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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
After the latter's fall, Muirchertach and his remaining host retired from the region. The chronicle's version of events appears to be corroborated by the Annals of Ulster. Unlike the previous source, however, this one dates the episode to 1162. Specifically, Muirchertach's forces are recorded to have devastated the Ostman lands of "Magh Fitharta" before his host of horsemen were repulsed. Despite the difference in their chronologies, both accounts refer to similar military campaigns, and the uncertain place names of "Cortcelis" and "Magh Fitharta" may well refer to nearby locations roughly in the Boyne Valley. Another source documenting the conflict is the
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
Annals of the Four Masters. According this account preserved by this source, after Muirchertach's setback at Dublin and subsequent withdrawal in 1162, he left the forces of Leinster and Mide to campaign against the Dubliners. In time, the source states that a peace was concluded between the Irish and the Dubliners in which the latter rendered a tribute of one hundred forty ounces of gold to Muirchertach. According to the Annals of Ulster, this peace was reached after Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster plundered Dublin and gained dominance over the inhabitants. The payment reveals that the Dubliners recognised Diarmait's
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
overlord, Muirchertach, as their own overlord, which in turn suggests that the price for peace was Guðrøðr's removal from the kingship. In the winter of 1176/1177, the chronicle reveals that Guðrøðr was formally married to Muirchertach's granddaughter, Findguala Nic Lochlainn, in a ceremony conducted under the auspices of the visiting papal legate, Vivian, Cardinal priest of St Stephen in Celio Monte. The precise date when Guðrøðr and Findguala commenced their liaison is unknown, and the two could have been a couple for some time before their formal marriage. It is possible that the union was originally brokered as a compromise on
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
Muirchertach's part, as a means to placate Guðrøðr for withdrawing from Dublin. The demonstrable unreliability of the chronicle's chronology, and the apparent corroboration of events by the Annals of the Four Masters and the Annals of Ulster, suggests that the Guðrøðr's adventure in Dublin date to about 1162. Such a date, however, appears to contradict the fact that Guðrøðr seems to have endured Norwegian exile in 1160/1161, and apparently only returned to the Isles in 1164. If the chronicle's date is indeed correct, Guðrøðr's inability to incorporate Dublin into the Kingdom of the Isles could well have contributed to his
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2,205
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
loss of status to Somairle. There may be reason to suspect that Guðrøðr's defeat to Somairle was partly enabled by an alliance between Muirchertach and Somairle. For example, Argyllmen formed part of the mercenary fleet utilised by Muirchertach in 1154, and it is possible that the commander of the fleet, a certain Mac Scelling, was a relation of Somairle himself. If Muirchertach and Somairle were indeed allied at this point in time it may have meant that Guðrøðr faced a united front of opposition. If correct, it could also be possible that Þorfinnr participated in Somairle's insurrection as an agent of
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
Muirchertach. On the other hand, the fact that Somairle and Muirchertach jostled over ecclesiastical affairs in the 1160s suggests that these two were in fact rivals. Furthermore, the fact that Þorfinnr may have been related to a previous King of Dublin could reveal that Þorfinnr himself was opposed to Muirchertach's foreign overlordship. If Guðrøðr's difficulties in Dublin indeed date to a period just before Somairle's coup, the cooperation of men like Þorfinnr could be evidence that Dubgall—on account of his mother's ancestry and his father's power—was advanced as a royal candidate in an effort to counter Muirchertach's overlordship of Dublin.
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 28, "sc": 0, "ep": 30, "ec": 623}
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland
Opposed to the English in Ireland Later in his reign, Guðrøðr again involved himself in the affairs of Dublin. In 1166, the slaying of Muirchertach meant that two men made bids for the high-kingship of Ireland: Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht and Diarmait. The latter had possessed the overlordship of Dublin since Muirchertach's actions there in 1162. Within the same year as Muirchertach's fall, however, Diarmait was overcome by Ruaidrí and his allies, and forced him from Ireland altogether. Although Ruaidrí thereupon gained the high-kingship for himself, Diarmait made his return the following year enstrengthened with English mercenaries, and
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2,205
Q3109749
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623
30
1,285
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland
reclaimed the core of his lands. In 1170 even more English troops flocked to Diarmait's cause, including Richard de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, who successfully stormed the Norse-Gaelic enclave of Waterford. Richard soon after married Diarmait's daughter, Aífe, and effectively became heir to kingship of Leinster and the overlordship of Dublin. Later that year, the combined forces of Diarmait and Richard marched on Dublin, and drove out the reigning Ascall mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin. According to the twelfth-century Expugnatio Hibernica, Ascall and many of the Dubliners managed to escape by fleeing to the "northern islands". On one hand, this term
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 30, "sc": 1285, "ep": 30, "ec": 1891}
2,205
Q3109749
30
1,285
30
1,891
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland
could well refer to Orkney. On the other hand, it is also possible that the term refers to the Hebrides or Mann. If so, this source would appear to be evidence that the Dubliners had retained close links with the Isles. Whatever the case, within weeks of Diarmait's death early in May 1171, Ascall made his return to Dublin. The account of events recorded by Expugnatio Hibernica and the twelfth- to thirteenth-century La Geste des Engleis en Yrlande indicate that Ascall's forces consisted of heavily armoured Islesmen and Norwegians. The invasion itself was an utter failure, however, and Ascall himself
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2,205
Q3109749
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1,891
30
2,538
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland
was captured and executed. Amongst the slain appears to have been Sveinn himself, Guðrøðr's apparent ally in arms. The successive deaths of Diarmait and Ascall left a power vacuum in Dublin that others sought to fill. Almost immediately after Ascall's fall, for example, Ruaidrí had the English-controlled town besieged. Expugnatio Hibernica records that he and Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Archbishop of Dublin sent for Guðrøðr, and others in the Isles, asking them to blockade Dublin by sea. Whilst it is possible that Guðrøðr may have been enticed to assist the Irish through the promise of financial compensation, and perhaps the possession of
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2,205
Q3109749
30
2,538
30
3,155
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland
any vessel his fleet captured in the operation, there is reason to suspect that the Islesmen were disquieted by prospect of permanent English authority in the region. Certainly, Expugnatio Hibernica states that "the threat of English domination, inspired by the successes of the English, made the men of the Isles act all the more quickly, and with the wind in the north-west they immediately sailed about thirty ships full of warriors into the harbour of the Liffey". Although the operation was one of the greatest military mobilisations that the Irish mustered in the twelfth century, the blockade was ultimately a
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2,205
Q3109749
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34
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Opposed to the English in Ireland & Aligned with the English in Ireland
failure, and Dublin remained firmly in the hands of the English. Ascall was the last Norse-Gaelic King of Dublin; and before the end of the year, Clare relinquished possession of Dublin to his own liege lord, Henry II, King of England, who converted it into an English royal town. Aligned with the English in Ireland According to the Chronicle of Northampton, Guðrøðr attended the coronation of Henry II's teenage son, Henry, in 1170. The participation of monarchs such as Guðrøðr and William I, King of Scotland in the ceremony partly illustrates the imperial aspect of the Plantagenet authority in the
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34
939
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland
British Isles. Guðrøðr's close relations with the English Crown may have revolved around ensuring royal protection from the English invaders of Ireland–especially considering his former control of Dublin. With the defeat of the Dubliners at the hands of English adventurers, and the ongoing entrenchment of the English throughout Ireland itself, the Crovan dynasty found itself surrounded by a threatening, rising new power in the Irish Sea zone. Despite his original opposition to the English in Dublin, Guðrøðr did not take long to realign himself with this new power, as exemplified though the marital alliance between his daughter, Affrica, and one
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2,205
Q3109749
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939
34
1,567
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland
of the most powerful incoming Englishmen, John de Courcy. In 1177, John led an invasion of Ulaid (an area roughly encompassing what is today County Antrim and County Down). He reached Down (modern day Downpatrick), drove off Ruaidrí Mac Duinn Sléibe, King of Ulaid, consolidated his conquest, and ruled with a certain amount of independence for about a quarter of a century. Although the precise date of the marriage between John and Affrica is unknown, the union itself may well have attributed to his stunning successes in Ireland. Certainly, decades later in the reign of Guðrøðr's son and successor, Rǫgnvaldr, John
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland
received significant military support from the Crovan dynasty, and it is not improbable that Guðrøðr himself supplied similar assistance. In the 1190s, John also received military assistance from Guðrøðr's kinsman Donnchad mac Gilla Brigte, Earl of Carrick. Like Guðrøðr, Donnchad was a grandson of Fergus, and it possible that John's marriage to Affrica accounts for Donnchad's cooperation with him. Although the promise of maritime military support could well have motivated John to align himself with Guðrøðr, there may have been a more significant aspect to their alliance. The rulers of Ulaid and those of Mann had a bitter past-history between them,
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Q3109749
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34
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland
and it is possible that the binding of John to the Crovan dynasty was actually the catalyst of his assault upon the Ulaid. In fact, Guðrøðr formalised his own marriage to Findguala in 1176/1177, and it was by this union that Guðrøðr bound his own dynasty with the Meic Lochlainn, another traditional foe of the Ulaid. Another contributing factor to the alliance between Guðrøðr and John may have been the Meic Lochlainn's loss of the Cenél nEógain kingship to the rival Uí Néill dynast Áed Méith in 1177. The latter certainly clashed with John before the end of the century,
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Q3109749
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland
and the strife between the Uí Néill and Meic Lochlainn continued on for decades. In any case, the unions meant that John was protected on his right flank by Guðrøðr, through whom John shared a common interest with the Meic Lochlainn, situated on his left flank. John would have almost certainly attempted to use such alignments to his advantage, whilst Guðrøðr may have used John's campaigning against the Ulaid as a means of settling old scores. The marriage alliance between Guðrøðr and John partly exemplifies the affect that the English conquest of Ireland had upon not only Irish politics but
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Aligned with the English in Ireland & Ecclesiastical activities
that of the Isles as well. Ecclesiastical activities There is reason to regard Óláfr, like his Scottish counterpart David, as a reforming monarch. Guðrøðr continued Óláfr's modernising policies, as evidenced by surviving sources documenting the ecclesiastical history of the Isles. For example, Guðrøðr confirmed his father's charter to the abbey of St Mary of Furness, in which the monks of this Cistercian house were granted the right to select the Bishop of the Isles. Guðrøðr granted the English priory of St Bees the lands of "Escheddala" (Dhoon Glen) and "Asmundertoftes" (Ballellin) in exchange for the church of St Óláfr and
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Q3109749
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38
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
the lands of "Euastad" (perhaps near Ballure). In the reigns of Guðrøðr's succeeding sons, the Benedictine priory of St Bees continued to receive royal grants of Manx lands. The Chronicle of Mann reveals that Guðrøðr gave lands at Myroscough to the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx in England. The chronicle also notes that a monastery was constructed on these lands, and that the lands eventually passed into the possession of the abbey of St Mary of Rushen. Guðrøðr also granted certain commercial rights and protections to the monks of the monastery of Holm Cultram, another Cistercian house in England. The ecclesiastical jurisdiction
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
within Guðrøðr's kingdom was the Diocese of the Isles. Little is known of its early history, although its origins may well lie with the Uí Ímair imperium. Ecclesiastical interconnection between the Isles and Dublin seems to have been severed during a period of Irish overlordship of Dublin, at about the beginning of Guðrøðr Crovan's reign in the Isles. Before the midpoint of the twelfth century, Óláfr firmly established the Diocese of the Isles to correspond to the territorial borders of his kingdom, and seems to have initiated the transfer the ecclesiastical obedience of the Isles from the Archdiocese of Canterbury
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
to Archdiocese of York. Such changes may have been orchestrated as a means to further distance his diocese from that of Dublin, where diocesan bishops were consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1152, steps were undertaken by the papacy to elevate the Diocese of Dublin to an archdiocese. Dublin's political and economic ties with the Isles could have meant that the Bishop of the Isles was now in danger of becoming subordinate to the Archbishop of Dublin. For Óláfr, such an event would have threatened to undermine both his ecclesiastical authority and secular power within his own realm. As
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
a result of Óláfr's inability to have an ecclesiast of his own choice formally consecrated as bishop, and his own refusal to accept one favoured by the Archbishop of York, the episcopal see of the Isles appears to have been vacant at the same time of Dublin's ecclesiastical ascendancy. In consequence, without a consecrated bishop of its own, Óláfr's diocese seems to have been in jeopardy of falling under Dublin's increasing authority. Moreover, in 1152, David I attempted to have the dioceses of Orkney and the Isles included within the prospective Scottish Archdiocese of St Andrews. It may have been in
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2,205
Q3109749
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38
3,767
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
the context of this ecclesiastical crisis in the Isles that Guðrøðr undertook his journey to Norway in 1152. Guðrøðr's overseas objective, therefore, may have been to secure the patronage of a Scandinavian metropolitan willing to protect the Diocese of the Isles. Certainly, Guðrøðr's stay in Norway coincided with the Scandinavian visit of the papal legate Nicholas Breakspeare, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano, a man who had been tasked to create Norwegian and Swedish ecclesiastical provinces in order to further extend the papacy's authority into the northern European periphery. Eventually the newly created Norwegian province—the Archdiocese of Niðaróss—encompassed eleven dioceses within and outwith
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
mainland Norway. One such overseas diocese was that of the Isles, officially incorporated within the province in November 1154. Although Óláfr did not live long enough to witness the latter formality, it is evident that the remarkable overseas statecraft undertaken by Óláfr and Guðrøðr secured their kingdom's ecclesiastical and secular independence from nearby Dublin. The establishment of the Norwegian archdiocese bound outlying Norse territories closer to Norwegian royal power. In effect, the political reality of the Diocese of the Isles—its territorial borders and nominal subjection to far-off Norway—appears to have mirrored that of the Kingdom of the Isles. Despite the ecclesiastical
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
reorientation, the next Bishop of the Isles known from Manx sources was consecrated by Roger de Pont l'Evêque, Archbishop of York. This bishop, an Englishman named Gamaliel, may have been consecrated between October 1154 and early 1155, possibly before news of the diocesesan realignment reached the Isles. Although it is possible that Gamaliel was consecrated without Guðrøðr's approval, the bishop appears to have witnessed at least one of the latter's charters. The fact that Gamaliel was buried in Peterborough could suggest that he was removed from his see at some point. The next known bishop was Reginald, a Norwegian who witnessed
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
the bitter struggles between Guðrøðr and Somairle, and who seems to have died in about 1170. It is possible that Reginald was consecrated in Norway in 1153/1154, and that the York-backed Gamaliel was compelled to resign the see to him. Reginald is the first Bishop of the Isles to be attested by the Icelandic Annals, which could indicate that he was the first such bishop to recognise the authority of Niðaróss. Either Gamaliel or Reginald could have been the unnamed Bishop of the Isles who is stated by Robert's Chronica to have met with William and Henry II at Mont
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Q3109749
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6,325
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities
St Michel. Robert's account of the meeting indicates that the kings of the Isles were obligated to render tribute to newly crowned kings of Norway. It is possible that Reginald followed Guðrøðr into exile after the latter's defeat to Somairle. Reginald's successor was Cristinus, an Argyllman who appears to have been appointed by either Somairle or his descendants. The fact that Cristinus did not receive acknowledgement from the Archbishop of Niðaróss could be evidence that Reginald remained in Norway. The apparent antipathy between Guðrøðr and Cristinus may be evidenced by the fact that it was Silvanus, Abbot of Rievaulx—and not
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Q3109749
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Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Ecclesiastical activities & Death and descendants
Cristinus—who conducted the marriage ceremony of Guðrøðr and Findguala during Vivian's visit in 1176. Death and descendants According to the Chronicle of Mann, Guðrøðr had four children: Affrica, Rǫgnvaldr, Ívarr, and Óláfr svarti. Although the chronicle specifically states that Findguala was Óláfr svarti's mother, and that he had been born before his parent's formalised marriage, the mothers of the other three children are unknown or uncertain. According to the anonymous praise-poem Baile suthach síth Emhna, Rǫgnvaldr's mother was Sadb, an otherwise unknown Irishwoman who may have been a wife or concubine of Guðrøðr. As for Ívarr, nothing further is recorded
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Q3109749
42
543
42
1,149
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Death and descendants
of him, although it is possible that his mother was also the product of an uncanonical liaison. During the twelfth century, the Church sought to emphasise the sanctity of marriage, and took steps to combat concubinage. As such, the record of Vivian's part in the marriage ceremony of Guðrøðr and Findguala may be evidence of an attempt by the papal representative to personally reinforce a stricter rule of marriage in the region. In any case, there may be evidence to suggest that Guðrøðr had another son, Ruaidrí, who appears in a royal charter recorded as Rǫgnvaldr's brother ("Rotherico, fratre meo").
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2,205
Q3109749
42
1,149
42
1,714
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Death and descendants
There is also reason to suspect that Guðrøðr had another daughter, as the Chronicle of Mann describes a thirteenth century Bishop of the Isles, a man named Reginald, to have been of royal birth, and to have been a sister-son of Óláfr svarti. Guðrøðr died on 10 November 1187 on St Patrick's Isle. The fact that Guðrøðr and his son, Óláfr svarti, are recorded to have died on this islet could indicate that it was a royal residence. In any case, the following year Guðrøðr was finally laid to rest on Iona, an island upon which the oldest intact building is
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2,205
Q3109749
42
1,714
42
2,361
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Death and descendants
St Oran's Chapel. Certain Irish influences in this building's architecture indicate that it dates to about the mid twelfth century. The chapel could well have been erected by Óláfr or Guðrøðr. Certainly, their family's remarkable ecclesiastical activities during this period suggest that patronage of Iona is probable. Upon Guðrøðr's death the chronicle claims that he left instructions for his younger son, Óláfr svarti, to succeed to the kingship since he had been born "in lawful wedlock". On one hand, this record could be evidence that Guðrøðr continued to advance the institution of kingship in the Isles. For example, this episode
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2,205
Q3109749
42
2,361
42
2,934
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Death and descendants
appears to be the earliest record of a ruling member of the Crovan dynasty designating a royal successor. If so, such an arrangement may have been borne out of Guðrøðr's own bitter difficulties with rival claimants to the throne. On the other hand, it is uncertain if the chronicle has preserved an accurate account of events, as the Islesmen are stated to have chosen Rǫgnvaldr to rule instead, because unlike Óláfr svarti, who was only a child at the time, Rǫgnvaldr was a hardy young man fully capable to reign as king. One possibility is that Guðrøðr may have intended
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2,205
Q3109749
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42
3,355
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Death and descendants
for Rǫgnvaldr to temporarily rule as a lieutenant of sorts until Óláfr svarti was able to hold sway himself. Although Rǫgnvaldr appears to have later forged an alliance with the Meic Somairle, and may have temporarily reunited the entire Kingdom of the Isles under his own leadership, he was later opposed by Óláfr svarti, and the ensuing violent conflict between Guðrøðr's descendants carried on to further generations.
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Gu Juan
Career
Gu Juan Career Gu followed her father to Nanjing when she was six years old. Due to poor body constitution, her father send her to a badminton school to build up her body. Gu represented Nanjing and won a competition. She was subsequently invited to join the Beijing badminton team but withdrew after not being used to the weather conditions. Gu then further represented Nanjing in the Jiangsu sports competition and won the girls doubles and mixed doubles. Former Jiangsu badminton coach, representing the Singapore Badminton Association, scouted her and invited her to Singapore. Gu came to Singapore in 2003 under
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2,206
Q439281
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609
6
1,223
Gu Juan
Career
the Foreign Sports Talent Scheme and became a Singapore citizen in June 2007. She left the Singapore national team to return to Shanghai for studies a year later. However, 16 months later, after the persuasion of the Singapore national badminton team's head coach, she re-joined the national team. Gu was part of the Singapore women's team who won the silver medal at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games held in Thailand. In 2012, Gu was selected as Singapore's only Olympic women's singles player for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games by the Singapore Badminton Association, ahead of Southeast Asian Games women's singles
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Q439281
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Gu Juan
Career
champion Fu Mingtian.
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Early life
Gualtiero Jacopetti Early life Gualtiero Jacopetti was born in Barga, in Northern Tuscany, in 1919. During World War II, he served in the Italian Resistance to fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. After the war, on the advice of his friend and mentor Indro Montanelli, he began to work as a journalist. He co-founded the influential liberal newsweekly Cronache (considered to be a direct predecessor to l'Espresso) in 1953, only to be forced to shut down production after publishing risque photographs of actress Sophia Loren which caused the paper to be charged with manufacturing and trading pornographic material (a charge which also
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2,207
Q1280065
6
603
10
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Early life & Film career
earned Jacopetti a year-long prison sentence). He subsequently worked as a journalist, editor, newsreel writer, actor and short-subject film maker. He also worked on screenplays for René Clément (The Joy of Living, 1961) and Alessandro Blasetti (Europa di notte, 1959) before undertaking his own career as a director. Film career In 1960, he approached his colleagues Franco Prosperi and Paolo Cavara with the unusual idea of making an "anti-documentary". The result, which premiered in 1962, was Mondo Cane (which roughly translates to A Dog's World, a minor curse in Italian), a non-narrative compilation of shocking and unusual footage from around
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Film career
the world. It premiered at the 1962 Cannes Film Festival, where it was well-received and even nominated for the Palme d'Or. The theme song "More" by Italian composer Riz Ortolani was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1963, the year of its premier in the United States. The success of Mondo Cane inspired an entire genre of documentaries featuring lurid or shocking subjects, which came to be known as mondo film. Jacopetti and Prosperi (who would become film-making partners for the remainder of Jacopetti's directorial career) went on to make several more entries into this genre, including
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2,207
Q1280065
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944
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Film career
Women of the World (with Paolo Cavara), Mondo Cane 2, Africa Addio and the faux-documentary Goodbye Uncle Tom. In the 2003 documentary The Godfathers of Mondo, Jacopetti describes the style they used to make these films: "Slip in, ask, never pay, never reenact." During the filming of Africa Addio—which includes footage of intense fighting and mass death in the Mau Mau Uprising, the Zanzibar Revolution, the Simba rebellion, and other post-colonial African conflicts—the crew was interrogated in Zaire, and arrested and nearly executed in Tanzania, before an army official intervened on their behalf, shouting "Stop — they're not whites, they're Italians."
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Film career
A scene depicting the execution of a Simba rebel during the Simba rebellion in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) resulted in Jacopetti being charged with murder in Italy; he was acquitted after producing documents demonstrating the footage had not been staged for the cameras. Following the critical and commercial failure of the faux-documentary Goodbye Uncle Tom (which reviewer Roger Ebert called "...the most disgusting, contemptuous insult to decency ever to masquerade as a documentary"), Jacopetti and Prosperi attempted a fictional film, 1975's Mondo candido (a modern version of Candide by French philosopher Voltaire). Jacopetti went on to write (but
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Film career & Death & Criticism
not direct) one further documentary, 1981's Fangio: Una vita a 300 all'ora (which follows the career of Formula One driver Juan Manuel Fangio) before returning to print media for the remainder of his career. Death Jacopetti died on August 17, 2011 at the age of 91. His ashes were interred in the Non-Catholic Cemetery in Rome. Italian press articles had reported that he wished to be buried next to his girlfriend, the British actress Belinda Lee, who died in 1961 in a car accident in which Jacopetti was also hurt. Criticism Despite their early success with Mondo Cane, controversy followed
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Q1280065
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18
705
Gualtiero Jacopetti
Criticism
Jacopetti and Prosperi's careers. New York Times reviewer Pauline Kael dismissed Mondo Cane, claiming that its advocates were, "too restless and apathetic to pay attention to motivations and complications, cause and effect." Criticism became even more pronounced with Africa Addio, which Roger Ebert called "brutal, dishonest, and racist" and claims that it "slanders a continent". Ebert's review was not based on the original film but on an edited version for US audiences. This version was edited and translated without the approval of Jacopetti. Indeed, the differences are such that Jacopetti has called this film a "betrayal" of the
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Criticism
original idea. Notable differences are thus present between the Italian and English-language versions in terms of the text of the film. Many advocates of the film feel that it has unfairly maligned the original intentions of the filmmakers. Charges of racism and claims that elements of their film were staged or manufactured by the directors plagued them over the years, though they strongly denied both charges. Jacopetti claimed his intent was to create films that "...would play on the big screen whose subject was reality." In the 2003 documentary The Godfathers of Mondo, Prosperi went on to claim criticism of their
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Q1280065
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18
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Gualtiero Jacopetti
Criticism
work was due to the fact that, "The public was not ready for this kind of truth." Both directors denied staging anything for their films, with the exception of Mondo Cane 2 which they acknowledge does contain some staged or recreated footage.
{"datasets_id": 2208, "wiki_id": "Q28432418", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 381}
2,208
Q28432418
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Gudeodiscus anceyi
Distribution & Ecology
Gudeodiscus anceyi Distribution The distribution of Gudeodiscus anceyi includes Vietnam. Ecology It is a ground-dwelling species as all other plectopylid snails in Vietnam. It co-occur with other plectopylids in Vietnam: with Gudeodiscus francoisi, Gudeodiscus giardi, Gudeodiscus phlyarius, Gudeodiscus emigrans quadrilamellatus and with Gudeodiscus villedaryi. Gudeodiscus fischeri and Gudeodiscus suprafilaris live at geographically close sites to Gudeodiscus anceyi.
{"datasets_id": 2209, "wiki_id": "Q5614665", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 143}
2,209
Q5614665
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4
143
Gudmund Schütte
Gudmund Schütte Gudmund Schütte (January 17, 1872 – July 12, 1958) was a Danish philologist and historian specialized in the Danish prehistory.
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2,210
Q26981426
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113
Guernica (2016 film)
Production & Release
Guernica (2016 film) Production Filming took place in the summer of 2015 in and around Bilbao. Release The film premiered at the Málaga Film Festival on 26 April 2016, the 79th anniversary of the bombing of Guernica.
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2,211
Q5615127
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Guest of a Guest
History
Guest of a Guest History Hruska met Winklevoss in 2005 in New York City while writing a blog about the city's nightlife when Winklevoss convinced her to take on Guest of a Guest as a full-time company. The name Guest of a Guest originated when Rachelle Hruska noticed that many people on the party circuit did not own their own houses in the Hamptons. Instead, they crashed at other people's houses. "Everyone was a guest of a guest," she told the Wall Street Journal. Since the site's expansion to other major cities, the "guest of a guest" reference has taken
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2,211
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536
10
130
Guest of a Guest
History & Expansion
on a new meaning, referring to how its users are receiving behind-the-scene images of the events. Guest of a Guest has hosted over fifteen thousand events since the website's founding. The digital media company describes its mission as aiming to build one of the largest searchable photo directories of both celebrity and non-celebrity guests at events. Hruska became the sole owner of Guest of a Guest in 2012 when she purchased Winklevoss's stake in the company. Expansion Guest of a Guest launched a Hamptons-centric site in the summer of 2008 with Los Angeles following in March 2010. Guest of a Guest
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130
10
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Guest of a Guest
Expansion
first launched a daily newsletter in the summer of 2009. In 2012, the website began to cover global cultural events such as Cannes, Art Basel, Paris Fashion Week, and the Oscars.
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Guido Mazzoni (poet)
Guido Mazzoni (poet) Guido Mazzoni (1859-1943) was an Italian poet. He was born at Florence, and educated at Pisa and Bologna. In 1887 he became professor of Italian at Padua, and in 1894 at Florence, where he remained until retirement in 1934. He was much influenced by Carducci, and became prominent both as prolific and well-read critic and as a poet of individual distinction. In 1910 he was elected a senator. In 1915 his son Carlo was taken prisoner by Austrian forces; the father volunteered for combat duty in exchange, and participated in combat along the Isonzo River. His chief volumes of verse
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2,212
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4
686
Guido Mazzoni (poet)
are Versi (1880), Nuove poesie (1886), Poesie (1891), Voci della vita (1893).
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2,213
Q3119505
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Guigone de Salins
Biography
Guigone de Salins Guigone de Salins (1403-1470) was a member of the nobility in the state of Burgundy in early modern France. A well-known philanthropist in her time, she founded the Hospices de Beaune in 1443 with her husband Nicolas Rolin, chancellor to the Duke of Burgundy. Biography Guigone de Salins was born into the aristocratic de Salins-la-Tour family in the Jura (part of the commune Salins-les-Bains in the Free County of Burgundy). She was the third child of Étienne de Salins-la-Tour and Louise de Rye. In 1421, at the age of 18, she married Nicolas Rolin, who was 47 years
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2,213
Q3119505
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8
889
Guigone de Salins
Biography
old at the time of their marriage, and had been married twice previously. Rolin was an affluent chancellor to Duke Philip the Good, ruler of the State of Burgundy. Together they had three children: Louise, Claudine and Antoine Rollin. She inspired her husband to participate in works of charity, and in 1443 they founded the Hospices de Beaune, or Hôtel-Dieu, in Beaune. This was created as a hospital for the poor, and is unique for its time in its secular approach. Salins furnished the rooms of the hospital with art so that the sick could feel as though they were being
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2,213
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Guigone de Salins
Biography & Representations in Art
treated in a comfortable, even palatial environment. After the death of her husband in 1462, Salins continued to direct the Hôtel-Dieu until the end of her life in 1470, and it remained open to serve the poor and sick until the 1960s. She is buried in the chapel of the Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune. Representations in Art Guigone de Salins is represented in Rogier van der Weyden's polptych altarpiece Jugement dernier, which she and her husband commissioned. She is also depicted in a statue in the courtyard of the Hôtel-Dieu. The tiles in the hall of the poor and in the chapel of
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2,213
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Guigone de Salins
Representations in Art
the Hôtel-Dieu honor the love of Nicoas Rolin for his wife: it shows their monogram and motto "Seulle", signifying that she was the sole woman in the thoughts of her husband.
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Guillaume Amontons
Life & Work & Scientific instruments
Guillaume Amontons Life Guillaume was born in Paris, France. His father was a lawyer from Normandy who had moved to the French capital. While still young, Guillaume lost his hearing, which may have motivated him to focus entirely on science. He never attended a university, but was able to study mathematics, the physical sciences, and celestial mechanics. He also spent time studying the skills of drawing, surveying, and architecture. He died in Paris, France. Work He was supported in his research career by the government, and was employed in various public works projects. Scientific instruments Among his contributions to scientific
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18
376
Guillaume Amontons
Scientific instruments & Thermodynamics
instrumentation were improvements to the barometer (1695), hygrometer (1687), and thermometer (1695), particularly for use of these instruments at sea. He also demonstrated an optical telegraph and proposed the use of his clepsydra (water clock) for keeping time on a ship at sea. Thermodynamics Amontons investigated the relationship between pressure and temperature in gases though he lacked accurate and precise thermometers. Though his results were at best semi-quantitative, he established that the pressure of a gas increases by roughly one-third between the temperatures of cold and the boiling point of water. This was a substantial step towards the subsequent gas
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2,214
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376
18
983
Guillaume Amontons
Thermodynamics
laws and, in particular, Gay-Lussac's law. His work led him to speculate that a sufficient reduction in temperature would lead to the disappearance of pressure. Though he came close to finding absolute zero - the theoretical temperature by which the volume of air in his air-thermometer will by reduced to nothing (estimated by him as −240 on the Celsius scale), the discovery would not be complete until at least a century later. Guillaume Amontons is also the inventor of the hot air engine. In 1699 he built his first engine, more than a century earlier than the well-known Stirling engine. This
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983
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Guillaume Amontons
Thermodynamics
engine, named by Amontons a "fire mill" (moulin à feu) followed a new thermodynamic cycle, which later became known as the Stirling cycle. The fire mill is a wheel that makes use of the expansion of heated air to generate motive power. The calculated power of Amontons' fire mill was 39 HP, equal to the power of the most powerful hot air engines of the 19th century (with the exception of the "caloric engine" of Ericsson). The main difference between Amontons' engine and the hot air engines of the 19th century was the nature of the piston (Amontons used water) and the
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2,214
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1,572
22
218
Guillaume Amontons
Thermodynamics & Friction
use of rotational motion instead of alternating motion. Friction In 1699, Amontons published his rediscovery of the laws of friction first put forward by Leonardo da Vinci. Though they were received with some scepticism, the laws were verified by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1781.
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Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing
Career
Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing Career After an initial career as a naval officer and helicopter pilot, Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing entered Turbomeca (Snecma group) based in Pau in 1994 as Sales Manager and, later, Marketing Director. In addition to new equipment, the engine retrofit activity (successive changes of a standard model by return to factory) would later inform his thinking on the future of extending the life of equipment and the new direction of Sofema. From 2000 to 2004 in the UK, Giscard d'Estaing managed three separate companies - Turbomeca UK, and the joint ventures Rolls Royce-Turbomeca and Rolls Royce-Snecma. With these jobs, he
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Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing
Career
was confronted with Franco-British cooperation, strategic negotiations with prestigious boards, maintaining close contact with customers and users. In 2004, Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing joined Snecma headquarters in France as Deputy Director of International Affairs for European countries and, when the group merged with Sagem, he became Deputy Vice President of International Development of the new entity Safran. In 2007 Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing succeeded General Bernard Norlain as president of Sofema - then specialized in supplying export support to large French aeronautic and defense groups. He implemented a profound transformation of the company, which is today focused on the renovation and sale of military and
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2,215
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1,693
Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing
Career
civil equipment to countries with lower purchasing power and a reasoned development policy. This successful reorientation is based on Guillaume Giscard d'Estaing’s belief that Sofema’s new activity must strengthen French economic presence in these countries through balanced and sustainable partnerships.
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2,216
Q2779721
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Guillaume Landré
Guillaume Landré Guillaume Landré (24 February 1905 in The Hague – 6 November 1968 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch composer of operas, 4 symphonies, and chamber music. His father, Willem Landré (1874–1948) was also a composer; Guillaume studied under him. He also studied under Willem Pijper who had some influence on Landré's early works. Later in his career Landré experimented with serial techniques and jazz influences. From 1950 to 1962 he acted as chairman of the Dutch Society of Composers. In addition to composing he also studied and taught law.
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2,217
Q3120172
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676
Guillaume Sarkozy
Guillaume Sarkozy Guillaume Georges Didier Sárközy de Nagy-Bócsa simply known as Guillaume Sarkozy, is a French entrepreneur and vice-president of the MEDEF, the French union of employers. Guillaume Sarkozy is the older brother of former French president Nicolas Sarkozy. He has a half-brother, Olivier Sarkozy. He was enrolled in the private Catholic middle and high school Cours Saint-Louis de Monceau, and then in the public Lycée (High School) Janson-de-Sailly, both located in Paris. He holds an engineering degree from the École spéciale des travaux publics (ESTP) of Paris. Guillaume Sarkozy started his career working on assignments at the Directorate (Office) of Public
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2,217
Q3120172
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4
1,267
Guillaume Sarkozy
Safety (direction de la sécurité civile) inside the Ministry of Interior (1974-1976). He then joined IBM France where he was a sales engineer (1976-1979). In 1979, he became COO of Tissage de Picardie and has been its president and CEO since 1981. He also became CEO of Tissage Rinet (1985) and Velveterie (1990), which he merged with Tissage de Picardie. He is now the owner of the company, having bought it from the family of his first wife. Tissage de Picardie is one of the world leaders in upholstery fabrics. Located in the Somme département, it employs around 120 people, and
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2,217
Q3120172
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1,267
4
1,650
Guillaume Sarkozy
exports about 65% of its production. Guillaume Sarkozy entered the CNPF, later renamed MEDEF, where he was the chairman of the Committee on Social Welfare (commission de la protection sociale). He is now the vice-president of the MEDEF (since 2000), and has also been the chairman of the French Union of Textile Industries (Union des industries textiles, or UIT) since 2000.
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2,218
Q25112508
2
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Gujrugarhi
History & Geography
Gujrugarhi History The whole complex was a part of Gujrugarh (Gujru Fort), one of the 52 forts in the entire Garhwal region. The temple is centuries old dating back to the time of Garhwal kingdom and played an important role during Gorkha invasions. The caves are pre-historic and quite possibly were used as shelter by early humans. There are few man-made ditches visible on the way which were possibly used by warriors during Gorkha period. Several battles were fought in the region because of its strategic position and the presence and activity of different clans nearby. Geography The temple and
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2,218
Q25112508
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601
Gujrugarhi
Geography
caves are on an almost flat hilltop at the extreme eastern end of Deeba range at an average altitude of 2400 metres, highest point in Patti of Gujdu. It is surrounded by dense mixed broad leaf forests consisting of Oaks, Rhododendrons and other local species. The ridge offers a good and expansive view of Himalayan ranges. From Yamunotri peaks in North-west Garhwal to Trisul range in eastern Garhwal along with several other smaller peaks of Kumaon and Nepal in further east are visible. Several small freshwater streams are formed in the deep interiors of the forest and flow down to
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2,218
Q25112508
10
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14
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Gujrugarhi
Geography & Climate
meet larger creeks and brooks which ultimately merge into Ramganga (West) river. There is an ancient well on the hilltop which is quite strange and rare for a Himalayan location. There is still water in it but apparently not potable due to presence of dead animals in it. Climate Gujrugarhi experiences a subtropical highland climate just like other Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions. Due to its high altitude it was used as an observation point by Garhwali Chieftains. It has a pleasant climate in Summers. Monsoon brings heavy rains and with it comes lush greenery. It gets very cold in winters,
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2,218
Q25112508
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18
290
Gujrugarhi
Climate & How to reach
snowfall is common. The region receives bright sunshine during winter since the skies are crystal clear in winter. How to reach Gujrugarhi can be reached after a 4 km moderate trek from Kingorikhal. Kingorikhal lies at an average altitude of 1840 metres (6104 ft) on Ramnagar-Sonfkhal-Saraikhet road. Nearest major town is Dhumakot at a distance of 20 km and Manila Devi in Almora district lies at a distance of 20 km.
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2,219
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Gun-Shy (2003 film)
Plot
Gun-Shy (2003 film) Plot The conscientious objector Lukas (Fabian Hinrichs) is a "meals-on-wheels" delivery man and leads a rather sad and lonely life. One day, however, he encounters a strange girl on a bus, Isabella (Lavinia Wilson), who slips him a "Help me!" note. Luke ends up falling in love with Isabella. But what he initially considers to be a romantic relationship between her and an older man quickly turns out to be the cause of the message in the tram. He finds out that Isabella's stepfather sexually abused her, even though she tries to forget this. The more pacifist Lukas
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Gun-Shy (2003 film)
Plot
is experiencing a period of rethinking that ends in the decision to get a gun to protect or save Isabella from her stepfather. Previously, however, he gets already in the sights of a police investigator, who only wants to clear up the case of a stolen boat, but always visits Lucas, because he sees in him a danger. Through the new acquaintance of an old woman who supplies him, Lukas manages to get a precision rifle, and he begins to practice dealing with it and to mentally prepare himself for the killing, which he actually rejects as a conscientious objector. However
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Gun-Shy (2003 film)
Plot & Awards
he has inhibitions and recoils from the last step back - he is gun-shy. Isabella's stepfather conducts seminars on anxiety, which Lukas also visits. Thus, he is also present when he dies on the reading stage of a heart attack. Since then Luke sees and hears nothing more about Isabella. In a mailbox, he leaves her the message that he intended to kill her stepfather, but even on these messages, the distance remains. Lukas overcomes his fear of shooting as the target has changed. Awards The film won the Golden Seashell at the San Sebastián International Film Festival in 2003.
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GunForce II
Gameplay
GunForce II Gameplay GunForce II is a run and gun game where players take control of the soldiers Max (P1) and Lei (P2) across five stages that take place in a futuristic post-apocalyptic setting, battling against an army of enemy soldiers, mutants, aliens, among other types of enemies to fight, while rescuing female POWs and collecting medals along the way to increase their score at the end of each level. One of the unique features of the game is that the player's character are dual wielding two weapons at the same time that can be aimed in any given direction
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GunForce II
Gameplay
and at a slightly different angle each one, while different weapons scattered on the level are available to be collected, but only one can be upgraded as the other one keeps the default weapon. As with the original GunForce, players may find a vehicle scattered in the current level they are in and there are eleven in total to be found through the course of the game, which the players can ride and use against the enemy forces and they tend to vary from level to level, however some of them do not provide any kind of protection for the player
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GunForce II
Gameplay & Development and release
against enemy attacks. If the players lose all of their lives, the game is over unless more credits are inserted into the arcade machine to continue playing. Once all the stages are cleared, players are sent back to the beginning of the first level, as the game loops infinitely. Development and release GunForce II shares many similarities with other previously released titles by Irem during the 1990s such as Air Duel, Armed Police Unit Gallop, Undercover Cops, In the Hunt and Superior Soldiers, due to being developed by most of the same personnel that would go on to form Nazca
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GunForce II
Development and release
Corporation. The game was first showcased to the public at the 1994 AOU Show. On October 18, 2014, PlatinumGames producer Atsushi Kurooka revealed to a Twitter user that he worked on both GunForce II and Metal Slug (credited as A. Kurooka in the first title of the series), though Kurooka did not specify which role he was involved during the game's development.
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Gunbir Singh Sidhu
Career
Gunbir Singh Sidhu Career After completing his Masters, he returned to India in 2004. He began his career as a trader of used cars. After a while, he established multiple business like real estate, education, agriculture & finance. Sidhu marked his debut into the film industry as the producer of blockbuster Punjabi film Jatt and Juliet in 2012 which was a massive success. He is the co owner of White Hill Production & White Hill Music with his brother and Partner Manmord(Sunny) Sidhu. He has produced some of the most successful Punjabi.
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Gunnar Lund
Personal life
Gunnar Lund Personal life Lund is married to Kari Lotsberg. They have three children: Gustav (born 1984) Harald (1987) and Ingrid (1990).
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Gunnar Sethil
Gunnar Sethil Gunnar Sethil (28 November 1872 – 20 March 1941) was a Norwegian trade unionist and politician for the Labour Party. He was born at Sethil in Brandval as a son of crofter Martin Olsen Sethil (1827–1891) and Karen Bjerkerod (1834–1918). He graduated from Jønsberg Agricultural School in 1892. In his early career he worked as a forest and construction laborer. From 1902 to 1905 he chaired the local trade union Kristiania Sten- og Cementarbeiderforening. From 1904 to 1906 he was a central board member of the Labour Party; he was also a city council member in Kristiania from 1904
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Gunnar Sethil
to 1920. He was a manager in the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1906 to 1907, and a member of its secretariat from 1903 to 1920 and 1923 to 1927. He was the deputy chairman of the union Norwegian Union of General Workers from 1908 to 1918, when he stepped down together with chairman Richard Hansen. After 1918, they were a part of the social democratic opposition in the labour movement. Still, he did not leave the Labour Party. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Grunerløkken during the terms 1916–1918 and 1919–1921. He chaired the
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Gunnar Sethil
Norwegian Union of Municipal Employees from 1920 to 1935. He died in 1941.
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Gunning Bedford Sr.
Early life and family
Gunning Bedford Sr. Early life and family Bedford was born on a farm in New Castle Hundred, near the town of New Castle, son of William and Catherine Jacquett Bedford. William Bedford was the grandson of another William Bedford who came to Delaware from Virginia around 1680, and who himself was the grandson of an English immigrant to Jamestown, Virginia in 1621. Gunning Bedford was educated at the Academy of Pennsylvania and married Mary Read, the sister of George Read in 1769. They had no children. They lived at 6 The Strand in New Castle and were members of Immanuel
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Gunning Bedford Sr.
Early life and family & Political career
Episcopal Church. He began his career as a merchant at New Castle, but later studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1779. Political career Bedford was elected to four terms in the House of Assembly beginning with the 1783/84 session and serving through the 1786/87 session. He was elected a delegate to the U.S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation in 1786/87, but resigned shortly afterwards on January 15, 1787. He then was elected to a term on the Legislative Council beginning with the 1788/89 session. In October 1795 he was the Federalist candidate for governor, defeating
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Gunning Bedford Sr.
Political career
Dr. Archibald Alexander, a retired army surgeon. He served as governor from January 19, 1796 until his death on September 30, 1797.
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Gust Buster
Gameplay
Gust Buster Gameplay In Gust Buster, the player must navigate through the skies of an amusement park by inflating or deflating balloons. Movement is achieved by catching currents that go in different directions depending on height. This game is one of the only ColecoVision titles not to use the joystick. One gains points by landing in crowded areas and selling balloons, and one can restock his balloon supply by landing on a popcorn truck. The player must be careful not to overinflate the balloons or they will bust, in which case they must be replaced by drawing some from his
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Gust Buster
Gameplay
pocket.
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Gustaf von Numers
Life
Gustaf von Numers Life Gustaf von Numers studied heraldry in the 1930s under Arvid Berghman and was considered one of the leading Finnish experts in the area. He was a tireless writer on all heraldic matters. Together with colleagues in the field, he contributed to the initiation of the parliamentary law on communal coats of arms in 1949. Von Numers designed several communal coats of arms (including Jakobstad and Varpaisjärvi), military banners and personal and family heraldic signs. Von Numers was a founding member of the Finnish Heraldic Society and its first chairman (1957 – 1964), as well as a
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Gustaf von Numers
Life
member of the International Heraldic Academy (Académie Internationale d'Héraldique) from its founding in 1949. The playwright Gustaf von Numers was his distant cousin.
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Gusukuma Seikyū
Gusukuma Seikyū Gusukuma Ueekata Seikyū (城間 親方 盛久, 10 April 1542 – 26 April 1612), also known by his Chinese style name Ō Kishō (翁 寄松), was a bureaucrat of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Gusukuma was also a famous calligrapher, he imitated the handwriting of Prince Son'en (尊円法親王), a princely priest and calligrapher of Japan during Kamakura period very well, so he got the nick name Son'en Gusukuma (尊円城間). Gusukuma was born to an aristocrat family called Ō-uji Nagayama Dunchi (翁氏永山殿内). He was the eldest son of Kunigami Seijun. He was pro-Japanese, and was elected a member of Sanshikan in 1601, but
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Gusukuma Seikyū
was accused by his political opponent Jana Ueekata and removed from his position in 1605. He lost his official position and peerage, but his hereditary fief remained. He was not restored until 1610. When Satsuma invaded Ryukyu in the spring of 1609, Gusukuma's eldest son, Gusukuma Sapeechin Seizō (城間 鎖子親雲上 盛増), joined the army led by Goeku Ueekata (越来親方) which tried to block Satsuma troops at the Taihei bridge (太平橋). Seizō was shot by a hinawajū (or arquebus) and decapitated. Ryukyuan soldiers were shocked and fled. After King Shō Nei's surrender, Gusukuma was taken to Kagoshima together with the king and a
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Gusukuma Seikyū
number of high officials by Satsuma troops. He regained his peerage in 1610, and returned to Ryukyu together with the king in 1611. He died in the next year.
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Guy II of Spoleto
Guy II of Spoleto Guy II (sometimes III) (died late 882 or early 883) was the eldest son and successor of Lambert I as Duke of Spoleto and Margrave of Camerino. He was elected to succeed to these titles on his father's death in 880. He had an ambitious plan of expansion to the south and to the west that conflicted with the Papacy. He received a papal letter on 18 July in the year of his accession. Pope John VIII asked for a meeting, but Guy ignored him and instead invaded the Papal States. John responded by begging the aid
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Guy II of Spoleto
of Charles the Fat, already King of Italy, and crowning him Emperor on 12 February 881. Charles did little to help against Guy, however. A papal letter dated to 11 November and addressed to Charles referred to Guy as Rabbia, an epithet meaning "rage." It stuck as a nickname. In February 882, at a diet convoked in Ravenna by Charles, the duke, emperor, and pope made peace and Guy and his uncle, Guy of Camerino, vowed to restore stolen papal lands. In a March letter to Charles, John claimed that the vows went unfulfilled. Guy never succeeded in his dreams of
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Guy II of Spoleto
expansion or in keeping his promises: he died young, later that year or early in the next. His uncle succeeded him, as his children were minors. His son Guy IV later ruled in Spoleto and the Principality of Benevento. His daughter Itta married Guaimar I of Salerno.
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Guy Mayfield
Guy Mayfield The Ven. Guy Mayfield (23 June 1905–19 July 1976) was Archdeacon of Hastings from 1956 to 1975. He was educated at Lancing College and Magdalene College, Cambridge. Ordained 1930, Curate St John's Fitzroy Square, St. Saviour's, Walton Street, SW; Hurstpierpoint, Asst Editor The Guardian, 1936–39; Chaplain, RAFVR, 1939, Duxford, Gibraltar, Egypt and The Sudan, 1943. Rector: St Paul's, St Leonards-on-Sea, 1946; Little Horsted, 1948; Dir of Religious Education, Chichester Diocese, 1948; Dep. Diocesan Sec., Press Sec., 1950; Prebendary in Chichester Cathedral, 1956, Select Preacher, Cambridge Univ. Mayfield was stationed at RAF Duxford during the Battle of Britain. His previously unpublished war
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Guy Mayfield
diary for the time was published by the Imperial War Museum in April 2018. He was Chairman of the College Council of Ardingly College from 1964 to 1972.