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Blågårds Plads
Kai Nielsen sculptures & Blågårds Plads today
architect Ivar Bentsen, they depict people plying a trade—a tailor, a cooper, a barber and a baker etc.—all in the company of a toddler. In the corners stand larger figure groups depicting playing children. Blågårds Plads today With a community centre, a library and several popular cafés, Blågårds Plads is a focal point for the life of the surrounding neighbourhood which is still known as the Black Square. The depressed central section serves as a football field in summer and features an ice-skating rink in winter.
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Black Chamber
History
Black Chamber History Headed by Herbert O. Yardley (1889–1958), the Black Chamber was founded in May 1919 following World War I. Yardley had commanded the Army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence (MI-8) during World War I. MI-8 was disbanded after the war. Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department, the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a New York City commercial code company; it actually produced and sold such codes for business use. Its true mission, however, was to break the communications (chiefly diplomatic) of other nations. Its most notable known success was during the Washington Naval Conference
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Black Chamber
History
during which it aided American negotiators considerably by providing them with the decrypted traffic of many of the Conference delegations, most notably the Japanese. According to intelligence historian James Bamford, the Black Chamber secured the cooperation of American telegraph companies, such as Western Union, in illegally turning over the cable traffic of foreign embassies and consulates in Washington and New York. Eventually, "almost the entire American cable industry" was part of this effort. However, these companies eventually withdrew their support—possibly spurred by the Radio Act of 1927, which broadened criminal offenses related to breaching the confidentiality of telegraph messages. In 1929, the
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Black Chamber
History
State Department withdrew its share of the funding, the Army declined to bear the entire load, and the Black Chamber closed down. New Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson made this decision, and years later in his memoirs made the oft-quoted comment: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." Stimson's ethical reservations about cryptanalysis focused on the targeting of diplomats from America's close allies, not on spying in general. Once he became Secretary of War during World War II, he and the entire US command structure relied heavily on decrypted enemy communications. In 1931, and in need of money, Yardley wrote
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Black Chamber
History
a book about the Cipher Bureau, titled The American Black Chamber. The term "Black Chamber" predates Yardley's use of it in the title of his book. Codes and code breakers have been used throughout history, notably by Sir Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England. A so-called cabinet noir was established by King Henry IV of France in 1590 as part of the Poste aux Lettres. Its mission was to open, read and reseal letters, and great expertise was developed in the restoration of broken seals. In the knowledge that mail was being opened, correspondents began to develop systems to encrypt and decrypt
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Black Chamber
History
their letters. The breaking of these codes gave birth to modern systematic scientific code breaking. The Black Chambers survived through to the Twentieth Century in a variety of guises and inspired similar organisations in other countries, such as the "Secret Office" of the British Post Office and the Admiralty's Room 40 and it is within this historical framework that Yardley uses the term. It was also used at about that time in Poland (see article on Marian Rejewski).
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Black Diamond (roller coaster)
History
Black Diamond (roller coaster) History The Golden Nugget Mine Ride opened in July 1960 at Morey's Piers on the newly constructed ocean side section of Hunt's Pier. The Golden Nugget was built three stories high with the top floor giving riders a mine car ride through the “desert.” The coaster was specially constructed for Hunt’s Pier by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters and was engineered by John C. Allen. Bill Tracy designed the ride’s western theme pieces through his Amusement Display company. On December 11, 2008, Morey's Piers announced that the Golden Nugget would be demolished and that they would have
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Black Diamond (roller coaster)
History
a ceremony for the Golden Nugget on Saturday, January 31. On January 26, 2009 it was publicly announced that Knoebels' Amusement Resort had purchased the Golden Nugget track and trains from Morey's Piers. The Coaster was modified and rebuilt on the location where the park's former bald eagle habitat resides. The eagle's habitat has been relocated. The Black Diamond opened on October 8, 2011.
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Black Dog Lake
Black Dog Lake Black Dog Lake is a lake in Dakota County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The lake was named for Black Dog, a Sioux Indian.
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Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Disclosure Opportunity
Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015 Disclosure Opportunity The goal of this law is to bring back the income and assets held abroad back to the country. As a result, only an Indian resident gets the opportunity to declare undisclosed assets. The government gives a time frame when someone can disclose assets. If the resident holding undisclosed assets declare the assets in the given time frame they are not subject to prosecution. The resident may want to disclose assets when they have not submitted a return on time, or if they filled and submitted a
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Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Disclosure Opportunity & Valuation
return they chose not to include certain assets or even when the taxpayer did not provide all the facts and thus the return could not be evaluated. There are instances when a taxpayer does not get the opportunity to disclose the income and assets. Information received on or before June 30, 2015 is not considered valid because of the date of the act. A resident with unsettled legal offense under the Indian law cannot disclose money. Disclosure opportunity is not available when the tax audit is still under surveillance with accordance to Indian tax laws. Valuation The valuation of undisclosed assets
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Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Valuation & Computation & Related to undisclosed foreign income and assets
to calculate tax on will be done at Fair Market Price. Computation Under normal income tax act, taxpayers are subject to deduction but while computing for such undisclosed foreign assets and income no such deductions will be applicable. While computing, if the assets/income are movable then value computed will be used to calculate the tax but if it is taxed prior then that value would be subtracted from the undisclosed income/asset. In case of immovable object, computation keeps in mind the value at the first day of financial year. Related to undisclosed foreign income and assets The taxpayer holding undisclosed
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Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Related to undisclosed foreign income and assets & Related to default in payment of tax arrear & Related to other defaults & Related to failure in filing return
foreign income and assets is liable to pay a penalty which is three times the tax computed under section 10 of the article. Related to default in payment of tax arrear If the taxpayer is in default, he/she is liable to pay a penalty which equals amount of tax arrears. Related to other defaults If the taxpayer does not comply with the rules and officers and is subject to defaults then he/she is liable to pay a sum ranging from 50,000- 2,00,000 INR. Related to failure in filing return If a person fails to file return before the end of
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Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015
Related to failure in filing return & Related to failure to provide information or provide inaccurate particulars while filing
that assessment year then he/she is subject to 10,00,000 INR penalty. There will be no penalty if the aggregate balance in one or more foreign bank account is less than 5,00,000 INR. Related to failure to provide information or provide inaccurate particulars while filing If a person provides inaccurate information or does not provide information in general is subject to penalty of 10,00,000 INR. There will be no penalty if the aggregate balance in one or more foreign bank account is less than 5,00,000 INR.
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Black Mountain College
History
Black Mountain College History Black Mountain was founded in 1933 by John Andrew Rice, Theodore Dreier, Frederick Georgia, and Ralph Lounsbury, who were controversially dismissed as faculty from Rollins College for refusing to sign a loyalty pledge. The institution was established to "avoid the pitfalls of autocratic chancellors and trustees and allow for a more flexible curriculum," and "with the holistic aim 'to educate a student as a person and a citizen.'" Black Mountain was experimental in nature and committed to an interdisciplinary approach, prioritizing art-making as a necessary component of education and attracting a faculty and lecturers that included many
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Black Mountain College
History
of America's leading visual artists, composers, poets, and designers. During the 1930s and 1940s the school flourished, becoming well known as an incubator for artistic talent. Notable events at the school were common; it was here that the first large-scale geodesic dome was made by faculty member Buckminster Fuller and students, where Merce Cunningham formed his dance company, and where John Cage staged his first musical happening. In the 1950s, the focus of the school shifted to the literary arts under the rectorship of Charles Olson. Olson founded The Black Mountain Review in 1954 and, together with his colleague
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Black Mountain College
History
and student Robert Creeley, developed the poetic school of Black Mountain Poets. Additionally, the College was an important incubator for the American avant-garde. Black Mountain proved to be an important precursor to and prototype for many of the alternative colleges of today, ranging from College of the Atlantic, Naropa University, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Marlboro College to Evergreen State College, Hampshire College, Shimer College, Prescott College, Goddard College, World College West (1973-1992), and New College of Florida, among others, including Warren Wilson College located just minutes down the road from where Black Mountain College was located.
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Black Mountain College
History & Structure
Bennington College, based on the same philosophy, was founded one year before Black Mountain College. Structure The school operated using non-hierarchical methodologies that placed students and educators on the same plane. Revolving around 20th-century ideals about the value and importance of balancing education, art, and cooperative labor, students were required to participate in farm work, construction projects, and kitchen duty as part of their holistic education. The students were involved at all levels of institutional decision-making. They were also left in charge of deciding when they were ready to graduate, which notoriously few ever did. There were no course requirements,
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Black Mountain College
Structure & Sociopolitical context
official grades (except for transfer purposes), or accredited degrees. Graduates were presented with handcrafted diplomas as purely ceremonial symbols of their achievement. The liberal arts program offered at Black Mountain was broad, and supplemented by art making as a means of cultivating creative thinking within all fields. While Albers led the school, the only two requirements were a course on materials and form taught by Albers and a course on Plato. Sociopolitical context In 1933, the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus in Germany, a similarly progressive arts-based educational institution. Many of the school's faculty left Europe for the US, and
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Black Mountain College
Sociopolitical context
a number of them settled at Black Mountain, most notably Josef Albers, who was selected to run the art program, and his wife Anni Albers, who taught weaving and textile design. Adolf Hitler's rise to power and the subsequent persecution taking place in Europe led many artists and intellectuals to flee and resettle in the US, populating Black Mountain College with an influx of both students and faculty. In addition, the college was operating in the South during the period of legal racial segregation at other colleges and universities in the region. While not immune from racial tensions, the student Alma Stone
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Black Mountain College
Sociopolitical context & Locations
Williams, an African American woman, is considered by some to be the first black student to enroll in an all-white institution of higher education in the South during the Jim Crow era. Notable African American teachers included Carol Brice and Roland Hayes during the 1945 Summer Music Institute; Percy H. Baker, hired on full-time in 1945; Jacob Lawrence and Gwendolyn Knight during the 1946 Summer Art Institute; and Mark Oakland Fax for the Spring 1946 quarter. The Julius Rosenwald Fund provided African American teachers' salaries as well as student scholarships. Locations For the first eight years the college rented the
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Black Mountain College
Locations
YMCA Blue Ridge Assembly buildings south of Black Mountain, North Carolina. In 1941, it moved across the valley to its own campus at Lake Eden, where it remained until its closing in 1957. The property was later purchased and converted to an ecumenical Christian boys' residential summer camp (Camp Rockmont). This has been used for years as the site of the Black Mountain Festival, the Lake Eden Arts Festival, and Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center's {Re}HAPPENING. A number of the original structures are still in use as lodgings or administrative facilities, and two frescos painted by Jean Charlot
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Black Mountain College
Locations & Closing & Legacy
remain intact on the site. Closing Black Mountain College closed in 1957, eight years after Albers left to direct the first design department at Yale. The college suspended classes by court order due to debts; the school was unable to sustain itself financially given the greatly decreased number of students. In 1962, the school's books were finally closed, with all debts covered. Legacy The Black Mountain College Museum & Arts Center, founded in 1993, continues the legacy of Black Mountain College through talks, exhibitions, performances, collection and preservation, and an annual fall conference that examines the college's history and impact.
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Black Mountain College
Legacy
The Journal of Black Mountain College Studies is a peer-reviewed, open-access digital publication that publishes articles, essays, and creative work related to the school and the individuals associated with it. Black Mountain College was the subject of the museum exhibition Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933-1957, which opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston on October 10, 2015. The show was curated by Helen Molesworth with Ruth Erickson. The show later exhibited at the Hammer Museum from February 21 to May 15, 2016. Black Mountain College was featured in Nicholas Sparks' novel, The Longest Ride (2013) and the
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Black Mountain College
Legacy
2015 movie adaptation of the same name.
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Black Peril
Black Peril The Black Peril refers to the fear of colonial settlers that black men are attracted to white women and are having sexual relations with them. This goes back to class and race prejudices. Examples can be seen in British colonialism of India and Africa.One of the major areas that has been written and documented in having experienced the Black Peril is South Africa, or more specifically in certain writings, Southern Rhodesia, which later became the modern day country Zimbabwe in 1980. Black Peril is a colonial based fear that started in Southern Rhodesia and survived all the way
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Black Peril
to the independence of Zimbabwe. Black Rape scares were not unique or scarce to South Africa since well-documented parallels have ranged in place and time from "the southern United States in the late 1860s' to Papua in the 1920s". It was theorized that the fear of this Black Peril, the rape threats, as seen through the eyes of the white male settlers, were essentially a "rationalization of white men's fear of sexual competition from black men". The "'Black Peril' outcries from white settlers in Southern Rhodesia provided an outlet for anxieties about weakness within the 'body politic'" since the 'Whites shared a conceptual language for crisis
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Black Peril
History
and it was corporeal'. It was through this thought process that the 'Black Peril' panics led to specific actions that served the interests of the white settler men in these areas. History The black peril' scares 'embittered race relations' in South Africa during the years before the First World War. In Southern Rhodesia, the situation was even more traumatic, since the 'black peril' scare of the early 1900s came in the wake of the 1896 war of resistance. Resultant embitterment lingered to the extent that throughout the first decades of colonialism there were periodic campaigns to control the supposedly excessive fundamental urges
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Black Peril
History & South Africa
of African men. Much more clandestine, but far more of a reality was the rarely noted 'white peril', a wide range of sexual abuse of black women (and occasionally men) by settler males. South Africa During the 1900s, in response to these white women rapes (imagined or otherwise) the Government of South Africa tried to control it through setting up a program of national Human population control which would theoretically encompasses these three distinct elements; limitation on women's Fertility, change in human mortality rates and control of Immigration. At this time Birth controldid not have an official program so the government
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Black Peril
South Africa
turned to other methods and elements in population control. Thus through this Black Peril scare the government of South Africa adopted specific policies on each of these three which, taken together, attempted to limit the black population while maintaining a large white population. As late as the 1911 census white men outnumbered white women by nearly two to one. It was not until 1921 that females reached 40 per cent of the settler population and census takers could boast that 'the population has now attained a settled character comparable with that of much older countries'. Along the road to that settled character
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Black Peril
South Africa & South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
white males in Rhodesia often soothed their feelings of isolation by sexual relations with black women. These sexual encounters were not usually based on mutual attraction but on coercion. As two observers have noted they were 'similar to those between masters and slaves, feudal lords and serfs,conquerors and conquered in other countries'. This side of the interracial sexual coin was the 'white peril', a term which rarely appeared in Rhodesian annals. South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) The 'black peril' became a public issue in the settler community within South Rhodesia just after the turn of the century. In colonial Zimbabwe the fear of
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Black Peril
South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
'black peril' spawned a wide range of legislation, including the prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men. In addition, dozens of blacks were executed, both legally and extra-legally, for supposed 'black peril' violations. The rise of alleged sexual attacks on white women around 1902 was, according to settler consensus due to an influx into Southern Rhodesia of a number of prostitutes who were racially undiscerning in choosing their customers. A government report of 1914 presented this historical analysis: On the question of prostitution by white women with natives it is pertinent to state that the prevalence of 'black peril' during the
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Black Peril
South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
years 1902 and 1903 in Bulawayo was mainly attributed by the general public to the presence and operation of the women referred to in the instances quoted under the heading of 'white peril' Perhaps frightened by the rise of both non-discriminating white women and vigilantism, the Legislative Assembly took its own action passing the Immorality Suppression Ordinance in September 1903. According to this law a man could face the death penalty for anything which constituted 'attempted rape'. The legislation also affected maximum sentences of two years imprisonment for white women and five years for black men who engaged in interracial sex. Even
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Black Peril
South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) & White Peril
these penalties were not sufficient to please all the whites. In Zimbabwe a large number of black men were channeled into domestic service, as well as the mining and farming labors. In fact, throughout the first half century of colonialism domestic service ranked third as a source of African employment, therefore that meant that white women spent most of their days alone with black male servants. It would be in this situation that the complex paranoia called the 'black peril' would be manufactured. White Peril In contrast, 'white peril', or Sexual Abuse of black women by white men, was far more
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Black Peril
White Peril & Movies
frequent. Despite these protestations there was never any law passed to prohibit white men from having sexual relations with black women. The main reason for the differing official response to the 'black' and 'white perils' was the nature of race, class and gender relations in the colony. The 'perils' were necessary in order to solidify racial and gender differences and thereby to construct white and male supremacist social order. Movies In the movie A Passage to India this is depicted very clearly, in the court scene.
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Black Reel Award for Best Actor
Black Reel Award for Best Actor This page lists the winners and nominees for the Black Reel Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture. As of 2016, Denzel Washington has the most wins with 4 and nominations with 10. Chiwetel Ejiofor is also a multiple winner in this category with 2 wins. Both Bernie Mac and Jamie Foxx were the only recipients of the Outstanding Actor awards in Musical/Comedy and Drama.
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Black River Falls Area Airport
Facilities and aircraft
Black River Falls Area Airport Facilities and aircraft Black River Falls Area Airport covers an area of 353 acres (143 ha) at an elevation of 836 feet (255 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 8/26 which measures 4,601 by 75 feet (1,402 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending June 26, 2019, the airport had 1,500 aircraft operations, an average of 29 per week: 87% general aviation, 7% military, and 7% air taxi. In August 2019, there were 18 aircraft based at this airport: 13 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, and 3 ultra-lights. A Non-directional beacon, 362 kHz,
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Black River Falls Area Airport
Facilities and aircraft
ident: BCK is on field.
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter Black Twitter is a cultural identity consisting of "Black" Twitter users from around the world on the Twitter social network focused on issues of interest to the black community, particularly in the United States. Feminista Jones described it in Salon as "a collective of active, primarily African-American Twitter users who have created a virtual community ... [and are] proving adept at bringing about a wide range of sociopolitical changes." A similar Black Twitter community grew in South Africa in the early 2010s. Although Black Twitter has a strong Black American user base, other people and groups are able
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Black Twitter
User base
to be a part of this social media circle through commonalities in shared experiences and reactions to such online. User base According to a 2015 report by the Pew Research Center, 28 percent of African Americans who used the Internet used Twitter, compared to 20 percent of online white, non-Hispanic Americans. By 2018, this gap had shrunk, with 26 percent of all African American adults using Twitter, compared to 24 percent of white adults and 20 percent of Hispanic adults. In addition, in 2013 11 percent of African-American Twitter users said they used Twitter at least once a day, compared
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Black Twitter
User base
to 3 percent of white users. User and social media researcher André Brock of the University of Iowa dates the first published comments on Black Twitter usage to a 2008 piece by blogger Anil Dash, and a 2009 article by Chris Wilson in The Root describing the viral success of Twitter joke memes such as #YouKnowYoureBlackWhen and #YouKnowYoureFromQueens that were primarily aimed at Black Twitter users. Brock cites the first reference to a Black Twitter community—as "Late Night Black People Twitter" and "Black People Twitter"—in the November 2009 article "What Were Black People Talking About on Twitter Last Night?" by Choire
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User base
Sicha, co-founder of current-affairs website The Awl. Sicha described it as "huge, organic and ... seemingly seriously nocturnal"—in fact, active around the clock. Kyra Gaunt, an early adopter who participated in Black Twitter who also became a social media researcher, shared reactions to black users at the first 140 Characters Conference (#140Conf) that took place on November 17, 2009 at the O2 Indigo in London. Her slide deck offered examples of racist reactions to the topic #Thatsafrican that started trending in July 2008. She and other users claimed the trending topic was censored by the platform. She and other Black
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Black Twitter
User base & Reciprocity and community
Twitter users began blogging and micro-blogging about Black Twitter identity. The blogging led to buzz-worthy media appearances about Twitter. Social media researcher Sarah Florini prefers to discuss the interactions among this community of users as an "enclave." Reciprocity and community An August 2010 article by Farhad Manjoo in Slate, "How Black People Use Twitter," brought the community to wider attention. Manjoo wrote that young black people appeared to use Twitter in a particular way: "They form tighter clusters on the network—they follow one another more readily, they retweet each other more often, and more of their posts are @-replies—posts directed
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
at other users." Manjoo cited Brendan Meeder of Carnegie Mellon University, who argued that the high level of reciprocity between the hundreds of users who initiate hashtags (or "blacktags") leads to a high-density, influential network. Furthermore, a 2014 dissertation by Meredith Clark studied the topic of African American practice of creating hashtags on Twitter by arguing that most people use them to “test their opinions with the assurance they are being shared within a space where fundamental values are still agreed upon”. She explains that users on Black Twitter have begun to use hashtags as a way to attract members of
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1,015
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
society with similar ideals to a single conversation in order to interact with each other and feel as though they are engaged in a “safe space”. Clark characterizes the use of Black Twitter as critically important to the group, as the conversation helps “cement the hashtag as a cultural artifact recognizable in the minds of both Black Twitter participants and individuals with no knowledge of the initial discussion”. She argues that hashtags have transitioned from serving as a method of setting up conversation between separate parties to an underlying reason behind how users outside Black Twitter learn about the thoughts
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
and feelings of African Americans in the present world. Manjoo's article in Slate drew criticism from American and Africana Studies scholar Kimberly C. Ellis (Twitter user @drgoddess). She concluded that large parts of the article had generalized too much, and published a response to it titled "Why 'They' Don't Understand What Black People Do On Twitter." Pointing out the diversity of black people on Twitter, she said, "[I]t's clear that not only Slate but the rest of mainstream America has no real idea who Black people are, no real clue about our humanity, in general [...]. For us, Twitter is an
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
electronic medium that allows enough flexibility for uninhibited and fabricated creativity while exhibiting more of the strengths of social media that allow us to build community. [...] Actually, we talk to each other AND we broadcast a message to the world, hence the popularity of the Trending Topics and Twitter usage, yes?" Ellis said that the most appropriate response she had seen to the Slate article was that by Twitter user @InnyVinny, who made the point that "black people are not a monolith" and then presented a wide array of brown Twitter bird drawings on her blogsite in order to
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
express the diverse range of Black Twitter users; the #browntwitterbird hashtag immediately went viral, as users adopted or suggested new Twitter birds. According to Shani O. Hilton (@shani_o) writing in 2013, the defining characteristic of Black Twitter is that its members "a) are interested in issues of race in the news and pop culture and b) tweet A LOT." She adds that while the community includes thousands of black Twitter users, in fact "not everyone within Black Twitter is black, and not every black person on Twitter is in Black Twitter". She also notes that the viral reach and focus of
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community
Black Twitter's hashtags have transformed it from a mere source of entertainment, and object of outside curiosity, to "a cultural force in its own right ... Now, black folks on Twitter aren't just influencing the conversation online, they're creating it." Apryl Williams and Doris Domoszlai (2013) similarly state, "There is no single identity or set of characteristics that define Black Twitter. Like all cultural groups, Black Twitter is dynamic, containing a variety of viewpoints and identities. We think of Black Twitter as a social construct created by a self-selecting community of users to describe aspects of black American society through their
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Black Twitter
Reciprocity and community & Signifyin'
use of the Twitter platform. Not everyone on Black Twitter is black, and not everyone who is black is represented by Black Twitter." Signifyin' Feminista Jones has argued that Black Twitter's historical cultural roots are the spirituals, or work songs, sung by slaves in the United States, when finding a universal means of communication was essential to survival and grassroots organization. Several writers see Black Twitter interaction as a form of signifyin', wordplay involving tropes such as irony and hyperbole. André Brock states that the Black Tweeter is the signifier, while the hashtag is signifier, sign and signified, "marking ... the
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Black Twitter
Signifyin'
concept to be signified, the cultural context within which the tweet should be understood, and the 'call' awaiting a response." He writes: "Tweet-as-signifyin', then, can be understood as a discursive, public performance of Black identity." Sarah Florini of UW-Madison also interprets Black Twitter within the context of signifyin'. She writes that race is normally "deeply tied to corporeal signifiers"; in the absence of the body, black users display their racial identities through wordplay and other language that shows knowledge of black culture. Black Twitter has become an important platform for this performance. Florini notes that the specific construction of Twitter itself contributes
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Black Twitter
Signifyin'
to the ability for African Americans to signify on Black Twitter. She contends that “Twitter’s architecture creates participant structures that accommodate the crucial function of the audience during signifyin’”. By being able to see each other’s replies and retweets, the user base is able to jointly partake in an extended dialogue where each person tries to participate in the signifyin’. In addition, Florini adds that “Twitter mimics another key aspect of how signifyin’ games are traditionally played—speed”. Specifically, the retweets and replies are able to be sent so quickly that it replaces the need for the audience members to interact
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Black Twitter
Signifyin'
in person. In addition the practices of signifying create a signalling that one is entering a communicative collective space rather than functioning as an individual. Tweets become part of Black Twitter by responding to the calls in the tag. Hashtags embody a performance of blackness through a transmission of racial knowledge into wordplay. Sarah Florini in particular focuses on how an active self-identification of blackness rejects notions of a post-racial society by disrupting the narratives of a color-blind society. This rejection of a post-racial society gets tied into the collective practices of performance by turning narratives such as the Republican National
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Black Twitter
Signifyin'
Committee's declaration of Rosa Parks ending racism into a moment of critique and ridicule under the guise of a game. Moments where performance of blackness meet social critique allow for the spaces of activism to be created. The Republican Party later rescinded their statement to acknowledge that racism was not over. Manjoo referred to the hashtags the black community uses as "blacktags," citing Baratunde Thurston, then of The Onion, who argued that blacktags are a version of the dozens. Also an example of signifyin', this is a game popular with African Americans in which participants outdo each other by throwing insults
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Black Twitter
Signifyin' & Black Twitter humor
back and forth ("Yo momma so bowlegged, she look like a bite out of a donut," "Yo momma sent her picture to the lonely hearts club, but they sent it back and said, 'We ain't that lonely!'"). According to Thurston, the brevity of tweets and the instant feedback mean Twitter fits well into the African tradition of call and response. Black Twitter humor Many scholars have highlighted how Black Twitter offers a platform for users to share humorous, yet insightful messages. In their book titled, From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, & Gender, Jannette Dates
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter humor
and Mia Moody-Ramirez (2018) suggest that alternative spaces, such as Twitter, offer a platform for ideas and concerns from a black perspective about social inequalities, politics, and social justice, that were historically prohibited from taking root in other communication venues. Dates and Moody-Ramirez (2018) noted Black Twitter became the amplifier for a "clap back" culture that was particularly prominent during an era of social unrest. Comedians and ordinary citizens used the platform to share both humorous and serious messages on topics such as “Stay Mad Abby,” which highlighted Abigail Fisher, whose case against affirmative action was argued in
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter humor
front of the U.S. Supreme Court after Fisher was rejected from the University of Texas at Austin in 2008. She claimed that it was because she was white. In another example, Black Twitter responded with #AskRachel questions, which quizzed readers on their true blackness. The questions centered on the idea Rachel Dolezal knew a lot about black culture; however, she was still white. Black Twitter also knows how to make sad situations into something humorous. More recently, Black Twitter spotlighted the "BBQing While Black", incident during which a white woman called police officers on a black family barbecuing in
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter humor & Black Twitter and image repair
the park. Oakland police arrived; no one was arrested. The 25-minute episode was captured on video, then posted on YouTube where it was viewed more than 2 million times. The incident was memed hundreds of times with images featuring a white woman in sunglasses showing up to various locations and events, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s monumental speech, a Soul Train taping, and President Barack Obama’s presidency. Black Twitter and image repair In their book titled, Race, Gender & Image Repair Case Studies in the Early 21st Century, Mia Moody-Ramirez and Hazel Cole (2018) explored how Black Twitter has
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter and image repair
been used to repair the image of individuals and corporations using Benoit's typology of image repair. The popularity of #NiggerNavy provides an example of how social media users used Twitter to call out social injustices (Dates & Moody-Ramirez, 2018). Black Twitter was ablaze in January 2017 when Yahoo Finance misspelled bigger with an "n", in a Twitter link to a story on President-elect Donald Trump’s plans to enlarge America’s navy. The tweet containing a racial slur gained more than 1,000 retweets before being deleted, almost one hour after it was shared. Yahoo Finance published an apology shortly after, saying
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Black Twitter
Black Twitter and image repair & Influence
it was a "mistake". It was too late. Black Twitter turned #NiggerNavy into a joke for many Twitter users. Unlike other image repair cases in which celebrities used remorse and mortification (Benoit, 1995), Yahoo Finance primarily took a back seat in its own image restoration process and others took control—using social media. The two note that while Black Twitter responses are not a replacement for true image restoration tactics such as mortification and corrective action, they provide a platform to help tackle tough issues that might aid in the image restoration process of an individual or a company. Influence
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Black Twitter
Influence
Having been the topic of a 2012 SXSW Interactive panel led by Kimberly Ellis, Black Twitter came to wider public attention in July 2013, when it was credited with having stopped a book deal between a Seattle literary agent and one of the jurors in the trial of George Zimmerman. Zimmerman – who had only been arrested and charged after a large-scale social media campaign including petitions circulated on Twitter that attracted millions of signatures – was controversially acquitted that month of charges stemming from the February 2012 shooting of Trayvon Martin, a black teenager in Florida. Black Twitter's swift
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Black Twitter
Influence
response to the juror's proposed book, spearheaded by Twitter user Genie Lauren (@MoreAndAgain), who launched a change.org petition, resulted in coverage on CNN. The community was also involved in June 2013 in protesting to companies selling products by Paula Deen, the celebrity chef, after she was accused of racism, reportedly resulting in the loss of millions of dollars' worth of business. A #paulasbestdishes hashtag game started by writer and humorist Tracy Clayton (@brokeymcpoverty) went viral. In August 2013, outrage on Black Twitter over a Harriet Tubman "sex parody" video Russell Simmons had posted on his Def Comedy Jam website persuaded Simmons to
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Black Twitter
Influence
remove the video; he apologized for his error in judgment. Another example of Black Twitter influence occurred in May 2018 after Ambien maker Sanofi Aventis responded to Roseanne Barr, who blamed the sedative for the racist tweet she posted that resulted in the cancellation of her TV show, Rosanne. Barr explained that she was "ambien tweeting" when she compared former Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett to the "spawn" of "Muslim brotherhood & planet of the apes." Sanofi responded: "People of all races, religions and nationalities work at Sanofi every day to improve the lives of people around the world.
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28
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Black Twitter
Influence
While all pharmaceutical treatments have side effects, racism is not a known side effect of any Sanofi medication." In response to Twitter chatter and criticism, Barr was killed off Roseanne via an opioid overdose. The show was renamed, The Conners. Demonstrating the continued influence of Black Twitter, a 2019 SXSW Education panel, organized by Kennetta Piper, was selected to address the topic, "We Tried to Tell Y’all: Black Twitter as a Source!" Panelists include Meredith Clark, Feminista Jones, Mia Moody-Ramirez and L. Joy Williams. The focus for this panel is about how Black women are creating community and sparking change
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Black Twitter
Influence & #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen
via social media and digital communities, how Black humor, over the centuries offers insights into the intersections of race, gender and politics, and how Black Twitter should be recognized as a news subculture. #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen The #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen hashtag was created by black feminist blogger/author Mikki Kendall in response to the Twitter comments of male feminist Hugo Schwyzer, a critique of mainstream feminism as catering to the needs of white women, while the concerns of black feminists are pushed to the side. The hashtag and subsequent conversations have been part of Black Twitter culture. In Kendall's own words: "#SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen started in a
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449
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Black Twitter
#SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen & #IfTheyGunnedMeDown
moment of frustration. [...] When I launched the hashtag #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen, I thought it would largely be a discussion between people impacted by the latest bout of problematic behavior from mainstream white feminists. It was intended to be Twitter shorthand for how often feminists of color are told that the racism they feel they experience 'isn't a feminist issue'. The first few tweets reflect the deeply personal impact of such a long-running structural issue." #IfTheyGunnedMeDown After Ferguson, Missouri, police officer Darren Wilson fatally shot unarmed resident Michael Brown, a high school student in Houston, Texas, named Tyler Atkins tweeted an informal
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Black Twitter
#IfTheyGunnedMeDown & #MigosSaid
photo of himself in casual clothes including a T-shirt and a bandana, and a second photo of himself posing with his prized saxophone. Atkins claimed that if the police shot him down, media would broadcast the photo of his wearing a T-shirt and a bandana and not the photo of him posing with his saxophone. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown spread virally in the course of worldwide social media attention paid to the Ferguson crisis. The hashtag was posted several hundred times in the weeks following Atkins' initial use of it. #MigosSaid The call and response aspects of a game where
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Black Twitter
#MigosSaid
users work to outdo the other are exemplified in the creation of the blacktag #MigosSaid. Black Twitter engaged in a public display of using oral traditions to critique the hierarchy of pop culture. The movement stemmed from an initial tweet on June 22, 2014, when @Pipe_Tyson tweeted, "Migos best music group since the Beatles." This sparked an online joke where users began to use the hashtag #MigosSaid to examine lyrics of the popular rap group. While the game could widely be seen as a joke it also embodied a critique of popular representations of black artists. The hashtag made in
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Black Twitter
#MigosSaid & #BlackLivesMatter
fun was used to offer a counter argument to the view the Beatles and other white popular music figures are more culturally relevant than their black counterparts. #BlackLivesMatter The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created in 2013 by activists Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi. They felt that African Americans received unequal treatment from law enforcement. Alicia Garza describes the hashtag as follows: "Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks’ contributions to this society, our humanity, and our
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482
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Black Twitter
#BlackLivesMatter & #OscarsSoWhite
resilience in the face of deadly oppression." #OscarsSoWhite The #OscarsSoWhite hashtag was originally created in 2015 in response to the 87th Academy Awards' lack of diversity amongst the nominees in major categories. The hashtag was used again when the nominations were announced for the 88th Academy Awards the following year. April Reign, activist and former attorney, who is credited with starting the hashtag, tweeted, "It's actually worse than last year. Best Documentary and Best Original Screenplay. That's it. #OscarsSoWhite." In addition, she mentions that none of the African-American cast of Straight Outta Compton were recognized, while the Caucasian screenwriter received
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625
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Black Twitter
#OscarsSoWhite & #SayHerName & #IfIDieInPoliceCustody
nominations. #SayHerName The #SayHerName hashtag was created in February 2015 as part of a gender-inclusive racial justice movement. The movement campaigns for black women in the United States against anti-Black violence and police violence. Gender-specific ways black women are affected by police brutality and anti-Black violence are highlighted in this movement, including the specific impact black queer women and black trans women encounter. The hashtag gained more popularity and the movement gained more momentum following Sandra Bland's death in police custody in July 2015. This hashtag is commonly used with #BlackLivesMatter, reinforcing the intersectionality of the movement. #IfIDieInPoliceCustody #IfIDieInPoliceCustody is
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Black Twitter
#IfIDieInPoliceCustody & #ICantBreathe
another hashtag that started trending after Sandra Bland's death. In the tweets, people ask what you would want people to know about you if you died in police custody. #ICantBreathe The #ICantBreathe hashtag was created after the police killing of Eric Garner and the grand jury's decision to not indict Daniel Pantaleo, the police officer that choked Garner to death, on December 3, 2014. "I can't breathe" were Garner's final words and can be heard in the video footage of the arrest that led to his death. The hashtag trended for days and gained attention beyond Twitter. Basketball players, including
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422
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Black Twitter
#ICantBreathe & #HandsUpDontShoot
Lebron James, wore shirts with the words for warm ups on December 8, 2014. #HandsUpDontShoot The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was created after the police shooting of Michael Brown and the grand jury's decision to not indict Darren Wilson, the white Ferguson police officer that shot Brown, on November 24, 2015. Witnesses claimed that Brown had his hands up and was surrendering when Wilson fatally shot him. However, this information was deemed not credible in the face of conflicting testimonies and impacted the jury's decision. Hands up, don't shoot is a slogan used by the Black Lives Matter movement and was used
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Black Twitter
#HandsUpDontShoot & #BlackOnCampus
during protests after the ruling. The slogan was supported by members of the St. Louis Rams football team, who entered the field during a National Football League game holding their hands up. Using the hashtag on Twitter was a form of showing solidarity with those protesting, show opposition to the decision, and bring attention to police brutality. The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was immediately satirized with #PantsUpDontLoot when peaceful protests turned into riotous looting and firebombing that same evening. #BlackOnCampus The #BlackOnCampus hashtag was started in the context of the 2015–16 University of Missouri protests (which involved the resignation of multiple university
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Black Twitter
#BlackOnCampus & #BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy
officials), as well as other demonstrations at Ithaca College in New York, Smith College in Massachusetts, and Claremont McKenna College in California. The hashtag became an online discussion about racial inequality on college campuses, specifically microagressions, that some say are often overlooked by administrators and Caucasian students. The tweets shed light on the struggles that some black students endure at school and are seen as a call to action to address structural racism on campuses. #BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy Black Twitter has also been used as a method of praise (Moody & Dates, 2018). Popular Black Twitter hashtags--#BlackGirlMagic and #BlackBoyJoy—were used to
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Black Twitter
#BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy
praise the accomplishments of black men and women. Both are meant to create a space for black people to celebrate themselves, outside of the projections society had placed on them. Harrison (2016) stated: "To reference childhood is to acknowledge that once a black person, and especially a black American, has reached adulthood, there are sorts of 'magic' and 'joy' that simply cannot be reclaimed if he or she is at all conscious of reality, a reality that has become increasingly inescapable with the practice of sharing police executions of black citizens on any given Twitter or Facebook timeline." According to Harrison
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Black Twitter
#BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy & #StayMadAbby
(2016), the hashtag, #BlackBoyJoy, first appeared as a "natural and necessary counterpart to the more established #BlackGirlMagic". The hashtag #BlackBoyJoy appeared following the 2016 Video Music Awards ceremony, after Chance the Rapper tweeted an image of himself on the red carpet using the hashtag. #StayMadAbby In 2015, #StayMadAbby surfaced on Black Twitter as Black students and college grads rallied against Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, after he made comments about their supposed inability to graduate from universities he labeled "too fast". Scalia's comments came in 2015 during oral arguments for the affirmative action case Fisher v. University of Texas. The
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Black Twitter
#StayMadAbby
suit, filed by one-time prospective student Abigail Fisher, alleged that she was denied admission to the University of Texas at Austin because she was white, and that other, less qualified candidates were admitted because of their race. The hashtag #StayMadAbby took off with hundreds of black graduates tweeting photos of themselves clad in caps and gowns, as well as statistics pointedly noting that black students only account for a small share of the UT Austin student body. The hashtag #BeckyWithTheBadGrades also emerged to spotlight Fisher. The hashtag referred both to Fisher and to a Beyoncé lyric from the song "Sorry" off
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576
Black Twitter
#StayMadAbby & Reception
her album, Lemonade. Reception Jonathan Pitts-Wiley, a former writer for The Root, cautioned in 2010 that Black Twitter was just a slice of contemporary African-American culture. "For people who aren't on the inside," he wrote, "it's sort of an inside look at a slice of the black American modes of thought. I want to be particular about that—it's just a slice of it. Unfortunately, it may be a slice that confirms what many people already think they know about black culture." Daniella Gibbs Leger (@dgibber123), wrote in a 2013 HuffPost Black Voices article that "Black Twitter is a real thing. It
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Black Twitter
Reception & Labeling
is often hilarious (as with the Paula Deen recipes hashtag); sometimes that humor comes with a bit of a sting (see any hashtag related to Don Lemon)." Referring to the controversy over the Tubman video, she concluded, "1. Don't mess with Black Twitter because it will come for you. 2. If you're about to post a really offensive joke, take 10 minutes and really think about it. 3. There are some really funny and clever people out there on Twitter. And 4. See number 1." Labeling While Black Twitter is used as a way to communicate within the black community,
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Black Twitter
Labeling & Intersectionality
many people outside of said community and within do not understand the need to label it. This can be a subtle way of segregating black people on Twitter. In regards to this concern, Meredith Clark, a professor at the University of North Texas who studies black online communities, recalls one user's remarks, "Black Twitter is just Twitter." Intersectionality Additional criticism of Black Twitter is the lack of intersectionality. One example is the tweets made after the rapper, Tyga, was pictured with the transgender actress, Mia Isabella. Alicia Garza, one of the founders of the Black Lives Matter movement, explained the
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Black Twitter
Intersectionality & South Africa
importance of intersectionality and makes it one of the priorities in the movement. She wrote that many people find certain "charismatic black men" more appealing, which leaves "sisters, queers, trans, and disable [black] folk [to] take up roles in the background." South Africa Kenichi Serino writes in The Christian Science Monitor that South Africa is experiencing a similar Black Twitter phenomenon, with black discourse on Twitter becoming increasingly influential. In a country that has 11 official languages, Black Twitter users regularly embed words from isiZulu, isiXhosa, and Sesotho in their tweets. Twitter had 1.1 million users in South Africa as
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Black Twitter
South Africa & #FeesMustFall
of 2011. Tweeting is still a middle-class activity in that country, where just 21 percent have access to the Internet,but according to journalism lecturer Unathi Kondile, black people have taken to Twitter as "a free online platform where black voices can assert themselves and their views without editors or publishers deciding if their views matter." #FeesMustFall #FeesMustFall was the most significant hashtag in South African Black Twitter. It started with a student led protest movement that began in mid October 2015 in response to an increase in fees at South African universities. The protests also called for higher wages for
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Black Twitter
#FeesMustFall
low earning university staff who worked for private contractors such as cleaning services and campus security and for them to be employed directly by universities. Black Students took to Twitter to report about the protest because they believed that the media was distorting their views and what the protest was about. One of the most retweeted tweets of the protest was "The Revolution Won't Be Televised, It Will Be Tweeted", the protest led to President Jacob Zuma of the ANC making a statement in December 2017 stating that free education would be rolled out for the working class as
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Black Twitter
#FeesMustFall & #MenAreTrash
well as the low class, through a grant system. #MenAreTrash The #MenAreTrash hashtag was another prominent topic in 2017 on South African Twitter. Women of colour took to the social media platform to address numerous issues such as rape, patriarchy and domestic violence.
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Blackout date
About
Blackout date Blackout dates are dates when travel rewards and other special discounts/promotions are not available. These dates typically fall on or around major holidays or other peak travel seasons. Time off requests from work may not be available during those times as well. About Awards are given by airlines to attract potential fliers away from other carriers and keep them loyal by promising lower fare on future flights. Awards are tailored to create higher incentive to travel on days other than the blackout dates. On blackout dates, more travelers fly by necessity. Hence, a carrier can charge a higher
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Blackout date
About
price and yet fill its capacity as the competition is also being fully booked on the blackout dates. A carrier can maximize profits by providing incentives to loyal but flexible travelers to plan and move their travel dates to lower traffic days, thereby allowing other fliers at premium priced tickets on the blackout dates. The other days are often graded so that the awards afford more on less preferred days.
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Blacks A Fake
Racing record & Five-year-old season: 2005-2006
Blacks A Fake Racing record Blacks A Fake began racing as a late two-year-old in August 2003. He won 10 of his 12 starts as a two- and three-year-old, culminating with a win in the Qbred Triad Final. However, a hock injury halted his career, and he was away from racing for 17 months. Five-year-old season: 2005-2006 Blacks A Fake returned to the track as a five-year-old in October 2005 and won his next six starts. A four-race campaign in Victoria that included a win and two seconds set him up for a tilt at the Inter Dominion series in
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Blacks A Fake
Five-year-old season: 2005-2006 & Six-year-old season: 2006-2007
Hobart during March and April 2006. Wins in the first and last rounds of heats in the three-round series saw him start a short-priced favourite in the Final, which was run for an Australasian record stake of $1.5 million. He gained the lead early on in the Final and claimed his first Inter Dominion title. Returning for a winter campaign in Brisbane after his Inter Dominion success, he won two out of three races, including the Winter Cup. Six-year-old season: 2006-2007 An injury-hampered start to Blacks A Fake's six-year-old season saw him return in October with two minor race wins,
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Blacks A Fake
Six-year-old season: 2006-2007
which were followed by a second in the Miracle Mile at Harold Park. Group One wins in the Treuer Memorial and the Victoria Cup preceded an attempt at a second Inter Dominion, for which the Final was held at Globe Derby Park, Adelaide in January. Fifth and second placings in the first two heats were followed by a win in the final heat, which saw Blacks A Fake start favourite in the Final for the second straight year. He won the race, becoming one of the few horses to win back-to-back Inter Dominions. His season ended with another winter campaign,
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Blacks A Fake
Six-year-old season: 2006-2007 & Seven-year-old season: 2007-2008
which yielded four wins including a second Winter Cup. He was crowned Australian Horse of the Year for the season. Seven-year-old season: 2007-2008 The Equine Influenza outbreak in 2007 seriously affected the early part of Blacks A Fake’s seven-year-old season, with cancelled races, travel restrictions and the fact he caught the disease all contributing factors. He returned to racing in November with two wins and a second in Brisbane. He got to Melbourne in January and started with a win in the Moonee Valley Cup. His next race came in the Ballarat Cup. Blacks A Fake led the inside line
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Blacks A Fake
Seven-year-old season: 2007-2008
throughout; however, Safari sat outside him and held a clear lead over Blacks A Fake for most of the race. Safari won the race. Blacks A Fake then went on to the Hunter Cup, a race in which Natalie Rasmussen was originally reluctant to start given that the horse would face a 30 metre handicap against a field of many of Australia’s best pacers. However, Blacks A Fake came around the field to narrowly gain the win in race-record time. Blacks A Fake’s Hunter Cup win saw him head into the Inter Dominions at Moonee Valley in February and March as
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Blacks A Fake
Seven-year-old season: 2007-2008 & Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009
favourite. Changes to the format of the series meant that he only had to contest a semi-final (which he won) in order to make the Final. In front of a large crowd at Moonee Valley, he won the Final and joined Our Sir Vancelot as the only pacers to win three Inter Dominion Championships. Blacks A Fake was again crowned Horse of the Year for the season, and was also crowned the Australasian Pacers Grand Circuit champion. Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009 Blacks A Fake started his eight-year-old season successfully with a Gold Coast Cup win followed by his first Group One wins
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Blacks A Fake
Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009
in Queensland – the Queensland Pacing Championship and the Trans-Tasman. However, unplaced runs in the Miracle Mile and Victoria Cup followed, and he was spelled with a view to a fourth Inter Dominion. The 2009 Inter Dominion series was held in March at the Gold Coast. One lead-up win set Blacks A Fake up for the series, which consisted of two rounds of heats. A win in the first heat was followed by a second in the second round. The Final was expected by many to be a match race between Blacks A Fake and star New Zealand pacer Auckland Reactor,
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Blacks A Fake
Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009
who went into the Final with 20 wins from 22 starts. The early part of the race went to plan, with Blacks A Fake leading and Auckland Reactor sitting outside him. However, Auckland Reactor overraced badly throughout the race, and eventually choked down and finished tailed off. The failure of Auckland Reactor to settle in the parked position impacted on Blacks A Fake, and he was run down by Mr Feelgood and placed second. Once again, Blacks A Fake campaigned over the winter in Queensland, which saw him add a third Winter Cup (which was now a Group One race) to
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Blacks A Fake
Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009 & Nine-year-old season: 2009-2010
his long list of achievements. He was the joint winner (with Mr Feelgood) of the Australasian Grand Circuit. Nine-year-old season: 2009-2010 Returning in September 2009, Blacks A Fake won his first six races for the season, including his second Gold Coast Cup and second Queensland Pacing Championship. A seventh in the Miracle Mile and a third in the Victoria Cup followed. These performances prompted connections to consider retiring the horse, with the possibility that age and racing had caught up with him. However, the decision was made to continue his career. Three wins during late January and early February prepared Blacks
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Blacks A Fake
Nine-year-old season: 2009-2010
A Fake for another tilt at the Inter Dominions, for which the Final was held at Menangle, outside of Sydney, in early March. He won his first heat of the series at Harold Park and overcame a wide draw to win his second heat at Newcastle. These performances were not enough to see him start favourite in the Final, with that honour going to New Zealand Cup and Miracle Mile winner Monkey King. In the race, Blacks A Fake sat three wide without cover for much of the last 1000m of the race, with Monkey King on his back. He
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Blacks A Fake
Nine-year-old season: 2009-2010 & Ten-year-old season: 2010–2011
ran down the leaders in the straight and held out the finish of Monkey King to record a record-breaking fourth Inter Dominion title. Blacks A Fake returned to racing in July 2010 for another winter campaign. However, in his returning race he dropped out quickly at around the 400m mark and finished a long last. He was subsequently found to have suffered a heart fibrillation. He was immediately spelled, but the decision was made to continue racing as a ten-year-old. His performances were sufficient to earn him a third Horse of the Year crown. Ten-year-old season: 2010–2011 The early part of
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Blacks A Fake
Ten-year-old season: 2010–2011
Blacks A Fake’s ten-year-old season was highlighted by a third Gold Coast Cup; however, he was overshadowed by Mr Feelgood, who defeated him three times in Brisbane including the Queensland Pacing Championship (albeit with better barrier draws). He went to Menangle in late November for a fourth attempt at the Miracle Mile, the biggest Australian race to have eluded him. From a good barrier draw, he led soon after the start, with Smoken Up outside him. The two horses led throughout the trip and finished locked together; however, Smoken Up denied Blacks A Fake his first Miracle Mile by a
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Blacks A Fake
Ten-year-old season: 2010–2011
nose in an Australasian record time of 1:50.3. This performance saw Blacks A Fake become the world's highest earning pacer. This was followed by a second placing in the Treuer Memorial and two wins in Brisbane in December. Blacks A Fake suffered another cardiac arrhythmia in training in early February. It was initially reported that this would rule out the Inter Dominion series in New Zealand; however, he recovered well and returned to racing quickly. A second placing and a win in Brisbane set him up for the series at Alexandra Park in Auckland. He ran fourth in his first heat