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Barrie Examiner
History
Dunlop Street East. By 1909, there was a thriving competition among newspapers of the day; four weekly newspapers served the community with each presenting a different political viewpoint. In August 1914, two days before the First World War, a major fire changed the course of history at the Examiner. Although the fire caused extensive damage to the newspaper's building and equipment, MacLaren continued to publish with the help of the rival Saturday Morning weekly, owned by brothers Fred and William Walls. MacLaren set up an office in the basement of the Ross Block and used the composing room and press equipment
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Barrie Examiner
History
of the Saturday Morning to keep the paper coming out. Six months later, MacLaren and William Walls joined forces to publish The Barrie Examiner and Saturday Morning. Eventually, the paper's name was shortened, although the Examiner continued to publish the paper out of the Saturday Morning offices. The successful partnership lasted 25 years, until Wall's death in 1939. The next year, the Examiner bought its competitor, the Northern Advance. During the post-war years, Barrie started to boom, and the Examiner grew along with it. In 1948, the Examiner began publishing twice weekly and launched a busy commercial printing business. By 1952, the
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Barrie Examiner
History
paper had boosted production to three times a week — Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Over the years, the Examiner was often recognized as one of the finest weekly newspapers in the country: it is a six-time winner of the Mason Trophy, as the best all-round newspaper in Canada. In 1957, the Examiner was sold to Thomson Newspapers Limited. The company immediately embarked on an expansion and began building a modern commercial printing plant at its new location at 16 Bayfield Street. The downtown location served as the home of the Examiner for the next 43 years. The Examiner began publishing daily on
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Barrie Examiner
History
November 16, 1958. On July 28, 1995, the Examiner's top story was the sale of the newspaper to Hollinger Inc. controlled by well-known Canadian businessman Conrad Black. In December 1999, the Examiner moved its base of operations to 571 Bayfield Street North. On August 1, 2001, Osprey Media Group Inc., headed by Michael Sifton, the former president of Hollinger Canadian Newspapers, bought the Examiner. Osprey once published 32 newspapers across Ontario. On May 31, 2007, Osprey Media was acquired by Québecor Média for $517 million. This move welcomed the Examiner into Sun Media and created Canada's largest newspaper publishing enterprise. In 2015, Sun Media,
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Barrie Examiner
History & Shutdown
including the Examiner, was purchased by Postmedia. Shutdown The Barrie Examiner was one of several Postmedia newspapers purchased by Torstar in a transaction between the two companies which concluded on November 27, 2017. Following the acquisition, Torstar subsidiary Metroland Media Group announced the closure of the paper effective immediately.
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Barry Ryan (Catholic priest)
Biography
Barry Ryan (Catholic priest) Biography After his ordination in 1976, Ryan worked in parishes in Brooklyn, New York before enlisting as a chaplain in the U.S. Air Force in 1984. He was suspended from the priesthood in 1995 after allegations of improper sexual conduct while he had been stationed at Mobile, Alabama. Ryan was suspended from his priestly duties. Until the spring of 2003, he was a library media specialist at Martin County High School in Stuart, Florida, where he was named Teacher of the Year in 2001. He took a medical leave of absence in the wake of news reports
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Barry Ryan (Catholic priest)
Biography
that he might have been involved in improper sexual activity during his time as an Air Force chaplain. He was diagnosed around this time with reportedly terminal liver cancer. Shortly afterwards, between May and October 2003, he forced a six-year-old boy to perform oral sex upon him at the boy's family home in Long Island. In his written confession, Ryan said he received inpatient treatment for paedophilia, depression and alcoholism at Saint Luke Institute, a psychiatric hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland in 2004. Ryan attempted to commit suicide in 2007 by slitting his own throat. Shortly thereafter, he was ordered from
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Barry Ryan (Catholic priest)
Biography
the Missouri hospice in which he was residing to begin serving his two-year sentence in New York. Ryan currently resides in Palm City, Florida.
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Barthélemy Koffi Baugré
Barthélemy Koffi Baugré Barthélemy Koffi Baugré (born August 15, 1949) is an Ivorian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1970s. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, he was eliminated in the repechages of the K-2 1000 m event.
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder Bartholomeus de Momper (I) or Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder (Antwerp, 1553 – Antwerp, between 1595-1597) was a Flemish publisher, printer, draughtsman and art dealer. He was a member of de Momper family, a prominent family of landscape painters and printmakers, originally from Bruges, which had settled in Antwerp in the 16th century. Life Bartholomeus de Momper was born in 1553 in Antwerp as the son of Joos de Momper the Elder and Anna de Zuttere. His father was a painter and dealer in paintings and linen. The de Momper family was a family of
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
artists, originally from Bruges, which had settled in Antwerp in the early 16th century and became mainly known for publishing and landscape painting. Bartholomeus de Momper learned the painting and art dealing trade from his father. He was registered as a master painter in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in the Guild year 1554. When his father died in early 1559, he took over his business. He married Suzanna Halfroose on 16 November 1559. he couple had seven children of whom three girls and four boys. Their son Joos de Momper the Younger trained as a painter
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
with his father and became a prominent landscape painter. Bartholomeus de Momper was a member of the Antwerp mercer’s guild in 1562, which allowed him to deal in pigments. Bartholomeus de Momper was principally an art dealer and rented the Schilderij Pand der Borze (Painting house at the bourse) as well as well as the art stalls at the trade fair. The Schilderij Pand had been established in 1540. It was under the management of the Antwerp city government. It comprised 100 art stalls on the second floor of the bourse. It operated throughout the year in contrast to the art
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
stalls at the periodical trade fairs. Art dealers could rent the stalls to sell paintings. On 21 February 1565, Bartholomeus de Momper entered with the city government into an agreement for the lease of the Schilderij Pand der Borze. The term of the lease was three years and the rent was particularly high at 1,848 guilders per year. It was the highest annual rent ever paid for the lease. Bartholomeus de Momper's business suffered terribly as a result of the Sack of Antwerp. On 4 November 1576, mutinying Spanish tercios of the Army of Flanders began the sack of Antwerp,
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Low Countries. Some 7,000 lives and a great deal of property were lost. The savagery of the sack led the provinces of the Low Countries to unite against the Spanish crown. The devastation also caused Antwerp's decline as the leading city in the region and paved the way for Amsterdam's rise. This rampage of Spanish soldiers in Antwerp caused significant financial loss to Bartholomeus de Momper. All his art stalls were sacked and his residence was plundered.
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
As the tenant of the Schilderij Pand which he leased from the city government, Bartholomeus de Momper petitioned for a waiver of the rental payments on the ground that he was unable to operate his business for a while. The city magistrate only agreed to grant a waiver of the rental payment for half a year and instructed de Momper to ensure that his sub-lessees would return to operate their business in the Schilderij Pand. Bartholomeus de Momper resumed trade at seven art stalls in January 1577. Not long after, a new threat arose in Antwerp when German soldiers
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life
started to plunder the city and broke into the exchange where they pillaged all they could lay their hands on. After the Fall of Antwerp in 1585 de Momper had difficulty finding tenants for the stalls in the Schilderij Pand, but not because the art trade was in decline. The reason was that art dealers were running their trade on a lower floor of the bourse where they could display their paintings without having to rent the more expensive stalls in the Schilderij Pand from de Momper. Bartholomeus de Momper became deacon of the Guild of St Luke in 1581.
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Life & Activity
In 1582, he entered into an agreement with Volcxken Diericx, a Flemish printmaker and publisher and the widow of Hieronymus Cock. Under the agreement Diericx would supply de Momper with loose and bound prints and maps from her stock for him to sell on her behalf for a commission. Among the works de Momper received from Dierix were 51 copies of two books of landscape prints, a genre apparently popular at the time. Bartholomeus de Momper died in Antwerp between 1595 and 1597. Activity Bartholomeus de Momper trained as a painter and draughtsman and was also an engraver, but appears to
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Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder
Activity
have been mainly a publisher and dealer of prints. He published works engraved by leading engravers of his time such as Hans Bol, Pieter van der Borcht the Elder, Frans Hogenberg and Frans Huys. The works included reproductions of paintings of Flemish artists, as well as genre scenes, topographical views and historical subjects.
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Barton, North Yorkshire
History
Barton, North Yorkshire History The village is recorded as Bartun in the Domesday Book. At the time of the Norman invasion the manor was split between Earl Edwin and Ulf. Afterwards it was granted to Count Alan of Brittany. In turn he granted the manor to Godric, the steward. The manor was split, unified and then split again during the 13th century. At the time of Henry III, the manor was following the descent of Richmond. In 1227, part of the lands were granted to Richard of Cornwall and then to Peter de Brus, lord of Skelton. The manor was
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Barton, North Yorkshire
History
further split into mesne lordships, of which Roald of Richmond held one in 1286 and which then followed the descent of the Scropes of Bolton. Other parts of the manor were granted to William de Lancaster around 1235. By 1330 the lands had passed to the Mowbray family. When their direct descent ended in 1391, the manor was passed to the Ingleby's of Ripley. In 1579 this line too ended and the land passed to John Ward whose descendants via marriages included the Dodsworth and Killinghall families until 1762. The second part of the manor was passed to John de
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Barton, North Yorkshire
History & Governance
Huddleston around 1316. These eventually passed to the descendants of the manors of Barforth and Cleasby. The remaining mesne lordship was held Raplh, son of Ranulph of Richmond in 1268 and passed eventually to the Wandesford family and finally to the Dodsworths The etymology of the name of the village is derived from the Old English phrase bere-tūn, initially meaning barley farm, but later came to mean a demesne farm or outlying grange. Governance The village lies within the Richmond UK Parliament constituency. It also lies within the Richmondshire North electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Barton ward
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Barton, North Yorkshire
Governance & Geography
of Richmondshire District Council. An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north-east to Cleasby with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 1,224. Geography The village lies 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the old Roman road of Dere Street. The village of Newton Morrell is the closest to Barton at just 0.77 miles (1.24 km) to the north-east and Stapleton 2 miles (3.2 km) northward. Other settlements that are close by include Melsonby 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west, Middleton Tyas 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the south and Aldbrough St John 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to the
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Barton, North Yorkshire
Geography & 2001 census & 2011 census
north-west. Barton Beck flows north through the centre of the village creating a ford across Mary Gate. It joins Clow Beck on the north side of the nearby A1(M) and is part of the tributary system of the River Tees. 2001 census The 2001 UK census showed that the population was split 47.8% male to 52.2% female. The religious constituency was made of 83.1% Christian, 0.3% Jewish, 0.6% Muslim and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 98.9% White British, 0.5% Mixed ethnic and 0.7% White other. There were 376 dwellings. 2011 census
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Barton, North Yorkshire
2011 census & Community and culture
The 2011 UK census showed that the population was split 48.4% male to 51.6% female. The religious constituency was made of 77.3% Christian, 0.1% Muslim and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 98% White British, 0.1% Mixed ethnic, 0.1% British Asian, 0.1% British Black and 1% each White Other. There were 386 dwellings. Community and culture Education in the village is provided by Barton CE Primary School. Pupils would then receive secondary education at Richmond School and Sixth Form College. There is a public house and a local village store incorporating a
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Barton, North Yorkshire
Community and culture & Religion
post office. The village is home to Barton Cricket Club who play at the playing fields on Church Lane. They compete in the Darlington and District League. In 2007, the then Barton Cricket Club wicket-keeper, David Morrison, was featured in an article in the Daily Mail national newspaper, when he reluctantly had to visit hospital after an injury during a match which revealed he had been playing for years with broken bones in every finger and thumb. Religion There is a Church of England church dedicated to St Cuthbert and St Mary in the village, located on Church Lane. The
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Barton, North Yorkshire
Religion
Grade II listed building dates from 1840 when the two parishes of both the named Saints were brought together due to the ruinous state of both buildings. There is also a Methodist Chapel located in Church Row that was built in 1829 and repaired in 1878.
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Barton Thompson
Barton Thompson Barton "Buzz" Thompson is an American lawyer and academic who focuses on climate, ecosystem services and conservation, freshwater, oceans and sustainable development. Thompson is currently the Robert E. Paradise Professor in Natural Resources Law at Stanford University.
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Bases Loaded '96: Double Header
Reception
Bases Loaded '96: Double Header Reception Next Generation's brief review of the PlayStation version stated, "Jaleco's long-running baseball series ran out of steam long ago, and this totally disappointing 32-bit incarnation is a perfect reason to let it die." They scored both it and the Saturn version one out of five stars.
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Basilissopsis watsoni
Distribution
Basilissopsis watsoni Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores.
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Batesville Regional Airport
Facilities and aircraft
Batesville Regional Airport Facilities and aircraft Batesville Regional Airport covers an area of 398 acres (161 ha) at an elevation of 465 feet (142 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 8/26 is 6,002 by 150 feet (1,829 x 46 m) and 18/36 is 2,804 by 60 feet (855 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2008, the airport had 35,000 aircraft operations, an average of 95 per day: 86% general aviation, 9% air taxi, and 6% military. At that time there were 53 aircraft based at this airport: 77% single-engine, 21% multi-engine and
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Batesville Regional Airport
Facilities and aircraft
2% jet.
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Bathybius haeckelii
Bathybius haeckelii Bathybius haeckelii was a substance that British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley discovered and initially believed to be a form of primordial matter, a source of all organic life. He later admitted his mistake when it proved to be just the product of an inorganic chemical process (precipitation). In 1868 Huxley studied an old sample of mud from the Atlantic seafloor taken in 1857. When he first examined it, he had found only protozoan cells and placed the sample into a jar of alcohol to preserve it. Now he noticed that the sample contained an albuminous slime that appeared
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Bathybius haeckelii
to be criss-crossed with veins. Huxley thought he had discovered a new organic substance and named it Bathybius haeckelii, in honor of German biologist Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel had theorized about Urschleim ("primordial slime"), a protoplasm from which all life had originated. Huxley thought Bathybius could be that protoplasm, a missing link (in modern terms) between inorganic matter and organic life. Huxley published a description of Bathybius that year and also wrote to Haeckel to tell him about it. Haeckel was impressed and flattered and procured a sample for himself. In the next edition of his textbook The History of Creation Haeckel suggested
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that the substance was constantly coming into being at the bottom of the sea, "monera" arising from nonliving matter due to "physicochemical causes." Huxley asserted in a speech given to the Royal Geographic Society in 1870 that Bathybius undoubtedly formed a continuous mat of living protoplasm that covered the whole ocean floor for thousands of square miles, probably a continuous sheet around the Earth. Sir Charles Wyville Thomson examined some samples in 1869 and regarded them as analogous to mycelium; "no trace of differentiation of organs", "an amorphous sheet of a protein compound, irritable to a low degree and capable of
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Bathybius haeckelii
assimilating food... a diffused formless protoplasm." Other scientists were less enthusiastic. George Charles Wallich claimed that Bathybius was a product of chemical disintegration. In 1872 the Challenger expedition began; it spent three years studying the oceans. The expedition also took soundings at 361 ocean stations. They did not find any sign of Bathybius, despite the claim that it was a nearly universal substance. In 1875 ship's chemist John Young Buchanan analyzed a substance that looked like Bathybius from an earlier collected sample. He noticed that it was a precipitate of calcium sulfate from the seawater that had reacted with the preservative liquid
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(alcohol), forming a gelatinous ooze which clung to particles as if ingesting them. Buchanan suspected that all the Bathybius samples had been prepared the same way and notified Sir Thomson, now the leader of the expedition. Thomson sent a polite letter to Huxley and told about the discovery. Huxley realized that he had been too eager and made a mistake. He published part of the letter in Nature and recanted his previous views. Later, during the 1879 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he stated that he was ultimately responsible for spreading the theory and convincing others.
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Most biologists accepted this acknowledgement of error. Haeckel, however, did not want to abandon the idea of Bathybius because it was so close to proof of his own theories about Urschleim. He claimed without foundation that Bathybius "had been observed" in the Atlantic. Haeckel drew a series of pictures of the evolution of his Urschleim, supposedly based on observations. He continued to support this position until 1883. Huxley's rival George Charles Wallich claimed that Huxley had committed deliberate fraud and also accused Haeckel of falsifying data. Other opponents of evolution, including George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, tried to use the
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case as an argument against evolution. The entire affair was a blow to the evolutionary cause, who had posited it as their long-sought evolutionary origin of life from nonliving chemistry by natural processes, without the necessity of divine intervention. In retrospect, their error was in dismissing the necessary role of photosynthesis in supporting the entire food chain of life; and the corresponding requirement for sunlight, abundant at the surface, but absent on the ocean floor.
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Bato, Bato
Background
Bato, Bato Background This album marked the end of cooperation with their former manager, Milutin Popović Zachar, and the beginning of the golden career period of Lepa Brena, with new manager Raka Đokić. Lepa Brena, for the promotion of the new album, was once again trained in acting, along with Nikola Simić, in the film Nema problema. The film and the new album "Bato, Bato" have been incredible success. The film, like a most watched, won the Oscars of Popularity that year. The album was sold in 1,100,000 copies, and thus became the best-selling album ever in the history of
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Bato, Bato
Background & Title
Yugoslavia. At the signing of the album in Belgrade, over 5,000 people came, and this caused huge crowds and traffic jam. Thanks to this album, Brena came to the top of the most popular singers in Yugoslavia, becoming a mega star in Romania and Bulgaria. In Timisoara, Romania, on August 10, 1985, 65,000 people performed at the Stadionul Dan Păltinișanu. Title The album name comes from a male nickname, Bato, very common in former Yugoslavia. Although there is also an English version of this name (also Bato), which means 'son of the farmer'. It is a form of the name
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Bato, Bato
Title
Bartholomew.
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Q4034902
2
0
14
44
Batozonellus lacerticida
Description & Biology & Distribution
Batozonellus lacerticida Description Batozonellus lacerticida can reach a length of about 14 millimetres (0.55 in). These spider hunting wasps have a mainly black body, with yellow markings on the abdomen. Wings are orange, with a brownish band on the tips of the forewings. Biology This species hunts large orb weaver spiders (Araneidae family), mainly Argiope bruennichii, Argiope lobata, Araneus angulatus and Araneus ventricosus. The wasps paralyze these spiders with their poisonous stings and drag them into their underground nests. Then they lay an egg into the abdomen of their prey. Distribution This species can be found in most of Europe.
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713
Q4869846
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652
Battery Garesche
History
Battery Garesche History It was constructed in late 1861 to control the high ground over Fort Reynolds, 200 yards (180 m) to the southeast, and to protect it from Confederate attack from positions on Seminary Ridge. It had a perimeter of 166 yards (152 m) and emplacements for 9 guns. Although located in Virginia, a Confederate state, this was part of the area near Washington that was never controlled by Confederate forces. The battery no longer exists and is now noted only with a historical marker. Another Battery Garesché commemorated the deceased lieutenant colonel much later at Fort Williams, in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It was
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713
Q4869846
6
652
6
857
Battery Garesche
History
a concrete shore battery which contained two disappearing 6-inch (155 mm) guns. Built in 1906, its armed existence was brief, as its guns were removed for use on the Western Front in World War I.
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714
Q1172504
2
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6
622
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Background
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918) Background Despite the revolution in Russia, fortune seemed to favor the Allies with the arrival of the Americans to France. However, these troops needed time to train before they could be combat effective. Recognizing the window of opportunity, General Ludendorff consolidated the manpower freed up from the Eastern Front to conduct Operation Michael in order to split the Allies' lines. The successes of the German Stormtroopers infiltration tactics earned Germany approximately 40 miles of territory. But the offensive lost momentum when it surpassed its supply lines. In 1918, American General Pershing refused to hand
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714
Q1172504
6
622
6
1,270
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Background
over the new American divisions to either the British or French armies, insisting on keeping them together as one army. The exception was the regular Army Buffalo Soldiers who did not participate with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I because they were "Black" or "Colored" (African American) led by mainly white officers. Their experienced colored non-commissioned officers(NCOs) were often provided to other segregated Black volunteer units for combat service — such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. The soldiers of the 92nd and the 93rd infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France. The four regiments
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714
Q1172504
6
1,270
10
308
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Background & Prelude
of the 93rd fought only under French command for the duration of the war. But in the face of the success of the German onslaught, Pershing relented and sent a portion of his army to assist the French in blocking the German advance in May 1918. Prelude Looking to defeat the British occupied in Flanders, Ludendorff sought to divert the Allies' French reserves away from the region. In his Operation Blucher, Ludendorff aimed some of his forces at the Chemin des Dames and took the French Sixth Army by surprise. Driving on, the Germans were soon at the Marne
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714
Q1172504
10
308
10
920
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Prelude
River, situated under 50 miles from Paris. With Marshal Ferdinand Foch unable to acquire British assistance, General Pershing's chief of operation, Colonel Fox Conner, recognized the gravity of the situation and ordered the 3rd Division to block them. The 3rd Division occupied the main bridge on the south bank of the Marne River that led in Chateau Thierry on May 31, 1918 as the French 10th Colonial Division rendezvoused with them from the north bank. The Americans positioned their machine guns to cover the French retreat, and had a unit led by Lt John Bissell situated north of the second bridge.
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714
Q1172504
10
920
10
1,526
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Prelude
The French spent the night adding explosives to the bridges to destroy them. Early the following morning, on June 1, the Germans advanced into Chateau Thierry from the north, forcing the French to the main bridge, which they defended with the support of American machine-gun fire. The French succeeded in destroying the bridge as the Americans kept up their fire on the Germans. Lt. Bissell's group was still on the north side of the Marne. They worked their way back to the secondary bridge in-between American machine-gun fire and made it across, along with a group of Germans that were captured
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714
Q1172504
10
1,526
14
355
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Prelude & Counter-Offensive action
shortly afterwards. From the north of the Marne on June 2, the Germans engaged in heavy artillery and sniper fire against the Allies. They made an attempt to take the remaining bridge but were forced to end the assault as the casualties rose. Counter-Offensive action On the morning of 18 July 1918, the combined French (some of them colonial) and American forces between Fontenoy and Château-Thierry launched a general counter-assault under the overall direction of Allied généralissime Ferdinand Foch against the German positions. This assault on a 40 km (25 mi) wide front was the first in over a year. The American army
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714
Q1172504
14
355
18
60
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Counter-Offensive action & Memorials
played a role fighting for the regions around Soissons and Château-Thierry, in collaboration with predominantly French forces. The allied forces had managed to keep their plans a secret, and their attack at 04:45 took the Germans by surprise when the troops went "Over the Top" without a preparatory artillery bombardment, but instead followed closely behind a rolling barrage which began with great synchronized precision. Eventually, the two opposing assaults (lines) inter-penetrated and individual American units exercised initiative and continued fighting despite being nominally behind enemy lines. Memorials After World War I, a memorial was built on Hill 204, 2 miles
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714
Q1172504
18
60
18
676
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Memorials
(3 km.) west of the town for which it is named. The Château-Thierry Monument, designed by Paul P. Cret of Philadelphia, was constructed by the American Battle Monuments Commission "to commemorate the sacrifices and achievements of American and French fighting men in the region, and the friendship and cooperation of French and American forces during World War I." There is also a monument in front of the Bronx County Courthouse in New York City that was presented by the American Legion on November 11, 1940. The monument consists of the "Keystone from an arch of the old bridge at Chateau Thierry," which
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714
Q1172504
18
676
18
1,111
Battle of Château-Thierry (1918)
Memorials
the monument notes was "Gloriously and successfully defended by American troops." The first Filipino to die in World War I was Private Tomas Mateo Claudio who served with the U.S. Army as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918. The Tomas Claudio Memorial College in Morong Rizal, Philippines, which was founded in 1950, was named in his honor.
{"datasets_id": 715, "wiki_id": "Q515561", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 584}
715
Q515561
2
0
6
584
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Significance
Battle of Hafrsfjord Significance Although most scholars currently tend to regard the unification as a process lasting centuries, rather than being the result of a single battle, the Battle of Hafrsfjord ranks high in the popular imagination of Norway. It was the conclusion of King Harald I of Norway's declaration to become the sole ruler of Norway. This battle may well have been the largest in Norway up to that time and for a substantial time afterward. It was formerly believed that this battle was the decisive event in the unification of Norway. According to Snorri's saga, King Harald controlled large
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715
Q515561
6
584
10
31
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Significance & Chronology
parts of Norway's southeast portion before the battle; but other sources claim that the eastern portion of Norway was under the Danish king. The Battle of Hafrsfjord marks the final crushing of opposition from Norway's southwestern portion (primarily Rogaland, but also chieftains from the Sognefjord area). This made it possible for King Harald to subdue the country and collect taxes from a large part of it. Later historiography regarded him as the first legitimate King of Norway. Many of the defeated who would not submit to Harald's rule emigrated to Iceland (q.v.). Chronology The exact year of the battle is
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715
Q515561
10
31
10
638
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Chronology
unknown, but is generally considered to have taken place between 870 and 900. This uncertainty is due to lack of sources, and partly because the Christian calendar was not introduced at the time. The sagas follow the convention of counting the number of winters passed since an event. A traditional date of the event, the year 872, is a 19th-century estimate. In the 1830s, the historian Rudolf Keyser counted the number of years backwards from the Battle of Svolder as recorded in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla, dating the battle to 872. Keyser's chronology was popularized by the works of the
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715
Q515561
10
638
10
1,257
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Chronology
historian P. A. Munch, and by that time still unchallenged, this year was chosen for the millennial celebration of the unification of the Norwegian state in 1872. In the 1920s, using similar methods as Keyser but highly critical to the reliability of the sagas, the historian Halvdan Koht dated the battle to about 900. For the next fifty years, this chronology was regarded by most scholars as being most likely. In the 1970s, the Icelandic historian Ólafia Einarsdóttir concluded that the battle took place somewhere between 870 and 875. However still disputed, most scholars will agree that the battle took
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715
Q515561
10
1,257
14
251
Battle of Hafrsfjord
Chronology & Memorials
place during the 880s. Memorials The national monument of Haraldshaugen was raised in 1872 to commemorate the Battle of Hafrsfjord. In 1983, the monument and landmark The Swords in the Rock (Sverd i fjell) was designed by Fritz Røed and raised at Hafrsfjord in memory of the battle.
{"datasets_id": 716, "wiki_id": "Q4871209", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 163}
716
Q4871209
2
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10
163
Battle of Heptonstall
Background & Battle
Battle of Heptonstall Background By August 1643, the First English Civil War had been going on for a year. The north of England was predominantly under Royalist control after significant victories at the battles of Seacroft Moor and Adwalton Moor. However, they were embedded in a siege of Hull which they finally lifted in October without success, and were also defeated at Winceby in Lincolnshire, letting the Parliamentarians re-establish their presence in the north. Battle The village of Heptonstall in Yorkshire (now West Yorkshire), 6.6 miles (10.6 km) west-northwest of Halifax, was held by a Parliamentarian force of around 800 men.
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716
Q4871209
10
163
10
750
Battle of Heptonstall
Battle
It was situated atop a steep hill above Hebden Bridge. A Royalist army out of Halifax, numbering about the same, set out to attack the village under the command of Sir Francis Mackworth. It assembled at Hebden Bridge, a humpback bridge over the River Hebden, which at the time was a swollen torrent after heavy rain. Inside the village, the Parliamentarian garrison was led by Colonel Bradshaw, who knew the local terrain, and had set a number of traps which could be triggered if they came under attack. Using the advantage of the hill, he had placed several boulders above the
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716
Q4871209
10
750
10
1,374
Battle of Heptonstall
Battle
winding track which led from the bridge up to the village. When lookouts posted in the church tower in Heptonstall saw the Royalists slowing climbing the 500-foot (150 m) hill, the rocks were released, and a volley of muskets fired. The attackers were routed: men were knocked over off the ridged path, trampled by panicked horses and drowned in the violent river. Most of the remaining Royalists retreated, chased by the garrisoned army and "villagers armed with halberds and pitch-forks". The Parliamentarians chased the Royalists as far as Luddenden, roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) away, and succeeded in capturing some of the
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716
Q4871209
10
1,374
14
236
Battle of Heptonstall
Battle & Aftermath
attackers, initially locking them in the church, before moving them to Rochdale. Aftermath At some point in the subsequent two months, the Parliamentarian garrison evacuated the village, moving to Burnley and Colne, and as a result when Mackworth returned in January 1644, he was able to capture the village with no resistance.
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717
Q154426
2
0
6
613
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Overview
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt Overview The battles began when elements of Napoleon's main force encountered Hohenlohe's troops near Jena. Initially only 48,000 strong, the Emperor took advantage of his carefully-planned and flexible dispositions to rapidly build up a superior force of 96,000 men. The Prussians were slow to grasp the situation, and slower still to react. Before Ruchel's 15,000 men could arrive from Weimar, Hohenlohe's force of 38,000 was routed, with 10,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 captured. Nevertheless, it was a fierce battle, with 5,000 French losses, and Napoleon mistakenly believed that he had faced the main body of the
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717
Q154426
6
613
6
1,277
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Overview
Prussian army. Further north at Auerstedt, both Davout and Bernadotte received orders to come to Napoleon's aid. Davout attempted to comply via Eckartsberga, Bernadotte via Dornburg. Davout's route south, however, was blocked by the Prussian main force of 60,500 men, including the Prussian King, the Duke of Brunswick and Field Marshals von Möllendorf and von Kalckreuth. A savage battle ensued. Although outnumbered two to one, Davout's superbly trained and disciplined III Corps endured repeated attacks before it eventually took the offensive and put the Prussians to flight. Though in sight of the battle, Bernadotte took no steps to come to Davout's
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717
Q154426
6
1,277
10
575
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Overview & Plan
aid for which he was later censured by Napoleon. Plan The Prussian army was divided into three armies drawn from across Prussia. Prussia's main weakness in 1806 was its senior command structure, which included command positions being held by multiple officers. One such example is the position of Chief of Staff, held by three different officers: General Phull, Colonel Gerhard von Scharnhorst and Colonel Rudolf Massenbach. The confusing system led to delays and complexities that resulted in over a month's delay before the final order of battle was prepared. Another obstacle facing the Prussians was the creation of a unified
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717
Q154426
10
575
10
1,247
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Plan
plan of battle. Five main plans emerged for discussion; however, protracted planning and deliberating shifted the initiative to the French. Thus, the Prussian plans became mere reactions to Napoleon's movements. Although Prussia had begun its mobilization almost a month before France, Napoleon had kept a high state of readiness after the Russian refusal to accept defeat after the War of the Third Coalition. Napoleon conceived a plan to force Prussia into a decisive battle, like Austerlitz, and pre-empt the Prussian offensive. Napoleon had a major portion of his Grande Armée in position in present-day Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany and thus decided
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717
Q154426
10
1,247
14
533
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Plan & Battle of Jena
on a northeast advance into Saxony and on to Berlin. Battle of Jena The battle commenced on the morning of 14 October 1806, on the grassy fields near Jena. The first movements of the French Army were attacks on either flank of the Prussian lines. That gave the supporting armies (making up the central attack) time to get into position. The skirmishes had little decisive success, save for a breakthrough by the French General Saint-Hilaire, who attacked and isolated the Prussian left flank. At that time, Marshal Michel Ney had completed his maneuvers and had taken up position as ordered by
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717
Q154426
14
533
14
1,179
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Jena
Napoleon. However, once in position, Ney decided to attack the Prussian line despite having no orders to do so, a move that proved to be almost disastrous. Ney's initial assault was a success, but he found himself overextended and under heavy fire from Prussian artillery. Recognizing the distressed salient, the Prussian general ordered a counterattack and enveloped Ney's forces; Ney formed them into a square to protect all their flanks. Napoleon recognized Ney's situation and ordered Marshal Jean Lannes to shift from the centre of attack to help Ney. That action left the French centre weak. However, Napoleon deployed the Imperial
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717
Q154426
14
1,179
14
1,785
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Jena
Guard to hold the French center until Ney could be rescued. That adaptability was one of Napoleon's greatest strengths. He kept the Imperial Guard under his direct command and could order them to take positions depending on the situation that the battle presented him. The rescue worked, and Ney's units were able to retreat from the battle. Although the French were then in a troubling situation, the Prussian commanders did not take the initiative to push at the French weaknesses. That was later considered to have been their undoing. The inactivity of the Prussian infantry left them open to artillery
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717
Q154426
14
1,785
14
2,368
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Jena
and light infantry fire. One Prussian general later wrote that "the area around the entrance of the village was the scene of the most terrible blood-letting and slaughter". It was at that time, around 1 p.m., that Napoleon decided to make the decisive move. He ordered his flanks to push hard and try to break through the Prussian flanks and encircle the main center army while the French center attempted to crush the Prussian centre. The attacks on the flanks proved to be a success and caused many of the Prussian divisions on the flanks to flee the battlefield. With its
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717
Q154426
14
2,368
18
351
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Jena & Battle of Auerstedt
flanks broken, the Prussian army was forced to withdraw and Napoleon had won another battle. In total the Prussian army lost 10,000 men killed or wounded, had 15,000 prisoners of war taken as well as 150 guns. Battle of Auerstedt General Étienne Gudin's Division were on the move from Naumburg before 6:30 a.m. By 7 a.m. the 1st Chasseurs were stopped cold in their tracks outside of Poppel by Prussian cavalry and artillery. There was a heavy fog, which had lifted just as they approached the village. Once Davout became aware of the Prussian force, he ordered Gudin to deploy his
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717
Q154426
18
351
18
980
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Auerstedt
force at Hassenhausen. The Prussian commander on the field was Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau. His division was actually under orders to proceed down the very road that Davout was on, to block his advance in the Kösen Pass. While Schmettau's troops were deploying to attack Hassenhausen, Blücher arrived with his cavalry and deployed on his left. Together, they attacked Gudin's troops and pushed them back to the village. Wartensleben arrived at 8:30 a.m. with the Duke of Brunswick, who ordered his infantry to the left flank and his cavalry to the right. The rest of the French cavalry arrived at 9 a.m.
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717
Q154426
18
980
18
1,625
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Auerstedt
and was placed on Gudin's left. General Louis Friant's Division and the 12-pound artillery arrived at 9:30 a.m. and moved in squares on Gudin's right. The advance of the French squares forced Blücher's cavalry back. Seeing no other option available he ordered his cavalry to attack. At that very moment, two of Wartensleben's regiments attacked Hassenhausen. Everything failed: three Prussian cavalry regiments were routed and the infantry fell back. At this critical point, the Duke needed to take drastic action. Shortly before 10 a.m., he ordered a full assault on Hassenhausen. By 10 a.m., the Duke of Brunswick was carried from the
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717
Q154426
18
1,625
18
2,227
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Auerstedt
field mortally wounded along with Schmettau who was also badly wounded. With the loss of both commanders, the Prussian command broke down. The Prussian army was in danger of collapse. Oswald's infantry and the Prince of Orange, the later William I of the Netherlands, arrived about 10:30 a.m., and the King made his only decision of the day: to split Orange's command in two, half to each flank. On the French side, Morand's Division arrived and was sent to secure Gudin's left. Davout could now see that the Prussians were wavering and so at 11 a.m. he ordered his infantry to counter-attack.
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717
Q154426
18
2,227
22
293
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Battle of Auerstedt & Aftermath
By noon Schmettau's center was broken and forced back over the Lissbach Stream, Blücher's cavalry was blown, and Wartensleben was trying to reposition his troops. The Prussians realized all was now lost and the King ordered a withdrawal. Davout's corps had lost 7,052 officers and men killed or wounded, while Prussian casualties were 13,000. Aftermath Napoleon initially did not believe that Davout's single Corps had defeated the Prussian main body unaided and responded to the first report by saying "Your Marshal must be seeing double!", a reference to Davout's poor eyesight. As matters became clearer, however, the Emperor was unstinting in
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717
Q154426
22
293
22
926
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Aftermath
his praise. Bernadotte was severely censured and was nearly dismissed despite being within earshot of Auerstedt and within marching distance of Jena, having received contradictory orders in the night and failing to take the initiative; he did not participate in either battle. Davout was made Duke of Auerstedt. Lannes, the hero of Jena, was not so honored. On the Prussian side, Brunswick was mortally wounded at Auerstedt, and over the next few days, the remaining forces were unable to mount any serious resistance to Murat's ruthless cavalry pursuit. In the Capitulation of Erfurt on 16 October, a large body of Prussian
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717
Q154426
22
926
22
1,548
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Aftermath
troops became prisoners with hardly a shot being fired. Bernadotte crushed Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg's Prussian Reserve Army on the 17th in the Battle of Halle, partially redeeming himself in Napoleon's eyes. Davout led his exhausted III Corps into Berlin on 25 October. Hohenlohe's force surrendered on 28 October after the Battle of Prenzlau, followed soon after by the Capitulation of Pasewalk. The French ran down and captured several small Prussian columns at Boldekow on 30 October, Anklam on 1 November, Wolgast on 3 November, and Wismar on 5 November. At the conclusion of the famous "Pursuit of
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717
Q154426
22
1,548
22
2,160
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Aftermath
the Three Marshals (Bernadotte, Murat and Soult)", the corps of Blücher and Winning were surrounded and destroyed at the Battle of Lübeck on 6 and 7 November. The Siege of Magdeburg ended on 11 November with Ney's capture of the fortress. Isolated Prussian resistance remained, but Napoleon's primary foe was now Russia, and the Battle of Eylau and the Battle of Friedland awaited. Martin van Creveld has stated about the effects on command: Thus Napoleon at Jena had known nothing about the main action that took place on that day; had forgotten all about two of his corps; did not issue orders
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717
Q154426
22
2,160
26
237
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Aftermath & Influence
to a third, and possibly a fourth; was taken by surprise by the action of a fifth; and, to cap it all, had one of his principal subordinates display the kind of disobedience that would have brought a lesser mortal before a firing squad. Despite all these faults in command, Napoleon won what was probably the great single triumph in his career. Influence The battle proved most influential in demonstrating the need for reforms in what was a very much feudal Prussian state and army. Important Prussian reformers like Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Clausewitz served at the battle. Their reforms,
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717
Q154426
26
237
26
889
Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Influence
together with civilian reforms instituted over the following years, began Prussia's transformation into a modern state, which took the forefront in expelling France from Germany and eventually assumed a leading role on the continent. The German philosopher Hegel, who was then a professor at the University of Jena, is said to have completed his chef d'œuvre, the Phenomenology of Spirit, while the battle raged. Hegel considered this battle to be "the end of the history", in terms of evolution of human societies towards what would be called the "universal homogeneous state" Napoleon built a bridge in Paris which he named after the
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26
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Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
Influence
battle. When he was defeated, the Prussian contingent of the allied forces of occupation was so incensed by its name that they wished to destroy the bridge. Talleyrand temporarily renamed the bridge after the French Grand Army, which dissuaded them from doing so. The station of the Paris Metro at the bridge has the same name.
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Battle of Jenin
Background
Battle of Jenin Background The Jenin refugee camp was established in 1953 within Jenin's municipal boundaries on land that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) leased from the government of Jordan, who at the time occupied the West Bank until 1967. Covering an area of 0.423 square kilometers, in 2002, it was home to 13,055 UNRWA registered Palestinian refugees. Most of the camp's residents originally hail from the Carmel mountains and region of Haifa, and many maintain close ties with their relatives inside the Green Line. Other camp residents include Palestinians from Gaza and Tulkarm who moved into
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718
Q4871330
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594
6
1,216
Battle of Jenin
Background
the area in the late 1970s, and those who came from Jordan after the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA) with the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993. Israel considered the influence of Islamist organizations in the camp to be relatively mild, compared to other camps.} Organizational affiliations in the camp differed from those of the city, in that they were based mostly on who could provide financial support, rather than on ideology. Camp militants repelled attempts by PA seniors to exercise authority in the camp. In a February 2002 show of force, residents burned seven vehicles that were sent
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6
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Battle of Jenin
Background
by the governor of Jenin and opened fire on the PA men. Ata Abu Rumeileh was designated the chief security officer of the camp by its residents. He oversaw access to the entrances to the camp, instituted roadblocks, investigated "suspicious characters" and kept unwanted strangers away. Known to Palestinians as "the martyrs' capital", the camp's militants, some 200 armed men, included members of Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Tanzim, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and Hamas. By Israel's count, at least 28 suicide bombers were dispatched from the Jenin camp from 2000 to 2003 during the Second Intifada. One of the key planners for
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718
Q4871330
6
1,856
6
2,515
Battle of Jenin
Background
several of the attacks was Mahmoud Tawalbe, who worked in a record store while also heading the local PIJ cell. Israeli army weekly Bamahane attributes at least 31 militant attacks, totaling 124 victims, to Jenin during the same period, more than any other city in the West Bank. Prior to the undertaking of the Israeli operation the IDF Spokesman attributed 23 suicide bombings and 6 attempted bombings against civilians in Israel to Palestinians from Jenin. Major attacks and suicide bombings perpetrated by Palestinian militant groups from Jenin included the Matza restaurant suicide bombing, a Palestinian suicide bombing of an Israeli Arab-owned
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718
Q4871330
6
2,515
10
347
Battle of Jenin
Background & Prelude
restaurant in Haifa, Israel which has been called a massacre and resulted in the deaths of 16 Israeli civilians, and over 40 more civilians being injured. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs attributed attacks emanating from Jenin to Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Fatah. Prelude Israel's Operation Defensive Shield began on March 29 with an incursion into Ramallah, followed by Tulkarem and Qalqilya on April 1, Bethlehem on April 2, and Jenin and Nablus on April 3. By this date, six Palestinian cities and their surrounding towns, villages, and refugee camps, had been occupied by the IDF. Limited Israeli forces had
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718
Q4871330
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347
10
959
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
entered the camp along a single route twice in the previous month; they encountered heavy resistance and quickly withdrew. Unlike other camps, the organizations in Jenin had a joint commander: Hazem Ahmad Rayhan Qabha, known as "Abu Jandal," an officer in the Palestinian National and Islamic Forces who had fought in Lebanon, served in the Iraqi Army, and who had been involved in several encounters with the IDF. He set up a war room and divided the camp into fifteen sub-sectors, deploying about twenty armed men in each. During the battle, he began calling himself "The Martyr Abu Jandal". Since the
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718
Q4871330
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959
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Battle of Jenin
Prelude
previous Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian militants had prepared by boobytrapping both the town and camp's streets in a bid to trap Israeli soldiers. Following his surrender to Israeli forces, Thabet Mardawi, an Islamic Jihad fighter, said that Palestinian fighters had spread "between 1000 and 2000 bombs and booby traps" throughout the camp, some big ones for tanks (weighing as much as 113 kilograms), most others the size of water bottles. "Omar the Engineer", a Palestinian bombmaker, said that some 50 homes were booby trapped: "We chose old and empty buildings and the houses of men who were wanted by Israel because
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718
Q4871330
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1,582
10
2,200
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
we knew the soldiers would search for them." More powerful bombs with remote detonators were placed inside trash bins in the street and inside the cars of wanted men. Omar said that everyone in the camp, including children, knew where the explosives were located, and noted that this constituted a major weakness to their defenses, since during the Israeli incursion, the wires to more than a third of the bombs were cut by soldiers guided by collaborators. After an IDF action in Ramallah in March resulted in television broadcast footage that was considered unflattering, the IDF high command decided not to
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718
Q4871330
10
2,200
10
2,854
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
allow reporters to join the forces. Like other cities targeted in Defensive Shield, Jenin was declared a "closed military zone" and placed under curfew before the entrance of Israeli troops, remaining sealed off throughout the invasion. Water and electricity supplies to the city were also cut off and remained unavailable to residents throughout. According to Efraim Karsh, before the fighting started, the IDF used loudspeakers broadcasting in Arabic to urge the locals to evacuate the camp, and he estimates that some 11,000 left. Stephanie Gutmann also noted that the IDF used bullhorns and announcements in Arabic to inform the residents of
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718
Q4871330
10
2,854
10
3,442
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
the invasion, and that the troops massed outside the camp for a day because of rain. She estimated that 1,200 remained in the camp, but that it was impossible to tell how many of them were fighters. After the battle, Israeli intelligence estimated that half the population of noncombatants had left before the invasion, and 90% had done so by the third day, leaving around 1,300 people. Others estimated that 4,000 people had remained in the camp. Some camp residents reported hearing the Israeli calls to evacuate, while others said they did not. Many thousands did leave the camp, with
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718
Q4871330
10
3,442
10
4,078
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
women and children usually permitted to move into the villages in the surrounding hills or the neighbouring city. However, the men who left were almost all temporarily detained. Instructed by Israeli soldiers to strip before they were taken away, journalists who entered Jenin following the invasion remarked that heaps of discarded clothing in the ruined streets showed where they were taken into custody. As the fighting started, Ali Safouri, a commander of the Islamic Jihad's Al-Quds Brigades in the camp, said: "We have prepared unexpected surprises for the enemy. We are determined to pay him back double, and teach him a
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718
Q4871330
10
4,078
10
4,642
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
lesson he will not forget. … We will attack him on the home front, in Jerusalem, in Haifa, and in Jaffa, everywhere. We welcome them, and we have prepared a special graveyard in the Jenin camp for them. We swore on the martyrs that we would place a curfew on the Zionist cities and avenge every drop of blood spilled upon our sacred land. We call on the soldiers of Sharon to refuse his orders, because entering the [Jenin] camp… the capital of the martyrs' [operations], will, Allah willing, be the last thing they do in their lives". The Israeli command
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718
Q4871330
10
4,642
10
5,273
Battle of Jenin
Prelude
sent in three thrusts consisting mainly of the reservist 5th Infantry Brigade from the town of Jenin to the north, as well as a company of the Nahal Brigade from the southeast and Battalion 51 of the Golani Brigade from the southwest. The force of 1,000 troops also included Shayetet 13 and Duvdevan Unit special forces, the Armoured Corps, and Combat Engineers with armored bulldozer for neutralizing the roadside bombs that would line the alleys of the camp according to Military Intelligence. Anticipating the heaviest resistance in Nablus, IDF commanders sent two regular infantry brigades there, assuming they could take over
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718
Q4871330
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5,273
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Battle of Jenin
Prelude & Battle
the Jenin camp in 48–72 hours with just the one reservist brigade. The force's entry was delayed until April 2 due to rain. The 5th Infantry Brigade did not have any experience in close quarters combat and did not have a commander when Operation Defensive Shield started, since the last commander's service ended a few days earlier. His substitute was a reserve officer, Lieutenant Colonel Yehuda Yedidya, who got his rank after the operation began. His soldiers were not trained for urban fighting. Battle Israeli forces entered Jenin on April 2. On the first day, reserve company commander Moshe Gerstner
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718
Q4871330
14
99
14
699
Battle of Jenin
Battle
was killed in a PIJ sector. This caused a further delay. By April 3, the city was secured, but the fighting in the camp was just beginning. Israeli sources say that the IDF incursion into the camp relied primarily on infantry to minimize civilian casualties, but interviews with eyewitnesses suggest that tanks and helicopters were also used in the first two days. In Pierre Rehov's documentary The Road to Jenin, a Palestinian doctor claimed that on the second day, the city's hospital was hit by eleven tank shells. However, both Rehov's film and Richard Landes's 2005 film Pallywood, the supposed
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718
Q4871330
14
699
14
1,312
Battle of Jenin
Battle
hits shown on Jenin hospital were compared to an actual building hit by Merkava tank shelling, suggesting that the supposed hit marks were staged. To reach the camp, a Caterpillar D-9 armored bulldozer drove along a three-quarter-mile stretch of the main street to clear it of booby traps. An Israeli Engineering Corps officer logged 124 separate explosions set off by the bulldozer. A Fatah leader in the camp later said that it was only when his forces saw the Israelis advancing on foot that they decided to stay and fight. On the third day, the Palestinians were still dug in, defying Israeli
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718
Q4871330
14
1,312
14
1,975
Battle of Jenin
Battle
expectations, and by then seven Israeli soldiers had been killed. Mardawi later testified to having killed two of them from close range, using an M-16. As the IDF advanced, the Palestinians fell back to the heavily defended camp center – the Hawashin district. AH-1 Cobra helicopters were used to strike Palestinian positions on rooftops using wire-guided missiles, and about a dozen armored D-9 bulldozers were deployed, widening alleys, clearing paths for tanks, and detonating booby traps. Palestinians said that Israeli troops rode atop the bulldozers and fired rocket propelled grenades. On April 6, Mahmoud Tawalbe and two other militants went into
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718
Q4871330
14
1,975
14
2,532
Battle of Jenin
Battle
a house so as to get close enough to a tank or armored D-9 bulldozer to plant a bomb. Tawalbe and another militant were killed during the action. A British military expert working in the camp for Amnesty International reported that a D9 driver saw him, and subsequently rammed a wall down onto him and one of his fighters. The Islamic Jihad website announced that Tawalbe had died when he blew up in his booby-trapped home on the Israeli soldiers inside it, and that he "had thwarted all attempts by the occupation to evacuate the camp residents to make it
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718
Q4871330
14
2,532
14
3,121
Battle of Jenin
Battle
easier for the Israelis to destroy [the camp] on the heads of the fighters." On that same day, IDF attack helicopters reportedly increased their missile attacks, which slowed but did not cease the next day. IDF chief of staff (Ramatkal) Shaul Mofaz urged the officers to speed things up. They asked for twenty-four more hours. Mofaz told reporters that the fighting would be complete by the end of the week, April 6. In some of the sectors, the forces were advancing at a rate of fifty meters a day. Israeli intelligence assumed that the vast majority of the camp's residents were