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Keyhole Markup Language
Structure
Keyhole Markup Language Structure The KML file specifies a set of features (place marks, images, polygons, 3D models, textual descriptions, etc.) that can be displayed on maps in geospatial software implementing the KML encoding. Each place always has a longitude and a latitude. Other data can make the view more specific, such as tilt, heading, altitude, which together define a "camera view" along with a timestamp or timespan. KML shares some of the same structural grammar as GML. Some KML information cannot be viewed in Google Maps or Mobile. KML files are very often distributed in KMZ files, which are zipped
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Keyhole Markup Language
Structure
KML files with a .kmz extension. These must be legacy (ZIP 2.0) compression compatible (i.e. stored or deflate method), otherwise the .kmz file might not uncompress in all geobrowsers. The contents of a KMZ file are a single root KML document (notionally "doc.kml") and optionally any overlays, images, icons, and COLLADA 3D models referenced in the KML including network-linked KML files. The root KML document by convention is a file named "doc.kml" at the root directory level, which is the file loaded upon opening. By convention the root KML document is at root level and referenced files are in subdirectories
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Keyhole Markup Language
Structure & Geodetic reference systems in KML
(e.g. images for overlay images). An example KML document is: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://www.opengis.net/kml/2.2"><Document><Placemark> <name>New York City</name> <description>New York City</description> <Point> <coordinates>-74.006393,40.714172,0</coordinates> </Point></Placemark></Document></kml> The MIME type associated with KML is application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml; the MIME type associated with KMZ is application/vnd.google-earth.kmz. Geodetic reference systems in KML For its reference system, KML uses 3D geographic coordinates: longitude, latitude and altitude, in that order, with negative values for west, south and below mean sea level if the altitude data is available. The longitude, latitude components (decimal degrees) are as defined by the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). The vertical
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14
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Keyhole Markup Language
Geodetic reference systems in KML & OGC standard process
component (altitude) is measured in meters from the WGS84 EGM96 Geoid vertical datum. If altitude is omitted from a coordinate string, e.g. (-77.03647, 38.89763) then the default value of 0 (approximately sea level) is assumed for the altitude component, i.e. (-77.03647, 38.89763, 0). A formal definition of the coordinate reference system (encoded as GML) used by KML is contained in the OGC KML 2.2 Specification. This definition references well-known EPSG CRS components. OGC standard process The KML 2.2 specification was submitted to the Open Geospatial Consortium to assure its status as an open standard for all geobrowsers. In November 2007
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Keyhole Markup Language
OGC standard process
a new KML 2.2 Standards Working Group was established within OGC to formalize KML 2.2 as an OGC standard. Comments were sought on the proposed standard until January 4, 2008, and it became an official OGC standard on April 14, 2008. The OGC KML Standards Working Group finished working on change requests to KML 2.2 and incorporated accepted changes into the KML 2.3 standard. The official OGC KML 2.3 standard was published in August 4, 2015.
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Khalifa (film)
Plot
Khalifa (film) Plot Rajender is a conman. He promises his girlfriend marriage after finding out about her pregnancy. He leaves his girlfriend, taking away all her savings. Kamla commits suicide. Kamla's brother Vikram decides to kill Rajendra. Vinod, who is of a good character, now encounters his look-alike Rajendra. Hence, Vinod's life is now in a complicated situation. Eventually, all confusion is solved and the movie leads to a happy ending.
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2,984
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Kharagpur subdivision
Administrative units
Kharagpur subdivision Administrative units Kharagpur subdivision has 10 police stations, 10 community development blocks, 10 panchayat samitis, 99 gram panchayats, 2,679 mouzas, 2486 inhabited villages, 1 municipality and 5 census towns. The single municipality is at Kharagpur. The census towns are: Balichak, Chaulia, Deuli, Kharagpur Railway Settlement and Kalaikunda. The subdivision has its headquarters at Kharagpur.
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2,985
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Khav and Mirabad District
Khav and Mirabad District Khav and Mirabad District (Persian: بخش خاوومیرآباد‎ - Khav va Mirabad) is a district (bakhsh) in Marivan County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11,849, in 2,513 families. The District has one city Bardeh Rasheh. The District has one rural district (dehestan): Khav and Mirabad Rural District.
{"datasets_id": 2986, "wiki_id": "Q156717", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 80}
2,986
Q156717
2
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Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
World War II & Cold War-time military base
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine World War II The town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe. A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total. Cold War-time military base Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet
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2,986
Q156717
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22
103
Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Cold War-time military base & Demographics & Education & Transport
Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War. The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s. Demographics According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians. The average life expectancy of its inhabitants is 65 years for men, and 75 years for women. Education Khmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs. Transport Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw,
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2,986
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Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine
Transport & Sports
Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kiev by railway is estimated to be 366 km (227 mi), by highway it is estimated to be 384 km (239 mi). The highways Kiev-Lviv, Odessa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kiev pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a 2,200 m (7,217.85 ft) concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine. Sports Khmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi.
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2,987
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Khojkipur
Demography
Khojkipur Demography As of 2011, The village has a total number of 81 houses and the population of 410 of which include 225 are males while 185 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 0 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
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2,988
Q55615953
2
0
6
133
Khopdi: The Skull
Plot
Khopdi: The Skull Plot A lady was raped and murdered by four men who dump her body in a shallow grave but she is revived from the grave as a vengeful ghost.
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2,989
Q2235923
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Khujner
Geography & Transport
Khujner Geography Khujner is located at 23.78°N 76.6°E. It has an average elevation of 531 metres (1,742 feet). Transport The nearest railway station is Pachore (15 km). The nearest airport is Indore (160 km). Khujner is connected by road to Indore, Kota, Bhopal and Jhalawar by direct buses.
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2,990
Q6403901
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635
Kiavah Wilderness
Geography
Kiavah Wilderness Geography It is located west of Inyokern and 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Bakersfield. There are 88,290 acres (357.3 km²) of wilderness and 702 acres (2.84 km²) of partially roaded nonwilderness. Located on a broad plateau rising immediately south of Walker Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada, are the Scodie Mountains. The highest peaks are Skinner Peak (7,073 ft) in the south and Pinyon Peak (6,768 ft) in the north. Many canyons cut through the flanks of the plateau except in the north, which has an abrupt 3,000-foot (910 m) escarpment. Three seasonal springs flow from the slope of the plateau: Yellowjacket, McIvers and
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2,990
Q6403901
6
635
10
630
Kiavah Wilderness
Geography & Flora
Willow Springs. Other springs flow from the canyon folds. Flora The wilderness encompasses the eroded hills, canyons and alluvial fans-bajadas of the Scodie Mountains Unit within the Sequoia National Forest—the southern extremity of the Sierra Nevada. A unique mixing of several different species of plants and animals occurs within the transition zone between the Mojave Desert and Sierra Nevada. The Kiavah Wilderness is one of only two protected areas that support a significant woodland of pinyon-juniper in California. Other plant life include Mormon tea, sagebrush, creosote, burrobush and shadscale, pinyon pine, juniper, canyon oak, grey pine and Joshua trees. Spring wildflower
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2,990
Q6403901
10
630
10
1,248
Kiavah Wilderness
Flora
displays are from April to June. A rare and endemic wildflower, the Walker Pass milkvetch (Astragalus ertterae) of the pea family, grows within the Pinyon-Juniper woodland. It grows in the sandy-loamy to granitic soils associated with pinyon pines and canyon live oaks. It is primarily found on west-facing slopes from 5,600 to 6,200 feet (1,700 to 1,900 m) elevation. The Walker Pass milkvetch was first described in 1987 from a collection made in 1982 along a newly constructed section of the Pacific Crest Trail. There are fewer than 10 populations of this perennial herb, all of which are located in Kern
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2,990
Q6403901
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14
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Kiavah Wilderness
Flora & Fauna
County. Very little information is known about this plant, nor is it listed under state or federal endangered species laws. "If this plant truly is as rare as presently believed, it is crucial that all existing populations be protected." said M. Elvin of the Bureau of Land Management. Fauna The semiarid conditions with few reliable water sources restrict wildlife habitat. The U.S. Forest Service has installed water guzzlers and springs to increase water supply for the small number of mule deer as well as mountain quail and California quail (or Valley quail). The rough-legged hawk, yellow-headed blackbird, gray-crowned rosy finch,
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2,990
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Kiavah Wilderness
Fauna & Recreation
and sage sparrow have also been seen here. Recreation Activities in the wilderness include day-hiking, backpacking, pinyon nut gathering, and nature photography. Most of the recreation is concentrated along forest road 27S11 in the southeast where off-highway vehicles are frequent. McIver's Cabin is a popular destination. The Pacific Crest Trail travels the length of the wilderness for 17 miles (27 km). The other major trail is the Cholla Canyon Trail with a length of over 4 miles (6 km) and passes three seasonal springs en route.
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2,991
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Kid Koala
Early life and education & Career
Kid Koala Early life and education San attended Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, but graduated from Thomas Sprigg Wootton High School, in Rockville, Maryland, U.S., and went on to study elementary education at McGill University, in Montreal, Quebec. Career San began by distributing copies of his demo tape Scratchcratchratchatch to students living in residence at McGill. He is well known for his enigmatic style of turntablism, which uses an unusual collection of samples. He has used samples of music from Charlie Brown television specials, old comedy sketch routines (including those that mock turntablism), people sneezing,
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2,991
Q1347250
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10
996
Kid Koala
Career
and people reading a menu in Cantonese. In 2000, San released his album, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. He designed and illustrated the cover for this and his later albums. A comic book he drew is included as the liner notes. Following the release of the album, Kid Koala embarked on an extensive tour, during which he opened for a number of musicians, including Radiohead and Björk. The cabaret-style tour throughout North America, Europe and Australia, known as The Short Attention Span Theatre, featured an unpredictable opening act—three Djs (Kid Koala, P-Love, and DJ Jester the Filipino Fist) on eight turntables set
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2,991
Q1347250
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996
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1,576
Kid Koala
Career
up like a band, and a bingo game at intermission among other quirky surprises. Following this tour Kid Koala has performed DJ sets in Asia, as well as in Iceland, Eastern Europe, Russia, and South America whilst working on a new book and a puppet show. San released a full length graphic novel, Nufonia Must Fall, which includes a soundtrack CD he composed. Some of my Best Friends are DJs includes a chess set as part of the packaging. In June 2014, the Kid Koala's Nufonia Must Fall Live made its world premiere at Toronto's Luminato Festival. Directed by K.K. Barrett,
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2,991
Q1347250
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2,194
Kid Koala
Career
recently Oscar-nominated for Her, this live adaptation of the graphic novel unfolds via a real-time filming of more than a dozen miniature stages and a cast of puppets. San and the Afiara Quartet provide live scoring on piano, strings and turntables. San also has another project debuting at Luminato Festival entitled The Lost Train, a collaboration between San and Joe Beef's Chef Frédéric Morin. The two joined together to create a series of "imaginary journeys with real food and music", inspired by their respective passion for trains. Taking place at a secret location, the experience will remain a mystery with
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2,991
Q1347250
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2,194
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2,831
Kid Koala
Career
the guests being taken to an undisclosed location, and will feature a specially created course by Morin and a live set of entirely new material by Kid Koala. San popularized a method of playing the turntable like a melodic instrument, where a long, single note is dragged under the needle at different speeds, creating different pitches. Since this method of adjusting pitch is imprecise, the resulting notes waver and bend. Thus, in the song "Drunk Trumpet," San uses this method with a trumpet note to simulate a drunken trumpet player, interspersing drunken vocals to complete the effect. When playing live, San often
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2,991
Q1347250
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2,831
10
3,447
Kid Koala
Career
uses records cut with custom sounds from which he creates his own songs. San released the Kid Koala album, entitled Your Mom's Favorite DJ (ZENCD127), on 25 September 2006. As of October 2006 San was married and had recently embarked on a 90-city tour. In 2008 he toured as the opening performer for DJ Shadow & Cut Chemist's "The Hard Sell" tour where he ended his set with a now legendary mix of "Moon River" where he essentially creates and edits in an extended violin solo by playing various long violin notes from the song's instrumental section at different pitches on four turntables,
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2,991
Q1347250
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3,447
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4,044
Kid Koala
Career
all live. During San Diego Comic-Con 2010, Kid Koala performed before a special free showing of the movie Scott Pilgrim vs. the World. The next year at Comic-Con, he performed before a special premiere of the television series NTSF:SD:SUV::. In June 2013, his studio album 12 bit Blues was longlisted for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize. In early 2017, San released an album, Music to Draw To: Satellite, in collaboration with Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini. He released a follow-up in early 2019, Music to Draw To: Io, in collaboration with Belgian singer Trixie Whitley.
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2,992
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Kielce Governorate
History
Kielce Governorate Kielce Governorate (Russian: Келецкая губерния; Polish: Gubernia kielecka) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland. History It was created in 1841 from the Kraków Governorate, both with capital in Kelets. It was merged into Radom Governorate during the 1844 reorganisation that reduced the number of governorates to just five. In 1866/67 it was recreated in the further reforms that brought the administrative structure of Poland closer to that of the Russian Empire. It consisted of 7 powiats: Jędrzejów, Kielce, Miechów, Olkusz, Pińczów, Stopnica and Włoszczowa.
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2,993
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Kilvington Grammar School
History
Kilvington Grammar School History Kilvington Grammar School traces its origins back to 1922 when Phyllis Fethers employed the services of a young woman called Constance Barrett as a tutor for her children. As more children joined the group, it became apparent that there was a need for a school in the Ormond area. Constance enlisted the experience of her mother, a qualified educationist, and together they established Ormond Girls' School, with thirteen students on 19 June 1923. Finding a permanent residence for the Ormond School proved difficult, and after several moves the Barrett women decided to purchase a vacant block of
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2,993
Q6408282
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605
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Kilvington Grammar School
History
land and build. Constance successfully negotiated a sizeable bank loan to fund the new school. The school was built in Walsh St, close to its current site and was officially opened as Kilvington Girls' Grammar in 1929. The School was named after another of a similar name in England. Enrolment numbers improved at the new site, and in 1948 the school was sold to the Baptist Union, where it was subsequently renamed Kilvington Baptist Girls' Grammar School. To accommodate further growth, Kilvington moved to its much larger current site in 1955. The principal, Jon Charlton, announced in June 2010 that from 2011 the
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2,993
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Kilvington Grammar School
History & The Character Initiative
school would become coeducational. The decision was a controversial one, and some parents threatened to withdraw their daughter's enrolment from the school. Kilvington Grammar School has recently completed two new buildings since its change to a co-ed, independent school; the Middle School Centre for Excellence and the VCE Study Centre. In 2017, it will commence building a Sport Centre. The Character Initiative In 2016, Kilvington launched The Character Initiative. As one of the key pillars of a Kilvington education, the School has developed a framework to help students develop key character traits so that they can flourish in and out of
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Kilvington Grammar School
The Character Initiative & Growth Mindset & Music
the classroom and the future. These are taught explicitly through a sophisticated program across the entire school – from ELC to Year 12. Growth Mindset Kilvington Grammar is committed to the Growth Mindset theory, developed by Stanford University Professor, Carol Dweck, which is intelligence is not set and that with effort and dedication, intelligence can be grown as the brain continues to develop over the course of a student's life. Music Kilvington Grammar School has a diverse music culture, which includes the Kilvington Orchestra, Kilvington Madrigals, Kilvington Choir, String Orchestra and many chamber and instrumental ensembles. Kilvington Madrigals came second
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Kilvington Grammar School
Music & Sport
in the 2006 ABC Youth Choir of the Year competition. A select few from the madrigal group also partook in a music festival in Chengdu, China in early 2007. They helped raise money for the welfare and preservation of the giant panda. In 2009 the madrigals small group, participated in the Festival of Voices in Hobart, Tasmania and had recent success at the Ballarat Royal Southstreet Competitions with placings in all categories. Sport Kilvington offers a large sporting program, including sports such as football, Association Soccer, swimming, netball and hockey. Previously a member of Girls Sport Victoria, Kilvington is
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Kilvington Grammar School
Sport
now a member of the E.I.S.M. and competes against 21 other school in weekly sports competitions (in Aussie Rules, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Table Tennis, Hockey, Netball, Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball) and carnivals for swimming, cross country running and athletics.
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Kim Manning
Early life & Musical career
Kim Manning Early life Manning was born in Ponca City, Oklahoma and moved to Santa Rosa and then Los Angeles. Manning relocated to the Bay Area in 2007. Manning began studying classical voice and violin at 6 years old and went on to study at the University of Tulsa and the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts. Musical career Since joining George Clinton and the Parliament-Funkadelic, Manning has worked with such artists as Red Hot Chili Peppers, Snoop Dogg, Macy Gray, Mike Gordon, Norwood FisherTrulio Disgracias, Michael Franti, The String Cheese Incident, Garaj Mahal, Papa Mali, Everyone Orchestra, Atmosphere and
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2,994
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12
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Kim Manning
Musical career & Television and film
many more. Her 2006 LP, "The Love and Light Activation", was produced by Brian Kehew. It has been described as a fusion of Funk, Jazz, Rock, Reggae, and features George Clinton, Norwood Fisher, The Benevento/Russo Duo, Nate Oberman, Eric Mcfadden, and Wally Ingram. In 2007, Manning was featured on George Clinton & the P-Funk All-Stars How Late Do U Have 2BB4UR Absent?. Subsequently, Manning was featured on the Shanachie Records release "George Clinton and His Gangsters of Love". Manning contributed vocals to the song "Let the Good Times Roll" by Red Hot Chili Peppers. Television and
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2,994
Q6409107
12
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Kim Manning
Television and film
film Manning has appeared on The Bernie Mac Show, Boston Public, and The Man Show. She was also seen as "Peaches" on VH1’s Flavor of Love. Manning starred in the feature film Room 33, is featured in Washburn/Oscar Schmidt’s ad campaign, and was chosen by Terry Russio to be the cover of the Reveal Designs Bikini Calendar. Manning was picked by Relix as Artist on the Rise. Manning was also profiled in both the August and September 2006 issue of High Times , and in the September 2006 issue of Details.
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Kim Rees
Career
Kim Rees Career Rees started her career after graduating from New York University with a B.A. in Computer science in 1993. She worked as a programmer at Interfilm from 1994 to 1996; then moved on to R/GA until late 1997. For the next seven years, she worked independently as a programmer and strategist, working primarily in languages such as c++ and Java. She worked for clients such as Chipotle Mexican Grill and Warner Bros. She worked as an advisor to the US Congressional Budget Office. Rees was one of the first practitioners of data visualization. She has spoken
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Kim Rees
Career
at major conferences, including the eyeo festival and Strata. She served as a judge for the data visualization competitions WikiViz Challenge 2011 and CommArts Interactive Annual 2012. Rees is known for her work with Periscopic, her data visualization company that aims to "do good with data." In particular, the visualization US Gun Deaths received a lot of media mentions. As an expert in data and visualization, Rees is often called on to comment about current events. She argues that "Data is a language... a means to convey an opinion, an argument." and uses that philosophy to inform how she works with
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2,995
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1,298
Kim Rees
Career
data and imagery. She was a guest on the Data Stories podcast, hosted by Enrico Bertini and Moritz Stefaner.
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Kim Tae-ri
Early life & Career
Kim Tae-ri Early life Kim was born on April 24, 1990, in Seoul and has a brother who is two years older than her. She was raised by her grandmother during childhood. After graduating from Youngshin Girls' High School, Kim enrolled into the Department of Media Communication at Kyung Hee University. Career Kim started her career appearing in theater productions and modelling in TV adverts. She made her feature film debut in Park Chan-wook's film The Handmaiden (2016) where she was chosen from among 1,500 candidates who auditioned for the role. Park's first impression of Kim reminded him strongly of
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2,996
Q21575818
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297
10
921
Kim Tae-ri
Career
his first meeting with actress Kang Hye-jung, who had her career breakthrough in Park's film Oldboy (2003). In 2017, Kim co-starred in the political thriller 1987: When the Day Comes. In 2018, Kim headlined the Korean film adaptation of the manga series Little Forest. The same year, she made her small-screen debut in the period melodrama Mr. Sunshine, written by Kim Eun-sook; which became a hit domestically. Kim was ranked among Forbes 30 Under 30 in the Entertainment & Sports category in 2019. In 2020, Kim will co-star with Song Joong-ki in the science fiction film The Victory, which will
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2,996
Q21575818
10
921
10
1,023
Kim Tae-ri
Career
be directed by Jo Sung-hee. She is also set to appear in Choi Dong-hoon's upcoming sci-fi crime film.
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2,997
Q638042
2
0
6
599
Kim Wilde (album)
Overview
Kim Wilde (album) Overview The songs on the album were all written by Kim's father, the successful 1950s rock and roll singer Marty Wilde, and her younger brother Ricky Wilde and most of the music was played by the then current line-up of the symphonic rock band The Enid. Production duties were fulfilled by Ricky Wilde. The cover portraits were taken by renowned British photographer Gered Mankowitz. Musically, the album was mainly new wave and rock-oriented, but it also featured a reggae track ("Everything We Know") and a brass section appeared on "2-6-5-8-0". Lyrically, Marty Wilde included love songs and also
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2,997
Q638042
6
599
6
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Kim Wilde (album)
Overview
a song ("Water on Glass") about tinnitus (a medical condition that causes ringing in the ears), a song about the deterioration of inner cities ("Our Town") and a song about a theory that sound is alive ("Tuning in Tuning On"). The album entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 10, moving into the Top 3 the next week; the album was certified Gold by the BPI for sales exceeding 100,000 copies. During promotion, Kim's band consisted of Ricky Wilde, James Stevenson and later boyfriend Calvin Hayes, who also appeared on the sleeve of the album. Kim later commented that, at that
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2,997
Q638042
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Kim Wilde (album)
Overview & Critical response
time in the industry, it was passé for a female to attempt to launch a serious career in pop music on her own, and that the backing band had been shown on the sleeve to give credibility to the album. Still, she was accused of trying to copy the allure of US band Blondie. The album was released in North America on 6 April 1982, reaching No. 86 in the US and No. 42 in Canada. Critical response Kim Wilde received generally positive reviews from contemporary critics. Commending the mix of up-tempo and slower tracks as well as Wilde's versatility,
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2,997
Q638042
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153
10
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Kim Wilde (album)
Critical response
Australian publication The Chronicle found "Water on Glass" to be "reminiscent of some of the early 60s rock" and highlighted "Our Town" as "one of the best tracks", comparing the subject matter to Simon & Garfunkel's "My Little Town". Donald Robertson of Roadrunner magazine called the three singles "masterpieces" and concluded that the "pure pop" album was "fun to listen to when you're having fun". Eric Chappe called the album an "immediately striking disc", citing the "'60s girl group mannerisms" and "Spector-esque drum sound" of "Water on Glass" while drawing comparisons to both Dusty Springfield and Debbie Harry. Writing for The
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2,997
Q638042
10
802
10
1,447
Kim Wilde (album)
Critical response
Globe and Mail, Alan Niester again compared Wilde to Dusty Springfield and Debbie Harry, but called "2-6-5-8-0" and "You'll Never Be So Wrong" "extremely promising", describing the latter as "a moody and captivating ballad that stands head and shoulders above all the Blondie and Pat Benatar simulations." Smash Hits magazine sarcastically suggested "this is the best Blondie album for a couple of years" but expressed hope that the singer would assert herself more in the future. High Fidelity's Mitchell Cohen found Wilde's voice alternately "plaintive" and "shrill" but described the album as "entertaining" and "a lot of fun", again drawing
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2,997
Q638042
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1,447
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1,922
Kim Wilde (album)
Critical response
comparisons to the music of the 1960s. Mike Nicholis praised Wilde's voice and individuality despite comparing the reggae-influenced "Everything We Know" to "The Tide is High" by Blondie, released the previous year. Calling "Tuning in Tuning On" a "clever closer", Nicholis suggested that the track provided "requisite experimentation" and could indicate a new synth-driven direction for the singer; a prescient prediction with regards to the sound of her subsequent albums.
{"datasets_id": 2998, "wiki_id": "Q19667066", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 544}
2,998
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6
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Kim Yang-shik
The Indian connection
Kim Yang-shik The Indian connection Kim Yang-shik was born in Seoul on January 4, 1931. At Ewha Womans University she studied English Literature and then took an MA in Indian philosophy. Inspired by the writings of Rabindranath Tagore, and having made the first of many visits to India in 1975, she founded the Tagore Society of Korea in 1981 and has been steadily translating Tagore's poetical works into Korean. She is also the incumbent Director of the Indian Art Museum in Seoul. She was honored by the Government of India in 2002 with the highest Indian civilian award of the
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2,998
Q19667066
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544
6
647
Kim Yang-shik
The Indian connection
Golden Padma Shri for her contributions to cultural exchange through the Korea-India Cultural Society.
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2,999
Q66841186
2
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131
Kimberly Parnis
Career
Kimberly Parnis Career Parnis has been capped for the Malta national team, appearing for the team during the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cycle.
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3,000
Q6410552
2
0
6
527
Kinder Farm Park
History
Kinder Farm Park History The park is named after the Kinder family, who once ran the farm that now exists within the park. The family made its first land purchases within Anne Arundel County back in 1892, and at their peak owned 1,100 acres of farmland within the county. In the decades that followed World War II, the family slowly began selling off pieces of the land for residential development. In 1979, they decided to sell the remaining 288 acres to Anne Arundel County on the condition that the land be used as a park. They did this because they
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3,000
Q6410552
6
527
6
645
Kinder Farm Park
History
wanted to preserve the farm's history and provide an open space in an area that was becoming more and more developed.
{"datasets_id": 3001, "wiki_id": "Q3196977", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 305}
3,001
Q3196977
2
0
6
305
King's (Prince Edward Island electoral district)
History
King's (Prince Edward Island electoral district) History This riding was created from King's County riding. It was abolished in 1966 when it was merged into Cardigan riding. It initially consisted of the town of Georgetown and other parts of the County of King's. In 1903, it was redefined to consist of the whole of the County of King's.
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3,002
Q6410986
2
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King's Langley Priory
History
King's Langley Priory King's Langley Priory was a Dominican priory in Kings Langley, Hertfordshire, England. It was located adjacent to the Kings Langley Royal Palace, residence of the Plantagenet English kings. History Langley was founded in 1308 by Edward II in fulfilment of a vow made when in peril. On 1 December, the king made the friars a grant of £100 a year until further orders; on 20 December he gave them his garden near the church and land there for building, and the next day assigned to them as a dwelling until the priory could be built a
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3,002
Q6410986
8
334
8
929
King's Langley Priory
History
place called 'Little London.' The first prior was John de Warefeld, who had for some time belonged to Edward's household, and in August 1315 became his confessor. The king in March 1312 gave the brothers 700 marks for building expenses, and in the summer of that year the conventual church was dedicated and a cemetery consecrated. Possibly, however, the church was not yet finished, for the body of Piers Gaveston, who was killed about this time, was not buried there until the end of 1314, when the ceremony took place with much state, the Archbishop of Canterbury and four bishops as
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3,002
Q6410986
8
929
8
1,526
King's Langley Priory
History
well as many other ecclesiastics taking part in the funeral rites. In October 1311 the king increased the annual income of the house to £150 to provide for fifteen friars added since the foundation, so that his grant in September 1312 of 500 marks during pleasure may have been intended for building purposes. He gave the friars in June 1315 a house with closes in his manor of Langley and leave to take wood for fuel and other necessaries from Chipperfield Wood. During some years of scarcity he also supplied them with corn. The king, however, felt that this state of dependence
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3,002
Q6410986
8
1,526
8
2,119
King's Langley Priory
History
on the Exchequer was unsatisfactory, and wished to endow them permanently. To overcome the difficulty that friars-preachers could not own property he proposed to found a house of Dominican nuns, who were to hold lands in trust for the brothers, and in 1318 he sent two friars to the pope for his authorization. Robert de Duffeld, the second Prior of King's Langley and the king's confessor, had been dispatched in October 1316 to the master of the order, apparently on the same errand, but nothing was done in the matter for years. The drawback to allowances is shown in the complaint
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3,002
Q6410986
8
2,119
8
2,657
King's Langley Priory
History
of the friars to Edward III in 1345 that owing to the irregularity of the payments from the Exchequer they had not wherewith to live, carry on the works they had begun, and pay their debts. On this occasion, at their request, the money due to the king from the alien priory of Harmondsworth was assigned to them in part payment. Edward III seems to have been as much interested in the house as his father had been. In 1346 he granted the friars part of a quarry in Shotover for their works, and in 1347 gave them leave to enlarge
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3,002
Q6410986
8
2,657
8
3,184
King's Langley Priory
History
the ditch round their close 3 ft. in breadth and 2,000 ft. in length. He gave them in April 1358 the fishery of his water of King's Langley with permission to have a weir in that water, and free entrance and exit to and from the weir through his park; also the head of a stream in Abbots Langley with leave to dig up his land in making an aqueduct underground to their house. In January 1361-2 he gave them, moreover, £20 a year during pleasure to their new work. Personal feeling seems to have prompted his grant in 1358 of 4
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3,002
Q6410986
8
3,184
8
3,734
King's Langley Priory
History
tuns of wine a year, and the gift in 1377 of forty mazers, one of which was called the Edward. The wish of Edward II was at last carried out in 1349, and a house of Dominican sisters founded at Dartford in Kent, which was regarded as the complement of the Dominican friary at King's Langley;[] and in December 1356 the prioress and nuns had licence to acquire in mortmain property to the value of £300 for the sustenance of themselves and the friars of King's Langley. Here the brothers possibly owed something to the influence of John Woderowe, the
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3,002
Q6410986
8
3,734
8
4,303
King's Langley Priory
History
king's confessor, who in June 1356 is mentioned as their prior. Still, the foundation of Dartford for some time did not change materially the financial position of Langley. The king in October 1363 granted to the convent of twenty brothers 200 marks a year of his alms and in March 1371 ordered that the money should be paid to them from the issues of the alien priory of Burstall. But the appropriation of the church of Langley in 1374 to the nuns of Dartford is the beginning of a new arrangement. In October 1376 Edward III made over to John Duke of
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3,002
Q6410986
8
4,303
8
4,908
King's Langley Priory
History
Lancaster, Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, and others in trust for the convent at Langley, the hundred and manor of Preston and the manors of Overland in Ash, Elmstone, Wadling in Ripple, Packmanstone in Newchurch, Harrietsham, 'Godmeston', Beaurepaire, Waldeslade in Chatham, Ham and Westgate in the Isle of Thanet, Kent, and these were granted to the friars from Easter 1382 for forty years, with the idea that during this term they might be secured to them in frankalmoin. The convent let them to Simon de Burley, who shortly afterwards received a grant of them in fee simple from Richard II.
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3,002
Q6410986
8
4,908
8
5,483
King's Langley Priory
History
The brothers in 1383-4 represented to the king that the rent was much in arrears, and begged that King Edward's intention might be fulfilled and the lands given to them in mortmain; but this was not done, for in September 1386 the king assigned to them the farm of the alien priory of Ware instead of the manors held by Burley. After Burley's execution and forfeiture in 1388 the friars were allowed possession of the property pending inquiry into the king's right, but complained that they and their sureties were harassed by the Exchequer, while large sums due from Burley
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3,002
Q6410986
8
5,483
8
6,092
King's Langley Priory
History
were still owing. The desired Letters patent were not, however, granted until 24 April 1399, when the king considering that the house of King's Langley 'was not yet sufficiently built and endowed, and as the foundation required', gave the manors to the nuns of Dartford in frankalmoin to hold for the friars. Five years earlier they had acquired in the same way from Richard II the advowson of Willian, Hertfordshire, and from John Waltham, Bishop of Salisbury, and Warin Waldegrave that of Great Gaddesden, with leave in both cases to appropriate the churches to their own uses. When Richard died in
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3,002
Q6410986
8
6,092
8
6,669
King's Langley Priory
History
February 1400 he was at first buried at Langley Priory; afterwards, however, his body was removed by order of Henry V to Westminster Abbey. But the conventual church of Langley still retained a sign of the priory's connexion with the royal family in the tomb of Edmund of Langley, Duke of York, interred here in 1402 beside his wife, Isabella, the daughter of Peter, King of Castile. Henry IV in 1399 and Henry V in 1413 confirmed the grants made to the friars, who therefore could easily prove their title to the Kentish manors, when the escheator seized them in 1420
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3,002
Q6410986
8
6,669
12
271
King's Langley Priory
History & Richard Wycherley
on the expiration of the term for which they had originally been given. The experience showed the expediency of royal confirmations, and the prior and convent obtained the ratification of their charters from Henry VI in 1424, Edward IV in 1466, Henry VII in 1486, and in 1510 from Henry VIII. Richard Wycherley The house seems to have been now provided with an income, not only assured but sufficient. The certain livelihood it offered is said to have been the reason why Richard Wycherley, a former prior promoted to be Bishop of 'Olivence', asked to be appointed prior again about
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3,002
Q6410986
12
271
12
812
King's Langley Priory
Richard Wycherley
1497, and this time for life. He promised that he would live under the obedience of the provincial, enrich the house with his own possessions, require only the same living as priors usually had, and render due account of the revenues of the priory. The post was given to him, but according to the story of his successor the appointment was not to the convent's benefit: after four years of office he was £64 in debt to the house. In his last illness he desired that the sum should be paid, and in further recompense of charges on the priory
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3,002
Q6410986
12
812
12
1,360
King's Langley Priory
Richard Wycherley
caused by his episcopal dignity he bequeathed to the convent his crozier and mitre worth £40. After his death his executors sued the prior and convent for some of his property — a silver ewer and holy water stock, a counterpane and a dozen napkins. The friars declared that they belonged to the house, and the bishop had them in pledge, and asked that the trial of the case in Worcestershire might be stopped as detrimental to their interests. The friars may have been wronged, but it must be owned that their tale is not very plausible, for it is
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3,002
Q6410986
12
1,360
16
496
King's Langley Priory
Richard Wycherley & Richard Yngworth
unlikely that they would pawn goods to a person in their debt. Richard Yngworth The house was subjected to an attack on its rights and property in 1533 by one Verney, when Thomas Cromwell showed himself disposed in their favour. Richard Yngworth, the prior, on 16 December sent him a present of apples, and thanked him for his help and counsel to the provincial superior, John Hilsey, by which he himself was enabled to serve God quietly and keep his study and office without trouble. Verney several months later was still causing the convent annoyance and loss, but the prior
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3,002
Q6410986
16
496
16
1,144
King's Langley Priory
Richard Yngworth
would not take steps against him without Cromwell's leave. Yngworth's attitude here expresses his policy, which was complete subservience to Cromwell, naturally for his own advancement. In April 1534 he went on a visitation to the eastern counties to secure the acknowledgement by the friars of the king's claim to be supreme head of the English Church, and later made himself useful to Hilsey elsewhere in the same business. The convent at Langley, needless to say, made the formal declaration required. Yngworth's labours were not unnoticed. When Hilsey was made Bishop of Rochester, Thomas Bedell wrote to Cromwell recommending that the
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3,002
Q6410986
16
1,144
16
1,741
King's Langley Priory
Richard Yngworth
Prior of Langley, 'who had taken great pains in the king's matters,' should have the office of provincial; Russell also urged his appointment. The post, however, was not vacant, and Yngworth had to wait for preferment until December 1537, being then made Suffragan Bishop of Dover. Probably he ceased to be Prior of King's Langley from that time. He was commissioned by the king in February 1538 to visit all friaries in England, and in May he was ordered to put their goods into safe custody and take inventories of them, evidently in preparation for suppression. Langley was surrendered towards
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3,002
Q6410986
16
1,741
16
2,272
King's Langley Priory
Richard Yngworth
the end of that year. Many of the friars were very old and poor, but it is doubtful whether any provision was made for them. Yngworth begged for the house immediately, and in February 1540 it was granted to him with most of its lands, to be held until he obtained ecclesiastical benefices worth £100 a year. The priory was reckoned in the Valor of 1535 as worth £122 4s. a year clear, a fairly accurate estimate, to judge from the statement at the Dissolution. Its gross annual value was then said to be £130 16s. 8d., but to this
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3,002
Q6410986
16
2,272
16
2,811
King's Langley Priory
Richard Yngworth
must be added £11 13s. 4d. for the obits of Sir John Cheyne and Sir Ralph Verney, so that its net income after the deduction of £18 6s. 8d. for salaries and other payments was £124 3s. 4d. It is impossible to ascertain the size of the convent at any period. Edward II intended the house to hold a hundred, but there is no proof that it ever did. His allowance of £50 extra for fifteen brothers in 1311 implies that there were then forty-five here. Edward III in 1356 gave licence to the nuns of Dartford to acquire land sufficient
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3,002
Q6410986
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20
385
King's Langley Priory
Richard Yngworth & Refounded
to maintain forty sisters and sixty friars, but the number he actually provided for at Langley from the Exchequer did not exceed twenty, apparently increased by twenty under his will. Refounded The priory of King's Langley was refounded by Philip and Mary in June 1557 as a house of Dominican sisters, at the request, and for the benefit of seven nuns, formerly at Ingress Abbey, Dartford, Kent. The prioress and convent were declared a corporate body, having perpetual succession and power to acquire property and to sue and be sued at law. They were given the house and site of
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3,002
Q6410986
20
385
20
955
King's Langley Priory
Refounded
the late friary, the land called 'le Courte Wike' in King's Langley which had belonged to the priory, and a house and buildings within 'the old manor' lying near the pales of the royal park. On 8 September 1558 the king and queen granted to the Prioress and convent of Langley the reversion of certain tenements in Dartford, formerly demesne lands of the nuns of that place, and until the expiration of the lease, the rent of £30 7s. 7d. They gave also, besides other demesne lands, the house of the late nunnery with the property in Dartford assigned after its
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3,002
Q6410986
20
955
24
175
King's Langley Priory
Refounded & Present ownership
suppression to Anne of Cleves, and it has been supposed that the nuns now returned to Dartford. In any case, the convent's existence was very short. Queen Mary died in November of that year, and by an Act passed in Elizabeth's first Parliament all restorations or foundations of monasteries since the death of Edward VI were made void, and their possessions given to the Crown. Present ownership Early in the 20th century the property came into the ownership of Margaret Cross, who adapted it for use as a school. It is now united with the adjoining property, the site of
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3,002
Q6410986
24
175
28
470
King's Langley Priory
Present ownership & Common seals
Kings Langley Palace, in the ownership of the Rudolf Steiner School Kings Langley. Common seals A 15th-century seal of the house, in shape a pointed oval, bears a representation of the Annunciation in a niche of very elaborate design, below which the royal founder kneels in prayer. On either side of him is a shield not of the arms of Edward II, but of France and England. Of the legend only two letters survive. A later seal, also a pointed oval, represents the Christian God in majesty. In the base, under a carved four-centred arch, is the king as in the
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3,002
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King's Langley Priory
Common seals
earlier seal. The inner border is engrailed. Legend: SIGILLUM : COVUNE : FRATRUM : PREDIB : DE : LANGELEYE. A 16th-century seal, of the same shape but slightly larger, shows the coronation of the Virgin in a niche with two-arched canopy. On each side there is a smaller canopied niche; the one on the left containing St. Margaret, crowned, standing on the dragon, which she pierces with a long cross, and holding in her right hand a book; in that on the right is an archbishop with mitre and crozier. Below is the founder on his knees under a carved roundheaded arch; he holds a church
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King's Langley Priory
Common seals
and in front of him on the ground is his crown. Legend: . . . . VENT . MONAST'II DE LAN . . Y. The counterseal shows two impressions of a shield-shaped signet with arms, a bend engrailed between six fleurs de lis with three crosslets fitchy on the bend, the ownership of which is unknown.
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3,003
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511
King County District Court Regional Veterans Court
King County District Court Regional Veterans Court The King County District Court Regional Veterans Court is the veterans court component of King County District Court, Washington's largest court of limited jurisdiction, including the city of Seattle. The regional court was established in June 2012, and was intended to divert nonviolent veterans to mental health and drug treatment programs. By September 2014, the court had served over 50 veterans. State senator Manka Dhingra helped create the court when she worked for the county prosector's office.
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King of the Monsters 2
Plot & Gameplay
King of the Monsters 2 Plot 3 years after the events of the first game, only three monsters have survived what is known in history books as the KING OF THE MONSTERS massacre. They have become more advanced and dangerous than ever before. But now in 1999, a powerful alien monster and his wave of minions threaten to conquer the Earth. The surviving monsters must defeat the alien menace and once again prove who is the King of the Monsters. Gameplay Players choose one of 3 monsters for battle, and two players can join forces to fight the monsters together.
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King of the Monsters 2
Gameplay
Unlike the previous game this game features side scrolling levels in areas around the world which ends in a boss battle. During the boss battle the same kind of button mashing that was featured in the first game to win grapples returns. The game consists of 7 total levels which takes place in areas around the World. The game begins in American City followed by French City, Grand Canyon, Desert, Sea Bed, Lava Zone and ends in Enemy Hideout. After the player(s) clear the first 6 levels, they then enter the final stage where they must fight all the bosses again
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King of the Monsters 2
Gameplay
before encountering the final boss of the game. After the final boss is defeated the player(s) must destroy his small remnants within a time limit. If the player(s) fail to do so, the game has a "bad ending", but if the remnants are destroyed within the time limit the player(s) receive the "good ending". Outside of the levels the game features 2 bonus stages as well as a ranking at the end of the level according to how well the player performed such as "Miraculous", "That's Strong" "Nice Going" "Very Good" etc. This will correlate with the number of points
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King of the Monsters 2
Gameplay & Ports
the players receive as the end level bonus. Ports The game was released for the Neo Geo AES on June 1, 1992 and was ported to the Neo Geo CD (in Japan only) on September 9, 1994 (as a launch title). The game was ported to the SNES on December 22, 1993, and Sega Genesis exclusively in North America on 1994 by Takara. The Genesis version was developed by Betop and differs significantly from the original version of the game. Rather than being a side scrolling beat 'em up, this version plays like a one on one fighting game.
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King of the Monsters 2
Ports & Other appearances
This version also gives the player the ability to play as the various boss monsters. All characters (excluding Famardy) are playable and have all been given special attacks executed using standard fighting game motions. Players must destroy all other monsters, one after the other, without any of the scrolling stages in the Neo-Geo version and then defeat a clone of the player's monster to win the game. This version of the game also takes place in 3 extra cities in Kyoto City, Tokyo City, and Osaka City. Other appearances In 2005, Cyber-Woo, Super Geon and Atomic Guy were featured in
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King of the Monsters 2
Other appearances
the SNK Playmore game NeoGeo Battle Coliseum, a fighting game featuring many of the company's popular characters. These characters also appeared as character cards in the DS game SNK vs Capcom: Card Fighters DS. In 2018, the game was ported to the Nintendo Switch Shop by Hamster. The port features two extra features in a High Score Mode and Caravan Mode.
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Kingdom of Ireland
Background
Kingdom of Ireland Background The papal bull Laudabiliter of Pope Adrian IV was issued in 1155. It granted the Angevin King Henry II of England the title Dominus Hibernae (Latin for "Lord of Ireland"). Laudabiliter authorised the king to invade Ireland, to bring the country into the European sphere. In return, Henry was required to remit a penny per hearth of the tax roll to the Pope. This was reconfirmed by Adrian's successor Pope Alexander III in 1172. When Pope Clement VII excommunicated the king of England, Henry VIII, in 1533, the constitutional position of the lordship in Ireland became uncertain.
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Kingdom of Ireland
Background & Tudor Ireland
Henry had broken away from the Holy See and declared himself the head of the Church in England. He had petitioned Rome to procure an annulment of his marriage to Queen Catherine. Clement VII refused Henry's request and Henry subsequently refused to recognise the Roman Catholic Church's vestigial sovereignty over Ireland, and was excommunicated again in late 1538 by Pope Paul III. The Treason Act (Ireland) 1537 was passed to counteract this. Tudor Ireland Following the failed revolt of Silken Thomas in 1534–35, Grey, the lord deputy, had some military successes against several clans in the late 1530s, and took
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Kingdom of Ireland
Tudor Ireland
their submissions. By 1540 most of Ireland seemed at peace and under the control of the king's Dublin administration; a situation that was not to last for long. Henry was proclaimed King of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542, an Act of the Irish Parliament. The new kingdom was not recognised by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. After the death of King Edward VI, Henry's son, the papal bull of 1555 recognised the Roman Catholic Queen Mary I as Queen of Ireland. The link of "personal union" of the Crown of Ireland to the Crown of England became enshrined
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Kingdom of Ireland
Tudor Ireland
in Catholic canon law. In this fashion, the Kingdom of Ireland was ruled by the reigning monarch of England. This placed the new Kingdom of Ireland in personal union with the Kingdom of England. In line with its expanded role and self-image, the administration established the King's Inns for barristers in 1541, and the Ulster King of Arms to regulate heraldry in 1552. Proposals to establish a university in Dublin were delayed until 1592. In 1593 war broke out, as Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone, led a confederation of Irish lords and Spain against the crown, in what later became known as
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Kingdom of Ireland
Tudor Ireland & Stuart Ireland
the Nine Years' War. A series of stunning Irish victories brought English power in Ireland to the point of collapse by the beginning of 1600, but a renewed campaign under Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy forced Tyrone to submit in 1603, completing the Tudor conquest of Ireland. Stuart Ireland In 1603 James VI King of Scots became James I of England, uniting the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland in a personal union. The political order of the kingdom was interrupted by the Wars of the Three Kingdoms starting in 1639. During the subsequent interregnum period, England, Scotland and Ireland were
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Kingdom of Ireland
Stuart Ireland & Grattan's Patriots
ruled as a republic until 1660. This period saw the rise of the loyalist Irish Catholic Confederation within the kingdom and, from 1653, the creation of the republican Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. The kingdom's order was restored 1660 with the restoration of Charles II. Without any public dissent, Charles's reign was backdated to his father's execution in 1649. Grattan's Patriots Poynings' Law was repealed in 1782 in what came to be known as the Constitution of 1782, granting Ireland legislative independence. Parliament in this period came to be known as Grattan's Parliament, after the principal Irish leader of
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Kingdom of Ireland
Grattan's Patriots & United Irishmen
the period, Henry Grattan. Although Ireland had legislative independence, executive administration remained under the control of the executive of the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1788–89 a Regency crisis arose when King George III became ill. Grattan wanted to appoint the Prince of Wales, later George IV, as Regent of Ireland. The king recovered before this could be enacted. United Irishmen The Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the rebels' alliance with Great Britain's longtime enemy the French, led to a push to bring Ireland formally into the British Union. By the Acts of Union 1800, voted for by both Irish
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Kingdom of Ireland
United Irishmen & Viceroy
and British Parliaments, the Kingdom of Ireland merged on 1 January 1801 with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish Parliament ceased to exist, though the executive, presided over by the Lord Lieutenant, remained in place until 1922. The union was later the subject of much controversy. In 1937, the link to the British Crown was repealed, but the monarch was the de jure king in the new State until 1949. In the Republic of Ireland the 1542 Act was repealed in 1962. Viceroy The Kingdom of Ireland was governed by
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Kingdom of Ireland
Viceroy
an executive under the control of a Lord Deputy or viceroy. The post was held by senior nobles such as Thomas Radcliffe. From 1688 the title was usually Lord Lieutenant. In the absence of a Lord Deputy, lords justices ruled. While some Irishmen held the post, most of the lords deputy were English noblemen. While the viceroy controlled the Irish administration as the monarch's representative, in the eighteenth century the political post of Chief Secretary for Ireland became increasingly powerful. The Kingdom of Ireland was legislated by the bicameral Parliament of Ireland, made up of the House of Lords and the House of
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Kingdom of Ireland
Viceroy & Parliament
Commons. The powers of the Irish parliament were circumscribed by a series of restrictive laws, mainly Poynings' Law of 1494. Parliament Roman Catholics and dissenters, mostly Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists, were excluded from membership of the Irish parliament from 1693 and their rights were restricted by a series of laws called the Penal Laws. They were denied voting rights from 1728 until 1793. The Grattan Parliament succeeded in achieving the repeal of Poynings' Law in 1782. This allowed progressive legislation and gradual liberalisation was effected. Catholics and Dissenters were given the right to vote in 1793, but Catholics were
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Kingdom of Ireland
Parliament & Church of Ireland
still excluded from the Irish Parliament and senior public offices in the kingdom. As in Great Britain and the rest of Europe, voting and membership of parliament was restricted to property owners. In the 1720s the new Irish Houses of Parliament were built in College Green, Dublin. Church of Ireland When Henry VIII was excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church in 1538, all but two of the bishops of the Church in Ireland followed the doctrine of the Church of England, although almost no clergy or laity did so. Having paid their Annates to the Papacy, the bishops had no
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Kingdom of Ireland
Church of Ireland
reason to step down, and in the 1530s nobody knew how long the reformation would last. Unlike Henry VIII, this hierarchy was not excommunicated by the Papacy, and still controlled what became the State Church of the new Kingdom in 1542, and retained possession of most Church property (including a great repository of religious architecture and other items, though some were later destroyed). In 1553, Irish Catholics were heartened by the coronation of Queen Mary I, who persuaded the Papacy to recognise the Kingdom in 1555, via the papal bull "Ilius". Then in 1558 the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I came to
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Kingdom of Ireland
Church of Ireland & Ethnic conflict
the throne, survived the 1570 bull Regnans in Excelsis, and all but one of the following monarchs were Anglican. Contrary to the official plan, the substantial majority of the population remained strongly Roman Catholic, despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church. Despite its numerical minority, however, the Church of Ireland remained the official state church until it was disestablished on 1 January 1871 by the Liberal government under William Ewart Gladstone. Ethnic conflict The legacy of the Kingdom of Ireland remains a bone of contention in Irish-British relations to this day because of the constant