipping through the Cracks: Linking Low Immune Function and Intestinal Bacterial Imbalance to the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Autoimmune Diseases. 2015, 1–12 (2015).
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Data-Oriented programming is a paradigm that aims at reducing the complexity of software systems and making the development experience more productive. Data-Oriented programming draws a clear separation between code and data and treats data as a value that is manipulated by general-purpose functions. In this talk, we illustrate the principles of Data-Oriented programming in the context of a Java production system.
After attending this talk, you will be able to apply Data-Oriented programming principles in Java, and reduce the complexity of the systems you build.
I'm really glad to be here at Conf42 for my talk about data oriented programming in Java.
The purpose of this talk is to give you a couple of insights that hopefully are going to help you to liberate yourself, at least a bit from the complexity of objects.
And I'm the author of a book named Data oriented programming.
And in this talk, I'm going to share a couple of insights from the book and how to apply the principles of data oriented programming in Java.
And if you find my talk interesting, you might want to purchase the book, and I'll give you a coupon for discount at the end of the talk.
And you can follow me either on Twitter or on my blog at blog.
So what is data oriented programming? Data oriented programming is a programming paradigm and at reducing the system complexity by treating data as a first-class citizen.
What do we mean by complexity? If you look for complexity in the dictionary or in Wikipedia, you will find first the definition of computation, computational complexity, which is the amount of resources, machine resources like CPU or memory, that are required to run a program.
But there is another meaning of complexity, which is the system complexity.
And the system complexity is the amount of human brain resources required to understand a system.
So computational complexity is the time it takes to run a program.
And system complexity is the time it takes to understand a program.
And data oriented programming aims at reducing the system complexity.
In other words, when a system is written according to data oriented programming principles, the system is easier to understand, to maintain, or to add new features.
So let's ask ourselves what usually makes a system complex.
In my book and in this talk, we are going to take a classic example.
Imagine you need to design and implement a library management system, discipline the object-oriented developer.
So the first thing you do is to think about the design, the classes, the objects, and the relationships between the classes of your system.
And you might come up with a design like the one on the screen, where the entities, the main classes are the library, the library as a catalog, and the user management.
And in the catalog, we have books and authors, and books as book items.
And in the user side, we have different kinds of users.
We have librarians that can add books to the library, and we have members that can borrow books from the library, and members have booklandings, and booklandings belong to book items.
And you will probably come up with a design similar to the one that is on the screen right now.
If you are an experienced Java developer, you are probably going to use a couple of smart design patterns that might make the design a bit simpler, smarter, whatever.
But my point here is that the system here is complex in the sense that it's hard to understand.
And if you take a further look at this URL diagram, you might find that there are the sources of the complexity of the system, is that we have nodes in the system in the graph with many edges.
Look at the library and class.
It is connected to one, two, three, four, five, six classes.
It's a big number, six, in terms of relationships between nodes.
Another thing that makes the system complex is that we have many kinds of a rows of relationships between classes.
We have association, like, for example, between book and author.
We have composition between catalog and book.
We have inheritance between librarian and user, and also between member and user.
And we have usage relationship between, let's say, librarian and book item.
So it's a burden on our mind.
And this is what I mean by a complex system.
It takes time and energy and effort to understand a classic object-oriented system.
So the first thing that data-oriented programming guides us to do is to separate between code and data.
Usually, in object-oriented programming and Java, we tend to encapsulate data inside classes.
And to mix together data and behavior inside classes that provides methods that manipulate or modify the state of the object.
And look at what happens if we simply split each class of our system into two classes, where one class is responsible for the code, the behavior, and the other class is responsible for the data.
For example, we take the library class that mixes data and code together, and we split it to a library code class and a library data class.
And the same, we take the catalog class and we split it between catalog code and catalog data and
so forth and
And what happens in terms of system complexity is that instead of one system with many relationships between the nodes, we get two disjoint systems with much simpler relationships between the nodes or the classes of the system.
And this is really a great benefit for our mind.
It makes the system much easier to understand, to reason about, and to maintain.
And the reason is that we have separation of concerns.
We have code on one hand and data on the other hand.
And also we have constraints on the code diagram on the left.
All the methods in our classes on the left are going to be stateless.
I will be going to see in a moment.
And the relationship between code classes is only usage relationships.
And the same on the data diagram, we have another set of constraints, which is that the only relationships between data classes are either association or composition.
So putting constraints on our diagram tend to make the overall system less complex, easier to understand.
So instead of the big mess or the complex system that we add on the left, where code is mixed with data, we get a simpler system made of two disjoint systems.
And this is huge benefit for our brain.
Let's see no practically how we do that in Java, how we separate between code and data in Java.
Actually it's quite simple.
We put data on classes that have only members of course, getters and setters.
For example, and also data will have a first name and the last name.
No methods beyond setters and getters.
And for the code, we have classes like author code with only static methods.
No state, no data.
The data that is to be processed by the method is passed as an explicit argument to the method.
So for example, if we have a data object representing is that as a month and we want to calculate the full name of this author.
Instead of what you are probably used to as a month dot full name, we call author code full name, which is a static method.
And we pass to it as an argument, the object with the data that we want to process and it returns a stream is that as a month.
So that's how we separate between code and data in Java.
We have data classes with member only and code classes with static methods only.
So that the first benefit that we gain from data oriented programming, it makes the system easier to understand.
Now we are going to move forward and see what how we can make the code easier to understand.
And for that, we are going to ask ourselves what usually makes code hard to understand.
The first thing that makes code hard, hard to understand in Java is that we, when we, when we pass an object or an argument to a method, we, we have to ask ourselves whether the object is passed by reference or by value.
And it's, it's difficult to, to answer clearly to, to the question to this question and usually the question, the answer that we get in Java tutorial is that in Java object references are passed by value, which is really confusing object references are passed by value.
And to show you an example of this complexity, let's take again our example with Isaac Azimov as a data object and see what kind of complexity we have usually in object oriented programming.
And let's say that we, we, we have a method in our author called class static method that transform the last name of an author into uppercase.
So here how we call this method, we have azimov.
And the method returns another data object where azimov is uppercase.
So the last name of azimov number two is azimov uppercase.
Now the question is what happens to the first azimov? Did the method mutated the data object or not? And by looking at the code, you cannot really know it depends on the implementation of this static method to upper last name.
And if the implementation mutates the object, the object that it receives, it's going the response, the last name of the first azimov is going to be uppercase.
And if it's not the case, it's going to be lower case as it was passed.
And the reason for this confusion is that when we pass an object, refer an object to a method, we pass a reference to the object.
And the method now has access to the object.
And if the method called the setters of the object that we pass, then it's going to mutate our object.
And the way we usually protect ourselves, one way to protect ourselves is to copy the object before passing it to the method.
We call it defensive code.
And this is one thing that makes the code hard to understand or to write.
Every time we call a method, we need to ask ourselves if the method going to change my data or not.
And it's another cause of complexity.
Another thing is in a multistrated system, in a multistrated Java program, we need to be careful when we pass object references to method.
And let's take a look at this simple example.
Let's say we have a member data and a member could be either blocked or not blocked.
And when a member is blocked, the member shouldn't be allowed to borrow books anymore.
So in naive implementation of the borrow function in the member code could be let's check if the member is blocked here by calling the is blocked method of the data object of the data member object.
And if the member is not blocked, then we are going to allow the member to borrow the book here to print to the console the book is yours.
Can you see why this code is problematic? Can you see why this code is not threat safe? And the reason is that between the line that checks if the member is blocked and the line that does the book borrowing, there could be a context switch.
And in another thread, the member could become blocked.
And that's definitely a source of complexity of and how do we protect from that by adding locking mechanism.
And when we add lock mechanisms to our code, it definitely makes the code how to understand.
And we might get into dead logs and we need to think carefully how to leverage the lock mechanism
so that we make sure we don't have any dead logs and it also lock mechanisms also have negative impact on the performance.
So for that data, I know programming has a very simple solution.
Do not muted data.
If you treat the data as a value, it will never change.
And if data is not going to change, we won't have any problem.
When we pass data to a method, no matter if we are in a single straight-in environment or in a multi-strand environment, we have the guarantee that the data is not going to change.
And that's a huge benefit in terms of simplicity, simplicity.
It makes the code much, much easier to understand.
You can look around and you will find many great articles that explain what are the benefits of immutable data in Java.
And the more important ones are that when you did with immutable data, you are inherently straight, safe, and you have no side effects.
Now the question is how to represent immutable data in Java.
And we have at least two options here.
And as you probably have noticed, any problem in Java could be solved with Java annotations.
And this is how the project long book proposes to represent immutable data simply by adding a value annotation to a class.
And when we add a value annotation to a class, what we gain from project long book is auto generation of public constructors, immutable private fields, getters, setters, two string, ash code, and equal.
And we are guaranteed that the member fields are not going to change because they are marked as immutable by the code that is auto generated.
Another option that came up recently in Java and actually is available only in Java 14.
So it might take couple of months or years until it's adopted in production.
But I think that's an interesting one is that since Java 14 you have data classes or data record as with native implementation in the JVM.
And that's I think that's great because you don't need to rely on
so party libraries and auto generation of code.
You have a native implementation of again, constructor, immutable private fields, getters, setters, two string, ash code, and equal.
And the guarantee that the data cannot change.
And if you apply this second principle from data oriented programming about dealing with immutable data only the benefits that you gain is that no mutations, no surprises, no need to defend copy against possible mutation or possible.
And invalid state of your data and the code is in a rental straight safe, no risk conditions, you don't need the locks any lock mechanism and the code is definitely easier to understand to maintain to resolve about and it makes our systems simpler.
So before we wrap up this presentation, let me mention other topics that I'm addressing in the book and that makes the system that we build in Java even simpler in the book you will learn how to leverage efficient immutable collection or sometimes we call them efficient assistant collections
so that even when you have a huge collection of data, you can create new versions.
And of it without having to deeply copy all the data for before you create a new version of it with this slide modification, you will learn how to represent more and more data in using maps and it gives it will teach you how to manipulate data with general purpose functions like map, filter, reduce, group by merge, etc.
You will learn how to achieve polymorphism without in inheritance, without you know the big class hierarchy, there are other ways to achieve polymorphism.
You will learn also in the book how to manage the application state, state when you represent the whole state of the system as immutable data and to get highly scalable concurrent systems with optimistic locking instead of locking mechanism like mute access.
You will learn also how to get a flexible access to your database to give you a lot of freedom and flexibility when retrieving and manipulating data that you fetch from the database and that you want to stand over the wire, let's say using JSON serialization.
So that's the book and let me leave you with this diagram with this my map that summarizes the main principles of data oriented programming in Java.
First you separate between code and data, the code is written with static methods only on the green here, never avoid as much as you can instant methods.
And the data is represented with immutable data either with records that come that are available in Java since Java 14 or with a self-party libraries like Project Longbook that provides smart Java notation like value that generates all the code that's necessary to make sure that your data classes are immutable.
So if I hope that I motivated you to take a deeper look at data oriented programming and how you can apply it in Java to make and I'm quite sure that it will make your system less complex and now come the question what are you going to do with all the free brain cells that are going to be available when you move from classic object oriented programming to data oriented programming.
So please take a look at the book you can scan the QR code to be redirected to the book at mining.
com and you can enjoy a 50% discount with the coupon that is that appears here on the screen.
If you are listening from a podcast, the coupon is ml charvete to ml s h a r v it to and if you Google that out that programming you will get a link to the web page of the book.
It was a really pleasure to be here at CUN42.
Thank you for having me.
Enjoy this insights coming from data oriented programming and apply them with fun to your Java programs.
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There are many reasons why people don’t switch to electric vehicles. For starters, gas-powered cars are cheaper to buy, but more expensive to keep in good condition. Electric cars, on the other hand, don’t require the same type of maintenance, and they produce zero emissions, which means they’re safer to drive than gas-powered cars.
Gas cars are cheaper to purchase but more costly to maintain
Gas cars cost less to buy and operate than their electric counterparts, but they are more expensive to maintain. Fortunately, this gap is closing as more and more drivers choose to switch to electric vehicles.
Electric cars use electricity instead of gasoline to power the motor. They also have fewer moving parts and less maintenance requirements. In addition, electric cars tend to be cleaner and more efficient than their gas-powered counterparts.
Despite their obvious advantages, they are more expensive to purchase and operate. However, with gas prices reaching record highs in many parts of the world, more and more drivers are switching to electric vehicles.
The most notable benefit of an electric car is the savings on fuel. This is especially true in countries where the price of gas is higher than in the U.S. For example, Norway, Hong Kong, and the Netherlands have some of the highest gasoline prices in the world. These regions have a combined average gas price of around $1.5 per liter.
Buying an electric car is not cheap, but it is a worthwhile investment. You can save a bundle in the long run. And you won’t have to worry about oil changes, tune-ups, or repairs. Even if you do have to get repairs, it will be less expensive than the alternative.
Unlike gasoline-powered cars, electric vehicles don’t need an oil filter or spark plugs. Instead, the battery provides power to supplement the engine.
Typically, the average American family spends $1,991 on gasoline each year. With a gasoline-powered SUV, this number jumps to $4,727. A hybrid vehicle, however, is much cheaper to operate.
When you consider all the costs of buying, owning, and maintaining a traditional gas car, you’ll probably find that it’s not worth the money. But there are other ways to save, too. For instance, using an app like CarAdvise can save you money on every service you need. Plus, with the app’s search feature, you can find a repair shop near you. It even offers an app-based appointment booking system.
Ultimately, whether or not you buy an electric or gas-powered vehicle, it’s a decision that’s best left to you. But before you make your final choice, you’ll want to consider these two advantages.
EVs are safer than gas-powered vehicles
Despite the increasing popularity of electric vehicles, there are still questions surrounding safety. This is particularly true for older cars that are already more prone to mechanical and electrical fires. Fortunately, the EV industry is moving forward with safety enhancements and new technology.
Several EVs have received awards for safety. The Nissan Leaf is the lowest priced EV in the market and comes standard with six advanced safety features. These include blind spot warning, automatic emergency braking, and a lane departure warning.
All light duty cars in the United States are required to pass a long-established testing process. Those testing processes are designed to ensure that each vehicle meets stringent standards. Several EVs have passed such tests and were honored by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) with Top Safety Pick and Top Safety Pick+ ratings.
In addition, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tested the top ten best selling EVs for the year 2021. During this test, five EVs earned Top Safety Pick+ status. Some models also received top marks from the NHTSA in frontal crashworthiness.
Even though there have been several reports of EVs catching fire, the odds of having a fire in an EV are much lower than in a gas-powered car. However, it is important to note that the lithium-ion batteries used in EVs are flammable. They can catch fire in certain circumstances, and are even more difficult to extinguish than fossil-fueled fires.
According to the IIHS, EVs are 40 percent safer than ICE vehicles. That number is based on a study of nine 2011 to 2019 autos.
Compared to gas-powered vehicles, EVs are lighter. This lower weight means a more sturdier construction, which helps to reduce the likelihood of rollover accidents. During crashes, EVs transmit crash energy to the rear of the vehicle. EVs also have a low center of gravity.
Moreover, the fuel tank in a gas-powered car can cause serious problems in the event of a crash. Gas is highly flammable and can burst into flames on impact. When an ICE vehicle is involved in a crash, the gasoline can spill out and ignite the surrounding area. A simple collision can turn into a deadly accident.
They produce zero emissions
Electric cars produce zero emissions when they’re on the road and they can be charged on the grid. Using solar panels to generate the electricity needed to power your electric car will help reduce your carbon footprint. The good news is that these types of cars are becoming more popular every day.
Although electric cars are more efficient than gasoline powered cars, they still have a significant impact on the environment. Here’s a look at the environmental implications of these vehicles, and how they compare to a traditional hybrid or gasoline-powered car.
Compared to a hybrid, a fully electric vehicle will produce fewer carbon emissions. It will also produce a lot less air pollution. This is because most of the electricity to charge the car comes from burning fossil fuels.
On a global scale, electric cars have the most impact, since they can help to reduce greenhouse gases by as much as 50%. However, local effects can be more significant.
In addition to the carbon-neutral benefits of using electric power, the battery in an electric vehicle can be recycled and repurposed. Battery technology is expected to improve with time. A 60kWh battery can provide a driving range of up to 200 miles.
An estimated 80 percent of the material emissions associated with making a new car can be eliminated by 2030 technologies. Several countries, including Germany and Denmark, offer subsidies to encourage the sale of electric vehicles.
Even though the production of an electric car uses more carbon than a gas car, it’s not as bad as you might think. Most of the electricity used to charge an electric car comes from a power plant that burns fossil fuels.
If you’re thinking about buying an electric car, it’s a good idea to consider how you plan to drive it. Many people only purchase an electric car for short trips, but it’s important to remember that this type of car will require constant charging. You can get cheaper electricity at night, when you won’t have to pay as much for it.
While an electric car is an eco-friendly choice, it will cost more to operate than a conventional hybrid. That’s why many states and countries offer financial incentives to help you buy a car.
They don’t need maintenance like gas cars
Compared to gasoline-powered cars, electric vehicles don’t need as much maintenance. They require less routine care, and fewer parts, which means they’re less likely to break down. However, there are still some things to watch out for.
First, gas-powered vehicles require regular oil changes and tune-ups. The cost of those visits can run up to $600 per visit. Electric cars don’t need such a high-cost service, but they still need to be checked and maintained.
Another major maintenance factor is the battery. All electric vehicle manufacturers recommend having the battery at about 20-80% charge. If the battery loses power, the vehicle’s range will drop. Depending on the model, the battery may need to be replaced. This can be a costly process, and some EV drivers prefer to sell their car before it gets too expensive.
There’s also the braking system. Unlike a gas-powered car, an electric vehicle uses regenerative braking, which recharges the battery. Regenerative braking is less harsh on the brake pads and can help prolong the life of the braking system. It’s important to keep the regenerative braking system tuned up.
Electric cars don’t need spark plugs, but they do need tires. They also need a regular rotation. As with all vehicles, the tires can wear out. In addition to replacement tires, you’ll need to inspect the calipers.
You’ll still have to get your car insured. Getting an annual car insurance quote will save you money. And you’ll have to check your cabin air filter. Compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, electric cars are cleaner.
Gas cars do have some advantages, however. One is their longer range. A gas-powered SUV can get up to a half-mile more per gallon than an electric one. Also, they’re easier to fill up. Many gas stations are located throughout the country. Nevertheless, finding a charging station can be challenging. Public charging stations usually have higher rates.
Finally, gas cars are often faster than electric ones. Often, electric cars can go from 30 to 50 miles per hour quicker. Some EVs are designed to be always on.
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In our lifetime we go through two sets of teeth. Baby teeth which are formed before we are a year old and adult teeth which replace them when we are between 6-13 years old. The adult teeth stay with us for life, unless we lose them, in which case a trip to the dentist is required to replace them.
It is difficult to imagine a life without teeth. Teeth have changed from functional tools used solely to bite, chew, and converse to aesthetic tools on which an entire cosmetic dental industry rests. Imagine how celebrities and Hollywood stars looked before they underwent cosmetic dental procedures? You can read about celebrities who changed their look with veneers on Part 1 and Part 2 of our previous blog posts.
Coming back to the topic, did you know that about 150 years ago, our teeth were believed to outlast us by 40 years? Due to medical advances and technology, our teeth are now believed to outlast us by 60-80 years. However, dental decline has increased drastically because of our lifestyle and higher intake of sugary foods and fizzy drinks which takes toll on our oral health.
So, when a tooth/teeth are lost, the only solution to replace it/them are dentures, bridges, or implants. Imagine how good it would be if teeth could regrow naturally and thereby avoid costly procedures? It may not be a fantasy because these days the concept of tooth regrowth is floating around. If animals like crocodiles and some reptiles can regrow their teeth, why not humans?
What is teeth regrowth?
Tooth regrowth is the natural process of restoring lost or damaged tooth structure. Teeth cannot regenerate because the enamel when lost due to decay or injury, is lost forever. But scientists are researching stem cell and gene therapies to unlock DNA and stimulate teeth to regrow.
What are the different methods of regrowing teeth?
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells capable of transforming into different types of cells in the body, including tooth cells. In 2014, a Harvard-led team successfully used low-powered lasers to activate stems cells in both rats and human dental tissue to stimulate tissue growth. The laser produced tiny oxygen-containing molecules which, when in contact with the stem cells, caused them to morph into cells producing dentin (tooth tissue). This research could have implications for potential tooth regrowth in humans in the future.
Dr. Jeremy Mao of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory at Columbia University successfully induced the body’s stem cells to build a tooth. The tooth was based on a three-dimensional scaffold infused with growth factors to potentially yield a tooth in nine weeks after implantation.
Another method to regrow teeth is tooth bioengineering. Bioengineering involves using biomaterials to stimulate tooth repair. Biomaterials can mimic the natural environment of teeth and promote tooth regeneration. A research study used a biodegradable scaffold to stimulate the growth of new tooth tissue in rats. This scaffold acted as a framework for cells to grow and form a functional tooth structure.
Scientists are also experimenting with gene therapy to stimulate tooth regeneration by manipulating genes involved in tooth development. Researchers used a gene editing technology called CRISPR-Cas9 to regenerate functional teeth in mice by activating relevant genes responsible for tooth development.
What are the challenges?
While teeth regrowth is still a research topic, there are a few challenges that need to be solved before it can be develop for commercial applications.
Teeth are a complex organ
Teeth are made up of enamel, dentin, and pulp which make them a complex organ with unique functions. Regenerating the entire tooth structure with the same complexity and functionality is a significant challenge for researchers.
While stem cells and gene editing are used extensively in research, they border on the controversial and raise ethical issues. Until the world regulates the origin and use of stems cells and gene manipulation, teeth regrowth will take a long time from research to commercial application.
Expense and Cost
Tooth regrowth techniques still reside in laboratories and are not fully ready for clinical use. It will take a long time to move from funded University laboratories to companies who will need to consider the cost profit analysis before commercialisation.
So, what is the next step?
While the concept of regrowing tooth is exciting, it is still in the early stages of development. It might take several decades to fully regenerate teeth. Until then, brush twice and floss once a day to ensure you take care of your teeth because you cannot afford to lose them.
Want to book an appointment?
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How we can actually eliminate Racial Discrimination through FOOD JUSTICE
March 21st was the International Day For the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and those working in the food justice space are aware that it's a long term, deeply rooted problem that needs to be constantly fought. Where's the starting place? Ahem - Admitting there's a cultural tradition deeply rooted in property acquisition and dependency culture, through food and medicine, that comes from the others "not-owning-property".
In fact, food has both been a tool for racial discrimination, as well as a liberating force against it.
Decentralized food systems automatically need local employees, local distribution, and local nutrients in order to supply the needs of those nearby. If it were centralized, the people would have no method to guide its development for themselves. We recognized this and built into the Asante Microfarm a plan to supply its food within 2 sq miles of its location. Located in a predominantly Black American neighborhood, it's juxtaposed between a low-wealth and high-wealth area. This provides the perfect opportunity to source internally, both with talent nearby, vendors, and customers who support our mission. In the future, we plan to open other Microfarms in neighborhoods that serve their unique composition of residents, food, staff, and supporters.
Some foods, generally indigenous ones, are more healthy than other foods. In fact, many indigenous veggies, like corn, have tested to have as much as 35% more protein than typically grown varieties. It also makes sense that things that naturally grow here (SoCal) would be the best adapted to carry high nutrient value for consumers. Let's go with it!
It all stays in the family. From who owns the land, to who works on it, to who distributes the food, and to who receives that food. There's no problem supporting those closeby when you will get supported, too.
Nobody can regulate you - growing food is a right. We control our destiny, not the grocery stores that may have other incentives, or worse close down creating a food desert.
Below is an image of Trainees of Crop Swap LA learning as they help build the Asante Microfarm. We are proud to have local leaders step forward to lead this early mission, and plan to continue seeking local leaders who see where this is going.
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As militaries develop autonomous robotic warriors to replace humans on the battlefield, new ethical questions emerge. If a robot in combat has a hardware malfunction or programming glitch that causes it to kill civilians, do we blame the robot, or the humans who created and deployed it?
Some argue that robots do not have free will and therefore cannot be held morally accountable for their actions. But psychologists at the University of Washington are finding that people don’t have such a clear-cut view of humanoid robots.
The researchers’ latest results show that humans apply a moderate amount of morality and other human characteristics to robots that are equipped with social capabilities and are capable of harming humans.
In this case, the harm was financial, not life-threatening. But it still demonstrated how humans react to robot errors. The findings imply that as robots become more sophisticated and humanlike, the public may hold them morally accountable for causing harm.
“We’re moving toward a world where robots will be capable of harming humans,” said lead author Peter Kahn, a UW associate professor of psychology.
“With this study we’re asking whether a robotic entity is conceptualized as just a tool, or as some form of a technological being that can be held responsible for its actions.”
In the study, Kahn and his research team had 40 undergraduate students play a scavenger hunt with a humanlike robot, Robovie. The robot appeared autonomous, but it was remotely controlled by a researcher concealed in another room.
After a bit of small talk with the robot, each participant had two minutes to locate objects from a list of items in the room. They all found the minimum, seven, to claim the $20 prize. But when their time was up, Robovie claimed they had found only five objects.
Then came the crux of the experiment: participants’ reactions to the robot’s miscount.
“Most argued with Robovie,” said co-author Heather Gary, a UW doctoral student in developmental psychology. “Some accused Robovie of lying or cheating.”
When interviewed, 65 percent of participants said Robovie was to blame – at least to a certain degree – for wrongly scoring the scavenger hunt and unfairly denying the participants the $20 prize.
This suggests that as robots gain capabilities in language and social interactions, “it is likely that many people will hold a humanoid robot as partially accountable for a harm that it causes,” the researchers wrote.
They argue that as militaries transform from human to robotic warfare, the chain of command that controls robots and the moral accountability of robotic warriors should be factored into jurisprudence and the Laws of Armed Conflict for cases when the robots hurt humans.
Kahn is also concerned about the morality of robotic warfare, period. “Using robotic warfare, such as drones, distances us from war, can numb us to human suffering, and make warfare more likely,” he said.
The National Science Foundation funded the study. Co-authors at UW are Nathan Freier, Jolina Ruckert, Solace Shen, Heather Gary and Aimee Reichert. Other co-authors are Rachel Severson, Western Washington University; Brian Gill, Seattle Pacific University; and Takayuki Kanda and Hiroshi Ishiguro, both of Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute in Japan, which created Robovie.
Source: University of Washington
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Schools are a large source of recyclable material. Effective school recycling programs enforce positive recycling behaviors in students and create lifelong recycling habits. Schools that have taken a comprehensive approach to waste reduction can realize overall financial savings, despite the costs of getting a recycling program implemented.
Setting up a long-lasting and successful school recycling program takes partnerships, commitment and a solid plan for the logistics. There are many success stories from North Carolina and beyond, and many resources to help get started.
School Recycling Information
- A Guide for Implementing a School Recycling Program
- Free school recycling promotion materials Request Form
- School Recycling Best Practices
- K-8 school recycling campaign - Recycle Guys
- Downloadable posters and decals - Recycle More NC
- Wake County's Feed the Bin School Recycling Program
- Keep America Beautiful's Recycle Bowl
- North Carolina's Green Schools Solid Waste Resources
- NC General Statute 115C-47 - Section 41 encourages recycling in public schools
Although individual schools and school districts are not directly eligible for state recycling assistance grants, municipalities and counties can apply on behalf of schools to help start or improve recycling programs. Contact your local solid waste or recycling director to explore possible grant applications.
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Residual Stress in Welded Pipe
Figure 1. Section of 30 inch diameter welded pipe for use in testing.
Figure 2. Test points through the 2 inch wall thickness of the pipe section.
Usually when parts or structures are subjected to damaging loads they suffer from immediate breakage or some sort of deformation that is readily detectable; once the damage is observed, the part can be repaired or replaced. Some damage, however, cannot be easily seen, and is caused by loads that are locked into a part. These locked in loads are called residual stresses, and commonly arise from welding processes. Residual stresses in welding are caused by the different rates of cooling that a part experiences after the heat of welding is removed. Usually the designer and fabricator take steps to account for these hidden loads, but sometimes they are overlooked. By themselves the residual stresses are usually insufficient to deform or break the part; however in combination with repeated operating loads, the part can experience fatigue and fail suddenly and prematurely.
Figure 1 shows a common engineered part – a section of large diameter high pressure pipe. This pipe is 30 inches in diameter with a 2 inch thick wall, and is made of ordinary carbon steel. This section was cut from a much longer piece of pipe used to convey cooling water at a power plant. For corrosion protection, the entire inside surface of the pipe was weld clad with one quarter of an inch thick stainless steel. In addition, the pipe was welded along its length during manufacture (the pipe starts out as a flat sheet and is rolled into shape and welded), then welded end-to-end with other pipe sections.
Extensive testing using strain gages was conducted to measure the residual stresses introduced into the part as a result of the three welding processes described above. Figure 2 shows a typical strain gage installed about one and a quarter inch from the inside surface of the pipe. The gage measures the slight deformation of the pipe as a small amount of material is removed from the pipe wall with a drill. It is not uncommon to measure stresses near welds high enough to crack the material. In this case the stresses were not high enough to crack the material because of steps taken during the welding process such as heating before and after welding, and control of weld heat and speed. Still, high stresses remained in the part, and if not properly accounted for could combine with stresses from operation to drastically reduce the life of the pipe.
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Every year, the students in the last stage of their degree at our University work for months on a Graduation Project (GP) that focuses on their primary professional interests. This time of year, more than 100 students defend their research results in front of the faculty. It is the crowning moment of a four-year journey through EARTH and is the one that allows them to graduate with a degree in Agricultural Sciences.
We share the stories of two EARTH students who stand out for their determination and effort to achieve excellence with their Graduation Projects.
A solution for controlling Black Sigatoka
Black Sigatoka, also known as black leaf streak, is the dominant banana plant disease worldwide. The devastating leaf-spot disease is caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis and can induce yield loss of 35% to 100%, depending on the clone.
After Alejandra Bolaños (‘22, Guatemala) did her internship in 2021 with AMVAC, a leading company in agricultural supplies in Central America and the Caribbean, she knew she wanted to focus her GP on precision agriculture and the use of drones to control Black Sigatoka. She was also inspired by assisting Emir Gian Majil (‘21, Belize) with his GP on the topic that same year.
One of the most common products to treat the disease is Mancozeb, an agricultural fungicide with multi-site action, used for its high efficiency and ability to prevent resistance development by the fungus. However, it has been shown that the product can adversely impact human health, directly affecting the thyroid gland and reproductive system.
The European Union recently banned Mancozeb, and the rest of the world seeks to reduce its use to the limit of detection. Alejandra’s research has focused on developing and implementing strategies to partially or totally substitute Mancozeb. She has relied on support from AMVAC professionals and her EARTH faculty mentors and used Emir’s prior results as a reference. Her GP findings have led to treatments that include biorational products (sulfur, copper, Melaleuca alternifolia, and salicylic acid) and dose reductions of Mancozeb.
“To conduct the research, I have seven treatments, each simulating a different plan where I combine multiple products and cycles to see how Mancozeb could be most effectively decreased. I made all the applications with the AGRAS T-16 drone, and I was the pilot in charge of each application,” explains Alejandra.
With the results, Alejandra determined that at the level of disease retention, using biorational products combined with cycles of systemic fungicide provided better protection of new leaves. In specific periods of her evaluation, she also found they maintain burn lesions on older leaves statistically similar and superior to Mancozeb. In the future, she plans to continue working with new technologies to improve the agricultural practices of banana growers worldwide.
Rabbit production in the tropics
Nikita Fonseca (‘22, Costa Rica) wanted to do a Graduation Project in Animal Production to generate food systems solutions for her country and the world. While researching various options, she found that rabbit farming was a viable alternative. There are great nutritional benefits to this important protein source – the meat is lean and is rich in vitamin B12. And rabbit farming is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly solution than other types of meat production.
Initially, Nikita’s GP faced a challenge that caused some uncertainty: the hot and steamy climate in the Caribbean lowlands at the Guacimo Campus. Her research analyzes the relationship between heat, animal development, and weight. Rabbits develop better in temperatures between 18 and 22 degrees Celsius (64 – 72 F). They can get mild heat stress when temperatures increase to between 25 and 27 degrees Celsius (77 – 81 F). And at 27 to 30 degrees Celsius (81 – 86 F), rabbits endure high stress and even death due to heat shock. Nikita had to partially shave the animals’ fur in the most exposed areas to decrease their thermal sensation to ensure greater weight and food conversion. Thanks to her actions, she reduced the rabbits’ heat stress and increased reproduction and their weight.
Nikita thinks this project can be an alternative for families looking to raise animals for their own consumption or start a family business. Rabbits can live in small spaces, feed on tree marigolds (botón de oro in Spanish) and mulberry, and reproduce extremely fast compared to other species used for human consumption.
With great dedication, Nikita devoted herself to the care, disinfection, and temperature control for the well-being of the animals. She paid meticulous attention to the rabbits’ reproduction, lactation, and weaning. In addition, she is conducting a market study and has created alliances with people, institutions, and external companies. After graduation, she plans to dedicate herself to this project and turn it into an efficient business that integrates small producers.
We congratulate Alejandra and Nikita for their commitment and dedication to their Graduation Projects – research with tangible results that can positively impact the world.
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IT'S NOT A MATTER OF IF, BUT WHEN.
At some point, you will face a significant emergency or disaster situation.
Will you be ready to make it through and eventually return to some sense of normal?
Emergencies and disasters happen. We generally don't know what will happen, when it will happen or where we will be when it happens. But there are simple things we can do to prepare. Even short-lived power outages and transportation delays can become a crisis if you don't have a plan in place, basic food and comfort supplies handy and access to critical resources. In a large disaster, the things you rely on everyday will be significantly disrupted and help may be weeks away.
Roads and bridges may be damaged and unsafe to use. All transportation (including cars, buses, and trains) could stop. People won’t be able to get anywhere easily.
Stores (if opened) will quickly run out of supplies and may only accept cash payments.
Utilities (including electricity, water and sewer systems) may be damaged and unavailable for weeks.
Without power, gas stations can’t pump gasoline and ATM machines can’t dispense cash.
Phones (both home and cell), cable TV and Internet connections may not work. Even texting may be blocked. Batteries used for cell phone, radio and flashlights will quickly die.
Hospitals will likely be overwhelmed with injured people.
Police, fire and other emergency personnel will be busy with the most urgent life and safety needs.
What you need to survive and where to get it.
Online resources to buy your supplies and equipment.
What you need to do for a personal/family emergency plan.
How to get closer to the community at large for safety, security and fun.
Where to get good information during and following a disaster.
What to know about the human response to an emergency.
If you know someone that may be at risk due to medical conditions, age or other challenging factors, check to see if they are prepared for a long disaster. This could easily be a life or death situation during a disaster. Having medical supplies and keeping medical equipment operating when there is no electrical power should be considered.
Snohomish County has a great collection of information that details emergency awareness and preparation. Check it out to be better informed and hopefully better prepared for our next disaster
When an emergency happens it is chaotic and we don't respond normally. To save lives a system was developed where you can keep a family profile that is only used when you call 911. The 911 operator can access this information and get you the needed help with more detail. You will need less information in the midst of an emergency. You provide as much information as you are comfortable with to the profile. The service is free and could save your life. Sign up today.
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The Aquafil Group, a global leader in the manufacturing of Nylon 6 polymers and fibers, has released a video game adaptation of its ECONYL® Regeneration System.
Nylla walks users through the six production steps in a way that will explain the manufacturing process in a simplistic manner for all to understand. Each level represents a different stage of the production cycle to emphasize the importance of recycling and regeneration.
The video game is geared towards the future generation and those who will be most impacted by the decisions made by today’s businessmen and women.
“Creating awareness of today’s global issues at a young age is essential to preserving the few natural resources left in the world,” said Maria Giovanna Sandrini, ECONYL brand manager.
The regeneration process begins with the worldwide recovery of Nylon 6 waste such as fish nets, carpet fluff and clothing. By regenerating discarded waste, new products can be created in an endless closed-loop cycle.
Consumers will play a large role in the preservation of the world’s natural resources. By educating the consumers of tomorrow to be more conscious in their purchasing habits, regenerated products can have an endless product life. Through the re-commercialization of regenerated products, fewer natural resources will be depleted and natural habitats will remain intact for generations to come.
Available on the Apple Store
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One founding premise of the charter school initiative was that these new schools would be laboratories of innovation. Cutting red tape would free educators to test new approaches that, if successful, could be incorporated into the regular school-district environment.
In reality, however, what makes the highest-performing charters so effective is tireless staff and a relentless pursuit of continuous improvement, not curricular or pedagogical innovations.
Yet there’s a stir within several of the best charter school networks that deserves to inspire imitation in schools of all stripes. It’s not about technology or school culture, or even pedagogy. It’s the embrace of a broad, well-rounded, content-rich curriculum, starting in the early elementary grades. This approach to what’s taught to young children would constitute a sea change for U.S. elementary schools in general and charter schools in particular.
In the No Child Left Behind–Race to the Top era, reading and math scores determined a school’s accountability rating, and in English language arts classrooms, the mandate was “learn to read, and then read to learn.”
Many elementary educators are rediscovering that this approach, however logical-sounding and well-meaning, simply doesn’t work well with many children. A more evidence-based mantra would be, “learn a bit about everything, so you can read about anything”—or in the words of University of Virginia cognitive scientist Dan Willingham, “Teaching content is teaching reading.” This points to a seismic shift in how we allocate students’ learning time in the early grades.
Building a knowledge base
Born in Houston as the Knowledge Is Power Program for middle schoolers, KIPP is now the biggest and best-known national charter network, educating 88,000 students in 209 schools nationwide. Almost all KIPPsters are poor and minority, and the KIPP network now extends from pre-K through high school and college graduation.
Despite the “knowledge” in its name, KIPP didn’t launch its elementary schools with any uniform curriculum, instead trusting such choices to principals and teachers at the building and classroom levels. As in many American elementary schools, reading focused on teaching kids how to decode words (phonics, phonemic awareness, etc.), followed by plenty of exposure to texts targeted precisely at students’ current reading levels, plus ample practice at the skills of “reading comprehension.” This, it was widely believed, was the recipe for helping children in general, and low-income students in particular, to achieve “grade-level reading” by the end of the third grade.
At first it seemed to be working. A 2015 Mathematica study found KIPP elementary schools making a statistically significant impact on letter-word identification and passage comprehension. Other analyses showed KIPP schools, and other high-poverty charter schools, narrowing the reading proficiency gap compared with schools in more affluent areas.
Sadly, some of this charter progress might have been a mirage. In the NCLB era, schools could narrow the proficiency gap by helping students reach a relatively low bar, even if more affluent students were achieving well over that bar. Overly easy tests gave schools false confidence. In later grades, early progress appeared to fade. Students could decode words, but often struggled to comprehend what they were reading in middle and high school classrooms.
With the adoption of the Common Core standards in 2010—and especially with the implementation of aligned assessments in 2015—the flaws in America’s approach to reading instruction became clear. ELA proficiency rates plummeted nationwide. For even the best charter schools, the achievement gap was once again a mile wide.
Willingham has been arguing for years that background knowledge in subjects such as history, geography, science, and literature is essential for students to comprehend the wide variety of passages they later encounter—in class, online, at the library, or on state tests. A second-grader might be able to sound out “Ty-ran-no-saur-us Rex,” but if she hadn’t been taught about dinosaurs, the term would hold no meaning for her. The way to address this isn’t to drill seven-year-olds on SAT words, but to teach them about dinosaurs and other animals, the history of the United States and the world, cultures here and abroad, key folk stories and works of children’s literature, and so on.
This is particularly important for low-income students, who tend to learn most content in school and, unlike affluent children of college-educated parents, generally do not get to benefit from trips to museums, story times at the library, and other opportunities.
Most importantly, learning about the world and how it works need not wait until kids learn to read. In the early grades, children can and should learn essential content by listening to books read aloud, watching educational videos, and partaking in experiential activities—opportunities that wealthier kids enjoy. By middle school, when children can “read to learn” about these topics, many disadvantaged youngsters are hopelessly behind in their reading comprehension abilities, precisely because they lack the knowledge base that makes comprehension possible.
Keys to the knowledge kingdom
These insights were embedded into college- and career-ready standards that most states adopted in 2010. However, educators could be forgiven for missing it. The standards in English language arts are focused almost entirely on decoding, comprehension, and writing skills. It’s a complementary passage that unlocks the keys to the knowledge kingdom:
By reading texts in history/social studies, science, and other disciplines, students build a foundation of knowledge in these fields that will also give them the background to be better readers in all content areas. Students can only gain this foundation when the curriculum is intentionally and coherently structured to develop rich content knowledge within and across grades.
Adopting such a curriculum is up to educators. And as with most elementary schools, charter schools like those in the KIPP network were late to the party. But, as they say, better late than never.
A coherent curriculum
In 2015, as the new assessments were starting to unmask the big achievement gaps that still afflicted many KIPP pupils, the network embarked on one of its most important initiatives. Rather than viewing curricular uniformity as a straightjacket, KIPP would build a coherent curriculum as a resource for its teachers.
That became the job of Dana Fulmer, director of ELA curriculum and assessment at the KIPP Foundation. Fulmer is a lifelong educator, who spent most of her career directing professional development in public and private schools. Inspired by leading educators such as Robert Marzano and Mike Schmoker and working with the nonprofit group Great Minds, she led a two-year effort to design what would eventually be called the KIPP-Wheatley curriculum.
Fulmer and her colleagues set out with three goals. First, the program was to be “joyful.” Fulmer wanted KIPPsters to “love books, to love reading, to love writing.” A second goal was to build students’ reading and writing skills, with particular focus on close reading. Rather than having students read little snippets of text, they would read something meaty over and over again through different lenses.
The group’s final, and arguably most important, goal was to develop “world knowledge”—science, social studies, art, and literature—commencing in kindergarten with lots of read-alouds. The curriculum is designed around topics, such as bridges or the Underground Railroad. “We stay with those topics for seven weeks, intentionally,” Fulmer says, because of the importance of content knowledge, and because as students go deeper into a content area, the level of text complexity that they can handle rises and their vocabulary expands. The ability to tackle more complex text is the key to boosting reading comprehension.
KIPP and Great Minds created the first drafts of KIPP-Wheatley, which KIPP then adapted, highlighting what worked for KIPP’s mission and network. Great Minds tested the drafts in 12 public and charter schools across the country and created Wit & Wisdom, a K–8 coherent curriculum based on the same principles.
“People are seeing results,” Fulmer says. “Students and teachers love the texts, are engaging more with the texts, and writing and vocabulary are improving.”
The curriculum’s use in KIPP schools is voluntary, though “strongly encouraged.” Uptake has been high, however, as teachers hear from one another about the successes they are seeing with their students. KIPP is now sharing the curriculum with other charter schools, and public schools too.
Not just for KIPP
Several other high-performing charter networks, including Achievement First, Uncommon Schools, and Success Academy, are also discovering the need for a new approach to teaching reading. Success is particularly aggressive about a well-rounded curriculum, with units on the Wampanoag, Greek myths, and the American Revolution—all before kids turn ten!
Traditional public schools can use Great Minds’ Wit & Wisdom curriculum, which just received nearly perfect scores and all “green lights” from EdReports.org. Or, they can download the Success Academy curriculum for free.
This might not be exactly “innovative,” but it sure represents progress.
— Mike Petrilli
Mike Petrilli is president of the Thomas B. Fordham Institute, research fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, and executive editor of Education Next.
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In India, melting Himalayan glaciers cause floods, while raising a more daunting long-term prospect: the drying up of life-sustaining rivers.
The two economic giants are becoming increasingly aware of the effects of rising temperatures. But though they are among the biggest contributors to the problem, both say they will not sign any climate change treaty that would slow the pace of their development.
Meanwhile, the United States, which has pumped more carbon into the atmosphere over time than any other country, says it will continue to oppose mandatory reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, especially if China and India refuse to budge.
The positions of those three countries are pivotal as delegates from 190 nations begin gathering this week on Indonesia's resort island of Bali to discuss a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol, the climate change agreement that expires in 2012.
The goal of the Dec. 3-14 meeting is to head off a scientific forecast of catastrophic droughts and floods, collapsing ice sheets and vanishing coastlines.
"We need everyone to play the game," said Fatih Birol, chief economist at the Paris-based International Energy Agency. If current trends continue, the U.S., China and India would account for more than half the world's carbon emissions by 2015, he added. "Without the big three on board we have no chance whatsoever to fix the climate change problem."
The threat appears worse than it did just a few years ago. A major culprit is coal, which because of its low cost is widely used to generate electricity and run factories in China and India, helping lift millions of people out of poverty.
China plans to add more than 200 coal-fired power plants in the next five years and India, more than 150, said Christopher Bergesen, who tracks power plant construction for Platts, a provider of information on energy markets and issues. He cautioned, however, that exact figures are hard to nail down.
With "the big three" seemingly dead set against mandatory emissions reductions, Birol and others say one of the focuses at Bali should be on developing incentives for China, India and other fast-growing countries to use energy more efficiently and invest in cleaner power, from wind to nuclear.
"Developing nations are looking for support," said Achim Steiner, executive director of the U.N. Environmental Program, adding that they want access to state-of-the art equipment to reduce carbon emissions.
What kind of technology is used when new coal plants are constructed is crucial, because they generally last up to six decades.
With climate change taking on a new urgency, the wealthy developed countries may be willing to lend a hand.
"I think we will see increased financial resources being made available bilaterally and multilaterally," Steiner said.
China and India say they are doing what they can to clean up. Beijing is closing down some of its worst polluting factories and power plants. It also has set an ambitious goal of cutting energy consumption per unit of economic output by 20 percent by 2010, a target some experts doubt China will reach.
"China will make its due contribution to emissions reduction and energy conservation, so please rest assured that our word is good," said Xie Zhenhua, who is leading Beijing's delegation to Bali.
Some delegates will try to convince China and India that certain policy changes would be cost effective, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
As incomes rise, a new middle class is buying air conditioners and refrigerators, which are generally much less energy efficient than in the West.
If China imposed western-level efficiency standards for those appliances alone, "China would save electricity on a yearly basis from 2015 which is equivalent to building the Three Gorges dam," said Birol, referring to China's huge hydropower project.
Scientists predict that India's 4,500-mile coastline will be hard-hit by storm surges and rising sea levels that could displace millions of people. A major worry is that shrinking Himalayan glaciers will threaten the great rivers that provide water for vast agriculture regions that feed a sixth of the world's population.
The government, however, has a difficult balancing act in a country with 400 million people without access to electricity.
"We need to find pragmatic and practical solutions that would include mitigation and adaptation strategies with fair burden sharing," said Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who will lead his country's delegation to Bali. "We're looking for a solution that does not perpetuate poverty in developing countries."
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IT MIGHT NOT SEEM like sinus infections could have anything to do with our teeth, but endodontists know very well that they do. Tooth decay, cavities, and infections can indeed overlap with headaches and sinus problems. In some cases, a patient might only experience sinus problems, instead of any symptoms that would point to a dental issue, and they go to their regular doctor for help instead of a dental professional.
How a Tooth Infection Works
Tooth infections start out when acid-producing oral bacteria or acid from food and drink chews a hole through the enamel of a tooth, forming a cavity. Without treatment, bacteria will grow inside the cavity and work its way deeper until it reaches the pulp chamber where the nerves and blood vessels are. Once the bacteria reaches the pulp, it can spread down to the roots of the tooth. This is the point at which biting down can become painful.
When a Tooth Infection Spreads Beyond the Tooth
Sometimes the tooth infection doesn’t hurt. If an upper molar becomes infected, the infection can work its way into the sinuses, which is how it can cause sinus infections. Patients and clinicians don’t always recognize that this is what’s happening, resulting in incorrect diagnoses. The clinician then recommends treatment for a sinus infection instead of an infected tooth, and the original cause of the infection isn’t treated. At this point, the patient may develop maxillary sinusitis of endodontic origin (MSEO).
What Are the Symptoms of MSEO?
The symptoms of MSEO, unsurprisingly, look a lot like symptoms of a regular sinus infection: runny nose, congestion, post-nasal drip, a foul odor and taste, and facial pain. The typical symptoms of tooth infection, like temperature sensitivity, tenderness while chewing, and tooth pain tend to be absent. The tooth has already died, and the pressure that normally builds painfully around an infected tooth is able to escape into the maxillary sinuses instead.
The Solution for MSEO Is Endodontic Treatment
Doctors or ear, nose, and throat specialists can treat recurring sinus infections for years without realizing they’re being fueled by an infected tooth. Prescribed antibiotics temporarily relieve the symptoms, but they can’t eliminate the source of the bacteria, which is the tooth. The only solution that will actually put a stop to sinus infections like this is root canal therapy.
The relationship between teeth and sinus infections can go the other way too!
Have Sinus Pain? Schedule Your Appointment.
If you’ve had a lot of sinus trouble, particularly if it always seems to last longer than a cold or keeps coming back, consider scheduling an appointment with us. We can determine whether the cause is an infected tooth. If it is, endodontic treatment can save the tooth and stop sinus infections!
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Getting Off to a Good Start
We send “cues” to students from the moment we step into our classroom – and even sooner, in some cases – with our course descriptions, syllabi, and Moodle/classroom management sites. Students begin forming impressions about the course and the instructor immediately.
What kinds of cues do we want to send? That we’re excited about the material? That we’re eager to get to know the students? That we have high standards? That we’re hoping a lot of students will drop the course? That we assume the worst of students? That we want to be inclusive?
Building an Inclusive Syllabus
Thinking intentionally about about the tone and subtle messages we send in the syllabus can help us be more informative and welcoming. We can try to insure that students learn what they need to know about the course while also communicating that we want to partner with them in learning.
Research (summarized in Palmer et al.) suggests that a syllabus “written in a friendly, rather than unfriendly tone evoked [student] perceptions of the instructor being more warm, more approachable, and more motivated to teach the course.” Approachability can motivate students and make them more likely to seek out a professor when struggling.
Syllabus reformers suggest that faculty craft a “learning-centered” syllabus that improves motivation, honestly addresses challenges students might face, and explains the strategies and resources that are available to students when they encounter challenges. Many of us were taught that a syllabus is a contract, and as a result, filled ours with a series of legalistic mandates about what students should NOT do and the consequences breaking the rules. There are two problems with this way of thinking: first, we can’t anticipate every single way students might violate our expectations, and second, the tone can be off-putting or even adversarial.
In contrast, a learning-centered syllabus describes what students will do in the course (instead of what they shouldn’t do), the interesting questions the course will answer, and why course topics and skills matter. Small actions, like the use of personal pronouns (like “we” or “you”), or including what students can expect of you, send potentially meaningful signals.
A final suggestion for an inclusive syllabus is to make your good intentions known. If you are committed to trying to create a class where every student feels welcome, and you intend to be respectful and fair, then say it explicitly – both on your syllabus and on the first day of class.
How we talk about policies and campus resources matters. Before each semester, the provost’s office shares suggested language to include in a course syllabus, such as campus resources to support student writing and learning, or statements related to the Honor Code, disabilities, and religious holidays.
As you decide how to include this information in your syllabus, consider the cues sent by each of the following two options for describing how learning needs will be accommodated :
- “Students must notify the instructor of accommodations within 2 weeks of class.”
- “If you need accommodations, you have a right to have these met, so it’s best to notify instructors as soon as possible.” (Tulane’s accessible syllabus project)
The first example could be read by students as the instructor seeing accommodation as an inconvenient burden, whereas the second reinforces student rights and is more welcoming. See more options for supportive language you can use regarding disabilities, supplied by Arkansas Tech’s Office of Disability Services (pdf).
The same applies to language about the policies related to religious holidays or the Honor Code. We can simply repeat boilerplate language, or we can adapt it to make clear our sincere commitment. (“The Honor Code means a lot to me, so I want to make sure you understand…”) We can also model our commitment by using proper citations for legally permissible photos.
Whatever policies you choose, you can see differences in how a “warm” and “cold” syllabus might express them.
Want to assess how inclusive your syllabus is? Use the worksheet created by James Madison’s Center for Faculty Innovation.
A good syllabus is clear and easy to read. Practices like using headings help all students understand how it is organized and help students with disabilities (who need screen readers) work through the document. Bulleted points, numbered lists, tables or graphics can help highlight certain information. For students with dyslexia, using bold-face is better than using italics, and using a sans-serif font is better than a serif one.
If you create or have students create websites, you can build them with accessibility in mind.
The First Day of Class
If we are committed to values of inclusion and to trying to help all students successfully learn, and we want students to know that, then both our words and our actions matter.
Our words matter not only in the use of respectful language (about groups of students and individuals), but also in terms of explicitly communicating our values. All students, but especially those from historically marginalized groups, will be listening for cues about how we talk about matters such as disability, religious holidays, gender, and pronouns.
Our actions also communicate our values, such as the following:
- Explaining the reasons for our methods of evaluation and how we actively try to insure fairness (e.g. use of rubrics, anonymous grading, etc.) communicates to students that we are fair and trustworthy, .
- Keeping our word when we make promises to students
- Acknowledging when we make a mistake
Demonstrating that we recognize students’ backgrounds and group identities matter and that multiple components combine into one’s individual identity, which we can learn more about by:
- Learning names on the first day (or sooner, with photos in OnTrack)
- Asking them to confidentially share multiple components of their background or things that make them who they are.
- Sharing some aspects of our own backgrounds and identity. (Thinking carefully about what is shared and why.)
- Have students learn about one another and learning each other’s names.
- Continue working on community throughout the semester. The Motivation Research Institute notes that “when students experience meaningful student-student and student-teacher relationships, they are more likely to experience high value” and be motivated to learn.
Show that we expect students to participate actively in class:
- Avoid doing all the talking on the first day.
- Design an exercise so that every student is participating in a meaningful activity related to course content or skills.
- Find a way to help students will learn what is expected of them in terms of class participation. In Discussion in the College Classroom, Jay Howard notes that students and faculty can have very different expectations (about matters including hand-raising, if only “right answers” constitute good verbal participation, laptop use, use of names, behavior in small groups, anecdotal evidence, etc.). Howard suggests that unless faculty intervene, students will be tempted to only pay “civil attention” instead of being fully engaged.
- Continue to structure class meetings to insure broad-based participation. Without inclusive structures, the class can quickly fall into a pattern of “consolidation of responsibility” where a small number of students account for the majority of verbal participation.
- Help students understand the value of our course material, which may not be self-evident to them.
- Help students connect what they are learning to their past, present, or future personal lives and/or the real world.
Works Cited & Resources
Ken E. Barron and C.S. Hulleman, “Is there a formula to help understand and improve student motivation?” E-xcellence in Teaching, 8 (August 2006).
Mary Bart, “A Learner-Centered Syllabus Helps Set the Tone for Learning,” Faculty Focus, July 29, 2015.
Jay R. Howard, Discussion in the College Classroom; Getting Your Students Engaged and Participating in Person and Online. Jossey-Bass, 2015.
Ann C. Orr and Sara Bachman Hammig, “Inclusive Post-secondary Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities: a Review of the Literature,” Learning Disability Quarterly 32, Summer 2009.
Michael S. Palmer, Lindsay B. Wheeler, and Itiya Aneece, “Does the Syllabus Matter? The Evolving Role of Syllabi in Higher Education, Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 48:4, July/August 2016.
Jeanne M. Slattery and Janet F. Carlson, “Preparing an Effective Syllabus,” College Teaching 53 , no. 4, 2005.
Claude Steele, Whistling Vivaldi (Norton, 2010), chapter 8 (The Strength of Stereotype Threat: The Role of Cues).
Anne-Marie Womack, et al., “Accessible Syllabus,” Tulane Center for Engaged Learning.
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In January 2013, there were 26.2 million unemployed people in the EU (10.8% of the active population and 11.9% in the Eurozone area). Unemployment has been increasing throughout the time as the financial crisis continues. The European Commission has recently released a report on employment stating the employment outlook is “very bleak,” considering that unemployment is predicted to remain at high levels until 2014. With the crisis, the EU and its Member States are likely to make budgetary cuts. This has impacted persons with disabilities, and in particular also Deaf sign language users.
During the first decade of 21st century, before the crisis, persons with disabilities experienced good quality living conditions and inclusion. Governments were making efforts to accommodate persons with disabilities. However, with the crisis in effect, they are likely to curtail the efforts. Currently, the future looks grim, especially with the chance of cuts weakening the economic, political, and social structures that were developed in the early 21st century.
1 out of 5 persons with disabilities (21.1%) are at the risk of poverty in the EU, compared to persons without disabilities: 14.9%. The effects of the crisis on persons with disabilities are: direct budget cuts; closure and merging of services; cuts in staffing, pay, and conditions; cuts in independent living support; delays in payments; delay of developments and reforms; longer waiting lists; more standardised/institutional services; non-indexation and deductions; users charge and cuts in benefits; and changed conditions for entitlement. There are limited data on deaf people; however, it is known that they, like other persons with disabilities, struggle in today’s labour market. Statistics have shown that deaf people are likely to have poor education because they often acquire language later in their childhood. With their limited skills, they have harder time finding a job. In addition, the services they get, such as sign interpretation or vocational training, are getting cut and that creates more barriers for them.
With the crisis affecting the common currency, employers are likely to not hire. The European Commission’s report stated that countless jobs and job opportunities have been decreasing because of the uncertainty of that has surrounded the Euro. In addition to the crisis, there has been an increase in skills mismatch, creating another issue in employment. It is expected that new jobs in EU will require high-level qualifications. This will play a role in deaf people’s struggle in labour market, seeing that they are more likely to be undereducated. As more jobs require higher qualification, it will become more important for deaf people to receive best education as possible in order to survive in the labour market. This requires legislations regarding to accessibility in education. The European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training predicted that by 2020, the European labour market will have a surplus of some skills and a shortage of others. This can contribute to unemployment. Thus, solving the financial crisis is not the only task the EU is now charged with but also address possible skill mismatch situations.
The Labour Market Observatory held a hearing, “Employment Situation of People with a Disability,” on 12 June 2008, presenting numbers, which are still relevant today. DG EUROSTAT presented figures on employment of disabled people in the EU, reporting that 17% of the EU population are disabled (excluding those who live in institutions); however. They also point out however that it is difficult to find data regarding persons with disabilities because there is no common definition of ‘disability.’ The European Disability Forum, listed the barriers people with disabilities face as they seek for jobs: low education levels, inaccessible workplaces, lack of support, insufficient resources, and low flexibility. EDF believes that “the EU should aim at reaching the same rate of employment of disabled people as for the rest of the working population.” Finally, it was shared that it is actually cheaper to accommodate persons with disabilities than excluding them from the labour market. However, there were no specific data on deaf people. This data is used to push for inclusive labour market. Therefore, to ensure that deaf people are being included, data on the cost of unemployed deaf people needs to be collected and shared.
Employers and the government are likely to see accommodations as expensive; however, they do not realise what the outcome will be if they were willing to accommodate. The European Federation for Services to Individuals (EFSI) composed a report explaining the cost of unemployment. It compared the cost of unemployment in six EU Member States-Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom. The report presented findings that showed it is cheaper to provide accommodations rather than excluding persons with disabilities from the labour market because unemployment benefits are likely to be expensive, more expensive than the accommodations.
In order to improve employment situation for persons with disabilities, especially deaf people, data on deaf people in labour market, implementation of legislations for persons with disabilities, new legislations pushing for accommodations, programmes that would support persons with disabilities and educate employers, educational programmes for children with disabilities, and accessibility are essential.
Skill Mismatch in Europe:
Why Invest in Employment? A Study on the Cost of Unemployment
Reading Fluency in Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
EU Employment and Social Situation Quarterly Review- March 2013
The Employment Situation of People with Disability
Reading Research & Deaf Children
Reading Comprehension in Deaf Children
Assessing the Impact of European Governments’ Austerity Plans on the Rights of People with Disabilities
EU Urged to Address Paradox of High Unemployment and Skills Shortages
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In Victorian Supernatural fiction we see ourselves "in a glass darkly".
"For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part, but then shall I know even as I am known"1 Cor. 12.
The above is quoted from the scripture of St Paul, and appropriated or indeed somewhat misappropriated by Sheridan Le Fanu as the title for his collection of five short tales published in 1872 under the title "In a Glass Darkly". The original quote, like most things written in scripture, is a somewhat ambiguous statement; in the generally accepted meaning, however it is taken as a reference to looking through a window pane, in a somewhat cloudy manner seeing only glimpses of that which is spiritual or indeed heavenly as analogy to life on earth. The inference being that upon arriving into the lord's arms in heaven, the vision will become clear. As Robert Tracy notes in his excellent introduction to the Oxford world's classics edition of "In a Glass Darkly", Le Fenu was the son of a clergyman and raised in a very religious household and therefore would not have occasion to "misquote scripture lightly" . The "glass" of Le Fanu's is believed a mirror in which "darkly" viewed we see a darker nature to our own selves. In both of the contexts of the quote however, is the implication of the desire to no longer see "darkly". While the use of glass can be seen as having two major but somehow polar opposite uses, that of looking through and that of reflecting, material glass in actuality is a much more indistinct substance, holding the ability to be seen through and to reflect; the reflective qualities of a window becoming all the more apparent when it is, of course, dark. The idea of Le Fanu's "glass" being that of a transparent but simultaneously reflective state adds an interesting new dimension too the critical analysis of the short tales within this collection.
Sheridan Le Fanu was born 1814 in Dublin, Ireland, attended Dublin University and apart from brief periods to the contrary spent most of his life in that city; as a result much of his work is deeply entrenched in Irish folklore.
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How Croatia celebrates Easter – customs and food
Easter (Uskrs) is a big holiday in Croatia. There are so many Easter customs in Croatia that it is impossible to remember all of them. Some are common across the country, some are specific to regions, cities, and villages.
If you want to learn more about Croatian holidays, hop over to this post.
In this post, we cover:
How Croatia celebrates Easter including customs and food
In Croatia, there is a custom of giving Easter eggs as gifts to close friends and family since they are a symbol of life. This is common for people in love. In Dubrovnik, girls would give Easter eggs to their fiancés. This gesture is a symbol of happiness, love, and welfare in their future life.
Girls would also bake braids out of dough and give them to their mothers to nurture a good relationship. Giving Easter eggs is also common in Međimurje and Podravina, as well as other parts of Croatia.
In the northwest part of Croatia, people prepare Uskrsni krijes (Eastern bonfire) called vuzmenice on the night of Holy Saturday. Vuzem means Uskrs (Easter) in this part of Croatia.
In the evening, people gather in front of the church and make vuzmenice. They light the fire using only rocks and no matches. Villages then compete to make the biggest and most beautiful fire. Villagers sing Easter songs and hang out all night.
In Dalmatia, people play music with an instrument called čegrtaljke or klepetaljke. Čegrtaljka is a wooden board with a small wheel connected to metal teeth and percussion. This mechanism allows čegrtaljka to produce a sound when it is ridden on the ground or other straight surfaces.
In Croatia, we eat a lot of delicious food during the days surrounding Easter. On Veliki petak (Good Friday), we don’t eat meat or fatty food. We usually eat fish only. On the coast, people prepare sea fish such as bakalar (cod). In continental Croatia, we usually prepare freshwater fish such as šaran (carp).
Here is a delicious recipe on how to prepare carp in cornflour, a traditional Easter meal from Međimurje.
Here is a delicious recipe on how to prepare cod called bakalar na bijelo.
Learn how to buy Adriatic fish at the market in our guide here.
Easter is reserved for true food hedonism. The food that we eat on Easter isn’t prepared only on Velika subota (Holy Saturday), but also a few days before too. Almost everywhere in Croatia, the tradition is to eat ham, Easter eggs, French salad, homemade bread, and traditional cakes for breakfast. We also eat a lot of young onions, radishes, and horseradish.
Check out our Croatian cheat sheet for vegetables here.
For lunch, we eat chicken soup, purica s mlincima (turkey with mlinci), lamb, odojak (young pig), and different meat roasts. We also eat the leftovers for breakfast. For dessert, we eat traditional cakes such as gibanica, kuglof, or rožata in Dalmatia.
Gibanica is a cake made of flour and eggs that can also include walnuts, poppy, carob, or cheese. Here is a recipe for the preparation of gibanica.
Kuglof is a sweet bread with cacao and raisins. Here is a recipe for the preparation of kuglof.
Rožata is a sweet dessert made of many eggs, popular in Dubrovnik, that is similar to flan. Here is a recipe for the preparation of rožata.
Some people prepare cooked ham and others prepare it baked in bread. Cooked ham is easier to prepare. You only have to cook it in water with some spices. While baking it, first you have to prepare dough for bread. Then you wrap the ham with the dough and bake it.
Here is a recipe for the preparation of juicy cooked ham.
Here is a recipe for the preparation of ham baked in bread.
Pinca is a traditional Eastern sweet bread that is prepared all over Croatia. It is served with ham on Easter morning. People call it sirnica in Istria and Dalmatia, jajarica in Zagorje, Prigorje, and Turopolje, and pinca in other parts of Croatia. It is a simple dough made of wheat, butter, yeast, and eggs.
What makes it special is a carefully selected combination of fragrant spices such as orange and lemon peel, rum, rose oil, prosecco, or kruškovec (a rakija made of pears). An olive branch blessed on Cvjetnica (Palm Sunday) can be placed on the top of pinca.
Here is a recipe for pinca.
Coloring eggs for Easter has been a tradition in Croatia for more than 600 years.
Old customs include coloring eggs using natural techniques. Eggs can be cooked together with certain ingredients that will color their shells in different colors.
Below are traditional ingredients that can be used to dye eggs:
- Blue – purple cabbage, black grapes
- Brown – strong coffee, walnut shells, black tea
- Green – young spinach, a parsley
- Orange – black onion shells, a carrot, chili powder, red pepper, saffron, turmeric
- Red – onion shells, pomegranate juice
- Pink – beetroot, cranberry juice, grape juice
The most common color used for decorating eggs in the Christian tradition is red. Below you can see what each color symbolizes.
- Christ’s torment
- God’s love
- Joy of life
- Victory of life over death
- Good health
There is a fun and creative tradition of coloring Easter eggs using onion shells. This is a healthy technique that uses no artificial colors. Onion shells leave a nice dark red color during cooking. The leaves of various plants are used to leave shapes on the eggs during cooking.
Below is a tutorial for my favorite method of coloring eggs. If you follow these steps, you can’t go wrong.
For coloring eggs using onion shells, you will need:
- A piece of clothing or cotton wool
- A small basket or saucer
- Leaves of various plants
- Nylon socks
- Oil or a piece of bacon
- Purple onion shells
Step #1 Pick the leaves
You will need leaves to decorate eggs. They will leave beautiful natural imprints on boiled eggs after you cook them with the onion shells. My advice is to collect smaller leaves because eggs are quite small, so the design will be more expressive.
I like to pick leaves of parsley, clover, wild carrot, dandelion, and other wild spring plants that I come across. Sometimes I even pick small flowers, such as daisies.
Step #2 Prepare the eggs
Eggs must be clean. If you have eggs from someone’s farm, be sure to check if they are clean from earth or hay. If they aren’t, wash them with cold water.
I’ve noticed that the brighter (whiter) the eggs are, the redder they will end up. Imprints from leaves will also be more evident. If they are darker, the red color will turn darker. If they have some dots on the surface, the result can also be interesting. This is not a big wisdom, but it’s good to know because results can differ a lot.
Step #3 Cook onion shells
During the previous days, collect a decent amount of onion shells. The more shells you have, the stronger the color will be. I put at least 4 handfuls of shells in a two-liter pot. You can never put too much onion. I usually put 10-12 eggs into the pot.
Fill half the pot with cold water and put onion shells in it. Let them cook for a while to let out the color. If the water evaporates and doesn’t cover the eggs, add more water.
Step #4 Decorate eggs with leaves
In the meantime, decorate eggs with leaves. I tear off the stem and use only leaves. Lay the leaves on the egg and put the egg into a nylon sock. Tie the sock with the ribbon and cut off the rest of the sock. The egg must be very tightly bound so that the leaves don’t move.
It will probably take some time to learn the technique. This is not so complicated to do if you use only one leaf for one egg. When you use more than one leaf per egg, they may move a lot. Sometimes I put the egg into the sock first and then put the leaves on the egg. This way, they may move less. Explore what works for you best.
Step# 5 Cook eggs in onion shells
Gently put all the eggs in boiled water, one by one. You can pull them down with a spoon or your hand, but very carefully. Be sure not to break them because the water will be filled out with foam, and you will need to clean them.
Cook eggs for at least half an hour. Take out one egg from the water to see the color. When you notice that they have become a nice red color, take them out of the water. Another option is to remove the pot from the stove to let the eggs cool in the water.
Step #6 Coat the eggs with oil
Take the eggs out of the socks and remove the leaves if you haven’t already and let them cool down. Take a piece of cloth or cotton wool and soak it with oil. When the eggs have cooled down, rub the oil on their surface.
This will give a nice glow to eggs. The red color will be more vibrant and the design will be more visible. Instead of oil, you can use a piece of bacon to coat them.
Step #7 Put eggs into the basket
Easter eggs are usually put into a small decorative basket or saucer. Pick some grass and lay it on the bottom of the basket. You can also add some wildflowers or leaves as decoration.
Sometimes it takes me some time to decorate the basket. This small egg art turns out so beautiful that it makes it difficult to decide which side of the egg will be the front. It’s a slatka muka (sweet torment)!
View our other holiday posts
- All Saint’s Day (Dan svih svetih) in Croatia
- Anti-Fascist Struggle Day (Dan antifašističke borbe)
- Corpus Christi (Tijelovo)
- Day of Remembering the Victims of Croatia War of Independence and Day of Remembering Victims of Vukovar and Škabrnja
- Epiphany in Croatia – Bogojavljenje, Sveta tri kralja
- Međunarodni praznik rada (Labor Day)
- Nikolinje – Saint Nicholas’ Day
- Silvestrovo and New Year’s Eve in Croatia
- St. Lucy’s Day (Sveta Lucija)
- St. Martin’s Day (Martinje)
- Statehood Day (Dan državnosti)
- Sveti Stjepan, Štefanje (St. Stephen’s Day)
- Velika Gospa (Assumption of Mary)
- Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day (Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti)
Uskrsni tjedan by Rajko Tomanić
Bojanje jaja tradicionalnim prirodnim metodama by narodni.net
Uskrsna pinca by Sandra Gašparić
Uskrsni običaji u Dalmaciji, Istri, Dubrovniku i ostatku Hrvatske by Gordana Igrec
Pisanice na našim prostorima by V.I.
Please note: Information provided by Expat in Croatia is only for the purposes of guidance. It does not constitute legal or financial advice in any form. Croatian laws and bureaucratic rules often change, and each personal case is individual, so different rules may apply. For legal advice, contact us to consult with a licensed Croatian lawyer. For financial advice, contact us to consult with a licensed Croatian tax advisor or accountant.
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This chapter will provide you with information on how to keep yourself, your pets, and your children safer while living in cougar territory.
There are many people who live in cougar territory throughout Alberta and British Columbia. While sharing the land with a large cat can sound intimidating, the cougar is one of the least aggressive of the world’s large cats¹, and cougar attacks are rare.
They are solitary animals who have mastered the art of camouflage allowing them to remain extremely elusive. Cougars prefer to remain hidden from sight and avoid people as much as possible and do not view humans as prey². It's important to remember they see us far more than we see them, and prefer it that way. There are a multitude of ways to ensure you can be proactive in living with cougars to reduce the likelihood of conflicts with Canada’s largest wild cat.
Cougar attacks are rare. In fact, you are more likely to be killed in a hunting accident or by a cow than a cougar1. In British Columbia, over the past 100 years, only five deaths have resulted from cougar attacks, with 29 non-fatal attacks occurring during the same time period2. The majority of the attacks, four of the five deaths and 20 of the 29 non-fatal attacks, occurred on Vancouver Island¹. Most attacks involved children under 16 years of age2.
Strategies that can be used at home to reduce conflicts can include, but are not limited to3:
To keep children safer in cougar territory, adults must set expectations, be role models of appropriate behaviours, and supervise children closely. When recreating in cougar habitat, children should not run ahead. Ideally, children should stay between two adults and close enough to either be held by the hand or be within arm's reach¹.
A household pet can attract both cougars and their prey species to your home. A few strategies for keeping pets safer at home include:
Hunting is a controversial way to reduce cougar-livestock conflict. Some consider that removing the cougar will remove the problem. In contrast, hunting disrupts the social structure and population of the cougars in the area. This disruption encourages younger cougars to move into an area which can often lead to increased conflict.
Cougar-livestock coexistence is an ongoing struggle for ranchers, farmers, livestock, and cougars. Failure to practice and implement proactive cougar-livestock coexistence strategies can lead to economic stress for the rancher and the cougar's death.
Studies have found that more cougar-livestock conflicts occur in South and Central America than in North America¹. Factors contributing to this increase in conflict could include dense vegetation, poor animal husbandry, the scarcity of a cougar’s natural prey, proximity to water sources, and a high human/high livestock density¹.
Various strategies have been used in different areas, such as economic compensation and non-lethal ways to remove a problem cougar from an area. In Brazil, electric fences have been installed, Northern Chile has experimented with deterrent lights, and Mexico has used visual and auditory repellents to discourage cougar conflict¹.
Whichever strategy is implemented by a community, it is vital to keep everyone who is impacted by the cougar-livestock conflict involved in determining resolution strategies. The resolution strategies should be thoroughly tested and adapted as needed.
Although each situation is unique, there are a few strategies farmers and ranchers can follow to keep their livestock and hobby animals safe² ³. Please note that this list of strategies does not replace expert consultations.
In the rare event that a cougar encounter occurs¹ ²:
In the extreme and rare chance that a cougar attacks, do not play dead. Instead, fight back with everything and anything you can.
This is the end of our Cougar series in the Knowledge Base. We hope you feel more informed, and better prepared if you were to encounter a cougar.
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When you visit a national park, monument, or another protected site, you’re bound to and harbored by laws that protect that landmark. Littering will earn you a fine, as will starting a fire where you’re not supposed to; in return, you can enjoy the landmark because other parties are prohibited from engaging in dangerous practices like hunting endangered wildlife or removing historical artifacts. It’s a generally agreeable form of give-and-take that allows people to experience meaningful sites over multiple generations.
But what happens when meaningful sites exist away from Earth? Space law experts are calling for implementing legal guidelines that would protect lunar landmarks, like the famous bootprint Neil Armstrong stamped into the soil in 1969. Michelle Hanlon, co-director of the Air and Space Law Program at the University of Mississippi School of Law, founded a nonprofit called For All Moonkind to recognize and preserve space sites that contribute to “our common human heritage.”
While the lack of wind on the moon means Armstrong’s boot print could last a million years or more, this won’t happen if future lunar missions aren’t careful. Nothing’s stopping space agencies from ruining the print with a rover’s treads, a new lander, or even another astronaut’s boot. Should any of those things happen, there wouldn't be any repercussions, despite the landmark’s immense historical value.
In an article for HowStuffWorks in 2021, Hanlon writes that the One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act—which became law in December 2020—is an important yet insufficient step toward protecting landmarks in space. The law dictates that any company working with NASA on a lunar mission agrees to follow guidelines focused on preserving American landing sites. Not only does that affect a small set of organizations, but it doesn’t present any consequences regardless; the guidelines are otherwise unenforceable. Still, the One Small Step Act is the first legislation to recognize that off-Earth landmarks can have “outstanding universal value” to humanity.
Hanlon and her team of space law experts-turned-volunteers believe more work is needed. More than a hundred countries have ratified the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, proving that it’s possible (and even beneficial) for nations to agree on space guidelines. In partnership with a space sustainability nonprofit called the Secure World Foundation, For All Moonkind helped produce a Lunar Policy Handbook and distributed the text at the United Nations in March. Combined with For All Moonkind’s new Institute on Space Law and Ethics, the handbook offers a foundation upon which government agencies and private companies can build policies on site selection, transparency, resource sharing, and even situational awareness—all things that are considered in the protection of Earthly landmarks like national parks.
“We go to great lengths to recognize and protect our common human heritage here on Earth,” reads For All Moonkind’s website. “What could be more significant than human milestones in the exploration of space?”
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Rotating Beam Fatigue And Axial Fatigue Test Methods
The main difference between the two test methods is that axial fatigue testing applies a uniform stress throughout the cross-section of the specimen under test, whereas rotating beam fatigue testing creates an applied stress that increases linearly from 0 at the neutral axis to a maximum stress value at the specimen surface.
Nonfully Reversed Cyclic Loads
S-N diagrams assume fully reversed cyclic load or stress. For cases of nonfully reversed stress, where the mean stress m is nonzero, the S-N diagram approach must be modified. There are four commonly employed design criteria to determine fatigue life by incorporating the damage caused by mean stress. They are the Goodman line, Soderberg, Gerber, and yield line criteria, as shown in Figure 4.6. Note that, in the figure, if the stress point that represents the maximum stress of a component is located below the respective failure line, the component is said to be safe and the fatigue life is infinite . The safety factor nf can be calculated, for example, using the Goodman line criterion as
Figure 4.6. Fatigue design criteria for nonzero mean stress.
Features Of Raagen Rotational Bending Fatigue Testing Machines
– Standard models with current capacity have a force capacity of 300N, 500N, 1000N, 3000N.
– The system can be configured according to user needs.
– It is fully automatic and controlled by computer software.
– Machine rotation and force application are made by means of precision servo motors. Standard models up to 3000 rpm are available, and fatigue systems are designed specifically for the project by Raagen engineers for systems that will operate at higher speeds.
– It has a compact table unit design that provides easy installation and easy use in laboratories.
– Grips that can be adjusted according to the samples, a sliding system that can be adjusted according to the sample lengths, and a transparent protective cover for safety are included in the basic package content of our standard devices.
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Most Common Uses Of A Fatigue Testing Machine:
- Fatigue tests are critical in manufacturing because they determine a materials lifespan. One can conduct fatigue tests in a laboratory setting. Using a machine interface and software, one can load a known amount of weight down onto the samples to see how much stress can be placed on them before they break.
- Fatigue testing machines use high frequency dynamic and static loading to evaluate the sturdiness of articles by applying force over many cycles until failure.
- In short, machines subject these materials to thousands of repetitions of just about any type of stress one can give them until they break.
Whats The Difference Between High Cycle Fatigue And Low Cycle Fatigue
Low Cycle Fatigue The low cycle fatigue test runs in strain control with the load being a dependent variable. The strain variables that are usually defined by the customer are:
- Wave Shape
- Maximum Target Strain or Strain Range
- A-Ratio or R-Ratio
- Switch Point
- Discontinue Test
There are three stages to low cycle fatigue testing.
- The first stage is designed to detect crack initiation on a polished specimen.
- The second stage is propagation life, which occurs after initiation.
- The third stage is failure, determined by some percentage of load drop from a stable condition.
High Cycle Fatigue Unlike LCF, high cycle fatigue tests conduct on specimens in force control. These tests determine the number of cycles to fracture for each specimen, and the data can compile into stress-life curves. Nominal stress levels in HCF tests are low significantly below the materials yield strength.
- Axial Fatigue
- Cantilever Fatigue
- Rotating Beam Fatigue
These tests conduct at cryogenic to elevated test temperatures. WMT& R is a one-stop source for low cycle fatigue machining, low stress grinding/polishing, and LCF testing ready to meet customers ISO/ASTM testing requirements.
Read Also: Adrenal Fatigue What Is It
Rotating Fatigue Testing Machine
- About products and suppliers:
Get a range of wholesale rotating fatigue testing machine designed for different testing needs. For those involved in the field of digital electronics and who need to work with digital circuits and systems regularly, consider the wide range of logic analyzers that are available. Quality testing equipment will be able to help verify and debug your digital designs efficiently when required.
If you are looking for items like electric tester pens for personal or home use, pick from the range of voltage detector kits available. For those who do not require an entire kit, look into the individual product listings for the different types of pen voltage testers that are on sale instead.
For owners of electronic tools and equipment supply stores, there is also a large variety of testing equipment that you might want to consider purchasing. Products that are available include vector network analyzers, circuit breaker testers, megohmmeters and even tube testers. Get rotating fatigue testing machine from several popular and leading brands here.
If you happen to be in search of an affordable tool for troubleshooting purposes, consider equipment like the amp clamp meter for quick and effective checking. For those looking for more specialized products, like tools to test fiber optic cables, look into the selection of quality optical time-domain reflectometers, also known as the OTDR, which are used to test the integrity of fiber cables.
Radial Fatigue Testing Machine:
Radial fatigue testing is a non-destructive technology that effectively evaluates the materials mechanical properties under test.
Results are a reflection of the inner and outer structure and surface conditions. It is an electrically driven fatigue testing machine that simulates the load forces that a wheel experiences while cornering on the road.
It uses a horizontally moving carriage to create radial and tangential stress, replicating stresses during use.
Torsional Fatigue Testing Machine:
Torsional fatigue testing machines are valuable in prompting real-life service requirements and checking product grade for products such as drill device bit tips and medical appliances, wire, screws and other fasteners, and much more.
It can avoid the influence of other factors on testing and obtain a more accurate result. The main feature is that it can test two sides of the same sample simultaneously by using a high-precision electric system and control system, which greatly shortens the time for loading and unloading samples and reduces labor intensity.
It performs a torsion test on a material sample after being subjected to a specified level of cyclic loading.
Rotary Bending Fatigue Testing Machine :
A rotating-beam fatigue testing machine facilitates testing of materials to generate the S-N curve from which one can determine endurance limit.
It uses beams to conduct stress tests and other types of mechanical testing. These beams rotate several times and attach shafts at opposing ends with a clamped workpiece placed in the center.
The rotating beam fatigue testing machine is a similar apparatus but serves a different purpose.
The beam or equivalent device turns until one end inevitably fails due to excessive vibration, stress, or other damaging force.
This technique is frequently employed when conducting tensile tests to determine materials strength or elastic limits.
Also Check: How To Deal With Compassion Fatigue
Dynamic Fatigue Testing Machine:
A dynamic fatigue testing machine tests the dynamic load-carrying capacity of a component or assembly.
It is helpful to determine the strength of a piece exposed to repeated stress, such as impact and vibration. The test configuration and loading condition are necessary for the components fatigue life.
Dynamic fatigue machines may be linear or rotary, depending on the applied dynamic load.
Servo Hydraulic Fatigue Test Machines Grips And Test Fixtures
Raagen has a big engineer team for designing of different test fixtures according to various test standards.This team analyse the customer’s exact requirement of required tests. They offer correct fixture types and dimensions for customer.Raagen offers different kind of tensile test fixtures, compression test plates, flexural and bending test apparatus, shear test fixtures, peeling tests fixtures, eccentric rollers, chucks, puncture test fixtures, specimen cutters and cutting dies. See more…
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Numerical And Experimental Results
A special case of longitudinally periodic beams are the light fields with the property of rotation around the axis of propagation. The simplest of these fields are a superposition of two Bessel functions with different parameters and scale . In this section, we have a general condition for the formation of rotating diffractionless beams. Such beams can be generated by using phase trochosons , binary helicons or binary phase helical axicons .
In this section, we consider rotating Bessel beams generated by binary phase DOEs with a spatial carrier frequency which, as in , have about 40% energy efficiency, but unlike the helical axicons these DOE form simultaneously two identical beams , rotating in opposite directions. Moreover, unlike , each of these beams can be described by a linear combination of Bessel functions with angular harmonics and with an arbitrarily given weight contribution of each.
In it is proposed to form a multimode Bessel beam with a DOE whose transmission function U is a linear combination of axicons with angular harmonics. This means that in the composition it is proposed to use the basic functions of the form:
The effectiveness of such a field is slightly higher 2 = 40.5%. From equation it follows that the binary axicon can generate rotating Bessel beams only of a special type. The phase DOE, calculated according to equation , allows formation of rotating diffractionless beams of a more general form.
Kuang-Hua Chang, in, 2013
Spring Fatigue Testing Machine
Spring Fatigue Test Machines measure and determine the spring life and fatigue strength. The test results are practically helpful in assessing the quality and making maintenance decisions.
Spring Fatigue Test machines are primarily valuable in metallurgical industries, including high-performance springs found in cars, aircraft, industrial machinery, and military equipment.
It is excellent and reliable equipment for the testing of spring materials. The fatiguing tests help determine the working life, maximum stress, and residual strength of springs. They are helpful for monotonic tension and compression-based mechanical tests.
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Appendix: Fatigue Failure Of The Specimen
Figure 8 presents a typical example of a high-strength quenched and tempered steel specimen tested until failure. As can be seen, the fatigue crack nucleated at the surface of the specimen within the gauge length and then propagated~2.5 mm before the final fracture took place practically within one loading cycle .
a Example of a fractured specimen, and , example of a fatigue failure surface. In the area of the stable fatigue crack propagation is highlighted by the vertical line
Rr Moore Rotating Beam Fatigue Testing System Iso1143
The RR Moore Fatigue Testing Systems design is based on the rotating beam principle. The specimen functions as a simple beam symmetrically loaded at two points. When rotated one half revolution, the stresses in the material originally below the neutral axis are reversed from tension to compression and vice versa. Upon completing the revolution, the stresses are again reversed so that during one revolution the test specimen passes through a complete cycle of flexural stress .
Specimen loadingThe RR Moore Fatigue Testing System can be equipped to test straight shank specimens. The standard specimen length is appr. 90 mm. Specimens 25 mm longer or 25 mm shorter can be tested without affecting the calibration of the system.Straight shank specimens are held in place using precision specimen collets.Stress is applied to the specimen by direct application of dead- weights to ensure precise loading.
Controller including cycle counterIntegrated variable speed control provides the RR Moore Fatigue Testing Systems capability to operate at speeds from 500 RPM to 10.000 RPM. Speed control is important in testing certain materials that heat up when highly stressed, and it allows certain correlations of results between high speed tests and lower speed test.Controller is provided with a touchpanel display showing:
- Cycle counter up to 99mil counts.
- Set speed, and actual speed.
- Data will be stored during test and after completion of test.
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Fatigue Testing Machine: Specifications
Some of the specifications of a Fatigue Testing machine are:
- These machines come with a digit display counter and a mechanical counter that one can for an additional cost.
- Devices with maximum bending moment up to 400 Kg-cm are available upon request. Most of these models are table-mounted and do not require a partial foundation. Most pieces of machinery have a simple lever system for changing the load depending on your requirements.
- It uses a lever system for quickly changing the force when required, and each machine comes with simple instructions for operation.
- It contains a lad cell. The load cell is a device for measuring the pressure applied to it. It consists of an aluminum or steel strain gauge bonded to a thick metal plate, bolted onto a machines moving part.
- According to the usage purposes, these machines have a tension tester, bending tester, and so on.
- It is useful for each kind of wire rope, chain, or other metal products such as rod, bar, tube, shaft, etc.
Cyclic Fatigue Testing Machine:
A cyclic fatigue testing machine tests the durability of various materials. A material that fails in cyclic testing is unsuitable as an engineering material, as it will fall under repeated stress .
Cyclic fatigue machines are useful in performing fatigue testing on a product. It is valuable to produce many cycles, and it is usually helpful in combination with another type of mechanical testing equipment.
It tests the durability of machinery and materials based on their resistance to repeated loads.
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Servo Hydraulic Fatigue Testing Machine:
A servohydraulic fatigue testing machine tests the strength of the material in a controlled environment.
It applies stress to certain parts of the specimen until it breaks and then measures the load at which it broke using some force transducer.
It helps test cyclic loads or static loads, and this data is valuable in calculating parameters such as ultimate load, yield point, or percent elongation.
These machines are popular to test various metallic and non-metallic materials while being put under pressure.
Tension, compression, flexural, and bending tests are all sample methods used to ensure proper quality control when the time comes to create or improve products.
What Is Fatigue Strength
Fatigue strength is the highest stress that a material can withstand for a given number of cycles without breaking. Fatigue strength is affected by environmental factors, such as corrosion. The maximum stress that can be applied for a certain number of cycles without fracture is the fatigue strength.Sep 2, 2020
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Rotating Beam Fatigue Test System
Specialized Torsion System for Rotating Beam Testing
How it Works
Rotating beam fatigue testers are one of the oldest methods used to determine a materials fatigue behavior. To perform a test with ADMETs Rotating Beam Tester, a sample is placed in the machine and a force is applied via a bending moment using weights hung off the sample. The force induces a surface stress that will be tensile on one side of the sample and compressive on the opposite side. When the test is started, the sample will rotate at the desired rate and this rotation will cause the surfaces to interchange so that each surface experiences alternating tensile and compressive stresses. The sample is left in the machine until failure at which point ADMETs eP2 controller will display the number of cycles it took for the sample to fail. Running a series of tests on identical samples with varying stresses will allow the user to create an S-N curve.
Please watch our video for a demonstration of ADMETs Rotating Beam Fatigue System equipped with eP2 controller.
S-N Diagram for steel, fiber-reinforced plastic, and aluminum
Rotating beam fatigue testing systems were first developed in the mid-1800s by a German railroad engineer named August Wöhler. He designed the machine to test railroad car axles and investigate axle brake failures. The principles upon which that machine was developed still apply today.
Wohlers Fatigue Testing Machine
Wohlers S-N curves for Krupp axle steel
Fatigue Testing Machine Supplier And Manufacturers:
Understanding the mechanics of a products strength and durability is the first step toward ensuring the success of a finished product. That is why it is necessary to purchase relevant devices from a certified manufacturer of fatigue testing machines such as Tesca Global.
Tesca Global is a professional supplier and manufacturer of material testing machinery, including fatigue testing machines, universal testing machines, impact testers, hardness testers, woodworking machinery.
We can design and develop customized equipment according to your requirements. Everything starts from producing the components by using the most advanced equipment and skilled employees.
The machine molds the raw materials into the final products through many processing steps.
Some of the specifications that Tesca Globals fatigue testing machines offers are:
Tesca is a brand that has been manufacturing and supplying the best solutions for workshops for many years from a network of local and global suppliers. Get the most suitable fatigue testing machine for your workshop with Tesca Global.
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What Is Fatigue In Fatigue Test
Fatigue is the progressive, localized, permanent structural change that occurs in materials subjected to fluctuating stresses and strains that may result in cracks or fractures after a sufficient number of fluctuations. The cyclic stresses are normally well below the yield strength of the material.
Rotating Beam Fatigue Testing
Generating higher frequencies than traditional high cycle fatigue methods, our rotating beam fatigue testing services are designed to provide critical data about coatings and metallic surface treatments.
Unlike other fatigue programs, rotating beam fatigue testing is used to rotate specimens around a long axis. Before testing, our labs grind and polish specimens to ensure the most accurate results. Depending on the goal of the project, testing is either run to a set number of cycles or to failure. If the specimen fails, our experts can provide a failure analysis to determine what can be done to prevent future occurrences.
Rotating Beam Fatigue Testing Services
In addition to our ISO 1143 and ASTM F1160 test programs, our experts can assist in performing custom and unique rotating beam fatigue testing methods. We assist in every stage of the process, from machining and polishing samples to interpreting test results. With years of fatigue testing experience, we can assist with any project, no matter how complex.
For more information about our rotating beam fatigue testing, or to request a quote, contact us today.
Providing critical data about the integrity and longevity of materials under high stress, we use high cycle fatigue testing to ensure that products are fit for purpose in even the most extreme conditions.
Elements high cycle fatigue testing programs feature state-of-the-art equipment and techniques, including:
Also Check: What To Do For Extreme Fatigue
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Communities that have been neglected and suffer from low economic mobility often turn to the informal sector for gainful employment. Interpersonal conflicts and the enforcement of drug transactions can sometimes result in violence. This instability is compounded by generations of trauma that have made violence a norm for resolving conflict.
Traditionally, cities have responded to community-level violence by increasing the presence of a militarized police force. This solution has repeatedly failed with sometimes fatal consequences, compounding trauma and leading to more violence. A new solution, one that comes from within the community itself, offers a new way forward: violence interrupters.
Addressing a Need and Filling in Gaps
Violence interrupter programs employ people who can directly disrupt cycles of violence by mediating conflicts within communities. Using a case management structure, the work of interrupters involves building a rapport and engaging with high-risk individuals daily. They also connect at-risk parties to services such as recreation, job training, financial literacy, entrepreneurship, and more to mitigate and prevent violence before it takes place.
In one such example, a group built a playground in Washington, D.C. Children are sometimes targeted early when negative influences can have an impact, and violence thrives in a vacuum without alternatives. The playground provided a safe area for recreation and for kids to be kids.
By creating these spaces and building relationships where people have been ignored for so long, programs like this offer healing opportunities. One D.C. government agency, the Office of Neighborhood Safety and Engagement, has been called a blessing because they are asking what the community needs and offering those services.
How are Violence Interrupter Programs Funded and Structured?
Usually, a mayor’s office (sometimes in partnership with a governor) directs funding for violence interrupters to nonprofit providers that run community-based programs. These nonprofits employ violence interrupters who know the neighborhoods well. Importantly, they have no direct connection to law enforcement. This gives them credibility in Black and brown communities where trust in law enforcement may be low.
There is a formula for hiring violence interrupters. They must understand the problem of violence in the community well to solve it effectively.
Violence interrupters always come from the community they serve. Many have been incarcerated or involved with the criminal legal system. They may have been deemed high-risk for violence in the past or have connections to people who are. This experience yields credibility and makes them effective violence interrupters in the communities where they work.
One provider in D.C., for example, hires local young people to be violence interrupters because they speak the language needed to build meaningful relationships. They experience the same trauma as the people they serve and carry it into the school and the community. The act of serving as a violence interrupter, and the process of working with them, can help h that trauma for all involved.
Violence interrupters and the people they connect with live in community together. They frequent school grounds and hotspots. They build relationships through consistent presence, giving out juice and muffins to students, for example, while talking about the importance of going to school and not letting anyone entice you to do something that could lead to violence.
Success Story: Washington, D.C.
In the Brentwood neighborhood of Washington, D.C., there were interrupters on site for five months working to establish trust with their community. They connected with youth who had been let down so often that they didn’t know where to turn for support and guidance. The interrupters took them on trips and offered programming. This had a profound impact and reversed the problem of violence in that community.
In Washington, D.C., where it was found that a small number of people were committing the majority of the violence, these interventions are one powerful way to intercept and prevent conflict before it takes root.
In Baltimore, violence interrupters canvas communities. They are assigned high-risk individuals in a case management model. In the event of an incident, they respond to the scene.
Each violence interrupter will canvas 5-10 people on a typical day. Daily strategic plans are created to engage and build relationships with high-risk individuals. If conflicts that could result in gun violence arise, they respond. Violence interrupters and site staff work together to address hotspots in the neighborhood and use their established relationships to shift the trajectory of violence.
Interrupters coach and assist people in accessing services, such as access to government documents or mental health care. They connect individuals to social services and then coach them to success. They change behavioral norms in the community by modeling how to react to stress. In areas where many people are hurting, they shift that hurt forward.
In practice, interrupters play a crucial role in offering alternatives that stop violence. They organize community events to spread the message of nonviolence. They engage in consistent outreach with youth.
Because violence interrupters are always from the neighborhoods where they work, they have unique insights into the needs and concerns of the people they serve. They can vet the available programs and resources to ensure that they are stable and meet the needs of their community.
Effectiveness and Challenges
This work is complex and comes with many challenges. One is proving the effectiveness of an interrupter’s interventions. It’s difficult to demonstrate that a shooting didn’t happen because of the work of interrupters, and easy to pick out discreet failures of a program.
There are potential flaws in this model that cannot be avoided. For example, part of what enables many interrupters to build relationships successfully is that they have been involved in the informal sector or experienced incarceration. Some of them lack the skills necessary to work in a professional setting. And there is a risk of relapse and a return to their former lives. When these instances come to light, they can reflect poorly on violence interruption as a model.
Another genuine concern is burnout. Violence interruption is not a job a person can do for more than five years at a time. Being surrounded by and mitigating violence daily is grueling and traumatizing. Not only is it critical to provide services like group therapy to violence interrupters, but it is important to help them transition out of the work. There must be a pipeline out of violence interruption work, as well as a new slate of violence interrupters coming into the organization.
A final challenge is securing sustained funding for long-term work. Right now, violence interruption is a popular concept. Programs nationwide receive federal funding from the Community Violence Intervention and Prevention Initiative (CVI). In FY23, the federal government provided $50 million to this program through regular appropriations. An additional $250 million came from the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (Public Law No. 117–159), but those funds expire in 2026.
Violence will not be eradicated by then. Program administrators worry about what could happen to the funding for these programs in the future when the buzz about them dies down. The work will be no less critical, communities will still face ongoing trauma, and therefore violence will be present.
Success Story: Safe Streets Baltimore
Safe Streets Baltimore was established in 2007. It operates in 10 Baltimore neighborhoods that have long experienced structural racism, chronic disinvestment, and high rates of gun violence.
A study by the Center for Gun Violence Solutions of Johns Hopkins University revealed that Safe Streets reduced homicides and nonfatal shootings overall from 2007 to 2022 in Baltimore. It reduced such shootings by as much as 32% in some sites. The study also found that every $1 invested in violence prevention yielded $7-19 in economic benefits.
The Sandtown neighborhood in Baltimore is one of the places where the impact of violence interruption programs can be witnessed. The area has seen consistent reductions in shootings and homicides over a period of six years.
In that time, a participant came into the program to receive services. After two years, they became a violence interrupter. In three years, he was promoted to supervisor. This is a man who was previously known to carry firearms and engage in unlawful activities in the community. Today he is a stellar contributor to Safe Streets Baltimore. He hasn’t experienced any relapse and is well respected in the community. We have not named him here, because he is apprehensive about media coverage and attention.
This article was originally published on Dec. 9, 2021. It was updated on August 2, 2023.
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When it comes to businesses and their inventory and accounting methods for managing it, there are a few different ways to approach the task. The three different options to value inventory/implement cost flow assumptions, include: Last In, First Out (LIFO); First In, First Out (FIFO); and Weighted Average Cost Accounting (WAC). This article will focus only on the WAC method.
Weighted Average Cost (WAC) Method
WAC is a way to value inventory based on how much each tranche contributes to the overall valuation of its cost of goods sold (COGS) and inventory. Recognized by both GAAP and IFRS, it’s determined by taking the cost of goods available for sale and dividing it by the quantity of inventory ready to be sold. It’s important to note that while WAC is a generally accepted accounting principle, it’s not as precise as FIFO or LIFO; however, it is effective at assigning average cost of production to a given product.
It’s done primarily for types of inventories where parts are so intertwined that it makes it problematic to attribute clear-cut expenditures to a particular part. This often happens when stockpiles of parts are indistinguishable from each other. It also accounts for businesses offering their inventory for sale all at once. Here’s a visual representation of the formula:
Weighted Average Cost (WAC) Method Formula
WAC per unit = Cost of goods available for sale / Units available for sale
Costs of goods available for sale is determined by adding new purchases of inventory to the value of what the business already had in its existing stock. Units available for sale is how many saleable items the company possesses. Its value is assessed per item and encompasses starting inventory and additional purchases.
When it comes to calculating WAC, there are two different types of inventory analysis systems: periodic and perpetual.
Periodic Inventory System
In this system, the business tallies its inventory at the end of the accounting period – be it a quarter, half or fiscal year – and analyzes how much the inventory costs. This then determines the value of the remaining inventory. The COGS is then calculated by adding how much starting, final, and additional inventory within the accounting period cost.
Perpetual Inventory System
This system puts a bigger emphasis on more real-time management of its stock levels. The trade-off for such real-time tracking of inventory requires more company financial resources. Looking at an example of how a company began its fiscal year with the following inventory can illustrate how it works.
At the beginning of the year, a company had 1,000 units, costing $50 per unit. It also made three additional inventory purchases going forward.
Jan 20: 75 units costing $100 = $7,500
Feb 17: 150 units costing $150 = $22,500
March 18: 300 units costing $200 = $60,000
During the fiscal year, the business sold:
235 units sold during the last week of February
325 units sold during the last week of March
Looking at the Periodic Inventory System, for the first three months of its fiscal year, the company can determine its COGS and the number of items ready to be sold over the first three months of its fiscal year.
WAC per item – ($50,000 + $7,500 + $22,500 + $60,000) / 1,525 = $91.80
Based on this method, the WAC per unit would be multiplied by the number of units sold during the accounting period, therefore:
560 units x $91.80 = $51,408 (inventory sold)
To calculate the final inventory value, we take the entire purchase cost and subtract the remaining inventory to arrive at the valuation:
$140,000 – $51,408 = $88,592
Perpetual Inventory System
Unlike the periodic inventory system, this looks at determining the mean prior to the transaction of items:
This would calculate the average before the 235 units were sold during the last week of February:
WAC for each item: ($50,000 + $7,500 + $22,500) / 1,225 = $65.31
Looking at the 235 units sold during the last week of February, it’s calculated as follows:
235 x $65.31 = $15,347.85 (inventory sold)
$80,000 – $15,347.85 = $64,652.15 (remaining inventory value)
Before calculating for the 325 units sold the last week of March, the unit valuation per WAC is: ($64,652.15 + $60,000) / (1225 – 235 + 300) = 1290 = $96.63
Looking at the 325 units sold during the last week of March is calculated as follows:
325 x $96.63 = $31,404.75 (inventory sold)
$124,652.15 – $31,404.75 = $93,247.40 (remaining inventory)
Based on these options, businesses have the choice, along with LIFO and FIFO, to decide how they want to vary it based on their own business needs.
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Peripheral arterial disease, or PAD, is a circulation issue that can be very dangerous because it means that your heart and brain and other vital organs are not getting enough blood pumped to them. Getting this condition diagnosed and treated is extremely important and should be done at the first sign of a problem.
What Is PAD?
PAD stands for peripheral arterial disease. It is a very serious circulatory problem that can result in massive consequences if left untreated. PAD causes the arteries to become narrowed due to fatty build-ups (artherosclerosis). A person with PAD may feel like their legs are cramping up, especially when they are exercising. This symptom is also known as intermittent claudication, and it means that the muscles are not getting enough blood flow.
Unfortunately, intermittent claudication is usually the only warning sign of PAD, but some people experience no symptoms at all. However, some things to keep an eye out for include: leg numbness, cold limbs, sores that will not heal, discoloration, lack of hair growth on the legs, shiny skin, and a weak pulse. Any of these might indicate that you have PAD.
How Can You Treat PAD?
Once you know that you have PAD you can begin treatment. Treatment has two goals: to ease any leg pain you may have and to stop the progression of the artherosclerosis in your arteries. The second one is the most important because it can reduce the risk of heart attack or stroke. Sometimes making simple lifestyle changes is enough, but in many cases the progression is too far and medical attention is needed.
Your doctor may prescribe any number of medications (to lower your cholesterol, to lower your blood pressure, to help manage your blood sugar, to help prevent blood clots, and/or to ease your pain). In some cases an operation is necessary. An angioplasty opens the arteries back up while getting rid of the blockage. A stent may be required to hold it open. A bypass allows your blood to go around the blockage by way of another vein. If you have a clot it can be very dangerous, and a thrombolytic procedure can break it up so it no longer poses a threat.
Making Lifestyle Changes for Future Prevention
Making lifestyle changes to avoid PAD or reverse its effects is crucial to staying healthy. If you are a smoker you should strongly consider quitting. We all know the dangers of smoking, but addiction is very real and quitting can be hard. Even so, this lifestyle change can make a big difference for your health.
Daily exercise is also very important. Not only does it keep you healthy, but it indicates how severe your symptoms are. If you have leg pain, you are probably unlikely to walk as far as someone who feels no discomfort. As always, it is a good idea to eat a diet rich in lean proteins, leafy greens, fruits, and whole grains. These types of foods are low in saturated and trans-fats and will lower your cholesterol and blood pressure. This is essential in reducing the progression of artherosclerosis.
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Following the Kiowa's attack on the Warren Wagon Train, the bulk of the warriors headed north with their loot and stories of victory. A few unfortunates chose to hang around North Texas a little too long.
The following story is from the book, Carbine & Lance, The Story of Old Fort Sill, by Colonel W.S. Nye; Copyright © 1937 by the University of Oklahoma Press. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Quitan and Tomasi, Mexican-captive members of the Kiowa tribe, were great buffalo hunters. Together with two other Kiowas they lingered behind the main body to kill some buffalo, which then were running in from the west and swimming the river. They had slaughtered twelve or more, and were engaged in cutting them up when they were surprised by twenty-five men of the Fourth Cavalry under Lieutenant Peter M. Boehm. Boehm was returning to Fort Richardson after a thirty-day scout. In the sharp exchange of shots which followed, one trooper and two horses of Lieutenant Boehm's detachment were wounded. Tomasi and his horse were killed. The other Indians sprang on their ponies, mingled with the buffalo herd, and swam the river. When the main body of Indians heard the shots and saw the fugitives flying toward them they raced away. Quitan brought up the rear. The ground was soft and muddy. When the Indians stopped to catch their breath Quitan arrived, covered with mud thrown up by the flying hoofs. They gave him a big laugh and went on their way north. Boehm's men scalped Tomasi. They took the scalp to Fort Richardson, where Boehm presented it as a souvenir to the regimental adjutant, Lieutenant Carter.
Although the Kiowa raiders were burdened with the wounded Hau-tau, they moved rapidly across Red River and regained their village safely. A few days later Hau-tau died. "The screw worms got into his head," they explain. The death of Hau-tau brought the Indian fatalities to a total of three: Or-dlee, Tomasi, and Hau-tau. But the Indians were more than satisfied. They had killed seven whites, captured forty-one mules, and brought back much other plunder. They felt full of pride and importance.
The following story is from the book, Los Comanches, The Horse People 1751-1845 by Stanley Noyes.
Three years later, during the 1874 Red River Campaign, according to Carter, a Lieutenant Peter M. Boehm was leading a detachment of scouts at some distance from General Ranald Mackenzie’s 4th Cavalry. Besides the lieutenant the group consisted of a Sergeant Charlton, a trooper named McCabe, and two Tonkawas. Abruptly the detail came upon four Comanches sitting on the grass, holding the reins of their horses. The warriors leapt for their ponies. Three of them managed to mount, while the fourth somehow lost his reins, permitting his pony to flee. Lieutenant Boehm shot the horse from under one of the braves, who immediately engaged him in combat, until the officer finally killed him. The two remaining mounted warriors fled, with McCabe and the Tonkawas in pursuit. Meanwhile Sergeant Charlton directed himself toward the warrior whose distant pony was becoming a puff of dust.
This Comanche, who was broad-shouldered and well over six feet tall, was taking deliberate aim with his bow at the lieutenant. Sergeant Charlton shot him before he could release the arrow. In response the warrior discharged a series of arrows at Charlton, whose horse had been plunging and throwing its head each time the American tried to aim his carbine. During the sergeant’s struggle with his horse, an arrow drove through his thigh, pinning him to the saddle. The warrior, having used all his arrows, now began firing his rifle, with one shot striking the sergeant’s left hand and tearing away parts of two fingers. In spite of this, Charlton finally managed to aim and pull off a round that “shattered the Indian’s hips and lower spine.” But the Comanche laughed, “tossed his black mane from over his eyes and kept on firing,” continuing to do so until Charlton shot him through the head.
Later the sergeant examined the body of his dead foe. He discovered it bore nine bullet holes, “any one of which should have killed an ordinary man.” The tall warrior would have been considered an exceptionally brave person in any culture. But in his fight to the death, he personified a Comanche ideal. Not every man, or woman, could live up to it. The ideal, though, was that of a kind of courage able to inspire and motivate the entire People.
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This math aptitude Test #9 will measure your aptitude in a variety of math subjects. The questions could be addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, algebra, geometry, square roots or measurements. The questions could be expressed in numbers or written as word problems.
There are 10 questions on the test. You have TWO MINUTES to answer all 10 questions. You may not skip any of the questions on this math aptitude test. You must answer all 10 questions in two minutes in order to receive your score. Your score will be shown immediately after you complete the test.
You’re welcome to take the tests as many times as you’d like. The tests should contain different questions but they will all be of the same difficulty. We have hundreds of general aptitude practice questions in our database. You’re welcome to retake the test as many times as you’d like.
When you’ve completed the test there should be a button to View Answers. Wrong answers are highlighted in red. The correct answer is shown in a box highlighted in green.
Math Aptitude Test 9
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Question 1 of 10
35,148 x -1 = ?CorrectIncorrect
Question 2 of 10
Divide 675,550 by 25CorrectIncorrect
Question 3 of 10
Sally has a candy bar. If she gives 2/5th of the bar to Mark and Mark gives 1/2 of his piece to John, what percentage of the original bar does John have?CorrectIncorrect
Question 4 of 10
When a coin is flipped it has equal chances of landing on either heads or tails on each flip. If a coin is flipped 3 times, what is the probability that it will be heads all three times?CorrectIncorrect
Question 5 of 10
David is half as old as his uncle Robert. In 4 years David will be 6 years younger than Robert. How old are David and Robert now?CorrectIncorrect
Question 6 of 10
A gardener is building a raised flower bed that measures 16′ long, 5′ wide and 1′ deep. If the gardener wants to fill the flower bed 3/4 full, how many cubic feet of gardening soil does he need to buy?CorrectIncorrect
Question 7 of 10
Two city building lots are for sale. Lot B is twice as long in each rectangular dimension as Lot A. How big is Lot B compared to Lot A?CorrectIncorrect
Question 8 of 10
During a particular spring, the sun melts 6″ of snow per day. If there are 6 feet of snow on the ground, how long will it take the sun to completely melt all of the snow?CorrectIncorrect
Question 9 of 10
In 1998 gasoline cost 34 cents per gallon. By 2004 gasoline cost 2.5 times more. What is the average price increase per gallon of gasoline between 1998 and 2004?CorrectIncorrect
Question 10 of 10
A farmer can haul 400 pounds of corn in his pickup truck. If the farmer has 1870 pounds of corn to take to market, how many trips will he have to make?CorrectIncorrect
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A.D.1745, March 28.- Bog of Addergoole, Dunmore, County Galway-
About mid-day, after a heavy thunder-shower, about 10 acres of bog, the front of which was being cut for turf, moved forward and down the course of a stream, and subsided upon a low pasture of 30 acres by the riverside, where it spread and settled, covering the whole. The stream thus dammed back, rose till it formed a lake of 300 acres, which, by the cutting of a channel, was subsequently reduced to 50 or 60 acres. This area, together with the 30 acres of meadow over which the bog spread, has been destroyed for purposes of husbandry.
Ref: Ouseley, Trans. R.I.A., vol. ii, Science, pp. 3-5, plate I., ?1887
A.D. 1821, September.-Joyce country, County Galway.-
“Upwards of a hundred acres of land, on which crops were growing and several families resided, were heard to emit a sound resembling thunder; the earth then became convulsed, and eventually this large tract moved down towards the sea, leaving the whole route over which it passed a complete waste.
A.D. 1873. October 1.-Bog 3 miles east of Dunmore, Co. Galway.
The bog was connected with the Dunmore river by the Carrabel, a small stream. It was considerably elevated above the surrounding country, its edges presenting the appearance of high turf banks. “A farmer digging potatoes suddenly observed a brown mass slowly approaching. Leaving his spade in the ground, he went for the neighbours, and on his return the mass of moving bog had half covered his potato field, and completely hidden his corn field from sight, except a few stacks which remained on a knoll, an island in the midst of a scene of desolation.” The bog slowly flowed down the valley of the Dunmore, burying three farm houses, and covering about 300 acres of pasture and arable land, 6 feet deep. The peat was cut along a perpendicular face, 25 to 30 feet in height, which extended down to the underlying gravel. It was from this cutting that the outburst took place, The flood of peat and water moved rapidly at first, but afterwards slowly, and continued in movement for 11 days. It carried away roads and bridges. The subsided portion of the bog extended eastwards from the face of the cutting for a distance of a quarter of a mile; its greatest breadth measured also a quarter of a mile, down the middle, a valley from 20 to 25 feet deep was formed, and about the sides the crust was torn asunder. The numerous crevasses so formed were fined to the top with black peaty fluid.
Ref: Savage, ‘Picturesque Ireland’ pp. 234-235
A.D. 1890. January 27.-Bog at Loughatorick North, Co. Galway
The bog is situated in the townland of Loughatorick North, on the Slieve Aughty Mountains, nearly on the watershed, and 300 feet above Ballinlough Lake, which lies N .E., and into which the bog drains by a small river. The bog consists of two portions, separated by a narrow neck, where exposed rock was seen after the outburst. The upper and larger part is 70 acres in extent, the lower only 15 acres. The latter began to move 3 days before the upper portion; in its centre was a small lake to which an underground stream could be traced; after the outburst, this lake became dry. After a fall of snow, a sudden thaw set in on the 24th January ; three days later a movement of the bog commenced, and continued till 1st February. Great masses of peat were carried away by the black flood into Ballinlough Lake, which was nearly filled with peat and the outwashed trunks of trees. The lowlands were covered with peat over an area of 100 acres:, and for a depth of 12 inches. Traces of the flood were visible to a height of 6 or 7 feet on the trunks of trees which stood in its course. The upper part of the bog subsided from 10 to 15 feet ; its margins were much rent with fissures.
Ref: Report to the Board of Public Works, by Mr. A.T. Pentland, 24th November 1890.
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Full-TextRS is used to extract articles, which ensures that the summary text matches the full article.
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How does the vestibular system work?
The vestibular system is a main contributor to physical balance. Located in the inner ear, the system senses motion when small hairs, called cilia, are moved by microscopic calcium crystals. When we sit, stand, move, or experience motions (such as in a car) the crystals move the hairs. The brain receives the signals from the hairs, along with information from the eyes and your sense of touch to interpret motion, equilibrium, and orientation in space.
In order to understand how Vestibular Rehabilitation works and the underlying corrective mechanisms, it is important to remember that the primary role of the vestibular system is to tell the brain where the head is in space. Quite simply, the vestibular system is our internal reference telling the brain how our head is orientated - up, down, tilt, etc. The visual and somatosensory (touch, pressure, pain) systems, on the other hand, are external references, providing our brain with information about the movement and stability of the world around us. Working together and when the systems agree, it is the integration of these sensory modalities that provides us with normal equilibrium.
How vestibular rehabilitation can help you?
Vestibular Rehabilitation is a form of Balance Retraining Therapy. It has emerged over the past several years as an alternative treatment for patients with chronic non-resolved motion intolerance, visual sensitivity, and imbalance problems. At FYZICAL, we have a comprehensive balance program that includes assessment and evaluation programs, balance retraining, and vestibular rehabilitation. With balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation, our goal is to improve balance function and visual motor control, increase general activity levels, and help your body compensate for inner ear disorders. We utilize a state-of-the-art balance machine and our balance therapy programs have a 99% balance improvement success rate.
Who could Benefit
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Eunuchs are gay.
What On Earth Is A Eunuch?
The Ethiopian Eunuch baptized by Philip.
Acts 8:38 says "they went down both into the water," which is not portrayed by the artist. Eunuchs were often gay men or lesbian women. Why do some Christians believe that? The word eunuch, in the New Testament, is from the Greek word eunouchos, eun, for bed, and echein, to keep.
A eunuch is literally ‘a keeper of the bed.’ Eunouchos conveys the idea of superintendent of the bedchamber, bed keeper, bed guard.
The Greek word eunouchizo literally means to castrate a man. In ancient times, castration was accomplished by crushing the testicles to make them inoperative or by cutting off the testicles. Sometimes, the penis was also removed in the castration process. Without testicles, a man is incapable of producing sperm and is therefore incapable of procreation.
Eunouchizo is used historically and in scripture to refer to castrated men and uncastrated men, one class of whom, Jesus described as born eunuchs, who had not been physically castrated by man. That is one important reason some Christians believe eunuchs are gay men and women.
Eunouchizo is also sometimes used metaphysically, to describe one who voluntarily abstains from traditional marriage but is not physically castrated.
The Hebrew word saris
The Hebrew word saris. According to the Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew Lexicon, the Hebrew word for eunuch is saris and its derivatives. Saris is believed to be an Assyrian loan word. The phonetic pronunciation is (saw-reece'). A secondary meaning of saris, from the Hebrew, is to castrate but Jesus speaks with divine authority when He teaches that not all eunuchs are castrated, Matthew 19:12.
According to Jesus, some eunuchs are born that way, in distinction from a man who has been physically castrated or a man who voluntarily abstains from marriage for the sake of the kingdom of heaven.
Jewish rabbis in ancient times used the word saris to describe both castrated individuals and uncastrated individuals, men the rabbis referred to as natural eunuchs. The Hebrew word saris-eunuch, is found 45 times in the Old Testament, translated in the King James Bible as eunuch 17 times, chamberlain 13 times, officer 12 times and Rabsaris, 3 times. Eunuchs are mentioned 10 times in six verses in the New Testament.
Some Eunuchs Were Gay Men
Is that a biased assertion by gay Christians attempting to alibi our sin or is there scholarly support for such a statement?
Interestingly enough, Dr. Robert Gagnon, tenured Professor of Greek and New Testament Exegesis at Pittsburg Theological Seminary and prolific anti-gay evangelical Christian author, admits on his website, that “born eunuchs” in the ancient world were probably gay.
Dr. Robert Gagnon,
Pittsburg Theological Seminary
"Probably "born eunuchs" in the ancient world did include people homosexually inclined, which incidentally puts to the lie the oft-repeated claim that the ancient world could not even conceive of persons that were congenitally influenced toward exclusive same-sex attractions." - Dr. Gagnon
"For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother’s womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven’s sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it.”
in The Church and the Homosexual, p. 65, states concerning Matthew 19:12,
"The first category - those eunuchs who have been so from birth - is the closest description we have in the Bible of what we understand today as a homosexual."
Many scholars reject the truth that some eunuchs are gay, insisting instead that eunuchs were always castrated men or men born with genital birth defects, which rendered them incapable of siring children. Scholarly conjecture that a eunuch can only be a physically castrated man or a genitally deformed man but never a physically intact gay man is only conjecture. It has no basis in fact.
When an anti-gay evangelical with the scholarly credentials of Dr. Robert Gagnon, a man who steadfastly opposes all homosexual practice as sinful, admits that the Biblical category of "born eunuch" probably included homosexuals, that is an important admission.
Scripture never says that all eunuchs were
castrated or genitally deformed.
In the Jewish New Testament, translated by David Stern, Matthew 19:12 tells us the first class of eunuchs (born eunuchs) do not marry
“because they were born without the desire.”
According to David Stern’s translation, Jesus says that some males are born into the world “without the desire” to marry a woman. Stern understands a born eunuch to be a man born without the desire to marry a woman.
According to Jesus, this is a perfectly natural situation, beause the individual is born that way. Being a born eunuch is not the result of personal choice (since they were born that way). And according to Jesus, being “born a eunuch” exempts eunuchs from the Adam and Eve marriage paradigm, Matthew 19:11-12.
If you have friends or loved ones who are gay, you ought to really study Matthew 19:3-12. By (1) exempting gays from the Adam and Eve marriage paradigm and (2) differentiating between eunuchs so born from their mother's womb and eunuchs who voluntarily abstain from marriage, Jesus has left the door wide open for eunuchs/gays to marry each other, i.e., be married in a way not in accord with the Adam and Eve paradigm.
And remember, gay marriage is now legal in all fifty states in the USA and many countries around the world. The analogy to polygamy is helpful here. Although most Christians are against polygamy today, in the Old Testament, polygamy was culturally accepted and legal and many followers of God engaged in it with God's blessing.
Today, gay marriage is culturally accepted and legal and many born again gay Christians are gay married, with God's wonderful blessing upon their marriage.
Have you enough love, mercy and Christian grace in your heart to see how important that is for your gay friends and family?
Depiction of a Eunuch Officer About 1749.
What is clear to students of history is that some eunuchs were gay men or lesbians. Ancient cultures recognized them as such. We provide more information in our eBook:
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Getting students to engage in a lesson today is a challenge due to several factors. Because of these factors, schools are including more technology in their classrooms and diversifying lessons with games, videos, and educational apps. It’s also why more students are turning to e-learning. In this article, we’ll cover what e-learning is and tips for creating engaging e-learning content.
What is E-Learning?
E-learning is known by many names: distance education, distance learning, virtual classroom, online learning, digital learning, and more. It’s the utilization of technologies for teachers and students for educational purposes outside of the physical classroom. Specifically, it’s courses taken over the internet and utilizing various sites and apps for education. E-learning is typically interactive as well, meaning students can converse with one another and with their teachers. These programs can cover a single subject or an entire grade-level curriculum and do not have to be a child’s entire educational experience.
Tips for Preparing Engaging E-Learning Content
It can be difficult for teachers to know how to engage students online, especially since teacher training is centered around a traditional classroom setting. In a traditional classroom, creating engaging content often means involving students in hands-on projects, using games, competitions, group projects, and others. The same can be said for online learning as well—though the process is a bit different. Below are some tips for creating engaging e-learning content for teachers in a virtual classroom.
Whether you’re transitioning from the traditional classroom to an online platform or you’re starting from the beginning using only an online format, it’s important to understand that learning online is different. It’s likely that the current curriculum that teachers have been utilizing isn’t conducive to e-learning-style content. Not to mention, when students work only online, the workload and methods for learning are different. However, the current curriculum doesn’t have to be scrapped entirely—existing material is a very good place to start. Teachers already know what materials students need to learn. So the next steps would be to explore options to suit their learning needs, discover new tools, choose a course format, and take into consideration how the current curriculum fits in. Adapt your lessons to what’s available, and determine what type of format you’d prefer to deliver your content.
Keep It Simple
When you’re in a classroom, students can’t see what’s ahead. Learners take lessons day by day, moment by moment. In this regard, the information they are receiving is broken into small chunks that they can absorb as the lesson progresses. However, online teaching can be vastly different. Students have the opportunity to view the work they have for the entire day, or even weeks at a time, and feel overwhelmed. They’ll see slide after slide of material and pages of reading and independent work. This type of view can easily discourage students from learning and retaining information.
Instead, keep things as simple and interactive as possible. If applicable, simply give bullet points, and then record videos of yourself going into detail on each topic. Start with the basics of what students need and provide links to other resources for more information if they’d like to further their knowledge. You don’t want to skimp, but try to limit the workload they immediately see, and allow the flexibility to be curious and learn more on their own.
Keep Their Attention
Keeping an entire class engaged is a difficult task, whether you’re in or out of the traditional classroom setting. For students and teachers just entering the e-learning world, it’s important to ensure your content is engaging. Teachers should focus on one subject at a time but include multiple stimulants. This could mean including a short video, adding a quick game or competition or implementing a single-question quiz to ensure they understood the point of the lesson. However, teachers have found it most beneficial to poll students to discover what types of content they prefer and how they learn best.
Some students struggle with a lack of accountability and motivation while enrolled in online learning. This is because they are not surrounded by others engaged in the same activities, which enforces the need for it. When students are at home, it can be difficult to motivate them to attend every online lesson and complete work on their own. Teachers can boost a classroom’s motivation by engaging their psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Students want to feel that they’re able to accomplish tasks correctly, have freedom and control in the classroom, and are somehow connected to others. Educators can easily do this by letting students choose how to review certain subjects, provide feedback, and incorporate some group projects or communication between students.
One of the best things about e-learning is that you can suit the needs of every student. Everyone has their own way of learning, and no single format is going to work for everyone. This is why teachers should include a range of tools to teach the same material in a single lesson. This could include videos of yourself explaining a lesson, reading materials, games, slideshow presentations, tutorials, stories, and more. When you use text, consider highlighting the most important parts on the page to ensure students don’t miss it. Keep videos short and concise so students don’t lose focus. Finally, consider hands-on projects where possible so learning can still feel like an adventure.
Focus on the Goals of the Class
At the beginning of the course, you should ask students what they hope to learn, what they expect to learn, what they are most nervous about, and areas of improvement. You should also work with them to set goals and explain your expectations for the class. By setting these ahead of time, students are able to focus on learning. The entire goal of education is for students to know and be able to do something that they weren’t able to before.
The greater use of technology in the classroom increases the risks that students and schools face. Learn more about protecting your students with web content filtering and monitoring and classroom management, at GoGuardian.
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Cristen Magaletti is a K-12 educator with an extensive background in curriculum design and instruction, having worked in public and private schools for decades. She is currently a Secondary Social Science teacher who has taught classes on business theory and entrepreneurship amidst a traditional academic setting.
For the past 7 years, I have had the privilege of teaching classes focused on entrepreneurship and business to middle and upper school students. When I reflect on my “why” of being an educator, I want students to leave my classroom understanding that they do not need to wait until adulthood to create change. Each student arrives in our room with an immense amount of power to shape our world. Our role as educators is to offer them the space to both recognize and step into this power.
I’d like to provide an example: What happens to the student with learning differences — who perhaps struggles in a traditional academic setting but has an amazing talent that is unexplored within a typical math, science, english, or social studies classroom? Even if we are employing methods to address equity, foster inclusion, and enable more comfortable learning environments, consider what messages students internalize from traditional constructs of schools where they might be lumped into tracks such as honors, regular, or college placement classes. How can we cultivate a space where each student feels invigorated about their own gifts, to have agency in their learning, and to feel encouraged to take creative risks in their classrooms? One learning path to explore is divergent thinking, or out-of-the-box thinking that fuels creativity.
Using the context of business theory and entrepreneurship lessons, I will share some of my takeaways and tips for how to incorporate divergent thinking into your classroom.
Tip 1: Cultivate Divergent Thinking
In my courses, I explain to students my hope that they do not just see entrepreneurship simply as a career path, but as a mindset that may offer an exciting new lens enabling them to see the world for all of its possibilities. Author Adam Grant discusses how curiosity and divergent thinking can be cultivated as students learn to question the default. He states, “We are driven to question the defaults when we experience vuja de, the opposite of deja vu. Deja vu occurs when we experience something new, but it feels as if we have seen it before. Vuja de is the reverse — we face something familiar, but we see it with a fresh perspective that enables us to gain new thoughts into old problems.”
We can apply this same principle to entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not limited to inventors. Rather, entrepreneurs are people who look at the status quo and reimagine it for what it could be, and they consider how their goods and services might add value to the current market place.
Encourage students to create mind-maps as they brainstorm both new business concepts and new iterations of existing businesses that they believe can be improved. Explain to them that they are only limited by their own creativity as they begin to design their concepts. Rather than looking to teachers for all of their answers, students begin to exhibit a tolerance for ambiguity, and they begin to see themselves as creative problem solvers.
While you may not have the space to teach entrepreneurship in your course, consider how asking students to see the world with “vuja-de” might shift how they perceive topics or approach problems within your content area as divergent thinkers.
Tip 2: Help Students Develop Empathy
When entrepreneurs develop concepts, they engage in the iterative process of Design Thinking, a human-centered approach to innovation that embeds empathy at its core. Students define and research their topics, build empathy and conduct interviews with the user of their product, brainstorm, build prototypes, test their product for feedback, and return to steps in the framework as directed by their feedback. Activities such as the Innovator’s Compass can help students understand the needs of their users in order to create solutions that are most effective or desirable.
With a focus of developing empathy for their users, students are able to put themselves in someone else’s shoes to imagine their thoughts, experiences, frustrations, and other feelings about the product they’ve created. As students seek feedback from their users and master new skills throughout the iterations of their creations, they begin to grow a deeper sense of self-efficacy — or a personal belief and confidence in their ability to organize and execute a plan of action required to achieve a desired goal.
To foster skills that are integral across numerous content areas, I recommend developing students as independent and innovative problem solvers, as well as encouraging them to empathize and evaluate multiple perspectives.
Tip 3: Incorporate Design Thinking Into Your Curriculum Frameworks
When we are creating curriculum and trying to determine where our learners are, it is critical to understand who they are. Regardless of what framework we are using for planning, our current students are at the center of the decision-making process and design.
A creative lesson can be designed with the best of intentions and still not be accessible to students without a keen understanding of who they are as learners. To this end, I ask myself two questions to reflect on my units of study: Am I giving students an opportunity to demonstrate their learning in modalities that are developmentally appropriate and meaningful to them? Are my lessons creating barriers to learning, or are they opening doors? The iterative nature of design thinking and it’s alignment to user experience helps encourage teachers to be reflective of student feedback and to provide a space for each student to be seen, heard, and valued.
Agents of Their Own Learning
With divergent thinking and design thinking, educators can cultivate a learning environment where students have agency in their learning and feel encouraged to take creative risks. The agency, empathy, and problem-solving skills developed from an entrepreneurial mindset will take students far in any direction they choose in life.
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Training and Preparing for Your First Century Ride
Long rides can be intimidating for newer riders, but they don’t need to be. Training for a century ride is one of the most common cycling goals. With some patience, practice, and consistency on the bike, anyone can develop the fitness, skills, and confidence to tackle your first century ride
By Chris Carmichael, Founder and Head Coach of CTS
How Long is a Century?
A century ride is 100 miles. If you have your cycling computer set to kilometers, aim for 161. There’s also a ‘metric century’, which is 100 kilometers (62 miles). Although you can ride a century on your own or with a group of buddies, 100 miles is a commonly featured distance in organized cycling events. To appeal to a larger audience of cyclists, most cycling events also offer two shorter distances, typically a metric century or something similar (55-65 miles) and a beginner-friendly loop (20-35 miles).
How long does it take to ride a century?
Many factors determine how long it will take a cyclist to complete a century ride. A pack of professional road cyclists can do it in less than four hours. In optimal conditions (flat route with a tailwind), that can be closer to 3:15 to 3:30. Amateur cyclists who are accustomed to the distance often pursue the milestone of a sub-5-hour road century (20 mph average). Depending on your level of preparation and experience, your first 100-mile road ride may take 6 – 8 hours to complete.
Of course, your speed during a century ride is not only determined by your fitness. A hilly or mountainous course, favorable or challenging weather, riding with a group or solo, and the decisions you make around fueling and hydration all make a difference. Compared to road riding, gravel centuries and mountain bike centuries can take 50-100% longer to complete (or more).
Because there are so many variables, a goal time isn’t the best approach to training for your first century ride. Rather, develop the fitness, skills, and fueling and hydration habits to maintain a sustainable pace for at least six hours. Aerobic endurance is rarely the limiting factor for finishing a century ride. When cyclists fail to finish a century ride, it is more often a consequence of poor pacing, nutrition/hydration mistakes, or gear that’s inadequate for the conditions.
How long does it take to train for a century ride?
There is no universal training plan duration to prepare for your first century. It depends on a cyclist’s baseline fitness, cycling experience, available weekly training hours, and other factors. However, planning on 12 weeks of structured training is a good starting point for a cyclist who has been riding regularly (approx. 3 times per week) for 6-12 months. With 12 weeks of training, a first-time century rider’s goal should be reaching the finish, not setting a speed record. Starting earlier allows you to build greater peak fitness, which creates confidence and provides more capacity to recover from mistakes.
How long does my longest training ride need to be?
A common misconception is that completing X miles in a single training ride means you’re ready for a century. It is a good idea to incorporate long rides into your training, but there is no magic to the distance or duration of your longest training ride. The longest long ride doesn’t do much for your fitness. If anything, too many long rides can hinder fitness because they must be balanced by so much recovery time.
The purpose and benefit of especially long rides in training is largely experiential. These rides are important for honing nutrition strategies and getting used to sitting on the bike for several hours. Issues with bike fit may not be an issue during a 2-hour ride but make a 6-hour ride painful. Foods that work well for you in shorter rides may be unappealing or nauseating after several hours. Typically, a handful of 4- to 6-hour rides interspersed in your training are more helpful than a single extremely long ride. For more on this question, read this article.
Training for a century ride
Aerobic endurance is the essential component of training for a century when the goal is to successfully finish a 100-mile ride. The good news is that many pathways to improving aerobic endurance. If you have a lot of training available, long rides at lower intensity (Zone 2) are very effective. If you are a Time-Crunched Cyclist, shorter rides at higher intensities can yield similar results. You can even ride indoors, outdoors, an on roads, trails, or gravel paths.
There are a ton of free and paid pre-written century training plans available for cyclists. For instance, you can find two in “The Time-Crunched Cyclist” and as part of the Trainright Membership. No matter whether you design your own plan, work with a personal coach, or use a pre-written plan, here are some of the keys for successfully training for a century ride:
Focus on consistency
It takes time for individual training efforts to manifest as physiological adaptations. No single workout is as important as working out consistently. Today’s ride creates a training stimulus, but repeated bouts of training stress – over a period of weeks and months – are required to improve performance. It is important to recognize that the time course for training adaptations is in weeks and months, not hours and days. The takeaway is that getting on your bike regularly matters more than the specifics of what you do during any particular ride. So, don’t worry about messing up individual workouts, shortening a ride here or there, or shuffling your schedule sometimes.
Most of your rides should be easy
You may hear it referred to as ‘polarized training’ or ‘80/20’ or ‘time-crunched training’, but the concept is roughly the same. You can’t train hard all the time. The most effective distribution of intensities favors low-intensity training most of the time and limits high-intensity training to 15-25% of total training time. New cyclists preparing for a daunting challenge like a 100-mile ride often think riding harder will accelerate their progress. Adding some structured intensity, in the form of intervals, will help, but turning every ride into a suffer-fest will not. That’s a recipe for burnout and injury.
Use interval training to develop energy systems
As mentioned above, you can’t go hard all the time, but you do want to ride hard some of the time. Interval training structures bouts of exercise at specific intensities and durations designed to accumulate ‘time-at-intensity’ or ‘time-in-zone’. When athletes spend sufficient time training at intensities that challenge aspects of their physiology – like sustaining a power output at the upper limit of muscles’ ability to break down fat and carbohydrate aerobically – the body responds by adapting to that stress. When bouts of intensity are random or stochastic, there is not enough concentrated stress to drive adaptation.
Not all intervals need to be hard. This is a key misconception about interval training. When training for a century ride, one of the most important interval workouts is called Tempo. The intensity is moderate – a challenging aerobic effort well below Functional Threshold Power. The training stimulus from Tempo workouts comes from the duration of the intervals, which can be 15-60 minutes long.
Prioritize training and recovery equally
Training only works when bouts of training stress are separated by adequate period of rest. Training applies stress, rest provides the time and opportunity for adaptation. That’s why it’s important to respect the rest days or easy days between endurance rides and interval workouts. Here’s an article on my top 10 most important rules for post-workout recovery.
Recovery periods between interval efforts during workouts matter, too. You’re not adapting to the training during these short rest periods. Rather, the duration of the easy period between harder efforts affects your ability to repeat high-quality efforts and accumulate the necessary ‘time-at-intensity’. Here’s more about the effect of recovery periods during workouts.
Eat to support your training
Most times, training for your first 100-mile ride leads to an increase in weekly training volume (miles and hours). This means an increase in energy expenditure. For those hours of training to manifest as improved fitness you must consume enough energy to support your activity level. A mistake many cyclists make is to attempt to lose weight and increase training workload at the same time. Most cyclists – particularly beginners – have more to gain by improving fitness rather than through losing weight.
Learning Skills and Strategies for Century Rides
Fitness is only one component to having a successful century ride. The longer the ride the more your habits and skills matter for managing energy and arriving safely at the finish. Preparation for your first century ride should include the following:
Learn to ride in a group
Drafting is an essential skill for long rides. Regardless of how aero a bike may be, the rider accounts for more than 80% of the aerodynamic drag. Drafting reduces the work of maintaining a given pace, compared to riding that pace on your own. Riding with friends and joining the local group ride are good ways to get comfortable in the draft. Read more about drafting skills.
Develop your nutrition strategies
During shorter rides you can make fueling and hydration mistakes and get to the finish before they cause problems. During centuries and other long rides, those mistakes can prevent you from reaching the finish at all. In addition to learning what to eat and drink during rides of any length, it’s important to experiment in training to find out what foods and drinks work best for you.
Learn to eat and drink while moving
When you’re riding with a group you can’t always wait for a stopping point to have a drink or snack. And even if you’re riding solo, eating and drinking on the move saves time. For more on how to eat and drink while riding, along with other skills, read “9 Essential Cycling Skills All Riders Need to Master”.
Learn to pace by perceived exertion and breathing
Power meters, heart rate monitors, GPS units, and other devices are great training tools. When used correctly they help cyclists learn to gauge efforts without any data at all. Gauging intensity by Rating of Perceived Exertion is remarkably accurate, even as conditions change. Heart rate can be affected by caffeine, fatigue, dehydration, body temperature, and stress. Sustainable power output is affected by previous efforts, ride duration, and altitude. Your target power output for a 10-minute climb in training may be unsustainable 75 miles into a hilly century. That’s when perceived exertion is your best pacing tool.
Similarly, your breathing rate can give you an idea of your current intensity level. Even without equipment you can use a “talk test” or monitor your breathing to help you gauge your efforts:
- Talking casually = recovery pace/easy
- You can speak 1-2 sentences at a time = endurance pace/moderate
- You can only get 2-3 words out between breaths = at/near lactate threshold/hard
- Grunts and single words (especially the 4-letter variety) = well above threshold/very hard
At or below threshold, your breathing will be labored but deep and in control. If you’re breathing shifts to out-of-control panting, you are above ventilatory threshold and riding at an intensity level you will not be able to sustain for long.
Final Preparation for Your First Century
As the day of the big event draws near, it’s important to remind yourself that training takes time. Your fitness won’t change much in the last two weeks before your century ride. So, if you didn’t train as much as you wanted to, there’s no point in ‘cramming for the exam’. And if your training went perfectly to plan, it’s equally important that you don’t squander your fitness by overdoing it. The best things you can do in the week leading up to your first century ride are: get good quality sleep, adjust your ride frequency and intensity, and plan a good pre-ride meal.
To find out more, please visit: https://trainright.com/training-and-preparing-for-your-first-century-ride/
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Back in Brazil, the Amazon region where they happen to be the staple food, the Acai berries are known for being the “superfruit”. In as much as this is the case with them in Brazil and the Amazon region in particular, these berries, the Acai berries, have today received global acclaim and praise, being praised all over for being so good for human health and wellness.
Generally, these dark purple fruits seem to be so laden with nutrients and have a lot of health benefits even as we will be seeing in the following lines. Read on for more on these fruits.
Picking from what we have seen already mentioned about these berries above, the Acai berries are so popular in the areas of Central and Southern America, the rainforest regions. In size, the berries or fruits are about one inch and are round in shape. As far as the color is concerned, they are dark purple in skin color and with a yellow flesh surrounding the large seed that they have. In as much as they are so popularly known as berries and referred to as berries, they technically do not pass for berries but would rather be considered to be drupes and this is looking at the fact that they have pits like we see in apricots and olives.
These berries, the acai berries, happen to be so common in meals in the rainforest. Given the fact that the outer skin is often so tough, for the sake of making them edible, you will have them soaked and then mashed to form a paste.
By and large, the fresh acai berries have such a short shelf life and aren’t available out of where they are cultivated. For export purposes, they are sold as dried powder, pressed juice or as frozen fruit puree.
You may as well use the acai berries for the flavoring of some of the food products such as we have in the jelly beans. Over and above this, there are as well some of the non-food items that as well contain acai berry oils in them. The following are some of the benefits of acai berries.
Looking at the nutritional composition of the acai berries, one thing that is so apparent is the fact that they happen to be so dense in this regard and as such are so good for a number of reasons. By and large, the acai fruit is generally regarded for being such a fruit that has such a unique nutritional profile for a fruit of any kind. Besides this, they have as well been known for being quite low in sugar and high in fat.
The other plus there is with the acai berries is in the fact that they happen to be so filled with antioxidants.
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From recognizing what you need to naming actions that protect your energy and space.
Setting Up Boundaries Is Necessary
Teach people how to treat you by creating boundaries. Visualize boundaries as the lines you draw around yourself to protect your time, energy and well-being. By creating boundaries, you are telling people what your limits and expectations are when it comes to engaging with you. You are also telling them what they can expect from you if they cross a boundary. Know ahead of time that some people will test you, especially if they have been mistreating you in the past. Stand strong in your new foundation and surround yourself with people who will support you. Now, let's get into it!
Use strong boundaries to limit your exposure to unnecessary negativity in life. Learn to say "No" and "No more". You deserve peace. -Akiroq Brost
1. Tune in to your feelings. Recognize how what people say or do makes you feel and respond. Are you feeling bad? Knot in your stomach? Drained after contact with them? Second-guessing yourself? Checking in with yourself and reflecting on your emotional wellness is key to upholding your boundaries because you'll be better able to identify when they've been crossed.
2. Identify the who, when, and what of the boundary situation. Is it the same person crossing your boundaries? Are multiple people crossing the same boundary? What are patterns that you notice? It may be harder to check people for their misbehavior and disrespect if you haven't identified it for yourself. Take the time to name the actions, people, and settings involved when you notice a boundary being crossed.
3. Figure out how you will set the boundary. Once you recognize what needs to stop and who to talk to, it's time to make it known! This can be a hard step, especially if you avoid confrontation, conflict, and don't typically stand up for yourself. Be calm and direct during your delivery. If you inform someone of your boundary and they try to argue about or discredit it, don't engage with them. They want to see how strong the boundary is and acknowledging their attempt may give them the message that there may be room to push the boundary. You may also realize that some people no longer fit into your life when you set these expectations for how you want to be treated. It may be sad for you to lose those friends but also reflect on the quality of friendship you are seeking and that you deserve.
4. Plan how you will care for yourself. You may experience feelings of guilt, weakness, and unsure of your decision to uphold boundaries. All of what you may feel has a valid space and you should explore them. Remind yourself that you are setting boundaries to take care of yourself. You have decided to use your energy and time in ways that compliment your well-being. Try to journal, eat good food, exercise, see a movie, and do whatever helps you to focus on you.
Although you may have a support team of people you can count on, who respect your boundaries, and may even try to help you protect them, you have the ultimate responsibility for maintaining your inner peace. This sometimes means creating consequences for boundaries that are repeatedly crossed. Ultimately, if people in your life can't respect your boundaries, it may be time to manifest healthier relationships new friends.
You can never control other people, you can only control what you personally do. So remember, your boundary is an expectation and essentially a request for how you want people to treat and engage with you. Your boundary is also how you plan to respond when the boundary is upheld or crossed.
Let's look at an example:
Sharone does not enjoy visiting family because many people comment about their body, which makes them feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. These comments usually come from elder women who are respected for "just being honest". However, many people feel their comments are unnecessary, harmful, and even mean.
What could a new boundary for Sharone be?
Call before visiting and request that comments about their body not be made, and also share what the response would be should comments be made.
Say, "I do not like people commenting about my body, especially in a critical way. If the conversation begins to shift in that direction, I will not engage by leaving the room."
Ignore the comment and completely change the topic each time.
Address the comment by saying, "Those comments make me uncomfortable. I’d appreciate if you didn’t discuss my body at all so that we can enjoy our time together."
Decide to decrease or stop family visits for a while.
It is extremely important to acknowledge family dynamics and recognize that not everyone feels they are in a position to speak up to family members, especially elders. In those situations, find ways to show yourself compassion and seek support. This can be in the form of reading body-positive affirmations on your phone or calling a friend to take your mind off or vent about the situation.
What has helped you set boundaries? Have you noticed differences in having this conversation with family, friends, and partners? What has helped you navigate comments about your body or appearance, the type of work you do, the people you date, etc.?
Rafaella Smith-Fiallo is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and owns Healing Exchange LLC. She specializes in supporting healing after sexual violence, building self-esteem and confidence, and teaching healthy sexuality to individuals, those in relationships, and within supportive group settings. She also cofounded Afrosexology, a sex-positive, pleasure based sexuality education platform.
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Spinach, the hearty, green vegetable chock full of nutrients, doesn't just provide energy in humans but it also has potential to help power fuel cells, according to a new paper by researchers in AU's Department of Chemistry.
Spinach is popularly associated with the American cartoon character Popeye the Sailor as a strength-builder to encourage children to eat their greens. It has now been found that when it is converted from its , edible form into carbon nanosheets, spinach acts as a catalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. An oxygen reduction reaction is one of two reactions in fuel cells and metal-air batteries and is usually the slower one that limits the energy output of these devices. have long known that certain carbon materials can catalyse the reaction.
But those carbon-based catalysts don't always perform as good or better than the traditional platinum-based catalysts. The AU researchers wanted to find an inexpensive and less toxic preparation method for an efficient catalyst by using readily available natural resources. They tackled this challenge by using spinach.
"This work suggests that sustainable catalysts can be made for an oxygen reduction reaction from natural resources. The method we tested can produce highly active, carbon-based catalysts from spinach, which is a renewable biomass," said Prof. Shouzhong Zou, chemistry professor at AU and the paper's lead author.
"In fact, we believe it outperforms commercial platinum catalysts in both activity and stability. The catalysts are potentially applicable in hydrogen fuel cells and metal-air batteries," added Zou.
Zou's former post-doctoral students Xiaojun Liu and Wenyue Li and undergraduate student Casey Culhane are the paper's co-authors.
Catalysts accelerate an oxygen reduction reaction to produce sufficient current and create energy. Among the practical applications for the research are fuel cells and metal-air batteries, which power electric vehicles and types of military gear.
Researchers are making progress in the lab and in prototypes with catalysts derived from plants or plant products such as cattail grass or rice. Zou's work is the first demonstration using spinach as a material for preparing oxygen reduction reaction-catalysts.
Spinach is a good candidate for this work because it survives in low temperatures, is abundant and easy to grow, and is rich in iron and nitrogen that are essential for this type of catalyst.
Zou and his students created and tested the , which are spinach-derived carbon nanosheets. Carbon nanosheets are like a piece of paper with the thickness on a nanometer scale, a thousand times thinner than a piece of human hair.
To create the nanosheets, the researchers put the spinach through a multi-step process that included both low- and high-tech methods, including washing, juicing and freeze-drying the spinach, manually grinding it into a fine powder with a mortar and pestle, and "doping" the resulting carbon nanosheet with extra nitrogen to improve its performance.
The measurements showed that the spinach-derived catalysts performed better than platinum-based catalysts that can be expensive and lose their potency over time.
The next step for the researchers is to put the catalysts from the lab simulation into prototype devices, such as hydrogen fuel cells, to see how they perform and to develop catalysts from other plants.
Zou would like to also improve sustainability by reducing the energy consumption needed for the process.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that damages a patient’s cells in the brain and spinal cord necessary for movement. Muscles become weaker as the disease progresses, and arms and legs begin to look thinner as muscle tissue atrophies.
Now, a team of researchers from Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital has developed a soft robotic wearable capable of significantly assisting upper arm and shoulder movement in people with ALS.
This soft robotic wearable is basically a shirt with some inflatable, balloon-like soft-robotic actuators located under each of the wearer’s armpits. These fabric-bodied actuators are connected using hoses to a battery-powered air pump mounted on the back of the user’s waist.
The team developed a sensor system that detects residual movements of the arm, which the wearer is still able to manage on their own. Those sensors calibrate the pressurization of the balloon actuator to move the person’s arm smoothly and naturally.
The researchers already tested the sensor system on ten people living with ALS. A 30-second calibration process was initially required to detect each wearer’s unique level of mobility and strength. It took participants less than 15 minutes to learn how to use the device. The team found that the soft robotic wearable improved study participants’ range of motion, reduced muscle fatigue, and increased performance of tasks like holding or reaching for objects.
“These systems are also very safe, intrinsically, because they’re made of fabric and inflatable balloons,” says Tommaso Proietti, the paper’s first author. “As opposed to traditional rigid robots, when a soft robot fails, it means the balloons simply don’t inflate anymore. But the wearer is at no risk of injury from the robot.”
The current assistive prototype was only able to function on participants who still had some residual movements in their shoulder area. However, ALS typically progresses rapidly within two to five years, to the point that even slight muscle movements are impossible. To address this issue, the team is now exploring potential versions of assistive wearables whose movements could be controlled by signals in the brain.
They hope such a device might someday aid movement in patients who no longer have any residual muscle activity.
“This study gives us hope that soft robotic wearable technology might help us develop new devices capable of restoring functional limb abilities in people with ALS and other diseases that rob patients of their mobility,” says Conor Walsh, senior author on the paper reporting the team’s work.
- Tommaso Proietti, Ciaran O’Neill, Lucas Gerez, Tazzy Cole, Sarah Mendelowitz, Kristin Nuckols, Cameron Hohimer, David Lin, Sabrina Paganoni, Conor Walsh. Restoring arm function with a soft robotic wearable for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science Translational Medicine, 2023; DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add1504
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Emergency Response Guidelines Drought Drought
Secure drinking water when limited water supply is notified, and check the water supply schedule.
Have enough dirty clothes clothes to make a full load for your washer.
Do not wash the dishes under a running tap.
Check irrigation facilities (waterway) or equipment for pumping water (water pump).
Manage seepage through rice paddy levees to prevent water loss.
Use rice straw and vinyl for mulching to minimize soil moisture loss by evaporation.
- Source: SAFEKOREA website
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Forex Trading 101Reading Time: 4 Min Experience Level:Beginner
What is the Forex Market?
Before we start explaining what the Forex market is, let us first break down the word itself. Forex is derived from “Foreign (FOR) Exchange (EX)”, which indicates that it is where individuals and entities speculate on and exchange currencies.
The Forex market is the largest and most liquid market in the world, and it opens 24/5. It is also decentralized, as there isn’t a physical location where traders go to buy and sell currencies.
- 1876: Implementing Gold Exchange Standard (Stabilizing world currencies by pegging them to gold price).
- World War 2: Abandoning the Gold Exchange Standard.
- 1944: Adopting the Bretton Woods System (Making the US Dollar the primary reserve currency backed by gold).
- 1971: Ending the Bretton Woods System.
- 1976: Accepting the Floating Foreign Exchange Rates.
What is Forex Trading?
Before we dive into betting on the rise or fall of currencies, we first need to explain an essential aspect of Forex, which is currency pairs.
A currency pair is the quotation of two different currencies (the first being the base currency, and the second being the quote currency), with the value of one being compared to the other. There are three types of currency pairs:
Majors: Currency pairs that include any two of the following currencies:
- Australian Dollar (AUD)
- British Pound (GBP)
- US Dollar (USD)
- Canadian Dollar (CAD)
- Euro (EUR)
- Japanese Yen (JPY)
- Swiss Franc (CHF)
Minors (AKA crosses): Currency pairs that are not major. These pairs can include only one of the above major currencies or even none of them.
Exotics: Currencies of emerging economies. They are the least liquid among the three types. Examples of these are:
So, when we trade Forex, we speculate on the price of one currency against another. For example, if you think the USD is going to rise against the JPY, you can buy the USD/JPY pair when its price is low and then sell it when it rises to make a profit.
Why Trade Forex?
Aside from being the largest market in the world, with a daily turnover of approximately USD 6.6 trillion (number in 2019), trading Forex has plenty of advantages:
Accessibility: Since it is decentralized and open 24/5, you can trade Forex at your convenience.
Volatility: You can take advantage of the frequent and rapid changes in exchange rates, thus profiting from rising or falling markets.
No commissions: Generally, there aren’t any trading commissions. For large volume trades, very low commissions may apply, which allows you to maximize your profit.
Despite Forex being a great market for trading, beginners should be aware that it also carries potential risks.
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Multiplication inequalities inquiry
Mathematical inquiry processes: Verify; rearrange; conjecture and generalise. Conceptual field of inquiry: Multiplication of positive integers; permutations.
David Aaron, a year 6 primary school teacher from Blackpool (UK), got in touch with Inquiry Maths to ask for a prompt that would foster children's use of written multiplication. While he intended to use the 24 x 21 = 42 x 12 prompt, he wrote that "I'd like to push the children to HTU x TU via a prompt." David's request brought to mind this mathematical investigation: combine the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 to find the highest product possible.
To turn the investigation into an inquiry, the teacher could use the prompt above. The pupils have to think about the inequalities, identify the common features of the expressions, and ask their own questions. Questions posed in classroom inquiry have included:
Is the first product greater than the other two? Is the prompt correct?
What if the digits were in a different order?
Is it the case that TU x HTU is always greater than TU x TU x U, etc?
What is the greatest or lowest product given by each arrangement? (This question provides the teacher and pupils with an opportunity to differentiate the inquiry by dividing the exploratory calculations up amongst the class.)
Why is the greatest product given by TU x HTU? Why is the lowest given by TU x TU x U?
What if you used five other digits, four digits, six digits ...?
What if you used more than two multiplication signs?
Can you create an inequality with the digits in the same arrangement, but using an "is less than" sign?
What if the digits were different?
What if the prompt involved another operation?
Inquiries have involved students in developing the fluent and efficient use of multiplication methods, as well as making and testing conjectures about which combination of digits gives the highest product.
For inexperienced inquirers or for students who might find the prompt too challenging, the teacher could use the alternative prompt. There are two parts to the inequality instead of three and the prompt focuses on double-digit multiplication. If there are four digits such that a > b > c > d, does (10a + c) x (10b + d) or (10a + d) x (10b + c) give the largest product?
Inquiries in a grade 4 classroom
Amanda Klahn's grade 4 class came up with the wonderfully mathematical observations and questions above There are a variety of rich lines of inquiry that the pupils could follow.
The inquiry was the first time the class used the regulatory cards. Amanda restricted the pupils' choice to six cards. She reports that the cards worked well, making the pupils more aware of the direction the session was taking and stopping them from defaulting to 'ask the teacher'. As the pupils become more experienced with inquiry, Amanda hopes that the cards "will help them know where to take their learning without relying on me."
These are the questions and observations of Amanda Klahn's grade 4 PYP class at the Western Academy of Beijing the year after the inquiry reported on above. The students are thinking about the properties of the inequality and whether the solutions are in proportion. They also propose to change the prompt (including the digits and the operation) and then consider whether the change continues to fulfill the inequality in the prompt or, indeed, another condition set by the pupils. For example, one asks "Can we change the order so it is true for 'less than'?" Amanda reports that the prompt generated great excitement in the class with a pupil exclaiming that, "My brain is bursting with ideas."
Generating inquiry through students' questions
These are the initial responses of a year 7 class at Haverstock School (Camden, UK). Students describe the meaning of the prompt and verify that the inequality is correct. They suggest using other digits and reversing the inequality. That the class had been involved in inquiries before is evident in the students' selection of a regulatory card. Asked to suggest the direction of the inquiry, many pairs of students chose two complementary cards (as indicated by the colour of the ticks in the picture below).
One pair, for example, proposed to practise a procedure by finding more examples. Others specified how they would change the prompt during a period of exploration and one pair set their own aim to find the highest product with five digits.
As the inquiry went into the second lesson, students began to think about reversing the inequality. Many thought that four digits arranged __ __ x __ __ would always give a greater product then the same digits arranged __ x __ __ __. The first example supported the conjecture: 59 x 87 > 5 x 987. However, this was quickly followed by a counter-example: 17 x 42 < 1 x 742. The examples led students to explore how the size and order of the digits affected the inequality.
Year 7 inquiry
The comments from a year 7 class show the students' attempts to make sense of the prompt, either by commenting on a feature of the prompt they notice or, in one case, by trying to make a conjecture about the general relationships. Other than asking about the calculator button, the students did not spontaneously ask questions about the mathematics underlying the prompt.
The final question was particularly novel. The student who asked the question went on to find these inequalities:
215 x 34 > 215 x 3 x 4 > 2 x 1 x 53 x 4
215 + 34 > 215 + 3 + 4 > 2 + 1 + 53 + 4
Amelia O'Brien used the prompt with her grade 5 class. The pupils used the question and comment stems to initiate an open inquiry. Katherine Williams, a visitor to the class, reports that the prompt led to "lots of questions and wonderings."
In the picture (right), which shows the result of one open inquiry, the connections between the pupil's steps in reasoning are clearly presented. The inquiry combines procedural steps to ascertain if the inequality is true and observations based on a conceptual understanding.
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The International Criminal Police Commission
The International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) was the predecessor to INTERPOL. It was created during the 2nd International Police Congress in Vienna in 1923.
The countries participating in the 1923 Congress were: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Fiume, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Yugoslavia.
These were not formally all member countries, since at the time, membership of the ICPC was on an individual elected basis (generally Chiefs of police) not countries.
The International Criminal Police Organization
Although we are widely known as INTERPOL, our formal name is The International Criminal Police Organization-INTERPOL. It was created by the adoption of our Constitution on 13 June 1956 at the 25th General Assembly in Vienna.
The founding members are:
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Ceylon, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eire, Finland, France, Federal German Republic, Greece, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Saar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia.
Criteria for membership
Article 4 of the INTERPOL Constitution sets out both the criteria and the process for becoming a Member of the Organization. In 2017, the General Assembly adopted Resolution GA2017-86-RES-01 interpreting Article 4 and clarifying both the process and criteria for membership.
Growth in membership
Our membership has grown over the years, partially due to newly-created sovereign States joining the Organization, notably following a wave of decolonisation in the second half of the 20th Century and the end of the Cold War.
By 1967, we had 100 member countries, which increased to 150 countries by 1989 and reached today’s 195 in 2021.
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Easter Rising 1916
The Easter Rising took place in Dublin in April 1916 & is one of the most iconic events in modern Irish history. It lasted for seven days & saw 1200 rebels take on the might of The British Army. Ending with the destruction of the city & execution of 14 of the ring leaders in Kilmainham Gaol.
- All my tours are private.
- Your driver will be an approved Failte Ireland Guide.
- Vehicles will be either Range Rover, Mercedes Sedan or Mercedes Viano.
What’s not included:
Entrance fee’s to sites, lunches & Gratuities.
Get In Touch
If you would like to discuss any of the tours shown on this site, or if you’re looking to customise your own tour and just want to ‘pick our brains’ we’d be only too delighted to chat with you.
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The term originated in the context of software development to designate a specific approach to creating computer programs. Today, however, “open source” designates a broader set of values—what we call “the open source way.” Open source projects, products, or initiatives embrace and celebrate principles of open exchange, collaborative participation, rapid prototyping, transparency, meritocracy, and community-oriented development.”
That brings us to the OPEN SOURCE WAY…
“The open source way is a way of thinking about how people collaborate within a community to achieve common goals and interests. The open source way is similar to a barnraising. Enabling people to further their own interests while contributing those interests back to a common good.”
How does this apply to
Is Be Wonders, Inc.
you might ask?
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| 0.922043 | 171 | 2.953125 | 3 |
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