Datasets:
community-datasets
/
wiki_snippets

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
4
_id
stringlengths
77
96
datasets_id
int32
0
1.38M
wiki_id
stringlengths
2
9
start_paragraph
int32
2
1.17k
start_character
int32
0
70.3k
end_paragraph
int32
4
1.18k
end_character
int32
1
70.3k
article_title
stringlengths
1
250
section_title
stringlengths
0
1.12k
passage_text
stringlengths
1
14k
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 8, "sc": 2914, "ep": 12, "ec": 565}
2,192
Q913267
8
2,914
12
565
Grettis saga
Overview & Story
it is stated that Grettir would have ceased being an outlaw after 20 years. Story Chapters 1-13 Chapters 1-13 take place before Grettir's birth and focus on his father, Ásmundar, his grandfather, Thorgrim Grey-head, and his great-grandfather Önundur. Grettir's great-grandfather Önundur had been a viking/raider. In chapter two, Önundur lost his leg below the knee and became Önundur Tree-foot, while fighting from a ship against the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord. King Harald won the battle and united Norway into one kingdom. In chapter 3, those who fought King Harald fled Norway for Britain and Ireland. At
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 565, "ep": 12, "ec": 1208}
2,192
Q913267
12
565
12
1,208
Grettis saga
Story
one point, Önundur Tree-leg fought a battle against Kjarval, who was king around Dublin. In chapter 7, Önundur tree-foot visits southern Norway to assist kin. In chapter 8, he leaves Norway and arrives in Iceland to settle for good in chapter 9. Önundur dies and is buried in tumulus in chapter 11, after which the saga's focus shifts to his son Thorgrim Grey-head and his son Ásmundar Grey-hair. Asmundar fathers Thorstein Dromund while visiting Norway in Chapter 13 and then returns to Iceland. Chapters 14-85 Grettir's life is told from beginning to end. Chapter 14 describes Grettir's immediate family. Ásmundar Grey-hair
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 1208, "ep": 12, "ec": 1810}
2,192
Q913267
12
1,208
12
1,810
Grettis saga
Story
and his wife Asdis have two boys: (1) the eldest brother, Atli, is quiet and gentle, and (2) Grettir, is rebellious, bad-tempered, and mischievous. He is described as red haired, somewhat freckled, and broad around the eyes. They also have two daughters: (3) Thordis and (4) Rannveig. In this chapter, it is stated the Grettir's father did not care for him much but that his mother loved him a lot. It is also revealed that Grettir grew strong and that he has a fondness for poetry. In chapter 16, Grettir receives his first sentence for outlawry. While still very young, Grettir kills
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 1810, "ep": 12, "ec": 2421}
2,192
Q913267
12
1,810
12
2,421
Grettis saga
Story
a person because he thinks they have taken his food bag. Despite attempts to pay compensation to the family similar to weregild, he is temporarily banished from Iceland and sentenced to lesser-outlawry for three years. He asks his father for a sword before he leaves, which his father refuses, but his mother Asdis gives him family heirloom sword from her familyline in chapter 17. He then leaves for Norway for the first time. In chapter 18, Grettir fights his first creature, an undead man, Kar, guarding treasure in his own funeral mound/tumulus. Treasures and weapons are taken from the mound after
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 2421, "ep": 12, "ec": 2989}
2,192
Q913267
12
2,421
12
2,989
Grettis saga
Story
Grettir's triumph. He has other successful adventures in Norway as well, killing bears and berserkers. He then has to flee Norway to go back to Iceland after he kills people for an insult in chapters 23 and 24. Grettir comes back to Iceland. In Chapters 32-33 a Swedish, pagan shepherd named Glámr is asked to watch sheep, but disappears on Yule/ Christmas eve. He is seen dead the next day in the snow and then Glamr will become a draugr that haunts the area. Grettir will fight and successfully slay Glamr in chapter 35. Glamr's curse is what leads Grettir
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 2989, "ep": 12, "ec": 3585}
2,192
Q913267
12
2,989
12
3,585
Grettis saga
Story
in a different direction. As a result of Glamr's curse, Grettir becomes disastrously unlucky, only grows weaker/never stronger, becomes afraid of the dark, and is doomed to loneliness, becoming an outlaw, and an early death. While in Norway for the second time in chapter 38, Grettir will accidentally kill a hut full of people by unintentionally lighting it on fire. His older brother, Atli at the family farm will get killed by a man named Thorbjorn in chapter 45. In chapter 46, the Althing back in the Icelandic Commonwealth votes that Grettir is an outlaw because of the deaths the
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 3585, "ep": 12, "ec": 4136}
2,192
Q913267
12
3,585
12
4,136
Grettis saga
Story
fire caused. Grettir returns home to Iceland the following chapter, 47, to learn this information for the first time. This outlaw status forces Grettir to live on the edge of society and opens him up to being hunted by others and being betrayed by other outlaws. Grettir lives in various places running from enemies and slaying more monsters. In Chapter 69 he returns home to the farm at Bjarg and sees his mother. She sends him off with his 15 year old brother Illugi and they head off to spend the rest of the saga on the island of Drangey
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 4136, "ep": 12, "ec": 4672}
2,192
Q913267
12
4,136
12
4,672
Grettis saga
Story
off the northern tip of Iceland. Part of the reason for this if that the island has steep cliffs and can only be climbed up on with the help of a ladder than can be withdrawn. Grettir eventually becomes the longest-surviving outlaw in Icelandic history. After spending over 19 years as an outlaw, his friends and family ask for his banishment to be lifted, arguing that a man could not spend more than 20 years as an outlaw according to the law (in fact, there was no such law in medieval Iceland). In chapter 77, after a debate at the
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 4672, "ep": 12, "ec": 5299}
2,192
Q913267
12
4,672
12
5,299
Grettis saga
Story
assembly, it is decided that the outlawry will be lifted when he has completed the 20 years but not before. His enemies make one last effort, using sorcery to cause him to wound himself and finally defeat him, atop the cliff-sided, lonely, fortress-like Drangey off the northern tip of Iceland where he was staying with another brother of his named Illugi, and his slave Glaumur. Grettir's enemies succeed in killing him in chapter 82. Assuming that the tales of the saga bear any relationship to historical realities, Grettir would have died 'some time between 1030 and 1040'. Chapters 86-93 His half brother,
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 12, "sc": 5299, "ep": 16, "ec": 267}
2,192
Q913267
12
5,299
16
267
Grettis saga
Story & Legacy
Thorsteinn Dromund, later avenges him in a semi-comic scene in Byzantium/Constantinople, where the Norse served as Varangians. While in Constantinople, he falls in love with a married woman named Spes, who helps him. After Thorsteinn Dromund completes his mission the two of them decide to spend the rest of their lives in monastic cells in Rome. Legacy Grettir Ásmundarson was reported to have been from Bjarg in Miðfjörður. At Bjarg, Grettir Ásmundarson always had refuge with his mother Ásdís. Many place names in the neighbourhood of Bjarg and indeed throughout the county bear the name of the outlaw e.g. Grettishaf,
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 16, "sc": 267, "ep": 16, "ec": 872}
2,192
Q913267
16
267
16
872
Grettis saga
Legacy
Grettistak and Grettishöfði at Arnarvatn. Even Garfield is named Grettir in Iceland: because he is rufous, a little broad and unwilling to conform to society's norms. A memorial was erected to his mother Ásdís at Bjarg in 1974. The memorial displays a relief from Grettis Saga made by Icelandic artist Halldór Pétursson. Grettir is celebrated in the long poem Eclogue from Iceland in the 1938 collection The Earth Compels by Irish poet Louis MacNeice, who had developed a love of Norse mythology while at school at Marlborough College. In it, the ghost of Grettir speaks with two men, Craven and
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 16, "sc": 872, "ep": 16, "ec": 1454}
2,192
Q913267
16
872
16
1,454
Grettis saga
Legacy
Ryan, who have been 'hounded' from a decadent and war-threatened Europe 'whose voice calls in the sirens of destroyers'. He urges them to recover their underlying human values, and to assert, as he has, 'the sanctity of the individual will'. He tells them to return home as an act of duty, which he calls - remembering his own defiant choice to be an outlaw - 'Your hazard, your act of defiance and hymn of hate, hatred of hatred, assertion of human values' and (in the poem's final words') 'your only chance'. The Australian composer Percy Grainger described the Grettis
{"datasets_id": 2192, "wiki_id": "Q913267", "sp": 16, "sc": 1454, "ep": 16, "ec": 1623}
2,192
Q913267
16
1,454
16
1,623
Grettis saga
Legacy
Saga as the "strongest single artistic influence" in his life. The saga was adapted in 2017 as the basis for a novel set in Sheffield by Tony Williams (author).
{"datasets_id": 2193, "wiki_id": "Q2715265", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 4}
2,193
Q2715265
2
0
14
4
Grevillea whiteana
Description & Taxonomy & Distribution
Grevillea whiteana Description The species grows to a height of between 2 and 9 metres in height. Its cream flowers are produced from early autumn to mid spring (March to October in Australia). Taxonomy The type specimen was obtained from Glenwood Station, 48.3 kilometres south-west of Mundubbera in 1974. By 1986 it was brought into horticulture and sold under the names Grevillea 'Munduberra' or Grevillea 'Honeycomb'. The species was formally described in 1986 by botanist Donald McGillivray, who gave it the name Grevillea whiteana, in honour of C. T. White, government botanist of Queensland from 1918 to 1950. Distribution The
{"datasets_id": 2193, "wiki_id": "Q2715265", "sp": 14, "sc": 3, "ep": 18, "ec": 179}
2,193
Q2715265
14
3
18
179
Grevillea whiteana
Distribution & Cultivars
species occurs in south-east Queensland from Boondooma northward to Mundubbera and also on Mt Walsh near Biggenden. Cultivars The cultivar Grevillea 'Pink Surprise' is a cross between Grevillea whiteana and the red-flowering form of Grevillea banksii. It has pink flowers and grows to about 3 metres high.
{"datasets_id": 2194, "wiki_id": "Q5608125", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557}
2,194
Q5608125
2
0
6
557
Grey Coat Hospital
History
Grey Coat Hospital History The school was founded on St. Andrew's Day in 1698. Eight members of the congregation of St. Margaret's, Westminster donated towards the founding of the school, initially a day school for 50 boys. In 1701, the Governors bought an old workhouse from Westminster Abbey to establish a boarding school. From that year it was also a mixed school, with both boys and girls attending. The founders' aim was to provide the poor of the parish with an education, so that they could become "loyal citizens, useful workers and solid Christians". From 1785, 60 boys and
{"datasets_id": 2194, "wiki_id": "Q5608125", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 6, "ec": 1173}
2,194
Q5608125
6
557
6
1,173
Grey Coat Hospital
History
30 girls were admitted. In 1874 it was changed to a girls' school under church management. In 1998, the school celebrated its tercentenary by opening a new building for the Upper School on Regency Street, replacing an older site on Sloane Square. The original building is still used primarily by years 7–9 (Lower School), while years 10–11 and the sixth form are based at the Upper School, although most years visit both sites regularly. In 2009 construction began on a new arts block at Lower School under the Building Schools for the Future programme. The school became a Language College in 2002,
{"datasets_id": 2194, "wiki_id": "Q5608125", "sp": 6, "sc": 1173, "ep": 14, "ec": 91}
2,194
Q5608125
6
1,173
14
91
Grey Coat Hospital
History & Aim & School behaviour code
and in 2008 was also granted the status of Training School. In its most recent inspection report in 2009, Ofsted again assessed the school as "outstanding". The current head teacher is Siân Maddrell, who succeeded Rachel Allard in April 2011. The school became an academy on 1 July 2012. Aim The school aims to enable girls to take charge of their learning, make decisions based on Christian values, live in the world as independent women, and meet the challenges of the 21st century. School behaviour code The school has a strict behaviour code, summarised for students as "The most important rule
{"datasets_id": 2194, "wiki_id": "Q5608125", "sp": 14, "sc": 91, "ep": 14, "ec": 655}
2,194
Q5608125
14
91
14
655
Grey Coat Hospital
School behaviour code
of all is to behave well at all times inside and outside the school, in a way which will bring honour to it, credit to you and that will show courtesy and consideration for other people." The school suspended 29 students in December 2008 for joining an open Facebook group described by the Head as "a hate campaign against a member of staff". The Head said that the action was designed to send a strong message that the school does not tolerate such behaviour. She said that, of an unspecified number of parents who had visited her about the incident, the
{"datasets_id": 2194, "wiki_id": "Q5608125", "sp": 14, "sc": 655, "ep": 14, "ec": 1127}
2,194
Q5608125
14
655
14
1,127
Grey Coat Hospital
School behaviour code
majority were supportive of the school's action. Westminster City Council also supported the school's decision. Teaching unions said that one in five teachers faces cyber-bullying, and called for expulsions in serious cases. Although the Facebook group was removed, discussions remained on another website with disparaging comments about the teacher concerned. The Daily Telegraph reported that some pupils had contacted the paper to say that the school had gone too far.
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 556}
2,195
Q29025040
2
0
6
556
Grey Investment Group
Early History
Grey Investment Group Early History Grey Investment Group dates back to 1919 when Aggie Grey opened the Cosmopolitan Club in Apia. In 1933 Aggie Grey purchased The British Club using a £200 loan she had received from a close friend. After the purchase 'Aggie's' ; as her businesses were known to be called, ventured into illegal alcohol trading during the Samoan Prohibition on Alcohol by purchasing alcohol from ships passing through Samoa and selling it on to those who enquired. It is commonly believed that Aggie's was not a proper business until the American Forces entered into Apia in
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 6, "sc": 556, "ep": 6, "ec": 1143}
2,195
Q29025040
6
556
6
1,143
Grey Investment Group
Early History
1943 for use as a naval port, when Aggie and the Grey family started selling burgers and coffee for the American soldiers. During this time she also operated sandwich carts throughout Apia. It was said that Marlon Brando was a regular at the Hotel when in Samoa. Aggie's was the set and accommodation for cast and crew for the film “Return to Paradise.” Aggie was personally behind the scenes and personally supervised the production of the film. Her hotel was the accommodation and management base for the entire film crew; and day by day, she led the catering unit on location
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 6, "sc": 1143, "ep": 10, "ec": 358}
2,195
Q29025040
6
1,143
10
358
Grey Investment Group
Early History & Aggie's After Cyclone Evan
in Lefaga. In 1957 Aggie, who wished to retire, sought for the LDS Church to purchase the property off her. However, she later changed her mind so she could leave a legacy for her children. Aggie's After Cyclone Evan When Cyclone Evan hit Samoa between December 11 and December 15 in 2012, Aggie Greys Hotel was badly damaged and closed for more than 3 years. During the closure, all 300 staff members were employed within other parts of the company, such as, the Apia Bottling, the countless acres of Farmland, Scenic Tours, or the Resort. The family used insurance money as
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 10, "sc": 358, "ep": 10, "ec": 1020}
2,195
Q29025040
10
358
10
1,020
Grey Investment Group
Aggie's After Cyclone Evan
well as money granted by the Central Bank of Samoa and Developmental Bank of Samoa to re-build the hotel. In August 2013, it was reported that upon re-opening Starwood Hotels & Resorts subsidiary Sheraton Hotels and Resorts would assume the management role for the hotels. The hotels however would remain under the ownership of the Grey Investment Group. When asked by the Samoa Observer, Prime Minister and Minister for Tourism of Samoa Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi stated: I understand that the Memorandum of Understanding that is to be signed today between the three parties is the first step towards concluding an agreement for
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 10, "sc": 1020, "ep": 10, "ec": 1687}
2,195
Q29025040
10
1,020
10
1,687
Grey Investment Group
Aggie's After Cyclone Evan
the management and rebranding of the Aggie Greys Beach Resort Samoa Ltd and the Aggie Greys Hotel Limited under the internationally-acclaimed Sheraton Brand... ...As the Minister for Tourism, I am extremely excited about this development. I congratulate the Starwood Group for the commitment to invest here. Samoa may be relatively unknown in the tourist market, but I can guarantee that you have made the right business decision to invest in Samoa. — Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, The hotel was ready to open in April 2016, with the Grand Re-Opening occurring on the 30th of April. Distinguished guests including President of French Polynesia
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 10, "sc": 1687, "ep": 14, "ec": 111}
2,195
Q29025040
10
1,687
14
111
Grey Investment Group
Aggie's After Cyclone Evan & Le Méridien
Edouard Fritch, Head of State of Samoa Tufuga Efi, Prime Minister of Samoa Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, and Former Minister of Finance of Samoa Faumuina Tiatia Liuga attended the re-opening. The total cost of renovations are estimated to be roughly $40 million. It was reported by Radio New Zealand in May 2017 that Grey Investment Group planned to acquire Manava Beach Resort and Spa, located in French Polynesia; however, the company was passed over, with China's HNA Group eventually acquiring the resort. Le Méridien In July 2011, General Manager of Grey Investment Group, Fredrick Alan Grey started travelling to Tahiti to meet
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 14, "sc": 111, "ep": 14, "ec": 762}
2,195
Q29025040
14
111
14
762
Grey Investment Group
Le Méridien
with then-President of French Polynesia Oscar Temaru, Fidupac Tahiti Representative Jose Chanlin, and the Vice President of GDF Suez France, Frederic Martin, to negotiate the purchase of Le Méridian Tahiti Resort. In December 2011, it was reported that the Grey Family had completed the purchase of Le Méridien for an undisclosed amount. The Grey Family reportedly acquired the resort from French multinational GDF Suez. The transaction was handled by accounting firm Fidupac Tahiti. Fidupac representative Jose Chanlin said, "Yes, I can confirm that Aggie Grey's has purchased the Le Meridien Resort Tahiti off GDF Suez of Paris, France." The resort
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 14, "sc": 762, "ep": 18, "ec": 22}
2,195
Q29025040
14
762
18
22
Grey Investment Group
Le Méridien & Samoa Scenic Tours
will continue to be managed and operated day-to-day by Starwood Hotels and Resorts, as per pre-sale agreement. The Grey Investment Group's website states that the resort was purchased for $15 million. Le Méridien is a 5-star hotel that features roughly 200 rooms, and was redesigned by award-winning French designer Didier Lefort in 2010. The resort also features two cocktail bars, two restaurants, a spa, and tennis courts. It owns and operates its own private white sand beach and gardens, multiple conference and meeting rooms and is located 15 minutes from Fa'a'ā International Airport. Samoa Scenic Tours Founded in 1967 by the
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 18, "sc": 22, "ep": 18, "ec": 692}
2,195
Q29025040
18
22
18
692
Grey Investment Group
Samoa Scenic Tours
Grey family and two smaller investors. The Grey Family hold multiple stakes in Samoa Scenic Tours & Inbound Services Ltd that account for 1,800 shares (42.86%) of the companies ownership making them the largest shareholder, with the two smaller shareholders owning 1,200 shares (28.57%) each. Samoa Scenic Tours operate in all fields of the Tour industry as they operate coach tours, air charters, cruise ship tours, as well as tailored tours and inter-island tours within the pacific. Samoa Scenic Tours operate Visitor Information, Domestic Travel Booking and Meet & Greets. They also operate ventures in Accommodation Services and Accommodation Transfers, as
{"datasets_id": 2195, "wiki_id": "Q29025040", "sp": 18, "sc": 692, "ep": 18, "ec": 748}
2,195
Q29025040
18
692
18
748
Grey Investment Group
Samoa Scenic Tours
well as, Event Management through their Parent company.
{"datasets_id": 2196, "wiki_id": "Q5608651", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 343}
2,196
Q5608651
2
0
6
343
Gridley Building
History
Gridley Building History The address of the Gridley Building is 101 S. Salina Street, according to the 1970 National Register of Historic Places nomination form. Five years later, the Hanover Square Historic District nomination listed its address as 101 East Water Street. The Syracuse Savings Bank Building is located directly across Erie Boulevard.
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 558}
2,197
Q1549117
2
0
6
558
Großer Zapfenstreich
History
Großer Zapfenstreich History The Zapfenstreich originated in the military as a sign of the end of daily activities in both field and garrison. The term was mentioned for the first time in 1596. The Saxon major Hans von Fleming described this military custom for the first time in detail in his book Der vollkommene deutsche Soldat (The Perfect German Soldier, 1726). The Zapfenstreich was a trumpet signal to end the selling of liquor in the military quarters and to prepare for lights out. To underline that order, the sergeant major walked across the military camp and struck the taps
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 6, "sc": 558, "ep": 6, "ec": 1177}
2,197
Q1549117
6
558
6
1,177
Großer Zapfenstreich
History
of the casks with a stick. The word Zapfenstreich ("tap strike") is similar to the Dutch "tap toe", from which the English word tattoo comes. Like the tattoo military ceremony, the Zapfenstreich signifies completion of the day's work. In 1813 the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III witnessed the evening ceremony of the Russian army after the battle of Großgörschen near Berlin. He was deeply impressed of the religious parts of the ceremony, especially a choral version of the Lord's Prayer. The king ordered that a similar ritual be incorporated in the Prussian Zapfenstreich. In 1838, a Zapfenstreich in
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 6, "sc": 1177, "ep": 6, "ec": 1764}
2,197
Q1549117
6
1,177
6
1,764
Großer Zapfenstreich
History
nearly its present form was prepared by Wilhelm Wieprecht, director of music of the music corps of the Prussian Guard Corps, who arranged a great ("monstre") outdoor concert for the king and his guest, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, in Potsdam. On 12 May over 1,000 musicians performed the Prussian tattoo signals, a newly composed tattoo march, and the choral "Ich bete an die Macht der Liebe" ("I pray to the power of love"), composed by the Russian Royal musician Dmitry Bortniansky with text by Gerhard Tersteegen. After the founding of the German Reich in 1871, the emperor's hymn Heil
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 6, "sc": 1764, "ep": 6, "ec": 2452}
2,197
Q1549117
6
1,764
6
2,452
Großer Zapfenstreich
History
Dir im Siegerkranz became part of the Zapfenstreich, but only when the emperor was present at the ceremony. Following the German Revolution the new national anthem, the "Deutschlandlied" by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, replaced the old imperial hymn in 1922. When foreign heads of state or military units are honored, their respective national anthems are played. The German Democratic Republic reinstated the Großer Zapfenstreich in 1962 in an updated version, supplementing the traditional German ceremony with music based on "elements of the progressive military inheritance" including the song "For the Peace of the World" by Soviet composer Dmitri Shostakovich and a
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 6, "sc": 2452, "ep": 6, "ec": 3126}
2,197
Q1549117
6
2,452
6
3,126
Großer Zapfenstreich
History
medley of songs and marches drawn from the German and international working-class movements. The hymn was replaced by a Russian funeral march honoring the martyrs of the Russian and German revolutions. The GDR national anthem replaced the Deutschlandlied. Other elements of the traditional Prussian ceremony—especially the torchlight procession, flourishes, and the Zapfenstreich March—were retained. The additions were an opening fanfare, inspection report of the unit commander, with the unit at present arms and eyes right, the presentation of the National People's Army Colors by the unit color guard, two fanfare calls by the fanfare section and kettle drummers, and a
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 6, "sc": 3126, "ep": 10, "ec": 109}
2,197
Q1549117
6
3,126
10
109
Großer Zapfenstreich
History & Criticism
parade march past of the unit present in front of the honored guests after the reformation of the torchbearers and of the parade unit. The GDR's version, made official in 1981 and performed on March 1, NVA Day, and October 7, the GDR's National Day, and on several other occasions when needed, was made possible due to the support of longtime Director of Music of the NVA itself, Colonel Gerhard Baumann, who arranged some of the pieces that were used in the ceremony. Criticism There have been calls for the abolition of the Großer Zapfenstreich. The well-known politician Hans Koschnick
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 10, "sc": 109, "ep": 14, "ec": 399}
2,197
Q1549117
10
109
14
399
Großer Zapfenstreich
Criticism & Adaptation on Civil events and occasions
of the Social Democratic Party labelled it "predemocratic" and "obsolete". In 1996, the Party of Democratic Socialism and the Green Party unsuccessfully motioned for the ceremony, or at least the prayer, to be abolished. Adaptation on Civil events and occasions The Grosser Zapfenstreich is also performed on civil occasions, or else called for by event organizers. In Germany, the difference is that civilian Marching bands and civilian Corps of Drums are separated but play together during the ceremony. Fanfare bands (the German Fanfarenzug and Fanfarenkorps) are optional participants of the ceremony. They also have torchbearer formations, just like in the
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 14, "sc": 399, "ep": 14, "ec": 1024}
2,197
Q1549117
14
399
14
1,024
Großer Zapfenstreich
Adaptation on Civil events and occasions
military version, when the ceremony is held in the evening or nighttime, but daytime ceremonies have none or have an optional use for the torchbearers. Only a civilian marching band does the Austrian version during civil events. Some ceremonies call for armed civilian companies while others opt for unarmed escorts. Special uniforms are worn by the civilian escort companies for the ceremony. In several German towns and cities, colors guards are also a part of the ceremony, with the Flag of Germany and the Flag of Europe as first in precedence among all the flags, together with organizational flags and guidons.
{"datasets_id": 2197, "wiki_id": "Q1549117", "sp": 14, "sc": 1024, "ep": 14, "ec": 1155}
2,197
Q1549117
14
1,024
14
1,155
Großer Zapfenstreich
Adaptation on Civil events and occasions
The same is true in some Austrian towns and cities, as the Flag of Austria takes precedence over the other flags if there are any.
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583}
2,198
Q5610362
2
0
6
583
Groovie Goolies
Premise
Groovie Goolies Premise The Goolies were a group of hip monsters residing at Horrible Hall (a haunted boarding house for monsters) on Horrible Drive. Many of the characters referred to each other as cousins. Most of the Goolies were (in look and sound) pop-culture echoes of the classic horror-film monsters created in the 1930s and 1940s, mostly by Universal Pictures. Shows consisted of fast-cut sequences of pun-filled jokes and short skits, and each episode included two pop songs, one performed by The Monster Trio (Drac, Frankie and Wolfie), and a closing number crooned by one of a rotating roster of
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 6, "sc": 583, "ep": 10, "ec": 617}
2,198
Q5610362
6
583
10
617
Groovie Goolies
Premise & Production
guest bands. Production Thanks to television airings, the Universal Classic Monsters were having a resurgence of popularity in the 1960s and Filmation producer Lou Scheimer, who had grown up with the films, wanted to create a humorous animated adaptation. In 1968, Scheimer hired Laugh-In writers Jack Mendelsohn and Jim Milligan to begin developing a show called Monster Inn, which would riff on the characters that Universal had popularized. Although some of their initial ideas fell by the wayside, the groundwork for Groovie Goolies was quickly laid, including having the monsters living together in a castle and the lead trio performing
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 617, "ep": 10, "ec": 1240}
2,198
Q5610362
10
617
10
1,240
Groovie Goolies
Production
pop songs. Mendelsohn also had been raised with the Universal films, and claimed to have done most of the work on the show, while Milligan "took the money and ran." In 1969, Fred Silverman, the Head of Children's Programming at CBS asked for a companion to Filmation's popular The Archie Show, so the company began developing a series for fellow Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, who had already appeared as a supporting character on the show. Silverman was also looking to exploit the overwhelming success of the network's new cartoon Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, so he optioned Scheimer's monster
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 1240, "ep": 10, "ec": 1906}
2,198
Q5610362
10
1,240
10
1,906
Groovie Goolies
Production
show, which went through a succession of titles before they settled on Groovie Goolies. Since both shows featured witches, the decision was made to package them together in an hour-long block. Sabrina and the Groovie Goolies premiered in 1970, featuring two 15-minute segments of Sabrina, and a 30-minute block of Groovie Goolies, with the characters crossing over into both shows. During the inaugural season, it was the highest-rated children's program, receiving a 54% audience share. This incarnation featured a variation of the Goolie Get-Together theme song which announced, "It's time for the Goolies and Sabrina!" In 1971, CBS split the two
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 1906, "ep": 10, "ec": 2514}
2,198
Q5610362
10
1,906
10
2,514
Groovie Goolies
Production
shows apart and paired Groovie Goolies with Tom and Jerry on Sunday mornings in an hour-long animation block, beginning on September 12, 1971. It was at this point that the more common Goolie Get-Together opening credits sequence was created, consisting of a montage of scenes from the song The Monster Trio. After a single season on Sundays, the show was canceled. Despite the cancellation, CBS was not done with the Groovie Goolies yet. In 1972, they were bumped up to regulars on Sabrina the Teenage Witch, appearing in half of that season's episodes, which continued to be rerun until 1974. That
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 2514, "ep": 10, "ec": 3129}
2,198
Q5610362
10
2,514
10
3,129
Groovie Goolies
Production
same year, they also appeared on rival network ABC in a film entitled Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies (which was part of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie), teaming them with the Looney Tunes characters. This movie also featured a brief, live-action sequence featuring some of the Goolies, including Frankie, Drac, Wolfie and Hauntleroy. ABC later rebroadcast the original series for one season in 1975, both on Saturday and Sunday mornings. The characters made their final original appearances in two episodes of NBC's 1977 series The New Archie and Sabrina Hour, and Frankie was featured in that
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 3129, "ep": 10, "ec": 3824}
2,198
Q5610362
10
3,129
10
3,824
Groovie Goolies
Production
show's closing credits. In 1977, the show entered syndication as part of an anthology series entitled The Groovie Goolies and Friends, which featured over 104 half-hour episodes. The Groovie Goolies were packaged with several other Filmation series in shared rotation. The syndication format featured new opening credits and "bumpers" featuring the Goolies interacting with characters from the various shows, while the original end credits for each series was retained. The syndication package included The New Adventures of Waldo Kitty (minus the live-action sequences) (13 shows), Lassie's Rescue Rangers (17 shows), The New Adventures of Gilligan (24 shows), My Favorite Martians (16
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 3824, "ep": 10, "ec": 4471}
2,198
Q5610362
10
3,824
10
4,471
Groovie Goolies
Production
shows), and former Uncle Croc's Block segments M.U.S.H. ("Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes"), Fraidy Cat, and Wacky and Packy (combined into 18 shows). In 1978, Filmation planned to produce a Groovie Goolies feature film, but it never came to fruition. In 1984, the company decided to resurrect the property, developing two separate shows. "Fright Camp" was set at a summer camp and would have starred the Junior Goolies, the children of the pre-established Groovie Goolies. A second prospective show was titled The Goolies and would have featured the characters as toddlers. Neither series ever got past the development stage. For their 1986
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 4471, "ep": 10, "ec": 5118}
2,198
Q5610362
10
4,471
10
5,118
Groovie Goolies
Production
Ghostbusters cartoon, Filmation borrowed many elements from the show, most notably the Skelevator, and they reused designs and animation of Drac and Bella La Ghostly in the episode "The Girl Who Cried Vampire". The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's Banana Splits in the early 1980s. The show was translated into many languages and was broadcast globally, garnering numerous video releases in Germany and various other countries, spawning tie-in albums in different languages, and the show was so popular in France that the characters were featured on a float in France's 1986 Carnaval de Cholet. The complete series was
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 10, "sc": 5118, "ep": 18, "ec": 107}
2,198
Q5610362
10
5,118
18
107
Groovie Goolies
Production & Czechoslovakian version & Home media
remastered and issued on DVD in the US in 2006. Since then, various episodes have surfaced on compilation DVDs, and discs have also been issued elsewhere around the globe. In May 2009, re-edited minisodes were released on the streaming site Crackle. Czechoslovakian version In 1992, Bonton Records issued a pair of albums titled Bubušou 1 and 2. Combined, the two albums include renditions of all 33 of the songs featured on the show, with Czech lyrics adapted by Jiří Josek. Home media All of the Groovie Goolies' appearances have been issued on video in various regions around the world, with
{"datasets_id": 2198, "wiki_id": "Q5610362", "sp": 18, "sc": 107, "ep": 18, "ec": 256}
2,198
Q5610362
18
107
18
256
Groovie Goolies
Home media
the exceptions of the live-action sequence in Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies and the syndicated Groovie Goolies and Friends show.
{"datasets_id": 2199, "wiki_id": "Q220373", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 639}
2,199
Q220373
2
0
6
639
Grossular
Hessonite
Grossular Hessonite Hessonite or "cinnamon stone" is a common variety of grossular with the general formula: Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂. The name comes from the Ancient Greek: ἣσσων (hēssōn), meaning inferior; an allusion to its lower hardness and lower density than most other garnet species varieties. It has a characteristic red color, inclining to orange or yellow, much like that of zircon. It was shown many years ago, by Sir Arthur Herbert Church, that many gemstones, especially engraved gems (commonly regarded as zircon), were actually hessonite. The difference is readily detected by the specific gravity, that of hessonite being 3.64 to 3.69, while that
{"datasets_id": 2199, "wiki_id": "Q220373", "sp": 6, "sc": 639, "ep": 10, "ec": 245}
2,199
Q220373
6
639
10
245
Grossular
Hessonite & Deposits
of zircon is about 4.6. Hessonite has a similar hardness to that of quartz (being about 7 on the mohs scale), while the hardness of most garnet species is nearer 7.5. Hessonite comes chiefly from Sri Lanka and India, where it is found generally in placer deposits, though its occurrence in its native matrix is not unknown. It is also found in Brazil and California. Deposits Grossular is found in contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite and wernerite. A highly sought after variety of gem garnet is the fine green Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania called tsavorite. This
{"datasets_id": 2199, "wiki_id": "Q220373", "sp": 10, "sc": 245, "ep": 10, "ec": 844}
2,199
Q220373
10
245
10
844
Grossular
Deposits
garnet was discovered in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name. Viluite is a variety name of grossular, that is not a recognized mineral species. It is usually olive green though sometimes brownish or reddish, brought about by impurities in the crystal. Viluite is found associated with and is similar in appearance to vesuvianite, and there is confusion in terminology as viluite has long been used as a synonym for wiluite, a sorosilicate of the vesuvianite group. This confusion in nomenclature dates back to James Dwight Dana. It comes from the Vilyuy
{"datasets_id": 2199, "wiki_id": "Q220373", "sp": 10, "sc": 844, "ep": 14, "ec": 51}
2,199
Q220373
10
844
14
51
Grossular
Deposits & Cultural significance
river area in Siberia. Grossular is known by many other names, and also some misnomers; colophonite – coarse granules of garnet, ernite, gooseberry-garnet – light green colored and translucent, olyntholite/olytholite, romanzovite, and tellemarkite. Misnomers include South African jade, garnet jade, Transvaal jade, and African jade. Cultural significance Vermont has grossular garnet as its state gemstone.
{"datasets_id": 2200, "wiki_id": "Q5611154", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 188}
2,200
Q5611154
2
0
10
188
Group Health Cooperative
Business model & Corporate structure
Group Health Cooperative Business model Established in 1945, Group Health provided coverage and care for about 600,000 people in Washington and Idaho and was one of the largest private employers in Washington. Patients who received care at its medical centers were provided Web access to their medical records, secure emailing with doctors and nurses, and the ability to fill prescriptions online that are mailed to homes without a shipping charge. Corporate structure Despite being marketed as a cooperative for much of the organization's history, Group Health never legally presented itself as a cooperative. It was a nonprofit organization with members.
{"datasets_id": 2200, "wiki_id": "Q5611154", "sp": 10, "sc": 188, "ep": 14, "ec": 182}
2,200
Q5611154
10
188
14
182
Group Health Cooperative
Corporate structure & Group Health Research Institute
Members were always able to amend bylaws and elect a board of trustees, but never owned organization assets or directly controlled operations. Group Health Community Foundation (GHCF) was funded with the acquisition with approximately $1.8 billion in assets. Founded in 1983, the new GHCF is entirely independent of Kaiser Permanente. GHCF will continue to invest in efforts to improve health and health care through immunizations, innovation, and patient care. Group Health Research Institute Group Health's research leg was the Group Health Research Institute (GHRI), formerly known as Group Health Center for Health Studies. Now known as Kaiser Permanente Washington Health
{"datasets_id": 2200, "wiki_id": "Q5611154", "sp": 14, "sc": 182, "ep": 22, "ec": 93}
2,200
Q5611154
14
182
22
93
Group Health Cooperative
Group Health Research Institute & Group Health Cooperative Medical Library & Notable staff
Research Institute (KPWHRI), it works with institutions such as the University of Washington and the National Institutes of Health. It is a member of the Health Care Systems Research Network (HCSRN), formerly known as the HMO Research Network. Group Health Cooperative Medical Library Group Health Cooperative Medical Library was founded in 1969. As of 2011 it subscribed to 8,000 electronic journals and had 400 books. It specializes in allied health professions, medicine, health maintenance organizations, health administration, nursing, and pharmacy. Notable staff Scott Armstrong became president and CEO of Group Health in 2003. He is a commissioner of the
{"datasets_id": 2200, "wiki_id": "Q5611154", "sp": 22, "sc": 93, "ep": 22, "ec": 510}
2,200
Q5611154
22
93
22
510
Group Health Cooperative
Notable staff
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, board chair of the Alliance of Community Health Plans, a board member of America's Health Insurance Plans and the Pacific Science Center, a member of the Community Development Roundtable in Seattle, and a fellow of the American College of Healthcare Executives. He was named among the top 40 of the "100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare" in 2010 by Modern Healthcare magazine.
{"datasets_id": 2201, "wiki_id": "Q25324514", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 166}
2,201
Q25324514
2
0
6
166
Group actions in computational anatomy
Several group actions in computational anatomy
Group actions in computational anatomy Several group actions in computational anatomy The central group in CA defined on volumes in are the diffeomorphism group which are mappings with 3-components , law of composition of functions , with inverse .
{"datasets_id": 2202, "wiki_id": "Q2220275", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 187}
2,202
Q2220275
2
0
10
187
Grove Township, Adair County, Iowa
History & Geography
Grove Township, Adair County, Iowa History Grove Township was organized in 1860. Geography Grove Township covers an area of 35.42 square miles (91.7 km²) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Adair County and Grove Center.
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 502}
2,203
Q1158791
2
0
6
502
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Background
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album) Background In an interview for Blues & Soul, Blige explained the significance of the album's title, stating: I started writing the record right after that whole gigantic day I had at the Grammies last year. So it was important to me to get across to my fans that whole feeling I was going through of 'How do I sustain this breakthrough? How do I continue to remind myself I'm in a better place?'... And the only way to continue to stay in that place is to GROW! I believe the majority of people out there,
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 6, "sc": 502, "ep": 10, "ec": 44}
2,203
Q1158791
6
502
10
44
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Background & Singles
if something uncomfortable is going on in their lives, are forced to either go back to where they were, or to GROW – and that that tension is called PAIN. So the light, happy songs on the album are celebrating my growth. While the less poppy, darker tracks represent the places I'm forced to grow out of. So in that way the title represents the growth, as well as the understanding that – in order for anything to develop – it has to have some kinda tension behind it. — Mary J. Blige Singles "Just Fine" was released as the album's lead
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 10, "sc": 44, "ep": 10, "ec": 589}
2,203
Q1158791
10
44
10
589
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Singles
single on October 2, 2007. The single was the only single from the album which was released in multiple formats. The single peaked at #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #3 On the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In the UK, the song performed well peaking at #16 on the official chart. "Work That" was released as the album's second single on December 18, 2007. The single charted from digital downloads when the album was released, and eventually peaked at #65 on the Billboard Hot 100 but did become a top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 10, "sc": 589, "ep": 14, "ec": 147}
2,203
Q1158791
10
589
14
147
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Singles & Accolades
R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The song "Hurt Again" was supposed to be released as the official third single released from Growing Pains, but at the last minute was changed in the favor of "Stay Down". Between the loss of momentum from the album's first and second single and lack of promotion for the single, "Stay Down" did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; it peaked at #34 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart. Accolades In 2008, at the 50th Grammy Awards, "Just Fine" was nominated in the 'Best Female R&B Vocal Performance' category, losing the award to Alicia Keys'
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 14, "sc": 147, "ep": 18, "ec": 337}
2,203
Q1158791
14
147
18
337
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Accolades & Commercial performance
"No One". At the 2009 51st Grammy Awards it was nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album and Just Fine was nominated for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical. The album won Best Contemporary R&B Album. Commercial performance Growing Pains sold 629,000 copies in its first week and debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and number one on the R&B chart. In its second week the album climbed to number one on the Billboard 200 with 204,000 copies sold. In the UK, the album entered the charts at Number 6, making it her highest charting album there
{"datasets_id": 2203, "wiki_id": "Q1158791", "sp": 18, "sc": 337, "ep": 18, "ec": 598}
2,203
Q1158791
18
337
18
598
Growing Pains (Mary J. Blige album)
Commercial performance
since No More Drama in 2001 with first week sales of 21,755. In Germany, the album was her worst one charting, peaking #48 and staying on the German Albums Chart for only 3 weeks. As of 27 March 2010, the album had sold 81,681 copies in the UK.
{"datasets_id": 2204, "wiki_id": "Q24734961", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 622}
2,204
Q24734961
2
0
6
622
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH
History
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH History In 1958, the authorities of the German Democratic Republic decided to increase the volume of national production of synthetic fibres. The main element of that plan was construction of the chemical complex in Guben. The first facilities of Chemiefaserwerk Guben were constructed in 1960 in the place of former arms factories Rheinmetall-Borsig; whereas in 1964, the trial production was commenced. In 1968, polyamide 6 was produced for the first time, which was used to produce carpet yarn. In years 1979–1980 the production possibilities were expanded within the field of PA6. Upon German reunification, the plants
{"datasets_id": 2204, "wiki_id": "Q24734961", "sp": 6, "sc": 622, "ep": 6, "ec": 1262}
2,204
Q24734961
6
622
6
1,262
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH
History
operated under the name of Chemiefaserwerk Guben GmbH. As a result of multiple ownership changes in 1998, the company Plastomid Polymere GmbH was founded, which was a specialist in polyamide 6 production (20 thousand tons per year). Two years later, the Polymerisation reactors were modernised by their adjustment to two-stage production. Since then, in addition to new types of high-viscose granulate, it was possible to enter the foil market. In 2005, the company changed its name to Unylon Polymers GmbH and increased the production powers to 47 thousand tons of PA6 per year. As a result of the financial crisis, it was
{"datasets_id": 2204, "wiki_id": "Q24734961", "sp": 6, "sc": 1262, "ep": 14, "ec": 4}
2,204
Q24734961
6
1,262
14
4
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH
History & Shareholding structure & Management
not possible to maintain the production profitability and bankruptcy proceedings were commenced in 2009. One of its elements was looking for an investor who would take over Unylon Polymers GmbH. In 2010, the plants were taken over in 100% by Zakłady Azotowe in Tarnów-Mościce S.A. As a result of a merger of two largest Polish chemical firms, the company has operated as Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH since 2013. Shareholding structure 100% of shares is held by the Grupa Azoty, being the controlling shareholder of the major Polish plants of Great Chemical Synthesis (Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Police, Puławy i Tarnów). Management The
{"datasets_id": 2204, "wiki_id": "Q24734961", "sp": 14, "sc": 3, "ep": 18, "ec": 461}
2,204
Q24734961
14
3
18
461
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH
Management & Production
company is run by two managing directors: Gabriele Kell and Jacek Dychtoń, whereas the members of the Supervisory Board are Andrzej Skolmowski, Małgorzata Malec and Witold Szczypiński. Production Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH mainly specialises in polyamide 6 production. Its high viscosity allows for its application in, e.g. production of bi-oriented foil, which is used in work with foods. A product named Alphalon™ was distinguished at fairs PLASTPOL 2011 in Kielce. The production abilities in Grupa Azoty ATT POLYMERS are estimated as 45 thousand tons per year. In 2014, Grupa Azoty gained the possibility to open the next factory of polyamide
{"datasets_id": 2204, "wiki_id": "Q24734961", "sp": 18, "sc": 461, "ep": 22, "ec": 211}
2,204
Q24734961
18
461
22
211
Grupa Azoty ATT Polymers GmbH
Production & Successes
6 in Tarnów as a part of Special Economic Zone in Kraków with production rate of 80 thousand tons per year. The synergy of these installations allows the company to produce ca. 170 thousand tons of PA6 per year. Successes In 2011, at XV International Fairs of Plastics and Rubber Processing PLASTPOL in Kielce, the company was distinguished for alphalon E36LN used to produce bi-oriented foil that can have direct contact with foods.
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 596}
2,205
Q3109749
2
0
6
596
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Background
Guðrøðr Óláfsson Background Guðrøðr was a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles and his wife Affraic ingen Fergusa. The men were members of the Crovan dynasty, a Norse-Gaelic kindred descended from Guðrøðr Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles. Following Guðrøðr Crovan's death in 1095, there is a period of uncertainty in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although the latter's eldest son, Lǫgmaðr, appears to have succeeded to the kingship, he was soon forced to contend with factions supporting his younger brothers: Haraldr, and Óláfr. Although he successfully dealt with Haraldr, foreign powers from Ireland
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 6, "sc": 596, "ep": 6, "ec": 1225}
2,205
Q3109749
6
596
6
1,225
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Background
intruded into the Isles, and Magnús Óláfsson, King of Norway seized control of the kingdom. At some point, Óláfr was entrusted to the protection of Henry I, King of England (died 1135), and spent his youth in England before his eventual restoration as King of the Isles in the second decade of the twelfth century. The thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann reveals that Guðrøðr's mother, Affraic, was a daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Several contemporary sources concerning Fergus' descendants suggest that he was married to an illegitimate daughter of Henry I, and that this woman was the mother of
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 6, "sc": 1225, "ep": 6, "ec": 1868}
2,205
Q3109749
6
1,225
6
1,868
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Background
at least some of his offspring, including Affraic herself. Although the union between Guðrøðr's parents is not dated in contemporary sources, it appears to have been arranged in the 1130s or 1140s. The marital alliance forged between Óláfr and Fergus gave the Crovan dynasty valuable familial-connections with the English Crown, one of the most powerful monarchies in western Europe. As for Fergus, the union bound Galloway more tightly to a neighbouring kingdom from which an invasion had been launched during the overlordsship of Magnús. The alliance with Óláfr also ensured Fergus the protection of one of Britain's most formidable fleets,
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 6, "sc": 1868, "ep": 6, "ec": 2501}
2,205
Q3109749
6
1,868
6
2,501
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Background
and further gave him a valuable ally outwith the orbit of the Scottish Crown. Another alliance involving Óláfr was that with Somairle mac Gilla Brigte, Lord of Argyll. Perhaps at about 1140, during a period when the latter was an apparent dependant of David I, King of Scotland, Somairle married Ragnhildr, one of Óláfr's illegitimate daughters. There is reason to suspect that the alliance was an after effect of the Scottish Crown's advancing overlordship. The marriage itself had severe repercussions on the later history of the Isles, as it gave the Meic Somairle—the descendants of Somairle and Ragnhildr—a claim to the
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 6, "sc": 2501, "ep": 10, "ec": 440}
2,205
Q3109749
6
2,501
10
440
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Background & Early career
kingship through Ragnhildr's royal descent. In the words of the chronicle, the union was "the cause of the collapse of the entire Kingdom of the Isles". Early career Although the Chronicle of Mann portrays Óláfr's reign as one of tranquillity, a more accurate evaluation of his reign may be that he adeptly managed to navigate an uncertain political climate. By the mid part of the twelfth century, however, the ageing king's realm may well have begun to buckle under the strain, as perhaps evidenced by the depredations wrought on the Scottish mainland by Óláfr's leading ecclesiast, Wimund, Bishop of the
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 440, "ep": 10, "ec": 1037}
2,205
Q3109749
10
440
10
1,037
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career
Isles. Confirmation of Óláfr's concern over the royal succession may well be preserved by the Chronicle of Mann, which states that Guðrøðr journeyed to the court of Ingi Haraldsson, King of Norway in 1152, where Guðrøðr rendered homage to the Norwegian king, and seemingly secured recognition of the royal inheritance of the Isles. According to Robert's Chronica, the kings of the Isles owed the kings of Norway a tribute of ten gold marks upon the accession of a new Norwegian king. This statement could indicate that Guðrøðr rendered Ingi such a payment upon his visit to the Norwegian court in
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 1037, "ep": 10, "ec": 1659}
2,205
Q3109749
10
1,037
10
1,659
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career
1152. The following year marked a watershed in the history for the Kingdom of the Isles. For not only did David die late in May, but Óláfr himself was assassinated about a month later, on 29 June, whilst Guðrøðr was still absent in Norway. According to the chronicle, Óláfr had been confronted by three Dublin-based nephews—the Haraldssonar—the sons of his exiled brother, Haraldr. After hearing the demands of these men—that half of the kingdom should be handed over to them—a formal council was convened in which one of the Haraldssonar slew Óláfr himself. In the resulting aftermath, the chronicle relates that
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 1659, "ep": 10, "ec": 2366}
2,205
Q3109749
10
1,659
10
2,366
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career
the Haraldssonar partitioned the island amongst themselves. Once in control, the chronicle reveals that the men fortified themselves against forces loyal to Guðrøðr, the kingdom's legitimate heir, by launching a preemptive strike against his maternal grandfather, Fergus. Although the invasion of Galloway was repulsed with heavy casualties, once the Haraldssonar returned to Mann the chronicle records that they slaughtered and expelled all resident Gallovidians that they could find. This ruthless reaction evidently reveals an attempt to uproot local factions adhering to Guðrøðr and his mother. Within months of his father's assassination, Guðrøðr executed his vengeance. According to the chronicle, he
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 2366, "ep": 10, "ec": 3043}
2,205
Q3109749
10
2,366
10
3,043
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career
journeyed from Norway to Orkney, enstrengthened by Norwegian military support, and was unanimously acclaimed as king by the leading Islesmen. He is then stated to have continued on to Mann where he overcame his three kin-slaying cousins, putting one to death whilst blinding the other two, and successfully secured the kingship for himself. Whether Guðrøðr succeeded to the throne in 1153 or 1154 is uncertain. The chronicle itself states that he overcame the Haraldssonar in the autumn following their coup. Guðrøðr's reliance upon Norwegian assistance, instead of support from his maternal-grandfather, could suggest that the attack upon Galloway was more successful
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 3043, "ep": 10, "ec": 3675}
2,205
Q3109749
10
3,043
10
3,675
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career
than the compiler of the chronicle cared to admit. Additionally, the account of incessant inter-dynastic strife amongst the ruling family of Galloway, as recorded by the twelfth-century Vita Ailredi, suggests that Fergus may have struggled to maintain control of his lordship by the mid 1150s, and may also explain his failure to come to Guðrøðr's aid following Óláfr's death. Óláfr and Guðrøðr's turn to Ingi occurred at about the same time that Norwegian encroachment superseded roughly thirty years of Scottish influence in Orkney and Caithness, and could be evidence of a perceived wane in Scottish royal authority in the first
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 10, "sc": 3675, "ep": 14, "ec": 161}
2,205
Q3109749
10
3,675
14
161
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Early career & Contested kingship
years of the 1150s. In November 1153, following the death of David, Somairle seized the initiative and rose in revolt against the recently inaugurated Malcolm IV, King of Scotland. The dynastic-challenges faced by Malcolm, and the ebb of Scottish influence in the Isles, may partly account for Guðrøðr's success in consolidating control of the kingdom, and may be perceptible in the seemingly more aggressive policy he pursued as king in comparison to his father. Contested kingship Midway through the twelfth-century, Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, King of Cenél nEógain pressed forth to claim to the high-kingship of Ireland, an office then held
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 14, "sc": 161, "ep": 14, "ec": 844}
2,205
Q3109749
14
161
14
844
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Contested kingship
by the elderly Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair, King of Connacht. In 1154, the forces of Toirrdelbach and Muirchertach met in a major conflict fought off the Inishowen coast, in what was perhaps one of the greatest naval battles of the twelfth century. According to the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters, Muirchertach's maritime forces were mercenaries drawn from Galloway, Arran, Kintyre, Mann, and "the territories of Scotland". This record appears to be evidence that Guðrøðr, Fergus, and perhaps Somairle, provided ships to Muirchertach's cause. Although Toirrdelbach's forces obtained a narrow victory, his northern maritime power seems to have been virtually nullified
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 14, "sc": 844, "ep": 14, "ec": 1530}
2,205
Q3109749
14
844
14
1,530
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Contested kingship
by the severity of the contest, and Muirchertach soon after marched on Dublin, gained overlordship over the Dubliners, and effectively secured himself the high-kingship of Ireland for himself. The defeat of forces drawn from the Isles, and Muirchertach's subsequent spread of power into Dublin, may have had severe repercussions concerning Guðrøðr's career. In 1155 or 1156, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that Somairle conducted a coup against Guðrøðr, specifying that Þorfinnr Óttarsson, one of the leading men of the Isles, produced Somairle's son, Dubgall, as a replacement to Guðrøðr's rule. Somairle's stratagem does not appear to have received unanimous support, however,
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 14, "sc": 1530, "ep": 14, "ec": 2218}
2,205
Q3109749
14
1,530
14
2,218
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Contested kingship
as the chronicle specifies that the leading Islesmen were made to render pledges and surrender hostages unto him, and that one such chieftain alerted Guðrøðr of Somairle's treachery. Late in 1156, on the night of 5/6 January, Somairle and Guðrøðr finally clashed in a bloody but inconclusive sea-battle. According to the chronicle, Somairle's fleet numbered eighty ships, and when the fighting concluded, the feuding brothers-in-law divided the Kingdom of the Isles between themselves. Although the precise partitioning is unrecorded and uncertain, the allotment of lands seemingly held by Somairle's descendants in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries could be evidence that he
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 14, "sc": 2218, "ep": 14, "ec": 2885}
2,205
Q3109749
14
2,218
14
2,885
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Contested kingship
and his son gained the southern-most islands of the Hebrides, whilst Guðrøðr retained the northern-most. Two years later the chronicle reveals that Somairle, with a fleet of fifty-three ships, attacked Mann and drove Guðrøðr from the kingship into exile. According to the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga, the contemporary Orcadian warlord Sveinn Ásleifarson had connections in the Isles, and overcame Somairle in battle at some point in the twelfth century. Although this source's account of Sveinn and Somairle is clearly somewhat garbled, it could be evidence that Sveinn aided Guðrøðr in his struggle against Somairle. With Guðrøðr gone, it appears that either
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 14, "sc": 2885, "ep": 18, "ec": 84}
2,205
Q3109749
14
2,885
18
84
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Contested kingship & Exile from the Isles
Dubgall or Somairle became King of the Isles. Although the young Dubgall may well have been the nominal monarch, the chronicle makes it clear that it was Somairle who possessed the real power. Certainly, Irish sources regarded Somairle as king by the end of his career. The reason why the Islesmen specifically sought Dubgall as their ruler instead of Somairle is unknown. Evidently, Somairle was somehow an unacceptable candidate, and it is possible that Ragnhildr's royal ancestry lent credibility to Dubgall that Somairle lacked himself. Exile from the Isles Contemporaneous sources reveal that, upon his expulsion, Guðrøðr attempted to garner
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 84, "ep": 18, "ec": 685}
2,205
Q3109749
18
84
18
685
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
royal support in England and Scotland. For example, the English Pipe rolls record that, in 1158, the sheriffs of Worcester and Gloucester received allowances for payments made to Guðrøðr for arms and equipment. Guðrøðr may have arrived in England by way of Wales. The English Crown's recent use of naval forces off the Gwynedd coast, as well as Guðrøðr's own familial links with the king himself, may account for the Guðrøðr's attempts to secure English assistance. In any case, Guðrøðr was unable to gain Henry II's help, and the latter proceeded to busy himself in Normandy. Guðrøðr next appears on
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 685, "ep": 18, "ec": 1325}
2,205
Q3109749
18
685
18
1,325
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
record in Scotland, the following year, when he witnessed a charter of Malcolm to Kelso Abbey. The fact that the Scottish Crown had faced opposition from Somairle in 1153 could suggest that Malcolm was sympathetic to Guðrøðr's plight. Although the latter was certainly honourably treated by the Scots, as revealed by his prominent place amongst the charter's other witnesses, he was evidently unable to secure military support against Somairle. It is uncertain why Guðrøðr did not turn to his grandfather, Fergus, for aid. One possibility is that the defeat of the Gallovidian fleet in 1154 severely weakened the latter's position
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 1325, "ep": 18, "ec": 1980}
2,205
Q3109749
18
1,325
18
1,980
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
in Galloway. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that Galloway endured a bitter power struggle later that decade. According to the twelfth- to thirteenth-century Chronicle of Holyrood, Malcolm overcame certain "confederate enemies" in Galloway in 1160. Although the exact identities of these opponents are unknown, it is possible that this source documents a Scottish victory over an alliance between Somairle and Fergus. Before the end of the year, Fergus retired to Holyrood Abbey, and Somairle came into the king's peace. Although the concordat between the Scottish Crown and Somairle may have taken place after the Malcolm's subjugation of Somairle
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 1980, "ep": 18, "ec": 2604}
2,205
Q3109749
18
1,980
18
2,604
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
and Fergus, an alternate possibility is that the agreement was concluded in the context of Somairle having aided the Scots in their overthrow of Fergus. Somairle's deal with Scottish Crown may also have been undertaken not only in an effort to ensure that his own authority in the Isles was recognised by Malcolm, but to limit any chance of Guðrøðr receiving future royal support from the Scots. Having failed to secure substantial support in England and Scotland, Guðrøðr appears to have turned to Ingi, his nominal Norwegian overlord. In late 1160 or early 1161, Guðrøðr distinguished himself in the ongoing civil
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 2604, "ep": 18, "ec": 3227}
2,205
Q3109749
18
2,604
18
3,227
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
war in the Norwegian realm, as evidenced by Hákonar saga herðibreiðs within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation Heimskringla. The fact that the Icelandic Annals allege that Guðrøðr assumed the kingship of the Isles in 1160 could be evidence that, whilst in Norway, Ingi formally recognised Guðrøðr as king in a public ceremony. There is reason to suspect that Guðrøðr's support of Ingi may have been undertaken in the context of fulfilling military obligations as a vassal. Be that as it may, Hákonar saga herðibreiðs reveals that Guðrøðr played an important part in Ingi's final downfall in battle at Oslo in 1161. Up
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 3227, "ep": 18, "ec": 3832}
2,205
Q3109749
18
3,227
18
3,832
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles
until 1155, Ingi had shared the kingship with his brothers Sigurðr and Eysteinn. With both of these brothers dead by 1157, Ingi was forced to contend with Hákon Sigurðarson, who had been elected to the kingship within the year. In regard to Guðrøðr himself, the saga relates that during this final battle against Hákon, Guðrøðr, at the head of one thousand, five hundred men, went over to Hákon's side. Guðrøðr's decision to abandon his embattled overlord tipped the scales in favour of Hákon, and directly contributed to Ingi's defeat and death. The young Magnús Erlingsson was elected king after Ingi's
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 18, "sc": 3832, "ep": 22, "ec": 424}
2,205
Q3109749
18
3,832
22
424
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Exile from the Isles & Return to the Isles
death, and following the fall of Hákon, was crowned king in 1163/1164. It is likely that Guðrøðr was present at Magnús Erlingsson's coronation, and possible that Guðrøðr rendered homage to him as well. Return to the Isles Somairle was slain in an unsuccessful invasion of mainland Scotland in 1164. The declaration in the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster, of Somairle's forces being drawn from Argyll, Kintyre, Dublin, and the Isles, reveals the climax of Somairle's authority and further confirms his usurpation of power from Guðrøðr. Despite the record preserved by the Icelandic Annals—that Guðrøðr regained the kingship of the
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 22, "sc": 424, "ep": 22, "ec": 1048}
2,205
Q3109749
22
424
22
1,048
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Return to the Isles
Isles in 1160—it appears that Guðrøðr made his actual return to the region after Somairle's fall. Although it is possible that Dubgall was able to secure power following his father's demise, it is evident from the Chronicle of Mann that the kingship was seized by Guðrøðr's brother, Rǫgnvaldr, before the end of the year. Almost immediately afterwards, Guðrøðr is said by the same source to have arrived on Mann, ruthlessly overpowered his brother, having him mutilated and blinded. Guðrøðr thereafter regained the kingship, and the realm was divided between the Crovan dynasty and the Meic Somairle, in a partitioning that
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 22, "sc": 1048, "ep": 22, "ec": 1673}
2,205
Q3109749
22
1,048
22
1,673
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Return to the Isles
stemmed from Somairle's strike against Guðrøðr in 1156. In an entry dated 1172, the chronicle states that Mann was invaded by a certain Ragnall mac Echmarcacha, a man who slaughtered a force of Manx coast-watchers before being slain himself in a later engagement on the island. Although the chronicle claims that Ragnall was of "royal stock", his identity is otherwise uncertain. One possibility is that this man's final adventure was somehow related to the dramatic fall of Norse-Gaelic Dublin in the preceding years. He could have possessed a connection with the former rulers of the town, as a distant relative of
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 22, "sc": 1673, "ep": 22, "ec": 2267}
2,205
Q3109749
22
1,673
22
2,267
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Return to the Isles
Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles. Alternately, Ragnall's name could indicate that he was a member of the Meic Torcaill, a family that possessed royal power in Dublin as late as the English conquest, and evidently possessed some lands afterwards. Another possibility is that Ragnall's attack was somehow related to events in northern Ireland, where the Meic Lochlainn lost hold of the Cenél nEógan kingship to Áed Méith Ua Néill. In fact, it is possible that the invader himself was a member of the Uí Catháin, a branch of the Uí Néill who were opponents of John de
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 22, "sc": 2267, "ep": 26, "ec": 173}
2,205
Q3109749
22
2,267
26
173
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
Return to the Isles & King of Dublin
Courcy, Guðrøðr's English ally and son-in-law. Although the chronicle specifically dates Ragnall's invasion to 1172, the chronological placement of the passage positions it between events dating to 1176 and 1183. This could indicate that the incursion took place in the immediate aftermath of John's conquest of Ulaid in 1177. Therefore, it is conceivable that Ragnall embarked upon his invasion whilst Guðrøðr was absent from Mann assisting John in Ireland. King of Dublin For a brief duration of his career, Guðrøðr appears to have possessed the kingship of Dublin. The chronology of his rule is unclear, however, as surviving sources concerning
{"datasets_id": 2205, "wiki_id": "Q3109749", "sp": 26, "sc": 173, "ep": 26, "ec": 799}
2,205
Q3109749
26
173
26
799
Guðrøðr Óláfsson
King of Dublin
this episode are somewhat contradictory. According to the Chronicle of Mann, the Dubliners invited Guðrøðr to rule over them as king in the third year of his reign in the Isles. If correct, such an arrangement would have almost certainly provoked Muirchertach, the Dubliners' Irish overlord. In fact, the chronicle reveals that Muirchertach indeed took exception to such overtures, and marched on Dublin with a massive host before forming up at "Cortcelis". Whilst in control of Dublin, Guðrøðr and the defending Dubliners are stated to have repulsed a force of three thousand horsemen under the command of a certain Osiblen.