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{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 14, "sc": 425, "ep": 14, "ec": 1094} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 14 | 425 | 14 | 1,094 | Claire Falkenstein | Paris | of individual action. They have the quality of centuries of ... culture and of art and it sort of spills over." She explored what she referred to as "topology", a connection between matter and space, incorporating a concept of the continuous void in nature. She became associated with the free-form abstractions of L'Art Informel, the French counterpart of American Abstract Expressionism.
Out of economic necessity, Falkenstein inventively used inexpensive nontraditional materials for her artwork, including wooden logs, stovepipe wire, and lead bars. She used stovepipe wire, in particular, in innovative ways, and continued to do so even after she was able |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 14, "sc": 1094, "ep": 14, "ec": 1705} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 14 | 1,094 | 14 | 1,705 | Claire Falkenstein | Paris | to afford other materials. The large, airy forms constructed of this material became part of her famous style.
Rather than sculpture, she preferred the use of the word structure to refer to her work. She applied the term to her paintings and prints as well. A critic compared Falkenstein's work of the 1950s to "a Jackson Pollock in three dimensions". Some of her work has a structure which appears as if it could grow, infinitely expanding, similar to the way Pollock's paintings may appear as if they could continue beyond the canvas.
In 1954 the Galleria Montenapoleone in Milan held a major |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 14, "sc": 1705, "ep": 14, "ec": 2280} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 14 | 1,705 | 14 | 2,280 | Claire Falkenstein | Paris | solo exhibition of her work, and four years later, she was asked to make the railing of the Galleria Spazio in Rome. On this occasion she inserted pieces of colored glass in an open, grid-like structure of soldered metal.
One of her most well-known pieces is The New Gates of Paradise, constructed of metal webbing with chunks of glass. Located on the Grand Canal at the Guggenheim Museum in Venice, Italy, it had been commissioned in 1960 by her friend Peggy Guggenheim. The gates, each of which was 12 by 4 feet (3.7 m × 1.2 m), marked the first time she created a |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 14, "sc": 2280, "ep": 18, "ec": 336} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 14 | 2,280 | 18 | 336 | Claire Falkenstein | Paris & Los Angeles | never-ending screen with repeating modules attached in various directions, giving the impression that it could continue forever.
Falkenstein was also commissioned to create welded gates for the sea villa of the Princess Luciana Pignatelli.
Falkenstein's jewelry was the subject of her 1961 solo exhibition at the Louvre's Musée des Arts Decoratifs. Los Angeles In 1963, Falkenstein moved to the Venice district of Los Angeles, building an oceanfront home/studio. Falkenstein received many high-profile commissions for large public art pieces, including sculptures, fountains, and screens. In 1965, she created "U" as a Set for the International Sculpture Symposium held on the campus of California |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 18, "sc": 336, "ep": 18, "ec": 996} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 18 | 336 | 18 | 996 | Claire Falkenstein | Los Angeles | State University, Long Beach and in 1969 she created the doors, gates, and stained-glass windows for St. Basil Catholic Church on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles. The three-dimensional windows are considered by some to be her finest achievements. She said of the windows: "To my knowledge, they're the only abstract windows for a Catholic church." Among the other southern California venues featuring her works are Fresno's Fulton Mall, South Coast Plaza, the Department of Motor Vehicles in downtown Los Angeles, and various college campuses including California State University, Fullerton (she described her sculpture there as "metallic joy – an activity |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 18, "sc": 996, "ep": 18, "ec": 1705} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 18 | 996 | 18 | 1,705 | Claire Falkenstein | Los Angeles | of forces"), California State University, Dominguez Hills, University of California, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, and California State University, Long Beach.
In 1969, the Los Angeles Times distinguished Claire Falkenstein as "Woman of the Year."
The Long Beach Museum of Art named its restaurant "Claire's at the Museum" in honor of Falkenstein. The artist created Structure and Flow, a fountain with twisting latticework, which was donated to the museum in 1972. This work of art, the restaurant's centerpiece, is another creation which many consider to be among her finest.
In the 1970s, Claire Falkenstein also created sculptural glass objects in collaboration |
{"datasets_id": 162043, "wiki_id": "Q5125198", "sp": 18, "sc": 1705, "ep": 18, "ec": 2201} | 162,043 | Q5125198 | 18 | 1,705 | 18 | 2,201 | Claire Falkenstein | Los Angeles | with the famous glass factory Salviati in Venice.
In 1977, the film: "Claire Falkenstein, Sculptor" was created by Jae Carmichael.
She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Fine Arts in 1978. From about 1990 on, her work was concentrated on painting rather than sculpture. Falkenstein died at her Venice home on October 23, 1997 of stomach cancer, at the age of 89. Over the course of her long career as an artist she had produced over 4,000 sculptures, paintings and drawings. |
{"datasets_id": 162044, "wiki_id": "Q5137629", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 99} | 162,044 | Q5137629 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 99 | Coachford Junction railway station | History | Coachford Junction railway station History The station opened on 19 March 1888.
Passenger services were withdrawn on 31 December 1934. |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 538} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 538 | Colin Miles | Playing career | Colin Miles Playing career Miles began his career with Watford, making his senior debut on 20 September 1997 at the Priestfield Stadium, he was replaced by the veteran Nigel Gibbs on 69 minutes and watched the "Horns" play out a 2–2 draw with Gillingham. On 9 December, he played 90 minutes of a 1–0 defeat to Fulham at Craven Cottage in the first round of the Football League Trophy. Watford won the Second Division championship that season, before winning promotion to the Premier League in 1998–99. Not cut out for the top tier, this spelt the end of Miles' time |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 538, "ep": 6, "ec": 1156} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 538 | 6 | 1,156 | Colin Miles | Playing career | at the club. In February 2000, he signed with Greenock Morton, playing five games in their 1999–2000 campaign, before heading back to England with Stevenage Borough in March. From the Premier League to the Scottish First Division, he finished the season in the Conference National, playing three games of the 1999–2000 Conference season. He spent part of October and November 2000 with Conference strugglers Hayes – scoring an own goal on his debut, before signing with Dover Athletic in December. He played eleven games for Dover, before departing at the end of the season.
When, in June 2001, Miles ended up |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 1156, "ep": 6, "ec": 1737} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 1,156 | 6 | 1,737 | Colin Miles | Playing career | at Yeovil Town, he had finally found stability in his career. Playing thirty games in the 2001–02 season, his first senior goal came 21 minutes into a 17 November fixture with Margate, in what was the only goal that night at Hartsdown Park. His second goal came on 29 January, seven minutes into a 2–2 home draw with Forest Green Rovers. On 12 May, he played in the FA Trophy final against Stevenage at Villa Park, Yeovil winning 2–0. In 2002–03, the "Glovers" stormed to the Conference title, seventeen points clear of Morecambe. Miles scored against both Stevenage and Kettering |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 1737, "ep": 6, "ec": 2307} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 1,737 | 6 | 2,307 | Colin Miles | Playing career | Town, but it was his bookings that got him attention. He had been booked twelve times in 38 games, as well as being sent off against Telford United. Miles and Yeovil's rise to the Football League was a spectacular one, as they finished a healthy 8th. Miles played 41 games, 36 of which were in League Two. He scored six goals, an impressive total for a defender, his goals coming against York City, Wrexham, Lincoln City, Barnet, Cambridge United and Bristol Rovers – all at home. He was again frequently in trouble with referees, picking up eight bookings, including a |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 2307, "ep": 6, "ec": 2856} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 2,307 | 6 | 2,856 | Colin Miles | Playing career | run of four cards in four games.
In 2004–05, Yeovil won the league, though Miles made just 24 appearances, including three in the FA Cup. He scored against Darlington in the cup and was sent off in the league against Shrewsbury Town. In February, he tore a knee liagement, keeping him out of action for a few weeks. At the end of the season he signed a new one-year deal with the club. The 2005–06 season was his last with Yeovil. He made 30 League One appearances, as well as five cup appearances. In June, he signed with League One rivals |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 2856, "ep": 6, "ec": 3438} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 2,856 | 6 | 3,438 | Colin Miles | Playing career | Port Vale, sensing the Burslem club were "going places".
Martin Foyle played him 33 times in 2006–07, including him in the League Cup tie with Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane that finished 3–1 to "Spurs". He was sent off against Bradford City on 16 September, but kept his yellow card tally down to a respectable four. He took the field just five times in 2007–08 as he struggled with poor form and a swollen knee. New manager Lee Sinnott chose against offering Miles a new deal in the summer. In August, he returned to Conference football with Woking. Woking suffered |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 6, "sc": 3438, "ep": 10, "ec": 168} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 6 | 3,438 | 10 | 168 | Colin Miles | Playing career & Style of play | relegation in 2008–09, seven points off the safety spot occupied by Barrow. Miles played thirty games, scoring on his final appearance, in a 2–2 draw with Mansfield Town at Kingfield Stadium on 18 April. He was dismissed from the pitch twice in the season, in away games at Eastbourne Borough (for foul and abusive language) and Barrow. He was released upon the season's conclusion. Style of play Charming, quiet and almost reserved off the pitch, one rarely had long to wait for his er 'special song' to ring out from the terrace when he was on it. "Colin Miles is |
{"datasets_id": 162045, "wiki_id": "Q5145412", "sp": 10, "sc": 168, "ep": 14, "ec": 71} | 162,045 | Q5145412 | 10 | 168 | 14 | 71 | Colin Miles | Style of play & Personal life | a f***ing mentalist!" didn't leave anything to the imagination about his style of play: wholehearted and sometimes rugged, he added steel in a side that could be too cultured for its own good on occasion.
— A writer at independent Yeovil Town fan site Ciderspace explains the defender's popularity at Huish Park. Personal life He changed his surname from Pluck to Miles in 2004, for family reasons. |
{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 616} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 616 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel The collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel took place in the Mississippi River – Gulf Outlet Canal (MRGO) on July 22, 1980 when the outbound 485-foot (148 m) German container ship Testbank and inbound 580-foot (180 m) Panamanian-flagged bulk carrier Seadaniel collided near mile 41 of the canal.
As a result of the collision, some hazardous cargo from Testbank was released. Specifically, four cargo containers carrying mixed freight were lost overboard, releasing a significant amount of pentachlorophenol (PCP) into the canal waters. The amount of PCP lost was reported as between 12 and 12.5 tons. |
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{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 4, "sc": 616, "ep": 4, "ec": 1209} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 4 | 616 | 4 | 1,209 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | There were two other damaged containers containing PCP reported on the deck of Testbank. In addition, a number of barrels containing hydrobromic acid were lost overboard, and others broke open and spilled onto the deck of Testbank, creating a cloud of gas around both ships. Crews were able to clean up the hydrobromic acid within a few days, but the PCP proved to be a greater challenge. Stored in 50-pound (23 kg) paper sacks, the coarse granules of PCP rapidly sank to the bottom of the channel where visibility was nearly zero. Chemical analysis of the PCP product revealed primarily PCP, |
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{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 4, "sc": 1209, "ep": 4, "ec": 1937} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 4 | 1,209 | 4 | 1,937 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | tetrachlorphenol and trichlorophenol. Notably, the product also contained several polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, which are known for their toxicity and bioaccumulation. At the time, this was the largest spill of pentachlorophenol in United States history. The United States Coast Guard closed the canal until August 10, 1980. Additionally, all fishing and shrimping operations in a 400-square-mile (1,000 km²) area were temporarily suspended.
The Coast Guard ultimately attributed the collision to the helmsman aboard Seadaniel, who was evidently having difficulty controlling the ship immediately before the collision, and failed to notify the ship's pilot, captain or first mate. A 9-mile (14 km) length of the canal |
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{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 4, "sc": 1937, "ep": 4, "ec": 2553} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 4 | 1,937 | 4 | 2,553 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | was closed for six weeks as an estimated $2 million cleanup effort managed to clean up some 90% of the spill. The Port of New Orleans lost $1.5 million in revenue, while the vessels involved in the collision sustained $1.5 million in damage.
In Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. M/V Testbank, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit heard the consolidated claims of some forty-one lawsuits originally filed in the Eastern District of Louisiana. The claims in these suits stemmed from what the court held were pure economic losses in "shipping interests, marina and boat rental operators, wholesale |
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{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 4, "sc": 2553, "ep": 4, "ec": 3196} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 4 | 2,553 | 4 | 3,196 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | and retail seafood enterprises not actually engaged in fishing, seafood restaurants, tackle and bait shops, and recreational fishermen". The court examined the holding in Robins Dry Dock & Repair Co. v. Flint, 275 U.S. 303 (1927).
Testbank was chartered by the Bank Line and owned by the Partenreederei MS Charlotta. She was a three-hold container ship, built in 1978, diesel powered, with a single right-hand propeller. She measured 495 feet (151 m) in length, 69 feet (21 m) in breadth, 5,629 GT, 4,064 NT and 12,914 DWT. She had a capacity of 517 twenty-foot equivalent units, and operated at a speed of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). |
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{"datasets_id": 162046, "wiki_id": "Q5147497", "sp": 4, "sc": 3196, "ep": 4, "ec": 3515} | 162,046 | Q5147497 | 4 | 3,196 | 4 | 3,515 | Collision between MV Testbank and MV Seadaniel | Seadaniel was owned and operated by Fortune Sea Transport of Panama. She was a six-hold bulk carrier, built in 1976, diesel powered, with a single screw. She measured 580 feet (180 m) in length, 75 feet (23 m) in breadth, 16,168 GT, 10,998 NT and 27,000 DWT. Seadaniel was carrying baryte at the time of the collision. |
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{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 | Columbian ground squirrel | Description | Columbian ground squirrel Description The Columbian ground squirrel is one of the largest members of the genus, the largest being the Arctic ground squirrel. They have a relatively sturdy, robust build. They measure 325–410 mm (12.8–16.1 in) in length overall, with a tail measuring 80–116 mm (3.1–4.6 in). The hind feet measure 47–57 mm (1.9–2.2 in) and the ear 16–22.5 mm (0.63–0.89 in).
The hair is dense and relatively short. The facial fur is bronze across the bridge of the nose. The fur along the back, legs, and feet is a more cinnamon buff, with darker fur closer to the body. There is a pale beige to buff |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 6, "ec": 1160} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 6 | 586 | 6 | 1,160 | Columbian ground squirrel | Description | ring of fur around the eye. The neck fur is gray along the sides of the cheeks. The flanks may be light beige or gray. They have a darker tail, with darker underfur and some lighter beige markings above and dark to grayish white below. Molting occurs diffusely, without a clear line of delineation.
Two subspecies have been described, which vary in appearance. Compared with U. c. columbianus, the population U. c. ruficaudus has a tail more rufous and less gray above. The sides of the face and throat are also more deeply rust shaded. The legs and feet are darker |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 6, "sc": 1160, "ep": 6, "ec": 1767} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 6 | 1,160 | 6 | 1,767 | Columbian ground squirrel | Description | as well. The skull of U. c. ruficaudus is broader, with more robust zygomatic arches.
Several albino variants have been found. An albino squirrel was captured alive by a student near Pullman, Washington in 1932. It had been in an alfalfa field. The animal had white hair and pink eyes. A zoologist reported intentions to keep the animal alive to study genetic inheritance patterns. The following year, he reported finding three more young albinos in the same area. Around 30 years prior, two albino skins had been collected, also near Pullman. It was proposed that the recessive trait persisted in |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 6, "sc": 1767, "ep": 10, "ec": 554} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 6 | 1,767 | 10 | 554 | Columbian ground squirrel | Description & Distribution and habitat | the locality, appearing at sporadic intervals. Distribution and habitat The Columbia ground squirrel is found in western areas of North America. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains, from as far north as western Alberta and southeastern British Columbia. They are found in the western parts of Montana, through central Idaho and into northern and eastern reaches of Washington. They are also found along plains of eastern Washington. In Oregon, they occur in mountainous area in the east-central part of the state. They reside between 700–8,000 feet (210–2,440 m) in elevation.
The known fossil record of the Columbia |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 10, "sc": 554, "ep": 12, "ec": 9} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 10 | 554 | 12 | 9 | Columbian ground squirrel | Distribution and habitat & Behavior | ground squirrel consists of specimens recovered from the Wasden fossil site (Owl Cave) in Bonneville County, Idaho. Fossils from this site date to the late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean). The site is located at 1,584 metres (5,197 ft) elevation. Fossils of small mammals deposited at this site are primarily attributed to owl predation.
The distribution of the Columbia ground squirrel in Oregon was assessed based on consideration of animals obtained in 71 localities. Over 98% were obtained in the Blue Mountains ecoregion, which includes the Wallowa and Blue Mountain ranges. The remaining squirrels came from the Owyheee Uplands. Behavior |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 628} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 628 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | Columbian ground squirrels in Alberta hibernate around 250 days a year, with only 69–94 days of activity observed. The amount of time active varies depending on local climate as well as variations in behavior of animals of different sexes and ages. During hibernation, the squirrels are positioned vertically in a tight ball. The temperature drops significantly, the heart rate slows and respirations are scarcely perceptible. The first group to emerge are the adult males, followed by adult females, yearlings, then juveniles. Animals at higher elevations and latitudes emerge later. They emerge from hibernation and start |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 628, "ep": 14, "ec": 1208} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 628 | 14 | 1,208 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | breeding earlier at low elevations.
One brood per year will be raised. Young are born naked, blind, and toothless. After 5–6 days, their weight has doubled. They are covered with dark silky hair by day 12. Around day 17, the eyes are beginning to open. They may emerge into the sunlight outside the den around day 21-24. After 4 weeks, they are able to leave the nest altogether.
Mammalogist Vernon Orlando Bailey examined a Columbia ground squirrel burrow at an elevation of 7,000 ft (2,100 m) near the Piegan Pass in Glacier National Park. In late July, a |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 1208, "ep": 14, "ec": 1790} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 1,208 | 14 | 1,790 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | stout adult female was found bringing up fresh soil to the burrow entrance daily. The animal was removed and the burrow excavated for examination The mound at the entrance consisted of an estimated 8 US gal (0.030 m³) of soil. The soil was of varying dates of accumulation, since the lower layers appeared packed from previous seasons. The burrow itself had this main opening as well as two alternates, which were concealed from external observation and likely served as avenues of escape if a predator were to enter the burrow. The main shafts of the burrow were around 3.5 in |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 1790, "ep": 14, "ec": 2393} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 1,790 | 14 | 2,393 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | (89 mm) in diameter. Chambers were established and varying intervals throughout the burrow, possibly to allow for storage of earth being excavated or safe haven from predators. At a distance of around 8 ft (2.4 m) from the entrance, a nest had been constructed. The nest itself was made from leaves of locally abundant "glacier grass" (Luzula parviflora). Varying ages of grass were found, suggesting that the nest had been used during prior seasons. In an adjoining chamber, deeper down in the earth, an older abandoned nest, filled partially with excrement, apparently served as a toilet for the |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 2393, "ep": 14, "ec": 3076} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 2,393 | 14 | 3,076 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | squirrel.
The two types of burrow entrance were also noted by other observers, with one being small and roughly the same diameter as the tunnel itself, while another larger and more funnel shaped. The amount of soil excavated is around 4–12 kg (8.8–26.5 lb) per year, with an estimated 4–7 m (13–23 ft) of annual tunnel construction to established burrows. New burrow construction results in 25–50 kg (55–110 lb) of soil excavation.
The most common activities for Columbian ground squirrels, while above ground, include standing at attention, feeding, and grooming. More time was spent standing at attention than engaging in other activities. Aggressive behavior |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 3076, "ep": 14, "ec": 3722} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 3,076 | 14 | 3,722 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | was observed most commonly in adult males, particularly early in the season. Columbian ground squirrel activity patterns are sensitive to climate and ambient light, avoiding cloudy days, cold winds, and inclement weather. They emerge from dens about an hour before sunrise and return near sunset. They are active during the hottest parts of the day, but more likely to be found out around mid-morning.
Columbian ground squirrels, when encountering each other, commonly will touch their mouths and noses together, an act resembling kissing. These greetings last 1–5 seconds and may precede other social interactions, including sexual |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 3722, "ep": 14, "ec": 4352} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 3,722 | 14 | 4,352 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior | activity.
C. Hart Merriam, writing in 1891, documented reports of the Columbian ground squirrel's behavior provided by local observers in Idaho. If disturbed while out of the burrow, the squirrels stood at attention, watching while approached to within a few yards, then raced for the burrow entrance, making squeaks and whistles. Locals called them "Seven sleepers", because they stayed underground for about seven months of the year. They were noted to have ample fat supplies when entering burrows to hibernate, but observed to be weak and thin when emerging the following spring. The mounds excavated by burrowing |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 14, "sc": 4352, "ep": 18, "ec": 517} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 14 | 4,352 | 18 | 517 | Columbian ground squirrel | Behavior & Ecology | squirrels ranged from 3–10 inches (76–254 mm) in height. The burrows descended vertically from the entrance 18–24 inches (460–610 mm). Ecology Columbian ground squirrels live in colonies distributed discontinuously throughout their range. They are found in alpine and subalpine areas, along the edges of meadows or on mounds where meadow flooding occurs. They are not found as frequently in rocky, fellfield, heather, or herbfield environments as they are in meadows and grasslands. They will occupy disturbed habitats including clear-cuts. In areas where they are sympatric with Belding's ground squirrel, they inhabit areas of higher elevation and wetter |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 517, "ep": 18, "ec": 1245} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 517 | 18 | 1,245 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology | climate. Belding's ground squirrel tends towards drier, sagebrush regions. In Oregon, the Columbian ground squirrel is found primarily in the Blue Mountains, where other characteristic mammal species include: the montane shrew (Sorex monticolus), Belding's ground squirrel (Urocitellus beldingi), the American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), the northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides), the southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi), and the western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps).
Predation of other vertebrates by Columbian ground squirrels has not been described. However, cannabilism has been observed. Adult females sometimes may kill juveniles as well. It was postulated that sympatric species, |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 1245, "ep": 18, "ec": 1944} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 1,245 | 18 | 1,944 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology | including northern pocket gophers, deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) might use or raid provisioned burrows. Observations of possible killings of meadow voles by Columbian ground squirrels were published in 1985. These killings did not appear motivated for purposes of predation, so may have been motivated by defense of home territory and resources.
Population densities are reportedly higher in "agricultural bottomlands" compared to "wheatfields". In subalpine Idaho, the density was recorded at 35 animals per hectare. In Alberta, densities of juveniles were estimated between 5-20 per hectare, which older animal estimates were 12-16 per |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 1944, "ep": 18, "ec": 2549} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 1,944 | 18 | 2,549 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology | hectare.
They are "one of the most vegetarian of all the ground squirrels". In the early part of the season, they primarily eat succulent fresh vegetation. When the vegetation grows more tough, they are inclined to eat more grains and seeds. By the end of the season, they appear enormously fat. Examination of stomach contents from a group of 43 squirrels revealed vegetable matter in all cases. Nothing but vegetation was found in 86% of the stomachs, while 2% contained traces of other mammals and 14% contained insect remains.
Columbian ground squirrels may be parasitized by the |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 2549, "ep": 18, "ec": 3304} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 2,549 | 18 | 3,304 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology | Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), which is a carrier for the bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Other external parasites include the lice Enderleinellus suturalis and Neohaemotopinus laeviusculus; the fleas Neopsylla inopina, Opisocrostis tuberculatus, and Oropsylla idahoensis; the mites Dermacarus heptneri, Androlaelaps fahrenholz, Macrocheles sp., and Pygmephorus erlangensis. Internal parasites include Trypanosoma species Trypanosoma otospermophili, and the Eimeria species: Eimeria bilamellata, Eimeria callospermophili, and Eimeria lateralis. Instances of presence of Yersinia pestis, the cause of the black plague, have been reported. They may be a reservoir for Powassan or St Louis encephalitis virus, based |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 3304, "ep": 18, "ec": 4010} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 3,304 | 18 | 4,010 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology | on some antibody screening analyses. Columbian ground squirrels may also suffer dermatitis from Dermatophilus congolensis.
Treatment of female Columbian ground squirrels with flea powder resulted in an improved condition of treated animals. Litters produced by treated females were larger. The treated females were gained mass between the time the young were born, through weaning. Untreated cohorts, on the other hand, lost mass over this time frame.
Predators of the Colombian ground squirrel include the brown bear (Ursus arctos), coyote (Canis latrans), American marten (Martes americana), American badger (Taxidea taxus), weasels (Mustela sp), and mountain lion (Felis concolor). |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 18, "sc": 4010, "ep": 22, "ec": 522} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 18 | 4,010 | 22 | 522 | Columbian ground squirrel | Ecology & Human interactions | Predatory birds include the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Human interactions With the advent of intensive agricultural practices in their range, Columbian ground squirrels came to be seen as pests, negatively impacting harvests of wheat and other crops. In 1910, the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station began a comprehensive study. An extensive yard, termed a Citellary (after the contemporary genus name of the animal Citellus) These yards were around 50 by 90 ft fenced enclosures. Associated cabins were used for the study of brooding and hibernating animals. This provided conditions |
{"datasets_id": 162047, "wiki_id": "Q1767988", "sp": 22, "sc": 522, "ep": 26, "ec": 505} | 162,047 | Q1767988 | 22 | 522 | 26 | 505 | Columbian ground squirrel | Human interactions & Conservation status | to closely observe them in a near natural setting. Conservation status The IUCN lists the Columbia ground squirrel as a species of least concern. The reason for this listing is that the animal is widespread and common in its range and no major threats to the survival of the species are identified. Population trends are listed as stable. Similarly, the state of Montana, considers Columbian ground squirrels an important part of the state's ecosystem, noting that the animals are abundant with a wide spread distribution and are not vulnerable through most of their range. |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Shooting victim | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal Shooting victim Daniel J. Faulkner (December 21, 1955 – December 9, 1981): Faulkner was the youngest of seven children in an Irish Catholic family from Southwest Philadelphia. Faulkner's father, a trolley car driver, died of a heart attack when Faulkner was five. Faulkner's mother went to work and relied on her older children to help raise him. He dropped out of high school, but earned his diploma and an associate's degree in criminal justice while serving in the United States Army. In 1975, Faulkner left the army, worked briefly as a corrections officer, and then joined |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 10, "ec": 377} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 6 | 562 | 10 | 377 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Shooting victim & 1982 trial | the Philadelphia Police Department. Faulkner got married in 1979. Aspiring to attend law school and ultimately become a city prosecutor, Faulkner was enrolled in college and working toward earning a bachelor's degree in criminal justice administration when he was shot and killed. 1982 trial On December 9, 1981, around 3:51 a.m. near the intersection of 13th and Locust Streets in Philadelphia, Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner was conducting a traffic stop of William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother. Faulkner and Cook became engaged in a physical confrontation. Abu-Jamal's taxi was parked across the street, from which he ran towards Cook's |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 10, "sc": 377, "ep": 10, "ec": 996} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 10 | 377 | 10 | 996 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 1982 trial | car and shot Faulkner in the back and then in the face. During the encounter, Faulkner shot Abu-Jamal in the stomach. Faulkner died at the scene from the head shot. Police arrived and arrested Abu-Jamal, who was wearing a shoulder holster. His revolver was beside him and had five spent cartridges. Abu-Jamal was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, where he received treatment for his wound. He was charged with the first-degree murder of Daniel Faulkner, and Anthony Jackson, Esquire was court appointed as his representation.
The case went to trial in June |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 10, "sc": 996, "ep": 10, "ec": 1663} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 10 | 996 | 10 | 1,663 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 1982 trial | 1982 at Philadelphia's City Hall. Judge Paul Ribner, the judge overseeing pre-trial hearings, initially granted to Abu-Jamal's request to represent himself, appointing Jackson as backup counsel. During jury selection on the third day of the trial, this decision was reversed by Judge Albert F. Sabo. The trial resumed with tense relations between Sabo and Abu-Jamal, Abu-Jamal repeatedly requesting John Africa as backup counsel which Sabo adamantly prohibited.
The jury was initially composed of nine white and three black jurors, after McGill used 11 of 15 peremptory challenges to remove blacks from the jury pool. Another black juror was later removed by |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 10, "sc": 1663, "ep": 14, "ec": 554} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 10 | 1,663 | 14 | 554 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 1982 trial & Hospital confession | Sabo, leaving two black jurors out of twelve hearing the case. Hospital confession Two witnesses, security officer Priscilla Durham and Police Officer Garry Bell, testified that while Abu-Jamal was at hospital, he acknowledged that he had shot Faulkner by proclaiming, "I shot the motherfucker, and I hope the motherfucker dies." The hospital doctors have claimed that Abu-Jamal was not capable of making such a statement during that time. The original report of Gary Wakshul, a police officer who accompanied Abu-Jamal to and at the hospital, relates that "the negro male made no comments". Over two months afterwards, when interviewed |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 14, "sc": 554, "ep": 18, "ec": 197} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 14 | 554 | 18 | 197 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Hospital confession & Physical evidence | by police Internal Affairs officers, Wakshul claimed to have remembered hearing Abu-Jamal's alleged confession. He blamed "emotional trauma" for the delay. When the defense attempted to call Wakshul for cross-examination, it was reported that he was on vacation and unavailable. Wakshul never testified in court and his original statement that "the negro male made no comments" was never admitted as evidence. Physical evidence A .38 caliber Charter Arms revolver registered to Abu-Jamal was found at the scene next to him with 5 spent shell casings. Tests performed with the physical evidence verify that Faulkner was killed |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 18, "sc": 197, "ep": 18, "ec": 861} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 18 | 197 | 18 | 861 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Physical evidence | by a .38 caliber bullet. The extracted slugs were identified as Federal brand .38 Special +P bullets with hollow bases, which matched the shell casings in Abu-Jamal's handgun retrieved at the scene. Rifling characteristics evident on the bullet fragments extracted from Faulkner's body matched those of the handgun. Anthony L. Paul, Supervisor of the Firearms Identification Unit, testified that the type of bullet was rare at the time, with only one manufacturer, though he could name two other manufacturers which produced weapons bearing the same rifling characteristics. Experts testified that the bullet taken from Abu-Jamal was fired from Faulkner's service |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 18, "sc": 861, "ep": 18, "ec": 1514} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 18 | 861 | 18 | 1,514 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Physical evidence | weapon. George Fassnacht, the defense's ballistics expert, did not dispute the findings of the prosecution's experts.
Amnesty International, with reference to the physical evidence, has expressed the view that "...the police failed to conduct tests to ascertain whether the weapon had been fired in the immediate past...Compounding this error, the police also failed to conduct chemical tests on Abu-Jamal's hands to find out if he had fired a gun recently." In a 1995 hearing, a defense ballistics expert testified that due to Abu-Jamal's struggle with the police during his arrest, such a test would have been difficult to accomplish and, due |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 18, "sc": 1514, "ep": 18, "ec": 2077} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 18 | 1,514 | 18 | 2,077 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Physical evidence | to the gunpowder residue possibly being shaken or rubbed off, would not have been scientifically reliable. A note written by coroner Dr. Paul Hoyer, who autopsied Daniel Faulkner, states that he extracted a .44 caliber bullet from Faulkner. This has led to claims that Faulkner was shot by a .44 caliber rather than a .38 caliber weapon. Hoyer admitted in 1995 that this was an "intermediate note" that was not supposed to be published, and that the note had been a "lay guess" based on his own observations, that he was not a firearms expert and that he had not |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 18, "sc": 2077, "ep": 22, "ec": 522} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 18 | 2,077 | 22 | 522 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Physical evidence & Defense case | received any training in weapons ballistics. Defense case Defense witness Dessie Hightower described a man running along the street shortly after the shooting. This became known as the "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the actual shooter. Another witness, Veronica Jones, said "All I seen was two men and a policeman on the ground and what else can I say? I was kind of intoxicated." In reply to the question, "Did you see anyone running away from the scene?" She replied, "I didn't see anyone do nothing. No one moved." The defense |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 22, "sc": 522, "ep": 26, "ec": 97} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 22 | 522 | 26 | 97 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Defense case & Witnesses speaking after the trial | claimed to have a third witness, Deborah Kordansky, but she refused to appear in court.
The defense presented character witnesses including poet Sonia Sanchez. Sanchez testified that Abu-Jamal was "viewed by the black community as a creative, articulate, peaceful, genial man". During cross examination the prosecution raised her association with convicted felon and Black Panther activist Joanne Chesimard; Sanchez was also asked over defense objections whether she supported other blacks who had killed police, to which she replied she had. Witnesses speaking after the trial Abu-Jamal did not state his version of the events during the initial police investigation nor did |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 97, "ep": 26, "ec": 685} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 97 | 26 | 685 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | he testify in his own defense at trial. Nearly 20 years later, a man named Arnold Beverly submitted an affidavit stating that he was the person who killed Officer Faulkner. Beverly wrote that while "wearing a green (camouflage) army jacket", he had run across the street and shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a contract killing because Faulkner was interfering with graft and payoff to corrupt police. Abu-Jamal subsequently provided his own statement in which he said he had been sitting in his cab across the street when he heard shouting, then saw a police vehicle, then heard the sound |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 685, "ep": 26, "ec": 1231} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 685 | 26 | 1,231 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | of gunshots. Upon seeing his brother appearing disoriented across the street, Abu-Jamal ran to him and was shot by a police officer. He maintains to have no memory of the events between being shot and the arrival of officers at the scene. He also claims to have been abused by the police while he was still in need of medical assistance for his wound. He explained, "At my trial I was denied the right to defend myself. I had no confidence in my court-appointed attorney, who never even asked me what happened the night I was shot and the police |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 1231, "ep": 26, "ec": 1755} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 1,231 | 26 | 1,755 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | officer was killed; and I was excluded from at least half the trial ... Since I was denied all my rights at my trial I did not testify. I would not be used to make it look like I had a fair trial ... I never said I shot the policeman. I did not shoot the policeman ... I never said I hoped he died. I would never say something like that."
For a similar period, William Cook also did not testify at the trial or make any statement about events that night other than saying to police at the crime scene repeatedly: "I |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 1755, "ep": 26, "ec": 2326} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 1,755 | 26 | 2,326 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | ain't got nothing to do with this!" In 2001, Cook belatedly declared that he would be willing to testify and that both he and his brother "had nothing do with shooting or killing the policeman". He stated that another man, Kenneth Freeman, was in his car at the time. According to Cook, Freeman was sitting in the front passenger seat, armed with a .38, wearing a green army jacket, knowing of a plan to kill Faulkner, and participating in the shooting. Freeman's handcuffed and naked corpse was discovered in North Philadelphia on the night of the police bombing of the |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 2326, "ep": 26, "ec": 2947} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 2,326 | 26 | 2,947 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | MOVE communal residence in 1985 and neither his name nor the fact of his presence at the crimescene was raised at any stage during the course of the trial and sentencing in 1982. At the time of his death, Daniel Faulkner was in possession of the replacement temporary driver license of Arnold Howard which the latter had recently "loaned" to Freeman for unspecified purposes.
Several others have made statements in support of Abu-Jamal. At a post-conviction review hearing in 1995, William "Dales" Singletary testified that he witnessed the shooting and that the gunman was the passenger in Cook's car wearing an |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 2947, "ep": 26, "ec": 3592} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 2,947 | 26 | 3,592 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | army overcoat. Singletary said that police tore up his written statements and that he was prevailed upon to sign a different statement which they dictated. Singletary's account was deemed "not credible" and "medically impossible" (he claimed that Faulkner spoke after being shot in the eye at point blank range, which would have been instantaneously lethal, and that a police helicopter was in attendance, which no other witnesses described). Police officer Vernon Jones testified that at the crime scene Singletary had said that he had not witnessed any shooting other than hearing some shots that he thought were firecrackers. William Harmon, |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 3592, "ep": 26, "ec": 4210} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 3,592 | 26 | 4,210 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | who had convictions for forgery, fraud and theft by deception, testified that he had seen a man other than Abu-Jamal kill Faulkner and flee in a car which pulled up at the crimescene.
Court stenographer Terri Maurer-Carter stated in a 2001 affidavit that the presiding Judge had exclaimed, "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the nigger", in the course of a conversation regarding Abu-Jamal's case. Judge Sabo denied making such a comment. Kenneth Pate, a stepbrother of Priscilla Durham with a history of imprisonment, swore a declaration that he asked her in a telephone conversation whether she had heard |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 4210, "ep": 26, "ec": 4797} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 4,210 | 26 | 4,797 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial | Abu-Jamal confess and that she had answered, "All I heard him say was: 'Get off me, get off me, they're trying to kill me'". Pate reported the conversation to Abu-Jamal while they were serving in the same prison.
In corroboration of the four prosecution eyewitnesses, Robert Harkins testified in 1995, that he had witnessed a man stand over Faulkner as the latter lay wounded on the ground, who shot him point-blank in the face and who then "walked and sat down on the curb". In media coverage, a volunteer named Phillip Bloch claimed that he visited Abu-Jamal in prison in 1992 |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 26, "sc": 4797, "ep": 30, "ec": 99} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 26 | 4,797 | 30 | 99 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Witnesses speaking after the trial & Verdict, death sentence, and reactions | and asked him whether he regretted killing Faulkner, to which Abu-Jamal replied, "Yes." Bloch, otherwise a supporter of Abu-Jamal's case, stated he came forward after he grew concerned about the vilification of Daniel Faulkner. In response, Abu-Jamal is reported to have said "A lie is a lie, whether made today or 10 years later", and thanked the media "...not for their work but for stoking this controversy, because controversy leads to questioning, and one can only question this belated confession." Verdict, death sentence, and reactions The jury delivered a unanimous guilty verdict after three hours of deliberations. In the sentencing |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 30, "sc": 99, "ep": 30, "ec": 709} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 30 | 99 | 30 | 709 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Verdict, death sentence, and reactions | phase of the trial Abu-Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement and was then sworn and cross-examined about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill, the prosecuting attorney. In his statement Abu-Jamal criticized his attorney as a "legal trained lawyer" who was imposed on him against his will who "knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black-robed conspirator, [Judge] Albert Sabo, even if it meant ignoring my directions". He claimed that his rights had been "deceitfully stolen" from him by the Judge, particularly focusing on the |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 30, "sc": 709, "ep": 30, "ec": 1368} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 30 | 709 | 30 | 1,368 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Verdict, death sentence, and reactions | denial of his request to receive defense assistance from John Africa (who was not an attorney) and his being prevented from proceeding pro se. He quoted remarks of John Africa and declared himself "innocent of these charges".
Abu-Jamal was subsequently sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of the jury. The date of the sentence is recorded as May 25, 1983. Judicial execution in Pennsylvania is by means of lethal injection and would occur at the State Correctional Institution - Rockview.
The Philadelphia Office of the District Attorney, Daniel Faulkner's family, including his wife Maureen, the Fraternal Order of Police, and other |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 30, "sc": 1368, "ep": 30, "ec": 1997} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 30 | 1,368 | 30 | 1,997 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Verdict, death sentence, and reactions | law-enforcement-related organizations have expressed approval of the conviction and sentence—being of a view that Abu-Jamal murdered Faulkner while the latter was making a lawful arrest in the line of police duty, and that Abu-Jamal had received a fair trial. District Attorney Lynne Abraham, who at times has supervised aspects of the Abu-Jamal case, is on record stating that it was the "most open-and-shut murder case" she had ever tried, and that Abu-Jamal:
Never produced his own brother, who was present at the time of the murder, (yet) he has offered up various individuals who would claim that one trial witness |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 30, "sc": 1997, "ep": 34, "ec": 329} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 30 | 1,997 | 34 | 329 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | Verdict, death sentence, and reactions & 1983–1999 State appeals | or another must have lied; or that some other individual has only recently been discovered who has special knowledge about the murder; or that someone has fallen out of the skies, who is supposedly willing to confess to the murder of Officer Faulkner. 1983–1999 State appeals Direct appeal of his conviction was considered and denied by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989, subsequently denying rehearing. On October 1, 1990, the Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari, and his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10, 1991.
On June 1, 1995 |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 34, "sc": 329, "ep": 34, "ec": 954} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 34 | 329 | 34 | 954 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 1983–1999 State appeals | his death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued state post-conviction review, the outcome of which was a unanimous decision by six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on October 31, 1998 that all issues raised by him, including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, were without merit. The Supreme Court of the United States denied the petition for certiorari against that decision on October 4, 1999, enabling Governor Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999. Its execution in turn was stayed as Abu-Jamal commenced his |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 34, "sc": 954, "ep": 38, "ec": 617} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 34 | 954 | 38 | 617 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 1983–1999 State appeals & 2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing | pursuit of federal habeas corpus review. 2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing Judge William H. Yohn Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upheld the conviction but voided the sentence of death on December 18, 2001, citing irregularities in the original process of sentencing. Particularly,
...the jury instructions and verdict sheet in this case involved an unreasonable application of federal law. The charge and verdict form created a reasonable likelihood that the jury believed it was precluded from considering any mitigating circumstance that had not been found unanimously to exist.
He ordered the State of Pennsylvania |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 38, "sc": 617, "ep": 38, "ec": 1266} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 38 | 617 | 38 | 1,266 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing | to commence new sentencing proceedings within 180 days and ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury's finding of circumstances mitigating against determining a sentence of death be unanimous. Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticized the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de novo at which they could introduce evidence that their client had been the subject of a frameup. Prosecutors also criticized the ruling; Maureen Faulkner described Abu-Jamal as a "remorseless, hate-filled killer" who would "be permitted to enjoy the pleasures that come from simply being alive" on |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 38, "sc": 1266, "ep": 42, "ec": 527} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 38 | 1,266 | 42 | 527 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 2001 Federal ruling directing resentencing & 2011 Death penalty dropped | the basis of the judgement. Both parties appealed. 2011 Death penalty dropped On December 7, 2011, District Attorney of Philadelphia R. Seth Williams announced that prosecutors, with the support of the victim's family, would no longer seek the death penalty for Abu-Jamal. Faulkner had indicated she did not wish to relive the trauma of another trial, and that it would be extremely difficult to present the case against Abu-Jamal again, after the passage of 30 years and the deaths of several key witnesses. Williams, the prosecutor, said that Abu-Jamal will spend the rest of his life in prison without |
{"datasets_id": 162048, "wiki_id": "Q5153897", "sp": 42, "sc": 527, "ep": 42, "ec": 735} | 162,048 | Q5153897 | 42 | 527 | 42 | 735 | Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal | 2011 Death penalty dropped | the possibility of parole, a sentence that was reaffirmed by the Superior Court of Pennsylvania on July 9, 2013. After the press conference, Maureen Faulkner made an emotional statement condemning Abu-Jamal. |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 618} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 618 | Damien Mander | Military career and work | Damien Mander Military career and work Mander joined the Royal Australian Navy in 1999 at age 19, where he trained and qualified as a Naval Clearance Diver. In 2003 he was selected for the Tactical Assault Group (East), an elite direct-action and hostage-recovery unit within the Australian Army’s Special Forces 2nd Commando Regiment, as a special operations sniper.
Mander then spent three years in Iraq working for several Private Military Organisations concerned with the protection of Australian diplomats, and was involved in the training of Iraqi Police. Mander went on to project-manage the Iraqi Special Police Training Academy in northern |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 6, "sc": 618, "ep": 10, "ec": 59} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 6 | 618 | 10 | 59 | Damien Mander | Military career and work & Africa | Baghdad, where up to 700 cadets at a time received paramilitary training. The Civilian Police Assistance Training Team (CPATT) project, made up of multinationals, was part of the US-led coalition's effort to develop the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and its Forces. Mander also worked alongside the US Army’s Corps of Engineers involved with Iraq's reconstruction efforts. His responsibility was to protect key personnel and to conduct reconnaissance missions on key infrastructure across Iraq.
Mander left Iraq in 2008. He is also a vegan and has spoken publicly about veganism. Africa In 2009 Mander traveled to South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 10, "sc": 59, "ep": 10, "ec": 764} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 10 | 59 | 10 | 764 | Damien Mander | Africa | Zambia and Zimbabwe to escape the death and destruction he had seen in Iraq.
After learning about poaching in Southern Africa and the criminal networks that used military equipment and tactics to poach for profit, Mander was convinced that his specialised military skills, personal finances, and experience could contribute significantly to wildlife protection and conservation.
Working as a volunteer with an anti-poaching unit in the Zambezi National Park (Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe), Mander gained first-hand experience of anti-poaching work and the effect of poaching on wildlife. He began writing training packages that would later form the basis of the IAPF's ranger training course. |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 12, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 697} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 12 | 0 | 14 | 697 | Damien Mander | International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) | International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) Using his life savings and funds raised from the liquidation of his investment properties acquired through nine years of military service and private military employment, Mander founded the International Anti-Poaching Foundation 2009. He personally funded the start-up and initial running costs, built a ranger training academy at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, and bought a two-seater aircraft as well as vehicles for anti-poaching work.
At the IAPF, Mander has operated in South Africa, Kenya, Australia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, establishing crack anti-poaching units by putting local indigenous forces through specialist tactical training programs. Since 2015, Mander’s work has focused on |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 14, "sc": 697, "ep": 22, "ec": 330} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 14 | 697 | 22 | 330 | Damien Mander | International Anti-Poaching Foundation (IAPF) & Conservation Guardians & Media | a community-oriented approach to anti-poaching efforts, and introducing local African women into the workforce through the use of wildlife ranger training and positions. He has also provided Ted Talks on his work with the organisation. Conservation Guardians Mander is a director of Conservation Guardians, an association that seeks to protect and conserve wildlife. Media Mander's anti-poaching and environmentalism work has been featured in National Geographic, Africa Geographic, 60 Minutes, The Guardian Newspaper, BBC, France 24, CBS News, Le Figaro, PBS News, Animal Planet, Al Jazeera, Voice of America, Forbes, Sunday Times, and Good Weekend Magazine.
In 2013, Mander gave a presentation |
{"datasets_id": 162049, "wiki_id": "Q16218642", "sp": 22, "sc": 330, "ep": 22, "ec": 794} | 162,049 | Q16218642 | 22 | 330 | 22 | 794 | Damien Mander | Media | about conservation at TEDx Sydney titled "Modern Warrior".
Mander featured, both as a narrator and as a cast member, in Unity, a feature-length documentary.The subject of the film focuses on humanity’s propensity for apathy and empathy, it is divided into four parts: Body, Mind, Heart and Soul. He has also appeared in the documentaries Vegan 2018, The Game Changers, and Last of the Longnecks. The Game Changers covers his life and advocacy as a vegan. |
{"datasets_id": 162050, "wiki_id": "Q5218852", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 164} | 162,050 | Q5218852 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 164 | Daniel Stokols | Education & Academic positions | Daniel Stokols Education Stokols completed his doctoral studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in social psychology where he also took minors in Sociology, City and Regional Planning, and participated in research projects at the School of Public Health. He earned his Ph.D. in Social Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1973. He earned his B.A from the University of Chicago in 1969. Academic positions In 1973, Stokols joined the Program in Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine as an Assistant Professor. From 1988-1998, Stokols served as Director |
{"datasets_id": 162050, "wiki_id": "Q5218852", "sp": 10, "sc": 164, "ep": 14, "ec": 304} | 162,050 | Q5218852 | 10 | 164 | 14 | 304 | Daniel Stokols | Academic positions & Research | of the Program in Social Ecology and founding dean of the new School of Social Ecology, which was established as the first such school of its kind by the UC Regents in 1992. He is currently Research Professor and Chancellor's Professor Emeritus within the School of Social Ecology and Health Sciences at UCI. Research Stokols' research has addressed a number of topics spanning the fields of environmental and health psychology, urban planning, public health, and the science of transdisciplinary team science. His studies of behavioral and health responses to urban stressors have focused on the impacts of airport noise |
{"datasets_id": 162050, "wiki_id": "Q5218852", "sp": 14, "sc": 304, "ep": 14, "ec": 1056} | 162,050 | Q5218852 | 14 | 304 | 14 | 1,056 | Daniel Stokols | Research | on children attending elementary schools under the flight path of Los Angeles International Airport, and the effects of spatial density, crowding, residential relocation and rush hour automobile commuting on adult populations. His research on the environmental psychology of the Internet has examined the relationships between individuals' perceptions of information overload from both place-based and cyber sources on their subjective well-being. More recent areas of Stokols' research include factors that influence the resilience and sustainability of human-environment systems, and circumstances that either facilitate or constrain collaborative processes and outcomes among participants in cross-disciplinary research teams. He also has studied |
{"datasets_id": 162050, "wiki_id": "Q5218852", "sp": 14, "sc": 1056, "ep": 18, "ec": 114} | 162,050 | Q5218852 | 14 | 1,056 | 18 | 114 | Daniel Stokols | Research & Teaching | strategies for enhancing transdisciplinary training and education, and the development of students' and scholars' transdisciplinary orientation (TDO). Stokols served as scientific consultant to the National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences and as a member of NCI’s Science of Team Science team between 2005-2011. He is currently a consultant for the National Academies Keck Futures Initiative (NAKFI) and a member of UCI's Institute for Clinical and Translational Science and the National Research Council's Committee on the Science of Team Science. Teaching Stokols teaches graduate seminars on Principles of Social Ecology and Strategies of Theory Development. He teaches |
{"datasets_id": 162050, "wiki_id": "Q5218852", "sp": 18, "sc": 114, "ep": 18, "ec": 377} | 162,050 | Q5218852 | 18 | 114 | 18 | 377 | Daniel Stokols | Teaching | the Environmental Psychology course at UCI, also available online at iTunes. U. Stokols serves as faculty advisor for doctoral and masters degree students within the School of Social Ecology, the Program in Public Health, and the M.D.-Ph.D. Program at UC Irvine. |
{"datasets_id": 162051, "wiki_id": "Q5242660", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 505} | 162,051 | Q5242660 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 505 | Dawson Fernandes | Early career | Dawson Fernandes Early career Dawson would play for his school team and gradually went on to play for Goa U-16 in the Subroto Cup. It was then that he realised that he could continue playing football at the highest level. During his schooling days, his parents had no clue about his playing football, as he knew that they would never encourage him to continue. It was only when he wanted to play for the state team and next for Fransa-Pax FC that his parents came to know about it. To his fortune, they let him play for the state team, |
{"datasets_id": 162051, "wiki_id": "Q5242660", "sp": 6, "sc": 505, "ep": 10, "ec": 229} | 162,051 | Q5242660 | 6 | 505 | 10 | 229 | Dawson Fernandes | Early career & Sporting Goa | and since then there has been no looking back.
Then he represented Salgaocar youth team through various championships, eventually representing his state at the U-19 national championship and was captain for the U-21 Goa side for the final of Dutta Trophy in 2009-10, which his team won thanks to a solitary goal from him, defeating hosts Haryana. Sporting Goa After spending 3 seasons at Salgaocar in the I-League, Fernandes signed for Sporting Goa also in the I-League. He made his debut for the club on 22 December 2011 against Dempo and he also scored in the match as Sporting lost 2–3. |
{"datasets_id": 162051, "wiki_id": "Q5242660", "sp": 10, "sc": 229, "ep": 18, "ec": 115} | 162,051 | Q5242660 | 10 | 229 | 18 | 115 | Dawson Fernandes | Sporting Goa & Salgaocar & International career | He then scored his second goal for the club on 1 February 2012 against Pune in the 91st minute in a match that ended with Sporting winning 4–2. In the next game against Chirag United Fernandes scored a double as Sporting came out 3–0 winners. He then scored another double on the last game of the season against HAL on 5 May 2012. Salgaocar On 31 May Fernandes rejoined Salgaocar signing a one-year deal after an impressive season with Sporting. International career On 5 August 2013,Dawson received his first call for India for an International Friendly match against Tajikistan on |
{"datasets_id": 162051, "wiki_id": "Q5242660", "sp": 18, "sc": 115, "ep": 18, "ec": 131} | 162,051 | Q5242660 | 18 | 115 | 18 | 131 | Dawson Fernandes | International career | 14 August 2013. |
{"datasets_id": 162052, "wiki_id": "Q5244329", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 39} | 162,052 | Q5244329 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 39 | De Corpore | Contents | De Corpore De Corpore ("On the Body") is a 1655 book by Thomas Hobbes. As its full Latin title Elementorum philosophiae sectio prima De corpore implies, it was part of a larger work, conceived as a trilogy. De Cive had already appeared, while De Homine would be published in 1658. Hobbes had in fact been drafting De Corpore for at least ten years before its appearance, putting it aside for other matters. This delay affected its reception: the approach taken seemed much less innovative than it would have done in the previous decade. Contents Although the chosen title would suggest |
{"datasets_id": 162052, "wiki_id": "Q5244329", "sp": 8, "sc": 39, "ep": 8, "ec": 645} | 162,052 | Q5244329 | 8 | 39 | 8 | 645 | De Corpore | Contents | a work of natural philosophy, De Corpore is largely devoted to foundational matters. It consists of four sections. Part I covers logic. Part II and Part III concern “abstract bodies”: the second part is a repertoire of scientific concepts, and the third of geometry. The Chapters 16 to 20 of Part III are in fact devoted to mathematics generally, in a reductive way, and proved controversial. They proposed a kinematic foundation for geometry, which Hobbes wished to equate with mathematics; geometry itself, that is, is a “science of motion”. Hobbes here adopts ideas from Galileo and Cavalieri. It is in |
{"datasets_id": 162052, "wiki_id": "Q5244329", "sp": 8, "sc": 645, "ep": 16, "ec": 151} | 162,052 | Q5244329 | 8 | 645 | 16 | 151 | De Corpore | Contents & Scope & Mathematical errors | Part IV, on natural phenomena, that there is discussion of physics as such. Scope Hobbes in De Corpore states that the subject of philosophy is devoted to "bodies". He clarifies this by division: in English translation, natural philosophy is concerned with concept of "natural body" (Latin: corpus naturale), while the bodies called commonwealths are the concern of "civil philosophy". He then applies "body" as synonymous with substance, breaking with the scholastic tradition. Mathematical errors Some proofs in the work being "botched", as Noel Malcolm puts it, De Corpore had a negative effect on Hobbes's scholarly reputation. The inclusion of a |
{"datasets_id": 162052, "wiki_id": "Q5244329", "sp": 16, "sc": 151, "ep": 20, "ec": 474} | 162,052 | Q5244329 | 16 | 151 | 20 | 474 | De Corpore | Mathematical errors & Editions and translations | claimed solution for squaring the circle, an apparent afterthought rather than a systematic development, led to an extended pamphlet war in the Hobbes-Wallis controversy Editions and translations Hobbes supervised an English translation of De Corpore, which was published in 1656. There were some changes, and a provocative appendix Six Lessons to the Professors of Mathematics was added. It has been claimed that the translation was vitiated by errors, undermining its usefulness as a guide to Hobbes's philosophy of language. A planned French translation was made, but never appeared, probably because of further revision plans. No revised edition appeared until 1668, |
{"datasets_id": 162052, "wiki_id": "Q5244329", "sp": 20, "sc": 474, "ep": 20, "ec": 1011} | 162,052 | Q5244329 | 20 | 474 | 20 | 1,011 | De Corpore | Editions and translations | when De Corpore was included in the Opera philosophica collection of Hobbes' works.
A modern translation of the first part of De Corpore is available: Thomas Hobbes, Computatio sive logica: Logic, Latin text, translation and commentary by Aloysius Martinich; edited, and with an introductory essay, by Isabel C. Hungerland and George R. Vick, New York: Abaris Books, 1981.
Critical edition of the Latin text: Thomas Hobbes, De Corpore, edited with Introduction and notes (in French) by Karl Schuhmann, Paris: Vrin, 1999. |
{"datasets_id": 162053, "wiki_id": "Q4166525", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 645} | 162,053 | Q4166525 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 645 | Deir Alla | Archaeology | Deir Alla Archaeology A series of Dutch excavations sponsored by the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research began in 1960, under the auspices of the department of theology, University of Leiden. These excavations continued for five seasons until 1967. The excavation made its most dramatic discovery in 1967, an ink wall inscription relating a hitherto-unknown prophecy of Balaam, who thereby becomes the first Old Testament prophet to be identified in an inscription.
At the end of the 1964 campaign, 11 clay tablets, 3 inscribed in a hitherto unknown possibly alphabetic script (Proto-Canaanite alphabet), 7 bearing only dots, and one |
{"datasets_id": 162053, "wiki_id": "Q4166525", "sp": 6, "sc": 645, "ep": 10, "ec": 550} | 162,053 | Q4166525 | 6 | 645 | 10 | 550 | Deir Alla | Archaeology & The Balaam inscription | uninscribed, were discovered. The Balaam inscription The 1967 excavation revealed a many-chambered structure that had also been destroyed by earthquake, during the Persian period at the site. On a wall was written a story relating visions of the seer of the gods "Balʿam son of Beʿor" (Balaam son of Beor), who may be the same Balʿam son of Beʿor mentioned in Numbers 22-24 and in other passages of the Bible. The Deir Alla Balaam is associated with "a god bearing the name Shgr, 'Shadday' gods and goddesses, and with the goddess Ashtar."
The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies describes it as |
{"datasets_id": 162053, "wiki_id": "Q4166525", "sp": 10, "sc": 550, "ep": 10, "ec": 910} | 162,053 | Q4166525 | 10 | 550 | 10 | 910 | Deir Alla | The Balaam inscription | "the oldest example of a book in a West Semitic language written with the alphabet, and the oldest piece of Aramaic literature." The Deir Alla Inscription is datable to ca. 840-760 BCE; it was painted in inks on fragments of a plastered wall: 119 pieces of inked plaster were recovered. The wall, near the summit of the tell, was felled by yet another tremor. |
{"datasets_id": 162054, "wiki_id": "Q5261796", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 437} | 162,054 | Q5261796 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 437 | Derek Beaven | Derek Beaven Derek Beaven (born 1947) is a British novelist. His first novel, Newton's Niece, won the Commonwealth Writers Prize for best first book, Europe and South Asia. His second book, Acts of Mutiny was shortlisted for the Guardian Fiction Prize and the Encore Award.
Beaven was born in South London. He studied at Ashlyns School, Hertfordshire. He read English at Oxford University.
He lives in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. |
|
{"datasets_id": 162055, "wiki_id": "Q5269190", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 210} | 162,055 | Q5269190 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 210 | Dhariala Kahoon | Location & Worship | Dhariala Kahoon Location It is one of the largest villages of the Kahoon Valley. Its neighbours include Dulmial and Tatral to the east, Dehri Sydan to the southeast, Arrar to the south, Maghal in the west, there are mountains situated on northern side of the village, with Surlah pass, which connects Kahoon Valley with City of Chakwal in Dhun area. Worship The main thing which differentiates this village from its neighbours is the number of mosques in it. It has 11 mosques in total, which is far more than the other village of the valley.The Darbar Situated there |
{"datasets_id": 162055, "wiki_id": "Q5269190", "sp": 10, "sc": 210, "ep": 14, "ec": 522} | 162,055 | Q5269190 | 10 | 210 | 14 | 522 | Dhariala Kahoon | Worship & Village information | Syed Madad Ali Shah, & ures Performed 10,11 Shaban every year. Village information Its adjacent jungles are famous for a tree called Phoolai, a fragrant tree, and richness of the deer species called Hurial. Also found in wildlife are partridges, Cicies and rabbits. Cement factories in the Kahoon Valley have begun to affect the environment and social set up as labourers from outside the area along with Afghan refugees have migrated to the area.
Dhariala Kahoon is known for its contribution to the Armed Forces, almost every house has at least one person serving in Armed Forces of the country. |
{"datasets_id": 162056, "wiki_id": "Q5273509", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 48} | 162,056 | Q5273509 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 48 | Dick Wadhams | Colorado GOP | Dick Wadhams Dick Wadhams (born 1955) is a Republican political consultant, known for his role in guiding John Thune to an upset victory over then United States Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle. He has additionally worked for former Virginia senator George Allen, former Colorado Senator Wayne Allard, former Colorado governor Bill Owens and former Montana senator Conrad Burns.
Wadhams is a longtime friend of Karl Rove. The two met during their days together in the College Republicans, and Slate Magazine and others speculated that Wadhams was Rove's heir apparent. Colorado GOP Wadhams was elected to the Chair of the Colorado |
{"datasets_id": 162056, "wiki_id": "Q5273509", "sp": 8, "sc": 48, "ep": 8, "ec": 652} | 162,056 | Q5273509 | 8 | 48 | 8 | 652 | Dick Wadhams | Colorado GOP | Republican Party in March 2007 hoping to stem the losses that party has suffered in the last two elections. In 2008, he was hired by Republican U.S. Senate candidate Bob Schaffer to help manage Schaffer's campaign, while continuing to Chair the Colorado Republican Party. He was reelected in 2009 by a strong majority, capturing 310 of the 366 votes cast.
When Dick Wadhams was elected, the Colorado Republican Party was trapped with serious debts from the 2002, 2004, and 2006 elections, totaling over $580,000. The Colorado Republican Party has since paid off all of its debts, mainly due to |
{"datasets_id": 162056, "wiki_id": "Q5273509", "sp": 8, "sc": 652, "ep": 8, "ec": 1323} | 162,056 | Q5273509 | 8 | 652 | 8 | 1,323 | Dick Wadhams | Colorado GOP | individual donations.
In November 2008, Bob Schaffer lost to Mark Udall in the campaign to replace Wayne Allard's seat in the United States Senate. In addition, Republican losses across Colorado were widespread, with Colorado voting to elect Barack Obama as President and the Democrats retaining power in both houses of the state legislature, although Republicans were able to add seats in the state legislature.
Dick Wadhams blames the losses on several obstacles including Barack Obama’s charisma, the unpopularity of President George W. Bush and the Wall Street crash, which was blamed on Republicans who had supported deregulation in the name of free |
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