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February 21st is National Pancake Day*
Many consider this National Pancake Day! So celebrate!
Many celebrate today with rolled thin pancakes topped with caster sugar(powdered) a dash of lemon juice and a dollop of jelly or jam
Here are today’s five thing to know about Pancake:
- Throughout Europe most people celebrate Shrove Tuesday with pancakes
- Pancakes are associated with the day before lent because it was a way to use up “rich foods” such as eggs, milk, & sugar, before the 40 days fast begins
- The word ‘shrove’ refers to an old English word shrive meaning ‘confess’
- Most people call today Mardi Gras, which in French means Fat Tuesday. Marking seven weeks before Easter Day.
- In Iceland they celebrate today with salted meats, fish, and peas. Known as Sprengidagur (Bursting Day)
Today’s Pinterest Board : Foodimentary
Today’s Food History
- 1554 Hieronymus Bock died. A German botanist whose work contributed to the transition from medieval beliefs to modern science.
- 1741 Jethro Tull died. He was an English agriculturalist and inventor whose ideas were instrumental in the development of modern English agriculture. One of his inventions was a horse drawn seed planting drill that sowed 3 even rows of seeds at once. (1701). The music group ‘Jethro Tull’ was named for him.
- 1858 Edwin T. Holmes sells the first electric burglar alarm in the U.S., in Boston, Massachusetts. His workshop was later used by Alexander Graham Bell.
- 1895 Carl Peter Henrik Dam was born. Dam was a Danish biochemist who discovered vitamin K in 1939.
- 1927 Erma Bombeck was born. Writer, humorist, you will find some of her quotes about family and food on the Food Reference website.
- 1931 Alka Seltzer was introduced.
- 1985 Nathan Pritikin died. A nutritionist who believed that exercise and a low fat, high unrefined carbohydrate diet helped reverse his own heart disease. He founded the Pritikin Longevity Center in 1976.
- 1989 The USDA approved ‘Simplesse,’ a low calorie fat substitute.
- 1994 Whirlpool began manufacturing a refrigerator that was significantly more efficient, and did not use freon. Freon has been implicated in the destruction of ozone in the atmosphere.
Today’s Pinterest Board at : Foodimentary
Check out my book!
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Illinois Department of Public Health Launches Travel Map to Provide Guidance on Travel Risk
SPRINGFIELD – The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) today launched its new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) travel map to help inform residents of potential risks associated with traveling during the pandemic. The map indicates countries and U.S. states with increased risk of COVID-19 based on case rates.
“Travel may increase the chance of becoming infected and spreading COVID-19,” said IDPH Director Dr. Ngozi Ezike. “To help inform residents where they might be at greater risk of being exposed to COVID-19 when they travel, IDPH has launched a map that clearly shows states and other countries where case rates are elevated. While staying home is the best way to protect yourself and others from COVID-19, we know that it may not be possible to avoid all travel. We encourage people who are traveling, whether for work or otherwise, to check out the map before making plans.”
Locations that have an average daily case rate of 15 cases per 100,000 or greater are designated as “higher risk” on the map, which can be found here http://www.dph.illinois.gov/covid19/travel.
Airports, bus stations, train stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to the virus in the air and on surfaces. The more people you come into contact with, for longer periods of time, the greater your risk of infection if you are exposed to someone with COVID-19.
Do not travel when you are sick or with someone who is sick. When traveling, it is especially important to wear your mask, to keep 6 feet of distance between you and others you are not traveling with, and wash your hands frequently or use hand sanitizer if soap and water are not available.
When considering travel, think about the destination. It is also important to think about needed precautions for moving through bus, train, or airport terminals, check-in and security lines, as well as the actual bus, train, or plane ride. Remember to take precautions when stopping for gas, food, and bathroom breaks when traveling by car or RV and as you interact with others and frequently touched surfaces.
For health questions about COVID-19, call the hotline at 1-800-889-3931 or email [email protected].« Back to News & Press
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Sets are a facet of maths that seem to just be there, yet they help with many things. We generally define the domain and range of functions in the form of sets. Also, functions are, in particular, simply unique mappings between sets. We have many applications of sets in mathematics and our daily existence. Beginning from sets, we can practise probability and then lead toward statistics. Similar to numbers, we can perform different operations on sets too. Algebra in sets helps students to solve many mathematical problems in all its other branches. Let’s understand the importance of learning set theory here.
We know that some mathematical concepts such as Fourier analysis have practical applications, whereas the purpose of set theory is not practical application. For most mathematicians, the benefit of a set theory is not in any particular theory, it is simply in the language it provides us. However, in recent days, set theory has been used in many areas; for example, computer scientists express their fundamental concept called Turing machines using the language of set theory. Thus, sets in maths are used in many areas to ease the simplifications. Without specific definitions, it is challenging to solve any complex mathematical problem.
Studying set theory, even naively, is the professional point of how to manipulate infinite sets. Modern mathematics is involved with several infinite sets, including smaller and larger sets, and it is good to learn about infinite sets if one wants to understand mathematical objects thoroughly. Also, they can study many set theory related topics under the guidance of a tutor who can deliver the Axiomatic set theory using real-life examples. Furthermore, this kind of learning must involve discussions about the choice hypothesis regarding ordinals and cardinals. In maths, ordinals and cardinals are two ways of counting, which extend beyond our intuitive recognition that natural numbers do counting and allow us to count infinite objects.
We know that students can learn basic set theory concepts in Class 11. Also, NCERT solutions class 11 maths helps practise where and how to apply set theory operations effectively. On the other hand, Axiomatic set theory is a mathematical discipline like any other, and it has a distinct type of typical problem. Set theorists work under their standard or atypical ways to solve them or understand them better. Thus, set theory has many advantages in mathematics. Besides, we have many applications of set theory in the real world.
The study of set theory is essentia, mainly because it serves as a basis for the rest of the concepts in mathematics, and it provides the axioms on which the rest of mathematics is built. Thus, we can say that set theory is commonly employed as a foundational system for the whole of mathematics. Besides its foundational role, the set theory also contributes to developing a mathematical theory of infinity. Also, it has many applications in computer science, philosophy, formal semantics, etc. So, considering the applications of set theory in multiple areas, one should understand the importance of learning it from basics to advanced properties.
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MODIS (or Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is a key instrument aboard the Terra (EOS AM) and Aqua (EOS PM) satellites. Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths (see MODIS Technical Specifications). These data will improve our understanding of global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans, and in the lower atmosphere. MODIS is playing a vital role in the development of validated, global, interactive Earth system models able to predict global change accurately enough to assist policy makers in making sound decisions concerning the protection of our environment (from http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/).
This mosaic has been generated from TERRA and AQUA products between 30 Sept. to 03 Oct. 2011
The MODIS data used in this product were obtained through the online Data Pool at the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC), USGS/Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/get_data).
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This GSEB Class 12 Commerce Accounts Notes Part 1 Chapter 4 Reconstruction of Partnership covers all the important topics and concepts as mentioned in the chapter.
Reconstruction of Partnership Class 12 GSEB Notes
Partnership is a relation or contract between persons in which they are agreed to share profit of business run by them or any one of them for all. Because of any reason, changes occured in relation or contract of partnership, recontruction of partnership taken place. Because of following reasons, reconstruction of partnership taken place :
- Necessity for the change in profit and loss ratio.
- Admission of a partner in a firm.
- Retirement or death of a partner of a firm.
Generally profit and loss sharing ratio between partners is not changed. Hence if it necessary then with the consent of all partners they can change in it.
In this chapter we will study about revaluation account for recording accounting effects of revaluation of assets and liabilities of partnership firm and sacrifice given by partner or gain of a partner due to change in profit and loss sharing ratio of partners.
Reconstruction of Pratnership:
Reconstruction of partnership means changes in partnership due to several reasons.
Reasons for change in partnership:
- Change in profit and loss sharing ratio amongst continuing partners.
- Admission of a new partner in a firm.
- Retirement or Death of a partner of a firm.
Change in Profit and Loss sharing ratio between Continuing Partners:
When there is a change in the profit and loss sharing ratio of exiting partners, a protion of profit of certain partners is reduced, which is known as sacrifice of profit and the partners share of profit increase which is known as gain of profit. Where,
- Sacrifice of partner in profit = Old ratio of profit – New ratio of profit
- Gain of partner in profit = New ratio of profit – Old ratio of profit
At the time of calculation of sacrifice, if the answer is negative then it will be considered as a gain of concern partner and same as at the time of calculation of gain, if the answer is negative then it will be considered as a sacrifice of concern partner.
Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities of a Partnership Firm and Its Accounting Effects:
- Generally whenever there is reconstruction of a partnership firm, assets and liabilities of the firm are
- A special account is opened in the books of a partnership firm to record the accounting effects of the revaluation of assets and liabilities. This accounts is known as Revaluation or Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.
- Increase in value of assets, decrease in value of liabilities, unrecorded asset, income receivable or prepaid expenses increases the profit of the firm, which is debited to Respective accounts and credited to Revaluation account.
- Decrease in value assets, increase in value of liabilities increase in bad debts reserve or in debtors discount reserve, unrecorded debts, unpaid expenses or income received in advance decreases the profit of the firm, which is debited to revaluation account and credited to respective accounts.
- Profit or loss of revaluation account is transfered to current partner’s capital account in , their old profit and loss sharing ratio.
Distribution of Reserves and Accumulated Profit or Loss among Partners:
Following entry has been passed in the books of firm for distribution of reserves and accumulated profit.
|Profit and Loss A/c Dr.||………..|
|General Reserve A/c Dr.||………..|
|Capital Reserve A/c Dr.||………..|
|Contigency Reserve A/c Dr.||………..|
|Workers Accident Compensation Fund A/c Dr.||………..|
|Investment Fluctuations Fund A/c Dr.||………..|
|To Partner’s Capital/Current A/c||………..|
Following entry has been passed in the books of firm for accumulated loss and other deferred revenue expenditure:
|Partners’ Capital/Current A/c Dr.||………..|
|To Profit and Loss A/c||………..|
|To Advt. Campaign Exp. A/c||………..|
|To Research and Dev. Exp. Ac.||………..|
|To Not written off other Rev. Exp. A/c||………..|
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Eurekalert releases results of a study that’s found hormonal birth control increases risk of brain tumors:
Taking a hormonal contraceptive for at least five years is associated with a possible increase in a young woman’s risk of developing a rare tumour, glioma of the brain. This project focussed on women aged 15 -49 years and the findings are published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
While only a little is known about the causes of glioma and other brain tumours, there is some evidence that female sex hormones may increase the risk of some cancer types, although there is also evidence that contraceptive use may reduce the risk in certain age groups. “This prompted us to evaluate whether using hormonal contraceptives might influence the risk of gliomas in women of the age range who use them,” says research team leader Dr David Gaist of the Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark.
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Watching someone who is absorbed in the art of scrapbooking, the observer gets a feeling that there is more taking place than participation in a hobby. Immersed in photographs and memorabilia, the hobbyist appears to rise above the current stress of life as the task provides a mental break from the demands of the day. Shared with loved ones or friends, scrapbooking is also an avenue for spending quality time together while sharing ideas behind a single purpose.
But don’t just accept the words of an insider. Indeed the Craft and Hobby Association emphasizes the “therapeutic benefits” of this particular hobby. According to estimates by the association, people in 35 percent of U.S. households both enjoy scrapbooking a regular basis and enjoy the therapetuic rewards. In addition, there is a benefit that should not be overlooked: The pride in a finished product, or the complete scrapbook itself.
The benefits of scrapbooking have long been embraced by St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, which launched a therapeutic scrapbooking program for parents 10 years ago. Now a study published in the Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, which analyzed the influence of the scrapbooking sessions, found that they promote hopefulness and help parents expand their support network. The study highlights a previously unknown benefit of scrapbooking.
“Even though the craft of scrapbooking is widespread, its use as a tool for mental health professionals is just developing,” stated Paul McCarthy, a St. Jude social worker. “I hope our experience at St. Jude encourages others to try it in diverse settings with a variety of different groups, both young and old.”
Plainly, the association and St. Jude are convinced of the lifetime benefits of scrapbooking. While there are most likely too many to list all of them, these benefits usually fall into one of five areas.
The first is the benefit of giving, or the joy one feels when one creates a unique piece that requires great thought and the sharing of memories.
The next is the recording of events for people in the past, and future, to remember important occasions and life events that help to define individuals and families in unique ways.
The quiet and reflective mindset that accompanies scrapbooking is a third benefit. In a culture where medication is often a first resort for addressing anxiety, scrapbooking provides a meaningful and soothing break from the stresses of life.
The benefit of normalizing traumatic events, such as divorce, illness and death by putting memories in a cohesive yet expressive order, is a fourth benefit. In this way, scrapbooking promotes not just self-expression, but self-healing and a sense of inner peace, as the people at St. Jude have discovered.
In conclusion, there is the benefit of self-worth in putting the finishing touches on a signature project, which, like the human being who created it, is an inimitable creation. And this benefit, as any seasoned scrapbooker will confirm, is one of the greatest benefits of all: It is a fun, rewarding hobby that provides hours of enjoyment after the book is complete.
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image by: Winnipeg Free Press
By all rights, the urban experiment that began in the 19th century should have failed. By the middle of the century, writes the historian Michael Haines, big American cities had become “virtual charnel houses,” their primary demographic characteristic being high mortality. Deaths outnumbered births. Despite the greater availability of food and paid work, children under the age of 5 who lived in cities died at nearly twice the rate as those living in the countryside. In 1830, a 10-year-old living in a small New England town could expect to see his or her 50th birthday—but that same child, living in New York, would be dead before the age of 36.
Even those who survived suffered the…
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Faust has spent much of her career studying spillover between animals and humans, and trying to understand what drives those events. She says there's a relationship between deforestation and the emergence of zoonotic disease, but it's not entirely clear why. "We don't know if that's because we're losing biodiversity that would otherwise... help dilute that pathogen, or if it's because we have more humans coming in to the area and doing risky behaviors," she says.
First comes denial. Then panic.
Disease-modeling communities around the world have been working tirelessly since January to predict how and where Covid-19 will spread, with some real successes. A host of models have illustrated how, with the right resources, we can create relatively accurate disease forecasts that give communities and public health officials an idea of what to expect — and time to prepare.
But what if we could forecast epidemics regularly, before there’s a global crisis? That notion is inching closer to reality.
What do Covid-19, Ebola, Lyme and AIDS have in common? They jumped to humans from animals after we started destroying habitats and ruining ecosystems.
I believe that the way to ease us as a nation back into the essential business of preventing infectious diseases is by focusing on pathogens we already know perfectly well and for which we have new tools to reduce or eliminate sickness worldwide. I’m thinking in particular of the very winnable fights against three diseases with a long history of maiming, crippling and killing humans: tuberculosis, malaria and polio.
Human behavior is the biggest variable in any outbreak.
$460 million will go toward developing vaccines that prevent outbreaks like Ebola from taking the world by surprise.
Although people use terms like outbreak and epidemic interchangeably, it would only be fair to understand the definitive meaning behind each word. An outbreak can take the form of an epidemic and eventually a pandemic, but that does not entitle us to use these words incorrectly.
Most virologists remain within the safe confines of the lab. Wolfe is one of a swashbuckling few who travel to the jungles of sub-Saharan Africa, exotic food markets in Southeast Asia and other far-flung locales to hunt down potential killer viruses before they find us.
Some of the worst epidemics, widespread outbreaks of disease, have troubled mankind for millennia. In one of the earliest recorded epidemics, the Roman Empire lost almost a third of its population between 165 and 180 AD to Antonine Plague, a deadly virus contracted in the Middle East and brought back to the heart of the empire by returning soldiers.
HIV has reached every corner of the globe although some regions are more heavily affected than others. The vast majority of people living with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa. The scale of the epidemic has demanded substantial political and financial commitment from international organisations, donor countries and domestic governments. Here, we give you the latest global statistics, an overview of the global HIV response to date, and identify the major trends in the different regions and countries.
Researchers suggest tracking mammals may help deal with future outbreaks.
The ongoing explosion of antibiotic-resistant infections continues to plague global and US health care. Meanwhile, an equally alarming decline has occurred in the research and development of new antibiotics to deal with the threat.
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,” has become one of the world’s most serious health and development challenges. The first cases were reported in 1981...
The epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States are often called “silent”or “hidden” epidemics.
A form of encephalitis that caused both wakefulness and profound somnolence reveals much about our inner clocks.
Sonia Shah’s “Pandemic: Tracking Contagions, From Cholera to Ebola and Beyond” could hardly be more timely. More than 300 infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged in new territories during the past 50 years, the author tells us, and 90% of epidemiologists expect that one of them will go on to cause a disruptive, deadly pandemic at some point in the next two generations.
What it means when an outbreak’s worst effects occur in the long-term.
The wide use of the term in different contexts makes it increasingly important to understand what it actually means.
To understand the spread of diseases like Zika and Ebola, it’s helpful to look at trends in urbanization over the past few centuries.
It’s hard to imagine — in this day of super antibiotics and advanced medicine — but there was a time in history when a single disease could cause the deaths of thousands of people virtually overnight. Here’s a list of diseases responsible for taking millions of lives all around the globe:
The explosive growth of the human population—from 2.5 billion to 6 billion since the second half of the 20th century—may have already started changing how infectious diseases emerge.
We want to stop future epidemics by developing new vaccines for a safer world.
The Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X) is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's secure, web-based communications network that serves as a powerful communications exchange between CDC, state and local health departments, poison control centers, and other public health professionals.
Epidemics publishes papers on infectious disease dynamics in the broadest sense. Its scope covers both within-host dynamics of infectious agents and dynamics at the population level, particularly the interaction between the two.
Pandemic and epidemic diseases (PED).
There was need for a trustworthy international organisation that could solicit donations from rich countries and wealthy organisations, and spend that money on combating those threats in collaboration with the governments of afflicted poor countries, but with appropriate oversight to ensure effectiveness and avoid theft. The result was the Global Fund to Fight aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
And it worked. Though it is impossible to say what would have happened without the Global Fund, as it is now formally known, the fund’s officials claim to have saved 32m lives since it opened in 2002.
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Many parents believe their children will never get involved with such a hard-core drug. Unfortunately, the heroin addiction problem can effect anyone and everyone, including your children. Many addicted to the hard drug claim their problem didn’t start with heroin. Young Americans across the nation started with something else, usually something “safer” and prescribed by trusted doctors. Prescription drug abuse has been the headlines for many national news media centers over the past few months, and America has taken action with new CDC opioid painkiller prescribing guidelines. With fewer prescriptions being written by doctors, many are turning to the streets for heroin to get high. As a parent, be aware of the risk factors and signs of use that your children may be involved in with using the highly addictive heroin drug. Many will start out abusing alcohol, smoking marijuana and possibly taking prescriptions right from your medicine cabinet. These drugs will provide a “high” feeling for the user. It doesn’t take long for someone to become fully addicted to that feeling, and chase a bigger and better high the next time. Once their tolerance is built up, an average dose of painkillers will not be enough for them, and many turn to heroin to satisfy their needs, and heroin detox may be needed. Here are some warning signs and behavior changes to look out for if you believe someone you know is using heroin.
Behavior and appearance changes are signs your loved one may be in trouble. Their hygiene habits go completely out the window. It may appear that they are deteriorating in their appearance. As a parent to your children, you will know something is immediately wrong. With heroin use comes lying and other deceptive behavior. Many users of the hard drug will avoid direct eye contact because heroin restricts the pupils. Other signs of use are.
- Irregular sleep patterns, or increases in time spent sleeping.
- “Nodding Out” a term used when a person is unable to stay away after doing heroin.
- A sudden worsening performance in school or work, missing days.
- Loss of interest in things they once loved, or loss of motivation towards future goals.
- Repeatedly stealing money or borrowing money from loved ones with unexplained reasons why, or an unexplained absence in valuables around the house.
- Hostile behaviors when confronted about drug use.
- Wearing long sleeves during the summer to hide the needle marks.
- Sudden change in friends.
- Weight Loss
- Needle track marks on arms, or abscesses at injection sites.
Opioid drugs suppress the central nervous system, and heroin slows movement and physical activity. It makes you sleepy, and It slows breathing. Often heroin users will withdraw themselves from longtime friends. If you loved one has a prescription for painkillers and is suddenly running out sooner than the refill, this could be a warning sign for drug abuse. The Heroin Drug can be sniffed, smoked or even injected. Overdoses can happen at any time. Heroin Detox is a safe step towards recovery. Keep a look out for your loved ones.
If you or a loved one you suspect is hooked on heroin contact Hill Country Detox today for further assistance. Hill Country Detox offers heroin detox in a safe medical detox facility. Our onsite doctor and nurses and medical staff are highly trained in heroin detox. Call Today or Contact us here for more information.
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For Immediate Release
South Africa: Protect Residents’ Rights from Effects of Mining
Government Response to Environmental and Health Threats Falls Short
(Cambridge, MA, October 12, 2016)—South Africa has failed to meet its human rights obligations to address the environmental and health effects of gold mining in and around Johannesburg, the Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC) said in a new report released today.
The 113-page report, The Cost of Gold, documents the threats posed by water, air, and soil pollution from mining in the West and Central Rand. Acid mine drainage has contaminated water bodies that residents use to irrigate crops, water livestock, wash clothes, and swim. Dust from mine waste dumps has blanketed communities. The government has allowed homes to be built near and sometimes on those toxic and radioactive dumps.
Examining the situation through a human rights lens, the report finds that South Africa has not fully complied with constitutional or international law. The government has not only inadequately mitigated the harm from abandoned and active mines, but it has also offered scant warnings of the risks, performed few scientific studies about the health effects, and rarely engaged with residents on mining matters.
“Gold mining has both endangered and disempowered the people of the West and Central Rand,” said Bonnie Docherty, senior clinical instructor at IHRC and the report’s lead author. “Despite some signs of progress, the government’s response to the crisis has been insufficient and unacceptably slow.”
The report is based on three research trips to the region and more than 200 interviews with community members, government officials, industry representatives, civil society advocates, and scientific and legal experts. It provides an in-depth look at gold mining’s adverse impacts and examines the shortcomings of the government’s reaction.
For example, although acid mine drainage reached the surface of the West Rand in 2002, the government waited 10 years before establishing a plant that could stem its flow. In addition, the government has not ensured the implementation of dust control measures and has left industry to determine how to remove the waste dumps dominating the landscape.
The Cost of Gold calls on South Africa to develop a coordinated and comprehensive program that deals with the range of problems associated with gold mining in the region. While industry and communities have a significant role to play, the report focuses on the responsibility of the government, which is legally obliged to promote human rights.
The government has taken some positive steps to deal the situation in the West and Central Rand. This year, it pledged to improve levels of water treatment by 2020. In 2011, it relocated residents of the Tudor Shaft informal settlement living directly on top of a tailings dam. The government along with industry has also made efforts to increase engagement with communities.
Nevertheless, The Cost of Gold finds that the government’s delayed response and piecemeal approach falls short of South Africa’s duties under human rights law. As a result, the impacts of mining continue to infringe on residents’ rights to health, water, and a healthy environment, as well as rights to receive information and participate in decision making.
“The government should act immediately to address the ongoing threats from gold mining, and it should develop a more complete solution to prevent future harm,” Docherty said. “Only then will South Africa live up to the human rights commitments it made when apartheid ended.”
For more information, please contact:
In Cambridge MA, Bonnie Docherty: [email protected]
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Exoskeletons in agriculture: promoting innovation and sustainability in Europe
Empowering farmers through cutting-edge technology
At the heart of European agriculture, where centuries-old traditions balance with the demands of the modern world, a technological wonder is reshaping the way farming is done.
Exoskeletons, once limited to the realm of science fiction, have become reality and are revolutionizing the fields in Germany and beyond. At the forefront of this agricultural technology transformation is Hunic, a pioneer in the Exoskeleton technology.
The European agricultural landscape: challenges and goals
European agriculture faces multiple challenges, from labor shortages to the need for sustainable practices. Exoskeletons have become a beacon of hope by offering a solution that combines technological advancement with environmental awareness. By reducing physical strain and increasing efficiency, exoskeletons are not just tools; they are the key to a future in which agriculture is both productive and sustainable.
Exoskeletons: interface of research and innovation
Behind the seamless integration of exoskeletons into European farms lies a network of research and innovation. Joint efforts by renowned research institutions such as Fraunhofer Society in Germany and pioneering exoskeleton manufacturers have led to groundbreaking advances. Studies across Europe have carefully analyzed the ergonomic benefits of exoskeletons to ensure that these devices not only help farmers but also promote their overall well-being.
Germany: Precision agriculture meets technical sophistication
In the heart of Germany's renowned vineyards, where the delicate art of viticulture merges with technical innovation, exoskeletons have become indispensable tools. Along the picturesque banks of the Moselle, farmers protected by exoskeletons are ushering in a new era of precision agriculture.
Precise pruning: A study by the Technical University of Munich
At the forefront of this exoskeleton revolution is the Technical University of Munich, a center for cutting-edge agricultural science research. Their meticulous study focused on the use of exoskeletons in grapevine pruning, a task that requires both precision and endurance. The research, conducted over multiple crop seasons, demonstrated a transformative impact.
Reducing physical strain:
Exoskeletons, carefully designed to fit the contours of vineyard work, significantly reduced the physical strain on farmers. The study showed a remarkable reduction in muscle fatigue and joint strain, allowing workers to make precise cuts without the usual wear and tear on their bodies. This reduction in exposure not only ensures the well-being of the workforce, but also guarantees a sustainable, skilled labor pool for the vineyards.
The introduction of exoskeletons led to a significant increase in productivity. By minimizing pruning effort, farmers were able to do more in less time. This boost in efficiency was crucial during critical phases of the vine growth cycle, ensuring timely and careful pruning, which directly impacted the quality of the crop.
Precision and Consistency:
Exoskeletons provided a level of precision that was previously difficult to achieve. The consistent application of pruning techniques, facilitated by the exoskeletons, resulted in healthier vines and a richer harvest.
Beyond Pruning: Innovations in Grape Harvesting
The use of exoskeletons in German vineyards is not just limited to pruning. Researcher the University of Stuttgart have developed exoskeletons for grape harvesting. By closely analyzing gestures and movements when picking grapes, these exoskeletons provide support to workers during the intense harvest season.
Reduced stress during harvest:
Manual grape harvesting, often carried out to preserve the integrity of the fruit, can be strenuous. The exoskeletons, equipped with sensors and actuators, anticipate the worker's movements and provide assistance when lifting grape crates. This aid significantly reduces the strain on the back and shoulders. Furthermore, it ensures that workers can harvest grapes over longer periods of time without risk of injury.
Increased Harvest Speed:
By alleviating physical strain, these exoskeletons allow workers to harvest grapes faster. The speed and efficiency of harvesting are crucial, especially during peak harvest periods. A quick grape harvest ensures that the grapes are harvested at the optimal level of ripeness, which contributes to the nuanced flavors of the wine.
The future of German viticulture: sustainable and qualified
With these research results finding their way into German vineyards, the future of viticulture in the country looks promising. By reducing the physical strain on workers, exoskeletons set the industry up for a sustainable future. By preserving the know-how of skilled workers and improving their skills, exoskeletons are not only innovations, but also guardians of Germany's winemaking heritage.
In the meticulous rows of German vineyards, exoskeletons are more than just devices; they embody precision and ensure that each grape is cared for with care and expertise. By combining technical sophistication and agricultural tradition, Germany's winemakers are not only focusing on innovation, but are also shaping the future of sustainable viticulture. Cheers to a future where exoskeletons and expertise merge harmoniously, producing the finest wines while preserving the essence of German viticulture.
Netherlands: Greenhouse innovation and ergonomic excellence
In the Netherlands, known for its advanced greenhouse cultivation, exoskeletons have become essential. Research from Wageningen University highlights the role of exoskeletons in greenhouse environments, where precision in tasks such as planting and harvesting is crucial. These studies highlight not only efficiency gains, but also the potential for higher crop yields through optimized labor.
Italy: Preserving tradition through technological improvement
In the rolling hills of Tuscany, where olive groves have grown for generations, exoskeletons preserve ancient traditions. Research collaborations between Italian agricultural universities and exoskeleton developers have produced tailored solutions for olive harvesting. These exoskeletons are being praised for their ability to maintain the delicate touch required for olive harvesting while significantly reducing the physical strain on workers.
Hunic: Shaping European agricultural narratives
At HUNIC we are at the forefront of this agricultural revolution. Our exoskeletons are not just innovations; they are the result of research and a deep understanding of the needs of European agriculture. We continually develop our technology through partnerships with research institutions and feedback from farmers across Europe. From the lush fields of France to the sun-kissed vineyards of Spain, our exoskeletons empower farmers and ensure that European agriculture remains both sustainable and internationally competitive.
In the fields of Europe, where past and future meet, exoskeletons are more than just machines; they are pioneers of progress. As we celebrate the rich fabric of European agriculture, we invite you to join us on this transformative journey. Together we want to promote innovation, preserve traditions and shape a future in which agriculture is not just a profession but a testament to human ingenuity.
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IoT stands for “Internet of Things.” It is a concept that refers to the network of physical objects or “things” that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet. The primary goal of IoT is to enable these objects to collect and share data, communicate with each other, and make intelligent decisions without human intervention.
The Internet of Things (IoT) works through a combination of hardware, software, and network connectivity to enable devices and objects to collect and exchange data over the Internet.
Key components and characteristics of IoT include:
Sensors and Actuators: IoT devices are equipped with sensors to gather information from their surroundings, such as temperature, humidity, motion, light, and more. They often have actuators to perform actions based on the data they collect, like turning on or off, adjusting settings, or triggering alarms.
Connectivity: IoT devices rely on various communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network), and more, to connect to the internet and other devices.
Gateway: IoT gateways are intermediary devices that collect data from IoT sensors and devices, process it locally, and transmit relevant information to the cloud or central systems. They play a pivotal role in data aggregation, protocol translation, and ensuring secure communication.
User Interface: IoT user interfaces encompass various means of interaction, such as mobile apps, web dashboards, or voice-controlled interfaces, enabling users to monitor and control IoT devices. They provide the user-friendly bridge between humans and connected devices.
Analytics: IoT analytics involves collecting and analyzing data generated by IoT devices to extract valuable insights. These insights drive informed decision-making, predictive maintenance, and process optimization, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of IoT deployments.
Data Processing: The data collected by IoT devices is sent to cloud-based or edge computing platforms for analysis and processing. Advanced analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms can be applied to this data to derive insights and make informed decisions.
Remote Monitoring and Control: IoT technology allows users to remotely monitor and control connected devices through web or mobile interfaces.
IoT Protocols: IoT devices communicate using various protocols, such as MQTT, CoAP, HTTP, and others, depending on the use case and connectivity technology.
Data Analytics and Machine Learning: IoT data is processed and analyzed to derive insights and make informed decisions. Advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms are applied to large datasets generated by IoT devices.
Automation: One of the primary benefits of IoT is automation. By collecting and analyzing real-time data, IoT systems can trigger actions or responses automatically, such as adjusting the thermostat based on room temperature or notifying maintenance personnel when a machine needs servicing.
Scalability: IoT networks can scale from a few devices to thousands or even millions of connected objects, depending on the application and requirements.
IoT has a wide range of applications across various industries, including smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, industrial automation, transportation, environmental monitoring, and more. It has the potential to improve efficiency, safety, and convenience in many aspects of daily life and business operations. However, it also raises concerns related to data privacy, security, and the potential for misuse of data, which must be carefully addressed as IoT continues to grow and evolve.
IoT technology is used in various applications and industries.
IoT technology is used in many industries. Smart homes, make energy-saving gadgets and security systems. In healthcare, it helps watch patients from afar, and in farming, it makes farming more precise. These examples show how IoT can make life better and more efficient in different areas.
Here are some examples of IoT:
Smart Home: IoT is commonly used in smart homes to enhance convenience and energy efficiency. Examples include:
Smart thermostats that customize heating and cooling based on your preferences.
Smart lighting systems that can be controlled remotely or automatically adjust based on occupancy or daylight.
Home security systems with connected cameras, doorbell cameras, and motion sensors that send alerts to your smartphone.
Voice-controlled virtual assistants like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant can control IoT devices in your home.
Wearable Health Devices: IoT plays a crucial role in the healthcare industry, with devices that monitor and transmit health data:
Fitness trackers oversee activity, heart rate, and sleep patterns
Remote patient monitoring devices that allow doctors to track vital signs and chronic conditions from afar.
Smart insulin pumps and medication dispensers that help manage chronic diseases.
Smart Agriculture: IoT is used in agriculture to improve crop yield and resource efficiency:
Soil moisture sensors provide real-time data to optimize irrigation.
GPS-guided tractors and drones for precision farming.
Livestock tracking systems for monitoring animal health and location.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT is revolutionizing manufacturing and industry:
Predictive maintenance sensors on machinery to detect and address issues before they lead to breakdowns.
RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) tags for inventory and supply chain management.
Smart meters and sensors in utility grids to optimize energy distribution.
Smart Cities: IoT is used to make urban areas more efficient and livable:
Traffic systems optimize flow and reduce congestion.
Sensors improve waste collection efficiency.
Air quality monitoring to track pollution levels and improve public health.
Retail: IoT enhances the shopping experience and inventory management:
Beacons that send personalized offers to shoppers’ smartphones in stores.
Inventory tracking systems that prevent stockouts and reduce overstocking.
“Labels on shelves can be remotely updated.”
Environmental Monitoring: IoT helps collect data about the environment:
Weather stations that provide real-time weather data for forecasting and research.
Ocean buoys with sensors that monitor ocean conditions and climate change.
Urban sensors monitor air quality and pollution levels.
Connected Vehicles: IoT technology is used in the automotive industry for connected cars:
Telematics systems that provide real-time vehicle data for diagnostics and safety.
GPS navigation systems with real-time traffic updates.
Autonomous vehicles that rely on IoT sensors and communication for self-driving capabilities.
These are just a few examples of how IoT is being applied in various domains to improve efficiency, safety, and convenience. The IoT ecosystem continues to expand, with new applications emerging regularly.
How IoT Works:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices equipped with sensors and communication technology that collect and share data over the Internet. These devices process data locally or in the cloud, enabling remote monitoring, analysis, and control.
IoT applications range from smart homes and industrial automation to healthcare and agriculture, offering increased efficiency, automation, and data-driven insights. Security and privacy measures are vital to protect the data transmitted and ensure user safety. IoT’s scalability and adaptability make it a transformative technology with numerous real-world applications.
IoT device connectivity and networking play a crucial role in enabling the communication and data exchange between IoT devices, as well as facilitating the flow of information to and from IoT platforms and applications. Here are key aspects of IoT device connectivity and networking:
Communication Protocols: IoT devices use different protocols (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular) to send and receive data.
Gateways: Gateways help connect IoT devices to the cloud or server, to integrate and process data.
Edge Computing: Processing data near devices reduces delays and reliance on the cloud.
Mesh Networking: Some IoT devices form interconnected networks to communicate directly.
Security: Robust security measures protect data and devices from unauthorized access.
Scalability: IoT networks should be designed to handle varying numbers of devices.
Power Efficiency: IoT devices often run on batteries, so efficient communication is crucial for longer lifetimes.
Quality of Service: Different IoT applications may have varying reliability and latency needs.
Roaming and Mobility: Some IoT devices move around and require support for changing network connections.
Redundancy: Backup mechanisms ensure uninterrupted communication in case of failures.
Effective IoT device connectivity and networking are critical for the reliable and efficient operation of IoT solutions, ensuring that data is collected, processed, and transmitted as required for specific use cases while maintaining security and scalability. The choice of connectivity technology depends on factors like range, bandwidth, power consumption, and deployment environment.
Types of IoT:
Certainly, IoT can be broadly categorized into two main types: Industrial IoT (IIoT) and Commercial IoT (CIoT), each serving distinct purposes and applications:
Industrial IoT (IIoT):
Focus: IIoT is primarily oriented toward industrial settings and applications.
Use Cases: It is used in manufacturing, logistics, supply chain management, and heavy industries like oil and gas, mining, and manufacturing.
Objectives: IIoT aims to improve operational efficiency, automate processes, enhance safety, and optimize resource utilization in industrial environments.
Examples: Predictive maintenance sensors, industrial robots, and machinery monitoring systems are common IIoT applications.
Commercial IoT (CIoT):
Focus: CIoT is geared towards commercial and consumer-oriented applications.
Use Cases: It is used in smart cities, retail, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, smart homes, and various consumer electronics.
Objectives: CIoT focuses on improving convenience, enhancing customer experiences, and providing data-driven insights in commercial and consumer contexts.
Examples: Smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers, connected vehicles, and smart city infrastructure (e.g., traffic management and public services) fall under CIoT.
These two categories highlight the different industries, objectives, and applications that IoT technology can address. While IIoT often focuses on improving industrial processes and resource management, CIoT caters to a wide range of consumer-oriented and commercial applications that aim to enhance daily life, convenience, and data-driven decision-making.
IoT Solutions and Services?
Companies and service providers offer a wide range of IoT services to support the development, deployment, and management of IoT solutions. These services cater to various aspects of IoT implementation, including hardware, software, connectivity, data management, security, and more. Here are some common IoT services offered:
Hardware Solutions: Providers offer IoT hardware components and development kits.
Connectivity Services: Offerings include cellular, LPWAN, and IoT-specific communication.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): Cloud-based platforms for IoT data storage, processing, and device management.
Data Analytics: Services for deriving insights from IoT data.
Security Solutions: IoT security services, including authentication and encryption.
Consulting and Integration: Assistance with IoT strategy and integration.
Managed Services: End-to-end IoT management, from provisioning to maintenance.
Testing and Quality Assurance: Ensuring IoT device reliability and functionality.
Regulatory Compliance: Assistance with industry-specific regulations.
Device Lifecycle Management: Managing devices throughout their lifecycle.
Edge Computing Solutions: Platforms for processing data closer to the source.
Energy Management: Optimizing energy consumption with IoT.
Fleet Management: Monitoring and managing vehicle fleets.
Smart City Solutions: IoT applications for urban management and services.
IoT services are diverse, catering to the unique needs of different industries and applications. Organizations typically select a combination of these services based on their specific IoT project requirements and goals.
Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT?
Advantages of IoT:
Efficiency: IoT devices automate tasks and processes, reducing the need for human intervention and improving efficiency.
Data Insights: IoT generates large amounts of data, which can be analyzed for valuable insights to inform decision-making.
Cost Savings: Optimization of processes, resource usage, and predictive maintenance can result in significant cost savings.
Safety: IoT can monitor and alert for hazardous conditions, enhancing safety in various settings.
Remote Control: Users can remotely monitor and control devices and systems, providing convenience and flexibility.
Environmental Benefits: IoT can contribute to sustainability efforts by optimizing resource usage and reducing waste.
Enhanced Customer Experience: IoT provides personalized experiences and improved customer service through real-time support.
Innovation: IoT drives innovation by enabling the development of new products and services.
Healthcare and Well-being: In healthcare, IoT can improve patient care through remote monitoring and telemedicine.
Disadvantages of IoT:
Security Concerns: IoT devices can be vulnerable to cyberattacks and data breaches, compromising privacy and safety.
Privacy Issues: IoT devices collect a vast amount of data, raising concerns about data privacy and misuse.
Data Overload: The volume of data generated by IoT devices can be overwhelming to manage, store, and process.
Interoperability Challenges: Different IoT devices and protocols may not work seamlessly together, leading to compatibility issues.
Reliability and Connectivity: IoT devices rely on network connectivity, which can be disrupted, affecting functionality.
Power Consumption: Many IoT devices run on batteries, requiring efficient power management for longer lifetimes.
Complexity and Maintenance: IoT systems can be complex to set up and maintain, requiring updates and troubleshooting.
Cost: IoT infrastructure and devices can be expensive to implement and maintain.
Environmental Impact: The proliferation of IoT devices and electronic waste can have adverse environmental effects.
Regulatory and Legal Challenges: IoT is subject to various regulations, including data protection and cybersecurity requirements.
It’s important to note that while IoT has these disadvantages, many of these challenges are actively being addressed through improved security measures, standardization efforts, and regulatory frameworks. Organizations and individuals considering IoT implementations should carefully evaluate these drawbacks and take steps to mitigate associated risks.
i2htech Services is your dedicated digital partner, offering a comprehensive suite of services to drive your online success. From Web Design and Development to SEO, Digital Marketing, E-Commerce, and Social Media Marketing, we tailor our expertise to your business needs.
Our mission is to navigate the complexities of the digital landscape, ensuring your brand thrives and reaches its full potential in the digital age. Let us be your guide to achieving your online objectives and expanding your digital footprint.”
In conclusion, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative concept that involves the interconnection of physical objects through sensors, software, and communication technologies. IoT systems collect and process data, enabling automation, remote control, and data-driven insights. Key components of IoT include sensors, connectivity options, data processing, and scalability.
IoT has a wide range of applications across industries, though it also presents challenges such as security and privacy considerations. Despite these challenges, IoT continues to drive innovation and efficiency in various aspects of our lives and industries, promising a future with smarter, interconnected devices and systems.
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The IPUMS International Historical Geographic Information System (IHGIS) provides data tables from population and housing censuses as well as agricultural censuses from around the world, along with corresponding GIS boundary files.
The data in IHGIS were originally published by national statistical offices of the respective countries, primarily in PDF documents. Data tables in these documents vary greatly in structure and are not easy to import into statistical or other analysis software. IHGIS extracts the data from the documents and provides them in a standardized, machine-readable structure.
Through the IHGIS Data Finder, users may select and download data tables from one or more census datasets, potentially covering multiple countries, years, or census types.
Shapefiles representing the units described in the tables are available for download on our Geography & GIS page. (In a future version of IHGIS, these files will be available directly through the Data Finder.) Data tables downloaded from the Data Finder may be joined to these shapefiles using the GISJOIN field in both files.
IHGIS does not provide tools for data analysis, mapping, or reporting. Rather, IHGIS supplies data files designed for use in spreadsheet applications (e.g., Microsoft Excel), statistical software (e.g., R, Stata, SPSS, SAS), or GIS applications (e.g., Esri ArcGIS, QGIS).
IHGIS is funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health, with additional support from the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation.
Datasets available in IHGIS
The datasets listed below consist of tables drawn from published results documents. IHGIS also includes data tabulated from IPUMS International microdata samples. For more information on both types of datasets, see the Dataset Descriptions page.
|Population and Housing Census 2001|
|Population and Housing Census 1998|
|General Population and Housing Census|
|General Census of Population and Housing on March 1, 1991|
|Belize Population and Housing Census 2010|
|Cook Islands 2011
|Census of Population and Dwellings|
|Dominican Republic 2010
|IX National Population and Housing Census 2010|
|2011 Population and Housing Census|
|The Gambia 2013
|The Gambia 2013 Population and Housing Census Preliminary Results|
|2011 Census Preliminary Data|
|2010 Population Census of Japan|
|Results of the 2009 National Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan|
|Latvia Population and Housing Census 2011|
|III General Census of Population and Housing|
|2001 Namibia Population and Housing Census|
|3rd General Census of Population and Housing - 2001|
|Results Report: National Population and Housing Census 2011|
|Sri Lanka 2001
|Census of Population and Housing 2001
[data n/a for 7 of the 25 districts due to incomplete enumeration]
|Population and Housing Census 2004|
|Fourth General Census of Population and Housing - November 2010|
|United Arab Emirates 2005
|Preliminary Results of Population, Housing and Establishments Census 2005
Data files from UAE Open Data Portal (http://data.bayanat.ae/en_GB/dataset)
|Preliminary Results of Agriculture Census, 2012|
|First National Census of Agriculture|
|Cook Islands 2011
|Census of Agriculture and Fisheries|
|Agricultural Census 2010|
|Census of Agriculture|
|National Census of Agriculture 2011-2014|
|Agricultural Census 2001|
|Uganda National Census of Agriculture and Livestock|
|Census of Agriculture 2007|
|National Census of Agriculture|
|Report on the Agricultural Module, Piggy-backed onto the Population and Housing Census (PHC), 2002|
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Germany’s tried and tested dual system [apprenticeship] … was the best way forward at a time when almost six million under-25s in Europe are out of work …Angela Merkel (German Chancellor) in 2013
One thing that experience taught us is that there is, of course, no need for any country to introduce the whole dual system straight away. Inter-company vocational training can be an alternative".
- how new technologies are changing the ways in which skills can be acquired
- how apprenticeships can be used as a means of addressing the growing demand for digital skills
- some alternative arrangements, such as pre-apprenticeships, modularization and adaptations of apprenticeships to meet the needs of SMEs.
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Table of Contents
- NPK Ratio Breakdown
- Fertilizer Adjustments
- Fertilizer Strength
- Fertilizing Methods
Fertilizer is all the vitamins and nutrients that your plants are going to need. It is often referred to as plant food. However, it is really not a food for the plant but it is something that is very crucial and absorbed by the plant. That helps the plant do a whole bunch of different functions. The essential functions come from photosynthesis, which is when the plant is absorbing light and that is what actually feeds them.
Additionally, all of the extra nutrients and building blocks come from fertilizer. Fertilizers come with 3 basic necessities. It is known as an NPK ratio. NPK stands for the different nutrients that are in there. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Each of these nutrients serves a specific function.
Nitrogen provides healthy new leaves and happy new cell growth. You have a healthy-looking plant because of the nitrogen. This also enables your plant to push out a lot of new growth and form healthy new leaves. So, if you are trying to get your plant to grow more foliage, this is generally the nutrient that you really want to look at. Consider adding a little bit more of this to your plants if that is the case.
Phosphorus is really great for root growth and photosynthesis. So, Phosphorus is a key ingredient for the plants being able to absorb nutrients, absorb minerals, and absorb that light. It is also critical for plants to utilize it to complete their functions and push out that new growth. If there is not enough phosphorus available then none of the other nutrients will be absorbed by the plant properly and the plant will not be able to utilize them to push out that new growth.
Potassium helps with the disease resistance of plants. So if you have plants that are continually getting diseases they might need more Potassium. Also if you are trying to get your plants to bloom or to produce a large amount of fruit then Potassium is going to help with that. Potassium also helps plants to photosynthesize and better absorb nutrients through the air and the aerial roots as well. Making it really good for asteroids or epiphatic plants.
NPK Ratio Breakdown
NPK is a standard the across-the-board because they are very crucial to the development and production of all plants. It does not matter what fertilizer you use. They will have all 3 of these in there. Unless you select just one ingredient intentionally. NPK ratio seems very complicated but it is really just the amount of these threw different nutrients broken down into your fertilizer.
For Example, you added
1 cup of nitrogen
1 cup of potassium
1 cup of phosphorus
That is a 1:1:1 ratio.
You can also have it be a 10:10:10 ratio. It is just equal parts of those 3 things mixed into the mixing bowl that becomes this fertilizer.
So where fertilizer gets a little bit more complicated when they start changing up that ratio. They might have 2 parts nitrogen one part potassium and 1 part phosphorus. That nitrogen is going to be focusing more on plant growth and plant foliage so if you feel that your plants are already getting enough of the other 2 and they need a little more help to grow. This might be a better mix.
Maybe the plants are in different stages than others or starting to bear fruits and blooms. Once you know what each of these specific things does and how it’s broken down on the label you can choose the fertilizer that’s going to work best for you or even mix your own.
When the NPK number is higher that just means that there is going to be more concentration of those specific ingredients in that little bottle. It means you are giving more of those specific ingredients to your plants at once.
If you have a 10:10:10 ratio then it is going to be giving 10 times the amount (instead of one time the amount) of each of those ingredients. This is going to be for heavier feeding plants.
For example, if you have a Monstera Deliciosa they are a very heavy-feeding plant. If you have fruit trees they are going to need a little bit more heavy feeding especially if they are in the fruiting season as well.
What you do if you have a 10:10:10 ratio and you have a smaller plant is dilute that fertilizer water so that way you are giving a smaller amount of these same equal ingredients to your plant. This prevents fertilizer burn and is not going to cause any issues for your smaller plants. This allows you to still have that same really strong fertilizer for your bigger more robust plants that need more.
Fertilizer comes in 3 different distribution methods.
You can get some type of dissolving material that you mix it in with water and you water your plants with that.
There is also a slow-release fertilizer for that that dissolves slowly giving your plants nutrients over months. This is most widely used by growers all across the board. So, if you end up getting a plant from a big box store or a nursery, the majority of the time, it will have a slow release on it.
Lastly is a foliar spray which is basically a fertilizer that you can spray on your plants. This is great for epiphytic plants and aroids because they like to take in nutrients from the air around them with their roots and they like it in any misting form. This is one of the very few times where they recommend misting your plants in order to get them fertilizer.
Hopefully, this answers some of your questions enabling you to go forth and have healthier happier plants and understand fertilization a little bit more. Hopefully, this de-mystifies some of the NPK stuff that is out there and made it a little less intimidating to go shopping for these things.
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By Matt Lalande in Brain Injuries on December 12, 2021
A traumatic brain injury “TBI” happens when there is “an alteration of brain function (e.g., loss of or decreased level of consciousness, loss of memory for events immediately before— called retrograde amnesia—or after an accident—posttraumatic amnesia—the injury), or other evidence of damage to the brain. The damage to the brain is caused by an something external (e.g., acceleration/deceleration movement of the brain in an accident, or the head struck by an object.)
The most frequent causes of severe traumatic brain injuries are car accidents, pedestrian accidents, bicycling accidents, trucking accidents and motorcycle accidents. Falls are also a major cause of traumatic brain injury.
Primary damage will often occur such as contusions, lacerations, hematomas and axonal injury. Other symptoms that follow the initial traumatic brain injury injury and are called secondary damage. Secondary damage involves damage to cerebral tissue, such as inflammation, ischemia (which is when blood flow (therefore oxygen) is restricted), elevated intracranial pressure, abnormal neurotransmitter release, or hormonal changes.
Because the brain undergoes strong rotational forces within a person’s skull during an accident, stretching or twisting of axons can occur, causing a phenomenon known as diffuse axonal injury in various areas of the brain. Diffuse axonal injury is extremely serious. It is the leading cause of death and disability among brain injury victims.
Damage to the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain often happens because of theory called “coup and/or contrecoup” forces (when the brain bounces back and forth or sideways within the cranium).
A traumatic brain injury rarely affects one area of the brain. Normally a serious traumatic brain injury leads to diffuse damage throughout the multiple regions of the brain, which then in turn leads to a multitude of physical, social, cognitive, psychological, neural cognitive and neuropsychological symptoms.
The course of care for an accident victim following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury usually involves being admitted to a trauma unit at a hospital (acute care), followed by inpatient rehabilitation, then outpatient rehabilitation, and finally community reintegration services into the community through an ABI centre or back home.
After severe traumatic brain injury, most accident victims suffer from posttraumatic amnesia of how the accident actually occurred. Many brain injury victims also suffer from being disoriented, confused, and have major difficulty encoding new information. Brain injured victims will often go through several weeks or months of rehabilitation with a different kinds of doctors, specialists and treatment providers (called a “multidisciplinary team”) and receive intensive physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychology or neuropsychology, speech therapy, or exercise therapy, for example.
When a person is in hospital his or her schedule, treatments, routines, and activities will be mainly decided by hospital staff or rehabilitation center staff. We have also seen that in some cases, brain injury victims might also sometimes return home for short periods of time (e.g., a weekend) to help them prepare both themselves and their families to their return home and to the community, as well as take part in physiotherapy and other treatment modalities during their outpatient visits.
Unfortunately, brain injured victims often have to suffer with permanent and significant cognitive deficits, as well as very important behavioral changes. These sequelae can evolve over time as the accident victim ages or goes through important life transitions. It is now widely admitted that severe TBI should be considered a “chronic medical condition” since many individuals live with the evolving sequelae of their injury for the rest of their life.
Significant help or services even after the rehabilitation phase are often necessary. Indeed, although some issues may abate, others can actually worsen as the accident victim ages. The following sections go into more detail about the possible consequences of a severe traumatic brain injury in different spheres.
TBI can lead to a wide array of physical consequences. These can include:
Unfortunately, because many people suffer head injuries in car or motorcycle accidents, TBI often co-occurs with physical injuries to other parts of the body, for example, with fractured limbs. Studies have shown that compared to people that suffer orthopedic injuries without brain injury, having a TBI is associated with more physical injury, greater physical disability, and poorer function. The rate of chronic pain, especially headache, is very high among people who experience TBI. More than 50% of accident victims are estimated to have chronic pain, with headaches being the most commonly reported, followed by neck, shoulder, back, and upper limb pain. Headaches, which can affect between 30% and 90% of patients, are often chronic, can evolve into migraines, and can affect sleep or contribute to fatigue.
Cognitive impairments are the hallmark of a severe brain injury. For example, difficulties with attention are extremely common and can have an impact on concentration and one’s capacity to stay on tasks and complete these satisfactorily.
Information processing speed and efficiency is also often affected and this difficulty is associated with marked mental fatigue. Significant problems with short-term as well as long-term memory can be observed because of potential problems in various memory-related processes including acquisition and encoding of material into memory, and deficits in consolidation, retention, or retrieval of information. Language and communication difficulties can also be observed, some clients we have helped in the past have presented with slurred speech, word finding problems or poor word selection, issues with oral or written comprehension, difficulty initiating or sustaining conversations, or speaking either too rapidly, too loudly, or too softly.
Also quite common are deficits in executive functions, such as planning, organization, and perspective taking. Social cognition can also be affected, either subtly or significantly, and can encompass issues with the interpretation of social cues, recognition and understanding of emotions of others, and problems with generating appropriate responses to social cues which can have a profound impact on social behavior.
More severe TBIs can lead to changes in behavior and in the way the person interacts with the world. For example, the accident victim may present decreased self-control and regulation, stimulus-bound behavior, emotional lability, decreased social perceptiveness, and difficulty to learn from social experience.
Behavioral and personality changes are usually more marked in more severe brain injuries and these can significantly impact social relationships and it may result in alienation from others, for example, if the person presents impulsivity, disinhibition, childish behavior (e.g., difficulties with turn-taking, sharing), or hyperverbosity.
Some individuals can also behave aggressively (physically or verbally), become irritable, or may be unpredictable.
Severe brain injuries can also have a significant impact on relationships, and the functioning of the couple or family can be impacted. Couples may experience difficulties linked to changes in roles, loss of sexual intimacy, and decreased empathic communication, which are likely to create relationship problems. In some of our cases, family members report an increase in responsibility for caring for the family, which can cause stress over time. As a result, the risk of marital distress and separation following a TBI is not overly uncommon.
Given the very large array of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional challenges which can be brought about by TBI, daily activities, such as taking care of oneself, completing household chores, and fulfilling familial and work-related task, can become difficult, thus limiting the person’s ability to engage in personally meaningful and valued activities. Quality of life and social interactions can be severely affected after one suffers a serious brain injury.
If you or someone you love has suffered a serious traumatic brain injury that was caused by someone who is negligent or careless, then there is the right to claim compensation. There is no doubt that in most severe traumatic brain injury cases, clients will require lifelong treatment and rehabilitation. An experienced brain injury lawyer at Lalande Personal Injury Lawyers can help you through this difficult time.
The following is a summary of compensation that you may be entitled to if you suffered a serious brain injury.
Damages for Housekeeping: in Ontario, you’re entitled to claim compensation to assist with your future housekeeping and home maintenance costs. In most cases that we see, most clients were quite independent with household duties and were either responsible for some or all household cleaning tasks, including such things as vacuuming, bathroom cleaning, floor washing, dusting, laundry, changing linen, cleaning kitchen appliances, washing cabinets and baseboards, etc.
After suffering a severe brain injury, many accident victims go on to suffer limitations with housekeeping and home maintenance responsibilities due to fatigue, pain, reduced physical tolerances and emotional difficulties. Tasks often take much longer to complete and much is often left unfinished.
Outdoor maintenance activities can also become an issue, particularly such things as grass cutting, pruning shrubs, gardening, cleaning eavestroughs, cleaning exterior windows, and raking leaves. Persistent pain, fatigue, mood difficulties, confusion, concentration, reduced physical endurance and stamina resulting from the accident often causes brain injured victims to experiences difficulty performing all, if not most outdoor maintenance responsibilities.
Damages for Future Care – in Ontario, accident victims are entitled to claim future healthcare costs which are not covered by OHIP. For example, an accident victim may require ongoing attendant care needs to assist with his or her daily care. A person’s physical, cognitive and psycho-emotional impairments may have a negative impact on their engagement in pre-accident living activities which may in turn necessitate attendant care assistance to help with self-care routines to ensure safe functioning and to assist with reduced physical tolerances, balance impairment issues, amotivation, low mood, emotional dysregulation, cognitive challenges and communication difficulties.
A brain trauma victim may also require supervision for cueing and support, severe memory issues, challenges with problem-solving, decision-making and initiation or follow-through of activities due to his or her mental impairments. A person may also require assistance with dressing grooming bathing, feeding her meal preparation, mobility, hygiene care or periodic daily supervision, reassurance and support due to emotional and cognitive impairments.
In addition, an accident victim may also require medical and rehabilitative treatment needs to address his or her brain impairment and to facilitate increased functioning, minimize further risk of decline, deterioration or regression.
Physiotherapy is often recommended, as is such things like concussion rehabilitation, massage therapy, occupational therapy and exercise programs. Often times a person with a severe brain injury will require psychological and neuropsychological intervention to assist with psychoemotional, cognitive and behavioural impairments.
Psychological services are often recommended to assist a person with brain trauma cope with life changes and losses that they experience and continue to struggle with. More often than not, people with severe TBI’s suffer from long-term psychological limitations which will require long-term support from a mental health and cognitive perspective.
Speech language pathology is often recommended to address a person’s cognitive communication difficulties arising as a result of their brain injury and post-concussive symptoms.
Neuro-optometry needs to assist with dizziness, disorientation, visual motion sensitivity, motion sickness, nausea and headaches could certainly be recommended in brain injury cases
Rehabilitation therapy intervention is also often recommended to assist brain injury victims with receiving rehabilitation therapy support to implement functional goals and increase their level of functioning both at home and in the community.
Lastly, for a person who suffered serious physical injuries as well as brain trauma, other services such as a multidisciplinary chronic pain management program could be recommended to assist the person if he or she struggles with chronic pain on a daily basis.
General damages for pain and suffering – In Canada, pain and suffering compensation is also known as “non-pecuniary damages”. It is a type of non-economic loss that is paid to an accident victim to help compensate them for their physical pain, psychological pain, loss of enjoyment of life and loss of amenities. It is money that is awarded to compensate the victim for direct physical and psychological effects arising from the accident.
How is pain and suffering compensation decided?
In a case called Stapley v. Hejslet, Judge Kirkpatrick set out a useful, non-exhaustive list of factors that offer guidance as to what may influence an award of non-pecuniary damages. The list includes the:
(a) age of the plaintiff;
(b) nature of the injury;
(c) severity and duration of pain;
(e) emotional suffering; and
(f) loss or impairment of life.
(g) impairment of family, marital and social relationships;
(h) impairment of physical and mental abilities;
(i) loss of lifestyle; and
(j) the plaintiff’s stoicism (as a factor that should not, generally speaking, penalize the plaintiff.
With those considerations in mind, judges can assess the compensation which you are entitled for your pain, suffering, and loss of enjoyment of life, for the injuries you suffered as a consequence of the defendants’ carelessness.
Economic Losses: if you are unable to work because of a severe traumatic brain injury, you may be entitled to claim compensation for your lost wages. The claim can be framed as what is called an “economic loss” or a “loss of economic opportunity”. In the normal course of events, our brain injury lawyers would obtain something called a vocational study or a vocational situational assessment, which typically outlines a client’s vocational history, job duties responsibilities and requirements, vocational testing, a clinical review and an opinion as to whether or not the client is completely disabled from any suitable employment, given his or her neurocognitive functional limitations.
The person that is hurt is entitled to claim past wage losses up to the time of settlement or trial as well as future wage losses until retirement. The wage losses are calculated by determining what he or she would’ve made if the injury had not occurred. Then, that financial assumption is reduced by money that the client actually receives, such as long-term disability or CPP disability.
Matt Lalande is a personal injury trial lawyer who has been representing brain injury victims and their families since 2003. We have seen firsthand that living with a traumatic brain injury is terribly life-changing. We have represented clients who have suffered severe cognitive consequences, severe psychological consequences, severe emotional consequences and severe physical consequences as a result of severe traumatic brain injuries.
Accident victims who have suffered very severe brain injuries need experienced and expert representation to help guide them through the legal system, or the complex insurance system, and to ensure that they recover the maximum compensation that they are entitled to receive. Financial protection is an absolute necessity for people that suffer traumatic head injuries – and our firm can make sure that you and your family are protected, and are able to move forward comfortably in your financial affairs.
Call our brain injury lawyers today no matter where you are in Ontario at 1-844-LALANDE or local in the Hamilton / Niagara / Burlington region at 905-333-8888. Alternatively, you can chat with her live chat operator 24/7 and she will be pleased to ensure that you speak to us as soon as possible.
We Can Help. Contact us 24/7start your case905-333-8888
VOTED BEST LAWYERS IN CANADA 2018, 2019 & 2020
helan-Goodinson R, Ponsford J, Johnston L, Grant F. Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: Their nature and frequency. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2009;24(5):324–332.
Wessely S, David A, Butler S, Chalder T. Management of chronic (post-viral) fatigue syndrome. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1989;39-(318):26–29.
Waljas M, Lange RT, Hakulinen U, et al…. Biopsychosocial outcome after uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2014;31(1):108–124.
van Zomeren AH, Brouwer WH, Deelman BG. Attentional deficits: The riddles of selectivity, speed and alertness. In: Brooks N, ed. Closed head injury: Social and family consequences. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1984;74–107.
Testa JA, Malec JF, Moessner AM, Brown AW. Predicting family functioning after TBI: Impact of neurobehavioral factors. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2006;21(3):236–247.
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Multitasking seems like a great idea when tackling your to-do lists, but in fact, it’s ruining your productivity. Have you ever noticed that when you check on emails while running a meeting, one has to be sacrificed for the sake of your attention focus?
But why do people multitask in the first place? According to Widrich, when people study with their books open, watch TV simultaneously, and text friends at the same time, they feel great fulfillment. They feel incredibly efficient in getting many things done at once.
A study proved that multitasking could reduce productivity by as much as 40%. Switching from task to task makes it difficult to tune out distractions, where you had to repeat a bit to find where you left off.
In the workplace setting, multitasking has been found to reduce job performance. The idea that workplace multitasking leads to a decline in productivity is triggered by an employee’s stress of being overworked. A person who is overworked may suffer in performance because the time pressure may prevent them from completing all the tasks.
A study by Cao et al. (2021) also discovered that conversation with coworkers is one of the most frequent multitasking behaviors in the workplace. People generally consider conversation as a simple activity without much need to focus.
Still not convinced that multitasking comes with its own set of disadvantages? This article will show you what science says about the disadvantages of multitasking and how to overcome them in the most efficient way.
Multitasking vs. Task-switching
Multitasking can be defined as conducting two or more tasks simultaneously. It is related to the human attention process — whether attention focus, dedication, distraction, switch, or split — where one’s preferences and priorities are being processed.
Given the human brain’s inability to focus attention on two or more tasks simultaneously, researchers believe that multitasked activities are eventually reduced to a set of sequential cognitive tasks.
Therefore, what differentiates multitasking from task-switching? Multitasking is attempting to do two or more things at the same time, while task-switching is swapping between tasks.
Consequently, both can lead to a cognitive bottleneck, which is the limited capacity at some specific stage of human information processing, where taking several tasks may decrease productivity.
In a study by KC (2014), initially, multitasking helps reduce working time, but only up to a certain threshold level. However, this situation significantly impacts the quality of work.
This aligns with the research by Spink et al. (2019) where multitasking was shown to have negative consequences by producing a delay in the performance of a principal task and increased errors. This idea views multitasking as task-switching, which causes inefficient performance because it takes mental effort to switch between cognitive tasks, and adversely affects a person’s ability to get work done efficiently and effectively.
Disadvantages of multitasking
While it may seem opposite to popular belief, people tend to work slower and less efficiently when multitasking. Multitasking leads to what experts call “task switch costs,” which are the adverse effects of switching from one task to another.
A survey shows that multitasking causes a temporary decrease in IQ points. It is a possibility since repeatedly switching tasks can overload the brain, provoking mental fatigue. A fatigued brain is less effective in doing particular work. Moreover, this mental work causes the brain to release cortisol, a stress hormone, and stress negatively impacts IQ.
Levitin, in his interview, also stated that multitasking creates a dopamine-addiction feedback loop, effectively rewarding the brain for losing focus and constantly searching for external stimulation. However, their results were much worse than that of people who did not multitask. People are not more productive –– they just feel more emotionally satisfied with their actions.
To ensure you’re not facing productivity drawbacks, here are some tips to overcome multitasking:
Setting goals can help to prioritize things. Before starting a new task, take a few minutes to plan out the steps needed to complete something and in what order.
Make a to-do list
One of the most effective tips to break the habit of multitasking behavior is to make a to-do list. A scheduled list can be beneficial for you to get done that day, then order that list in terms of priority and work your way down it one at a time.
Monotask during your prime time
Always try to do the most challenging work during your most effective times — your prime time. In this case, focus on one task at a time in your effective time. Then leave the less urgent tasks to be done during the weaker moments during other hours of the day. Figure out when exactly you are most productive at work to help discipline the brain from wandering to other tasks so you can focus on that project that needs to be completed.
Set aside distractions
If you want to focus, you cannot allow anything else to invade your mental space. Try to eliminate distractions by creating the most efficient environment for focusing. These conditions train the brain to focus on the work and not on other distractions.
Schedule multiple breaks
Once in a while, get up from your desk and stretch up your body. Schedule multiple breaks to give you more clarity and renewed energy before returning to the task.
The most apparent reason that might compel anyone to multitask is to intensify their productivity by juggling between tasks. However, the evidence has shown that the disadvantages of multitasking are greater than the benefits. Try to work your way to get things done one at a time as a brand new habit.
If you would like to know more about multitasking, visit the Personal Productivity Science Labs. The lab uses research of the Institute for Life Management Science to produce courses, certifications, podcasts, videos, and other learning materials. Check out the Personal Productivity Science Labs today.
Photo by ROMAN ODINTSOV on Pexels
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This graph shows the dropout rate for students in the state of North Dakota.
Dropouts are defined as students who:
- Were enrolled in school at some time during the school year, were not enrolled the following school year, but were expected to have returned to continue.
- Did not graduate from high school (graduates include students who received a GED without dropping out of school).
- Did not complete a state or district-approved educational program.
- Did not meet any of the following exclusionary conditions:
- Transfer to another public school district, private school, or state- or district-approved educational program;
- Temporary school-recognized absence due to suspension or illness;
To protect student privacy, data for schools who have less than 10 students will not be displayed.
In some cases, when appropriate for the purpose of transparency, information involving 10 or more students may be displayed in ranges to avoid potential identification of students in small demographic populations. When utilized, ranges may be represented visually with diagonal lines or open circles in lightly shaded colors.
Please contact North Dakota's Department of Public Instruction with any questions and feedback via email to the following address: [email protected]
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If capital insists upon continuing to exercise sovereign powers, without accepting responsibility as for a trust, the revolt against the existing order must probably continue, and that revolt can only be dealt with, as all servile revolts must be dealt with, by physical force.
The work of dismantling dangerous fortresses which he had begun twenty years before was at last completed, and no armed revolt of the feudal baronage was ever again possible in England.
Tiberius, who was afterward emperor, had recently been recalled from the command in Germany and sent into Pannonia to put down a dangerous revolt which had broken out against the Romans in that province.
So slumbered on, only awakening to an occasional gentle revolt against their priests, or the governor sent to them from the Spanish Court, the good Spaniards of Trinidad; till the peace of 1783 woke them up, and they found themselves suddenly in a new, and an unpleasantly lively, world.
" Minor inexpensive military operations for the suppression of colonial revolt which are quickly and successfully ended may add to the stature of empire-building leaders.
This was a religious revolt, a religious war.
By prudent and conciliatory negotiations, during which he had exercised the most wonderful self-abnegation and patience, he had succeeded in averting the serious danger caused by the formidable revolt of Roldan.
Caesar, since he had determined to pass the winter on the continent, on account of the sudden revolts of Gaul, and as much of the summer did not remain, and he perceived that even that could be easily protracted, demands hostages, and prescribes what tribute Britain should pay each year to the Roman people; he forbids and commands Cassivellaunus that he wage not war against Mandubratius or the Trinobantes.
As Byron frequently wrote in the white heat of passionate revolt, his verse shows the effects of lack of restraint.
Upon the accession of Augustus, that Emperor had formed a design of visiting Britain, but was diverted from it by an unexpected revolt of the Pannonians.
And all the time I was in a state of fierce revolt.
But whatever the cause, the new doctrines, both civil and religious, were received in La Vendee with a disgust, which was not only expressed by murmurs, but occasionally by little revolts, by disobedience to the constitutional authorities, and a rejection of the constitutional clergy.
Provincial and family revolts and petty local disputes with such places as Ragusa became a thing of the past, and he undertook conquest on a grand scale.
Byron's friend, Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), was also in fiery revolt against all conventions and institutions, though his revolt proceeded not, as in Byron's case, from the turbulence of passions which brooked no restraint, but rather from an intellectual impatience of any kind of control.
If I could not observe equal gentleness of word and manner in absolutely forbidding her to approach, either Eunané's chamber or my own, it was because, the moment she conceived what I was about to say, her almost indignant revolt from the command was apparent.
Perhaps the most famous spectacle, however, that Blackheath has witnessed was not this abortive revolt of the peasants nor the rising of Jack Cade in 1450, but the meeting here in 1400 of King Henry IV. and the Emperor of Constantinople, who came to England to ask for assistance against the ever-encroaching Turk, then at the gates of Constantinople, which some fifty years later was to fall into his hands.
The domination of the Turks in Yemen did not continue much more than sixty years after this latter epoch; the constant revolts of the Arab tribes, and the feuds of the Turkish military chiefs, whose distance from the seat of government placed them beyond the control of the Porte, combined in rendering it an unprofitable possession.
Toward the end of 1044, or in the beginning of the following year, the populace at length rose in furious revolt; the Pope fled, but his vassals defended the Leonina against the attacks of the Romans.
Friendly peoples were subjected to the most shameful suspicions: for instance, the blame of the disgraceful defeat at Larisa was imputed to the pretended treachery of the Aetolian cavalry, and, what was hitherto unprecedented, its officers were sent to be criminally tried at Rome; and the Molossians in Epirus were forced by false suspicions into actual revolt.
It was from this district that numerous anti-Hellenic revolts were directed after the death of the Emperor John Tzimisces in 976.
Ever striving to believe that complete satisfaction is to be found in material things, he is conscious of an inward and persistent revolt against this belief, which revolt is at once a refutation of his essential mortality, and an inherent and imperishable proof that only in the immortal, the eternal, the infinite can he find abiding satisfaction and unbroken peace.
"Hours, days of bitter revolt comethe old madness for you, the old recklessness of desire, the savage impatience with life, assail me still.
" She clasped his hand convulsively, a desperate revolt in her soul.
So indeed might the whole English literary revolt have taken its rise under different and perhaps happier influences.
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Introduction: Westerners typically assume that there are no consequences to a nation when an ungodly leader rules it. But Saul provides just one example of how an ungodly leader can cause consequences to an entire nation. In 1 Samuel 13, God reveals seven lessons on both the signs of an ungodly leader and the consequences of an ungodly leader’s actions upon an entire nation.
First, Saul initially sought to avoid conflict with the Philistines instead of liberating God’s people. When his faithful son Jonathan provoked the Philistines in an attack, Saul took credit for Jonathan’s actions and gave no credit to God. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader is prideful and fails to give credit to God. Second, when faced with a massive Philistine army that sought to retaliate against the Jews, the Jews panicked in fear. Saul did nothing to exhort the people to trust in God to defeat their enemy. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader fails to turn a people’s fears into trust in Him. Third, like his people, Saul panicked in fear as his army deserted him. Instead of waiting for Samuel for seven days as ordered and allowing Samuel to make sacrifices to God, Saul made the sacrifices on his own. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader is disobedient to Him and acts presumptuously on his or her own will. Fourth, when Samuel confronted Saul for his sins, Saul offered excuses and failed to repent. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader fails to repent when confronted with his or her sins. Fifth, because Saul refused to repent, Samuel judged him and told him that God would find a new leader to lead His people. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader will be judged for his or her unrepentant sins. Sixth, Saul’s actions reduced his army to a mere 600 men and left them unprepared to stop a more massive Philistine army. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader can cause God to remove His protections from a nation. Finally, without God’s protection, the Philistine blacksmiths were able to place a weapons embargo on Israel. The Jews faced a hopeless fight against the Philistines without comparable weapons. From this, God reveals that an ungodly leader can cause a nation to feel helpless without His protection.
Saul’s prideful failure to give credit to God for the Jews’ victory. After God gave the people Saul to deliver them, Saul tried to keep a low profile to avoid a war with the Philistines. After his son Jonathan took the mantel that he failed to assume, Saul took credit for the victory that God gave to the faithful Jonathan: “1 Saul was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty two years over Israel. 2 Now Saul chose for himself 3,000 men of Israel, of which 2,000 were with Saul in Michmash and in the hill country of Bethel, while 1,000 were with Jonathan at Gibeah of Benjamin. But he sent away the rest of the people, each to his tent. 3 Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines that was in Geba, and the Philistines heard of it. Then Saul blew the trumpet throughout the land, saying, ‘Let the Hebrews hear.’ 4 All Israel heard the news that Saul had smitten the garrison of the Philistines, and also that Israel had become odious to the Philistines. The people were then summoned to Saul at Gilgal.” (1 Sam. 13:1-4). Some might assume that Saul acted like Gideon when he sent soldiers home after creating Israel’s first standing army. But the actions of the two had nothing in common. Gideon sent soldiers away in response to God’s direction. God wanted to receive the credit in the battle. “The LORD said to Gideon, “I will deliver you with the 300 men who lapped and will give the Midianites into your hands; so let all the other people go, each man to his home.”’ (Jdgs. 7:7). In contrast, Saul sent away troops without consulting God (1 Sam. 13:2). The Philistines had a more technologically advanced army. Saul kept his army small to avoid provoking the Philistines. This meant that he had no plan to use his troops to liberate Israel. Instead, he wanted to keep a low profile to preserve the status quo. Without Jonathan’s faithful actions in attacking the Philistine garrison in Geba, the Jews never would have attacked the Philistines. Once his son forced his hand, Saul then took credit with pride for his son’s actions. But he was so insecure in his status as king that he could not even praise his son. Even worse, he never gave God credit for the victory.
Jonathan acted with bravery in fighting the Philistines1
Give up your pride and give the credit to God for His victories. Saul’s pride led to his insecurity. Saul’s pride in claiming God’s victory for his own led to his downfall. “Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before stumbling.” (Prov. 16:18). “A man’s pride will bring him low, but a humble spirit will obtain honor.” (Prov. 29:23). “Whoever exalts himself shall be humbled; and whoever humbles himself shall be exalted.” (Matt. 23:12; Lk. 14:11). Saul’s boastful trumpet was evil because it gave no credit to God for His victory through Jonathan. “But as it is, you boast in your arrogance; all such boasting is evil.” (Ja. 4:16). “Your boasting is not good. Do you not know that a little leaven leavens the whole lump of dough?” (1 Cor. 5:6). If Saul wanted to boast, he should have boasted that only God could have pulled off their victory with such a small force. “If I have to boast, I will boast of what pertains to my weakness.” (2 Cor. 11:30). Do you boast about another’s success? Or, do you give the credit to God?
Fighting God’s battles will likely make you “odious” to the world. Jonathan’s brave act in trying to liberate God’s people made all the Jews “odious” to the Philistines (1 Sam. 13:4). When Moses and Aaron stood up to Pharaoh, the Jewish elders also complained that they had made the Jews “odious” to Pharaoh. “They said to them, ‘May the LORD look upon you and judge you, for you have made us odious in Pharaoh's sight and in the sight of his servants, to put a sword in their hand to kill us.’” (Ex. 5:21). Saul may have feared that being God’s insurgent against the Philistines would cause him to lose his life and his kingdom. Yet, seeking friendship with the things of the world causes hostility with God. “You adulteresses, do you not know that friendship with the world is hostility toward God? Therefore whoever wishes to be a friend of the world makes himself an enemy of God.” (Jam. 4:4). “Do not love the world nor the things in the world. If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him.” (1 Jo. 2:15). Will you fight God’s battles, even if it makes you “odious” to the non-believers around you?
Saul’s failure to reassure the people’s fears by exhorting them to trust in God. Faced with a numerically and technologically superior enemy, the Jews panicked in fear. As their leader, Saul failed to bolster the people’s faith by urging them to trust in God: “5 Now the Philistines assembled to fight with Israel, 30,000 chariots and 6,000 horsemen, and people like the sand which is on the seashore in abundance; and they came up and camped in Michmash, east of Beth-aven. 6 When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait (for the people were hard-pressed), then the people hid themselves in caves, in thickets, in cliffs, in cellars, and in pits. 7 Also some of the Hebrews crossed the Jordan into the land of Gad and Gilead. But as for Saul, he was still in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.” (1 Sam. 13:5-7). The people wanted a leader like the other pagan nations around them to fight their enemies (1 Sam. 8:5). They rejected God as their king (1 Sam. 8:7). Saul was exactly like the pagan leaders. His faith was weak. Thus, he did not tell the people to trust in God to deliver them. Without a faithful leader guiding them, the people suffered without hope. Their faith in Saul was useless.
Saul relied upon himself in battle without turning to God2
When the Jews put their faith in God, God terrorized the Jews’ enemies. If Saul had faith, he would have reminded the Jews that God was faithful to keep His promise to cause the Jews’ enemies to fear them: “I will send My terror ahead of you, and throw into confusion all the people among whom you come, and I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.” (Ex. 23:27). ‘“This day I will begin to put the dread and fear of you upon the peoples everywhere under the heavens, who, when they hear the report of you, will tremble and be in anguish because of you.’” (Dt. 2:25). “I will send an angel before you and I will drive out the Canaanite, the Amorite, the Hittite, the Perizzite, the Hivite and the Jebusite.” (Ex. 33:2). His power defeated Pharaoh’s army at the Red Sea. His power also defeated the kings of Jordan. His power also delivered the Promised Land to the Jews. He wants you to know that He is powerful enough to fulfill His promises to you as well. Yet, if you don’t know His promises, how much faith can you have in them? If you have a leadership role like Saul, are you encouraging others?
When you walk with God, He promises to cause your enemies to fear you as well. God also promises that an obedient individual or nation will receive the fear or respect from his or its enemies: “So all the peoples of the earth will see that you are called by the name of the Lord, and they will be afraid of you.” (Dt. 28:10). In the Bible, there are many examples of when other nations feared the Jews because of God. For example, Pharaoh feared God’s wrath when he almost took Abraham’s wife Sarah as his wife (Gen. 12:17-20). Likewise, after defeating the Amorites, the Jews traveled back to the plains of Moab where they stayed until God gave the word for Joshua to take them into the Promised Land (Nu. 22:1). There, the Moabites feared the Jews (Nu. 22:3-4). Their fear caused the Moabite King Balak to hire the sorcerer Balaam in an unsuccessful attempt to cast a spell on Israel (Nu. 22:7). The kings of Canaan again feared the Jews and their God when they invaded. The Canaanites “heard how the LORD had dried up the waters of the Jordan before the sons of Israel until they had crossed, that their hearts melted, and there was no spirit in them any longer because of the sons of Israel.” (Josh. 5:1). “Then the chiefs of Edom were dismayed; the leaders of Moab, trembling grips them; all the inhabitants of Canaan have melted away. Terror and dread fall upon them; by the greatness of Your arm they are motionless as stone; until Your people pass over, O LORD, until the people pass over whom You have purchased.” (Ex. 15:15-16). All who oppose Israel are subject to the curse that God promised to Abraham (Gen. 12:3). Today, the nations that surround Israel again fear it because God has blessed it. Are you walking with God to allow His Holy Spirit to cause your enemies to fear or respect you?
With faith, God will also give you the courage to face your enemies. Unlike the Jews under Saul, God wants you to have faith in Him when facing your battles. Without faith, it is impossible to please Him: “And without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is and that He is a rewarder of those who seek Him.” (Heb. 11:6). He has given you a Spirit of strength, not fear: “For God has not given us a spirit of timidity, but of power and love and discipline.” (2 Tim. 1:7). Are you acting boldly in faith for His glory? Are you letting fear rule any portion of your life? If so, repent of your fear and trust in Jesus to deliver you.
Saul’s failure to wait for God’s timing and his sin of presumption. Saul knew that he needed God’s help. But he was unwilling to wait on Samuel to make sacrifices. Thus, Saul thought that he could force God to help by making the sacrifices on his own. “8 Now he waited seven days, according to the appointed time set by Samuel, but Samuel did not come to Gilgal; and the people were scattering from him. 9 So Saul said, ‘Bring to me the burnt offering and the peace offerings.’ And he offered the burnt offering.” (1 Sam. 13:8-9). Here, Saul committed sins including disobedience and presumption.
Saul’s sin of disobedience. Samuel told Saul to wait seven days at a place called Gilgal before he would come. The place and the duration of the wait should have sounded familiar to Saul. At this exact same place, Samuel told Saul to wait seven days before his anointing as king. “And you shall go down before me to Gilgal; and behold, I will come down to you to offer burnt offerings and sacrifice peace offerings. You shall wait seven days until I come to you and show you what you should do.” (1 Sam. 10:8). God tested Saul’s obedience and his patience. Saul passed God’s test of waiting seven days when there was no pressure. But he was unwilling to wait when the stakes were high. Just as Saul had to patiently wait seven days for his anointing, he had to wait patiently for God to deliver the Jews from the Philistines. Samuel later explained that God values obedience over sacrifice. “Samuel said, ‘Has the LORD as much delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices as in obeying the voice of the LORD? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to heed than the fat of rams.” (1 Sam. 15:22). Unlike Saul, God wants you to be obedient by waiting on His timing. “Rest in the LORD and wait patiently for Him; do not fret because of him who prospers in his way, because of the man who carries out wicked schemes.” (Ps. 37:7). “I waited patiently for the LORD; and He inclined to me and heard my cry.” (Ps. 40:1(b)). “I wait for the LORD, my soul does wait, and in His word do I hope.” (Ps. 130:5). Do you also patiently wait upon the Lord and His timing?
Saul’s sin of presumption. Moses warned the Jews not to act presumptuously by acting without the direction of the priests. Those who failed to do so would be judged: “The man who acts presumptuously by not listening to the priest who stands there to serve the LORD your God, nor to the judge, that man shall die; thus you shall purge the evil from Israel.” (Dt. 17:12). Saul presumed that he could fulfill the role of God’s priest when that was not his role. When the Philistines previously attacked the Jews while Samuel made a burnt offering at Mizpah, God responded by routing the Philistines “Now Samuel was offering up the burnt offering, and the Philistines drew near to battle against Israel. But the LORD thundered with a great thunder on that day against the Philistines and confused them, so that they were routed before Israel.” (1 Sam. 7:10). Saul apparently presumed that he could force God to intervene by simply repeating Samuel’s prior actions. He made the sacrifices a good luck charm the same way the Jews previously turned the ark into a good luck charm (1 Sam. 4:3-10). The Jews also made the sin of presumption by trying to invade the Promised Land after God judged them and told them that the first generation would need to die off in the wilderness because of their sins. “So I spoke to you, but you would not listen. Instead you rebelled against the command of the LORD, and acted presumptuously and went up into the hill country. The Amorites who lived in that hill country came out against you and chased you as bees do, and crushed you from Seir to Hormah. Then you returned and wept before the LORD; but the LORD did not listen to your voice nor give ear to you. So you remained in Kadesh many days, the days that you spent there.” (Dt. 1:41-46). Many years later, King Uzziah also acted presumptuously when he tried to serve as both priest and as king. God responded by striking him with leprosy (2 Chr. 26:18-19). Never assume that you are following God’s will when you are either disobeying His Word or acting on your own.
Saul’s failure to repent when confronted. When Samuel confronted Saul for his sins, Saul offered excuses and refused to repent. “10 As soon as he finished offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him and to greet him. 11 But Samuel said, ‘What have you done?’ And Saul said, ‘Because I saw that the people were scattering from me, and that you did not come within the appointed days, and that the Philistines were assembling at Michmash, 12 therefore I said, ‘Now the Philistines will come down against me at Gilgal, and I have not asked the favor of the Lord.’ So I forced myself and offered the burnt offering.’” (1 Sam. 13:10-12). In most English translations, it states that Saul came out to meet Samuel. But the Hebrew suggests that he wanted to bless Saul. This suggests that Saul was attempting to impress Samuel with his piety. When Samuel confronted Saul, Saul showed his piety to be false when he blamed others for his actions. He then blamed Samuel for coming at the last possible moment.
Samuel confronted Saul regarding his disobedience and presumption3
When God has revealed your sins, repent. When Samuel revealed Saul’s sins, Saul should have repented: “When Your people Israel are defeated before an enemy, because they have sinned against You, if they turn to You again and confess Your name and pray and make supplication to You in this house, then hear in heaven, and forgive the sin of Your people Israel, and bring them back to the land which You gave to their fathers. When the heavens are shut up and there is no rain, because they have sinned against You, and they pray toward this place and confess Your name and turn from their sin when You afflict them, then hear in heaven and forgive the sin of Your servants and of Your people Israel, indeed, teach them the good way in which they should walk. And send rain on Your land, which You have given Your people for an inheritance.” (1 Kgs. 8:33-36). When Joshua and his men sinned at Ai by acting presumptuously, he tore his clothes in grief and cried out for God not to allow His name to be profaned by their sins: ‘“9 For the Canaanites and all the inhabitants of the land will hear of it, and they will surround us and cut off our name from the earth. And what will You do for Your great name?’” (Josh. 7:9). When God reveals your sins, do you repent so that you can be forgiven? (1 Jo. 1:9).
Humble yourself so that you will accept corrections. Instead of hardening his heart with excuses, God wanted Saul to circumcise his heart so that he would accept Samuel’s correction. “So circumcise your heart, and stiffen your neck no longer.” (Dt. 10:16; 30:6; Ro. 2:28-29; Col. 2:10-11). When you accept Jesus Christ as your Lord and Savior and allow the Holy Spirit to guide you, He will also circumcise your heart if you let Him: “in Him you were also circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, in the removal of the body of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ;” (Col. 2:11). When you soften or circumcise your heart, God will reward you with a heart to know Him: “I will give them a heart to know Me, for I am the Lord; and they will be My people, and I will be their God, for they will return to Me with their whole heart.” (Jer. 24:7). “But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days,” declares the Lord, “I will put My law within them and on their heart I will write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” (Jer. 31:33; Col. 2:11). In the areas where you are stiff necked in your walk with God, will you invite the Holy Spirit to soften your heart?
Saul’s judgment for his unrepentant sins. Because Samuel failed to repent of sins, God judged him as an unfit leader. Yet, out of mercy and grace, God withheld his immediate punishment and limited it to Saul’s future generations. “13 Samuel said to Saul, ‘You have acted foolishly; you have not kept the commandment of the Lord your God, which He commanded you, for now the Lord would have established your kingdom over Israel forever. 14 But now your kingdom shall not endure. The Lord has sought out for Himself a man after His own heart, and the Lord has appointed him as ruler over His people, because you have not kept what the Lord commanded you.’” (1 Sam. 13:13-14). Some might think that Samuel overreacted. But Saul was God’s anointed representative. Just as Moses was held to a higher standard as His representative, so was Saul. Had Saul been faithful and obedient, God would have established Saul’s dynasty forever. Now, God would appoint a representative with the right heart. God, however, showed mercy and grace by delaying Saul’s punishment. God allowed Saul to rule for another 20 years to give him the chance to repent, an opportunity that Saul would squander.
Samuel gives God’s judgment upon Saul for his unrepentant sins4
God cares more about your heart than your actions. God promised that He would appoint: “a man after His own heart, and the Lord has appointed him as ruler over His people,” (1 Sam. 13:14). This was a prophecy that God would one day appoint David as king. “After He had removed him, He raised up David to be their king, concerning whom He also testified and said, ‘I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after My heart, who will do all My will.’” (Acts 13:22). Pastor David Guzik gives several reasons why David and not Saul was a man after God’s heart: “i. A man after God's heart honors the LORD. Saul was more concerned with his will than God’s will. David knew God’s will was most important. Even when David didn’t do God’s will, he still knew God’s will was more important. All sin is a disregard of God, but David sinned more out of weakness and Saul more out of a disregard for God. ii. A man after God's heart enthrones God as king. For Saul, Saul was king. For David, the LORD God was king. Both David and Saul knew sacrifice before battle was important. But David thought it was important because it pleased and honored God. Saul thought it was important because it might help him win the battle. Saul thought God would help him achieve his goals. David thought that God was the goal. iii. A man after God’s heart has a soft, repentant heart. When Saul was confronted with his sin he offered excuses. When David was confronted with his sin he confessed his sin and repented (2 Samuel 12:13). iv. A man after God’s heart loves other people. Saul became increasingly bitter against people and lived more and more unto himself, but David loved people. When David was down and out he still loved and served those who were even more down and out (1 Sam. 22:1-2).” (David Guzik on 1 Sam. 13).5 Is your heart burdened by worldly or godly things?
Saul’s sins removed God’s hedge of protection from the Philistine’s raids. Saul’s sins not only had consequences for his family. They also caused the nation to suffer as God removed His hedge of protection. “15 Then Samuel arose and went up from Gilgal to Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people who were present with him, about six hundred men. 16 Now Saul and his son Jonathan and the people who were present with them were staying in Geba of Benjamin while the Philistines camped at Michmash. 17 And the raiders came from the camp of the Philistines in three companies: one company turned toward Ophrah, to the land of Shual, 18 and another company turned toward Beth-horon, and another company turned toward the border which overlooks the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness.” (1 Sam. 13:15-18). Saul’s army was reduced to one-fifth of its size, from 3,000 to a mere 600 men (1 Sam. 13:2, 8). Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin. God previously judged his tribe and reduced it to a mere 600 men after their sexual sins and their refusal to repent during Israel’s first civil war. “47 But 600 men turned and fled toward the wilderness to the rock of Rimmon, and they remained at the rock of Rimmon four months.” (Jdgs. 20:47). In the Bible, the number six symbolizes man because God made mankind on His sixth creation day. The number 600 symbolized mankind’s judgment. Because of the evil desires within their hearts, all mankind has been ensnared by sin and is under judgment: “By transgression an evil man is ensnared, but the righteous sings and rejoices.” (Prov. 29:6; 11:5; 5:22; Ro. 3:23). Thus, every person must repent and turn to Christ to be saved from certain judgment (Jo. 3:16). This was something that neither Saul nor his tribe was willing to do.
Without God’s protection, Philistine raiders attacked the Jews6
Fighting your battles without God frequently leads to defeat. The 600 men that were left with Saul could never have defeated the Philistines on their own. God warns that if His people refuse to repent and turn back to Him, He may allow them to be defeated in battle: “The Lord shall cause you to be defeated before your enemies; you will go out one way against them, but you will flee seven ways before them, and you will be an example of terror to all the kingdoms of the earth.” (Dt. 28:25). “I will set My face against you so that you will be struck down before your enemies; and those who hate you will rule over you, and you will flee when no one is pursuing you.” (Lev. 26:17). When the Jews were disobedient to God, they were defeated in battle: “The Philistines drew up in battle array to meet Israel. When the battle spread, Israel was defeated before the Philistines who killed about four thousand men on the battlefield.” (1 Sam. 4:2). “So the Philistines fought and Israel was defeated, and every man fled to his tent; and the slaughter was very great, for there fell of Israel thirty thousand foot soldiers.” (1 Sam. 4:10). Are you trying to fight your battles without God? If so, you are unlikely to be successful.
Saul’s sins left the Jews helpless from the enemy’s attacks. Without God’s protection, the Jews were also left helpless without iron weapons against a more technologically advanced enemy: “19 Now no blacksmith could be found in all the land of Israel, for the Philistines said, ‘Otherwise the Hebrews will make swords or spears.’ 20 So all Israel went down to the Philistines, each to sharpen his plowshare, his mattock, his axe, and his hoe. 21 The charge was two-thirds of a shekel for the plowshares, the mattocks, the forks, and the axes, and to fix the hoes. 22 So it came about on the day of battle that neither sword nor spear was found in the hands of any of the people who were with Saul and Jonathan, but they were found with Saul and his son Jonathan. 23 And the garrison of the Philistines went out to the pass of Michmash.” (1 Sam. 13:19-23). The Philistines had so effectively cut off the Jews access to military technology that only the royal family had iron weapons. God was removing everything that the Jews could do to rely upon themselves. He did this so that the Jews would learn to trust Him alone.
God withdrew His hand of protection, and Israel lost the battle of Michmash7
Living outside of God’s protections will leave you helpless before your enemy. For a wayward society or individual, there is no protection without God. Like an exposed carcass, the wayward person or society will be weak and unable to stop those who might prey upon them: “Your carcasses will be food to all birds of the sky and to the beasts of the earth, and there will be no one to frighten them away.” (Dt. 28:26). “As for those of you who may be left, I will also bring weakness into their hearts in the lands of their enemies. And the sound of a driven leaf will chase them, and even when no one is pursuing they will flee as though from the sword, and they will fall.” (Lev. 26:36). “The anger of the LORD burned against Israel, . . . so that they could no longer stand before their enemies.” (Josh. 2:14). “The LORD has done what He purposed; He has accomplished His word which He commanded from days of old. . . . He has exalted the might of your adversaries.” (Lam. 2:17). “I will make void the counsel of Judah and Jerusalem in this place, and I will cause them to fall by the sword before their enemies and by the hand of those who seek their life; and I will give over their carcasses as food for the birds of the sky and the beasts of the earth.” (Jer. 19:7; 7:33; Ps. 79:2). “The wicked flee when no one is pursuing, but the righteous are bold as a lion.” (Prov. 28:1). If you are fighting your battles without God, you may eventually feel powerless against enemies and forces that you cannot control. Give these battles to God and live in peace.
The sins of a leader can affect the entire community. Saul’s actions show that the ungodly actions of one leader can impact an entire nation. Hundreds of years earlier, Joshua reminded the people that the sin of one person caused the entire nation to lose in battle: ‘“Did not Achan the son of Zerah act unfaithfully in the things under the ban, and wrath fall on all the congregation of Israel? And that man did not perish alone in his iniquity.’” (Josh. 22:20). Solomon also warned that: “Wisdom is better than weapons of war, but one sinner destroys much good.” (Ecc. 9:18). Christians cannot turn a blind eye toward the sins of their leaders. Believers are meant to be His salt and light on Earth (Matt. 5:13-16). Salt stings when it is applied to the wound of sin. If the Church ceases to be an irritant toward sin in the world, it will lose its saltiness and become worthless in Jesus’ eyes: “You are the salt of the earth; but if the salt has become tasteless, how can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled under foot by men.” (Matt. 5:13). These verses challenge the libertarian worldview that has invaded the Church. The Church falls short of God’s calling when it ceases to irritate the immoral society around it. The Church has largely stopped speaking out against sin in society in the hopes of being seeker friendly to nonbelievers. The result is a Church that has lost its saltiness. Are you praying for the nation’s leaders to repent?
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The Industrial Centre for Geological Disposal, or Cigeo, is a deep geological disposal facility for radioactive waste to be built in France. It will serve for disposal of highly radioactive long-lived waste produced by France's current fleet of nuclear facilities, until they are dismantled, as well as from reprocessing of spent fuel from nuclear power plants.
Solutions for Low-Level, Long-Lived waste (LL-LLW)
Andra is developing solutions for the disposal of LL-LLW, for which there is currently no evacuation route. While not accepted in surface-based storage facilities because of its long-lived radionuclide activity, the low specific activity of LL-LLW does not justify storage at 500 m depth in Cigéo.
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Inverter technology has become increasingly important in energy conversion, especially in renewable energy systems such as solar and wind power. An inverter is an electronic device that converts direct current (DC) electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity. This conversion is essential because most household appliances and industrial equipment require AC power to operate.
Inverters have become a critical component in the energy supply chain because they enable the integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid. However, the efficiency of inverters is a crucial factor in energy conservation and sustainability, and their impact on the environment must also be considered. This essay will explore the importance of inverter efficiency and the environmental impact of inverters in the context of energy conservation and sustainability.
Inverter efficiency is a measure of how much of the DC power input is converted into AC power output. The efficiency of an inverter is essential because it directly affects energy waste and cost. Inverters with high efficiency waste less energy, resulting in lower operating costs and reduced environmental impact. Inverter efficiency is measured as a percentage of the total power output divided by the power input. For example, if an inverter has an efficiency of 95%, it means that 95% of the DC input power is converted into AC output power.
Several factors affect inverter efficiency, including design, size, and load. Inverter design plays a crucial role in its efficiency. The design should aim to minimize energy loss during the conversion process. Inverters can also have different sizes and capacities, and the efficiency may vary depending on the load. A heavily loaded inverter may be less efficient than a lightly loaded one because the losses increase with increasing load.
High inverter efficiency is critical in energy conservation and sustainability. Inverters are often used in renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind power, and improving their efficiency can reduce the amount of energy wasted during the conversion process. Additionally, high inverter efficiency can reduce the cost of energy production, making renewable energy more economically viable and competitive with fossil fuels.
III. Environmental Impact of Inverters
The manufacturing process of inverters can have a significant environmental impact. The production of electronic devices requires the use of raw materials, energy, and water. The mining and processing of raw materials used in the production of inverters, such as copper, aluminum, and silicon, can lead to environmental damage, including deforestation, water pollution, and soil degradation. The energy used in the manufacturing process also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change.
Inverters also have an end-of-life, and their disposal can be challenging. Electronic waste is a significant environmental problem, and the disposal of inverters can contribute to it. The disposal of electronic waste can release harmful chemicals into the environment, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. These chemicals can contaminate the soil and water, posing a significant risk to human health and the environment.
However, inverters also offer environmental benefits. High inverter efficiency reduces the amount of energy wasted during the conversion process, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants. The increased use of renewable energy sources and high-efficiency inverters can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and their associated environmental impact.
Strategies for Improving Inverter Efficiency and Reducing Environmental Impact
Several strategies can be used to improve inverter efficiency and reduce their environmental impact. One strategy is to improve the design of the inverter itself. Better power electronics and cooling systems can improve efficiency, reduce energy loss, and increase the lifespan of the device. Inverter manufacturers can also consider alternative materials and manufacturing processes that are more environmentally friendly. The use of recycled materials and non-toxic manufacturing processes can reduce the environmental impact of inverter production.
Another strategy is to address the end-of-life of inverters. Instead of disposing of inverters, refurbishment and repurposing can be explored to extend the lifespan of the device. Refurbishing an inverter can involve replacing faulty parts or upgrading its components to improve its efficiency. Repurposing can involve using an old inverter for a different application or converting it into a different type of device.
Another way to reduce the environmental impact of inverters is to recycle them. Recycling can recover valuable materials, such as copper and aluminum, and reduce the amount of electronic waste sent to landfills. Inverter manufacturers can design their products with recyclability in mind, making it easier for them to be disassembled and recycled at the end of their life.
Inverter technology has become a crucial component in the energy supply chain, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid. However, the efficiency of inverters and their impact on the environment must be considered in the context of energy conservation and sustainability. High inverter efficiency is essential in reducing energy waste and cost, while reducing their environmental impact can involve design improvements, the use of alternative materials and manufacturing processes, and addressing the end-of-life of inverters through refurbishment, repurposing, and recycling.
As the world moves towards a more sustainable future, continued research and development in improving inverter technology will be critical. Inverter manufacturers must consider the importance of energy conservation and sustainability in their product development, and governments must encourage the adoption of high-efficiency inverters and responsible end-of-life practices. By taking these steps, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, minimize energy waste and cost, and protect the environment for future generations.
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Praise be to Allah.
Medical treatment is allowed in Islam in general terms, and is not regarded as changing the creation of Allaah. The ruling among the scholars is that it is either permitted (mubaah) or recommended (mustahabb). The Hanafis and Maalikis are of the view that medical treatment is permitted, and the Shaafa’is and some Hanbalis are of the view that it is mustahabb. The view of most of the Hanbalis is that it is better not to do it. Ahmad ibn Hanbal narrated that Anas (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “When Allaah created the disease, He also created the cure, so seek the cure.” Narrated by Ahmad, 12186; classed as hasan by al-Albaani in al-Silsilah al-Saheehah, 1633.
It was narrated that Usaamah ibn Shurayk (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Bedouin said: “O Messenger of Allaah, should we not treat sickness?” He said, “Yes, O slaves of Allaah, treat sickness, for Allaah did not send down any disease but He also sent down its cure, except for one disease.” They said, “O Messenger of Allaah, what is it?” He said, “Old age.” Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 2038; classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi.
Old age refers to the weakness and illnesses that come with old age, for which there is no cure.
It makes no difference with regard to medical treatment whether the sickness is physical, mental or nervous. The word da’ (disease, sickness) in the ahaadeeth is general in meaning and includes all kinds of sickness.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
It is permissible to treat sickness according to scholarly consensus. The Muslim may go to a doctor for internal sickness, injuries, nervous problems and so on, for him to diagnose his sickness and treat it appropriately, using medicines that are permitted according to Islam, according to his medical knowledge, because this comes under the heading of taking the usual means, and it does not contradict the idea of putting one's trust in Allaah. Allaah has sent down the disease and He has sent down the cure; those who know it know it, and those who do not know it do not know it, but Allaah does not put the healing for His slaves in something that He has forbidden to them.
It is not permissible for a sick person to go to the soothsayers or fortunetellers who claim to have knowledge of the unseen, in order to find out from them what his sickness is. Nor is it permissible for him to believe what they tell him, for they speak without knowledge or they summon the jinn to ask their help in doing what they want to do. The ruling on these people is that they are kaafirs who are misguided, if they claim to have knowledge of the unseen…
Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz, 3/274
Although it is permissible to use physical medicine, the sick person should also look for spiritual remedies as prescribed in Islam, in which Allaah has put the cure for both physical and mental illness, such as ruqyah as prescribed in Islam, in which Qur’aan or words narrated in the Sunnah are recited.
The scholars of the Standing Committee said, answering a similar question:
Trust in Allaah and think positively of Him; delegate your affairs to Him, and do not despair of His mercy, bounty and kindness, for He has not sent down any disease but He has also sent down the cure. You should take the means and continue to consult specialist doctors who have knowledge of disease and its treatment. Recite Soorat al-Ikhlaas, Soorat al-Falaq and Soorat al-Naas over yourself three times, and blow into your hands after each time, and wipe your face and whatever you can reach of your body. Do that repeatedly night and day and when going to sleep. Also recite over yourself Soorat al-Faatihah at any time of night or day, and recite Aayat al-Kursiy when you lie in your bed at night. These are the best ruqyahs with which a person may treat himself and protect himself from evil. Call upon Allaah by reciting the du’aa’ for one who is in distress, and say:
“Laa ilaaha ill-Allaah al-‘Azeem al-Haleem, laa ilaaha ill-Allaah rabb al-‘arsh il-‘azeem, laa ilaaha ill-Allaah rabb al-samawaati wa rabb al-ard wa rabb al-‘arsh il-‘azeem (There is no god but Allaah, the All-Mighty, the Forbearing, there is no god but Allaah, the Lord of the mighty Throne, there is no god but Allaah, Lord of the heavens, Lord of the earth, and Lord of the mighty Throne).”
Also treat yourself with the ruqyah of the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him):
Allaahumma Rabb an-naas, mudhhib al-ba’s ishfi anta al-Shaafi, laa shaafiya illa anta, shifaa’an laa yughaadir saqaman (O Allaah, Lord of mankind, the One Who relieves hardship, grant healing, for there is no healer but You, a healing that leaves no trace of sickness)
And recite other dhikrs and ruqyahs and du’aa’s which are mentioned in the books of hadeeth, and which are mentioned by al-Nawawi in Riyaadh al-Saaliheen and Kitaab al-Adhkaar.
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 1/297
We ask Allaah, the Lord of mankind, to take away your pain, and to heal you of what you are suffering. We urge you to be patient and to seek reward with Allaah for what has befallen you, and we hope that Allaah will reward you and relieve you of your distress.
And Allaah knows best.
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The key factor that brings reverence and respect to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in both Islamic and non-Islamic circles is His character. He was the best in character and He also said about in one of His hadiths in the following way:
“God has sent me to perfect good manners and to do good deeds.” (Bukhari)
The lines below discuss some major character traits of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
1. All For The Sake Of Allah:
Prophet (PBUH) was a selfless person. All His undertakings and motives were just to fulfill the order of Allah. He never took any action out of His personal desire or will. He lived everyday of His life for the sake of Allah and everything which He did was for the Almighty. The extent of His selflessness can be seen from the example of His preaching in the valley of Taif, where people lead naughty children to throw stones at Him while He was preaching. He was all covered in blood and He had to run for His life. But still He did not complain to Allah about Him, rather one of His companions narrates:
“The Prophet (PBUH) resembled a Prophet who was harmed by His people. He wiped the blood from His face and said: ‘O God! Forgive my people, for they know not!” (Bukhari)
Such is the selflessness in His character and every moment of His life was for the sake of Allah and spreading His message.
Prophet (PBUH) was the epitome of good manners. Every action that He undertook in life represented the highest morals and manners that a person could exhibit. He was an Ideal being in terms of manners and ethics, the likes of which the world has not seen. As one of His companions notes about His manners:
“The Prophet (PBUH) did not swear at anyone, nor was He rude, nor did He curse anyone. If He desired to reprimand someone, He would say: ‘What is wrong with him, may dust be cast in his face!” (Bukhari)
Thus if a Muslim is to give an example of the manners of someone, there would be none more suitable than Muhammad (PBUH).
People think that being a religious leader of Islam, Prophet (PBUH) had nothing to do with humor rather He was all strictness and stringency. This perception is wrong, as Prophet (PBUH) was the one with the finest sense of humor which was neither vulgar nor it debase or made fun of someone, rather it was an amalgam of classic wit and intelligence. Anas (RA) reports such an example by saying:
“Once a man asked Muhammad (PBUH) for an animal to ride. He replied that He would give him the baby of a she-camel to ride on. The man asked ‘What would he do with a she-camel baby?’ Muhammad (PBUH) replied, ‘Is there any camel which is not born of a she-camel?’”
4. Peace Lover:
Prophet (PBUH) was a lover of peace. He wanted people to live in harmony and always encouraged people to resolve their differences by opting for peace, instead of going for violence. In one of His hadith Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Let us go to resolve the situation and make peace between them.” (Bukhari)
Thus, Muslims should spread His message of peace by giving examples out of the actions He undertook to ensure peace.
5. Kind To The Kids:
Prophet (PBUH) always treated kids with kindness and mercy. He always enjoyed their company and played with them to make them happy. One such example can be seen from His life when He used to say to kids:
“I’ll give such and such (i.e. gift or so) to the one who comes to me first.”
So they used to race and fall on His back and chest. (Ahmad)
This shows His treatment towards kids and there are countless other examples in His lifetime where He commanded parents to be loving and caring towards their children.
Generosity is another hallmark of the personality of Muhammad (PBUH). He was the most generous person there could ever be. He preferred others over Himself and always fulfilled the needs of anyone who came to Him to ask for something. One of His companions notes:
“The Prophet (PBUH) did not refuse to give anything which He had to someone if he asked for it.” (Bukhari)
His generosity is something that Muslims should aspire to adapt and spread the examples of His generosity amongst other people as well so that the world could become a better place.
7. Caring Of Women:
Prophet (PBUH) was very caring of the rights of the women and commended His followers to give special treatment to women by giving them respect and equal rights that they ought to have. In one of His hadiths He said:
“Whoever (brings up) two girls till they come of age, will be in the next world along with me, like my two fingers joining each other.” (Abu Dawud)
If He were an oppressor of women, He could have simply mentioned male orphan children, however, He gave preference to raising up of female children. This shows the care He had for women and their rights.
Prophet (PBUH) was the most pleasant person. He would greet everyone with a smile and always spoke to people with gentleness. His companion said about Him:
“I have never seen a man who smiled as much as the Messenger of Allah.” (Tirmidhi)
This shows that the personality of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was pleasant and gentle. A person who would smile most of the times ought to leave a good impression on people, and wherever He would go He ought to have spread love and pleasantness.
9. Concerned About Orphans:
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not just love who were around Him, nor did He only loved those who were related to Him, rather He considered the entire society. In society, He was especially considerate of orphans and would commend His followers to take special care of the orphans as they did not have parents to look after them. In one of His hadiths, He said:
“The best house among the Muslims is one where an orphan is well treated, and the worst house among the Muslims is one where an orphan is badly treated.” (Ibn Majah)
Muslims must take a leaf out of His treatment of orphans and treat the orphans fairly and wherever one sees the orphans being oppressed, a Muslim should raise voice for it and stop it from happening.
Prophet (PBUH) is the best and the highest among people, however, whilst all the greatness and grandeur, He was cooperative towards people and helped others in doing the chores in any way He could help them. He never treated Himself as someone special, rather He would mix with common people and cooperate with them in any way He could. As one of His companion narrates regarding the battle of Trench:
“I saw the Messenger of Allah on the Day of the Trench carrying dirt (that was dug from the trench) until His chest was covered with dirt.” (Bukhari)
11. Animal Rights Activist:
Perhaps Muhammad (PBUH) was the first animal rights activist in the world who raised voice for the fair treatment of animal. He taught people that animals were also creation of Allah and they deserved to be treated fairly, instead of being harsh, strict and ignorant towards them. Hazrat Aisha (RA) narrated:
“I once found difficulty in riding a horse, so I kept reining it in repeatedly. The Prophet (PBUH) then said, ‘You must have gentleness.’” (Muslim)
Ergo, Muslims should learn from His treatment of animals and should try being as gentle and considerate towards animals as possible and treat them fairly.
12. Disassociation From Worldly Possessions:
A person who is so selfless that He would give anything that He had to anyone who asked for it and would do everything for the sake of Allah, it is quite natural that person has little or no concern with the worldly possessions. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not want anything of this world; rather whatever He had He spent it on other people and helped them solve their material problems and issues. Regarding this attribute of His personality, one of His companions notes:
“The Messenger of Allah did not leave any gold or silver currency, or a slave, male or female, after his death. He only left behind his white mule, his weapons and a piece of land which He declared as charity.” (Bukhari)
Prophet (PBUH) was the Prophet of Allah, the leader of Islam however, when He passed away all He left was nothing as mentioned in the above hadith. Therefore, one can realize the disconcert He had for the worldly possessions and material things.
Another striking personality attribute of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is His modesty. He was the modest of all and never encouraged any kind of vulgarity; rather He was bashful and strongly encouraged modesty in His followers. In one of His hadiths, He said:
“Modesty is a part of teachings of the previous Prophets and anyone who lacks it is most likely to do whatever he likes.” (Reported by Abdullah ibn Maslamah)
Thus, modesty is imperative to Islam and Prophet (PBUH) being a living and breathing Islam ascertains that He was modest in every respect.
Whether it be animals, women, children, orphans, enemies, fellow Muslims, followers, elders, or it be anyone in the society, for every one of them Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was considerate. He would love children and orphans, He would treat animals fairly, He would give women their rights, He would respect the elders, He would provide what people asked of Him, thus He was considerate to everyone without any discrimination. Prophet (PBUH) said in a hadith:
“I stand up for prayer intending to prolong it. In the meantime I hear the wailing of a baby and I have to shorten my prayer, being apprehensive lest my recitation of a long verse may tell upon the baby’s mother.” (Bukhari)
In His general appearance, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was beautiful, pure, simple, gentle and yet so common as any other person could be. He wore same clothes as His companions and ate same food as His friends when He could have had anything in the world. He didn’t own any gold or silver dishes or an army of servants rather He took care of His own chores which is reflects the simplicity and austerity of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
In a nutshell, no matter whichever walk of life it is, whatever situation of life it is, the personality of Muhammad (PBUH) provides us model behavior which He set as example for all the humankind.
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Tips for Money Management in College
By Kelly Burch
Managing money is a major stressor for many young adults. Even if you were supporting yourself during high school, going off to college or moving out on your own usually brings new financial pressure and responsibility as you balance things like tuition, the cost of course materials, living expenses, and, hopefully, something leftover for having fun. It’s not surprising that nearly half of college students in one survey say they’ve faced financial challenges.
If you feel like you don’t know much about money, that’s OK. Financial literacy—or knowing how money and finances work—isn’t something people are born with. These are skills you develop and practice, and we all deserve to have them. And a lot of college students are looking for money management tips.
Like any new skill, learning financial literacy takes time and can be frustrating. But learning financial basics now can set you up for a lifetime of financial competency. We’ve put together a guide for money management in college.
Start with the Basics
One of the best ways to manage your money is with a budget. A budget is a plan for your money. It doesn’t have to restrict you, but it should help you understand where your money is going. You’re in charge, so you can budget for things you love, like new sneakers, while also making sure you can afford things you need, like books. Start with this college-specific budget template from the University of Massachusetts. Or try this budget template for teens.
In addition to making a budget, you can incorporate these tips:
- Save money, even if it’s $5. It will add up fast, and build a healthy habit.
- Try not to rely on credit or loans. Credit cards or loans to cover the cost of living might feel like free money. But you’ll have to pay that money back, with interest (money charged for borrowing), which will mean you pay more back than you borrowed. Try to live within your budget without relying on credit cards or too many loans (beyond the ones you may need to afford school).
- List wants versus needs. Getting really honest about things you need versus those you want can help you stay on budget. Rent and food are needs, whereas a new phone is a want.
- Resist advertisements. We’ve all had the experience of scrolling TikTok and seeing something we can’t live without. It’s easy to make an impulse purchase, but that can throw off your budget. Instead, scroll past ads and budget for the things that you really can’t live without.
- Know what resources are available to you. If you’re a student, your school might work with local businesses to offer students discounts at restaurants, on public transportation, and more. Additionally, some schools may have food pantries, technology loaning services, emergency grant funds, and other services you can lean on if needed. You will likely learn about these resources during orientation, or you can check out your school’s website for more info.
- List all your expenses. Items like car insurance, utilities, and your phone plan don’t require you to swipe your card, but they can have a big impact on your budget. Consider all your expenses throughout the year, including books, transportation costs, and more—not just items you purchase each week.
- Remember hidden costs. Credit card interest, recurrent charges on your debit card, and bank fees add up too.
Learn More over Time
Once you’re familiar with the basics, start slowly educating yourself about financial topics.
Here are some resources to get you started:
- 11 Money Terms to Learn Today
- How to Deal with Money Anxiety by Building Financial Wellness
- Managing Financial Crises and Coping When Crisis Hits
- General Money Management Resources
Learning about finances can be overwhelming. Remember that no one learned how to manage their money in one day, or even one year. Practicing healthy finances takes time. Stick with it, and don’t get discouraged if you make a few mistakes along the way.
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11 Important Skills that Every Digital Citizen Should Possess
From social media to online shopping, we rely on technology to communicate, learn, start a business, and—the biggest reason yet—to entertain ourselves. But with the convenience of technology, comes responsibility.
Digital citizenship is a term that’s been tossed around quite a bit lately, but what exactly does it mean? Well, it refers to the way in which people use technology and internet resources—whether right or wrong. For example, everyone that uses technology could be defined as a digital citizen, but only a good digital citizen knows how to be responsible with their online presence and show proper online etiquette. Here are eleven essential skills every digital citizen should have:
The internet can be a dangerous place if you are not careful. Every digital citizen should always keep security in mind when exercising their right to move about the internet freely. This means using strong passwords, avoiding suspicious links and websites, and keeping antivirus software up-to-date.
Maintaining this opinion of technology is essential to the way a good digital citizen should operate. Yes, it’s fun to use technology to communicate with peers or learn about your favorite hobby, but what people always forget is that the internet is just the tool that’s used to do all those things you love: And it’s a dangerous tool nonetheless.
By creating a false sense of security, the internet can encourage anyone to act outside themselves and do things they wouldn’t otherwise do. Someone who understands that technology is merely a tool—and a traceable one at that—may be more likely to avoid plagiarism, respect others' privacy, and not engage in illegal activities such as hacking. Which brings us to the next skill.
We are in an age where creative ideas are gushing out of people left and right. But with an increase in creativity comes magnified attempts at copyright infringement—some born from ignorance, others not. The concept of side hustles is the talk of the internet right now—people selling personally designed hoodies and other creative products. And it’s important for everyone, particularly those participating in these creative startups, to know when and how to use other people’s ideas.
An online content creator, for example, should have a strong understanding of how copyright law works. This means educating themselves with laws and regulations around copyright and ensuring that they are not infringing on others' creative ownership. To certify yourself as a good digital citizen, take some time to get educated on copyright laws—what’s okay to sell, what’s not okay to sell, and so on.
In this world, passwords are everything: They are life. Which is why password protection is critical. Every digital citizen should have a good understanding of how to keep their passwords safe including utilizing strong passwords, not sharing passwords with others, not using the same password for multiple accounts, and changing passwords regularly.
The truth of the matter is, this isn’t always the easiest skill to learn or use. Cyberbullying attacks can be hard to handle for anyone, but there are actions you can take to fight back. Blocking and reporting the aggressor as well as seeking help from a professional are the first steps you’d take.
Try this Cyberbullying Course to learn more.
The internet is a public space and your actions have consequences. Digital citizens should be aware of how their actions affect others—both positively and negatively. This means avoiding cyberbullying, hate speech, and being respectful of others' opinions and beliefs. No trolling allowed.
Essentially, a digital footprint is the existence of information about an individual that exists purely based on their activity while searching the web—what a person likes, what they post, the information they provide on certain sites, their browser history, etc. All of those components are what makes up someone’s digital footprint.
Taking ownership means creating a positive digital footprint or collection of information about oneself that exists online. Make sure that it is content that is accurate and authentic to you as an individual or the organization/company you represent. Be mindful of the content you post and make sure that it reflects well on both you and your employer.
8. Recognize when personal information is being collected about online users without their knowledge or consent.
Every digital citizen should be aware of the risks associated with data collection and take steps to protect their privacy. Websites generally use software to gain information about their customers including demographics and how the customers use their site. For example, have you ever had a site ask you to indicate why you’re choosing to leave their home page when you try to go back or exit their website? This is because that site is tracking your movements. By tracking your movements, companies know how you arrive at their site and how many pages you visit while you're there. Better yet, all of this data is collected and saved. Websites can even record your computer’s ID and your IP address—both of which are unique and can be traced back to you.
A good digital citizen will know which websites use and sell collected data such as phone numbers, email addresses, and more to market products and make money and learn how to protect themselves from giving them too much information.
Research skills are essential. For example, it’s not uncommon to reach for our phones and use our most beloved search engine to answer questions that arise through social conversation or political upheaval. To be acknowledged as a good digital citizen, you need to know how to identify credible sources of information and use critical thinking skills to evaluate the information you find. This doesn’t mean taking the first answer that suits your opinion and using it.
Though there is a surge of information at our fingertips, not all of it is true. The takeover of misinformation from uneducated netizens is a pandemic in itself. The only cure is an army of good digital citizens that refuse to accept the first answer they see without careful consideration to the truth.
Understanding what a digital footprint is and how it impacts your online presence is top priority for a good digital citizen. The fact that there’s a need for the term “digital footprint” is proof enough that privacy is limited when online.
The effects of technology can be detrimental to our physical and mental wellbeing if we’re not careful. A good digital citizen will know the risks of spending too much time online, texting and driving, scrolling through social media rather than sleeping, or putting too much stock in what people say about them on the internet.
Digital citizenship skills make all the difference for anyone who is consistently online and are essential for every digital citizen to possess and practice regularly. By practicing these skills, you’ll be able to navigate the online world safely and responsibly. Remember, the internet is a public space, and your actions have consequences. Be mindful of your online presence, protect your privacy, and use technology responsibly.
Neither Banzai nor its sponsoring partners make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy, applicability, completeness, or suitability for any particular purpose of the information contained herein. Banzai and its sponsoring partners expressly disclaim any liability arising from the use or misuse of these materials and, by visiting this site, you agree to release Banzai and its sponsoring partners from any such liability. Do not rely upon the information provided in this content when making decisions regarding financial or legal matters without first consulting with a qualified, licensed professional.
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Microbiologists study microbes, which is why they are not called giganticbiologists. Microbes are living things that can only be seen with a microscope. We usually think of microbes as being germs, but only a teeny, tiny percentage of microbes make people sick. Most of them are completely harmless to people and some we could not live without!
Microbes may be tiny, but there sure are a lot of them. If you weighed every living thing on earth, much more than half of that weight would be made up of microbes. As scientists learn more and more about microbes, they have realized that microbes inhabit places that we would normally not expect living things to be, like inside rocks in Antarctica, in incredibly hot springs in Yellowstone National Park and on your elbow. There are so many different kinds of microbes that scientists are pretty sure there are way more of them than they have discovered yet. Here are some pictures of a few different microbes found around the world to give you an idea of the variety. One is not a microbe, though. See if you can guess which one.
Hopefully you figured out that the one in the middle is not a microbe. She is Katrina Edwards, a microbiologist and one of the co-chief scientists of our expedition! There are lots of other microbiologists on our expedition, too, and they’re all hoping to learn something about the microbes that live in the rocks beneath the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean!
(This blog post was excerpted and adapted from a blog post written by a friend of mine, JR junior, AKA Kevin Kurtz. Thanks, Kevin!)
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posted on December 31, 1992 16:00
Scientific-Industrial Association "Sevrybpoisk"
7 Papanin Street, 183012, Murmansk, Russia
Source - Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, Volume 14: 145-147
Troyanovsky, F.M. 1992. Observations on Non-maturing Redfish (Sebastes mentella Travin) in the Northwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 14: 145-147. https://doi.org/10.2960/J.v14.a12
In the early-1960s a deepwater form of redfish (Sebastes mentella Travin) was found at depths more than 500 m on the continental slopes of Labrador and North Newfoundland. This group differed from the beaked redfish commonly distributed in these areas by the biological peculiarities of non-developed reproductive organs and lack of sexual dimorphism. The results of nearly 30-year observations showed that the form of non-maturing redfish had not changed. They were distributed along the continental slope northward of Div. 3K and the fish size increased from north to south. The distribution of this form of redfish was similar to that of non-maturing roundnose grenadier (Coryphaenoides rupestris). The origin and causes which led to inhibition of gonadal development of both groups were considered to be analogous. The non-maturing group of redfish was thought to originate from partial eggs and larval drifts from the Irminger Sea to form a pseudo-population in the area studied. The need for studies of the population and its exploitation of this potentially commercially valuable group is emphasized.
Language - English
Publisher - Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), Dartmouth, N.S., Canada
Publication Date - December 1992
Publication Type - Journal Article
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: Troyanovsky, F.M. 1992. Observations on Non-maturing Redfish (Sebastes mentella
Travin) in the Northwest Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 14: 145-147. https://doi.org/10.2960/J.v14.a12
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Ocean Literacy: How the Concept of What Everyone Should Know about the Ocean Changed the World
Keywords:ocean literacy, model
Ocean literacy is an understanding the ocean’s influence on you and your influence on the ocean. Building public understanding and acknowledgement of the importance of the ocean to our daily lives was a motivating factor for a geographically distributed group of US-based scientists, formal and informal educators, and policy influencers coming together in the early 2000s to address the absence of ocean science content in US science education standards and our elementary and secondary classrooms. This convening and several others that came after it became the cornerstone of the Ocean Literacy Campaign, resulting in a definition of ocean literacy and the articulation of seven essential principles and 45 fundamental concepts that an “ocean literate” person would know. The definition, essential principles and fundamental concepts became the foundational pieces of the Ocean Literacy Framework, which now also comprises a scope and sequence for grades K-12 and an alignment to Next Generation Science Standards.Despite the initial focus on K-12 education in the United States, this framework has been influential in ways never imagined by the initial leaders and participants of the campaign. In this presentation, Sarah Schoedinger will discuss a brief history of the Ocean Literacy Campaign, focusing both on how the framework was developed as well as the intended and unintended consequences that resulted as it became a model for the development of numerous other literacy frameworks (some of which will be discussed later in this conference) and has influenced both formal and informal education within the United States and abroad.
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The book is an overview of the diversity of anthropogenic aquifer recharge (AAR) techniques that use aquifers to store and treat water. It focusses on the processes and the hydrogeological and geochemical factors that affect their performance. This book is written from an applied perspective with a focus of taking advantage of global historical experiences, both positive and negative, as a guide to future implementation. Most AAR techniques are now mature technologies in that they have been employed for some time, their scientific background is well understood, and their initial operational challenges and associated solutions have been identified. However, opportunities exist for improved implementation and some recently employed and potential future innovations are presented. AAR which includes managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a very important area of water resources management and there is no recent books that specifically and comprehensively addresses the subject.
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Nikola Tesla was an inventor who is considered by many to be the greatest genius in history. He discovered secrets that remained hidden from the world. He has made many groundbreaking inventions to his credit, and many inventors have misappropriated inventions that were actually invented by Nikola Tesla. This man slept only 2 hours a day, devoting the rest of his time to his work, ie research and experiments. During his life, he patented over 300 inventions.
He invented, for example, AC, AC induction motor, radio transmission technology and much more. Tesla wanted all people to have free electricity, and this was to be made possible by the Wardenclyff Tower project, which would allow wireless distribution of electricity over long distances. However, rich and greedy people did not want people to have anything for free. The document below entitled “The Tragic Story of Nikola Tesla” will show you the sad fate of one of the greatest geniuses in history.
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There is a lot of talk about energy efficiency these days. Sometimes, with everything we hear, we can feel anguish and become overwhelmed because we are not doing enough. However, there are simple gestures, many free, that can help you be more efficient.
Using Windows Properly Is The First Step
Very easy. Free.
If you have cross ventilation (facing windows and with different orientations), do not waste it. In summer, leave them open at night and be sure to close first thing in the morning. This way, you can lower the interior temperature a few degrees. Even if you have to turn on the air conditioning in the end, you will do it much later and gain valuable hours of free comfort.
You must close them in the hottest hours. Do not think that by having the windows open and that some air enters, you will be able to refresh the house. If it is 35 degrees outside and you have 27 inside, there is no point in opening, no matter how much airflow you think it generates.
In winter, lower all the blinds as soon as it gets dark. This simple gesture makes you lose less heat unnecessarily through the glass.
Replace the incandescent bulbs in your home with led lamps
Very easy. Less than 5 dollars per bulb
They consume much less and heat rooms less. In summer you will appreciate it, especially if you have many recessed lights or a dark house where you have to keep the lights on for a long time.
Install Thermostats And Keep The House Always At A Constant Temperature In Winter.
Very easy. Less than $ 100
Think that if you let the house cool, it will take (and spend) much longer to reheat it and have a comfortable temperature again. In general, you save more by maintaining latent heat than by turning the boiler on and off several times a day. You will use many energy resources to heat the envelope (walls, ceiling, and floors) over and over again.
One More Step Is To Put More Efficient Glass On Your Windows
Easy. About 100 dollars per m2 of window
Low-emissivity glasses with a solar control system can be a good alternative to conventional glasses, but they are not universal. They work from a treatment done to the interior glasses (in double and triple systems) whose function is to lower the transmittance of the glass, that is, to make them more insulating. This results in less heat loss in winter and less unwanted radiation from the sun in summer. However, the solar gain in winter is also lower, and you will take less advantage of the “warmth” in more exposed windows. At certain exhibitions and geographic locations, it may be more desirable to gain that heat in winter than to protect yourself from it in summer; it is a matter of analyzing the case with some calculations.
Before making the change, make sure you have a wall with a good degree of insulation. Exchanging windows or glass for high-efficiency ones on poorly insulated facades can cause condensation to damp at the junction between materials.
There are many variables, and it is worth having an expert to advise you. The savings can be a lot, but you can also make an investment that does not return the expected amortization.
Install Awnings To Protect You From Solar Radiation In Summer
Easy. About $ 300 per window
If you place awnings on the most exposed windows and protect them when the sun hits them, you will notice the difference. To be efficient, the awning design must adapt to the orientation in which it is installed.
- It must be at least 45º inclined in west-facing windows and have a fabric with high UV protection.
- When the orientation is this, you can install a simpler fabric because the solar radiation in the morning is less than in the afternoon. However, it should also be tilted if you want it to work well.
- In pure south orientations, sometimes, the eaves of the window are sufficient. In those cases, installing a screen blind inside can be enough to improve interior comfort.
- North-facing windows do not need an awning.
The fabric, in any of the orientations, must be micro-perforated and guarantee ventilation. Otherwise, heat will build up between the awning and the window, creating an unwanted greenhouse effect.…
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The Stories of Tiantian is a series of readers matching Textbooks 1-4 of Easy Steps to Chinese. For each of the four levels, there are five readers, each telling three stories, matching the three lessons in each unit of Easy Steps to Chinese. The readers describe the adventures of a secondary school student called Tiantian. The readers aim to create a motivating environment, in which students can revise, practice and consolidate the vocabulary, sentence structures and language points they have learned from the textbook.
With English comments.
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Bill Nye, the ‘90s television icon, the teacher who helped kid-me understand topics like buoyancy and momentum, the man whose mission it is to help make science more accessible to the masses, is back. (Not that he ever left—he’s always been really, really busy.) These days, Nye is teaming up with Nintendo to help promote the just-released Nintendo Labo and is getting ready for the premiere of the third season of his Netflix show, Bill Nye Saves the World. At a time when science instruction time is quickly declining in elementary schools, I asked our favorite Science Guy what parents can do to get kids excited about the subject he loves most.
When it comes to catching the science bug, that incessant hunger to understand how the natural world works, Nye says there’s a cut-off age. “When we did the Science Guy show in the 1990s, we had very compelling research that 10 years old is as old as you can be to get the so-called lifelong passion for science,” Nye says. “And I think its about as old you can be to get a lifelong passion for anything. When did you want to tell stories?” The motto in his business: “Science every day in every grade.” There’s really no such thing as “too young.”
Know the Power of Algebra
If your middle school math teacher didn’t quite make the message clear, let Nye tell you again: Algebra is important. “Here’s one thing that has been shown: Algebra is the single most reliable indicator of whether or not a person pursues a career in math or science,” Nye says. “It’s not clear that it’s cause and effect. It seems to be. Learning to think abstractly about numbers apparently enables you or encourages you to think abstractly about all sorts of things and so one change we could make in education is getting people interested in letters representing numbers earlier in their academic careers—that is to say, third grade rather than seventh grade.”
Focus on the Why
It’s not enough for a teacher to stand in front of a classroom and make kids recite the words “Molecules are made of atoms ...” Kids learn through stories—they need to know why science is important in their lives. In all sorts of everyday situations, explain to them how science is at work. “I don’t have polio because I got the polio vaccine,” Nye says. “I am alive because my grandparents did not die of the Spanish Flu in 1918. I really like calling a car from my phone rather than wandering around looking for a pay phone to call a taxi. This is all brought to us by science.”
He goes on. “I was just talking the other day to this guy about his tires. Tires now are guaranteed to go 60,000 miles or 80,0000 miles. When I was a kid, tires would go 15,000 miles and then my parents would have them thrown out and have new tires put on. We feed 7.5 billion people because of agricultural technology. It’s extraordinary. Science, people!”
For whatever career your kid might be interested in, talk about how science will be necessary—there’s just no skipping it. “Suppose you were at a party and people are standing around talking and someone says, ‘I never learned the alphabet. I thought it was arbitrary.’ Can you imagine? In the same way, we want science to be part of your education no matter what you end up doing, whether you become a lawyer or a venture capitalist or a plumber or an electrician or a care provider or a circus performer.”
Work With Video Games, Not Against Them
Nye has been hearing the question for years: “Are video games messing up my kid?”
“There’s always concern expressed about video games,” Nye says. “These kids today ... When I was young, doggone it ... Look, the video game is going to be in your household.” Believing that video games can help kids get excited about STEM, has teamed up with Nintendo to promote the Labo, a series of DIY cardboard kits for the Nintendo Switch. It ingeniously melds gaming with making—the screen guides kids as they build real toys they can play with, from a fishing rod to a piano to a robot suit. “It is inherently hands-on,” Nye says.
“I became a chemical engineer because I’m a tinkerer,” Nye adds. “I tink.” He remembers playing with cardboard boxes as a kid. “There’s nothing better,” he says. “The refrigerator would come in a huge box. I mean, oh my God, come on, that’s living. You could crawl inside and it became a tank. And all the forts you could build! Monsters cannot penetrate cardboard. It’s very well documented.”
Let Kids Play
To help kids learn and gain confidence, sometimes moms and dads need to get out of the way.
You can provide them with materials to experiment with—perhaps a pair of socks for them to test their nerves or a penny, eye-dropper, glass of water and some dish soap to explore cohesive force. And then see where they go from there. “Kids love science,” Nye says. “The people who have trouble with science are the parents. Let kids be fearless. Let them mess around. Let them find out how the world works for themselves.”
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005 & EPIDEMIC DISEASES ACT, 1897: LOOKING AT THE PANDEMIC THROUGH A DISABILITY INCLUSION LENS
The pandemic has redefined the current world order and the functioning of society in a variety of ways. The rippling effects of the pandemic has been felt by the world at large and has impacted the global population in a myriad of ways. However, its effect on the disabled community has further marginalized an already vulnerable community. It is important to analyse the laws set in place for the pandemic on inclusion of the disabled community.
The Disaster Management Act came into existence in 2005 and was the first legislation to give a uniform frame for responding to disasters. While the Act in Section 12(ii) speaks about special provisions during disasters for widows and orphans, it is silent on inclusivity and special provisions for Persons with Disabilities. While the Disaster Management Act does not specify inclusivity in terms of PWDs, it can be read in tandem with The Rights of Persons with Disability Act which promises inclusivity and provides equal protection and safety in terms of disasters.
The Epidemic Diseases Act which came into existence in 1897 as a response to Bombay’s bubonic plague in the Pre-Independence Era, however, has no clause for special provisions for PWDs.
Covid-19 has shown the glaring difference between legislations and their execution, especially when it comes to PWDs. When it comes to implementation, there is a lack of inclusivity in the safety and preventive measures taken. Equity and inclusivity in legislations and public policies can only be achieved if PWDs are invited to form part of the decision-making process and are not merely recipients of the policies and legislations.
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Humans and humanity at a crossroads, reading Huxley’s brave new world in light of harari’s homo deus
A brief history of tomorrow
Keywords:Harari’s Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow, historicist, humanity, Huxley’s Brave New World, philosophically, science
We don't know where humanity is going. It's challenging to keep up with the rapid advancements in science and technology. In real life, both true and fictional 'truths' play important roles. Huxley's utopian/dystopian novel Brave New World (BNW) depicts a possible future for humanity through his description of a society organized and controlled through the use of science. A contemporary history book, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (HD), also discusses the potential of humanity facing extinction in the future. This discussion employs HD to shed light on BNW, using Marxist and New Historicist arguments. Its goals are to analyze the irony in the works, the threat to invention and creativity, oligarchy and hedonism, the name allusions in the works, and the future prospect of engeneered homo sapiens as eternal working classes. The research discovered that both books are based on humanism, but humans are not treated as they should, that the lower castes in BNW cannot become innovative and creative because they are engineered, that the small oligarchy (the Alphas) maintains its power by providing pleasures for the lower castes so as to forget that they are being controlled.
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How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Linguistics and Culture Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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Selected and Edited with an Introduction and Notes by David Blair, University of Kent at Canterbury.
Late in the eighteenth century authors began to write ‘Gothic’ stories as a way of putting literature back in touch with the irrational, the supernatural and the bizarre, which had been neglected in the ‘Age of Reason’.
This superb new collection brings together stories from the earliest decades of Gothic writing with later 19th and early 20th century tales from the period in which Gothic diversified into the familiar forms of the ghost- and-horror-story. Work by writers such as Poe, Dickens, Hawthorne, Gaskell and M. R. James appears alongside that of anonymous writers from the start of the period and many lesser-known authors from Britain and America. Some of these stories, like the haunting ‘The Lame Priest’ are ‘lost masterpieces’ and several have never been anthologised before. Together they cover the spectrum of Gothic story-telling – tales of madness and violence, of shape-shifters and spectres, that express some of the deepest fears of the human mind – insanity, sexuality, death and the often terrible power of the past to catch up with the present.
In a lively, authoritative introduction David Blair provides fresh insights and a detailed commentary on the stories’ place in the complex traditions of Gothic writing in British and American literature.
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The Gelada old-world monkey is endemic to Ethiopia and only found in the highlands, with large populations residing in the Simien Mountains, in the North. The Gelada’s have adapted to the cooler climate; with their thick coats these rugged mountaineers are protected from the cold.
Interestingly they’re the only monkeys on Earth that survive on a meat-free diet, feeding predominantly on mountain grass. The lack of calories in their diet means they spend most of their day grazing and sitting down to save energy. Appropriately, the literal translation of ‘vegetarian’ (in relation to animals) in Amharic is ‘Sar bel’ or ‘grass eater’!
Geladas reside in large groups and are some of the most sociable and peaceful of primates, preferring to settle internal disputes by pulling faces rather than through violence. The male Gelada can be particularly stunning, and is in possession of a golden mane and heart-shaped red patch on their chests.
Our tour of Northern Ethiopia provides the opportunity to see the Gelada Baboons in their nature habitat (alongside a host of other incredible sights, sounds and smells); the Simien Mountains – so you can enjoy watching them eat grass and puff up their ‘heart-shaped boxes’ in macho face-pulling contests:
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Once upon a time, if you didn’t have enough water, the only solution to a fire was to get out and hope it didn’t burn down the whole neighbourhood. Various amateur organisations existed to fight fires, especially after the Great Fire of London, and by the 18th Century, many insurance companies had set up their own fire brigades to protector their customers. Eventually, necessity required that these various groups began working together. By the 1860s, demand was so great that the insurance companies began to lobby the British government to provide fire protection as a public service as the cost was proving too great for the firms.
The Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was then passed in 1865, with the MFB forming officially in 1866. The Metropolitan Police were originally going to take control of the organisation, but when that proved too difficult, the responsibility was turned over to the Metropolitan Board of Works. The first chief officer of the MFB was Captain Sir Eyre Massey Shaw. Shaw was originally from County Cork, Ireland, and had served in the British Army before resigning to lead the joint police and fire brigade in Belfast. After the head of the London Fire Engine Establishment, James Braidwood, died during the Tooley Street fire of 1861, Shaw was asked to lead the group and transitioned to head of the MFB.
Shaw would be a massively important figure in firefighting for the city. In addition to writing several books on the subject, Shaw introduced the famous pointed brass helmets, the design of which would influence firefighting headgear throughout the world. Shaw greatly encouraged the use of steam figure engines, installed telegraph lines in fire stations to boost communications, increased the number of street escape stations, and revolutionised life-saving procedures. In 1889, the London County Council took over the running of the MFB and regularly clashed with Shaw. By the end of his leadership in 1891, he was known as the “Fire King.” For all his service, he was knighted by Queen Victoria on his last day in office.
In 1904, the LCC changed the organisation name to the London Fire Brigade and the first motorised fire engines were introduced. Turntable ladders arrived in the next year and could reach heights of 82 feet. By 1913, the city had 85 stations and 3 river stations. The year also saw the first use of the breathing apparatus. The LFB would later introduce the Two Watch system to keep firefighters well rested, limiting them to a 72-hour work week instead of being on the clock 24/7. One of the biggest additions to the LFB started in 1933 with the construction of the London Fire Brigade Headquarters on the Albert Embankment. King George VI opened it in 1937 and it became the organisation’s home for seventy years.
During World War II, the country’s fire brigades were conglomerated into the National Fire Service for the duration of the war, with the LFB re-established in 1948. With the creation of Greater London in 1965, the LFB absorbed the Middlesex Fire Brigade and brigades for West Ham, East Ham, Croydon, Essex, Hertfordshire, Surrey, and Kent. With the disbanding of the Greater London Council in 1986, Thatcher’s government created the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority to manage the LFB. This was transitioned to the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority under the Greater London Authority Act of 1999. The LFB moved its headquarters to Union Street in 2007. Today, it is the largest fire brigade in the United Kingdom and the fourth largest in the world (behind Tokyo, New York City, and Paris).
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Some vision problems are genetic, but others are influenced by the environment and your lifestyle. Thick curly hair, a distinct nose shape, disarming blue eyes – these are some of the things that run in families. Unfortunately, so do nearsightedness and far-sightedness. But not all eye problems are genetic; they may be caused by environmental issues too. Healthy living is an integral part of maintaining a healthy vision as you age. The healthier you are, the better chance you have of avoiding damage to your eyesight.
Understanding how genes, environmental issues and lifestyle habits can affect your eye health.
Many of the leading causes of blindness are linked to genetic factors, according to Dr Yolandie Coetzee from Envison Sight. Inherited eye diseases cause more than 60% of blindness in infants. These include:
- Congenital cataracts
- Congenital glaucoma
- Retinal degeneration
- Optic atrophy
- Eye malfunctions
- Fundus dystrophies (a condition characterised by the loss of central vision)
- Near-sightedness and farsightedness
However, she points out that it is almost impossible to determine whether genetics or environmental factors are to blame for eye disorders as the issue is so complex.
“In adults, diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration – both of which are leading causes of blindness – can be the result of a mix of genetic and environmental factors. Diabetes – which may be caused by a combination of genetic makeup, family history, health and environmental factors, such as lifestyle – is a leading cause of eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema (DME), cataracts, and glaucoma.” Click here to discover the aging process of the eyes – and how you can slow it down.
How will your family’s eyesight history affect your children?
If you’re curious about your family’s vision history and how it might affect your children, it’s advisable to see an eye doctor. “You can also look at the prevalence of eye disease in your family,” says Coetzee. “Genes for certain diseases have been extensively mapped to gene testing and would be a great predictor of a condition such as inherited retinal disease.” Researchers have mapped several genetic risk factors for glaucoma.
These genes were found by genetically sequencing the DNA of families with the genetic condition. “It’s extremely complex and is based on finding the same needle in several haystacks,” Coetzee explains. “To make it even more complex, the penetrance (the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it) may vary. This means that you will not necessarily have the disease even if you have the gene. According to a US study on glaucoma, genetic testing can be a powerful tool in specific diseases like familial juvenile open-angle glaucoma, where care can be better optimized.
There are approximately 250 genes that cause inherited retinal diseases. In South Africa, myopia, glaucoma, acture macular degeneration, and diabetes are the leading causes of vision loss. They all have a large genetic component, according to Coetzee. “Although not much can be done to prevent the inheritance of a gene, research in the field of gene therapy has exploded in the last 15 years.
The human retina is ideal for the assessment of gene and cell therapies because of its accessibility for monitoring, imaging, and surgical manipulation.” Luxturna, a one-time gene therapy treatment, was approved y the US Food and Drug Administration on 19 December 2017. This is used to improve vision in patients with genetic vision loss due to Leber congenital amaurosis or retinitis pigmentosa, both of which are retinal dystrophies. Clinical trials involving retinal gene therapy are creating hope for future therapies for other retinal diseases.
How diet, lifestyle, and environment may affect eye health
Although poor eyesight is often hereditary, the number of people with nearsightedness – which has a strong genetic component – has almost doubled in the past decade. Coetzee says that time spent in front of computers and cellphones could be significant contributing factors to eye issues such as nearsightedness.
“According to a few epidemiology studies, spending time outdoors in early childhood also reduces the onset of myopia, or nearsightedness, which has become more prevalent in recent years. This is just one example of how lifestyle rather than genetics may affect your eye health.”
Coetzee advises that, in general, a healthy lifestyle is important for maintaining good eyesight. “A poor diet, smoking, and unhealthy BMI (body mass index) may increase your chances of developing age-related macular degeneration. That’s why it is important to follow a healthy diet and manage body weight, not smoke, and exercise regularly.
For patients with glaucoma, a vegan diet and regular exercise can also help lower the pressure on the eyes. The antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables can help reduce vision loss related to aging. It’s also important to take preventative action. This can include protecting your eyes from the sun’s UV rays to avoid the development of cataracts.”
How else can you prevent eye disease?
- Find out whether your medical aid offers genetic testing.
- Have regular eye exams to look for changes in blood vessels or retina that indicate diabetic retinopathy.
- Have your eyes tested routinely. In this way, you can prevent yourself from having more future problems.
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~2000 words, ~10 min reading time
Part 1, Part 2
So, in Part 2, we learned that my students will have lots of ‘splaining to do, as the verb “understand” in my course learning objectives more closely align with the facet of understanding called “explanation”. So, that should play some role in my assessment strategy.
Elements of Assessment
A few elements that I’ve decided need to be part of this, for one reason or another:
(1) “Chapter Assignments” – to convince students to read, they have to, in some way, respond to that reading. So, I’m going to have my students do Chapter Summaries. Based on the course learning objectives, I’ve decided to make these written assignments where students select some combination of economic models, problems, and solutions, and explain them. The main purpose is to get students started thinking about these, and convince them to at least skim the chapter with enough attention paid to write a summary of it. Graded for completion.
(2) “Article Responses” – this is an opportunity for students to go a bit deeper into topics they find interesting. They will read papers from academic journals (or similar sources). Totally their choice. The purpose is to get students to engage with the material a little beyond what we do in class. Graded for completion.
(3) “Case Studies” – the department declares that “problem sets” are part of this course. The professor who has taught this before has provided me with the details for 5 case studies that they assign. These are reasonably advanced assignments (he noted that his students needed help with these), and require some of the more technical skills that we’ll be talking about. This hits the “Applying” aspect of “understanding”. Here, I will want to grade for quality rather than just completion.
(4) “Term Paper” – the department declares that a “research paper” is part of the course. So, here I’m doing that. I’m forcing students to go through a 4 step process – proposal, annotated bibliography, rough draft, and final draft – with a response to comments and a reflection.
(5) Reflections – every assignment has a required “From this assignment, I learned that…” section. This is to encourage reflection. Also, the form of this statement is important. “I learned that” forces a sentence to follow. “I learned…” doesn’t. Example: “From this assignment, I learned about elasticity.” That’s just a word. Only tells me that you saw the title of the chapter. Not nearly as good as “I learned that elasticity is how much quantity responds to a change in price.” In addition, I have built in “Midterm Reflections” every few weeks, to encourage students to keep track of their progress in the course. These, however, are not required.
(6) Final Exam – I’m going to follow Linda Nilson’s advice and give them the final exam early in the course – ideally, on the first day, if I can get my act together. Final exams of some variety are required by the University, and I think they are a good way to see what students actually absorbed. Because this can’t be revised, I do grade this one with partial credit.
(7) Revisions – Students are allowed to revise any unsatisfactory assignment except the final exam, as long as they submit a “Revision Form”. (This is a Word document where the student has to answer four questions: which assignment they’re revising, why they didn’t meet specs originally, what they changed to meet specs, and what they plan to do to ensure they meet all specs in the future.)
Specs Grading – The Core Concept
The core concept of specs grading is grading assignments on a pass/fail, satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis on the basis of clear “specifications”.
What these specifications look like is up to your goals for the assignment. A good rule of thumb: look at the rubric you use now. Write your specs to be somewhere around the top 2 levels of your rubric. Naturally, you don’t want to be too mechanistic about doing it this way – take the opportunity to think about WHY things are in the rubric and what is really acceptable and what would lead you to hand the paper to the student and say “do it again”.
For my purposes, I write up two sets of specs, depending on the assignment: format specs, and content specs. Format specs lay out things like length, file type, work cited pages, numbers of sources. Content specs say what should be in the paper. If I’m grading for quality, the content specs will include descriptors like “correctly” or “reasonable”. Otherwise, they won’t.
Just as a couple examples: for my chapter assignments, students must meet these specs:
A satisfactory submission will:
(1) Be at least 300 words.
(2) Be submitted as a Word document.
(3) Contain a summary that deals with at least one of these elements: (a) economic models, (b) problems in the economics of the environment, or (c) solutions to these problems, and for each of these you must include:
(a) For economic models – describe the economic model, explain its assumptions, uses, and limitations.
(b) For problems – describe the problem, and the conditions that lead to it occurring. Examples are encouraged, as appropriate.
(c) For solutions – describe the problem being solved, the solution, why the solution could alleviate the problem, and any limitations to the solution.
(4) End with a paragraph starting “From reading this chapter I learned that…”
Remember, this is a “completion” grade. For these, I can use “power grading” – or what I like to think of as “grading at a glance”. Import the file to word, check the word count. Check the last paragraph. Skim the middle to make sure it’s relevant. Done. Doesn’t need to take more than a few seconds – but as a written assignment, I can get some “deep” data about what students think is worth including and what they think they are learning.
For the final draft of their term paper, my students will have this set of specs:
To be satisfactory, the final draft must be at least 1,000 words long, be
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Active D: An innovative natural solution to prevent hypocalcemia in dairy cows
Hypocalcemia is a common metabolic disorder of periparturient dairy cows particularly affecting high producing pluriparous animals. As the end of gestation approaches, calcium demands start to increase due to the final development of the fetal skeleton and the initiation of the synthesis and accumulation of maternal colostrum. By the onset of lactation, the demands of calcium are dramatically increased as cows start producing and secreting large amounts of colostrum. While the bovine fetus requires 10.3 gr of calcium by the end of gestation, the calcium requirements to produce 10 kg of colostrum are more than doubled and can be as high as 23 gr (Figure 1). Additionally, as lactation progresses, calcium demands for milk production continue to increase to meet the cow needs for milk synthesis. Consequently, cows will remain in a negative Ca balance during the first 6-8 weeks of lactation, and it has been estimated that about 13% of the Ca skeleton is lost (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Milk yield and plasma total Ca relative to calving date in dairy cows
Based on the presence of clinical signs, hypocalcemia can be classified as clinical and subclinical. Clinal cases occur within the first 72 h following parturition, with more than 75% of the cases typically observed 24 h after calving. Cows that experience clinical hypocalcemia are observed recumbent with an auto-auscultatory position and cold ears. In contrast, in dairy cows with subclinical hypocalcemia no clinical signs are observed. Thus, for identification of animals suffering the subclinical form of the disease, blood samples need to be collected to determine circulating calcium concentrations. Regardless of the clinical classification, hypocalcemia is considered as a getaway disease that has been associated with increased risk various of postpartum metabolic and infectious diseases and impaired productivity and fertility. In this context subclinical hypocalcemia has major economic consequences as it is a prevalent condition that can affect more than 50% of the cows in a herd.
More recently the concept of calcium dynamics was introduced to describe the changes in calcium concentrations in the first 4 days of lactation (Figure 2). Based on calcium concentrations at different times pluriparous dairy cows can be classified into one of 4 categegories: normocalcemic, transiently hypocalcemic, persistently hypocalcemic or delayed hypocalcemic (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Circulating calcium dynamics in post-partum dairy cows
Normocalcemic and transiently hypocalcemic cows can be further classified as eucalcemic while persistently and delayed hypocalcemic cows are classified as dyscalcemic. More than blood calcium concentration thresholds, the changes in blood calcium in the first days in milk is more relevant for the classification of cows into on the groups. Based on the changes in circulating calcium concentrations it seems that lower calcium by 4 DIM is associated with increased risk of disease, lower milk yield and impaired reproductive performance. Thus, strategies that enhance calcium absorption in the first days following parturition are critical.
Active D is an effective and practical solution that can be implemented for the control of hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Active D is an innovative herbal formulation which contains natural vitamin D glycosides that promote the absorption of dietary calcium from the digestive tract, stimulates calcium release from the bones and strengthens the immune system. Active D is available for inclusion in the feed or in the form of boluses. Active D boluses were designed using cutting edge technology that allows the release of the active ingredients over a period of 3 days allowing the cow to maintain elevated calcium concentrations in the first week post-partum. This innovative solution has the advantage that only one application is needed after parturition, as opposed to other solutions that require more than one application.
Results from a field trial showed that Active D increased circulating ionized calcium concentrations in pluriparous post-partum dairy cows relative to non-supplemented controls on lactation days 1, 3 and 7 (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Circulating ionized calcium concentration in dairy cows supplemented with Active D boluses relative to untreated control cows
Active D is an effective natural strategic solution that can be easily implemented on farms to enhance the absorption of calcium from the gut and calcium resorption from the bones, allowing the cow to meet the calcium demands system during the periparturient period. Additionally, Active D boosts the immune system allowing a successful transition of cows from gestation to lactation and promoting a healthy and productive life.
- Santiago Bas, DVM, PhD
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Outstanding Universal Value
Located within Ninh Binh Province of North Vietnam near the southern margin of the Red River Delta, the Trang An Landscape Complex (Trang An) is a mixed cultural and natural property contained mostly within three protected areas; the Hoa Lu Ancient Capital, the Trang An-Tam Coc-Bich Dong Scenic Landscape, and the Hoa Lu Special-Use Forest. The property covers 6,226 hectares within the Trang An limestone massif, and is surrounded by a buffer zone of 6,026 hectares, mostly rural land with rice paddy fields. There are about 14,000 residents, the majority of whom are families involved in subsistence agriculture, but much of the property is uninhabited and in a natural state.
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Trang An is of global significance as an outstanding humid tropical tower-karst landscape in the final stages of geomorphic evolution. It is composed of a variety of classical karst cones and towers and a network of enclosed depressions connected by an intricate system of subterranean waterways, some of which are navigable by small boats. The area is unique in having been invaded by the sea several times in the recent geological past but is now emergent on land. The blend of towering mountains draped in natural rain forest, with large internal basins and narrow cave passages containing quietly flowing waters, creates an extraordinarily beautiful and tranquil landscape.
Archaeological deposits in caves reveal a regionally significant, continuous sequence of human occupation and utilization spanning more phàn nàn 30,000 years. There is convincing evidence showing how early human groups adapted to lớn changing landscapes in the massif, including some of the most extreme climatic and environmental changes in the planet’s recent history.
Criterion (v): Trang An is an outstanding locale within Southeast Asia, for demonstrating the way early humans interacted with the natural landscape and adapted to lớn major changes in climatic, geographical and environmental conditions over a period of more phàn nàn 30,000 years. The long cultural history is closely associated with geological evolution of the Trang An limestone massif in late Pleistocene and early Holocene times, when the inhabitants endured some of the most turbulent climatic and environmental changes in Earth history, including repeated submergence of the landscape due to lớn oscillating sea levels. Within the one compact landscape there are many sites covering multiple periods and functions, comprising early human settlement systems.
Criterion (vii): The exceptionally beautiful tower-karst landscape of Trang An is dominated by a spectacular array of forest-mantled limestone rock towers up to lớn 200m high, which are linked in places by sharp ridges enclosing deep depressions filled by waterways that are inter-connected by a myriad of subterranean cave passages. These features all contribute to lớn a multi-sensory visitor experience that is heightened by contrasting and ever-changing colours - the deep green tropical rainforests, grey limestone rocks and cliffs, blue-green waters and the brilliant xanh rớt of the sky, and areas of human use including the green and yellow rice paddies. Visitors, conveyed in traditional sampans rowed by local guides, experience an intimate connection with the natural environment and a relaxing sense of serenity and security. The dramatic mountains, secretive caves and sacred places in Trang An have inspired people through countless generations.
Criterion (viii): Trang An is a superb geological property that displays, in a globally exceptional way, the final stages of tower-karst landscape evolution in a humid tropical environment. Deep dissection of an uplifted limestone massif over a period of five million years has produced a series of classical karst landforms, including cones, towers, enclosed depressions (cockpits), interior-draining valleys (poljes), foot- caves and subterranean cave passages decorated with speleothems. The presence of transitional forms between ‘fengcong’ karst with ridges connecting towers, and ‘fenglin’ karst where towers stand isolated on alluvial plains, is an extremely significant feature of the property. Trang An is an unusual autogenic karst system, being rain-fed only and hydrologically isolated from rivers in the surrounding terrain. Former inundation by the sea transformed the massif into an archipelago for some periods, though it is fully emergent on land today. Fluctuations of sea level are evidenced by an altitudinal series of erosion notches in cliffs, with associated caves, wave-cut platforms, beach deposits and marine shell layers.
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The property is of sufficient size and scope to lớn encompass almost the entire limestone massif, with a full range of classic tower-karst landforms and associated geomorphic processes. All caves and other sites known to lớn be of archaeological significance are included. The very rugged topography has generally isolated the property from intensive occupation and utilization, and much of its interior remains in a natural state. Within the extensive natural areas of the property there are no structures that obstruct the scenery or detract from the aesthetic appeal. Occupied areas are mainly small traditional villages and associated gardens and rice paddy fields tended by subsistence farmers. The greater part of the property is enclosed within three officially designated protected areas, and contains a number of other sites protected by Government Decree. A large buffer zone surrounds the property and is designed to lớn protect it from external impacts. It contains many small villages together with gardens, farms and rice paddies, and also the recently reconstructed Bai Dinh Pagoda complex.
Trang An is a relatively small property that supports a resident population and is host to lớn a large and growing number of tourist visitors. Close monitoring, strict regulation and careful management will be required in the long term to lớn avoid pressures and threats from urban expansion, resource use, village growth and excessive tourist infrastructure and use, and service development. These are among the key issues given priority attention in the property management plan.
Knowledge of the ancient inhabitants of Trang An, their culture and relationship to lớn the landscape comes primarily from archaeological investigation and excavation in caves within the massif, which are still largely in their original condition – a rarity in Southeast Asia. The rich archaeological resources are predominantly midden accumulations containing shells, animal bones, stone tools, hearths, corded-ware pottery and occasionally human remains. The sites are yielding vivid palaeo-environmental records from analysis of pollen, seeds and plant tissue, from fauna, and from geomorphic evidence of ancient shorelines. These studies are supported by sophisticated modern techniques such as geo-chemical analysis of plant carbon isotopes and lipids, and shell oxygen isotopes, and the pioneering use in Southeast Asia of LiDAR (Light Distancing and Ranging) to lớn create millimetre-accurate images of cave sites. All materials are professionally plotted, collected, catalogued, stored and analysed. The results of studies have been communicated through an impressive portfolio of published scientific papers, and are also reported in a definitive monograph on human adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic, the author of which has conducted research in Trang An for almost a decade.
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Protection and management requirements
Trang An is State-owned and is controlled by the Ninh Binh Provincial People’s Committee. Most of the property is secured within three statutory protected areas: the Hoa Lu Ancient Capital, the Trang An-Tam Coc-Bich Dong Scenic Landscape and the Hoa Lu Special-Use Forest. Six primary national laws and a series of Government decrees provide measures for: administration and management of the property; protection of cultural heritage, monuments, relics and archaeological sites and resources; biodiversity conservation; environmental protection; eco-tourism and other commercial activities; and sustainable socio-economic development. The property is managed by the Trang An Landscape Complex Management Board, an independent agency with extensive decision-making powers, responsibilities and resources, and with close functional links to lớn Government ministries, research institutes, and commercial and community stakeholders.
Management is guided by a comprehensive, Government-approved and legally binding management plan, prepared in consultation with the public and key stakeholders. The plan adopts a zoning system that allows for management prescriptions to lớn be more effectively aligned to lớn the varying protection and use requirements in different parts of the property. A long-term lease gives delegated authority to lớn a private company for some aspects of conservation and tourism management in the Trang An-Tam Coc-Bich Dong Scenic Landscape area. There are four small private tourist resort operations within the property. Ongoing management priorities include: extended monitoring and control of tourist operations; development of better visitor centres and services; ongoing research together with improved archaeological site conservation, database development, and collection, storage and display of artefacts; expansion of training, education, awareness-raising and promotion programmes; and tư vấn for social and economic development of local communities through employment opportunities, and more effective sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.
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Japan’s economic engagement in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has largely focused on crude oil. But in recent years, the country has taken steps to diversify trade relations with the MENA region, sharing agricultural strategies and technological innovation to tackle the challenge of long-term food security. Food insecurity is deeply entwined with national security, as seen in the lead-up to the Arab Spring or anti-government protests since then in places such as Sudan and elsewhere. The COVID-19 pandemic and border closures highlighted the vulnerability of food systems and how supply chain disruptions along with panic buying can lead to food shortages and price volatility.
The total population in the MENA region is forecast to almost double to 724 million in 2050. Japan, on the other hand, has a rapidly aging population which could fall by as much as 50 percent to 59.77 million by 2100.
Japan and the MENA have import dependent food systems and they both face common food security challenges characterized by shrinking domestic agricultural output as well as land and resource constraints. However, the risk to food systems in Japan and the Middle East are also underpinned by a host of contrasting supply and demand side factors. For instance, the total population in the MENA region is forecast to almost double from approximately 484 million in 2018 to 724 million in 2050[i]. Japan, on the other hand, has a rapidly aging population which could fall by as much as 50 percent from 126.5 million in 2018 to 59.77 million by 2100[ii]. Meanwhile, there is only five percent[iii] of arable land available in the MENA from a total area of 15 million square kilometers compared to 12.1 percent[iv] in Japan from a total land area of 364,500 square kilometers. While water is relatively abundant in Japan, the Middle East is the most water stressed region in the world. At present, 70 percent[v] of the agricultural sector in MENA is rain-fed and highly exposed to the worsening extreme heat, drought, and aridity forecasted under climate change.
The agricultural sector in MENA is in need of radical transformation and there is plenty of scope for improvement[vi]. The fate of food systems in the MENA depends on raising domestic agricultural production by the integration of smart agriculture and Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture such as data collection and digital technology. The Middle East not only represents a market to expand Japan’s burgeoning smart agriculture technology but Japan’s struggling agricultural sector has created significant avenues to advance agricultural innovation which could be beneficial to regions such as the MENA facing overlapping agricultural challenges. Japanese startups can contribute in terms of improving water and farmland management in the form of new land use models and landless food production such as vertical farming which offers communities protection from economic distress caused by extreme weather events and drier conditions.
The Common Challenge of Food Security in MENA and Japan
The limited availability of arable farmland teamed with existing water scarcity could also increase import dependence.
The MENA was once an ancient leader in agricultural innovation but the region is now contending with major geographic and demographic challenges which is further compromising the agriculture sector’s capacity to feed the local population. Before the global COVID-19 pandemic, agricultural output in MENA had been struggling to keep up with the region’s rapid population growth. Moreover, agriculture is dependent on water and MENA receives less than 300mm of rainfall annually[vii]. But climate change and unsustainable farming practices has triggered additional risks such as flooding in coastal areas, unpredictable precipitation, worsening higher temperatures, desertification, soil salinity and land degradation that will add further pressure on the region’s scarce water supply of which approximately 85 percent is allocated to the agriculture sector. The limited availability of arable farmland teamed with existing water scarcity could also increase import dependence. The World Bank predicts that MENA will experience the highest economic losses from climate-related water scarcity at about 6 to 14 percent of their GDP by 2050 – the highest in the world[viii].
MENA’s dependency on food imports increased from 10 percent in the 1960s to 50 percent in 2018 as the population grew from 100 million to 530 million during the same period of time[ix]. Currently, the region imports half of its staple grain, wheat and barley mainly from the U.S, Europe and more recently South America. Similarly, Japan recorded its lowest food self-sufficiency rate of 37 percent in fiscal year 2020[x] which is the lowest figure since keeping records began in 1965. Japan is the world’s largest meat importer in terms of volume with an import ratio of 53 percent and the fourth biggest import country for dairy products. The MENA region fares better with a meat self-sufficiency ratio of 77.5 percent but it is also experiencing a dietary transition towards a higher intake of protein from animal sources similar to Japan but on a slower pace. This is largely due to subregional income differences in MENA.
In Japan, the agricultural workforce is rapidly aging and the sector is grappling with an acute labor shortage and a lack of successors in farming households. In the coming years 70 percent of farmers will be aged over 60 years old. What’s more, the modern Japanese diet has also shifted in favor of high fat foods and larger quantities of meat through the popularity of western cuisine. Similarly, the MENA region is also experiencing a boom in fast food restaurants, particularly in the Gulf countries such as the UAE and Saudi Arabia. The shift in food preferences is anticipated to accelerated with the fast food market poised to almost double over five years reaching $59 billion in 2026[xi]. Japan’s modern diet cannot be maintained without importing large quantities of food from overseas which leaves the country vulnerable to trade friction, exchange rate fluctuations and import competition. Japan’s GDP from agriculture has been shrinking by two percent each year and population decline will see domestic demand for rice fall on average 1.1 percent annually through to 2025[xii].
Japanese Agribusiness and Opportunities for Expansion in MENA
The Japanese government has positioned domestic agriculture as a potential source of economic growth and is focusing on overcoming structural challenges by becoming less dependent on manual labour with the help of agritech solutions. It has sought to lift the nation’s food self-sufficiency rate to 45 percent as a policy goal and has launched various subsidy programs to help boost domestic agricultural output. But at the same time Japan is facing growing international pressure to deregulate its agricultural sector by removing tariffs on Japanese rice, meat and dairy. The Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) is a national program launched in 2014 to encourage new technology to solve Japan’s most urgent social problems, including $450 million worth of private sector grants for RnD in the agriculture sector. The program effectively kickstarted the smart agriculture sector and spearheaded private sector RnD in agriculture alongside government organizations. Japan’s smart agricultural market is expected to grow to over 60 billion yen by fiscal 2027[xiii].
In addition, Japan’s reputation for its traditional and healthy cuisine and high quality can be leveraged to gain economic momentum in markets in MENA countries. Japan has sought to promote exports of farm produce particularly from the disaster-stricken Fukushima region following the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster but the campaign has been hampered by the global COVID-19 pandemic. But the latest data by the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) highlights that ‘new industry’ made up of IoT, AI, robotics and startups shows the most promise for future business in the Middle East[xiv].
Smallholder farmers in MENA produce the main bulk of the region’s staple foods.
Agricultural production in the MENA and Japan is marked by low productivity. While the Middle East is rich in oil it lacks water and agricultural potential. Water scarcity and inefficient water use is a major contributor to low agricultural output in MENA. Smallholder farmers in MENA produce the main bulk of the region’s staple foods. But only farmers who have off-farm income or access to land with mixed rainfall and irrigated water live in moderate poverty as opposed to extreme poverty[xv].
The Gulf Cooperation Council’s past approach to food security was aimed at self sufficiency and overseas farmland investment but this failed to produce significant agricultural gains[xvi].
Japanese companies can play an important role in reversing the trend of food insecurity abroad by facilitating the transfer of technology and improved farming techniques with the help of IoT and devices to collect data to ensure water efficient cultivation. Vertical farming in particular has been praised as the farm of the future and a solution to water shortages. It involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers in a carefully controlled environment often combined with autonomous agricultural robots and machinery to maximize yield while allowing for minimal human intervention. Japan is seen as an industry leader in vertical farming with over 200 vertical farms in operation. In 2017, Japan’s largest vertical farming company Spread, which boasts an automated farming system and advanced water recycling capable of producing as many as 30,000 lettuce heads daily, will build Techno Farms in the United Arab Emirates and as many as twenty facilities across the Middle East.
However, the full potential of rainfed farming has yet to be exploited. The MENA region has enormous potential to harness smart farming technology. It is also widely recognized that greater contributions by smallholder farmers through improved efficiency would address food insecurity and national economic stability. The MENA has a mix of upper middle, middle, and low income countries, which will require varying degrees of mechanization and technological adaptation. This is a golden opportunity for Japanese smart agriculture to cater to a range of environmental factors affecting food systems in MENA. For instance, agricultural robots ranging from assistive eco-skeletons to harvesting robots, autonomous drones and driverless tractors have been developed to address acute labor shortages and reduce the burden of repetitive, labor intensive tasks on farmers. It also allows harvesting at night and zero supervision. But agricultural robots only represent less than two percent of the smart agriculture market in 2016. This is largely due to farmers in Japan owning relatively small-scale plots of farmland and safety regulations. Similarly, the majority of agricultural production in MENA is grown by family operated farms due resource constraints. This is a drastic difference from the vast amounts of grassland and cropland which underpins large scale agribusinesses in Europe.
The MENA has a mix of upper middle, middle, and low income countries, which will require varying degrees of mechanization and technological adaptation. This is a golden opportunity for Japanese smart agriculture.
Climate smart agricultural and urban farming has the potential to encourage young people to enter the agriculture business as the technology allows even inexperienced farmers to carefully manage overusing water and fertilizer. Japan’s aging farmers have shown some reluctance to adopting advanced AI and mechanical technology based on setup cost or gaps in digital literacy. But MENA’s long-standing high youth unemployment could benefit from the introduction of next generation smart agriculture across the entire food system.
Nonetheless, massive corporations such as Panasonic, Ericsson Japan, CKD Corporation and SoftBank have also invested in data collection and IoT farming by creating sensors that monitor climate conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil, CO2, and solar radiation to predict environmental conditions as well as an AI based automation system that can control pumps, sprinklers, generators and windows to enable optimal crop yields. Support for low income smallholder farmers can start with the adoption of IoT and AI which allows farm data to be measured remotely to make way for optimal planting and harvesting times as well as digital advisory systems such as early weather information which are sent directly to farmers mobile phones by an app.
The Japanese RnD sectors face fierce global competition from Europe and the U.S and will need to maintain innovation in the long term amidst a rapidly evolving smart agriculture sector. Smart agriculture technology in Japan remains under-developed and has yet to be widely commercialized. The MENA region is always seeing a hive of local startups approach water scarcity from a variety of angles, leaving Japan’s smart agricultural industry a step behind the trend. For instance, Morocco has embraced IoT driven precision farming with the help of a local agritech startup. Egypt, the MENA’s most agriculturally productive country, has started digitizing irrigation systems, allowing farmers to check soil moisture levels on their mobile phone. Tunisia, Lebanon and the UAE have also welcomed smart farming to centrally monitor and manage irrigation, soil nutrients and water usage. MENA is fast becoming a hotspot for smart agriculture and with Japan tackling a similar issue of low agricultural productivity, its technological advances in urban farming, IoT and automation to lift agricultural output makes it an attractive partner for future technological transfers.
Technological change does not translate into increased production until it is widely adopted by farmers. An integrated approach to water management can help prevent the deterioration of good productive land, which includes addressing the current lack of water governance in the region. But introducing smallholder farmers to IoC digital agriculture will bring about significant gain in terms of water conservation, cutting costs and higher profitability which will pave the way for further smart farming opportunities.
[i] UNICEF (2019). ‘MENA Generation 2030: Investing in children and youth today to secure a prosperous region tomorrow’, Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/mena/media/4141/file/MENA-Gen2030.pdf
[ii] Asahi Shimbun (2021). ‘Japan a century from now: what will it look like?’, Retrieved from https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14381373
[iii] OECD & FAO (2018). ‘The Middle East and North Africa: Prospects and Challenges’, Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/i9166e/i9166e_Chapter2.pdf
[iv] The World Bank (2018). ‘Agricultural land in Japan’. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?locations=JP
[v] Borghesi, S, Ticci E (2019). ‘Climate Change in the MENA Region: Environmental risks, socioeconomic effects and policy challenges for the future’, European Institute of the Mediterranean, Retreived from https://www.iemed.org/publication/climate-change-in-the-mena-region-environmental-risks-socioeconomic-effects-and-policy-challenges-for-the-future/
[vi] Belhaj F et al (2021). ‘MENA has a food security problem, but there are ways to address it’, The World Bank, Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2021/09/24/mena-has-a-food-security-problem-but-there-are-ways-to-address-it
[vii] Waha K et al (2017). ‘Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups’, Reg Environ Change 17, pg 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1144-2
[viii] Sadoff, C, Jagerskog, A (2017). ‘Game changing water solutions for the Middle East and North Africa’, The World Bank, Retreived from https://blogs.worldbank.org/water/game-changing-water-solutions-middle-east-and-north-africa
[ix] Ido, Y (2021). ‘Food security in the Middle East and North Africa – common regional challenges and national approaches to food supply’, The Japan Institute of International Affairs, Retrieved from https://www.jiia.or.jp/en/column/2021/04/28-food-security-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa.html
[x] Jiji Press (2021). ‘Japan food self sufficiency rate hits record low’, Retrieved from https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0007713596
[xi] Market Data Forecast (2021). ‘Middle East and North Africa fast food market’, Retrieved from https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/middle-east-and-africa-fast-food-market
[xii] McKinsey Japan (2016). ‘Empowering Japanese agriculture for global impact’, Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/asia%20pacific/strengthening%20japanese%20agriculture%20to%20maximize%20global%20reach/empowering-japanese-agriculture-report.pdf
[xiii] Engelmann, J (2021). ‘Smart agriculture market size in Japan FY 2015-2027’, Statisa, Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/701246/japan-smart-agriculture-market-sales-revenue/
[xiv] Japan External Trade Organization (2020). ‘Survey of business conditions of Japanese affiliated companies in the Middle East’, Retreived from https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/en/reports/survey/pdf/MiddleEast2020en.pdf
[xv] Keulertz, M (2019). ‘Water and food security challenges in the MENA region’, The Menara Project, Retrieved from http://www.menaraproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/menara_fn_18.pdf
[xvi] Woertz, E (2020). Wither the self-sufficiency illusion? Food security in Arab Gulf States and the impact of COVID-19. Food Sec. 12, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01081-4
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Prypiat, the ghost town of Chernobyl
When the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster took place in 1986, a large area of land was heavily contaminated by radioactivity. The Soviet government ordered the evacuation of over 90,000 people living in proximity to the disaster area. Inside the so-called Chernobyl Exclusion Zone lies the now abandoned city of Prypiat.
Pripyat was founded in 1970 to house workers for the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Officially proclaimed a city in 1979, its population reached 50,000 people before the accident. Pripyat was a fully functional city with 15 primary schools, one hospital, malls and restaurants and a primarily young population of factory workers.
After the Chernobyl disaster, the residents had 2 days to evacuate the city. They were told to carry with them their documents, a few vital personal belongings and some food. Everything else was left behind. Today, the levels of radioactivity have decreased significantly and the city, although still excluded and guarded by the army, is visited by guided tours.
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What else is it called?
- BTD deficiency
- late-onset biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency
- late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency
Get in touch
Contact our caring team on 08452 412 173 for help and support. Our phone lines open 10am-4pm, Monday to Friday.
Prefer to email? Our email address is [email protected].
What causes it?
Biotinidase Deficiency is caused by a problem in the BTD gene. This gene produces the biotinidase enzyme, which is required to help the body recycle the vitamin biotin. This process is needed to help convert food into energy.
If you have a problem in the BTD gene, you will not produce enough of the biotinidase enzyme. Therefore, you will be unable to recycle the biotin vitamin, which causes toxic chemicals to build up and damage cells and tissue in your body.
How common is it?
Biotinidase Deficiency, in all its variations, affects around 1 in every 60,000 people.
This disorder has two variations, which each have different a prevalence. Profound Biotinidase Deficiency affects 1 in 140,000 people, whereas Partial Biotinidase Deficiency affects 1 in 110,000 people.
Around 1 person in every 120 is a carrier of Biotinidase Deficiency. It has been observed that people of Hispanic descent are more likely to be affected by the disorder, whilst the African American population has lower rates. Further, an increase in cases of Biotinidase Deficiency has been linked to countries with high rates of consanguineous marriages.
What are the signs and symptoms?
The symptoms of Biotinidase Deficiency depend on which form of the condition you have. For Profound Biotinidase Deficiency, which is typically more severe, symptoms include:
- Weak muscle tone (hypotonia)
- Breathing problems
- Delayed development.
If left untreated, the disorder can cause:
- Hearing loss
- Eye abnormalities and loss of vision
- Problems with movement and balance (ataxia)
- Skin rashes
- Hair loss (alopecia)
- A fungal infection called candidiasis
The milder form of this disorder, called Partial Biotinidase Deficiency, has some similar symptoms. These symptoms may occur regularly, but they sometimes only show during periods of illness or stress. These include:
- Weak muscle tone
- Skin rashes
- Hair loss
People with Biotinidase Deficiency can expect to live a healthy life, but it is important to follow any management plans given to you by your medical team in order to stop your symptoms from getting worse.
How is it diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on identification of the clinical symptoms and a specialised blood test. A genetic test is used to confirm the diagnosis.
Some countries offer newborn screening for Biotinidase Deficiency, including the USA. However, this disorder is not currently part of the newborn screening test in the UK.
The presentation of Biotinidase Deficiency is similar to other metabolic disorders, such as Holocarboxylase Synthetase Deficiency, Isolated Carboxylase Deficiency, Nutritional Biotin Deficiency, Zinc Deficiency, and Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency.
Can it be treated?
There are treatments available for Biotinidase Deficiency. Most commonly, you will be given oral biotin to replace the vitamins your body cannot produce. This will be prescribed by your doctor in the strength that is most suitable for you, and you will need to keep taking biotin for the rest of your life.
This treatment is most effective when started before the symptoms of the disorder show. If treatment is started after the symptoms have appeared, then they cannot be reversed. This is particularly related to eye and hearing problems, as well as developmental delays.
Supportive treatment will focus on reducing the impact of any symptoms you may have. This can include extra support to help with development, physical therapy to strengthen muscles and help movement, aids to help with hearing or sight loss, and medication to manage skin problems. These will be tailored to your specific needs which you can discuss with your medical team.
Many people with Biotinidase Deficiency go on to lead healthy lives, especially when treatment is started early. It is important to follow your medical team’s advice in order to stop the symptoms from getting worse.
Do my family need to be tested?
Biotinidase Deficiency is inherited from both parents in an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. This means that both parents are carriers of the disorder through their genes.
All genes come in pairs. Carriers of Biotinidase Deficiency have one working BTD gene and one faulty gene. Children inherit one gene from each parent to make their pair. Whether you have Biotinidase Deficiency depends on the genes you inherit:
There is a 50% chance that the child will inherit one faulty and one working gene, which means they will also be a carrier.
- There is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two working genes and not inherit or carry the faulty gene.
- There is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two faulty genes, which means they will have Biotinidase Deficiency.
If you think you, or somebody in your family, may have Biotinidase Deficiency, or that you may be a carrier, contact your medical team who may refer you for genetic testing.
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The World Meteorological Organization says extreme weather events have become the new normal, as heat waves continue sweeping large parts of the world.
July has been confirmed as the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1940, the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service said earlier this month.
The global average mean surface temperature was 16.95 degrees Celsius last month, surpassing the previous record of 16.63 degrees Celsius set in July 2019, the agency’s data showed.
Global average sea surface temperature continued to rise after a long period of unusually high temperatures, reaching record-high levels in July.
In July, Antarctic Sea ice area also reached its lowest level since satellite observations began.
General view of the Medano beach before the arrival of hurricane Hilary at Los Cabos resort in Baja California state, Mexico on August 18, 2023. /CFP
“Spain, including Portugal and including the Canary Islands, have obviously experienced extreme heat earlier this week. Parts of the Middle East are forecast to see temperature above 50 degrees Celsius next week. And Japan has seen an exceptional prolonged heat wave with many, many, many temperature records broken for individual stations. Wildfires, Canada’s record-breaking wild season, unfortunately continues. As of August 17, more than 600 wildfires were out of control,” said Clare Nullis, spokeswoman of the organization.
Alvaro Soto, a climate expert of the WMO, said the extreme weather events have become the new normal and they don’t come as a surprise.
“The frequency and intensity of many extremes such as heat waves and heavy precipitation have increased in recent decades with high confidence that human induced climate change is the main driver of these changes,” he said.
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Tobacco use kills over 440,000 Americans each year. Unfortunately, this unhealthy habit has a long history of use in the US military. It is the hope of many people that smoking will become a thing of the past. Smoking bans in the military prohibit the use of tobacco in official buildings and vehicles, as well as during basic training. However, this does not stop people from smoking on their own time. Many service members start smoking during deployment. It can be a source of stress relief and something to do during long periods of inactivity.
According to a Department of Defense survey, almost a third of respondents said that they began smoking after joining the military. Additionally, another report was commissioned by the VA and it found that 32% of active duty military members smoke, compared to about 20% of the civilian population. Smoking rates were even higher among service members who have been deployed.
Aside from the well-known risks of tobacco use, there are several concerns specific to service members when it comes to smoking:
Readiness: The use of tobacco products reduces the ability of individuals to be ready to function in top form and complete military missions. Short-term tobacco use can lead to decreased stamina and mental sharpness, poorer night vision, difficulty dealing with stress, and poorer hand-eye coordination. It is also related to increased injuries during trainings and cold weather as smoking decreases the body’s ability to heal quickly.
PTSD: A study found that male service members with a history of nicotine dependence were at nearly double the risk of developing PTSD when compared to non-smoking service members. Additionally, those who experienced trauma were more likely to start smoking following such an event. Although the biological explanations behind this link are not yet known, the findings were clear and cannot be fully explained by genetic risk factors.
Weight gain: This is sometimes associated with quitting smoking. Because people in the armed forces are required to meet certain weight standards, this can have formal repercussions.
More information can be found on VA’s tobacco use cessation site, found here: http://www.publichealth.va.gov/smoking/
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Teaching Kids Mindfulness: The Benefits and Easiest Ways to Do It!
It’s a phrase that is uttered dozens of times a week (if not more) in households where children between the ages of two and 18 reside. How is it that when they WANT to, oh say when they are playing video games or watching cartoons, kids can have a tremendous attention span. But at any other time, getting them to be present is harder than getting them to close the refrigerator door!
While getting kids to pay attention can seem frustrating, there is an answer to the madness: mindfulness.
Mindful Kids are Happier Kids
Several studies have shown that kids who participate in mindfulness programs are happier. And the sooner you get kids started with mindfulness, the easier it becomes for them to develop a capacity to become calm and centered when life throws them stressful situations.
What does this look like in real life?
Well, picture how a normal 7-year old responds to a situation that is scary, overwhelming, and generally unpleasant. Say they are getting ready to take a hard test or going to the dentist. Most will become so fearful and anxious that they have a hard time being calmed by a parent or other guardian.
The 7-year old who practices mindfulness meditation knows to stop, close their eyes, and breathe deeply to get themselves calm and focused.
The two outcomes are vastly different. That’s because meditation and deep breathing exercises actually change the physiology of the brain, according to scientists. Instead of kids reacting emotionally to a charged situation (being controlled by their emotions), children can control their impulses and reactions to that situation.
OK, but how do you get kids to practice mindfulness when it’s difficult to get them to do pretty much anything, let alone meditate! Here are some ways you can help your kids become more mindful:
1. Help them discover their inner experience.
Spend time helping kids understand what is happening to their bodies during stressful and calm situations. Ask them to explore their emotions. The more insight they have into their inner experience, the better able they will be to control their responses to external experiences.
2. Breathe with Them
Practice deep breathing with your child. You can do it while driving or before putting them to bed at night. Share with them how to relax, slowly breathe in deeply and exhale. Invite them to feel any tension melt away.
3. Be a Good Example
Your child will not even want to try and be mindful and in control when they see you out of control. Are you one to yell at other drivers? Do you get far too angry when your dog tracks mud in the house? Does a telemarketer at dinner send you through the roof? If so, it’s time to try deep breathing and meditation yourself. Be an example. If your child sees mommy or daddy handling stress in healthier ways, they will be far more likely to give it a go.
While it will take some effort to get your kid to commit to practicing mindfulness, the results that it will bring to their life are completely worth it.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming a transformative force in the creative realm, challenging traditional notions of human-centric creativity. This article explores the dynamic intersection of AI and creativity, examining how machine learning algorithms are influencing and augmenting various creative processes across different industries.
AI in Content Creation:
AI algorithms are making significant strides in content creation, from generating written articles to composing music and creating visual art. As natural language processing and generation capabilities improve, AI tools are becoming valuable assistants to content creators, automating repetitive tasks and providing inspiration for new ideas.
Augmented Creativity in Design:
In fields such as graphic design and architecture, AI is acting as a catalyst for innovation. Designers are utilizing generative algorithms to explore countless design possibilities rapidly. AI tools can analyze user preferences and adapt designs in real-time, offering a collaborative and iterative approach to the creative process.
Music Composition and AI Collaboration:
AI is making waves in the music industry by collaborating with musicians and composers. Machine learning models can analyze vast datasets of musical compositions to generate new melodies, harmonies, and even suggest novel arrangements. This collaboration between human creativity and AI is giving rise to unique and experimental sounds.
AI-Enhanced Film and Gaming:
In the realms of film and gaming, AI is playing a pivotal role in enhancing storytelling and user experiences. AI-driven algorithms can analyze audience reactions and preferences, influencing plot development, character interactions, and even dynamically adjusting gameplay elements. This integration of AI is leading to more personalized and engaging narratives.
Ethical Considerations and Challenges:
The increasing reliance on AI in creative processes raises ethical considerations and challenges. Questions surrounding intellectual property, the role of AI in creative authorship, and the potential biases embedded in AI algorithms demand careful examination. Striking a balance between human creativity and machine-generated content requires thoughtful consideration of these ethical implications.
Empowering Creativity Through AI Education:
As AI becomes more ingrained in creative workflows, there is a growing need for education and collaboration between AI experts and creative professionals. Training programs that teach creatives how to leverage AI tools effectively and responsibly can empower them to explore new horizons while maintaining a human touch in their work.
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Multi-sensor geolocators unveil global and local movements in an Alpine-breeding long-distance migrant
Movement Ecology volume 11, Article number: 19 (2023)
To understand the ecology of long-distance migrant bird species, it is necessary to study their full annual cycle, including migratory routes and stopovers. This is especially important for species in high-elevation habitats that are particularly vulnerable to environmental change. Here, we investigated both local and global movements during all parts of the annual cycle in a small trans-Saharan migratory bird breeding at high elevation.
Recently, multi-sensor geolocators have opened new research opportunities in small-sized migratory organisms. We tagged Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe from the central-European Alpine population with loggers recording atmospheric pressure and light intensity. We modelled migration routes and identified stopover and non-breeding sites by correlating the atmospheric pressure measured on the birds with global atmospheric pressure data. Furthermore, we compared barrier-crossing flights with other migratory flights and studied the movement behaviour throughout the annual cycle.
All eight tracked individuals crossed the Mediterranean Sea, using islands for short stops, and made longer stopovers in the Atlas highlands. Single non-breeding sites were used during the entire boreal winter and were all located in the same region of the Sahel. Spring migration was recorded for four individuals with similar or slightly different routes compared to autumn. Migratory flights were typically nocturnal and characterized by fluctuating altitudes, frequently reaching 2000 to 4000 m a.s.l, with a maximum of up to 5150 m. Barrier-crossing flights, i.e., over the sea and the Sahara, were longer, higher, and faster compared to flights above favourable stopover habitat. In addition, we detected two types of altitudinal movements at the breeding site. Unexpected regular diel uphill movements were undertaken from the breeding territories towards nearby roosting sites at cliffs, while regional scale movements took place in response to local meteorological conditions during the pre-breeding period.
Our data inform on both local and global scale movements, providing new insights into migratory behaviour and local movements in small songbirds. This calls for a wider use of multi-sensor loggers in songbird migration research, especially for investigating both local and global movements in the same individuals.
Understanding movements and identifying positions of migratory animals throughout their annual cycle is a prerequisite to assess the spatial and temporal aspects relevant to species conservation [1,2,3]. Annual movements allow migratory species to optimize the use of spatially and temporally limited resources . However, migration across biomes involves vulnerability to various environmental changes during the annual cycle, especially in the case of long-distance migratory birds [5, 6]. Environmental conditions at the non-breeding site, such as drought and land-use changes in the Sahel region, impact populations of palearctic-breeding species [7,8,9]. Nevertheless, habitat and climate changes at the breeding site are also prime drivers of population trends in long-distance migrants [10,11,12,13]. While connecting breeding and non-breeding sites at a population level allows the assessment of sensitivity to site-specific changes, migration represents a critical phase. It is thus essential to describe individual migratory flights and stopover behaviour to fully understand the entire annual cycle of migratory species.
Landbirds migrating between Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa face major spatial and temporal challenges. First, they must cross the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert, which are major ecological barriers between their breeding and non-breeding sites [14,15,16]. Barrier-crossing strategies vary within and between species [17,18,19]. Non-stop flights between breeding and non-breeding sites occur in some trans-Saharan migrants , even in small passerines . While some large soaring birds tend to prioritize longer diurnal flights and avoid crossing broad surfaces of sea , direct or partial sea crossings are common in many wing-flapping species [23, 24], especially in songbirds [25, 26]. In this case, Mediterranean islands serve as important stopover sites for birds crossing large waterbodies and many species land during the day when crossing the Sahara . However, even small songbirds can cross the desert in a single non-stop flight . Prolonged nocturnal migratory flights into daytime are common [30,31,32] and lead to behavioural adjustments, such as increased flight altitude during the day . Similarly, flight altitudes tend to be higher over the Sahara Desert than during the rest of migration . Nevertheless, due to technical limitations, vertical flight behaviour remains poorly understood in small songbirds.
Studying the full lifecycle of alpine species is crucial to understand their responses to environmental change, especially given the recent marked climate and habitat changes at high elevations . In birds inhabiting mountain habitats, altitudinal movements occur not only during migration, but also at stationary sites. Typically, species breeding in highly seasonal environments, such as alpine habitats, must adjust their migratory and breeding timing to snowmelt and optimal availability of food resources [36,37,38]. In this regard, seasonal local altitudinal movements allow shifting resources across an elevational gradient to be tracked . Diel altitudinal movements may also be aimed at tracking food resources or at coping with adverse meteorological conditions .
In the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, all populations migrate to sub-Saharan Africa, including those breeding in the Alps, but also those in Greenland or Alaska [41,42,43]. Populations from continental Europe have a shorter journey to Africa with longer stopovers [44, 45]. Light-level geolocation previously allowed the identification of non-breeding regions of Central European populations in the western Sahel [45, 46]. The Mediterranean has been identified as an important stopover area [26, 45]. However, due to a north-south migration around the time of equinox, when light recordings are not latitudinally informative, light-level geolocation has often resulted in poor estimates of the stopover locations, which calls for new methods to describe migration patterns (e.g., ).
In the Alps, Northern Wheatears face variable snowmelt and weather conditions upon arrival and tend to breed later than other central European populations [48, 49]. A potential mis-adaptation to a changing phenology of spring green-up has been suggested [45, 49], and the species is currently undergoing a broad-scale upward elevational shift [50, 51]. The phase between arrival and breeding is critical in high elevation birds [52, 53] and remains poorly understood. This advocates the investigation of movements not only during migration, but also at the breeding site.
Here, we studied migratory and local movements of Northern Wheatears from the Alps throughout the annual cycle using multi-sensor loggers recording light intensity and atmospheric pressure. Such devices have recently opened up new opportunities for research on the migration of small-bodied birds [32, 54, 55]. While informing on the altitude and duration of the stationary phases and of migratory or local flights [32, 54, 55], atmospheric pressure data also allow the geographic position of birds to be located during their stationary periods with a higher precision than light-level geolocation [56, 57]. We used atmospheric pressure to describe migration routes, stopover, and non-breeding locations as well as individual migration timing with an unprecedented precision in a small songbird. Furthermore, we analysed flight behaviour in relation to barrier-crossing migratory flights. We also detected two types of local movements at the breeding site: pre-breeding local altitudinal movements were undertaken in response to meteorological conditions and, more surprisingly in this territorial species [58,59,60], unexpected small-scale altitudinal movements occurred at the breeding site. In this study, we showcase that atmospheric pressure data can simultaneously unravel both global- and local-scale movements in small songbirds.
Geolocators and deployment
We fitted multi-sensor geolocators (GDL3-PAM, Swiss ornithological institute, 1.2 g with harness) on Northern Wheatears at two study areas: one in the Swiss Alps (Val Piora, 46°33’N, 8°42’E, 1850 to 2200 m a.s.l.) and one in the Italian Alps (Val Troncea, 44°57′N, 6°56′E, 1900 to 2700 m a.s.l.). These devices mounted using a leg-loop harness record ambient light intensity, atmospheric pressure, and temperature. In this species, both males and females usually return to the same breeding territories, allowing recapture in subsequent years [58, 62,63,64]. All birds were individually marked with a colour combination of three plastic rings and a metal ring. Birds were trapped with a trap placed at the entrance of the nest cavity while feeding the chicks (both for the first capture and recapture), or with baited spring traps in the territory (recapture only). Between 2016 and 2020, we ringed 301 adult birds in June and July at the Swiss site. We equipped 54 individuals with GDL3-PAM geolocators (2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020). 140 birds were ringed but not tagged and served as a control group. 47% of the control birds (66/140) and 37% of the GDL3 PAM (20/54) were observed in the year after tagging. In addition, we equipped 40 adults in 2019 and 2020 in the Italian Alps, with a control group of 23 birds; here, 48% of the control birds (11/23) and 22.5% of the GDL3 PAM (9/40) were observed in the year after tagging. The mean ± standard deviation body mass of adults at the Swiss site was 24.6 ± 1.6 g (range 20.0–30.0 g) and 23.6 ± 1.9 g at the Italian site (range 19.8–32.0 g). The device always amounted to less than 5% of the body mass of the tagged birds . We compared return rates of the tagged and control individuals, under the same resighting effort and handling procedure except for fitting the loggers, using a Fisher’s exact test (p = 0.47 for the Swiss site, p = 0.19 for the Italian site) and a 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity correction (X2 = 1.23, p = 0.27 and X2 = 3.23, p = 0.072, respectively). A high proportion of these experimental devices failed a few weeks after tagging because of battery issues (n = 16/24, mostly those fitted in 2016, 2018 and 2019), resulting in recording of only partial tracks. Here, we considered only the tracks with at least a full autumn migration (n = 8 for autumn migration, n = 6 for non-breeding site data, n = 4 for spring migration; Table 1).
We modelled the trajectory of each track following the approach presented in Nussbaumer et al. (2023, ) and using the R package GeoPressureR (version 2.7, . All analyses were performed in R version 4.2.0 . We briefly describe the main steps of the approach below.
First, we identified stationary periods, when a bird was presumed to remain at the same location at the resolution of our model (0.25°, i.e. 27 km). We manually labelled the geolocator pressure measurements: stationary periods were characterized by a limited variation in consecutive pressure measurements indicating an absence of change in altitude, while migratory flights typically displayed a clear drop in atmospheric pressure, corresponding to altitude gain in-flight.
Second, we constructed separate probability maps based on atmospheric pressure and light intensity data (sunrise and sunset times) for position estimates of each bird during each stationary period. For the pressure-based maps, the time series of the geolocator pressure measurements during stationary periods were matched with the one-hour ERA5 surface level reanalysis dataset (spatial resolution: 0.25 × 0.25°) to produce a likelihood map of the geolocator’s position . The likelihood map produced included the information of both the temporal variation of pressure and the absolute values of pressure corresponding to the altitudinal range within each grid cell.
For the light-based maps, we calculated likelihood estimates following Nussbaumer et al. (2022a, ). We used an “in-habitat” calibration from the equipment and retrieval periods [69,70,71], fitting the distribution of zenith angle with a kernel density estimation. The likelihood maps of twilights belonging to the same stationary period were aggregated with a log-linear pooling.
Finally, we constructed the trajectories of each bird following the Hidden Markov Model presented in Nussbaumer et al. (2023, ). The observation model consisted of the likelihood maps generated from pressure and light data. The movement model used the information of flight duration derived from the labelling together with wind data, so that the parametric equation of movement was defined on airspeed. This parametric equation was defined as the cubic root of the mechanical power required for the average airspeed computed for a transition, accounting for a typical Northern Wheatear size and shape. A low airspeed threshold of 20 km/h was used to account for potential short local or exploratory flights. Using this model, we generated (1) the marginal probability map of the position of each stationary period, (2) the most likely migration trajectory of the birds, and (3) 100 random simulations of the trajectories. We refer readers to Nussbaumer et al. (2023, ) for further details on the implementation of this method.
Description of flight behaviour
For each migratory flight, we extracted (1) flight duration, (2) maximum and mean flight altitude, as well as (3) positive altitudinal change during the flight using a standard barometric equation while correcting for the temporal variation of pressure from the ERA 5 data at the most likely location. We then calculated (4) ground speed, wind support and flight distance for each of the 100 random simulations. We then classified the flights in five categories (above continental Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas region, the Sahara Desert, and the Sahel region) and calculated the mean and standard deviation of the different variables for each of these flight categories. We also distinguished between flights during autumn and spring migration.
Migration patterns: timing and locations
Tracks and migration timing are summarized in Fig. 1, and general information is given in Table 1. An example of a full annual altitudinal profile based on atmospheric pressure data is given in Fig. 2a. The tagged individuals stayed at the breeding site in the post-breeding period until departure to migration. In all years, they departed from the breeding sites between the 10th and the 16th of September (n = 8, Fig. 1). They spent 0 to 9 days (mean ± sd = 3.5 ± 3.2) between the breeding site in the Alps and the Mediterranean coast (Liguria, Italy) before starting to cross the Mediterranean. In 2020, a female from Switzerland (26HS, Fig. 1) spent several days at high elevations in the western Alps (3040 to 3200 m) before flying over the Mediterranean to Corsica directly from this alpine site. One bird from Italy (24TJ, Fig. 1) crossed the Mediterranean directly from the breeding site and another one stopped on the coast over the day. Four birds landed briefly in Sardinia, Corsica or the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean in autumn, and four birds crossed the Mediterranean without stopping over. A female briefly landed on both Corsica and Sardinia (26HS, Fig. 1). Overall, birds crossed the Mediterranean quickly (mean ± sd = 2 ± 2.4 days, median = 1 day), but then spent a long stopover of 9 to 25 days (mean ± sd = 16 ± 6.5) in the Atlas highlands of northern Africa before crossing the Sahara in the second phase of autumn migration. The crossing of the Sahara was direct in autumn, consisting of 4 to 6 typically long nocturnal flights, with stops during the day. The birds thereafter spent a few days in the Sahel, interspersed with shorter flights (further details about flight durations are given under the “flight performance” result section), before settling at a single site for the entire non-breeding period. The four individuals that provided data for a full cycle were stationary for 165.3 ± 9.4 days on sites located close to each other between eastern Mali and western Niger (Figs. 1 and 3).
Spring migration (n = 4, year 2021) started between April 1st and 5th. However, one male (26IL, Fig. 1) initiated two earlier migratory-like flights to the North-East (duration of 8 h with 27 km/h perpendicular wind from the North-West and 10 h with 48 km/h supporting wind from the South-West), but then returned to the non-breeding area (duration of 6 h with 25 km/h perpendicular wind from the North-East and 8 h with 35 km/h supporting wind from the North-East), before departing finally on April 4th. The four birds crossed the Sahara in a similar way in spring compared to autumn, in 3 to 5 nights with daytime stopovers. A main stopover again took place in the highlands of Northern Algeria in spring, with a duration of 15 ± 2.4 days. Mediterranean Islands were used for short stops in two cases (Table 1; Fig. 1).
Migratory flight performance
During autumn (n = 8 individuals) and spring migration (n = 4 individuals), we described 167 migratory flights (117 in autumn and 50 in spring) that were initiated at dusk and were only rarely prolonged into the following day (n = 11 flights longer than 12 h and 4 flights longer than 14 h, maximum = 21 h). The flights had the following characteristics (mean ± sd): duration 5.9 ± 4.6 h, maximum altitude per flight 2294 ± 1172 m and up to 5150 m, average altitude per flight 1409 ± 796 m, positive altitudinal change 2298 ± 1902 m, positive altitudinal change per flight hour 405 ± 239 m, ground speed 45 ± 16 km/h, wind support 7 ± 10 km/h and distance 302 ± 296 km. Flight duration (Fig. 4c) was longer over the Mediterranean and Sahara (n = 45) than over continental Europe (n = 40), the Atlas (n = 27) and the Sahel (n = 34). Maximum and mean flight altitude (Fig. 4a, b) were higher above the Sahara and Europe than above the Atlas and the Sahel, but more variable above the Mediterranean. Ground speed (Fig. 4d) was faster above the Mediterranean and Sahara than above Europe, the Atlas and the Sahel. Positive altitudinal change was higher above the Mediterranean (3116 ± 836 m) and the Sahara (3992 ± 1659 m) than above Europe (1303 ± 1233 m), the Atlas (836 ± 607 m) and the Sahel (1811 ± 1578 m), but positive altitudinal change rate per hour did not show any particular pattern between long barrier-crossing flights and other flights (Europe 352 ± 254 m/h, Mediterranean 415 ± 178 m/h, Atlas 469 ± 345 m/h, Sahara 369 ± 126 m/h, Sahel 456 ± 259 m/h). Wind support was generally used above the Mediterranean (10 ± 10 km/h) and the Sahara (12 ± 11 km/h), but less above Europe (1 ± 4 km/h), the Atlas (6 ± 9 km/h) and the Sahel (7 ± 9 km/h). Flight distances were longer over the Mediterranean (481 ± 317 km) and over the Sahara (609 ± 261 km) and much shorter in Europe (122 ± 109 km), the Atlas (69 ± 56 km) and the Sahel (169 ± 136 km).
Local altitudinal movements at the breeding site
Individuals arrived at the breeding territory between April 26th and May 13th (n = 4). The behaviour upon arrival in the breeding region differed between individuals. One Swiss male (26IM) moved on three occasions from the breeding site to the adjacent valley, 5 km further and 1000 m lower than the breeding territory. This coincided with an adverse weather event with snowfall at the breeding site (Fig. 2b, d and e). This behaviour was confirmed twice with visual observations in the field. The bird came back to the territory between these foraging excursions, with one flight measured at 2600 m a.s.l. The third male also performed altitudinal movements in the nearby Alps. The latest arrival was recorded for the female, which stayed at high elevation sites (1640 to 2085 m) in the Alps between April 25th and May 8th before reaching the breeding site on May 13th. The male from Italy (24TJ) did not undertake local altitudinal movements to the valley upon arrival (Fig. 1).
During their presence at the breeding site, all four birds undertook diel altitudinal movements from the breeding and foraging territories towards roosting sites, located between 50 and 300 m higher (example for the male 26IM, Fig. 2c). In the female 26HS, this behaviour occurred in the post-breeding season 2020, as well as in the pre-breeding season 2021, but was interrupted when she started incubating in June. The tag was retrieved when the female was feeding the chicks. The males continued to commute at night while breeding.
We used atmospheric pressure measurements, combined with light-level geolocation, to describe local and global movements of Alpine Northern Wheatears, one of the few long-distance migrants breeding in high-alpine habitats, throughout the annual cycle. We located the main stopover area in the northern African highlands, underlining the importance of this region in autumn and spring. We refined the knowledge of the location of non-breeding sites in the Alpine population, within a restricted area in the Western Sahel and detected residency at a single site during winter. While migration timing showed synchrony between the tagged birds, we highlighted faster and longer flights over migratory barriers, especially the Sahara, compared to areas with favourable stopover opportunities. Flight altitude was typically higher above the desert. Moreover, we described local altitudinal movements at the breeding site, with occasional movements to an adjacent valley in response to weather conditions in the pre-breeding season, as well as unexpected regular diel commuting behaviour at the nesting site.
The time window for the initiation of autumn migration across different years was surprisingly narrow compared to short-distance high-elevation migratory species with higher variability in departure date [39, 73]. Compared to previous results from light-level geolocation suggesting a main stopover of the Alpine population in the central and western Mediterranean [26, 45, 46], the identification of a major stopover region in the Atlas highlands of Northern Africa underlines the advantages of using atmospheric pressure to estimate stationary locations . The open agricultural and pastoral land uses typical of these regions obviously serve as refuelling habitats between barrier crossings. This complements the findings of Maggini and Bairlein (2011, ), who described Northern Wheatears at a lowland spring stopover on the edge of the Sahara as not having sufficient body condition to subsequently cross the Mediterranean without refuelling. These birds however did not remain at this site, but most likely continued towards further stopover sites, probably in the Atlas highlands further north.
All four individuals tracked for an entire annual cycle stayed at a single location throughout the boreal winter, without any altitudinal movement detected in the pressure time series within the non-breeding region. However, previous light-level geolocation studies identified movements in some individuals within the non-breeding region [26, 45]. Other Afro-Palearctic migrants, especially species linked to wetlands such as the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus, shift between successive non-breeding sites to track resources [75, 76]. The residency at a single non-breeding site in the Wheatears we tracked is likely related to the site-fidelity and territorial behaviour of the species on the wintering grounds .
Migration of the Central European populations of the Northern Wheatear is north-south oriented, resulting in flights above the Mediterranean as the shortest route [26, 44, 45]. The species can fly non-stop for more than 2500 km over the Atlantic Ocean [43, 78], and Cyprus Wheatears Oenanthe cypriaca can reach their non-breeding sites in a non-stop flight . Hence, one could expect non-stop Mediterranean crossing in Northern Wheatears. However, in autumn and spring some birds landed on the Mediterranean islands, or flew further west towards the Iberian Peninsula, where the sea is narrower. This underlines the role of small islands for migratory songbirds in the central Mediterranean , although it remains unclear whether these short stopovers were intentional (the bird knew about the land mass and directed its flight towards it) or happened opportunistically (the bird saw the land mass and decided to stop).
Northern Wheatears adapted their migratory flights in relation to barrier crossing. Some migratory songbirds, such as Tawny Pipits Anthus campestris and Great Reed Warblers, regularly prolong their nocturnal migratory flights into the following day [32, 33]. Nevertheless, the tracked Wheatears mostly performed nocturnal migratory flights interspersed with stopovers during the day. These flights were, however, notably longer and faster while crossing barriers such as the Mediterranean and the Sahara, than were the flights performed closer to the breeding and non-breeding sites and above the favourable Atlas region in Northern Africa. Barrier-crossing flights were generally wind-supported. They showed altitudinal fluctuations and hence a higher total positive altitudinal change than shorter migratory flights, but not a higher climb rate per hour. Müller et al. (2018), Schmaljohann et al. (2011) and Schmaljohann & Naef-Daenzer (2011) [79,80,81] described departures earlier in the evening in the case of barrier-crossings flights towards the Atlantic Ocean and Greenland. Here, the nature of the barrier differed: while crossing the Mediterranean and the Sahara, birds can stop over when needed, which is not possible over the ocean. Numerous short flights interspersed with daily stopovers took place before reaching the non-breeding site in the Sahel region at the end of autumn migration, as well as before returning to the breeding site in spring. Such short flights also occurred in the Atlas region of Northern Africa, as suggested by Maggini and Bairlein (2011, ). Some birds also stayed at different locations in the Alps before autumn migration and after spring migration. More surprisingly, one individual performed migratory flights and returned to the non-breeding area before undertaking the actual spring migration (this event was apparently linked with wind support conditions); using only light-level data in this case would cause imprecision of several days when inferring migration timing from changes in light-level stationary locations . Birds generally flew at higher elevations above the Sahara than during the rest of the migration and remained stationary in the heat of the day. As an open-ground species, the Northern Wheatear is more likely to stop over in the desert than are wetland species or forest species . High elevation flights were recorded at night and took advantage of supportive winds, thereby suggesting that heat avoidance during daylight hours would itself not be sufficient to explain high-altitude flights over the desert in songbirds .
Our data also unveiled local altitudinal movements in Northern Wheatears. Such movements typically occurred in two distinct phases in the pre-breeding and breeding seasons. First, occasional local altitudinal movements of larger amplitude were undertaken in the pre-breeding period. Similar early-season altitudinal movements occur in other alpine migratory species such as the Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus alpestris . However, in the case of the Northern Wheatear, the movements were irregular and appeared to be an emergency response to extreme meteorological events such as late and intense snowfalls upon arrival at the breeding site. One bird flew at 2600 m between the foraging site in the valley and the breeding territory, indicating that the individual did not minimize the elevational difference while commuting between alternative foraging sites and the breeding territory.
A second type of altitudinal movement, unexpected in this territorial and breeding-site-faithful species [48, 59, 82], occurred at night, while birds flew up to roost, most likely in nearby cliffs, sometimes changing location after one to three nights at the same elevation. This behaviour was halted by the female during breeding but continued throughout the breeding season in males. It is unclear whether commuting aims to optimise temperature at night or to avoid predation, or a combination of both – such behaviour is a typical strategy to cope with cold nights in high-alpine passerines such as the White-Winged Snowfinch Montifringilla nivalis roosting in cliff crevices where the temperature remains higher than outside . During the post-breeding season, Northern Wheatears remained at the breeding site until departure for migration, including the period of moult, as previously demonstrated for lowland populations . This stresses the importance of suitable habitat throughout the period of presence at the breeding site.
Our study provides novel insight into migration strategies, flight behaviour, barrier crossing and local altitudinal movements in a small songbird, including life history stages such as the transition between arrival and breeding, the post-breeding season, and moult. Movement behaviour was surprisingly variable in the Northern Wheatear, with almost no movement over more than five months at the non-breeding site, opposed to locally mobile behaviour at the breeding site and broader-scale movements during migration. This overview of the annual cycle calls for a wider use of pressure loggers to investigate the three-dimensional movements of songbirds at different spatial scales, especially using the method of positioning by correlating the atmospheric pressure measured on the bird with global atmospheric pressure data [57, 66].
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We are indebted to Arnaud Barras, Henri Descombes, Gilles Hauser, Elisabeth Klaus, Thomas Müller, Fabian Schneider, Fenna Von Hirschheydt, Philine Von Hirschheydt, Lena Wiest and everyone who supported us and helped in Val Piora. We also thank Camille Mermillon, Chris Fiedler, Susanne Jähnig, Riccardo Alba, Ursula Scuderi, Domenico Rosselli and the staff of Parco Val Troncea for their help at the Italian site.
Open access funding provided by the Swiss ornithological institute and the University of Basel. This study was funded by the Swiss ornithological institute (Swiss site and Italian site) and the University of Torino (Italian site).
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Rime, Y., Nussbaumer, R., Briedis, M. et al. Multi-sensor geolocators unveil global and local movements in an Alpine-breeding long-distance migrant. Mov Ecol 11, 19 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-023-00381-6
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Designing Student-Centered Learning
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kidney water retention treatment. Kidney water maintenance, otherwise called liquid maintenance or edema, is a condition where an overabundance of liquid develops in the body because of the impeded capability of the kidneys. This can prompt side effects, for example, expanding, weight gain, and bulging. Whenever left untreated, kidney water maintenance can have serious ramifications for by and large well-being. In this article, we will investigate successful treatment choices for kidney water maintenance.
Kidney Water Retention Treatment Options
Diuretics: The First Line of Defense
Diuretics are medications commonly prescribed to treat kidney water retention they work by expanding pee creation, permitting the body to wipe out an overabundance of liquid. Diuretics can be ordered into three fundamental sorts: thiazide diuretics, circle diuretics, and potassium-saving diuretics. It is essential to follow the recommended dose and talk with a medical services professional to decide the most reasonable diuretic for your condition.
Dietary Modifications: Sodium and Fluid Restriction
One of the key components of managing kidney water retention is making dietary modifications. Limiting sodium admission is significant as it assists with diminishing liquid collection in the body. Furthermore, restricting liquid admission can assist with controlling the body’s liquid equilibrium. It means a lot to work with an enrolled dietitian to make a customized feast plan that considers your particular requirements and inclinations.
Exercise: Moving towards Relief
Engaging in regular physical activity can also play a significant role in managing kidney water retention. The practice further develops flow and lymphatic seepage, which can help with decreasing liquid development. Low-influence exercises like strolling, swimming, and yoga are by and large all around endured and can be valuable. In any case, it is critical to talk with a medical services professional prior to beginning any activity routine to guarantee it is okay for your general ailment.
Compression Garments: Relieving Swelling and Discomfort
To alleviate the symptoms of kidney water retention, compression garments can be worn. These garments provide support and apply pressure to the affected areas, helping to reduce swelling and discomfort. Pressure stockings, sleeves, and gloves are usually utilized and are accessible in different sizes and qualities. It is prudent to talk with a medical services professional to decide the proper kind and attack of pressure piece of clothing required.
Medication Adjustments: Managing Underlying Conditions
At times, kidney water maintenance might be a side effect of a hidden ailment, like kidney sickness or cardiovascular breakdown. Managing these underlying conditions is crucial in treating kidney water retention. This may involve adjusting medication dosages or adding additional medications to address the specific condition. It is vital to work closely with a healthcare professional to properly manage any underlying conditions contributing to kidney water retention.
Lifestyle Modifications: Making Healthy Choices
Driving a solid way of life can essentially affect kidney water maintenance. Going with decisions like drinking a decent eating routine, keeping a solid weight, and staying away from over-the-top liquor utilization can assist with forestalling liquid development in the body. Furthermore, stopping smoking and overseeing feelings of anxiety can add to generally further developed kidney capability.
Kidney water retention treatment involves a comprehensive approach that includes diuretics, dietary modifications, exercise, compression garments, medication adjustments, and lifestyle modifications. By joining these treatment choices, people can actually oversee kidney water maintenance and work on their general well-being. It is essential to talk with a medical services professional to decide the best course of therapy for your particular condition. Keep in mind, that early mediation and predictable administration are vital to forestalling complexities related to kidney water maintenance.
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We have visited sites in the Jewish Quarter before, as part of our tours of Jerusalem in the First Temple Period, the Second Temple Period, even the Crusader Period. Today, however, was focused on the more recent history of the quarter, from when Jews returned to live in the area in around 1400 after being expelled from the area surrounding Mt Zion.
Historically, Jewish communities have been centred around synagogues, and these formed a large part of our morning tour. We began at the Ramban Synagogue where we learned about the great Torah scholar and thinker, Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman after whom it is named. Arriving in Jerusalem in the 13th century, shortly after it had been devastated by Mongol marauders, he helped re-establish the Jewish community here and we heard from letters he wrote on the subject. It is probably the oldest synagogue in continuous use in Jerusalem.
The other contender for that crown is the Synagogue of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai, located in the complex known as the ‘Four Sephardi Synagogues’. Originally all separate structures, they were united into one in the mid 19th century, when an Egyptian invasion relaxed many of the restrictions imposed by the Ottomans on Jewish building. Also in the complex are the Central, Istanbul and Elijah the Prophet synagogues. From 1948-67, when the Jewish Quarter was under Jordanian control, these buildings were used as storehouses, warehouses, and fell into disrepair. They have now been restored and are impressive structures; they remain in regular use by the local and visiting Sephardi communities as their main hub in Jerusalem.
We continued to the ruins of the Tiferet Yisrael synagogue, which is currently being restored. As one of the tallest buildings in the Jewish Quarter, it is quickly blown up by the Jordanian army as they advanced in 1948, to prevent any potential height advantage for Israeli fighters. It should be open in a few years for visitors to marvel at its renewed glory.
Opposite Tiferet Yisrael was the small Karaite Centre of Jerusalem. We descended underground to visit their synagogue which they believe has been at that site since the 9th century. The Karaites are an interesting group of Jews who follow only the Bible and not the following commentaries or exegesis in the Oral Law. They are now few in number and the Jerusalem synagogue only functions as a place for prayer on special request; the majority of the community is currently based in Ramla (avid blog followers will recall that we paid them a visit a few months ago).
Our final synagogue visit was also to the most magnificent of those in the Jewish Quarter, the ‘Hurva’. Originally built by Ashkenazi Jews arriving from Europe in the 1700s, it was destroyed when they could not pay the large loans taken to fund the construction; in fact this led to the formal expulsion of all Ashkenazi Jews from Jerusalem (although several found ingenious ways of sticking around). Rebuilt around 100 years later, it was again destroyed in 1948, this time by the Jordanians who as with Tiferet Yisrael decided to destroy the large buildings in the area. It was eventually rebuilt and restored at great expense, reopening just a few years ago in 2007. Its interior is quite stunning as are the views possible from the dome’s exterior balcony.
After some respite for refreshments we paid a quick visit to the site of Jerusalem’s first hospital (you can’t enter it anymore but we saw the building) and then popped into the very interesting Old Yishuv Courtyard museum. This small but carefully maintained museum tells the story of the life of the inhabitants of the Jewish Quarter under Ottoman and British rule with artefacts from their lives and rooms mocked up in traditional styles.
After a brief stop at a stunning viewpoint over the Temple Mount and the Western Wall, we concluded the day at the memorial for those who fell in the battle for the Jewish Quarter in the 1948 War of Independence. As the area was at the time under siege, it was impossible to bury the dead in the tradition location of the Mount of Olives cemetery; therefore special dispensation was given to bury them in a mass grave, which is now the memorial. After Israel took back the area in 1967, they moved the bones to the Mount of Olives. We heard here about the heroic struggle to survive and hold the Jewish Quarter in the war, which ultimately failed in the face of superior numbers and experience on the part of the Jordanian army. Although a huge dent in morale, the loss of this area made the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967 that much more euphoric.
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This article was originally published in Spanish in Avispa Midia, Aristegui Noticias, and Pie de Página, in alliance with CONNECTAS. The English language translation is co-published with Avispa Midia.
The Canadian-owned company Minera Cuzcatlán is the sixth-largest silver producer in Mexico. In 2018, a waste spill at one of the company’s mines impacted a stream in Oaxaca State.
The event sparked an intense controversy, documented by the media, over whether or not the mining waste had contaminated communities’ soil and water.
This journalistic investigation uncovers the original reports, which indicate the presence of toxic materials at levels that in some cases exceed Mexican standards by up to 1845 percent.
It also shows how Mexican authorities and the company kept these documents under wraps these documents in order to let Fortuna off the hook for the effects of its contamination in this region of southern Mexico.
Aquino Pedro Máximo vividly recalls the early morning of October 8, 2018, when a torrential downpour broke loose. Aquino is an Indigenous Zapotec farmer from the community of Magdalena Ocotlán, Oaxaca, in southern Mexico. On the night of October 7, he heard a deafening noise over the tin roofs of the homes in his village. Early in the morning, as was his custom, he grabbed his machete and set out to begin the day’s work on his crops, along with the other farmers. They were taken by surprise when they saw that the El Coyote stream was stained with a grayish material.
“It looked like cement,” Aquino recalls.
More than four kilometers of the stream had been covered with this gray mud. The water, which the campesinos use for agricultural and livestock purposes, was completely grayish, as was the vegetation and soil surrounding the stream. In the municipality of Magdalena Ocotlán, where Aquino lives, the muddy mass had spread around the area known as “La Ciénega,” home to the community’s drinking water well in addition to a water dam used for grazing animals. The nearby Zapotec communities of San Pedro Apóstol, San Felipe Apóstol, San Matías Chilazoa, and Tejas de Morelos were also affected.
Minera Cuzcatlán, a subsidiary of Canada's Fortuna Silver Mines, is the sixth largest silver producer in Mexico. The company also produces gold to a lesser extent. As of 2020, the federal government had granted Cuzcatlán five permits for mining exploitation in the region. On the land covered by these permits, the company had drilled more than 300 kilometers (186 miles) of tunnels. Cuzcatlán holds an additional 26 mining permits that form a gold and silver mining corridor covering an area of 64,000 hectares (around 158,150 acres).
The mud that contaminated the El Coyote stream was a mixture of rainwater and waste from the mining process, better known as tailings. At the company’s facilities, dry tailings can be observed from a distance because they form an enormous gray mound, made up of a fine powder that looks like cement. The mining waste is also concentrated in liquid form in a large dam. Fortuna claims that these tailings do not pose any danger to the environment or to the health of nearby populations, even though they are the result of a process in which a range of toxic chemicals are used.
According to Fortuna, on October 8 heavy rainfall exceeded the capacity of the pool that captures rainwater and runoff from the tailings deposit, and which is around the size of three Olympic swimming pools. From this pool the dry waste is then pumped to a larger liquid tailings dam. In Mexican authorities’ case file on the incident, to which this investigative team had access, the company explained that “the pool’s two pumping systems were not sufficient to pump this water to the tailings dam, which caused the water to overflow.”
The spill sparked an intense controversy over whether the mining waste had contaminated the soil and water in surrounding communities. On the one hand, from the outset the company publicly alleged that its tailings are non-toxic and therefore there was no contamination. On the other hand, the communities denounced serious negative impacts to their territory.
Mexican authorities’ first official reports on the spill stated that Minera Cuzcatlán “dumped contaminants” into the El Coyote stream, “causing environmental damage.” The first analyses by an internationally respected British laboratory also identified contamination of the soil affected by the spill. However, Mexico’s National Water Commission (Conagua), the Federal Attorney's Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa), and Fortuna Silver Mines sealed these early reports indicating contamination. The effect was to deny that the El Coyote stream had been contaminated and to absolve the company of all responsibility.
The Water was Contaminated
Luz María Méndez Rodríguez is a mother from Magdalena Ocotlán, the community most affected by the spill. She is also the community’s Alderwoman of Finances. María narrates the days following the 2018 disaster. “Some of our animals began to die,” she says. “Children and older people began to have stomachaches, diarrhea, skin allergies. We were told there was an outbreak of Hepatitis. We had never experienced a situation like this before.”
Magdalena Ocotlán's Ecology Alderman, Oliva Odelia Aquino Sánchez, explains that because the gray mud reached the vicinity of the community’s drinking water well, residents decided to stop using this water. This situation, however, was not sustainable for long. “Everyone got worried and then we started to buy (bottled) water; many only held out for a few weeks. Then they went back to drinking that contaminated water, because it’s tough, there’s barely enough money to eat.”
In Mexico, a 20-liter container of water costs around one dollar. That residents are unable to spend more than that each week is largely because farmers do not receive a fixed salary; rather, each subsists on his or her own harvest. According to 2015 data from Mexico’s National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (Coneval), 73 percent of the population of Magdalena Ocotlán lives in poverty. Almost a quarter of the population lives in extreme poverty, according to information published by the Ministry of Welfare in 2021.
José Pablo Antonio, a lawyer advising the communities, says that according to international legal frameworks, until the situation is resolved authorities are required to issue preventive measures and provide communities with information. “They should have suspended the population’s use of water and guaranteed its supply from other sources until the situation was completely resolved. But that’s not what happened here,” he says.
Two days after the spill, while the communities were living in uncertainty, environmental authorities carried out an inspection of the affected areas. The National Water Commission (Conagua) was responsible for analyzing the water; the Federal Attorney’s Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa) was responsible for testing the soil. In each case, the authorities opened a dossier on the spill.
Water commission official and state laboratory personnel arrived to test the water. They confirmed that the spill came from the “pool that collects rainwater that washes away the soil and sediments from the dry tailings, and which are deposited and stored on higher-level terrain....The conduction of this runoff to the basin is done by means of a channel,” the officials detailed in their report.
While the Conagua technicians were working, it rained again, and they witnessed a new spill. According to the officials, the conduction channel was not able to withstand the added amount of rainwater mixed with mining waste. As a result, the edge of the channel broke: “This water, with the soil runoff and sediments from dry tailings, is observed to be grayish in color, flowing towards a road that leads to the El Coyote stream, where this runoff arrives and mixes with national waters,” the Water Commission report reads.
In the end, when there was a small lull in the storm, state laboratory personnel took samples “precisely at the site of the channel that collects soil runoff and dry tailings sediments.” During the same visit they took samples from the El Coyote stream.
The results of these samples were analyzed by two National Water Commission laboratories: the same South-Pacific Regional Laboratory that collected them, along with the National Reference Laboratory for Water Quality Management.
Heavy metals were identified. Their presence exceeded the levels permitted by Mexico’s national environmental agency. The presence of metals also meant that the water failed to meet the country’s quality criteria for agricultural irrigation and livestock uses. In the El Coyote stream, iron exceeded the permissible limits by up to 1845.8 percent, aluminum by 955.12 percent, silver by 591.2 percent, nickel by 173.915 percent, and lead by 167 percent.
In document number BOO.810.02.2455/2018, Water Commission officials state: “The rainwater that washes away the soil and dry tailings sediments does not comply with the maximum permissible limits established in Mexican official standard NOM-001-Semarnat-1996. It also exceeded the maximum levels established in the [Ecological Water Quality Criteria] published in the Official Journal of the Federation on December 13, 1989, which establish parameters for pH, Total Suspended Solids, and Chemical Oxygen Demand for bodies of water used for agricultural irrigation and livestock purposes. As regards heavy metals, they exceeded the maximum permissible limits for Aluminum, Iron, and Lead, contaminating the El Coyote stream.”
Conagua also claimed that there was “environmental damage” and warned that the affected water should not be used for agriculture and livestock. “As these contaminants exist in the Stream, the runoff from national waters that flow through the streambed cannot be used for these purposes,” the document reads.
However, authorities’ initial conclusions about the contamination of the stream changed over time, in response to new studies conducted by consultants and laboratories paid for by the Cuzcatlán mining company, subsidiary of Fortuna Silver Mines.
One turning point occured on November 27, 2018, when Conagua notified Cuzcatlán that it had opened a case file on the spill. The case file contained test results from the first water samples collected by government lab technicians. In a written statement, Conagua said that according to its studies the spill had contaminated the El Coyote Stream. As a result, the water authority ordered the company to carry out three urgent measures. The company complied with two of the measures, which required improvements to its facilities.
In an interview with our investigative team, Cristina Rodríguez, deputy director of sustainability at the Cuzcatlán Mining Company, said the company had “doubled the size of the water collection pool at our dry tailings deposit, from 7,000 to 14,000 m3, and quintupled pumping capacity to prevent runoff during the rainy season. We also built an emergency collection pool with a total capacity of 23,000 m3.”
The third measure ordered the company to evaluate the health and environmental risks of its tailings and to present a remediation plan to address these risks. Conagua gave the mining company an opportunity to conduct a new analysis of the affected area, thus paving the way for Fortuna to present new data on water quality and contamination.
The company presented its Program of Activities for the Remediation of the El Coyote Stream. The first action item was to collect new water samples to “determine the impact (...) and, if necessary, formulate the corresponding remediation program.” The National Water Commission accepted the company’s proposal.
Seventy days after the spill, a laboratory contracted by the company (Laboratorio Ingeniería de Control Ambiental y Saneamiento, S.A., de C.V.) took new water samples, which were analyzed by consultants of Cuzcatlán’s choosing (Nova Consultores Ambientales).
The new water samples were taken in a scenario that differed starkly from the October 8 spill. For example, there was no sampling in the rainwater and tailings runoff pool where the spill started, since the rainy season had already ended, and the pool no longer contained any water. Instead, technicians took samples from the El Coyote stream. Their studies concluded that the concentrations of heavy metals fell within permissible limits. In sum, the stream had not been affected. “There was no evidence of contamination of a body of water into which national waters flow,” the company said.
Based on this conclusion, Conagua fined the Cuzcatlán mining company $42,000 for failing to prevent the spill. “It is derisory,” said lawyer Claudia Gómez Godoy, a specialist in Indigenous issues and extractive industries. “These companies earn millions of dollars in a day; they can recover [that amount] in hours.”
The general director of Conagua’s South-Pacific Watershed Agency, Miguel Ángel Martínez Cordero, admits that the agency’s initial analysis found “contaminating elements that should not be there.” As a result, the mining company was allowed to do “what corresponds to its rights. Whatever is in their best interest.” When Cuzcatlán was granted the “right to reply, to defend themselves,” the company “sent us a series of documents,” says Martínez Cordero.
Subsequently, “we entered the remediation phase,” which is to say, “we had to know if there was something to remediate.” For this reason, Cuzcatlán “had to take new [water] samples.” According to Martínez Cordero’s version of the story, the sampling carried out 70 days after the spill “was within the administrative procedure, based on what the law says.” The contamination was no longer there because “the water flowed on and on and on.” He admits that the contamination did not disappear; rather, the contaminants merely migrated to an undefined “elsewhere."
For Omar Arellano Aguilar, a researcher at the Faculty of Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), specialist in eco-toxicology and member of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, timing is crucial for water sampling. Water samples must be taken as soon as possible after a contaminating event. This is because as rivers and streams flow, the metals they contain also move. These tend to accumulate in the soil surrounding the water. This means that while contaminants will be found in the water right after a spill, over time they will become trapped in the soil. For this reason, it is necessary to take several samples, not only of the affected water but also of the soil over an extended period of time.
According to biologist Martha Patricia Mora Flores, a research professor at the National Polytechnic Institute, the National Water Commission’s first studies provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the area had been impacted. Therefore, authorities should have implemented an urgent remediation plan for both the stream and the affected communities, as well as plan for monitoring the evolution of the contamination.
“Undoubtedly, the most reliable studies were Conagua’s,” she said. “What they did was to disqualify the analyses of a fundamental authority charged with protecting our water. If Conagua’s initial findings had been followed, the company wouldn’t have gotten off so easily, because they would have had to justify many things that they no longer had to justify with the new study.”
A Transcription Error?
Two days after the spill, technicians from the Federal Attorney's Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa) carried out an “ordinary inspection visit” to the Cuzcatlán Mining Company’s facilities. Their aim was “to verify, physically and through documents (...) that the company is complying with its environmental obligations.” In their inspection report they noted that the runoff pool has a gate that leads into the El Coyote stream. They also observed that “on the surface of the gate there is wet soil impregnated with gray mining tailings, which are also observed on the natural soil and weeds bordering the stream bed.”
No soil samples were taken during the inspection. In Profepa's opinion, the Cuzcatlán Mining Company was responsible for carrying out the corresponding studies. The company thus turned to the Intertek-ABC Analytic laboratory. Ten days after the spill, on October 18 and 19, technicians from this lab took 12 soil samples along the El Coyote stream.
The results identified thallium contamination in the soil at two different locations along the stream. One of these sites was in the vicinity of the community’s drinking water well. Based on the results of Intertek’s studies, Profepa issued a technical opinion confirming the existence of thallium contamination in the area.
In one of the plots of the land where the stream passes, thallium levels exceeded nationally permitted levels by 350 percent. Meanwhile, in the sampling site labeled as the “drinking water well,” thallium levels exceeded limits by 300 percent. Profepa wrote: “We conclude that there is soil contamination with the heavy metal Thallium at the sites named Parcel 1498 (Thallium 0.09 mg-L) and Drinking Water Well (Thallium 0.08 mg-L).”
The Cuzcatlán Mining Company tried to argue that it was not responsible for the presence of heavy metals in the soil. Not only did Cuzcatlán present various documents and reports to Profepa. The company also hired three different environmental consulting agencies to analyze the lab results documenting thallium contamination. Each analysis either disregarded the presence of this metal or argued that it did not represent a risk to the environment or to the health of the surrounding communities.
One of the consulting firms, Nova Consultores Ambientales, argued that since thallium concentrations in the Intertek samples exceeded permissible limits, a new sample collection was necessary. This was conducted by Grupo Microanálisis, which delivered the samples to Cuzcatlán. When Cuzcatlán brought the samples to Intertek for analyis, the lab’s technicians warned that the samples had not been properly preserved. However, the mining company authorized the study to be carried out anyway. In the case file on the spill, there is no document indicating that authorities questioned Cuzcatlán about the improperly preserved samples.
Whatever the case, the results from these samples no longer showed the presence of thallium. However, new metals appeared: barium and vanadium, which exceeded national standards by 50 percent and 72.9 percent, respectively. Nova justified that these could be due to “a local phenomenon and not due to the spill.”
In the end, Profepa disregarded all of the consultants’ analyses. This is because the Cuzcatlán Mining Company asked the Intertek laboratory to verify its initial results indicating thallium contamination. Intertek complied and concluded that it had committed an error in the data demonstrating thallium concentrations above national norms. The lab thus presented a new table in which the quantity by which the heavy metal exceeded permissible limits was replaced by the symbol “ND,” indicating that no thallium was present.
As stipulated in the case file reviewed by this reporting team, Profepa’s final report concludes that “due to an error (…) in the transcription of the results,” it was determined that the presence of heavy metals did not exceed permissible limits. “Therefore, it is concluded that there is no soil contamination and, consequently, no remediation is required.”
When our investigative team sought out Intertek's version of what happened, employee Diana Vásquez responded. The laboratory “has no press area as such,” she explained. “It’s a bit complicated if you don’t have a specific contact.” In the end our call was redirected to the company’s automated messaging system. We made another attempt to contact Intertek but were only able to reach the company’s voicemail.
According to the Cuzcatlán Mining Company’s deputy director of Sustainability, Cristina Rodríguez—as verified by the reports issued by Profepa and Conagua—“the runoff from our collection pool that occurred in October 2018 did not cause environmental damage, mainly because the Cuzcatlán Mining Company’s tailings are not classified as hazardous or toxic. However, the company maintains its commitment to environmental care and to a good relationship with the communities affected by the incident. In this way, the Cuzcatlán Mining Company has promoted agricultural and livestock development programs in the area, as well as reforestation, and frequent monitoring of water quality and the integrity of our facilities.”
The Polytechnic biologist, Martha Patricia Mora Flores, has doubts about Intertek's transcription error. “It is hard to believe a laboratory provider that’s a leader in total quality assurance for industries around the world would make such mistakes. The authorities should have reviewed the documents very carefully, especially because there were clear contradictions in the case.” Mora Flores explains that the only way to get clear answers would be to request “the raw lab results. To ask an independent expert to review and analyze the raw results, to prove that there was a typo."
We can’t believe “the company, just like that,” adds Claudia Gómez Godoy, the attorney. Rather, their word “must be guaranteed by means of tests, by means of new verifications.” Gómez Godoy emphasizes that Profepa is “the authority responsible for this and for taking care of environmental quality.” However, the case file shows the extent to which Profepa’s internal decisions were based fundamentally on “the documentary evidence provided by the legal representative of the Cuzcatlán Mining Company.”
The company submitted its documents to Profepa; the agency’s Legal Subdelegation received them and requested a technical opinion from its Subdelegation of Environmental Auditing and Industrial Inspection. This technical opinion was formulated on the basis of the documents and studies paid for by the company. It was then returned to the Legal area. This is how decisions were made, with technical opinions based solely on evidence presented by Cuzcatlán.
“No company is going to assume that it contaminated,” says Gómez Godoy. “These practices lend themselves to corruption.” According to the eco-toxicology researcher, Arellano Aguilar, the state has neglected its duty to carry out effective environmental oversight and enforcement. “The burden of proof falls on the companies, which have laboratories at their command,” he says. “There’s a conflict of interest; unfortunately, regulatory mechanisms have been designed just for that—so that there’s impunity.”
This investigative team requested an interview with the department of social communication at the Federal Attorney's Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa). Rubén Jiménez was in contact with us; however, we were never able to schedule an interview, and the agency had not replied to us by the time of the publication of this article.
The Eternal Suspense of Local Residents
The affected communities were never aware of the role the environmental authorities played in dealing with the October 8 spill, which negatively impacted their health as well as their access to potable water. “At no time did Profepa, as a public agency of the federal government, approach the communities to provide them with information,” says José Pablo Antonio, the lawyer advising the communities.
Aquino Pedro Máximo, the Zapotec farmer from Magdalena Ocotlán, insists that they were never informed of the presence of heavy metals in their water or soil. “We don't have money to pay for our own studies,” he says. “We don't trust the authorities either, because from the way they behave it seems as if they work for the [mining] company. They’re most concerned with ensuring the company can keep operating and they don’t care if we suffer.”
According to Gómez Godoy, the attorney and expert on extractive industries, a lack of information is characteristic of the violation of fundamental rights. “If people from the communities don’t have information about water quality then several of their rights are being violated. First, the right to information, but also the human right to water, to health. Information is fundamental to guaranteeing the other rights.” Gómez Godoy also points out that it’s necessary for Mexico’s environmental agencies, including “Semarnat, Profepa and Conagua, to adapt to the new reality of international human rights conventions, which are on an equal ranking with the Mexican constitution [since 1992].”
Federal environmental agencies also never warned local health authorities about the presence or possible impacts of the metals identified in the vicinity of the El Coyote stream.
Eiser Ariel Vázquez Salazar is the coordinator of the Medical Unit at the Mexican Social Security Institute in the community of Magdalena Ocotlán, where he has worked for six years. “These institutions charged with protecting the environment have never officially provided us with a protocol so that we know what measures to follow,” he says.
Efrén Sánchez Aquino, a municipal trustee of Magdalena Ocotlán who took office in 2020, is worried because many people got sick. “I had diarrhea and stomach pains for several days,” he says. “Today as an authority my concern is even greater because we have to watch over our community.”
The social security doctor, Vázquez Salazar, confirms that in recent years—and especially after the spill—he has noticed an increase in intestinal diseases, liver-related problems, oral diseases, and allergies, mainly of the skin.
This reporting team requested information from the Health Department in Magdalena Ocotlán about the types of diseases and number of cases registered in the municipality in the last five years. The municipal health authority stated that they have no such records. Instead, he directed the team to the municipality’s rural health unit—the same office coordinated by Vázquez Salazar. In an interview, Vázquez Salazar said that his health unit does not keep any systematized records of diseases in the municipality.
This investigative team also filed a request for information regarding diseases in Magdalena Ocotlán with the federal government’s Secretary of Health. The request turned up no records. When a request for information was filed with the Institute of Health for Welfare (Instituto de Salud para el Bienestar), the federal agency replied that the request was outside its scope of authority. Staff directed our inquiry to the Secretary of Health of the state of Oaxaca, which did not respond to the request nor pay attention to the complaints filed.
“We haven’t been able to get an assessment or study indicating the real impacts of the spill on our community’s health,” says Vásquez Salazar, the coordinator of the medical unit in Magdalena Ocotlán. He does not rule out a correlation between the increase in diseases in the community and the spill, as well as Cuzcatlán’s mining activity more broadly. “We found that substances from the mining process reached the community’s main water supply. This is a fundamental fact that we cannot disregard,” he concludes.
Meanwhile, the general director of Conagua's South-Pacific Watershed Agency, Miguel Angel Martinez Cordero, claims that they never informed affected communities about environmental and health risks because the responsibility to do so lies with the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (Semarnat).
This reporting team requested an interview with the president of Semarnat’s Coordinating Unit for Social Participation and Transparency, Daniel Quezada Daniel. Daniel is also responsible for following up on the conflicts between communities and the Cuzcatlán Mining Company. However, Daniel never followed up on our request.
History Repeats Itself
Affected communities still do not know the true outcome of the 2018 spill. Yet environmental authorities have already closed the case file, as if they expected community members to simply forget about the negative impacts of mining on their soil and water. This has not been possible. As recently as July 13, 2020, residents of Magdalena Ocotlán detected a new case of contamination.
When the shepherds of the community brought their cattle to drink water from a storm water collector—located less than 300 meters from the mining company’s facilities, on the banks of the Santa Rosa stream—they noticed that the water had a reddish color with a white streak.
The shepherds notified their town authorities, who filed an official complaint with the Federal Attorney’s Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa). The Cuzcatlán Mining Company immediately stated that there had been no spill and disclaimed any responsibility.
The environmental authorities again conducted water and sediment studies. Two months later, Ernesto Faustino González Vázquez, head of the National Water Commission’s environmental impact project in Magdalena Ocotlán, came to the community to physically deliver a summary of the results. This investigative team was present at the site.
Magdalena Ocotlán’s Alderman of Public Works, Francisco Rosario Valencia, asked González Vázquez whether or not there were heavy metals in the community’s water supply. The official replied: “We put those that exceed the limits in bold (...) there are no heavy metals, aluminum is the one that’s above [the limit].”
When the official was asked if he knew about the health impacts of high aluminum concentrations, he replied: “I’m not a doctor, I just know that it’s over [the limit].”
The technical report, to which this investigative team had access, showed the presence of aluminum up to 25,900 percent over the Ecological Water Quality Criteria for the protection of aquatic life in fresh water. Iron exceeded the same criteria by 900 percent and Ammoniacal Nitrogen by 413.33 percent. Meanwhile, the percentage of dissolved oxygen was found to be below the ideal range, “indicating a lack of oxygen that limits the use [of this water] for the protection of aquatic life.”
The official documented presented by the National Water Commission exempts the Cuzcatlán Mining Company of all responsibility for water contamination, based solely on an on-site inspection of its facilities: “With the data obtained during the inspection visit and the water samples from six sites (in the water collector), it is not possible to establish that the agent causing the probable contamination is Minera Cuzcatlán,” the report reads.
By the date of this article’s publication Profepa had not made the results of the sediment studies public. The case file for the July 2020 incident remains open. Yet history is repeating itself. As environmental authorities and the mining company make decisions about this latest episode of contamination, community members are once again being kept in the dark, deprived of crucial information regarding their own health and territory.
This investigation was conducted for Avispa Midia, Aristegui Noticias, Pie de Página and CONNECTAS with the support of the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), in the framework of the Investigative Journalism Initiative of the Americas.
Research: Renata Bessi and Santiago Navarro F.
Design and Programming: Pablo Angel Osorio.
Photo and Video: Santiago Navarro F.
Translation by Samantha Demby.
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You can think of cash basis accounting similarly to your checkbook register – at the end of the month, you balance everything to see how much cash you have in the bank. Many companies can choose which method they want to use depending on the needs of their business. The real difference between the two is the timing of when your company accounts for its expenses and revenue earned.
By requiring businesses to book revenue when earned and expenses when incurred, GAAP aims to prevent companies from misrepresenting their business activity by manipulating the timing of cash flows. Under cash accounting, a business could avoid recording a loss for, say, the month of June simply by holding off on paying its bills until July 1. If September looks like it’s going to be a weak month for sales, a company could prop up the numbers by delaying the billing of some customers so that their payment doesn’t arrive until after Sept. 1. With accrual accounting, a company hoping to manipulate its numbers like this would have to lie about the timing of revenue and expenses — in other words, to commit fraud. If you plan to seek outside financing for your business at some point, then the accrual accounting method is most likely your best bet.
Accrued liabilities recognize any unrecorded expenses incurred but not billed. Both accrued expenses and accounts payable are current liabilities, meaning they are short-term debts to be paid within a year. AccountDebitCreditCash AccountXAccrued Liability AccountXWhen the original entry is reversed (showing you paid the expense), it’s removed from the balance sheet.
Establishing how you want to measure your small business’s expenses and income is important for financial reporting and tax purposes. However, your business must choose one method for income and expense measurement under tax law and under U.S. accounting principles.
This example displays how the appearance of income stream and cash flow can be affected by the accounting process that is used. The cash method is also beneficial in https://accountingcoaching.online/blog/accounting-for-bonds-payable/ terms of tracking how much cash the business actually has at any given time; you can look at your bank balance and understand the exact resources at your disposal.
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The Chinese crocodile lizard is gray-brown with a yellow-tan underside and red-orange markings along its throat and sides, which gradually transition to alternating light and dark bands that extend to the tip of its tail. Hatchlings are deep brown with a lighter, tan head. Two rigid rows of scales extend down this lizard's tail, giving it a crocodilian look.
These reptiles are sexually dimorphic, meaning males and females look different. Males are typically larger and more colorful, with color vibrancy intensifying during the breeding season.
Chinese crocodile lizards are more likely to choose flight over fight. If it is possible to escape, they will jump into the water and use their powerful tail to propel themselves away from a threat. They are able to remain underwater for extended periods of time by regulating their respiratory rate.
However, if caught, they will go into a fit of violent struggle, defecating, hissing and biting to free themselves from a predator's grip.
Crocodile lizards are native to southern China and Vietnam, where they live in subtropical forests near freshwater ponds and slow-moving streams. They prefer to inhabit areas with dense vegetation, which offers sufficient shelter and protection while resting.
Chinese crocodile lizards occur in elevations of 200 to 1,500 meters (650 to 4,900 feet) in China, and 400 to 800 meters (1,300 to 2,600 feet) in Vietnam. They seek out the shelter of rock crevices and tree holes between the months of November and March, when water temperatures dip below 60 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5 degrees Celsius).
Local extirpation of this species has occurred throughout its range, and populations are severely fragmented in China, with distances of over 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) separating localities.
This lizard's ability to dive into the water and remain submerged for extended periods of time is useful for escaping predators but also aids in hunting. It primarily eats invertebrates, including snails, tadpoles, insects, worms and larvae. At the Smithsonian's National Zoo, these reptiles are fed crickets, worms and snails.
These lizards reach sexual maturity at about age 3. During the breeding season, which occurs in July and August, the male's color increases in vibrancy. Females give birth to between two and 12 young after a nine month gestation period.
Chinese crocodile lizards are viviparous, giving birth to live young, and the newborn lizards are precocial, meaning they are born in an advanced state and can feed themselves almost immediately after birth. The parents do not care for the young.
The Chinese crocodile lizard is diurnal, meaning it is most active during the day. It frequently enters into a metabolic pause, where it remains motionless and unresponsive to stimuli for several hours at a time. This may be to conserve its caloric energy, especially when temperatures drop.
Due to this unique behavior, this reptile is sometimes referred to as the "lizard of great sleepiness" by indigenous people, which has led to the belief that Chinese crocodile lizards have the ability to cure insomnia.Between November and March, water temperatures dip below 15.5 degrees Celsius (60 degrees Fahrenheit). To withstand these colder months of the year, these lizards go through brumation, a hibernation-like state which allows them to withstand extreme temperatures. During brumation, this otherwise solitary species may congregate together in rock crevices and tree holes.
As of a 2014 analysis, Chinese crocodile lizards are listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List. They are also protected under CITES Appendix II and managed under a Species Survival Plan in North America.
They are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation due to logging, mining, damming and land encroachment driven by tourism. A decrease in forest cover results in fewer perch sites and the degradation of streams, which this species relies on. Tourism-driven encroachment is of particular issue in Vietnam, where an increase in roads and land use for agriculture has resulted in pollution throughout this species' range. Though some protected areas exist, extreme habitat degradation is still present outside of these regions.
This lizard's numbers have significantly declined due to harvesting and hunting for the pet and animal products trades. They are popular because of their vivid coloration and likeness to crocodiles. A CITES analysis showed that few Chinese crocodile lizards found in the pet trade were bred in captivity. Higher prices for wild-caught animals and for rare species, like the Chinese crocodile lizard, further incentivizes traders to seek wild populations.
Additionally, because of the belief that these lizards can cure insomnia, they are collected for use in traditional medicines. The over-extraction of wild-caught individuals is especially alarming, because there are only two subpopulations left, both of which are already under pressure.
At least half of the known populations of Chinese crocodile lizards occur outside of protected areas, and better protection of habitats is necessary for the long-term survival of this species. Additionally, further protection is needed from illegal harvesting inside of protected areas.
In 1996, the Association for Zoos & Aquariums formed the Lizard Advisory Group to help manage North American collections of rare and endangered lizards, encourage the formulation of breeding programs and create an international network for exchanging knowledge on lizards.
This group made the conservation of the Chinese crocodile lizards its top priority. The Chinese crocodile lizard is now under human care in North American institutions and has successfully been bred. National legislation has been proposed in Vietnam to list these animals as a protected species.
- Practice ecotourism by being an advocate for the environment when you’re on vacation. During your travels, support, visit or volunteer with organizations that protect wildlife. Shop smart too! Avoid buying products made from animals, which could support poaching and the illegal wildlife trade.
- Choose your pets wisely, and do your research before bringing an animal home. Exotic animals don’t always make great pets. Many require special care and live for a long time. Tropical reptiles and small mammals are often traded internationally and may be victims of the illegal pet trade. Never release animals that have been kept as pets into the wild.
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Providing programs that successfully put together college students immediately for collaborative work with generative AI sooner or later is a problem that few instructors have mastered effectively. A number of key classes have emerged from the Neeley College of Enterprise, Texas Christian College school rooms, the place I educate, that may be useful to successfully harness the generative AI instruments in different academic contexts.
1. Steady Adaptation
The ever-evolving nature of Generative AI know-how compels educators to perpetually adapt their instructing supplies. New AI platforms are created every day (There Is an AI For That) and present AI platforms are refined typically week to week, turning into extra succesful, however requiring instructors to replace their AI-related curricula to align with the brand new capabilities.
Notably, the Massive Language Mannequin (LLM) frameworks are often up to date to enhance their efficacy, e.g., the current introduction of Customized Directions in ChatGPT. These updates name for a corresponding revision in instructing supplies offered to college students. Sending common generative AI e-mail briefs to school serious about adopting the know-how may assist instructors keep present with the AI platform modifications.
2. Efficient Prompting
Investing time and thought into creating prompts is instrumental in eliciting significant interactions with Generative AI methods. High quality prompts are the product of iterative refinement, considerably affecting the standard of the AI-generated output. This so-called ‘immediate engineering’ serves as a crucial middleman that connects ambiguous inquiries to insightful, nuanced solutions.
For instance, assignments involving generative AI have to be totally examined past easy copying and pasting of the undertaking’s content material into AI platforms. Educators ought to present a complete context within the prompts, which can considerably enhance the generated responses’ relevance and accuracy.
A novel tactic entails permitting platforms like ChatGPT to question the person moderately than relying solely on preset prompts. This interactive mode permits a extra customized retrieval of data, additional aiding in job accomplishment.
3. Experimentation And Important Pondering
Experimentation serves because the bedrock for efficiently incorporating Generative AI into academic frameworks. It affords a conduit to know, be taught, and regulate to the quickly evolving capabilities of this know-how, facilitating its optimized use for college kids and educators alike.
The important thing lesson when experimenting is the significance of warning in the course of the interpretation of AI-generated content material. Educators ought to domesticate a mindset of crucial pondering amongst college students, enabling them to judge and presumably enhance upon AI-generated options.
College students typically have a tendency to simply accept AI suggestions at face worth, which could be detrimental to their studying. Requiring college students to generate solutions earlier than they work together with a generative AI software may be key to overcoming this impediment.
4. Efficient Generative AI Platforms
When contrasting totally different variations of platforms like ChatGPT, it’s evident that not all fashions are created equal. GPT-4, for instance, is remarkably superior in its efficiency in comparison with its predecessor, GPT-3.5. Rising opponents like Claude 2 from Anthropic are additionally noteworthy, suggesting a future shift in direction of subscription fashions for having access to extra superior variations.
When college develop class actions utilizing GPT-4 and college students use GPT -3.5, there may be surprisingly totally different outcomes generated at school, as a result of low efficacy of the free LLMs out there to college students. Requiring college students to buy a subscription to GPT-4 in the course of the course or the undertaking as part of their course supplies may be a option to alleviate this impediment.
5. Privateness Non-Considerations
The vast majority of college students look like largely unconcerned about privateness implications when interacting with LMs like ChatGPT. This laissez-faire perspective happens even with express dialogue about how their knowledge can be utilized or misused.
Opposite to the current findings of the Pew Analysis research, which discovered that 81% of U.S. adults are involved about how firms use the info they gather about them, faculty college students aren’t involved about privateness when utilizing generative AI.
Within the academic context, the place the first focus is commonly on fast data retrieval or job completion, the urgency of educational calls for continuously supersedes issues for knowledge privateness. Moreover, the perceived anonymity of interacting with a machine creates a false sense of safety, making college students much less vigilant in regards to the data they enter into the AI platforms.
6. Past Textual content Era
The utility of Generative AI within the classroom extends effectively past textual content manufacturing. The know-how can incorporate visible and voice knowledge, music, video, code, and extra, relying on the mannequin and its coaching knowledge, to offer a extra complete academic software.
For instance, Within the present panorama, virtually anybody can grow to be a developer. Platforms like ChatGPT or Clappia have considerably simplified the creation of interactive functions, making know-how extra accessible and inspiring a various vary of people to take part in technological innovation and problem-solving.
7. Defining Boundaries
A key to eliminating educational dishonesty discussions associated to generative AI is setting boundaries in a course on its applicable use inside every project, moderately than simply inside a syllabus. Primarily based on project targets, the boundaries could vary from no generative AI use in any respect, the place for instance, an opinion is required, to a full embrace of the know-how to assist college students take their studying to a brand new degree. An instance of that may be constructing on prior information and elevating studying, simply in time, to develop an answer to a posh drawback.
The project boundaries delineate what’s permissible and what’s not, thus guaranteeing the coed’s focus stays on academic objectives whereas nonetheless leveraging some great benefits of the brand new know-how. Educators ought to draft generative AI guidelines that foremost prioritize course targets whereas permitting college students to benefit from the brand new know-how, the place potential.
8. Rethinking Evaluation
Conventional strategies of evaluation, corresponding to written take-home essays or studies, synthesizing data, have gotten more and more out of date as a result of difficulties in distinguishing AI-generated content material. The danger of false positives in educational dishonesty claims is simply too nice to doubtlessly smash a pupil’s educational profession and thus instructors ought to keep away from them.
This requires a shift in direction of managed testing environments, both paper-based, oral, or digital with reside, distant proctoring, corresponding to e.g., Respondus Lockdown Browser. Finally, constructing assessments that require using a generative AI software, maybe with a critique of the AI-generated answer, and a last pupil advice, may enrich college students’ crucial pondering and higher put together them for his or her profession after commencement. It’s within the testing of data that college students make the most important enhancements in greedy the fabric.
The wedding between Generative AI and academia is extra of a dynamic dance than a set path—the place each academics and college students are perpetually studying new steps. Contemplate the teachings we have gathered as new dance strikes, each bettering our instructional ballet.
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Showing 1-20 of 21 results
How Alive is My Soil?
This guide presents soil testing methods that can be performed in the field by farmers, gardeners, or anyone who desires to understand and appreciate soil from a different perspective. While these tests aren’t intended to be a replacement for sending soil to a lab, they can be considered complementary to annual or biannual lab analysis.
Forage Brassicas are annual crops that can grazed during the spring, summer and fall to extend the grazing season. This fact sheet provides an overview to establish and graze kale, rape, radish, swede and turnip.
Considerations and Recommendations When Establishing Custom Grazing Relationships
This guide and set of recommendations are intended for organic dairy farmers and other livestock graziers interested in starting a custom grazing relationship with a neighboring farmer or landowner. Successful custom grazing can provide or increase grazing acreage for those farmers who need it and can also provide opportunities for smaller, beginning, leased, and diversified […]
Integrated Fly Management for Pastured Cattle
In grazing systems, flies can not only be a nuisance for cattle but can also cause herd health problems like pink eye, and reduce milk production and weight gain. Matt Steiman, livestock manager at Dickinson College Farm worked with Dr. Jason Smith, entomologist and horticultural specialist at Milton Hershey School to develop this fact sheet […]
Cover Crops for Soil Health Workshop
All session recordings and slide presentations from this three-day professional development workshop are available online. Hosted by Northeast SARE and Delaware State University in March 2016, this event addressed the latest research on the benefits and successful management of cover crops in grain, vegetable and animal production systems.
Nutrient Management in Corn Production
The following Cornell University agronomy fact sheets were developed during a 2009 SARE grant to help farmers and educators better evaluate nutrient cycling in corn production, thereby equipping them with information to make improved whole-farm management decisions: Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test for Corn, fact sheet 36 Fine-Tuning Nitrogen Use on Corn, fact sheet 63 Adaptive […]
Scaling Up Pastured Livestock Production
This research report, authored by Pasa Sustainable Agriculture staff Franklin Egan and Brooks Miller of North Mountain Pastures, summarizes land and feed efficiency benchmarks for grass-finished beef, pastured pigs, and pastured broilers. It explores the implications of these benchmarks for scaling-up pastured livestock to become a dominant method of livestock farming in Pennsylvania.
Pastured Rabbit for Profit
Pastured Rabbit for Profit is a guide written by New York farmer Nichki Carangelo. It is a practical resource intended to guide farmers through the start-up phase of a pasture-based rabbitry. It includes a full enterprise budget along with housing plans, sample breeding schedules, feed guidelines and other rabbit husbandry basics. Chapters include: Why Rabbits? […]
Wilson Beef Farms
Wilson Beef Farms in Canaseraga, New York is a dedicated processing operation in upstate New York.
Sires for grass-fed beef production
Criteria for genetic selection, the importance of grass quality, breeds, benchmarks, and more.
Niche Poultry Enterprises in New England
Broiler enterprises have started making a comeback in the region in recent years, but they tend to look very different from the standard broiler operations you’d find in Maryland or Georgia.
Feeding cattle for quality beef
Feeding, weight gain, common nutritional limitations, and more.
Adapt-N Training Manual
Adapt-N is an online tool that helps precisely manage nitrogen (N) inputs for grain, silage, and sweet corn production. It can provide automatic daily updates of each field’s N status and recommendations, based on real-time weather influences, and can be used with any device with internet access.
Low-Input Lambing and Kidding
A 70-page handbook on reducing inputs and managing stress during lambing or kidding.
So you want to raise beef cattle
Options to consider, setting goals, and thinking ahead.
Soergel Family Farms
Soergel Family Farms is near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Beef sales are a recent addition to the farm's products.
Logan Family Farms
Logan Family Farms is in Irwin, Pennsylvania. Beef marketing is primarily through farmers markets.
Horn Farm and Restaurant
Horn and Farm Restaurant is a diversified organic operation in Bedford, Pennsylvania.
Highpoint Farm is a CSA in Trumansburg, New York.
Hedgeapple Farm sells grass-fed Black Angus beef in Buckeystown, Maryland.
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More than 1-in-10 Americans have diabetes, and 1-in-3 adults in the U.S. have metabolic syndrome. While these conditions are common and related to each other, they’re not always well understood. Let’s break it down to the basics.
As your body digests food, the carbohydrates you consume get converted into a type of fuel referred to as either blood glucose or blood sugar. Cells can only use this fuel when it’s brought inside them by a hormone called insulin. If there’s not enough insulin, or if the cells don’t respond to the insulin, the blood sugar builds up in the blood, damaging blood vessels. If blood sugar levels are high enough, this becomes diabetes.
Before someone develops Type 2 diabetes, they almost always go through a time when they have prediabetes.
This is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, and about 1-in-10 pregnancies are affected. It can be caused by pregnancy hormones making the mother’s body resistant to insulin or if the mother’s body isn’t able to make/use the insulin it needs.
Type 1 Diabetes
In this type of diabetes, the body doesn’t produce insulin. This type of diabetes can strike at any age, and unfortunately, there’s nothing proactive that can be done to prevent it.
Type 2 Diabetes
The most common form of diabetes, about 37 million people in the U.S. have this type, but 1-in-5 don’t realize it. Being undiagnosed or untreated puts someone at a greater risk of developing complications. Common indicators are:
- Increased hunger, thirst, fatigue, urination, or infections
- Very dry skin
- Tingling in hands or feet
If have any of these symptoms, or if you…
- Are overweight
- Are 45 years or older
- Have a sibling or parent with diabetes
- Are sedentary
- Have had gestational diabetes
…it’s a good idea to get screened for diabetes. Your primary care provider can do that with a simple blood test. Diabetes is dangerous because it increases a person’s risk of developing heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, vision problems, erectile dysfunction, nerve issues, and wounds that won’t heal.
Diabetes isn’t the only troublemaker characterized by high blood sugar levels. “Metabolic Syndrome” is a group of conditions that includes high blood sugar and other risky conditions. If these conditions aren’t addressed, the person that has them risks developing full-blown diabetes, heart disease, or having a stroke. Up to one-thirds of U.S. adults have Metabolic Syndrome.
Watch out for:
- High blood glucose (sugar)
- High blood pressure
- High triglycerides
- Low “good” cholesterol (HDL)
A waistline of 40 inches or more for men and 35 inches or more for women. Carrying adipose tissue (fat) around the waist is often the only visible sign of metabolic syndrome.
Why would it matter where body fat is deposited?
Adipose tissue, or body fat, is found under the skin (subcutaneous fat) or in the abdomen around the internal organs (visceral fat). Fat cells (especially visceral fat) pump out substances that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, decrease other cell’s sensitivity to insulin, increase blood pressure, harm blood clotting, and increase bad cholesterol while decreasing good cholesterol. More visceral fat equals more of what causes metabolic trouble in your body.
Is there a way to prevent or reverse prediabetes and metabolic syndrome? Yes! Because they are related, what works for one will work for another. The bonus—these changes also protect you from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Alzheimer’s, and a host of other conditions you don’t want to have to deal with.
- Eat and drink like someone that already has diabetes to put the brakes on actually developing diabetes. Visit diabetes.org to learn how.
- Move more! Exercise increases fitness levels, preserves muscle mass, and improves sleep and blood glucose control. Even light physical activity wakes your cells up and helps them to use insulin more effectively.
- Manage stress and get enough sleep. This can help balance the hormones that increase both blood sugar and hunger.
This is a condensed version of the Sawtooth Mountain Clinic’s “Topic of the Month” newsletter. Check out the full article on our website (sawtoothmountainclinic.org) and learn about the different types of diabetes, less common signs of diabetes, the specific markers for Metabolic Syndrome, and how “Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis” can impact health.
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Institute of Medicine (IOM) Reports
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was established in 1863 under President Abraham Lincoln's administration to report on science to policymakers and the public. In 1970 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of NAS – renamed the National Academy of Medcine in 2015 - was chartered as the health arm of the NAS to provide evidence to the government and private sector that would assist in informed health decisions.
In the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, and Congress directed DHHS to contract with the Institute of Medicine (IOM), to evaluate and report on adverse effects of federally recommended childhood vaccines. Beginning in 1990, IOM appointed committees of experts to review the evidence in the medical literature and from other sources on the safety of government recommended and mandated childhood vaccines.
NVIC’s co-founder and president Barbara Loe Fisher was invited to participate as a consumer representative on an Institute of Medicine Vaccine Safety Forum, which sponsored public vaccine safety workshops and published reports on vaccine adverse detection and response and vaccine safety research, and she was a co-editor of the Forum’s 1997 report on Risk Communication and Vaccination. Barbara was also invited to make presentations to IOM expert committees reviewing the evidence for vaccine risks in 2001 and 2012.
In 2015 the National Academy of Sciences rebranded the IOM as the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). Below is additional information on these vaccine safety reports and NVIC's statements to the IOM/NAM.
IOM published a series of reports on evidence for adverse effects of vaccines between 1991 and 2013 confirming that:
- Vaccines can and do carry risks for complications that can be greater for some individuals than others and may lead to chronic brain and immune system damage or death. IOM committees published reports in 1991, 1994a, 1994b, and 2012 and found that the following health problems are causally related to vaccination:
- Acute encephalopathy (brain inflammation)
- Chronic Nervous System Dysfunction (brain damage)
- Anaphylaxis (whole-body allergic reaction)
- Febrile Seizures (convulsions with fever)
- Guillain-Barre Syndrome (peripheral nerve inflammation)
- Brachial Neuritis (arm nerve inflammation)
- Deltoid Bursitis (shoulder inflammation)
- Acute & Chronic Arthritis (joint inflammation)
- Syncope (sudden loss of consciousness/fainting)
- Hypotonic/Hyporesponsive Episodes (shock and “unusual shock-like state)
- Protracted, Inconsolable Crying and Screaming
- Vaccine Strain Infection (smallpox, live polio, measles, varicella zoster vaccines)
- Death (smallpox, live polio, measles vaccines)
- IOM published a report in 2012 revealing that there were continuing significant gaps in scientific knowledge about the biological mechanisms of vaccine injury and death, a point that was made two decades earlier in 1991 and 1994 IOM reports. Because there are not enough methodologically sound epidemiological and biological mechanism studies evaluating vaccine adverse events, the IOM committee could not come to definitive conclusions about causation for many of the reported vaccine reactions involving chronic brain and immune system dysfunction and death. The Committee also concluded that some individuals are more susceptible to vaccine reactions for genetic, biological, environmental and other reasons that have not been fully identified.
For eight routinely used vaccines, (MMR, DTaP, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella zoster and meningococcal) there were too few scientifically sound studies published in the medical literature to determine whether more than 100 serious brain and immune system problems are or are not caused by the vaccines, including multiple sclerosis, arthritis, lupus, stroke, SIDS, autism and asthma.
Both epidemiologic and biological mechanism research suggest that there are known and unknown biological, genetic and environmental high risk factors, which can increase “individual susceptibility” to vaccine reactions. These predispositions can include genetic variants (in human or microbiome DNA), environmental exposures, behaviors and illness or developmental stage, all of which can interact and, while some of the predispositions may be detectable before vaccination, others are not.
- IOM published a report in 2013 that revealed the federally recommended birth to six-year old child vaccine schedule had not been fully scientifically evaluated and there was not enough scientific evidence for physician committees to determine if the childhood vaccine schedule is or is not associated with the development of the following brain and immune system disorders prevalent among children today:
- Learning disorders
- Communication disorders
- Developmental disorders
- Intellectual disability
- Attention deficit disorder
- Disruptive behavior disorder
- Tics and Tourette’s syndrome
- Febrile seizures
Since 1982, NVIC has advocated that well-designed, independent, on-going scientific studies must be conducted to: (1) define the various biological mechanisms involved in vaccine injury and death: (2) identify genetic and other biological high risk factors for suffering chronic brain and immune system dysfunction after vaccination; and (3) evaluate short and long-term health outcomes of individuals, who use many vaccines, and those, who use fewer or no vaccines, to determine the health effects of vaccination on individuals and the public health.
Congress Asks IOM To Look At Vaccine Safety: The National Vaccine Information Center, (NVIC) founded by parents of vaccine injured children in 1982, supported a provision in the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act in which Congress asked the IOM to assemble independent physician committees to review the medical literature for scientific evidence for a causal relationship between childhood vaccines and immune and neurological dysfunction. NVIC assisted the IOM committees in the early 1990’s by providing information about vaccine reactions. Four landmark reports were published by IOM in 1991 and 1994, including Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines; Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines; DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous System Dysfunction: A New Analysis; and Research Strategies for Assessing Adverse Events Associated with Vaccines.
These IOM vaccine study committees and their reports were supported by funds coordinated through the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.
IOM Creates Vaccine Safety Forum: In 1995, the IOM established a Vaccine Safety Forum to examine critical issues relevant to the safety of vaccines used in the U.S. and to discuss methods for improving the safety of vaccines and vaccination programs. NVIC co-founder and president, Barbara Loe Fisher, was appointed to the forum, which included individuals representing parent groups, vaccine manufacturers, physicians, academic researchers and representatives from federal agencies. The IOM Vaccine Safety Forum held five public workshops on vaccine safety and published three reports: Options for Poliomyelitis Vaccination in the United States; Summaries of Two Workshops (“Detecting and Responding to Adverse Events Following Vaccination” and “Research to Identify Risks for Adverse Events Following Vaccination: Biological Mechanisms and Possible Means of Prevention”); and Risk Communication and Vaccination.
The IOM Vaccine Safety Forum was supported by funds coordinated through the National Vaccine Program Office of the Public Health Service and by contributions from Connaught Laboratories and from Merck Research Laboratories.
Below are links to selected statements made by NVIC since the passage of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 to the IOM in the accomplishment of our vaccine safety and research advocacy goals.
- NVIC's Statement on Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies - Jan. 16, 2013
- NVIC's Statement on Conducting Research into Health Outcomes of Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Children - Feb. 9, 2012
- NVIC's Statement on the Institute of Medicine Report on Adverse Effects of Vaccines - Aug. 25, 2011
- IOM Committee on NIP's Procedures & Data Sharing Program - Aug. 23, 2004
- IOM Safety Review Committee: Vaccine Safety Research & Reports - Jan. 2001
- Institute of Medicine Immunization Safety Committee - Jan. 11, 2001
- IOM Vaccine Safety Forum Workshop on Risk Communication & Vaccination - May 13, 1996
- Statement on Vaccine Safety Research Needs - Perspective From Parents - April 1, 1996
- Statement on Vaccine Adverse Event Report Reponse Methodologies - Nov. 6, 1995
- Statement on Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting & Data Collection - Nov. 6, 1995
- Statement on Vaccine Adverse Event Detection Methodologies - Nov. 6, 1995
- IOM Vaccine Safety Forum Statement: Where we stand? - Nov. 6, 1995
- NVIC Statement Opposing Continued Use of Live Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) - June 7, 1995
For over two decades, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), National Academy of Sciences, has assembled committees to examine vaccine research, policy and safety issues. The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to “enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public.” The IOM acts under the Academy’s 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and also initiate the identification of issues of medical care, research and education. Below are links to reports issued that relate to vaccine safety. Additional studies can be viewed on the National Academies of Science website.
|Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies: Released January 16, 2013 - A report from the Institute of Medicine, examines evidence about the schedule's safety and recommends the best way to conduct any needed investigations. Read NVIC's summary of this report's vaccine safety science gaps.
|Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality: Published by the Institute of Medicine (2012). Reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others.
NVIC Note: This report investigated 158 of the most commonly reported vaccine adverse events and for 85%, or 135, of these events the IOM was prevented from determining causality due to either an absence of science, or the lack of quality science.
|Vaccine Safety Research, Data Access, and Public Trust: Published by the Institute of Medicine (2005). In this report, the committee was asked to review aspects of the U.S. Center for Disease Control's (CDC) Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) datasharing program. The IOM found that the datasharing program was not a traditional datasharing program; recommended that independent researchers have access to core data to prove or disprove CDC VSD and VSD partner findings; and that the CDC obtain legal advice relating to federal requirements for public access to data. The report also recommended that two new oversight groups be implemented to ensure that the policies and procedures of the VSD and its data sharing program are implemented as fairly and openly as possible.
|Multiple Immunizations and Immune Dysfunction: Published by the Institute of Medicine (2002). The report states that "The committee recommends limited but continued public health attention to this issue in terms of capitalizing on current research efforts. No recommendations for policy review is made, but the committee does recommend an analysis of new frameworks for immunization policy, particularly as the number of licensed vaccines increases."
|Risk Communication and Vaccination: Workshop Summary: Published by the Institute of Medicine (1997). The forum convened a workshop on risk communication and vaccination. Workshop speakers and participants discussed key concepts in risk communication, unique aspects of communicating risks about vaccines, and current practices in vaccine risk communication.
|Vaccine Safety Forum: Summaries of Two Workshops: Published by the Institute of Medicine (1997). The Vaccine Safety Forum convened a workshop entitled Research to Identify Risks for Adverse Events Following Vaccination: Mechanisms and Possible Means of Prevention. The workshop discussed the various immunologic and genetic factors that might influence individuals' responses to vaccines, current research aimed at assessing what populations are at increased risk for experiencing adverse events from vaccines, and research avenues that could be pursued in this regard.
|DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous System Dysfunction: A New Analysis: Published by the Institute of Medicine in 1994. The committee concluded that the evidence is consistent with a causal relation between vaccination with DPT and acute encephalopathy (IOM, 1991), and the excess risk was estimated to range from 0 to 10.5 per million DPT immunizations.
|Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality: Published by the Institute of Medicine (1994) for the U.S. Congress under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986.A review of the medical literature that documents evidence for and against a causal relationship between tetanus, diphtheria, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, HIB and hepatitis B vaccines and brain and immune system dysfunction.
|Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines: Published by the Institute of Medicine (1991) for the U.S. Congress under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986. A review of the medical literature that documents evidence for and against a causal relationship between pertussis and rubella vaccines and brain and immune system dysfunction.
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https://nvic-org.w3.wfdev.net/law-policy/research-gaps
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Climate Moisture Index for Canada - Short-term (2011-2040) under RCP 8.5
Drought is a deficiency in precipitation over an extended period, usually a season or more, resulting in a water shortage that has adverse impacts on vegetation, animals and/or people.
The Climate Moisture Index (CMI) was calculated as the difference between annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) – the potential loss of water vapour from a landscape covered by vegetation. Positive CMI values indicate wet or moist conditions and show that precipitation is sufficient to sustain a closed-canopy forest. Negative CMI values indicate dry conditions that, at best, can support discontinuous parkland-type forests. The CMI is well suited to evaluating moisture conditions in dry regions such as the Prairie Provinces and has been used for other ecological studies.
Mean annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) was estimated for 30-year periods using the modified Penman-Monteith formulation of Hogg (1997), based on monthly 10-km gridded temperature data. Data shown on maps are 30-year averages.
Historical values of CMI (1981-2010) were created by averaging annual CMI calculated from interpolated monthly temperature and precipitation data produced from climate station records. Future values of CMI were projected from downscaled monthly values of temperature and precipitation simulated using the Canadian Earth System Model version 2 (CanESM2) for multiple RCP radiative forcing scenarios.
Provided layer: Climate moisture index (CMI) - Future projections using RCP 8.5 for 2011-2040.
Reference: Hogg, E.H. 1997. Temporal scaling of moisture and the forest-grassland boundary in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 84,115–122.
- Publisher - Current Organization Name: Natural Resources Canada
- Licence: Open Government Licence - Canada
Data and Resources
Climate Moisture Index under RCP 8.5 - Short-term [2011-2040]WMSEnglish web_service WMS
Forest Change Data CatalogueTIFFFrench dataset TIFF
Climate Moisture Index under RCP 8.5 - Short-term [2011-2040]WMSFrench web_service WMS
Climate Moisture Index (English ESRI File Geodatabase)FGDB/GDBEnglish dataset FGDB/GDB
Climate Moisture Index (French ESRI File Geodatabase)FGDB/GDBFrench dataset FGDB/GDB
Forest Change Data CatalogueTIFFEnglish dataset TIFF
Climate Moisture Index under RCP 8.5 - Short-term [2011-2040]ESRI RESTEnglish web_service ESRI REST
Climate Moisture Index under RCP 8.5 - Short-term [2011-2040]ESRI RESTFrench web_service ESRI REST
Climate Moisture Index (English ESRI ArcMap project file)MXDEnglish guide MXD
Climate Moisture Index (French ESRI ArcMap project file)MXDFrench guide MXD
|Climate Moisture Index for Canada - Short-term (2011-2040) under RCP 8.5|
Electronic Mail Address: [email protected]
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https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/06be2cfe-d334-4f92-94ae-62a7615e9d28
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Thesis - Open Access
Master of Science (MS)
Department / School
Natural Resource Management
Canvasback, over-water nesting ducks, predator management, redhead
Nest survival of upland nesting waterfowl (e.g., mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], blue-winged teal [Anas discors]) has been studied extensively in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America. Conversely, over-water nesting diving ducks’ nest survival is poorly understood, likely because over-water nests are more challenging to find, may be less concentrated, and searching for these nests is physically demanding. Nest depredation is considered a leading cause of duck nest failure and is considered a limiting factor on upland nesting waterfowl production in the PPR. Similar factors limiting upland nesting duck production may limit over-water nesting duck productivity, but studies of this nature are lacking. Another limiting factor may be nest parasitism, an under looked attribute for some of these over-water nesting ducks (e.g., canvasbacks [Aythya valisineria]). Some species, particularly the redhead (Aythya americana), have adapted to habitat constraints by parasitizing other ducks’ nests. In previous studies, 30%–50% of canvasback nests were parasitized by redheads, with an average of 3 parasitic eggs laid per nest. For these studies we first evaluated the efficacy of predator trapping and removal on the survival of over-water duck nests of five focal species of diving ducks in Southwestern Manitoba. To further understand nest parasitism in diving ducks, we tracked host and parasitic eggs of redheads in canvasback nests in southwestern Manitoba, Canada, during the 2019 and 2020 nesting seasons. We counted all eggs found at host nest sites and classified eggs as successful, lost to parasitism, or depredated. Although mean nest survival was greater on traditional trapped sites, confidence interval estimates indicated an equivocal treatment effect. Thus, trapping predators had, at best, a modest positive influence on survival of over-water duck nests and did not generally appear to be an effective way to increase nest survival for these five focal species. We do, however, suggest that redhead parasitism may be a factor limiting canvasback productivity in our study area and deserves further investigation.
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Aythya -- Nests -- Manitoba.
Aythya -- Predators of -- Manitoba.
Aythya -- Parasites -- Manitoba.
Ducks -- Nests -- Manitoba.
Ducks -- Predators of -- Manitoba.
Ducks -- Parasites -- Manitoba.
Number of Pages
South Dakota State University
Rohrer, Trenton E., "Effects of Predator Management and Parasitism on Over-Water Nesting Diving Duck Production in Southwestern Manitoba" (2021). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5829.
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“Take the fairest Medlers you can get, but let them not be too ripe, then set on faire water on the fire, and when it boyleth put in your Medlers, and let them boyle till theyt be somewhat soft, then while they are hot pill them, cut off their crowns, and take out their stones, then take to every pound of Medlers, three-quarters of a pound of sugar, and a quarter of a pint of Rose water, seeth your Syrupe, scumming it clean, then put in your Medlers one by one, the stalks downward, when your Syrupe is somewhat coole them set them on the fire againe, let them boyle softly till the Syrupe be enough, then out in a few Cloves and a little Cinnamon, and so putting them up in pots reserve them for your use.”
Thomas Jenner, A Book of Fruits and Flowers (1653)
As you might imagine, after reading through this C17th method for preparing and preserving medlars in a syrup of rose water, I’ve been left feeling somewhat confused, if not downright bemused.
The main source of puzzlement is the use of the term “pill them”, which we are invited to do when the medlars are still hot. Does that mean to peel them, as would be the case if the author had told us to ‘pare’ them? Or does ‘pilling’ in this context mean something else entirely? We’re also told to cut off the “crowns” of the medlars, which presumably means to remove the dog’s bum1If you’ve ever seen a medlar in the flesh, you’ll know what I’m talking about… end, as later we have to put the pilled, de-stoned and de-crowned medlars into the syrup with their “stalks downward”, so obviously the stalks have to be left on.
Then we have to re-boil the syrupy medlars – softly, mind you – until the syrup is “enough”. Again, I’m guessing there’s a C17th meaning of the term “enough” in this context that means something subtly, or maybe not-so subtly, different to today’s understanding? Or maybe it just means “the right amount”, and the experienced cook is expected to know what that is and when they’ve reached it.
You know what? I think I’ll just stick to my tried-and-tested method for making medlar cheese and medlar jelly, just as soon as this batch has finished bletting:
Either that or I’ll reach for my copy of Jane Steward’s excellent book Medlars, Growing and Cooking (2023, Prospect Books) and see what other recipes and preserving methods she recommends.
How about you? Do you like the sound of Thomas Jenner’s method for preserving medlars in syrup? Do you already use Jane Steward’s preserving and/or jelly-making method? Or do you have your own tried-and-tested recipes for making use of this lovely autumn fruit? Do you know what “pilling” or “enough” might mean, in the context of historical cookery? Please do let me know any or all of the above, via the comments.
- 1If you’ve ever seen a medlar in the flesh, you’ll know what I’m talking about…
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https://orchardnotes.com/2023/11/01/thomas-jenner-on-preserving-medlers/
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| 0.948293 | 775 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Words: 531 | Published: 01.23.20 | Views: 314 | Download now
Mikhail Bakhtin in his theory of Self-Knowledge was generally concerned with the liberty that a “fictional” character could have and its connection to the author. Accordingly, Bakhtin have suggested, what he cell phone calls, the theory of “surplus-vision” which usually corresponds to the inability of the persona to obtain a self-knowledge which is only possible through having the opportunity to observe him self.
Towards a more simple terms, Bakhtin explained that the figure could or any other man for that occasion that exist outside a person’s head could not think about and consider the same things that the individual that is contemplating has been considering.
Thus, when a person is usually contemplating about someone else, he’d “see and know something”that the character the fact that person has become contemplating could never see and know”.
In this kind of case that someone to whom the person is definitely contemplating, or that figure that the person have been considering could not work independently by himself without creator, as its founder could have believed. Put obviously, this means that the smoothness could under no circumstances be in a situation wherein they can decide and write about himself without the creators will or foreknowledge. Bakhtin have additional discussed that the character’s capacity to act liberally would depend after his having the ability to act in surprising method. Such that, a totally free action is usually an action that no one different have thought of or have forecasted.
However , in the matter of the character in the relation to their author, it appears to be extremely impossible because of it to be able to act freely from your author’s wants. This is where Bakhtin’s theory of self-knowledge takes on an important role. It is if the analogy with the author and God that Human self-knowledge was placed into question. Yet, according to Joseph Bartlett, even without the analogy to God, virtually any person’s action is still expected or can still be expected by other person as an example, by anyone who has known the other person for quite a long time.
Thus in order to, in a watch that work intervention is not measured, that the person could be cost-free is through knowing the requirement of other people and operating surprisingly (2005). Bakhtin is convinced that this was the only approach that the person could work freely rather than determined, creating a self-knowledge of thy self is the simply way to free yourself. For instance certainly one of my friends continues to be living a really active lifestyle. He brings together different athletics and was engaged in interdisciplinary activities and courses.
This is when he was to decide on a humanities course intended for his mature year, I actually along with a of our friends have been genuinely surprise when he took up an art course. It had been really unexpected and even more, after i asked him about his decision, he simply stated that he desires to surprise him self. References Bartlett, J. (2005). Freedom And Self-Knowledge In The Dramatic Works Of Anton Chekhov. University or college of Missouri-Columbia.
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Math games are an interesting way of making math interesting for students who find it boring and monotonous. They have a variety of benefits. A math game can be defined as a game that employs the use of various rules and regulations based on mathematical parameters. Math games can have simple as well as complex rules and regulations. There are different types of math games which include 2048, sudoku, tic-tac-toe, and so on. In this article, we will discuss the various types of games. We will also find out the various benefits of playing math games regularly.
Various Categories of Math Games
There are several math games that are simple and easy to play. However, there are games that involve complex rules and procedures. Let us discuss the different types of math games.
- Tic-tac-toe: It is one of the most common mathematical games that students play with each other. It is a basic math game that works best when students face difficulty in adding more than two numbers. You need at least two players to play this game, however, you can play alone if you are using a mobile phone. Although this game is very easy and simple to play, it helps in the enhancement of the tactical and observational skills of students.
- Sudoku: It is one of the most famous math games. It is a game that uses permutations and combinations. We can classify it as a type of puzzle. Students usually find it very tough to play. However, it is a game that is best for increasing your cognitive abilities and analytical skills. There are different variants of this game. We can find these games in our newspapers every day.
- 2048: It is a math game that has been recently created. You can play this game on your mobile devices by downloading it. It is a single-player game that involves the sliding of tiles to make the number 2048. There are different variants of this game. This game can sometimes be addictive too.
- Hopscotch Math: This game involves the usage of physical activity. So a student can increase both their mental as well as physical abilities while playing this math game. It is great for students of lower classes as it involves the usage of mathematical operations like addition and subtraction. One needs chalk to the number and draw hopscotch on the floor to play this game.
Various other games include math bingo, 101 and out, math baseball, angels and devils, 24, prisoner’s dilemma and the list continues.
Benefits of Playing Maths Games
Math games help in the enhancement of the mental abilities of the students. Various mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, division, etc can be understood easily with the help of these games. These games improve and increase the problem-solving skills of the students. Math games make a subject like math more interesting. Analytical skills, as well as the reasoning of the students, are also developed when they play math games.
Learn From Cuemath
Mathematics is one of the subjects that demands conceptual clarity. If the concepts of different topics are clear to the student, things become very easy. Cuemath is an online education platform that focuses on the conceptual clarity of students. Teachers at Cuemath lay more emphasis on why rather than what. Before starting to teach the students, they go through a rigorous training process and various tests. This ensures that the students are getting the best learning from the best teachers of the subject. At Cuemath, concepts are embedded into the minds of students by making them practice worksheets, math puzzles, math games, etc. Book a free session by visiting Cuemath’s website and learning math the Cuemath way.
If you want to learn more and play the math games that have been discussed above, you can visit the website of Cuemath.
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For over one hundred years, Canada removed children from their First Nation, Inuit, and Metis families, sometimes forcibly, and raised them in boarding schools a long ways from their homes. Some of the children were subject to considerable mental and physical abuse, in addition to the strains of being separated from their families and cultures. On June 11, the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper, made an historic apology to the indigenous communities of the nation for the terrible wrongs the government had committed.
“I stand before you today to offer an apology to former students of Indian residential schools,” he said dramatically. “The treatment of children in Indian residential schools is a sad chapter in our history. The government now recognizes that the consequences of the Indian residential schools policy were profoundly negative and that this policy has had a lasting and damaging impact on aboriginal culture, heritage and language. The government of Canada now recognizes it was wrong to forcibly remove children from their homes….We apologize for having done this.”
He said the government was sorry not only for separating children from their families, but for undercutting the parenting abilities of the affected people. “In separating children from their families, we undermined the ability of many to adequately parent their own children and sowed the seeds for generations to follow,” he said.
Aboriginal leaders, who were seated in the House in their native costumes, were given the opportunity to respond to Mr. Harper. Speaking first with his native headdress on, Phil Fontaine, Chief of the Assembly of First Nations, spoke of his own experiences in a native residential school. “The memories of residential schools sometimes cut like merciless knives at our souls. This day will help us to put that pain behind us.”
“What happened today signifies a new dawn in the relationship between us and the rest of Canada,” Chief Fontaine continued. “We are all part of one garment of destiny. The ties that bind us are deeper than those that separate us. We still have to struggle, but now we are in this together.”
Stéphane Dion, leader of the Liberal Party, concurred in the Prime Minister’s apology. “Today’s apology is about a past that should have been completely different. But it must also be about the future. It must be about collective reconciliation and fundamental change. It must be about moving forward together, aboriginal and non-aboriginal, into a future based on respect. It is about trying to find in each of us some of the immense courage that we see in the eyes of those who have survived.”
Mary Simon, President of the national organization of Inuit peoples, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, spoke first in Inuktitut. “Mr. Prime Minister, I spoke first in my Inuit language because I wanted to illustrate to you that our language and culture are still strong.” She turned toward him and continued. “I have to face you to say this, Mr. Prime Minister, because it comes from the bottom of my heart. It took great courage for you to express your sorrow and apology to our people, the Inuit, to first nations, and to Métis, and we thank you very much for it.”
She continued, “I am one of those people who have dreamed for this day. There have been times in this long journey when I despaired that this would ever happen. However, after listening to the Prime Minister and the leaders of the political parties, I am filled with hope and compassion for my fellow aboriginal Canadians as I stand among them here with you and your fellow ministers today, Mr. Prime Minister.”
She continued, the same as the other native leaders, in a positive vein, expressing appreciation for the Prime Minister’s apology. But, she said, the problems those policies fostered will not be solved quickly. She acknowledged that there is a lot of work to do to rebuild the communities of the Inuit and the other aboriginal peoples of Canada.
Ms. Simon concluded, “We need the help and support of all thoughtful Canadians and our governments to rebuild strong and healthy families and communities. This can be achieved only when dignity, confidence and respect for traditional values and human rights once again become part of our daily lives and are mirrored in our relationships with governments and other Canadians. I stand here today ready to work with you, as Inuit have always done, to craft new solutions and new arrangements based on mutual respect and mutual responsibility.”
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https://peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu/2008/06/19/canada-apologizes-for-treatment-of-indigenous-children/
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Great Britain Basketball was one of the first countries to start using Catapult Technology to monitor their players. Tom Mockford- who was Head of Sports Science at GB Basketball- had used GPS in previous roles in Professional Football Clubs and felt there was a lot of potential to use the Technology in Basketball to monitor load in both matches and training. Being an indoor sport means that the units can’t pick up a GPS signal to allow distance and speed to be monitored- but the 3d accelerometers allow the system to monitor both Player Load and IMA(Inertial Movement Analysis) which allows measurement of the micro movements in court sports such as Basketball. In addition, the units will collect heart rate date to enable coaches to look at both internal and external loads on players. IMA is one of Catapult’s many validated parameters and is being used increasingly in other teams sports such as Rugby and Football to look at specific movement patterns of players.
Imagery took from the Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/basketball/9285047/London-2012-Olympics-Team-GB-mens-basketball-side-handed-prime-time-early-draws-in-Games-schedule.html
For the latest on Perform Better, follow us on Facebook, Instagram or Twitter
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We eat every day, several times a day. But in our fast paced culture, more often than not we are eating on the run, grabbing a toaster pastry and a cup of coffee to gulp down in the car on the way to work. We grab fast food for lunch, or we multi-task our meals by sitting at our desk and eat while working. Then, because we are so wiped out from our fast-paced day, we look for the quickest way to get dinner on the table, often resorting to microwavable dinners or instant meals from a box. In the incredible pace of our lives, we have lost the connection between what we eat and how we feel, and we have forgotten what it means to truly nourish ourselves.
Eating is more than physical nourishment. How, when, why and where we eat are just as important to our daily health as what we eat. In an effort to educate and empower Americans to slow down, smell the coffee, and enjoy the experience of nourishing ourselves on many levels, the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has established National Nutrition Month®—a month long education campaign held annually during March—aimed at educating and empowering Americans into healthier lifestyles.
The theme for 2016 is “Savor the Flavor of Eating Right,” which encourages everyone to take the time to enjoy food traditions and appreciate the pleasures, great flavors and social experiences food can add to our lives.
Everyone has a different idea of what it means to “eat right,” but most agree that eating right encompasses opting for foods that nourish our senses as well as our bodies. Plant foods contain many beneficial compounds that give them their organoleptic properties—the aspects of food that we experience with our senses, such as taste, sight, smell and touch. These compounds are also responsible for the many health benefits contained in our foods.
Garlic, for instance, is affectionately known as “the stinking rose” owing to its distinct pungent aroma. The compounds responsible for garlic’s characteristically pungent odor, alliin and allicin, are also the source of many of its health promoting properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-cancer and cardiovascular benefits. You can increase the health benefits you recieve from garlic by “savoring” it before eating or cooking. Letting garlic sit after you’ve chopped or crushed it allows special enzymes in the garlic to activate the alliin and allicin, giving garlic an opportunity to work on behalf of your health.
The bitter tastes in foods are always an indication of high antioxidant content, which is why most leafy greens and cruciferous vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cabbage and kale have a bitter taste. Teas, coffee, grapefruit and cacao are bitter in their natural form, and we can offset and savor their flavors by pairing them with natural sweeteners.
We can “Savor the Flavor of Eating Right” in many other ways as well, by taking the time to enjoy everything that a healthful and tasty meal brings with it. With that in mind, here are some ways to make the most of yoru eating experience:
Savor the Flavor of Health: Eating more fruits and veggies can ward off chronic diseases including heart disease, cancer and diabetes. But it’s not just about eating more plant foods, it about making sure you get enough variety and color in your produce choices. The colors in plant food represent certain phytonutrients (beneficial compounds including antioxidants, that give these foods their disease fighting properties). Each vibrant color group of fruits and vegetables offer unique health benefits that the other colors don’t have, so it’s important to make sure you include all of them in your meals.
You can savor the flavor of health by eating 5-13 servings of vibrantly colored fruits and vegetables each day, which is about 2.5 to 6.5 cups a day, depending on your gender, age and activity level. To get the most benefit, make green leafy vegetables a daily staple food, while varying the other four color groups several times a week.
Savor the Flavor of Mindful Eating: Mindful eating is an ancient practice that is as relevant and important today as it was generations ago. It is a conscious approach to eating that is the complete opposite of “blindful” eating—the type of eating that unfortunately most people engage in on a daily basis. Eating on the run, eating while working or watching TV, eating when not hungry, eating foods that you know are not in your best interest, eating for emotional reasons, entertainment, and distraction from stress are all forms of “blindful” eating.
Mindful eating is more than eating slowly without distraction. it means paying attention to what and when you eat, and learning to make choices based on actual true hunger. It is a responsible manner of eating that allows you to be present so you can notice and enjoy your food and its effects on your body. Mindful eating also means learning to value the quality of your food and learning to value yourself—a more important factor in improving your health than anything else.
Savor the Flavor of Famiy and Community: Research shows that eating as a family or with groups of friends and loved ones has great benefits for your children as well as adults. Conversations during meals provide opportunities for families and friends to bond, plan, connect and learn from one another. It’s a chance to share information and news of the day, as well as give extra attention to children and teens. Family meals foster warmth, security and love, as well as feelings of belonging—all important aspects of overall health. it can be unifying experience for all.
Celebrate National Nutrition Month® this March by slowing down and taking time to be present when eating. By doing so, you will appreciate the health benefits and positive emotions that accompany mealtime. These are all important steps in developing a healthy, sustainable lifestyle.
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"Poultry Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
- Poultry Diseases
- Disease, Poultry
- Diseases, Poultry
- Poultry Disease
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Poultry Diseases".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Poultry Diseases".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Poultry Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Poultry Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.
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This is certainly a comment many children hear all day long. Regrettably, it is often said as a statement or command, rather than a question. For children who have a difficult time managing themselves during class time, or homework time, how we adults intervene can significantly impact the child’s success and self-image.
FACT: It is a recognized fact that some people’s brains do not produce enough dopamine to keep them alert during normal day-to-day activities. This is the foundation for the science behind ADHD. The brain actually struggles to make the connections and stay alert, which is why children can experience a true difficulty staying focused when not intrinsically motivated and interested.
Movement can help Stimulate the networks of the Brain that Control Attention.
When we see a child struggling to “sit still and pay attention” before we place judgment or expectation upon the child, we might serve them better by truly asking the question, “Can you…”. The difficulty they are having may be attributed to several possible explanations – interest level, understanding of the material, competing desires, anger, depression, ADHD, etc. Our explanation guides our intervention.
Movement Can Help Attention
If indeed the child is having trouble paying attention to the task at hand, sitting still may actually increase the difficulty they are experiencing. Movement can help stimulate the networks of the brain that control attention. Here are some helpful tips and strategies that can be implemented both in the classroom and at home:
- Allow your child to hold an item that he can quietly, discretely manipulate. Known as a “fidget”, this item can be anything small such as a piece of felt, a rubber toy, a ring, etc. Google “fidget toy” for some great ideas.
- Important: Be sure to help your child distinguish between a “fidget” and “play”. To “fidget” means the involvement with the object is in the background, secondary to the task at hand, and is passively being manipulated. To “play” means you are focusing primarily on the object and interacting with it. Is it a Tool or a Toy?
- Be sure to instruct your child that while fidgeting they must be quiet if there are others around so as not to create a distraction. They must also not be destructive – breaking the pen cap, chewing the pencil, etc.
- Allow your child to move around within reason. Sitting on an exercise ball chair or rocking chair can allow the right stimulation to help your child stay engaged in their work. Also, allowing your child to stand up while working might help. This can be done in the classroom as well with the teacher’s prior knowledge and approval.
- Music is another great form of stimulation. As with fidgets, it is important to distinguish between background music and music that becomes the primary focus.
- Interactive games for learning facts can be stimulating and fun at the same time. Next time your child needs to memorize vocabulary words, for example, have a catch as you say each word and they respond. Or play a game of concentration: Make two sets of flashcards; one with the word, a second with the definition. Lay them all out face down and find the matching pair.
Sometimes a little investigating, open-mindedness, creativity and patience can go a long way in helping children learn how they learn best.
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In light of the coincident surge in overall gluten intake and the incidence of autoimmune diseases, the possible biological adverse effects of gluten were explored. PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library databases were screened for reports published between 1964 and 2016 regarding the adverse effects of gluten as well as the effects of a gluten-free diet on autoimmune diseases. In vitro and in vivo studies describing gluten intake in animal models or cell lines and gluten-free diets in human autoimmune diseases were reviewed. Multiple detrimental aspects of gluten affect human health, including gluten-dependent digestive and extradigestive manifestations mediated by potentially immunological or toxic reactions that induce gastrointestinal inadequacy. Gluten affects the microbiome and increases intestinal permeability. It boosts oxidative stress and affects epigenetic behavior. It is also immunogenic, cytotoxic, and proinflammatory. Gluten intake increases apoptosis and decreases cell viability and differentiation. In certain nonceliac autoimmune diseases, gluten-free diets may help curtail the adverse effects of gluten. Additional in vivo studies are needed to unravel the puzzle of gluten effects in humans and to explore the potential beneficial effects of gluten-free diets in autoimmune diseases.
Keywords: adverse effect; autoimmunity; biological effects; celiac disease; gluten-free diet.
© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Life Sciences Institute. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].
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Although a fair amount of mayhem and lack of unity might be apparent in some karate class segments – particularly with very young children – the practice of karate is far more than fighting, shouting, and jumping around! Martial arts gradually make kids self-disciplined and self- confident. Consistent training in a quality karate for kids program makes a habit of respect and courtesy for their teachers, classmates, and elders. During the training children are taught to address their seniors respectfully. They are taught a positive attitude towards life which increases their sense of responsibility. Karate training makes children confident as it teaches the self- control and self-esteem which increases their sense of self-worth – and affects how others view them as individuals.
Karate and discipline
The rigorous training and practice that is involved in various martial art styles instills values
of honesty and hard work among children, adolescents, and teens. As children interact in close quarters, they steadily learn from classmates how to improve their moves along with their speech and behavior. They learn the necessity of rules and importance of making loyal, honorable choices in every sphere of life, which helps with their self-discipline too.
In free sparring practice, students develop the power to concentrate, anticipate, and even influence their opponents’ moves to avoid being “hit” or “scored upon” – then respond with a swift, well-rehearsed counter-attack. A quality karate for kids program helps students of all ages develop the power to think quickly to achieve victory, to shut out distractions, and to concentrate on work at hand for longer periods of time.
Karate and courtesy
By learning to show courtesy and respect for their teachers and classmates, children learn
to appreciate abilities of each other and hone their personal skills. This develops a sense of cooperative learning and kind consideration for each other. The simple acts of bowing to teachers and training partners, raising a hand to speak, holding a particular stance until instructed to move, and so on develops an awareness that spawns courteous and respectful behavior, which oftentimes is returned. Respect, gratitude, humility, and duty are moral concepts and values central to the philosophies of certain traditional martial art forms.
Karate and personality
Children and adults learning karate are advised to follow a healthy, balanced diet to help them meet personal physical goals for health and well-being. The training programs are a mix of fun and learning, with a seemingly endless supply knowledge and proficiency to acquire, which keeps the interest and motivation for progress thriving. With a little practice, most students become accomplished both physically and mentally in diverse ways and “personal victories.” Karate enhances balance and control over posture, body language, and body movements. It has the capability of improving the self-image, the outlook, and the personality of an individual which often leads to new paths of opportunity and growth.
Children who learn karate from a young age become leaders over a period of time as their self- confidence and proficiency grows. In time they show readiness to take on responsibility and their off to the races! A firm foundation in respect and courtesy is a magnificent starting point and touchstone for all people everywhere.
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This is the third and final article in our series focussing on the Season of Creation.
El Niño: A Time to Love our Neighbour
When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars that you have established; what are human beings that you are mindful of them, mortals that you care for them? (Psalm 8:3-4)
On the 19th of September, right in the middle of our 2023 Season of Creation we received an announcement: an El Niño is underway. This was an announcement met with a complex mix of emotions – concern for those impacted by drought and low rainfall, relief for those still recovering from flood, and sorrow from those focused on longer term climate. What will the next few months hold? What will the weather be? How will God work through this time? We simply don’t know. But as we sit in the middle of this early Spring I invite you to reflect on the ways El Niño can bring us closer to God and to each other.
What is El Niño? What can it and can’t it do? The easiest way to think about it is that an El Niño event means the tropical waters northeast of Australia (the Coral Sea and western Pacific) are cooler than normal. Cooler water evaporates less, which means there is less moisture in the air to fall out as rain. La Nina is the opposite: our tropical waters get much warmer, leading to lots of evaporation so there’s more moisture in the air to fall out as rain. Weather features such as cold fronts, troughs and storms will still come through and try to use whatever moisture they find in the air, but if there’s not much up there then we’ll see less rainfall on the ground. We don’t know what actual weather systems will come through yet, or exactly where they’ll be, we just know that there’s generally more of a limit on how much rain they can produce. The complexities of the atmosphere above us are fascinating – how wonderful is God to have designed such a system! May the weather you see this Summer inspire awe, and remind you of his infinite power over all creation.
When thinking about creation care, it is hard to separate it from the command to love your neighbour. In El Niño we are reminded that some neighbours are further away than others – El Niño has a Spanish name because it was named by people in South America. For our neighbours in the eastern Pacific an El Niño is a time of rainfall – our waters are cooler, but theirs are warmer than usual. Remember them through these next months, and pray for them and their risk of devastating floods.
El Niño is associated with weather like fires, heatwaves, and drought. The danger of these things can feel closer to us depending on where we live, but may this season serve as a reminder of our Australian community and how the impacts of this weather affect us all. In this time be mindful of how varied those impacts are. Some suggestions for where we can provide help, support and prayer include:
- Agricultural communities impacted by drought.
- The very old and the very young, who are most at risk in heatwaves.
- Those struggling with the cost of living, who might not be able to run air conditioners.
- The impacts low rainfall will have on food and water supplies and costs, if crops fail or water runs out.
- All living things threatened by fire, and for the emergency services people working to protect them.
No matter the weather we know that God is with us. May we be thankful for the many ways he has equipped us to respond to the potential impacts of an El Niño. He works in our emergency services, in our weather forecasters and scientists, in our healthcare workers and in all who provide social services and care for others. If we translate the original Spanish we see that El Niño means “the boy” – and we can treasure this reminder that God sent his only son to this warm earth, for he so loved the world.
Rosa Hoff is a Meteorologist and a member of Our Saviour Lutheran Congregation, Rochedale. Please don’t hesitate to contact Lutheran Earth Care Australia and New Zealand for resources on the Season of Creation and throughout the year. Email [email protected] or check out our website lutheranearthcare.lca.org.au, which also includes the LCA theological statement on “Caring for God’s Creation“.
READ MORE STORIES ABOUT Season of Creation
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The Power of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a powerful approach that explores the relationship between our thoughts, language, and behavior. It offers a range of techniques and strategies to improve communication, enhance personal development, and achieve desired outcomes. NLP has found practical applications in various fields, including therapy, coaching, and public speaking.
Understanding NLP and its Applications
NLP is a model of understanding human behavior and communication. It was developed in the 1970s by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, who studied and modeled exceptional communicators and therapists to identify the patterns of effective communication and change. NLP provides a framework for understanding how people perceive the world, how they communicate, and how they can transform their experiences to achieve their goals.
In the context of public speaking, NLP techniques can be utilized to enhance the delivery, impact, and effectiveness of your presentations. By understanding how language and non-verbal cues influence the audience’s perception, you can tailor your message to resonate with them on a deeper level.
How NLP Can Enhance Public Speaking
NLP techniques offer a range of benefits for public speakers. Here are a few ways NLP can enhance your public speaking skills:
- Building rapport: NLP provides strategies for establishing trust and connection with your audience, allowing you to create a positive and engaging speaking environment. By using techniques like matching and mirroring, where you subtly mimic the body language and communication style of your audience, you can establish a sense of familiarity and build rapport.
- Utilizing language patterns: NLP emphasizes the power of language and its impact on the listener. By using hypnotic language and embedding commands, you can influence and captivate your audience, making your message more persuasive and memorable.
- Anchoring techniques for confidence: NLP offers techniques for creating and triggering positive anchors, which are powerful associations between specific stimuli and positive emotional states. By anchoring feelings of confidence and calmness, you can overcome nervousness and anxiety before and during public speaking engagements.
- Visualizing success: NLP utilizes the power of visualization to enhance performance. By utilizing visualizations for public speaking, you can mentally rehearse your presentations, visualize successful outcomes, and boost your confidence and delivery on stage. Harnessing the power of imagery can help you connect with your audience and create a more impactful and memorable experience.
- Managing state and energy: NLP techniques provide strategies for managing your state of mind and energy levels. By utilizing techniques such as anchoring, breathing exercises, and mental reframing, you can manage nervousness, boost your energy, and maintain a dynamic presence on stage.
By incorporating NLP techniques into your public speaking toolkit, you can enhance your ability to connect with your audience, deliver compelling presentations, and leave a lasting impact. Exploring the various applications of NLP can open up a world of possibilities for personal and professional growth. To learn more about NLP techniques and their potential, check out our article on nlp techniques.
Building Rapport with Your Audience
Establishing a strong rapport with your audience is essential for effective public speaking. When you can connect and build trust with your listeners, it enhances their engagement and receptiveness to your message. In this section, we will explore two important techniques for building rapport: establishing trust and connection and matching and mirroring.
Establishing Trust and Connection
To establish trust with your audience, it’s crucial to create an environment where they feel comfortable and confident in your expertise. Here are some strategies to build trust and connection:
- Authenticity: Be genuine and true to yourself. Let your personality shine through, as authenticity helps to foster a sense of trust and relatability.
- Expertise: Demonstrate your knowledge and expertise on the topic. Share relevant insights and examples that showcase your understanding. This helps to establish credibility and build trust with your audience.
- Empathy: Show empathy towards your audience’s needs and concerns. Acknowledge their perspective and address any potential objections or doubts they may have. This demonstrates that you understand and value their viewpoints.
- Storytelling: Use storytelling techniques to connect with your audience on an emotional level. Share personal anecdotes or examples that resonate with their experiences. Stories can create a strong connection and make your message more memorable.
Matching and Mirroring Techniques
Matching and mirroring is an NLP technique that involves subtly imitating the non-verbal behavior of your audience. This technique helps to establish rapport by creating a sense of familiarity and similarity. Here’s how you can utilize matching and mirroring techniques:
- Body Language: Observe the body language of your audience and mirror it subtly. For example, if they lean forward, you can also lean forward. If they gesture with their hands, you can incorporate similar gestures into your own delivery. This mirroring technique can create a subconscious connection and make your audience feel more comfortable.
- Vocal Tone and Pace: Pay attention to the tone and pace of speech of your audience. Adjust your own tone and pace to match theirs, within reason. If they speak softly and calmly, you can adopt a similar tone. If they speak more energetically, you can also increase your energy level. This matching technique can help establish a sense of resonance and connection.
Remember, while matching and mirroring can be effective for building rapport, it’s important to be subtle and natural in your approach. Aim to create a sense of connection without appearing forced or insincere.
By focusing on establishing trust and connection with your audience and utilizing matching and mirroring techniques, you can enhance your public speaking skills and create a more engaging and impactful delivery. For more techniques and strategies in neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), check out our article on nlp techniques.
Utilizing Language Patterns
When it comes to public speaking, utilizing effective language patterns can greatly enhance your ability to engage and influence your audience. Two powerful techniques that fall under the umbrella of neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) are using hypnotic language and embedding commands for influence.
Using Hypnotic Language
Hypnotic language involves using specific words, phrases, and tonality to captivate and engage your audience on a deeper level. By incorporating hypnotic language patterns into your speech, you can induce a state of focused attention and receptivity in your listeners.
Some key techniques of hypnotic language include:
- Metaphors and Stories: Incorporating metaphors and stories into your speech can tap into the subconscious mind of your audience, allowing them to connect with your message on a deeper level. Metaphors and stories can make complex concepts more relatable and memorable.
- Embedded Commands: Embedded commands are subtle suggestions hidden within your speech. By using a specific tonality and emphasizing certain words, you can embed commands in your message that bypass the conscious mind and directly influence the subconscious mind of your listeners.
- Repetition: Repetition is a powerful tool that can reinforce key points and make them more memorable. By repeating certain phrases or ideas throughout your speech, you can enhance the impact of your message and increase its persuasive effect.
Embedding Commands for Influence
Embedding commands is another language pattern used in NLP to influence and persuade others. By strategically incorporating commands within your speech, you can guide the thoughts and actions of your audience without them even realizing it.
Some techniques for embedding commands include:
- Inflection and Tonality: When delivering a command, using a specific tonality and inflection can make it stand out from the rest of your speech. By slightly raising your voice or emphasizing certain words, you can subtly draw attention to the command and increase its impact.
- Subtle Language: Embedding commands in subtle language patterns can make them more effective. For example, instead of saying, “Do this,” you can say, “You may find yourself naturally inclined to do this.” The command is embedded within a more indirect sentence structure, making it less noticeable while still influencing the listener.
- Assumptive Language: Assumptive language involves phrasing your commands as if the desired outcome has already been achieved. For example, saying, “As you become more confident, you will notice positive changes in your public speaking skills,” assumes that the listener is already becoming more confident and experiencing positive changes.
By utilizing hypnotic language and embedding commands in your public speaking, you can create a powerful impact on your audience. However, it’s important to use these techniques responsibly and ethically, ensuring that your intentions align with the well-being and benefit of your listeners.
Remember to always seek further knowledge and training in NLP techniques to fully understand and master their application. To explore more NLP techniques and their applications, check out our articles on nlp techniques and nlp training.
Anchoring Techniques for Confidence
Confidence is a key factor in effective public speaking. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) offers various anchoring techniques that can help individuals build and maintain confidence during their presentations. In this section, we will explore two important anchoring techniques: creating and triggering positive anchors and overcoming nervousness and anxiety.
Creating and Triggering Positive Anchors
Positive anchors are associations that link a specific sensory stimulus, such as a touch or a word, to a desired state of confidence. By creating and triggering these anchors, individuals can access a state of confidence whenever needed during public speaking.
To create a positive anchor, it’s important to first identify a specific moment or experience when you felt confident while speaking. It could be a memory of a successful presentation or a time when you received positive feedback. Recall this memory vividly, engaging all your senses to make it as real as possible. As you immerse yourself in this confident state, apply a physical touch or use a specific word as your anchor. Repeat this process several times to strengthen the association between the anchor and the confident state.
To trigger the positive anchor during a presentation, simply apply the physical touch or use the chosen word that you associated with confidence. This will help you access the confident state you have anchored, enabling you to deliver your speech with poise and assurance.
Overcoming Nervousness and Anxiety
Nervousness and anxiety are common challenges that many individuals face when speaking in public. NLP techniques can help alleviate these feelings and promote a sense of calmness and composure.
One effective technique is called the Circle of Excellence. Begin by identifying a time when you felt completely confident and in control. Close your eyes and vividly recall that experience. As you relive the memory, imagine stepping into a circle on the ground, symbolizing your confident state. As you stand in this circle, visualize yourself feeling calm, focused, and self-assured. Engage all your senses to make the visualization as vivid as possible.
Practice this technique before your presentation, standing in an actual or imagined circle, and recreate the confident state you visualized. By associating this positive state with the circle, you can access it whenever you feel nervous or anxious during your public speaking engagement.
Remember, anchoring techniques take practice to become effective. Consistent use of these techniques, along with proper preparation and nlp techniques for visualization, can help you build and maintain confidence throughout your public speaking journey.
In the realm of public speaking, utilizing visualizations can be a powerful tool to enhance your performance and boost your confidence. Visualization techniques, derived from neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), involve creating vivid mental images of success and positive outcomes. By harnessing the power of imagery, you can improve your public speaking skills and deliver dynamic presentations.
Utilizing Visualizations for Public Speaking
Visualizations for public speaking involve mentally rehearsing your speech or presentation before the actual event. This technique allows you to envision yourself speaking confidently, engaging your audience, and delivering your message with clarity. By repeatedly visualizing success, you can create a positive mindset and reduce anxiety associated with public speaking.
To effectively utilize visualizations, find a quiet and comfortable space where you can focus without distractions. Close your eyes and imagine yourself standing on the stage, feeling calm and composed. Visualize the audience attentively listening to your words, nodding in agreement, and reacting positively to your delivery. See yourself using effective body language, making eye contact, and maintaining a confident posture.
While visualizing, engage all your senses. Imagine the sound of your voice resonating throughout the room, the applause and positive feedback from the audience, and the feeling of accomplishment as you conclude your presentation. The more detailed and vivid your visualization, the more effective it will be in preparing your mind for success.
Harnessing the Power of Imagery
In addition to mental rehearsal, imagery can play a key role in enhancing your public speaking skills. By utilizing specific images or symbols, you can tap into the power of your subconscious mind and influence your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
One technique is to create an anchor, a physical or mental cue that triggers a desired state or emotion. For example, you can associate a specific hand gesture or phrase with confidence and assertiveness. By repeatedly pairing this anchor with positive feelings during your visualization practice, you can condition yourself to feel confident whenever you use the anchor in a real public speaking situation.
Another powerful imagery technique is to imagine yourself as a successful public speaker you admire. Visualize their poise, charisma, and ability to captivate an audience. By mentally modeling their skills and incorporating their positive qualities into your own public speaking style, you can enhance your own performance.
Remember, visualizations and imagery techniques are most effective when practiced consistently over time. By incorporating these techniques into your preparation routine, you can develop a confident and compelling presence on stage.
In the next section, we will explore techniques for managing state and energy to further enhance your public speaking skills. Stay tuned to discover how to optimize your mental and physical state for dynamic delivery.
Managing State and Energy
To deliver a dynamic and engaging public speech, it is essential to effectively manage your state and harness your energy. By understanding and utilizing techniques for managing state and energy, you can enhance your presence, confidence, and overall delivery.
Techniques for Managing State
Managing your state involves regulating your internal emotional and mental state to achieve a desired state of mind during your speech. Here are a few techniques you can employ:
- Anchoring: Anchoring involves creating a mental or physical association with a specific state or emotion. You can create positive anchors by associating a specific gesture, word, or image with a state of confidence or calmness. By triggering these anchors before and during your speech, you can access the desired state more easily. Learn more about anchoring techniques in our article on nlp techniques.
- Reframing: Reframing is a technique that involves changing the way you perceive a situation or emotion. By reframing nervousness as excitement or anticipation, you can shift your mindset and view it as a positive energy that can fuel your delivery. Reframing helps you embrace the energy and channel it into a captivating performance.
- Breathing Techniques: Deep breathing exercises can help regulate your nervous system and induce a state of relaxation. Before your speech, take a few moments to focus on your breath, inhaling deeply through your nose and exhaling slowly through your mouth. This simple technique can help calm your nerves and center your focus.
Harnessing Energy for Dynamic Delivery
Energy is a vital component of impactful public speaking. Here are techniques to help you harness and channel your energy effectively:
- Physical Warm-up: Engaging in physical warm-up exercises before your speech can help release tension and increase blood flow to your muscles. Simple stretches, light exercises, or even a brisk walk can help invigorate your body and increase your energy levels.
- Vocal Warm-up: Just as your body needs warm-up exercises, your voice also benefits from warm-up exercises. Vocal warm-ups, such as humming, lip trills, or tongue twisters, can help activate your vocal cords and improve your resonance and articulation.
- Visualization: Before stepping on stage, take a moment to visualize yourself delivering a successful speech. Imagine yourself speaking confidently, connecting with your audience, and receiving positive feedback. Visualization can help boost your confidence and set a positive expectation for your performance. Learn more about visualization techniques in our article on nlp techniques for visualization.
- Power Poses: Adopting power poses, such as standing tall with your chest open and hands on your hips, can help boost your confidence and increase your sense of power. Research suggests that holding these poses for a few minutes before your speech can positively impact your energy and performance.
By incorporating these techniques into your public speaking routine, you can effectively manage your state and energy, paving the way for a more engaging and impactful delivery. Remember to practice these techniques regularly to build your confidence and ensure a dynamic and memorable public speaking experience.
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Sulfur is everywhere
Inktober is done and chemist Hanzell is making a comeback~~!!! I was supposed to do my comeback on the first but my sleepiness had other plans. Plus, I've been busy making plans with someone on hive UwU
Alright, so since I already wrote about ore types, processing and a few other terms before, I thought now would be a good time to talk about some common metals/elements that usually come through the lab doors.
So I talked about sulphides and sulphates before, but what about thiosulfates and the native sulphur ore itself?
Yes! I’ll be talking about sulphur/sulfur because it is one of the most common ore types we get in our lab. It’s also one of the most used ions in the lab too.
So the element sulfur
It has an atomic number of 16 with an atomic weight of 32.01 g/mol. It has the most number of allotropes (element with different forms/phases. Think carbon powder, graphite, diamond. All carbon, just different atomic arrangements. Same logic with sulfur) yet its most stable allotrope is the orthorhombic sulphur (S8).
here's the crystal structure of the orthorhombic sulfur. This is just a 3D model I got from here: https://www.webelements.com/sulfur/crystal_structure.html
It’s a poor conductor of anything, but it’s one of the most reactive ions out there. It can combine with almost any element on the periodic table except for gold, platinum, and inert gases since these aren’t reactive to begin with.
For occurance. It is the 10th most abundant element in the universe because it’s not only found on land/earth, but in the oceans, in the lithosphere and meteorites too. But on a matter of where you’re most likely to find sulfur, I suggest near volcanoes. It can occur in its native form (this you can find in sedimentary rocks), which is a pale yellow, soft solid/crystal
another name for native sulfur is also brimstone and I think it's really pretty if it weren't so hazardous XD
This is what they use to make sulfa-drugs and those sulfur beauty products like sulfur soap
Or it can occur mixed in with other metals, and that’s what I’ve been talking about for a while now.
I think, ever since I’ve started working in labs, sulfur has always been an analyte we needed to quantify. Like when I tested coal, we had a sulfur analyzer because combusted coal produces sulfur gasses that in turn, contribute to acid rain and eutrophication, so we had to see if the coal sample we received would be good for energy production.
Meanwhile, when you look at food, it’s seen as a preservative, namely as a sulphite (SO2) which is a gas blown into dried fruit packages like prunes, raisins, etc.. It’s to ensure that moulds won’t grow on fruits since sulphites do act as an antimicrobial agent here.
As for when I handled fertilizers, sulfur is seen as a nutrient in this case. Going back to the eutrophication effect it has, sulfur can promote algal growth as well as plant growth. That’s why back when I handled fertilizers, we did gravimetric sulfur analysis because of the sulfur percentage in just 1 gram sample most of the time.
this is probably the last batch of sulfur I digested in my previous company and it was also the dirtiest because I think it was too high in phosphorus so it came out colored like that.
Now that I’m back in the minerals industry, sulfur is back to being a contaminant XD but now, checking for sulfur is kind of like a preliminary check we do to the oores, kind of like when we run all the samples through a four acid digestion as a preliminary check. In the case of the sulfur check though, it’s sort of the same thing with coal. Sulfur gas does form when you process ores through roasting or calcination.
roasting and calcination from the geochemsitry pdf my supervisor gave me. Sorry, I'm so lazy to look for the actual source ;;w;;
Then here is the occurance of sulfur in ores:
it's quite a long list, and that's not even all of it. Although we've sampled and tested quite a number on that list, but there's still quite a bit of ores left for me to explore.
There’s also the fact that if the sulfur content is high, and if it happens to be a sulfur ore of high purity then it can be used for plenty of other things, specifically in the prooduction of sulfuric acid and in the pharmaceutical side of things since native sulfur is considered one of the oldest fungicides, pesticides, and antimicrobial agent.
I wanted to dive into how sulfur ores are processed and the analyzer we have for it eventually. When I can get an idea of how I'll be explaining combustion chemistry properly.
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Side A: The killing of local shopkeeper Levi Jones stirred rumors of an impending Indian attack. Mansfield’s settlers needed help. On the evening of August 9, 1813, Johnny Appleseed is believed to have embarked from here on a daring overnight journey to the settlements of Clinton and Mount Vernon for reinforcements. At the time of Appleseed’s run, this square was the site of two blockhouses erected during the War of 1812. One blockhouse, constructed of round logs by a Captain Schaeffer of Fairfield County, stood at the intersection of Main Street and Park Avenue West. Colonel Charles Williams of Coshocton built the other blockhouse of hewn logs. It was located in the middle of the north side of the square and later served as Mansfield’s first courthouse.
Sponsors: Ohio Bicentennial Commission, The Longaberger Company, Johnny Appleseed Heritage Center, and The Ohio Historical Society
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Cross-border populations, made up of individuals living close to the borders between two countries, face unique challenges in their daily lives. They are sometimes forced to cross borders regularly, for economic (geographical proximity offers employment opportunities in specific sectors or is more favourable), educational or health reasons (educational infrastructures and health services may be more accessible and of better quality on the other side of the border).
In general, crossing borders allows them to participate in exchanges, thus favouring the economic and cultural development of border regions. Unfortunately, this crossing is not always easy, as there are sometimes obstacles such as security checks, customs controls, health checks, visa requirements, instability, conflicts, etc., which do not affect people in the same way. Indeed, vulnerable populations within cross-border populations face additional challenges when crossing borders on a daily basis.
These vulnerable populations, such as women, unaccompanied children or the elderly, are more exposed to the risks of violence, exploitation or human trafficking when crossing borders. They need special security and protection measures to ensure their well-being and safety. This may also be due to language barriers, cultural differences or administrative obstacles that may make it difficult for them to cross borders, or even expose them to dangerous situations.
More specifically, every day of the week, thousands of children have to cross borders regularly or irregularly in order to benefit from their right to education. Conditions in their country of residence are not satisfactory and, for various reasons, they may be forced to study on the other side. One example is the case of Venezuelan children who have to use informal border crossings, known as trochas, to get to school. Located in the far north of Colombia, these are dangerous rural roads controlled by local armed groups, who often charge users to cross.
To address the difficulties associated with regular border crossings and to facilitate the safe transit of persons, some countries have introduced cross-border cards. These cards offer considerable advantages to their holders. On the one hand, they simplify administrative procedures, facilitating travel and reducing waiting times, thus speeding up cross-border travel. On the other hand, they give access to many essential services, such as education, health and social benefits, in the neighbouring country. They also promote cross-border trade and employment. Finally, cross-border cards strengthen social and family ties by facilitating regular visits and meetings between cross-border family members.
On occasion, IOM supports States, as in the case of El Salvador, in carrying out carding days to provide identity documents to these populations, especially children and adolescents2. These documents speed up the migration control process and also allow access to state services (health, education, food etc.) for children living on the other side of the border. They also enable migration authorities to more effectively protect children and adolescents from the crimes of human trafficking and smuggling of migrants. The card is free and mandatory. As these days are always successful, the country in question has replicated them, on the border with Guatemala.
These activities contribute to the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), in particular Goal 11, which recognises the importance of coordinated border management, promoting bilateral and regional cooperation, ensuring the security of States, communities and migrants, and facilitating the safe and regular movement of people across borders, while preventing irregular migration. In addition, Goal 4 aims to build on local practices that facilitate participation in community life, such as interaction with authorities and access to relevant services, by issuing all persons living in a municipality, including migrants, with registration cards containing basic personal data, although such cards do not entitle them to citizenship or residency.
El Salvador is recognised as a champion country in the implementation of the Global Compact and is taking and executing concrete measures such as the carnage projects to ensure its implementation at national and regional level in order to comprehensively address the governance of migration foreseen in other global frameworks such as the 2030 Agenda.
In short, cross-border populations who have to cross borders on a daily basis face specific challenge, in particular vulnerable populations. However, by facilitating these crossings with cross-border cards, we can improve their safety and quality of life, promote social and economic integration and strengthen links between border regions. It is essential to put in place appropriate policies and measures to ensure the safety, rights and well-being of these populations, especially minors, while promoting harmonious cross-border cooperation.
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In a world grappling with the obesity epidemic, where unhealthy dietary choices and sedentary lifestyles have become the norm, the search for effective, natural solutions has intensified. Among the intriguing candidates under scrutiny is Tupi Tea, a beverage deeply rooted in culture and tradition. This article, “The Role of Tupi Tea in the Obesity Epidemic,” delves into the potential of Tupi Tea in addressing one of the most pressing health issues of our time.
1. The Obesity Epidemic: A Global Concern
Weighing the Crisis
Understanding the gravity of the obesity epidemic on a global scale.
2. Tupi Tea Unveiled: A Cultural Heritage
A Rich Tradition
Exploring the cultural significance of Tupi Tea.
3. Obesity and Its Health Implications
Health in the Balance
Examining the health risks associated with obesity.
4. Exploring the Potential of Tupi Tea
A Natural Contender
Discovering Tupi Tea’s potential role in addressing obesity.
5. The Science Behind Tupi Tea’s Impact
Uncovering the scientific research on Tupi Tea’s effects on obesity.
6. How Tupi Tea Supports Weight Management
Shedding Pounds Naturally
Exploring how Tupi Tea may aid in weight management.
7. Tupi Tea and Metabolic Health
Examining the link between Tupi Tea and metabolic well-being.
8. Dietary Guidelines and Tupi Tea
A Nutritional Perspective
Understanding how Tupi Tea aligns with dietary recommendations.
9. Challenges in Studying Tupi Tea
Acknowledging the difficulties in conducting Tupi Tea research.
10. Emerging Research and Findings
Highlighting the latest discoveries in Tupi Tea’s potential.
11. Integrating Tupi Tea into a Healthy Lifestyle
Exploring how Tupi Tea can complement a healthy lifestyle.
12. The Future of Tupi Tea in Obesity Management
A Bright Horizon
Speculating on Tupi Tea’s future role in fighting obesity.
13. FAQs: Tupi Tea and Obesity
Let’s address some common questions about Tupi Tea’s role in combating obesity:
- Can Tupi Tea alone help with weight loss? Tupi Tea can be part of a holistic approach to weight management but should not be relied upon as a sole solution.
- How does Tupi Tea support weight management? It may help by promoting metabolism, providing antioxidants, and aiding in appetite control.
- Are there any side effects of consuming Tupi Tea for weight loss? In moderate amounts, Tupi Tea is generally safe. However, excessive consumption may lead to adverse effects.
- Is Tupi Tea a replacement for a healthy diet and exercise? No, Tupi Tea should complement a balanced diet and regular physical activity.
- Are there any age or health restrictions for Tupi Tea consumption? Consult a healthcare provider, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are pregnant or nursing.
- Can Tupi Tea interact with medications? It’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional if you are on medication and considering Tupi Tea consumption.
14. Conclusion: Sip Towards a Healthier Future
As we conclude our exploration of the role of Tupi Tea in the obesity epidemic, we find ourselves at a juncture where tradition meets science. While Tupi Tea’s potential to support weight management is promising, it’s essential to remember that it is not a magical cure. Rather, it should be integrated into a holistic approach to a healthier lifestyle. As research continues to unveil its secrets, we remain hopeful that Tupi Tea will play a meaningful role in addressing the global challenge of obesity.
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Blueprint for a Battlestar: Serious Scientific Explanations Behind Sci-Fi’s Greatest Inventions
Theory is all well and good, but eventually someone’s going to have to build things based on those grand theories. That’s where blueprints come in. And when you’re talking about the future of humanity — be it space stations, cybernetic implants, or terraforming other worlds — those blueprints will have to be something special.
And Rod Pyle is just the man for the job, combining real-life work at NASA and JPL with visual effects work in Star Trek to bring to life ways to turn science fiction into science fact.
Although some of the blueprints in Blueprint for a Battlestar are less detailed than others, they all provide valuable insight into the scientific concepts and developments-in-progress Pyle describes throughout the book. Never has space travel seemed so amazing and yet so tangibly real as it does in Pyle’s blueprint sketches.
This book brings to life both the possibilities and the distinct challenges that come part and parcel with great leaps forward. This is dream fuel for aspiring STEM students of all sorts. Blueprint for a Battlestar is a gateway drug for brainstorming that could change the world.
|Page Count||192 pages|
|Bookshop.org||Buy this Book|
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History Hero: Bruce Morton
Bruce Morton is plying a modern craft, but using the tools of the 19th century. He does photography the way it worked in the 1850’s and 60’s — freezing history on glass or metal plates — using large view cameras, and processing the image right there in the field. The process first developed in 1851, is called Tintype. It was this very process that brought the Civil War right into people’s homes. Photographers like Mathew Brady and others would travel from battle to battle capturing the war in sobering detail. But perhaps most powerfully, many soldiers would pay for a portrait. Sadly, in too many cases, that’s all the old families have to remember the sons, brothers and fathers lost in the war.
Bruce runs Sonoma Tintype in Petaluma, California and demonstrates his craft at Civil War reenactments and antique faires, where many people want one of these unique photographs. He points out you should sign the back, because many of these could last 500 years before the image will fade.
We first met Bruce at Civil War Days, in Duncan Mills, California.
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“History Heroes” are profiles of people young and old we meet along the way sharing their love of the past.
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On your next trip to the local shopping mall, stop by one of the jewelry stores. Notice the diamond jewelry that takes up the majority of the showcase and the number of people hovering over the counters trying to pick out diamonds for their loved ones. There will surely be a salesperson explaining the "4 Cs" -- cut, clarity, carat and color -- to a young shopper, and explaining why one diamond is better than the one right next to it. Why all the fuss over diamonds?
A diamond is just carbon in its most concentrated form. That's it -- carbon, the element that makes up 18 percent of the weight of your body. In many countries, including the United States and Japan, there is no other gemstone as cherished as the diamond, but in truth, diamonds are no rarer than many other precious gems. They continue to demand higher market prices because the majority of the diamond market is controlled by a single entity.
In this article, we will track a diamond from the time it is formed to when it reaches the Earth's surface. We will also examine the artificial rarity created by the diamond cartel, De Beers, and briefly discuss the properties of these gems.
First, we'll discuss carbon, the element behind the sparkle.
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Blood and Blood vessels
Edited by Jamie (ScienceAid Editor), Taylor (ScienceAid Editor), Jen Moreau, Doug Collins
Blood is a liquid that flows through (or circulates) the body and transports substances. It comprises of a number of different cells and chemicals.
|Plasma||This is a liquid that makes up the majority of blood. It's mainly water, but also has many different chemicals dissolved in it. These include waste products (like urea and carbon dioxide), salts, glucose, and hormones.|
|Red Blood Cells||
These are specialized cells that transport oxygen around the body. They can do this because they contain haemoglobin which oxygen sticks to.
They have two specializations, firstly they have no nucleus so there is plenty of space for haemoglobin; and their shape is a biconcave disk (see above).
|White Blood Cells||Please see the main article: Immune System.|
|Platelets||These are the fragments of other blood cells - small fragments of protein that clot blood. So if you have a cut for example, these would create a kind of a dam that stops blood leaving the blood vessels.|
As you most likely know, blood is the most popular transport system in the body by carrying oxygen, hormones and sugars. There are different types of blood vessels that perform different roles.
|Artery||Has a thick muscular wall that withstands pressure from heartbeat.||Maintains blood pressure and smooth flow of blood to tissue.|
|Capillary||Thin wall, and small vessel.||Allows exchange of material from blood to tissue.|
|Vein||Weaker wall with valves in.||The valves prevent blood flowing backwards since it is at lower pressure.|
Red Blood Cells and Haemoglobin
Red Blood Cells. These are very important cells. They are made in bone marrow and only last about 120 days before being destroyed. The crucial thing - they contain haemoglobin and other chemicals that help it function.
Haemoglobin. It is a protein that contains iron ions that pick up oxygen. When these oxygen molecules are stuck to it, it's called oxyhaemoglobin. The relationship between oxygen and haemoglobin is represented in the oxygen dissociation curves.
Put simply, the curve shows that at first, haemoglobin (Hb) is reluctant to pick up oxygen. As the amount of O2 increases, a few oxygen molecules attach to it. This makes it much easier for the rest to attach. As the partial pressure of oxygen gets very high, the curve levels off. This is because it's already almost fully saturated and getting more to attach to it is difficult.
The light green line on the left shows the approximate position of a curve for fetal haemoglobin. It is in this position because their haemoglobin will pick up oxygen more easily than the mother's will. This means it will pick up the oxygen as the mother looses it. The fetal Hb is said to have a higher affinity for oxygen because it picks it up more easily.
To the right, the black line is the curve in high CO2 concentrations. The Hb has a lower affinity to oxygen. The reason for this is known as the Bohr Affect More carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic.
Capillary and Lymphatic System
The capillary is a key part of the circulatory system, it allows for the exchange of substances being transported by the blood into the tissue fluid, and it is able to do this because it is permeable. The tissue fluid is a liquid that surrounds all cells. Substances like carbon dioxide and are exchanged through it. It has a similar composition to blood, except for larger proteins which are too big. A basic outline of the capillary is shown below along with the pressure changes through it.
Blood enters the capillary through the capillary. At first, hydrostatic (force of blood being pumped) pressure is very high, which forces fluid out of the blood vessel, and into the tissue fluid. However, as the blood travels through the capillary, the pressure drops because volume is reducing. When it goes below the water potential, fluid drains back into the blood vessel.
As the graph shows, most of the time the hydrostatic pressure is high so more fluid leaves the blood than goes back into it. This is where the lymph is important, because it removes excess fluid and carries it around the lymphatic system where it is later deposited into the blood stream again in the neck.
Referencing this Article
If you need to reference this article in your work, you can copy-paste the following depending on your required format:
APA (American Psychological Association)
Blood and Blood vessels. (2017). In ScienceAid. Retrieved Nov 28, 2023, from https://scienceaid.net/biology/humans/vesselsblood.html
MLA (Modern Language Association) "Blood and Blood vessels." ScienceAid, scienceaid.net/biology/humans/vesselsblood.html Accessed 28 Nov 2023.
Chicago / Turabian ScienceAid.net. "Blood and Blood vessels." Accessed Nov 28, 2023. https://scienceaid.net/biology/humans/vesselsblood.html.
Categories : Humans
Recent edits by: Jen Moreau, Taylor (ScienceAid Editor), Jamie (ScienceAid Editor)
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Too Much!: An Overwhelming Day
A reassuring rhyming picture book about sensory overload and what you can do when everything is too much
When feelings go on overload,
I pause and breathe
and all is . . . slowed.
Sometimes everything is too much! Too loud, too bright, and all too overwhelming. Writing from her own experience with sensory processing disorder, award-winning teacher-librarian Jolene Gutiérrez’s compassionate picture book explores the struggles of a sensorily sensitive child and how they settle themselves. Joined by Angel Chang’s beautiful color illustrations, young readers will learn that it’s OK if some days are too much.
An extensive author’s note to caregivers and educators explores sensory systems, sensory processing issues, and specific information about how to support kids with overstimulated nervous systems as they learn to soothe themselves.
Praise for Too Much!: An Overwhelming Day
"Recommended for kids who face similar struggles to feel seen and for others to better empathize with peers who are extra sensitive to stimuli. Perfect for a sensory-friendly storytime."—Booklist
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Visual problems in children can often be difficult to recognize because children aren’t necessarily aware there is a problem. Eye exams are a part of yearly well-child visits with the pediatrician and are used to identify visual problems. These screenings can be a good indicator of whether or not your child may have an eye condition that requires treatment, but they should not replace a full eye exam by an eye doctor.
During a visit to the pediatrician, the doctor or nurse will perform a basic visual exam. The visual exam varies based on age, but will typically include number and letter identification and may require eye drops. The guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics state three causes for a referral to an ophthalmologist:
- If the child has 20/30 vision or less
- A two-line difference between eyes
- Family history of childhood eye conditions
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Signs Your Child May Have Vision Problems
In addition to an eye exam, there are a few indicators that a child may be having vision problems. Signs include:
- Closing one eye
- Eye rubbing
- Excess tearing
The American Optometric Association recommends that children have comprehensive eye exams by an optometrist or ophthalmologist by the age of three. The exam will include a full diagnostic review of your child’s eye health and can help ensure that his or her vision is developing correctly.
A second exam should be conducted at age five or six, around the time your child will be starting kindergarten. These visual exams are important because they allow for early detection of visual problems and more serious eye conditions.
The UPMC Eye Center has a team of optometrists and ophthalmologists trained in the identification and treatment of pediatric eye conditions. Christin Sylvester, DO, explains some of the most common problems pediatric ophthalmologists treat include:
- Amblyopia or lazy eye- decreased vision in one or both eyes that may be due to strabismus, refractive errors, or pathology in the eye.
- Vision disorders- associated with genetic diseases and diseases of the metabolism, the nervous system, and the immune system.
- Cataracts– a clouding of the lens of the eye
- Glaucoma– a buildup of fluid in the eye that can lead to damage of the optic nerve
- Refractive errors (nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism)
- Strabismus-a condition in which the eyes do not line up in the same direction
At the point of diagnosis the eye doctor can make appropriate treatment recommendations. A number of the common pediatric eye diseases can be treated through glasses, eye drops, or an eye patch. Additionally, when these conditions are identified early, the progression of the disease can be slowed or potentially even stopped.
For more information about pediatric ophthalmology or to schedule an appointment at the UPMC Eye Center, call 412-647-2200.
About UPMC Vision Institute
The UPMC Vision Institute is a national leader in the treatment of eye diseases and disorders. We seek to improve and restore your vision to help your quality of life, diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions in both children and adults. Our treatments include both surgical and nonsurgical options. We also offer routine eye screenings and have full-scale optical shops. Find an eye expert close to you.
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- Pick a country you want to study.
- On a world map, find the location of the country and identify what continent it is on.
- Find, draw, or trace a map and flag of your country.
- Learn six facts about the country, such as those suggested below:
- Draw or find a picture of the native dress.
- Learn a Sabbath or secular song.
- Listen to the national anthem.
- Learn to play a Sabbath or secular game.
- Name the main religion.
- Collect a stamp, postcard, or coin.
- Read or listen to a legend, myth, or story.
- Make a simple craft or food from the country. 6. Read in the Bible how languages originated at the tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9).
- Use local church members, library, or website for information.
- Recommended book and website are listed below. You may wish to make a country scrapbook.
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Pumps are all around us and are essential in every kind of building and installation.They are required whenever a liquid needs to be moved from A to B.
PUMPS ARE EVERYWHEREPumps are hidden heroes of our world today, and are important in various processes from supplying the water we drink to pumping away wastewater for treatment. Large amounts of electrical energy are required to keep the pumps running. Pump systems are found in all sorts of applications from industrial to domestic applications, and essential in every kind of building and installation including hotels, hospitals, industrial, utility, commercial, public or private.
Out of sight but hard at work keeping society running, 2/3 of pumps use up to 60% too much energy; huge savings can be made if the pumps keeping society going are switched to energy efficient pumps.
Domestic Households: Domestic households are dependent on a reliable water supply; pumps are responsible for ensuring the movement and flow of water through pipes to taps and showers; circulating hot water; pressure boosting and water transfer; waste-water removal and pumping water from private sources such as boreholes, wells or tanks.
Water Supply/Utility: pumps provide a safe and reliable water supply for every day use in private and public buildings and businesses. Water is pumped from sources such as groundwater, reservoirs/lakes, rivers, the ocean or recycled water reservoirs.
Industry Buildings: Pumps are essential in the industrial sector; in the production line, heating and cooling process, transportation of liquids and products, process cleaning (SIP and CIP), water supply and wastewater removal.
Hotels: Pumps are required to supply hot and cold water at a constant water pressure despite varying demands in flow rate; providing exceptional comfort to guests.
Office Buildings: Pumps are important in maintaining the right temperature and providing the optimum office environment in all seasons; pump applications include ventilation, heating and air conditioning.
Hospitals: Pumps ensure the water supply in hospitals is constant and maintains pressure throughout the whole building. Medical staff rely on the buildings' pumps, 24 hours a day.
Wastewater: pumps are a essential in the wastewater industry; they transport waste away from domestic and public buildings, industries and businesses. Pumps are also installed in pumping stations throughout the whole wastewater system. The pumps transport the wastewater to treatment plants where , after being treated, the water is safely discharged or re-used.
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Dance is a way to express your emotions through the movement of your body. It is also a way to exercise, relieve stress, and improve your overall health. Dancing is a skill that requires practice, but the benefits of dancing are well worth the effort.
The art of dance can be complicated, but you can learn a lot from taking a class or observing other people dance. Some dancers develop their own style by stealing moves from friends, strangers, or music videos. If you’re willing to put in the time, it won’t take long to start picking up the basics.
There are many different styles of dance, and some require a partner. Some dances are planned in advance by a choreographer, and some follow a specific genre of music or period of history. For example, ragtime dances are done to music with ragged timing.
Some dances are ceremonial, meant to honor a special occasion or memory. These may be communal dances, such as the Maypole dance or the Jewish hora, or they may be private and personal, like the table of silence performed at Lincoln Center to commemorate 9/11.
The energy of a dance can convey a variety of emotions, including agitation, anger, playfulness, or tenderness. Other elements of a dance include its orientation, the pathways it creates in space (curved, straight, zigzagged, or random), and its size, whether it is small and contained or large and expansive. The body’s use of weight can communicate an attitude as well: is the movement light and graceful, or heavy and repressive? Is the dance full of tense and bound movements, or free and flowing?
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Cats make a lot of sounds, but do they mean anything? What is a chirp, and why do they sound so much like a bird? What does this mean?
Cats chirp to get your attention. Kittens learn this particular noise in the early stages of their life when their mother uses it to get their attention. It means “follow me.” This is almost like a bird sound your cat makes when they want attention.
Cats tend to make a specific sound for specific things. These are not random cries from your cat. They usually mean something. It is your cat trying to communicate with you.
As humans use words and gestures to communicate, cats use different noises and behavior to let us know about their world and how they feel about us.
Motherhood is about learning the different signs of your baby. Cats are almost the same. The longer you share your life with them, you will begin to understand what their mannerism means.
Just listen closely and use all you can learn to your advantage. This may lead to a more peaceful life with your adorable pet.
After thousands of years living with a human, cats have learned that “speaking” is the best way of communication they have with their pet parents.
Chirping is a way to say hello to someone or something. It can occur when something catches the attention of your cat. And it could be friendly or aggressive.
Usually, when a cat chirps at its owner, it is with bright eyes, tail swinging, and ears to the side with a gentle head movement—the whole body language.
It means they want something from you, some food or maybe some loving petting.
When a chirp is aggressive, it would be accompanied by a crouching attacking stance—dilated pupils and an arched back.
An aggressive chirp could be passive. For example, when a cat notices a bird outside, it could just chirp at the sight of it. But we know what our cat is thinking and what that passive chirp really meant.
A chirp from a cat is also a way to see how someone or something reacts to them.
That chirp typically has the same sound as birds. This is because cats are mimics, so they tend to emulate a sound they hear at the moment.
Like a bird, cats possess a wide range of vocalizations. These animals have the broadest range of any domesticated pet. One may reduce the cat’s sound to just a few, but they have the ability to produce very distinctive sounds whenever they want.
These sounds can roughly be translated into our human language: that way, we kind of know what our cat means while they’re making noises at us.
What Are Other Sounds My Cat Makes?
These sounds or noises from your cat have their meaning, and we should pay close attention to them. They are indicative of your cat’s emotions.
There are many sounds from a cat. These are meow, purr, chirps, chatter, hiss, yowl, caterwaul, Scream, and Growls.
The most common cat sound is known as a meow. This is an exclusive form of communication cats have with us.
In a kitten’s life, the meow is learned very early on in their lives, and it is the baby’s way of calling for their mother. Since a domesticated cat is eternally our son or daughter, they use the meow with us.
Wild cats tend to forget or never again use the meow once they leave the company of their mother. It is not a form of communication they use with other cats. They lose this vocalization as they grow older.
Domesticated cats keep this form of communication to express loneliness, helplessness, and even illness. A cat can meow at you when you get home as a welcome gesture and a “Where have you been?” type of question.
A short meow that sounds like a question could mean they feel lonely and hungry. A succession of meows means you need to pay attention to them quickly.
When a cat is worried or annoyed by you or something, it will launch a longer meow. If a meow doesn’t stop, it might mean your cat feels sick.
A purr is a soft, deep rumble your cat makes when they are in the best of moods. It might be one of the cutest sounds in the whole world.
Lovely petting your cat while next to you will assure you of a couple of purrs. It will bring both of you satisfaction.
Sometimes a purr can occur when your cat is agitated. Notice the body language so you can tell if your cat is purring out of satisfaction or out of concern.
The purpose of chirps is to get someone or something’s attention. It is also a reaction to an object or prey. Cats can also chirp at their toys, especially if they make noises. Chirp is also known as a thrill and a chirrup.
When savoring the possible hunt for prey, cats often chatter after a chirp. Chatter can be presented as excitement from cats when they are lurking for prey.
Chatter may also occur when the stress of not catching prey kicks in. Cats are silent hunters, so chatter won’t happen while they’re in the process of hunting.
With a hiss, there’s no doubt of your cat’s intentions. A hiss comes when your cat feels threatened, and it is ready to attack. A hiss sounds like something burning in a pan.
Body language is also part of the hiss. A cat will show its fangs, arch its back, and puff its hair showing that it is ready to attack or defend itself.
The yowl is a vocalization often used between cats. It is known to be a long moan that alludes to mating seasons. It is also both wanting to mate or not wanting another cat around.
A cat also uses a yowl when it feels discomfort with its surroundings. For example, a cat that has recently been adopted or has moved to a different location.
Different from a yowl, a caterwaul is exclusively for mating and is only vocalized by female cats. This is a sound used in popular culture like cartoons to exemplify someone liking another person in an exaggerated and cartoonish way. It almost sounds like “aaa rooo ugh!”
Screams or shrieks are sounds of pain. Cats that get into fights scream or shriek out of pain. Also, female cats do it after mating is finished. This is because the extraction of the cat’s penis hurts the female cat a lot.
Growls are a cat’s way of communicating fear or anger. It usually accompanies the hiss. A domesticated cat will growl louder. If your cat is not in any particular danger and is growling, just let him be.
Do These Sounds Help Me Know If My Cat Loves Me?
A meow and a purr can be signs of affection from your cat. These sounds are made by a pet cat that is comfortable in the place it’s in. When a cat meows to you, it sees you as a parental figure.
However, there are more clear signs of love that a cat shows to you. They rub their bodies with you. They follow you to a room. They curl their paws in front of you, which means they see you as a mommy and want food.
Cats can show you their bellies as a sign of love. This would lead to petting, and that would lead to purring. So purr might be that sound of love you’re looking for.
Do They Know I Love Them If I Kiss Them A Lot?
Cats express themselves differently, so they may not understand the act of affection that is kissing.
We still need to try and let them know we love them and hugging and kissing are some of our favorite forms of affection. They may not understand this, but we will feel pleased that we do it.
Cats will understand your appreciation when you pet them when you let them cuddle with you, and of course, feed them and respect their space.
Sometimes they won’t respond kindly to the gesture of kissing, but it doesn’t mean your cat does not love you.
Cats don’t have the expressive face of a dog. Instead, they are quieter and less hyperactive, so knowing what a cat is feeling is more challenging than a dog.
A cat making noise is a cat trying to communicate. Cats are not very “talkative” animals. Instead, they’re expressing feelings and desires when they do make sounds.
Cats have a very distinctive way of making sounds, each one meaning something different. So we, as pet owners, have to pay close attention to them.
Chirp is usually a positive way your cat has when communicating with you. Chirping to prey or an object may have a different feeling.
More like this post:
- Why Do Cats Chatter? What Does It Mean When They Do It?
- How Do Cats Get Worms? What Can You Do To Prevent It?
- What Do Cats Dream About? Why Do They Move In Their Sleep?
Shawn Manaher is a serial entrepreneur but when he isn’t working, he loves dogs. He’s owned different pets over the years, and always gives a part of his heart to each pet.
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Definition of Clan
Example of Clan
- American English – /klAn/
- British English – /klAn/
International Phonetic Alphabet
- American English – /klæn/
- British English – /klan/
- Plural: clans
- According to some social scientists, the term clan only relates to a descent group traced though the mother and gens is the term for descent through the father, whereas sibs is used for both types.
- When a clan traces their origin to a mythical creature, this a type of totemism.
- Clans are typically unilineal, either matrilinealor patrilineal.
- Clan is often used informally to refer to any family such as the Bell clan or other group such as a clan of sociologists or gamers.
- In common use the term clan typically refers to people with Irish or Scottish heritage.
- Family and Kinship Resources – Books, Journals, and Helpful Links
- Word origin of “clan” – Online Etymology Dictionary: etymonline.com
- descent group
- extended family
- nonunilineal descent
- unilineal descent
ASA – American Sociological Association (5th edition)
Bell, Kenton, ed. 2014. “clan.” In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2023 (https://sociologydictionary.org/clan/).
APA – American Psychological Association (6th edition)
clan. (2014). In K. Bell (Ed.), Open education sociology dictionary. Retrieved from https://sociologydictionary.org/clan/
Chicago/Turabian: Author-Date – Chicago Manual of Style (16th edition)
Bell, Kenton, ed. 2014. “clan.” In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Accessed November 28, 2023. https://sociologydictionary.org/clan/.
MLA – Modern Language Association (7th edition)
“clan.” Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Ed. Kenton Bell. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2023. <https://sociologydictionary.org/clan/>.
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Explore Education Learning and Contemplation Sources:Education Learning and Contemplation Education Learning and ContemplationThis category has 5 sources. Hyland T. 2011. Mindfulness and learning : celebrating the affective dimension of education. Campbell LH. 0. Spiritual Reflective Practice in Preservice Art Education. Studies in Art Education. 47(1):51-69. [Anonymous]. 2007. Awareness and Concentration in Teaching (ACT) Pilot Project. Hill C, Herdon AAli, Karpinska Z. 2006. Contemplative Practices: Educating for Peace and Tolerance. Teachers College Record. 108(9):1915-1935. Jennings PA, Snowberg KE, Coccia MA, Greenberg MT. 2011. Improving Classroom Learning Environments by Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education (CARE): Results of Two Pilot Studies. Journal of Classroom Interaction. 46(1):37-48.
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The speaker is a very important component of any audio system. They are the final link in the audio chain and are responsible for converting the electrical signal into sound. There are many different types and sizes of speakers available on the market today, so choosing the right one can be a daunting task.
This guide will help you understand the basics of speakers and how to select the best one for your needs.
Speakers are devices that convert electrical signals into sound. The most common type of speaker is the dynamic speaker, which uses a magnet and a coil of wire to produce sound. Speakers come in all shapes and sizes, from tiny earbuds to giant stadium PA systems.
How Speakers Make Sound
What is a Computer Speaker
A computer speaker is a device that converts electrical audio signals into sound. The speakers are usually connected to a sound card or an integrated audio system on the motherboard of the computer. They come in different sizes, shapes, and designs.
Some have one driver (for mono sound) while others have multiple drivers (for stereo or surround sound).
Types of Speaker
Speakers come in all shapes and sizes, but they can broadly be classified into two categories: active and passive. Active speakers have their own power source, which amplifies the audio signal before it is sent to the speaker drivers. Passive speakers rely on an external amplifier to do this job.
There are advantages and disadvantages to both types of speaker. Active speakers are typically more expensive, but they offer a cleaner sound because the amplifier is matched to the drivers. Passive speakers are less expensive, but require a separate amplifier, which can add to the overall cost of the system.
Which type of speaker is right for you depends on your budget and your audio requirements. If you are looking for the highest quality sound possible, active speakers are the way to go. But if you are on a tight budget, passive speakers may be a better option.
What is a Speaker Device
A speaker device is a small, portable device that amplifies sound. It is typically used to improve the sound quality of music or other audio recordings. Speaker devices come in a variety of sizes and shapes, and can be powered by batteries or an AC adapter.
Some speaker devices also include features such as Bluetooth connectivity, FM radio, and USB ports.
10 Uses of Speaker
A speaker can be a very versatile tool. Here are 10 ways you can use a speaker in your everyday life:
1. Wake up to music – Start your day off right by waking up to your favorite tunes.
You can use a speaker to play music from your phone, tablet, or laptop. 2. Enjoy audio books – If you’re a fan of audiobooks, a speaker can be a great way to enjoy them. You can connect your device and listen to hours of story without having to hold it in your hand.
3. Have a karaoke party – Turn your living room into a karaoke bar with the help of a speaker! Just connect your phone or laptop and start singing along to all of your favorite songs. 4. Play background music during dinner – Create ambiance during dinner by playing some relaxing background music through a speaker.
This is also great for setting the mood on romantic nights in! 5. Give presentations – Many speakers come equipped with Bluetooth, making them perfect for giving presentations wirelessly from your laptop or phone. No more being tethered to a projector!
6. Watch movies outdoors – Take advantage of nice weather by watching movies outdoors with friends or family using a portable speaker system. This is also great for picnics and outdoor parties where space is limited but you still want everyone to be able to hear the movie clearly. 7 Listen to podcasts on the go – Don’t have time to sit down and listen to that new podcast episode?
Connect wirelessly and listen through speakers while you get ready for work or do chores around the house.. 8 Enhance audio when gaming – If you love gaming, then you know how important sound quality is!
Investing in good speakers can really take your gaming experience up a notch (or two). 9 Get better sound quality when streaming TV shows and movies – Most streaming services now offer HD content, which sounds best when played through high-quality speakers rather than built-in TV ones…10 Have impromptu dance parties anywhere, anytime – One of the best things about speakers is that they’re completely portable so you can take them wherever you go! This means impromptu dance parties in the park, at beach bonfires, or even just in your own backyard are always possible (and encouraged!).
5 Uses of Speaker
A speaker can be a very versatile tool – whether you’re using it for work or for play. Here are five different ways you can use a speaker to make your life easier and more fun:
1. Make conference calls on the go.
If you’re always on the go, it can be tough to find time to sit down and make important phone calls. But with a speaker, you can easily take calls anywhere. Just connect your speaker to your phone and start talking.
No need to miss an important call just because you’re out and about! 2. Listen to music hands-free. Tired of holding your phone up to your ear while you listen to music?
A speaker lets you listen without having to hold anything at all! Whether you’re working in the kitchen or taking a break on the couch, just set up your speaker and enjoy your tunes hands-free. Plus, many speakers come with built-in radios, so you can catch up on current affairs or listen to your favourite sports game while you work around the house.
Speaker Function in Computer
Speakers are one of the most important components in a computer. They allow you to hear sound from your computer, which is essential for things like watching videos, listening to music, and playing games. But what exactly do speakers do?
Speakers take the digital data that your computer produces and converts it into analog sound waves. This is done by a process called digitization, which turns the 1s and 0s of binary code into an audio signal. The speaker then amplifies this signal and sends it out through its cone-shaped diaphragm.
The size of the speaker’s cone determines how low or high pitched the sound will be. The larger the cone, the lower the pitch. The smaller the cone, the higher the pitch.
Speakers also have different wattage ratings, which determine how loud they can get. A higher wattage rating means a louder speaker. When shopping for speakers, it’s important to consider what you’ll be using them for.
If you just want basic sound for things like email notifications and web browsing, then you don’t need to spend a lot of money on high-end speakers with lots of features. However, if you’re looking for great sound quality for things like music and movies, then you’ll want to invest in a good pair of speakers that offer features like surround sound and bass boost.
History of Speakers
A speaker is an electroacoustic transducer, which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type of speaker in the 2010s is the dynamic speaker, invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice.
The history of the loudspeaker begins with its inventors, who created various technologies and devices to make sound louder and more intelligible.
Despite their different approaches, all loudspeakers share certain basic principles: they all have drivers that produce sound waves, and they all have some means of amplifying those waves so that they can be heard by listeners. Early loudspeakers were developed primarily for use in telephone systems, but their potential was quickly recognized by recording engineers and public address system developers. In the 1920s and 1930s, movie theaters were outfitted with large arrays of speakers to create “soundtracks” for silent films.
By the mid-20th century, stereo recordings and broadcasts were common, and loudspeakers became an essential part of home entertainment systems. Today’s digital technology has led to even more sophisticated speaker designs that can reproduce a wider range of sounds with greater fidelity than ever before.
Uses of Speaker for Class 2
There are many uses for a speaker in class 2. A speaker can be used to introduce a new topic, to provide background information on a topic, or to review material that has been previously covered. Additionally, a speaker can be used to engage the class in discussion, answer questions, or stimulate critical thinking.
What are Speakers Explain?
Speakers are devices that convert electrical energy into sound. The most common type of speaker is the loudspeaker, which is used in a wide variety of applications, including sound reinforcement, public address, and personal audio systems.
Loudspeakers consist of an electromagnet, a coil of wire that creates a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through it.
The magnet is suspended in a frame called the voice Coil former. The voice coil former is attached to the speaker cone, which vibrates when excited by the magnetic field created by the voice coil. The size and shape of the speaker cone determines the frequency response of the loudspeaker.
The larger and heavier the cone, the lower the frequencies it can reproduce. Smaller cones are better at reproducing high frequencies. Most modern speakers are designed to reproduce a flat frequency response across all frequencies within their operating range.
This ensures that all sounds are reproduced accurately without any unwanted coloration or distortion.
What is Speakers And Its Types?
Speakers are a type of electroacoustic transducer; which converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. The most widely used type of speaker in the 2010s is the dynamic speaker, invented in 1925 by Edward W. Kellogg and Chester W. Rice.
The term “speaker” is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to a whole system, such as a public address system in a building.
This terminology confusion can cause problems when repairing or purchasing replacement parts for these systems. There are several types of speakers, classified by their method of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy that then creates sound waves: 1) Dynamic speakers – use electromagnetism to convert electrical energy into mechanical vibrations (i.e., movement).
The vast majority of speakers today are this type; they’re what you’ll find in your home stereo, car audio system, portable music player, etc. Examples include cone speakers and horn-loaded tweeters. 2) Electrostatic speakers – use electrostatics (attraction and repulsion between electric charges) to create force between two metal plates; this force moves the diaphragm (a thin membrane that vibrates to create sound), which is attached to the plate.
These are generally found in high-end audio systems due to their exceptional fidelity; however, they can be difficult to drive with low-powered amplifiers and require more maintenance than other types of speakers. 3) Magnetostriction speaker – uses magnetostriction (the change in shape or size of an object when exposed to a magnetic field) to vibrate a ferromagnetic material inside the speaker’s coil(s); this produces sound waves just like any other speaker type when connected to an amplifier/receiver. These were once popular in radios but have largely been replaced by dynamic or piezoelectric speakers.
What is Speaker With Example?
A speaker is a person who talks. The word can refer to someone who gives a speech or a lecture, or to someone who talks in general.
For example, if you are at a conference, the person giving the keynote address is the speaker.
If you are in class, your teacher is the speaker. In either case, the person doing the talking is the speaker.
What are the 5 Uses of Speaker?
Speakers are a vital part of any audio system, and there are a variety of different types available to suit different needs. Here are five common uses for speakers:
1. Home theater systems typically have multiple speakers that are used to create an immersive sound experience.
The number and placement of the speakers will vary depending on the specific system, but they typically include at least two main front speakers, a center channel speaker, and one or more surround sound speakers. 2. Many people use desktop computer speakers for music listening, gaming, or watching movies and videos. These speakers can be powered by the computer’s USB port or from an AC outlet.
Some models come with subwoofers for enhanced bass response. 3. Portable Bluetooth® speakers are becoming increasingly popular as people look for ways to take their music with them on the go. These small, wireless speakers can connect to a smartphone or other Bluetooth-enabled device and stream music wirelessly.
Most also have built-in batteries so they can be used without being plugged in. 4. Car stereos typically have at least two speakers, although many now have four or more. Aftermarket car stereo systems often include subwoofers for enhanced bass response, and some even come with integrated amplifier(s) for added power .5 PA (public address) systems consist of one or more microphones connected to an amplifier which drives one or more loudspeakers .
They are commonly used in schools , workplaces , and other public venues to make announcements or deliver speeches .
Speakers are one of the most important parts of any audio system. They convert electrical energy into sound waves that we can hear. There are many different types and sizes of speakers, but they all have one common goal: to produce the best possible sound quality.
The size of a speaker is measured by its diameter, which is typically expressed in inches. The larger the speaker, the more bass it can produce. However, size isn’t everything when it comes to speaker quality.
The type of material used to make the speaker also plays a role in its overall sound quality. There are two main types of speakers: dynamic and electrostatic. Dynamic speakers use a coil of wire (the voice coil) that is suspended in a magnetic field.
When an electric current flows through the voice coil, it creates a magnetic field that interacts with the permanent magnet in the speaker, causing the cone to move back and forth. This movement produces sound waves that we can hear. Electrostatic speakers use an electrically charged membrane instead of a cone.
The membrane is suspended between two metal plates (called stators).
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How Smoking Affects Our Vision
Every organ in the body can be harmed by smoking, and that includes the eyes.
The disease we usually think of when we hear “health risks of smoking” is lung cancer, but the damage smoking can cause isn’t limited to the lungs. A smoking habit can actually damage eyesight faster than disease, and there are a few different ways it happens.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease that causes irreversible blindness. It is the deterioration of the macula, the central part of the retina where we see the sharpest detail. Smokers have triple the risk of developing AMD compared to nonsmokers. They’re also more likely to develop it up to ten years earlier than average for nonsmokers.
Increased Risk Of Cataracts
Cataracts are the world’s leading cause of blindness, and smoking doubles the risk of developing them—for heavy smokers, it triples it! Early on, cataract symptoms include blurred vision, double vision, light sensitivity, faded colors, and reduced night vision. In most cases, it is possible to surgically remove them and reverse the vision loss.
Smoking And Retinopathy
Retinopathy most commonly affects people with diabetes, in the form of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes causes damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which then bleed into the eye. If the diabetes isn’t very carefully managed, this can starve the light-sensitive cells in the retina of oxygen and lead to blindness. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes by 30-40 percent and increases the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Secondhand Smoke And Vision
Secondhand smoke combines the smoke from the end of the cigarette with the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Not only does smoking affect the vision of the smoker, it can put the vision of everyone around them at increased risk too, in addition to many other negative health effects. Infants and young children are most likely to suffer from this smoke with asthma attacks, infections, and even SIDS.
Breaking The Habit
The good news is that smoking is the most preventable cause of vision loss, because we can either quit smoking or never start. Even someone with a long history of smoking can significantly reduce their risk of health complications by quitting. Quitting smoking reduces the risk of macular degeneration by six percent after just one year, and it also reduces the risk of developing cataracts!
[iframe https://www.youtube.com/embed/eubr_hyU01o?rel=0 620 349]
Make The Right Choice For Your Vision Health
If you want help to quit smoking, there are resources all around you. Support from friends, family, and even counselors can be the best help in quitting, and you can also check out the CDC’s website for tips and information. As your eye care specialists, we care deeply about your health, and we encourage you to quit smoking and schedule an eye exam so that we can assess the health of your eyes.
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The automotive industry, once characterized by the roar of engines and the allure of sleek designs, is now at the forefront of a technological revolution that is reshaping the way we drive and interact with our vehicles. From electric cars and autonomous driving to connectivity and sustainable innovation, the automotive landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, heralding a new era of mobility.
One of the most significant shifts in the automotive industry is the rise of electric vehicles (EVs). With a growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental consciousness, automakers are investing heavily in the development of electric cars. These vehicles, powered by electricity stored in high-capacity batteries, offer a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The increasing accessibility of charging infrastructure and advancements in battery technology are making EVs a viable and attractive option for a broader range of consumers.
Autonomous driving technology is another frontier that is pushing the boundaries of what we traditionally understand about driving. The vision of self-driving cars navigating city streets may have seemed like science fiction a few years ago, but it is rapidly becoming a reality. Companies are investing in advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence to create vehicles capable of navigating complex traffic scenarios autonomously. This shift towards autonomous driving has the potential not only to enhance safety on the roads but also to redefine our relationship with transportation, freeing up time for passengers to engage in other activities while in transit.
Connectivity is playing a pivotal role in the modern automotive experience. The concept of the “connected car” involves integrating internet connectivity and advanced software into vehicles, creating a seamless link between the car and the digital world. This connectivity allows for real-time navigation, access to entertainment and information services, and even remote control of certain vehicle functions through mobile apps. As cars become increasingly connected, the driving experience transforms into a personalized, intelligent, and integrated part of our digital lives.
Beyond the technological innovations directly related to the driving experience, the automotive industry is also witnessing a revolution in manufacturing processes. 3D printing, for example, is being explored as a method to create lightweight and customized components for vehicles, enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Moreover, sustainable materials and manufacturing practices are gaining traction as the industry strives to minimize its ecological footprint. From recycled materials in interior components to eco-friendly production processes, automakers are aligning with the global push for sustainability.
The concept of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) is reshaping how we view vehicle ownership and transportation. Instead of owning a car, users can access a variety of transportation options through a single platform, from ride-sharing services to on-demand electric scooters. This shift towards MaaS is not only driven by advancements in technology but also by a changing mindset among consumers who prioritize convenience, flexibility, and environmental sustainability.
Safety remains a paramount concern in the automotive industry, and technological advancements are continuously being implemented to enhance the safety features of vehicles. Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), including features like automatic emergency braking, lane-keeping assistance, and adaptive cruise control, are becoming standard in many modern vehicles. These technologies are not only improving safety but are also paving the way for the eventual transition to fully autonomous driving.
In conclusion, the automotive industry is in the midst of a transformative journey that extends far beyond the traditional realms of design and performance. Electric vehicles, autonomous driving, connectivity, sustainability, and changes in ownership models are all contributing to a new era of mobility. As we drive into the future, the automotive landscape is becoming a convergence point for cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a reimagined relationship between individuals and their vehicles. The road ahead is not just about reaching destinations; it’s about embracing a future where the journey itself is a testament to the boundless possibilities of automotive innovation.
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In the ever-evolving landscape of modern politics, wpolityce has emerged as a powerful force that cannot be ignored. This 2000-word blog post aims to explore the significance of “wpolityce” in contemporary political discourse. From its origins to its impact on political strategies and public perception, we will delve deep into this keyword and its multifaceted role. So, let’s embark on this enlightening journey together.
What Is Wpolityce?
“Wpolityce” is a term that has gained prominence in the realm of politics and governance. It refers to the act of staying informed and engaged with political matters, whether at the local, national, or global level. “Wpolityce” involves actively participating in discussions, debates, and decision-making processes that shape the future of a nation.
The Evolution of Wpolityce
The concept of “wpolityce” has evolved over time, influenced by technological advancements and changing communication dynamics. In the past, staying informed about politics primarily involved reading newspapers and watching televised news broadcasts. However, in the digital age, the internet and social media platforms have revolutionized the way people engage with politics.
The Significance of Wpolityce in Modern Politics
Empowering the Citizenry
“Wpolityce” plays a pivotal role in empowering citizens by providing them with access to information and enabling them to voice their opinions. Informed citizens are better equipped to make educated decisions during elections and advocate for policies that align with their values and beliefs.
Shaping Political Campaigns
Political campaigns have recognized the importance of “wpolityce” in reaching voters. Candidates and parties now use various digital strategies to connect with constituents, from creating engaging social media content to hosting virtual town hall meetings.
Holding Politicians Accountable
In the age of “wpolityce,” politicians are under constant scrutiny. Citizens can easily fact-check statements and actions, and they hold their elected representatives accountable for their promises and decisions.
Building Political Movements
The keyword “wpolityce” has been instrumental in mobilizing individuals for various political movements and causes. From environmental activism to social justice campaigns, “wpolityce” serves as a catalyst for change.
Leveraging Wpolityce for Success
Political Parties and Wpolityce
Political parties are increasingly using “wpolityce” to shape their strategies. They focus on crafting messages and policies that resonate with informed citizens, ultimately aiming to secure their support during elections.
The Role of Wpolityce in Elections
Elections are the cornerstone of democracy, and “wpolityce” has a profound impact on their outcomes. Campaigns that effectively harness the power of this keyword can gain a competitive edge.
The Challenges of Wpolityce
While “wpolityce” provides access to a wealth of information, it also comes with the challenge of information overload. Sorting through vast amounts of data to find credible sources can be daunting.
The digital landscape of “wpolityce” has the potential to reinforce echo chambers and political polarization. People often engage with like-minded individuals, leading to a lack of diverse perspectives.
In conclusion, “wpolityce” has become an integral part of modern politics, shaping the way citizens engage with the political process. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it empowers citizens, influences political campaigns, and holds politicians accountable. However, it also presents challenges such as information overload and polarization. To thrive in today’s political landscape, one must embrace “wpolityce” and navigate its complexities.
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Rajpat or Kamtapur Fort is an archaeological site in Gosainmari in the Dinhata subdivision of the Cooch Behar district in West Bengal.
The Kamata Kingdom (pron: ˈkʌmətɑ) emerged in western Kamarupa probably when Sandhya, a ruler of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital west to Kamatapur sometime after 1257 CE. Since it originated in the old seat of the Kamarupa kingdom, and since it covered most of the western parts of it, the kingdom is also sometimes called as Kamarupa-Kamata. It covered a region corresponding to present-day undivided districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, Jalpaiguri, and Koch Behar in India and Rangpur and northern parts of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. The rise of the Kamata kingdom marked the end of the ancient period in the history of Assam and the beginning of the medieval period. The last rulers were the Khens.
The Khen dynasty replaced the weak rulers of the Kamata kingdom in the middle of the 15th century. There were only three Khen rulers. The last king, Nilambar expanded the kingdom to include the present Koch Bihar district of West Bengal, the undivided Kamrup and Darrang districts of Assam, northern Mymensingh, now in Bangladesh, and eastern parts of Dinajpur district. In 1498, its last capital at Gosanimari was attacked by the invading army of Alauddin Husain Shah of Bengal. That was the end of the Khen dynasty.
Khens, who were later displaced in 1498 by Alauddin Hussain Shah, the Turko-Afghan ruler of Gauda. Though Hussain Shah developed extensive administrative structures, he lost political control to a confederation of Baro-Bhuyan within a few years.
Biswa Singha removed Baro-Bhuyan confederacy and established the Koch dynasty soon, in 1515. The Koches were the last to call themselves Kamateshwars (the rulers of Kamata), but their influence and expansions were so extensive and far-reaching that their kingdom is sometimes called the Koch Kingdom. In the same century the kingdom split in two: Koch Bihar and Koch Hajo. The eastern kingdom, Koch Hajo, was soon absorbed into the Ahom kingdom in the 17th century. The western portion of the Kamata kingdom, Koch Bihar, continued to be ruled by a branch of the Koch dynasty and later merged with the Indian territory after the independence of India from the British domain. The boundary between Koch Bihar and Koch Hajo is approximately the boundary between West Bengal and Assam today.
The Kamtapur Fort was spread from the Dharla River in the east to Godaikhora in the west, and from Sitalabas in the north to Silduar-Soawariganj in the south. The palace was in the centre of the fort and is now referred to as Rajpat.
The fort was surrounded by a horse-shoe type high earthen wall running for around 22 kilometres (14 mi) and was open only on the side where the Dharla River was there. Now, it is mostly around 30 feet high and 35 feet wide. It was higher and wider in earlier days. The fort had seven entrance doors. There was a 250 feet wide float all around it. There was a system of providing regular water for it. Various people visiting the fort in the earlier days had seen many roads, temples, ponds and other utilities. In 1808, Dr. Buchanan Hamilton, visited the place and saw many broken structures. He also saw two brick-built walls inside the earthen enclosures. He left behind a detailed report. Now, all one can see is a large mound strewn with broken pieces of structures. Many statues or interesting items found in the fort have been kept aside for visitors to see.
According to the List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal Rajpat is a monument of national importance.
Excavations were carried out in 1998-2000, by the Archaeological Survey of India at the Rajpat Mound. Only a few antiquities and some pottery have been found. The pottery bears similarity with pottery made/ used in Assam, some of the antiquities indicate their belonging to the Pala-Sena period of the 11-12th century. The excavations do point to the place having come up before the Khen dynasty captured it.
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This magical tale takes us on an enchanted journey back in time to the origins of the I Ching in ancient China. A Tale of the I Ching tells the story of the young village ne'er-do-well, who becomes the first disciple of the great sage emperor Fu Hsi-the creator of the I Ching. As Fu Hsi opens the heart of the I Ching to the young student who sits at his feet, the inner workings of that great book of divination are revealed. Readers the world over say that the marvelous story of A Tale of the I Ching opens the I Ching to them as never before.
"Of all the stories you have heard of the great sage ruler, even though they were magnified a hundred times, none can do him the honor he deserves. Of all people, he is the most worthy, the most honorable, the wisest. The wisdom of the world flows through him like a sparkling brook through the forest. When he speaks, time seems to cease." -from A Tale of the I Ching
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We have noticed there are not too many great looking Gargoyles avaliable in Australia so we have been looking all over the world to find the best ones here they are.Click Gargoyle Images
Gargoyles ~ Grotesques
mythological beings. They adorn countless cathedrals around the world. Early references date back to 600 A.D.
The word 'gargoyles' is derived from an old French word gargouille, meaning throat. The English words gargle, gurgle and gargoyle are derived
Some believe that gargoyles - sometimes called grotesques - are inspired by the skeletal remains of prehistoric dinosaurs and other fossils.
Originally a gargoyle was considered a waterspout, directing water
away from a building. Technically an architect calls a waterspout on a building a gargoyle. If a stone carving does not carry water and has a face that resembles a creature, it is technically called a grotesque.
people believe that gargoyles were created by medieval architects and stone carvers to ward off evil in an imperfect world.
France has over 100 cathedrals, most built in the middle ages, with Notre Dame being the most famous. Churches used awesome visual
images to spread the scriptures, which included gargoyles, stained glass, and sculpture. Some believe that gargoyles were inspired directly via a passage in the bible. Others believe that gargoyles and grotesques do not come from the bible, but are inspired
by the skeletal remains of prehistoric beasts such as dinosaurs and giant reptiles.
Some people feel that gargoyles are the expression of man's subconscious fears or, that they may be vestiges of paganism from an age when god would be heard in trees
and river plains.
Churches of Europe carried them further into time; maybe to remind the masses that "even if god is at hand, evil is never far away - possibly to act as guardians of their church to keep the terrible spirits of evil away."
legend has it that a fierce dragon named La Gargouille lived in the river Seine near Paris. The fierce dragon devoured ships and men. The village was saved by St. Romanis, proving the might of Christianity. After the battle, the creature was set ablaze. Its
body was destroyed but its head and neck survived which was mounted on a building. This practice spread and La Gargouille perhaps creating the model for the gargoyles we see today.
Many gargoyles are similar to
the legends and figures of the ancients Celts, such as the Green Man or Jack of the Green - the god of tree worship. Artists who carved these were inspired by their culture.
Gargoyles can be dragons, men, cats, bats, frogs, serpents, and countless others.
Gargoyles are still being carved today, many with a modern theme such as a whimsical figure pointing a camera down below.
NEW big Gargoyle with sheild approx 60cm x 50 cm 50 kgs $300
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Eating a cockroach can have several potential health risks and is not recommended. Cockroaches are known to carry various pathogens and can be carriers of diseases. When you ingest a cockroach, you could potentially be exposed to these harmful microorganisms. Here are some potential consequences:
- Bacterial Infections: Cockroaches often live in unsanitary environments and can carry bacteria on their bodies. Ingesting a cockroach may introduce harmful bacteria into your digestive system, leading to bacterial infections and gastrointestinal issues.
- Parasitic Infections: Cockroaches can harbor parasites like tapeworms, and eating a cockroach could potentially lead to parasitic infections in humans.
- Allergic Reactions: Some individuals may have allergies to cockroaches, and consuming them can trigger allergic reactions, including respiratory issues or skin rashes.
- Food Contamination: If a cockroach has been in contact with food or food preparation surfaces, consuming it could result in food contamination, leading to foodborne illnesses.
- Gastrointestinal Distress: Ingesting foreign substances, especially those not meant for human consumption, can cause gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
It’s crucial to maintain good hygiene, a clean living environment, and safe food handling practices to prevent contact with cockroaches or other pests. If you accidentally ingest a cockroach or believe you may have been exposed to harmful substances, it’s advisable to seek medical attention. In any case, intentionally consuming a cockroach or any other non-food item is not safe and should be avoided.
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When it comes to health benefits, smart bathrooms are offering automated furniture that helps its users discover new coping mechanisms to deal with mental health-related issues. This year alone, there are over 52.2 million smart homes in the United States.
As part of this vanguard movement of “psychonauts” or “consciousness-assisted technologies,” smart bathrooms have come to revolutionize the way we think about visiting the toilet.
It appears that the rate by which technology is advancing is somewhat proportional to our awareness of taking care of our own emotional wellbeing. Let’s investigate this for a moment, and contemplate on the improved qualities gained from frequent exposure to smart technologies, particularly smart bathrooms.
Smart bathrooms and self-care
First off, smart bathrooms are a way of upgrading your home to match your healthcare/self-care needs. Everyone knows that tending to your own self-care directly reflects upon your mental health. In other words, it’s important to pamper yourself sometimes.
Some of the perceived benefits of pampering yourself include a wide range of results, from lowered blood pressure to improved confidence. Other impacts include eased chronic pain, enhanced mental sharpness, spike in energy levels, and more stable blood sugar levels, to name a few.
So not only can smart bathrooms assist with modernizing your home, but they also simplify the process of taking care of your perso
The importance of a digital detox
On the opposite end of the spectrum, is periodically letting go of contact with all forms of technology. Cutting off the fear of missing out or need for social validation, opens up mental space to focus more on your own self-reflection. Forest bathing is an example of this. It is the sacred Japanese practice of Shinrin Yoku, or forest bathing. In this case, benefits also include increased awareness of cognitive enhancement.
How we decide to engage with technology can have profound effects. Increasing attention is being directed to the mind and body connection in society at large. Studies indicate that a healthy balance between a relationship with external stimulation and isolation from outside influences, can reduce stress and boost creativity.
What is a smart bathroom?
A smart bathroom is a digitally equipped and controlled space, that connects to your voice, your home’s central system, is motion-sensored or any combination thereof. Ultimately, a smart bathroom is designed to provide you with total customization and control of how you experience being in that environment.
There are many ways you can incorporate more smart features in your bathroom. Some of the trending smart bathroom innovations include filling up water for a bath or being able to make temperature adjustments to your liking. Smart toilets however, among all the different options, seem to be in the most wanted list.
Benefits of smart bathrooms
Now we’ve seen the connections between smart bathrooms and self-care, but what of the benefits of smart bathrooms themselves?
Having smart bathroom features in your home ensures higher levels of safety for you and your household. Being able to have more control over your situation and minimize risks of running into issues provides a great sigh of relief.
After a long day of hard work, when you’re feeling sick, or in the middle of a cold winter, who wouldn’t want to sit on a nice warm toilet, or walk into a shower with heated tiles? The convenience of having options for enhancing your comfort at the push of a button, can completely alter our state of mind.
On top of the safety and comfort that smart bathrooms bring, they can also, believe it not, be good for your pocket. In the long run, you can save big bucks by reducing your water consumption, lowering the electricity bill, and making your energy consumption that much more efficient as a whole.
Another way that you can bring in higher savings is by lowering your insurance premium. Everyone knows home insurance can cost you a pretty penny. With smart bathrooms, you can reduce how much you end up having to pay, because your newly upgraded bathroom will now present significantly less of a perceived risk to your insurance provider.
That’s why working with an insurance company that can address your individual needs is a great way to make sure you capitalize off of your investment. So whether you are thinking of upgrading to a smart bathroom for the convenience or for self-care, investing in yourself and the longevity of your home can go a long way.
Check out this great visual for more on smart bathrooms and the benefits of them.
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| 0.950575 | 919 | 2.59375 | 3 |
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