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{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 34, "sc": 152, "ep": 42, "ec": 198} | 850 | Q4941303 | 34 | 152 | 42 | 198 | Bond Street Theatre | Israel & Young Audiences Program & History | an expansive street theatre spectacle and Jerusalem’s first professional street theatre company, which continued for many years. Young Audiences Program The company's programs for young audiences illuminate world arts and cultures, historical figures, the relationship between math and music, and other curricula topics. The Young Audience Program is presented in New York City public schools, New York City libraries, and city parks. History Founded in 1976 by a group of physical actors dedicated to innovative theatre and motivated by a passion to be useful in the world, in its early years the company used a diverse physical, visual and |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 198, "ep": 42, "ec": 882} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 198 | 42 | 882 | Bond Street Theatre | History | musical vocabulary to create entertaining and relevant performances exemplifying theatre’s ability to illuminate social and environmental issues.
In 1983, Bond Street Theatre established the Palenville Interarts Colony, an artists' retreat in upstate New York that fostered interdisciplinary collaboration and reached underserved rural audiences. The Colony also produced a community arts project and a Presenting Program, which presented artists such as Dave Brubeck & sons, Eiko & Koma, Bread & Puppet, Talking Band, and others. As a way to bring the community and the Colony closer together, the group created a Children’s Circus – complete with Circus Band – that toured |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 882, "ep": 42, "ec": 1505} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 882 | 42 | 1,505 | Bond Street Theatre | History | the County with their colorful circus tent, snappy costumes, and amazing feats of physical prowess! The Circus delighted audiences in New York for five years and encouraged the circus arts to thrive across three counties. The Governor of New York named a day in our honor, Palenville Circus Day. Dave Brubeck and his sons gave the Palenville Interarts Colony and the Palenville Children’s Circus two fantastic benefit concerts in the Theatre on the Colony grounds.
The Shinbone Alley Stilt Band emerged as the live band accompanying the street theatre shows in the early 1980s that were performed in New York City. |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 1505, "ep": 42, "ec": 2119} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 1,505 | 42 | 2,119 | Bond Street Theatre | History | Originally, the performers would parade and play music, while characters on stilts would parade around before the show. Eventually, all the company members learned to walk on stilts. The Shinbone Alley Stilt Band was named after the alley next to the theatre on Bond Street, and made its debut with its new name in 1988 at a performance in Nagasaki, Japan. The Band still plays frequently at events in and around New York City.
As the company developed more international ties and incorporated more intercultural studies, the group began touring international festivals and theatres on a regular basis. |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 2119, "ep": 42, "ec": 2794} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 2,119 | 42 | 2,794 | Bond Street Theatre | History | In 1984, Bond Street Theatre traveled to the Israel Festival, where its members were exposed to peacebuilding work firsthand.
Over the last two decades, the need for cross-cultural understanding has been magnified and Bond Street Theatre has shifted in light of that change. To date, the company has initiated innovative theatre and theatre-based programs in over 40 countries worldwide, and reached populations in refugee camps, schools, shelters, prisons, rural villages and urban centers.
Today, the company focuses on using the performing arts as a form of humanitarian outreach and as a tool for education and healing in refugee camps, areas of conflict |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 2794, "ep": 42, "ec": 3484} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 2,794 | 42 | 3,484 | Bond Street Theatre | History | and post-war environments. The ensemble collaborates with local artists to enjoy the mutual benefits of artistic exchange, and to promote the value of the arts in advancing peace and shaping our collective future. In addition, the company finds the means to bring our collaborators to the US to bring the issues of the world closer to our local communities, to dispel misunderstandings about other cultures, traditions and religions, and to facilitate effective cross-cultural communication.
Bond Street Theatre continues to present innovative work in venues around the world. They initiate theatre programs for diverse community populations and collaborate with artists globally. |
{"datasets_id": 850, "wiki_id": "Q4941303", "sp": 42, "sc": 3484, "ep": 46, "ec": 399} | 850 | Q4941303 | 42 | 3,484 | 46 | 399 | Bond Street Theatre | History & Awards | In the USA, the company maintains an active Arts-in-Education program in schools and a popular Internship program that answers the growing interest among young artists in social theatre and internationally responsive arts programming. Awards Bond Street Theatre received an award from The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (1990), presented at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing (1995), traveled as US State Department Cultural Envoys to Burma (2009), presented at the Arts in One World Conference (2010), won first prize at the Meppel Festival in Netherlands, and won Best Show at the KimTom Festival in Shanghai. |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 130} | 851 | Q4941334 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 130 | Bond valence method | Introduction | Bond valence method The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with localized bonds or used to predict some of their properties. This model is a development of Pauling's rules. Introduction Although the bond valence model is mostly used for validating newly determined structures, it is capable of predicting many of the |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 8, "sc": 130, "ep": 8, "ec": 697} | 851 | Q4941334 | 8 | 130 | 8 | 697 | Bond valence method | Introduction | properties of those chemical structures that can be described by localized bonds
In the bond valence model, the valence of an atom, V, is defined as the number of electrons the atom uses for bonding. This is equal to the number of electrons in its valence shell if all the valence shell electrons are used for bonding. If they are not, the remainder will form non-bonding electron pairs, usually known as lone pairs.
The valence of a bond, S, is defined as the number of electron pairs forming the bond. In general this is not an integral number. |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 8, "sc": 697, "ep": 8, "ec": 1269} | 851 | Q4941334 | 8 | 697 | 8 | 1,269 | Bond valence method | Introduction | Since each of the terminal atoms contributes equal numbers of electrons to the bond, the bond valence is also equal to the number of valence electrons that each atom contributes. Further, since within each atom, the negatively charged valence shell is linked to the positively charged core by an electrostatic flux that is equal to the charge on the valence shell, it follows that the bond valence is also equal to the electrostatic flux that links the core to the electrons forming the bond. The bond valence is thus equal to three different quantities: the number of |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 8, "sc": 1269, "ep": 16, "ec": 44} | 851 | Q4941334 | 8 | 1,269 | 16 | 44 | Bond valence method | Introduction & The distortion theorem & The ionic model | electrons each atom contributes to the bond, the number of electron pairs that form the bond, and the electrostatic flux linking each core to the bonding electron pair. The distortion theorem Eq. 2 is used to derive the distortion theorem which states that the more the individual bond lengths in a coordination sphere deviate from their average, the more the average bond length increases provided the valence sum is kept constant. Alternatively if the average bond length is kept constant, the more the bond valence sum increases The ionic model The bond valence model can be reduced to the |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 16, "sc": 44, "ep": 16, "ec": 610} | 851 | Q4941334 | 16 | 44 | 16 | 610 | Bond valence method | The ionic model | traditional ionic model if certain conditions are satisfied. These conditions require that atoms be divided into cations and anions in such a way that (a) the electronegativity of every anion is equal to, or greater than, the electronegativity of any of the cations, (b) that the structure is electroneutral when the ions carry charges equal to their valence, and (c) that all the bonds have a cation at one end and an anion at the other. If these conditions are satisfied, as they are in many ionic and covalent compounds, the electrons forming a bond can all be |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 16, "sc": 610, "ep": 16, "ec": 1159} | 851 | Q4941334 | 16 | 610 | 16 | 1,159 | Bond valence method | The ionic model | formally assigned to the anion. The anion thus acquires a formal negative charge and the cation a formal positive charge, which is the picture on which the ionic model is based. The electrostatic flux that links the cation core to its bonding electrons now links the cation core to the anion. In this picture, a cation and anion are bonded to each other if they are linked by electrostatic flux, with the flux being equal to the valence of the bond. In a representative set of compounds Preiser et al. have confirmed that the electrostatic flux |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 16, "sc": 1159, "ep": 16, "ec": 1720} | 851 | Q4941334 | 16 | 1,159 | 16 | 1,720 | Bond valence method | The ionic model | is the same as the bond valence determined from the bond lengths using Eq. 2.
The association of the cation bonding electrons with the anion in the ionic model is purely formal. There is no change in physical locations of any electrons, and there is no change in the bond valence. The terms "anion" and "cation" in the bond valence model are defined in terms of the bond topology, not the chemical properties of the atoms. This extends the scope of the ionic model well beyond compounds in which the bonding would normally be considered as "ionic". |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 16, "sc": 1720, "ep": 20, "ec": 30} | 851 | Q4941334 | 16 | 1,720 | 20 | 30 | Bond valence method | The ionic model & The covalent model | For example, methane, CH₄, obeys the conditions for the ionic model with carbon as the cation and hydrogen as the anion (or vice versa, since carbon and hydrogen have the same electronegativity).
For compounds that contain cation-cation or anion-anion bonds it is usually possible to transform these homoionic bonds into cation-anion bonds either by treating the atoms linked by the homoionic bond as a single complex cation (e.g., Hg₂²⁺), or by treating the bonding electrons in the homoionic bond as a pseudo-anion to transform a cation-cation bond into two cation - pseudo-anion bonds, e.g., Hg²⁺-e²⁻-Hg²⁺. The covalent model Structures containing covalent |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 20, "sc": 30, "ep": 20, "ec": 609} | 851 | Q4941334 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 609 | Bond valence method | The covalent model | bonds can be treated using the ionic model providing they satisfy the topological conditions given above, but a special situation applies to hydrocarbons which allows the bond valence model to be reduced to the traditional bond model of organic chemistry. If an atom has a valence, V, that is equal to its coordination number, N, its bonding strength according to Eq. 3 is exactly 1.0 vu (valence units), a condition that greatly simplifies the model. This condition is obeyed by carbon, hydrogen and silicon. Since these atoms all have bonding strengths of 1.0 vu the bonds |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 20, "sc": 609, "ep": 20, "ec": 1207} | 851 | Q4941334 | 20 | 609 | 20 | 1,207 | Bond valence method | The covalent model | between them are all predicted to have integral valences with carbon forming four single bonds and hydrogen one. Under these conditions, the bonds are all single bonds (or multiples of single bonds). Compounds can be constructed by linking carbon and hydrogen atoms with bonds that are all exactly equivalent. Under certain conditions, nitrogen can form three bonds and oxygen two, but since nitrogen and oxygen typically also form hydrogen bonds, the resulting N-H and O-H bonds have valences less than 1.0 vu, leading through the application of Eq. 1, to the C-C and C-H bonds having valences |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 20, "sc": 1207, "ep": 24, "ec": 411} | 851 | Q4941334 | 20 | 1,207 | 24 | 411 | Bond valence method | The covalent model & Predicting bonding geometry | that differ from 1.0 vu. Nevertheless, the simple bonding rules of organic chemistry are still good approximations, though the rules of the bond valence model are better. Predicting bonding geometry A chemical structure can be represented by a bond network of the kind familiar in molecular diagrams. The infinitely connected bond networks found in crystals can be simplified into finite networks by extracting one formula unit and reconnecting any broken bonds to each other. If the bond network is not known, a plausible network can be created by connecting well matched cations and anions that satisfy Eq. |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 24, "sc": 411, "ep": 24, "ec": 989} | 851 | Q4941334 | 24 | 411 | 24 | 989 | Bond valence method | Predicting bonding geometry | 4. If the finite network contains only cation-anion bonds, every bond can be treated as an electric capacitor (two equal and opposite charges linked by electrostatic flux). The bond network is thus equivalent to a capacitive electrical circuit with the charge on each capacitor being equivalent to the bond valence. The individual bond capacitors are not initially known, but in the absence of any information to the contrary we assume that they are all equal. In this case the circuit can be solved using the Kirchhoff equations, yielding the valences of each bond. Eq. 2 |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 24, "sc": 989, "ep": 24, "ec": 1650} | 851 | Q4941334 | 24 | 989 | 24 | 1,650 | Bond valence method | Predicting bonding geometry | can then be used to calculate bond lengths which are found to lie within a few picometres of the observed bond lengths if no additional constraints are present. Additional constraints include electronic anisotropies (lone pairs and Jahn-Teller distortions) or steric constraints, (bonds stretched or compressed in order to fit them into three-dimensional space). Hydrogen bonds are an example of a steric constraint. The repulsion resulting from the close approach of the donor and acceptor atoms causes the bonds to be stretched, and under this constraint the distortion theorem predicts that the hydrogen atom will move off-center.
The bond valence |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 24, "sc": 1650, "ep": 28, "ec": 271} | 851 | Q4941334 | 24 | 1,650 | 28 | 271 | Bond valence method | Predicting bonding geometry & Strengths and limitations of the model | is a vector directed along the bond since it represents the electrostatic field linking the ions. If the atom is unconstrained, the sum of the bond valence vectors around an atom is expected to be zero, a condition that limits the range of possible bond angles. Strengths and limitations of the model The bond valence model is an extension of the electron counting rules and its strength lies in its simplicity and robustness. Unlike most models of chemical bonding, it does not require a prior knowledge of the atomic positions and so can be used to construct chemically |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 28, "sc": 271, "ep": 28, "ec": 906} | 851 | Q4941334 | 28 | 271 | 28 | 906 | Bond valence method | Strengths and limitations of the model | plausible structures given only the composition. The empirical parameters of the model are tabulated and are readily transferable between bonds of the same type. The concepts used are familiar to chemists and provide ready insight into the chemical restraints acting on the structure. The bond valence model uses mostly classical physics, and with little more than a pocket calculator, it gives quantitative predictions of bond lengths and places limits on what structures can be formed.
However, like all models, the bond valence model has its limitations. It is restricted to compounds with localized bonds; it does not, |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 28, "sc": 906, "ep": 32, "ec": 315} | 851 | Q4941334 | 28 | 906 | 32 | 315 | Bond valence method | Strengths and limitations of the model & History | in general, apply to metals or aromatic compounds where the electrons are delocalized. It cannot in principle predict electron density distributions or energies since these require the solution of the Schoedinger equation using the long-range Coulomb potential which is incompatible with the concept of a localized bond. History The bond valence method is a development of Pauling's rules. In 1930, Bragg showed that Pauling's electrostatic valence rule could be represented by electrostatic lines of force emanating from cations in proportion to the cation charge and ending on anions. The lines of force are divided equally between the bonds |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 32, "sc": 315, "ep": 36, "ec": 123} | 851 | Q4941334 | 32 | 315 | 36 | 123 | Bond valence method | History & Doing the calculations | to the corners of the coordination polyhedron.
Starting with Pauling in 1947 a correlation between cation–anion bond length and bond strength was noted. It was then shown later that if bond lengths were included in the calculation of bond strength, its accuracy was improved, and this revised method of calculation was termed the bond valence. These new insights were developed by later workers culminating in the set of rules termed the bond valence model. Doing the calculations It is possible to do these simple calculations on paper or to use software. A program which does it can be obtained free of |
{"datasets_id": 851, "wiki_id": "Q4941334", "sp": 36, "sc": 123, "ep": 36, "ec": 131} | 851 | Q4941334 | 36 | 123 | 36 | 131 | Bond valence method | Doing the calculations | charge. |
{"datasets_id": 852, "wiki_id": "Q4941934", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 658} | 852 | Q4941934 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 658 | Bongwater (band) | Overview | Bongwater (band) Overview Earlier recordings consisted of psychedelic-era cover songs, sound collages and originals in an abrasive and/or abstract, dense and sludgy experimental style with often dreamy and cacophonous vocals by Magnuson on the songs "Frank" (a sardonic "tribute" to Frank Sinatra) and "Dazed and Chinese" (Led Zeppelin's "Dazed and Confused", sung in Cantonese). The band's style ultimately evolved into a more poppy, sexy approach which still retained an experimental edge as well as retaining the surreal and wicked, often self-deprecating wit which had distinguished the group's earlier releases. Lengthy sound collages would often terminate or begin the songs and |
{"datasets_id": 852, "wiki_id": "Q4941934", "sp": 6, "sc": 658, "ep": 6, "ec": 1303} | 852 | Q4941934 | 6 | 658 | 6 | 1,303 | Bongwater (band) | Overview | without warning, a spoken word monologue (often taken from Magnuson's dream journal excerpts) might cut into the music.
They distinguished themselves as interpreters of songs by other artists and in particular of 1960s psychedelic rock songs, although they also covered occasional oddities like "Bedazzled" by Dudley Moore. They made "Kisses Sweeter than Wine" by The Weavers and "You Don't Love Me Yet" by Roky Erickson into virtual signature tunes. The former was made into a tribute to Bobby, Magnuson's late beloved brother, and others lost to AIDS. A number of their other songs made reference to this. This included their arguably |
{"datasets_id": 852, "wiki_id": "Q4941934", "sp": 6, "sc": 1303, "ep": 6, "ec": 1870} | 852 | Q4941934 | 6 | 1,303 | 6 | 1,870 | Bongwater (band) | Overview | biggest college radio hit, "Folk Song".
The group created a number of arty low budget home movie-style music videos, three directed by Magnuson's then-boyfriend, Brad Dunning. However a more slick and polished example, "The Power of Pussy", strangely, aired on the Playboy Channel, which also financed its production.
Bongwater had two major college radio hits, "The Power of Pussy" and the marathon-length "Folk Song" and some college radio chart success. Personality clashes and money issues, however, caused the duo to split up with much acrimony. |
{"datasets_id": 853, "wiki_id": "Q530336", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 481} | 853 | Q530336 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 481 | Bonnie St. Claire | Life and career | Bonnie St. Claire Life and career St. Claire was born as Bonje Cornelia Swart in Rozenburg on 18 November 1949. She was born on a boat and is the daughter of a barge skipper. Her career began in 1966 when at a Peter Koelewijn concert, she was invited to come up on stage and sing with him.
In 1970 she had a hit with "I Won't Stand Between Them" which peaked at No. 6 in the Netherlands and spent eleven weeks in the charts. In 1979, she was part of a trio called Bonnie, Debbie & Rosy who released a single |
{"datasets_id": 853, "wiki_id": "Q530336", "sp": 6, "sc": 481, "ep": 6, "ec": 1080} | 853 | Q530336 | 6 | 481 | 6 | 1,080 | Bonnie St. Claire | Life and career | called "Oh Boy" which was written and produced by Peter Koelewijn. In addition to herself, the trio included Debbie aka Ria Schildmeyer, and Rosy Pereira.
Later St. Claire would join José Hoebee as part of the duo Bonnie & José and would have a degree of success in the Netherlands. The two singers were under the same management and they soon became friends and started socializing with each other. In 1984 they enjoyed a top 40 hit with "Cassandra" which had previously been recorded by ABBA. They also recorded an album of Abba songs which was approved by Björn Ulvaeus.
In 2010, |
{"datasets_id": 853, "wiki_id": "Q530336", "sp": 6, "sc": 1080, "ep": 6, "ec": 1252} | 853 | Q530336 | 6 | 1,080 | 6 | 1,252 | Bonnie St. Claire | Life and career | St. Claire and Gerard Joling had a hit in the Netherlands with "Morgen Wordt Alles Anders" as Bonnie & Gerard. The song peaked at no. 2 and spent nine weeks in the charts. |
{"datasets_id": 854, "wiki_id": "Q17006101", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 594} | 854 | Q17006101 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 594 | Bookjam | History | Bookjam History After creating his first start up, Interqubit, Cho was surprised to find out that most publishers were not able to afford to make ebooks, even at a low price. Therefore, he offered a revenue sharing model and began to make their books at no cost. After the very first ebook he made reached second-place ranking in Apple app store Korea, he changed his company name to 'Bookjam' in 2011, and began expanding.
As of October 2013, Bookjam has raised $17 million venture capital funding from Altos Ventures and Bon Angles.
On February 2014, Bookjam announced that it had entered the |
{"datasets_id": 854, "wiki_id": "Q17006101", "sp": 6, "sc": 594, "ep": 10, "ec": 402} | 854 | Q17006101 | 6 | 594 | 10 | 402 | Bookjam | History & BXP | Japanese ebook market, by cooperating with Leed.
On February 2014, Bookjam announced its plan to provide cloud service to readers in May, which will allow contents to be synced across all platforms on all devices. BXP BXP stand for Bookjam eXtensible Publication, and is a platform created by Bookjam in 2011. BXP allows the production of interactive multimedia ebooks and optimized layouts for all devices with more features than what ePub allows. It can also add Vimeo videos, embed maps, offer social media, and enable audio recording. BXP allows auto compression of images to enable fast download that is adjusted to |
{"datasets_id": 854, "wiki_id": "Q17006101", "sp": 10, "sc": 402, "ep": 18, "ec": 185} | 854 | Q17006101 | 10 | 402 | 18 | 185 | Bookjam | BXP & Business and Services & Awards | the resolution of the device. Business and Services Bookjam aims to provide multifunctional ebooks to readers and provide direct to consumer platform for publishers. Awards Innovation Award by Korea Electronic Publishing Association
2013 Korea eBooks Awards, Winner, "The Land"
2013 Korea eBooks Awards, Encouragement Award, "The Master Chef" |
{"datasets_id": 855, "wiki_id": "Q15991266", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 592} | 855 | Q15991266 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 592 | Bookmice | Description | Bookmice Description Norbert, Zazi and Leon, three fun-loving mice, live secretly behind the walls of the neighborhood library. Only Lee, a lonely boy who has just moved into the area, and an interloping, decrepit cat know of the existence of the Bookmice. Later in the series, the mice are discovered by three new children, Alysha, Jason, and Luke, who become their secret friends. Humor, wonder, stories, music, and delightful animation are present in the everyday adventures of the mice, as they explore the wondrous world of books – and the library's many friends and activities. Along with encouraging a love |
{"datasets_id": 855, "wiki_id": "Q15991266", "sp": 6, "sc": 592, "ep": 6, "ec": 725} | 855 | Q15991266 | 6 | 592 | 6 | 725 | Bookmice | Description | of reading, programs promote social values, as children learn about helping others, the importance of honesty, and overcoming fears. |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 542} | 856 | Q1208230 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 542 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | History | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year History Although the award was created by The Bookseller, the idea of an award celebrating books with odd titles was proposed by Bruce Robinson and Trevor Bounford of the Diagram Group in order to provide entertainment during the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1978. Originally known as the Diagram Group Prize for the Oddest Title at the Frankfurt Book Fair, any book that was at the fair could be nominated, but other books outside of the fair were also included. In 1982, Horace Bent, diarist for The Bookseller, took over administrative duties. Following |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 6, "sc": 542, "ep": 6, "ec": 1118} | 856 | Q1208230 | 6 | 542 | 6 | 1,118 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | History | two occasions in 1987 and 1991 when no prize was given due to a lack of odd titles, The Bookseller opened suggestions to the readers of the magazine. In 2000, the winner was voted for by the public instead of being decided by Bent. In 2009, online submissions sent on Twitter were accepted. This resulted in the highest number of submissions for the prize in its history, with 90 books being submitted (50 from Twitter), almost three times the number from the previous year (32). However, Bent also expressed his annoyance at people who gave submissions that broke the rules, |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 6, "sc": 1118, "ep": 6, "ec": 1722} | 856 | Q1208230 | 6 | 1,118 | 6 | 1,722 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | History | with some of the books mentioned being published as far back as 1880. The 2014 prize allowed nominations from self-published works, the first book being Strangers Have the Best Candy by Margaret Meps Schulte, which won the prize.
The Diagram Prize receives considerable press coverage every year. In 2008, more people voted for the Diagram Prize (8,500 votes) than The Best of Booker Prize (7,800). The prize is either a magnum of champagne or a bottle of claret for the person who nominates the winning title, and increased publicity for both the book and its author. In 2014, the nominator was |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 6, "sc": 1722, "ep": 10, "ec": 247} | 856 | Q1208230 | 6 | 1,722 | 10 | 247 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | History & Format | Brian Payne, who works as the deputy chief sub-editor of The Bookseller. Due to his position he decided to reject the bottle of claret that he won saying it, "would remain in the cellar." In 2018, all the nominations came from staff at The Bookseller, so the claret will be awarded to a random voter who votes for the eventual winner. Format Nominees were originally limited to just books at the Frankfurt Book Fair, but this was extended to submissions sent in by The Bookseller magazine's traditional readership of librarians, publishers, and booksellers in order to decrease the risk of |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 10, "sc": 247, "ep": 10, "ec": 879} | 856 | Q1208230 | 10 | 247 | 10 | 879 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Format | no award being given. In 2009, submissions could be sent to either Bent's or The Bookseller's Twitter accounts. People cannot nominate their own works, nor can they select books they publish themselves. Titles that are deliberately created to be funny are normally rejected. Also, nominators, judges and voters are actively discouraged from reading any of the nominations, "for fear that becoming too close to the work may cloud their judgement in declaring the text's title 'odd'. Especially considering the prize champions 'odd titles' and not 'odd books' (see the Man Booker for the latter)". The winner was originally voted for |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 10, "sc": 879, "ep": 14, "ec": 202} | 856 | Q1208230 | 10 | 879 | 14 | 202 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Format & Books about the prize | by a panel of judges, but since 2000 the winner has been voted for by members of the public via the Internet. Bent resisted this move and threatened to resign, but he later reconsidered and now creates the short list of finalists. Also, the title of the book must be in English, although the language in the book can be any language. Books about the prize In September 2008, a book about the Diagram Prize was published by Aurum Press entitled How to Avoid Huge Ships and Other Implausibly Titled Books. With an introduction written by Joel Rickett, the book |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 14, "sc": 202, "ep": 18, "ec": 296} | 856 | Q1208230 | 14 | 202 | 18 | 296 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Books about the prize & Controversy | was released to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the prize. It featured a collection of book covers from winners and runners-up from previous years. A follow-up book was released in October 2009, entitled Baboon Metaphysics And More Implausibly Titled Books, including an introduction by Bent. Controversy So far, there have been two occasions in which no award has been presented. Bent did not offer a prize in 1987 and 1991, as he felt there was no title that was odd enough to deserve the prize. The prize has become noteworthy enough that, in 2004, The Bookseller castigated publishers for choosing |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 18, "sc": 296, "ep": 18, "ec": 894} | 856 | Q1208230 | 18 | 296 | 18 | 894 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Controversy | titles with a view to winning it, saying, "There were too many self-consciously titled entries – presumably in a bid to emulate the 2003 champion, Big Book of Lesbian Horse Stories". Bent has also expressed his dislike of people voting for ruder titles, stating that he himself would not have voted for the 2007 winner If You Want Closure in Your Relationship, Start with Your Legs.
In 2009, the choice of The 2009–2014 World Outlook for 60-milligram Containers of Fromage Frais as winner of the 2008 award was controversial, as Parker did not write the book himself, but used an automated |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 18, "sc": 894, "ep": 20, "ec": 10} | 856 | Q1208230 | 18 | 894 | 20 | 10 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Controversy & Diagram of Diagrams | authoring machine which produces thousands of titles on the basis of Internet and database searches. Philip Stone, charts editor and awards administrator at The Bookseller, commented by saying: "I think it's slightly controversial as it was written by a computer, but given the number of celebrity memoirs out there that are ghostwritten, I don't think it's too strange."
In 2018, one of the nominations, Joy of Waterboiling, was controversial because the book was written mostly in German, but the rules of the prize state that only the title needs to be in English in order to qualify for nomination. Diagram of |
{"datasets_id": 856, "wiki_id": "Q1208230", "sp": 20, "sc": 10, "ep": 22, "ec": 585} | 856 | Q1208230 | 20 | 10 | 22 | 585 | Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year | Diagram of Diagrams | Diagrams Two special anniversary awards known as the "Diagram of Diagrams" (the name reflects the "Booker of Bookers") have been presented to honour both the 15th and the 30th anniversaries of the Diagram Prize. The nominations of the prizes were all of the previous winners up to that point in time. In 1993, the winner of the 15th anniversary award was Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Nude Mice, the winner of the first Diagram Prize. The second "Diagram of Diagrams", announced on 5 September 2008, was Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers, the 1996 winner. |
{"datasets_id": 857, "wiki_id": "Q113151", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 184} | 857 | Q113151 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 184 | Boone County, Nebraska | Geography | Boone County, Nebraska Geography According to the US Census Bureau, the county has an area of 687 square miles (1,780 km²), of which 687 square miles (1,780 km²) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km²) (0.1%) is water. |
{"datasets_id": 858, "wiki_id": "Q4944089", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 538} | 858 | Q4944089 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 538 | Bootstrapping populations | Remark | Bootstrapping populations Remark Note that the accuracy with which a parameter distribution law of
populations compatible with a sample is obtained is not a function of the sample size. Instead, it is a function of the number of seeds we draw. In turn, this number is purely a matter of computational time but does not require any extension of the observed data. With other bootstrapping methods focusing on a generation of sample replicas (like those proposed by (Efron and Tibshirani 1993)) the accuracy of the estimate distributions depends on the sample size. |
{"datasets_id": 859, "wiki_id": "Q4944282", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 409} | 859 | Q4944282 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 409 | Borakalalo Game Reserve | Characteristics | Borakalalo Game Reserve Characteristics The reserve covers an area of about 13,000 hectares. The protected area is situated around the Klipvoor Dam and the Moretele River. The park consists of woodland and open bushveld vegetation.
The nearest bank is at Letlhabile, about 45 km south of the Reserve. There is a shop at the gate of the park selling basic goods. There are also good fishing spots in the park area, mainly in the Klipvoor Dam. |
{"datasets_id": 860, "wiki_id": "Q55605784", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 183} | 860 | Q55605784 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 183 | Bordoll | Etymology & Dolls & Operation | Bordoll Etymology The name Bordoll is a portmanteau of bordello and doll. Dolls Bordoll has 13 female dolls and one male. Each weighs 30kg, has a name, and is defined as either "real", "fantasy", "skinny", or "anime". They are imported from Asia and cost the brothel doll £1,786 each. The brothel encourages the clients to provide clothing outfits in which to dress their doll. Operation Customers can have a session with a doll for about $100 per hour. Bordoll is a successful business with the dolls being books for about 12 sessions each per day. The owner states that |
{"datasets_id": 860, "wiki_id": "Q55605784", "sp": 14, "sc": 183, "ep": 14, "ec": 433} | 860 | Q55605784 | 14 | 183 | 14 | 433 | Bordoll | Operation | around 70% of the clients are repeat customers.
Wives have been commonly observed by the owner Evelyn Schwarz waiting outside in cars for their husbands who are having a session.
The dolls are cleaned and disinfected after every use. |
{"datasets_id": 861, "wiki_id": "Q16844778", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 56} | 861 | Q16844778 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 56 | Born Too Late (song) | In media | Born Too Late (song) In media The song was used in the 1973 movie, That'll Be the Day. |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 596} | 862 | Q3621970 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 596 | Bosco Littorio | Bosco Littorio | Bosco Littorio Bosco Littorio The area received its current name, which means lictorial wood and refers to the fasces, by the Fascist regime in the 20th century. Following the construction of the Polo petrolchimico di Gela refinery in the 1950s, the local vegetation was affected by the fumes, becoming swollen and contorted. Until the 1970s, the area was used by inhabitants of Gela as a summer resort and swimming spot. It was also frequented by people carrying out illicit excavations.
In 1983, archaeological excavations were carried out, which revealed the emporium and from 1992 the area became part of the state |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 6, "sc": 596, "ep": 10, "ec": 312} | 862 | Q3621970 | 6 | 596 | 10 | 312 | Bosco Littorio | Bosco Littorio & Archaic emporium | property governed by the Soprintendenza di Caltanissetta, which is based at Gela. The wooded area can be entered freely and is looked after by the Corpo forestale della Regione siciliana. The archaeological area was opened to the public on 29 May 2009. Archaic emporium The Archaic Emporium, as it is identified by archaeologists, contains numerous structures (more than ten) which belong to a broad area extending from the port to the acropolis (the site of the ancient acropolis is the hill now known as Molino a vento) of the ancient Greek city of Gela, in an area bounded by the |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 10, "sc": 312, "ep": 10, "ec": 901} | 862 | Q3621970 | 10 | 312 | 10 | 901 | Bosco Littorio | Archaic emporium | Gela river on the southeastern side. The buildings consist of regular square rooms. The walls survive to a height of more than 2 metres and in some cases preserve the ancient holes for the roof beams. In many cases, the layers of plaster which covered the interior walls are also preserved. In one of the structures, an entire door is preserved, including jambs and architrave. The walls were built of rough sundried mudbricks, probably mass-produced since almost all of them have the same measurements (60 x 60 x 15 cm).
The first phase of activity in this area is datable to the |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 10, "sc": 901, "ep": 10, "ec": 1499} | 862 | Q3621970 | 10 | 901 | 10 | 1,499 | Bosco Littorio | Archaic emporium | time of the Greek colony's foundation in the 8th century BC. The site developed in the 6th century, until its destruction after 480 BC, probably from natural causes. The destruction might have been caused by a tsunami: traces of a traumatic event are clear from the collapsed walls of some of the houses. Over the remains of the archaic area is evidence for a final phase of life, characterised by the celebration of feasts which probably had a religious dimension.
The discovery of the site occurred during work on the foundations of a communal kindergarten. As a result of the discovery, |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 10, "sc": 1499, "ep": 10, "ec": 2151} | 862 | Q3621970 | 10 | 1,499 | 10 | 2,151 | Bosco Littorio | Archaic emporium | this work was interrupted and the building was built elsewhere instead.
In December 1999, during some excavations carried out to the west of Bosco by Lavinia Sole under the direction of Sopraintendente Rosalbe Panvini, three terracotta altars were discovered, dating to the 480s BC and decorated with reliefs of mythological figures, the gorgon Medusa with her children Pegasus and Chrysaor under her arms on one, the goddess Eos kidnaping Thanatos on another, and a triad of female figures whose significance is unclear on the third. The altars are on display in the Regional Archaeological Museum of Gela.
A new series of excavations |
{"datasets_id": 862, "wiki_id": "Q3621970", "sp": 10, "sc": 2151, "ep": 10, "ec": 2728} | 862 | Q3621970 | 10 | 2,151 | 10 | 2,728 | Bosco Littorio | Archaic emporium | was begun in November 2007 and concluded the next year, in September, and was carried out in tandem with the recovery of the archaic ships on the seabed nearby. The shipwrecks and the emporium have been treated as a single object of research by scholars, since they were probably destroyed by the same event.
During a three-day expedition, Traffici, commerci e vie di distribuzione nel Mediterraneo tra protostoria e V secolo a.C. (27–29 May 2009), the site was opened to the workers and their families and then to the wider public; it remains freely accessible today. |
{"datasets_id": 863, "wiki_id": "Q1702870", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 494} | 863 | Q1702870 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 494 | Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park | History | Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park History The place where today the Fray Jorge National Park is located was discovered in 1627 by a priest of the Franciscan order, who, due to a lack of timber in the area, set out to search for it with the help of some mules. After "miraculously" finding it at this location, he brought back some timber and used it to build part of the bell tower of the Church of San Francisco in La Serena.
The Bosque de Fray Jorge national park was created in 1941 and is administered by the Chilean forest |
{"datasets_id": 863, "wiki_id": "Q1702870", "sp": 6, "sc": 494, "ep": 6, "ec": 585} | 863 | Q1702870 | 6 | 494 | 6 | 585 | Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park | History | authority CONAF. UNESCO incorporated the national park as a biosphere reservation in 1977. |
{"datasets_id": 864, "wiki_id": "Q15980829", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 117} | 864 | Q15980829 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 117 | Boston District Independents | Frampton and Holme By-Election, 18 October 2012 & Group Reorganisation | Boston District Independents Frampton and Holme By-Election, 18 October 2012 Caused by the resignation of Independent Councillor Brian Rush (formerly a member of the Boston Bypass Independents). The Boston District Independents declined to stand and instead assisted another Independent candidate, Maggie Peberdy who came second with 139 votes or 26.7%. Group Reorganisation At Boston Borough Council's Annual General Meeting in May 2013, the group was reconstituted as "Independent Group 2". |
{"datasets_id": 865, "wiki_id": "Q722522", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 347} | 865 | Q722522 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 347 | Bouïra | Geography | Bouïra Geography It is located in the geographical heart of the province. It borders the municipality of Ait Laziz in the north, Aïn Turk in the north-east (home to the largest aqueduct in Africa), Aïn El Hadjar in the east, El Hachimia in the south-east, Oued El Berdi in the south, El Asnam in the south-west, Haizer in the west, and Taghzourt in the north-west. |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 568} | 866 | Q895118 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 568 | Boulton and Watt | The engine partnership | Boulton and Watt The engine partnership The partnership was formed in 1775 to exploit Watt's patent for a steam engine with a separate condenser. This made much more efficient use of its fuel than the older Newcomen engine. Initially the business was based at the Soho Manufactory near Boulton's Soho House on the southern edge of the then-rural parish of Handsworth. However most of the components for their engines were made by others, for example the cylinders by John Wilkinson.
In 1795, they began to make steam engines themselves at their Soho Foundry in Smethwick, near Birmingham, England. |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 6, "sc": 568, "ep": 10, "ec": 165} | 866 | Q895118 | 6 | 568 | 10 | 165 | Boulton and Watt | The engine partnership & Nurturing talent | The partnership was passed to two of their sons in 1800. William Murdoch was made a partner of the firm in 1810, where he remained until his retirement 20 years later at the age of 76. The firm lasted over 120 years, albeit renamed "James Watt & Co." in 1849, and was still making steam engines in 1895, when it was sold to W & T Avery Ltd.. Nurturing talent The business was a hotbed for the nurturing of emerging engineering talent. Among the names which were employed there in the eighteenth century were James Law, Peter |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 10, "sc": 165, "ep": 14, "ec": 570} | 866 | Q895118 | 10 | 165 | 14 | 570 | Boulton and Watt | Nurturing talent & Archive | Ewart, William Brunton, Isaac Perrins, William Murdoch, and John Southern. Archive The firm left an extremely detailed archive of its activities, which was given to the city of Birmingham in 1911 and is kept at the Library of Birmingham. The library has since obtained various other related archives.
An additional archive was donated to the Boulton and Watt collection in 2015. It represents the significant research carried out by Dr John Richardson (Accession number 2015/049) The archive includes: A copy of his completed P.h.D.thesis submitted to the University of Reading in 1989. The original thesis remains the property of the University |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 14, "sc": 570, "ep": 14, "ec": 1310} | 866 | Q895118 | 14 | 570 | 14 | 1,310 | Boulton and Watt | Archive | of Reading.
The archive contains: Display folders containing text and different varieties of drawings from the detailed examination of the large number of portfolios of engineering drawings. these include drawings used in the development of new ideas, detail drawings of parts, assembly drawings, drawings used in instruction and function and 'prestige' drawings often produced in full colour to provide customers with realistic views of assemblies and finished engines.
Folders containing detailed handwritten notes on all portfolios examined. This information includes portfolio number, dates of drawings and comments on techniques used. Where applicable, the records cross reference with letters, books and other related |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 14, "sc": 1310, "ep": 14, "ec": 1986} | 866 | Q895118 | 14 | 1,310 | 14 | 1,986 | Boulton and Watt | Archive | literature on the firm of Boulton and Watt.
A selection of DVDs containing all text and the many drawings studied are also included in the archive.
The research is primarily concerned with the contribution of the firm of Boulton and Watt to engineering drawing used in design and manufacture. The archive also includes work carried out by other early architects, artists, engineers and designers.
The archive also includes information on a project undertaken in 1984.
The Australian Project
An opportunity arose in 1984 to evaluate the use of Boulton & Watt drawings made two hundred years earlier when Dr Richardson was asked to help |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 14, "sc": 1986, "ep": 14, "ec": 2565} | 866 | Q895118 | 14 | 1,986 | 14 | 2,565 | Boulton and Watt | Archive | the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, New South Wales Australia who were planning to restore and erect a Boulton and Watt engine. In the course of restoration the engine had been completely dismantled and the work revealed that the cylinder, valve gear, condenser and air pump had all been modified at least once from the original design. Reports from Australia confirmed that the engine was erected in the Power House Museum, Ultimo, New South Wales. This engine was originally designed and built for Samuel Whitbread in 1784 and the job portfolio (B & W 4) contains forty |
{"datasets_id": 866, "wiki_id": "Q895118", "sp": 14, "sc": 2565, "ep": 14, "ec": 2781} | 866 | Q895118 | 14 | 2,565 | 14 | 2,781 | Boulton and Watt | Archive | four drawings that relate to it. Copies of the different types of drawings were made and sent out; they provided all the necessary information required to re assemble and erect the engine. (Dr Louise Crossley 1984) |
{"datasets_id": 867, "wiki_id": "Q2922495", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 156} | 867 | Q2922495 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 156 | Bousillage | Discussion | Bousillage Bousillage (bouzillage, bousille, bouzille) is a mixture of clay and grass or other fibrous substances used as the infill (chinking) between the timbers of a half-timbered building. This material was commonly used by 18th-century French colonial settlers in the historical New France region of the United States and is similar to the material cob and adobe. In French torchis has the same meaning or the meaning of a loaf of this material. Discussion Bousillage in south Louisiana is a mixture of clay earth and retted Spanish moss, but in the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Canada contains straw, grass |
{"datasets_id": 867, "wiki_id": "Q2922495", "sp": 8, "sc": 156, "ep": 8, "ec": 774} | 867 | Q2922495 | 8 | 156 | 8 | 774 | Bousillage | Discussion | or hair, used to fill in the panels in poteaux-sur-sol, poteaux-en-terre, and half-timbered framing (called colombage in French). This was a technique used in French Louisiana by colonists from the 18th to 19th centuries. In France the framing was typically in-filled between the post with brick (briquette-entre-poteaux), stone and mud (Pierrotage) or bousillage. There was no stone in south Louisiana, and bricks were not being made during early colonial times. The colonist picked up on a technique that the Native Americans were using to build their wattle and daub structures, and that was heavy clay soil and |
{"datasets_id": 867, "wiki_id": "Q2922495", "sp": 8, "sc": 774, "ep": 8, "ec": 1335} | 867 | Q2922495 | 8 | 774 | 8 | 1,335 | Bousillage | Discussion | retted Spanish moss as the binder. Split sticks or staves, known as barreaux, rabbits or batons were used as rungs between the upright post. They were shaped to fit at an angle and hammered into place without the use of nails.
Bousillage is made by layering a taché (hole in the ground) with mud and moss and adding water. Then tacherons (barefoot men) worked the mixture into a mortar. Torchis (bousillage shaped like a bread dough loaf) are hung over the barreaux being compacted as placed one next to the other. The finished wall would have been |
{"datasets_id": 867, "wiki_id": "Q2922495", "sp": 8, "sc": 1335, "ep": 8, "ec": 1431} | 867 | Q2922495 | 8 | 1,335 | 8 | 1,431 | Bousillage | Discussion | either lime washed or covered with lime plaster. The plaster contains animal hair as a binder. |
{"datasets_id": 868, "wiki_id": "Q27984146", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 158} | 868 | Q27984146 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 158 | Boydsville, Missouri | History | Boydsville, Missouri Boydsville is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. History A post office called Boydsville was established in 1858, and remained in operation until 1906. John K. Boyd, an early postmaster, gave the community his name. |
{"datasets_id": 869, "wiki_id": "Q4952707", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 571} | 869 | Q4952707 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 571 | Boys and Girls High School | History | Boys and Girls High School History Brooklyn's first public high school, the Central Grammar School (named "Central" rather than "Free" to avoid controversy over providing free "higher education" for poor children), opened, September 1878 in a rented building on Court & Livingston Streets. A new building was planned on the east side of Nostrand Avenue between from Halsey and Macon Streets, designed by Superintendent of Buildings James W. Naughton, but by the time it opened in 1886, enrollment had increased to the point where it was decided to use this building as the girls' high school and to build a |
{"datasets_id": 869, "wiki_id": "Q4952707", "sp": 6, "sc": 571, "ep": 6, "ec": 1141} | 869 | Q4952707 | 6 | 571 | 6 | 1,141 | Boys and Girls High School | History | separate building for the boys. The boys remained in the Court Street space. As there were now effectively two schools, in 1891 they were renamed as the Girls' High School and the Boys' High School. A new building for the boys was begun in 1891, on Marcy Avenue, between Madison Street & Putnam Avenue. it opened as Boys High School on November 1, 1892. In 1975 the two schools were merged once again, and shortly afterwards moved into their present building at Fulton Street and Utica Avenue.
From 1986 until 2004, the school's principal was Frank Mickens, |
{"datasets_id": 869, "wiki_id": "Q4952707", "sp": 6, "sc": 1141, "ep": 6, "ec": 1688} | 869 | Q4952707 | 6 | 1,141 | 6 | 1,688 | Boys and Girls High School | History | who dealt with the school's many problems during the 1980s, and turned into an excellent college preparatory institution for poor and marginalized young men and women. By 1989 some 70 percent of graduates were enrolled in colleges. Though Mickens methods were attacked on the grounds that he was steering undesirable students to other institutions, his success was hard to question; and there had been no objections during the long years in which both Boys' and Girls' had been in decline, largely due to "steering" good students to other places. |
{"datasets_id": 870, "wiki_id": "Q30622899", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 251} | 870 | Q30622899 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 251 | Brahmanagudem railway station | History | Brahmanagudem railway station History Between 1893 and 1896, 1,288 km (800 mi) of the East Coast State Railway, between Vijayawada and BMGMttack was opened for traffic. The southern part of the West Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901. |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 286} | 871 | Q4955815 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 286 | Brain connectivity estimators | Classical methods & Non-linear methods | Brain connectivity estimators Classical methods Classical estimators of connectivity are correlation and coherence. The above measures provide information on the directionality of interactions in terms of delay (correlation) or coherence (phase), however the information does not imply causal interaction. Moreover it may be ambiguous, since phase is determined modulo 2π. It is also not possible to identify by means of correlation or coherence reciprocal connections. Non-linear methods Most frequently used nonlinear estimators of connectivity are: mutual information, transfer entropy, generalised synchronisation, continuity measure, synchronization likelihood, phase synchronization. First two of them rely on construction of histograms for estimation of probabilities. |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 10, "sc": 286, "ep": 10, "ec": 970} | 871 | Q4955815 | 10 | 286 | 10 | 970 | Brain connectivity estimators | Non-linear methods | Continuity measure, generalized synchronisations, synchronisation likelihood are very similar methods based on reconstruction of phase space of signals. Among these measures only transfer entropy allows for the determination of directionality. According to, nonlinear measures require long stationary segments of signals, are prone to systematic errors and above all are very sensitive to noise. The comparison of nonlinear methods with linear correlation in the presence of noise revealed the poorer performance of non-linear estimators. In the authors conclude that there must be good reason to think that there is non-linearity in the data to apply non-linear methods. In fact it |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 10, "sc": 970, "ep": 14, "ec": 310} | 871 | Q4955815 | 10 | 970 | 14 | 310 | Brain connectivity estimators | Non-linear methods & Bivariate versus multivariate estimators | was demonstrated by means of surrogate data test, and time series forecasting that nonlinearity in EEG and LFP is the exception rather than a rule. On the other hand linear methods perform quite well also for non-linear signals. Finally, non-linear methods are bivariate (calculated pair-wise), which has serious implication on their performance. Bivariate versus multivariate estimators Comparison of performance of bivariate and multivariate estimators of connectivity may be found in, where it was demonstrated that in case of interrelated system of channels, greater than two, bivariate methods supply misleading information, even reversal of true propagation may be found.
Consider the |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 14, "sc": 310, "ep": 14, "ec": 967} | 871 | Q4955815 | 14 | 310 | 14 | 967 | Brain connectivity estimators | Bivariate versus multivariate estimators | very common situation that the activity from a given source is measured at electrodes positioned at different distances, hence different delays between the recorded signals.
When a bivariate measure is applied, propagation is always obtained when there is a delay between channels., which results in a lot of spurious flows. When we have two or three sources acting simultaneously, which is a common situation, we shall get dense and disorganized structure of connections, similar to random structure (at best some "small world" structure may be identified). This kind of pattern is usually obtained in case of application of bivariate measures. In |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 14, "sc": 967, "ep": 18, "ec": 443} | 871 | Q4955815 | 14 | 967 | 18 | 443 | Brain connectivity estimators | Bivariate versus multivariate estimators & Multivariate methods based on Granger causality | fact, effective connectivity patterns yielded by EEG or LFP measurements are far from randomness, when proper multivariate measures are applied, as we shall demonstrate below. Multivariate methods based on Granger causality The testable definition of causality was introduced by Granger. Granger causality principle states that if some series Y(t) contains information in past terms that helps in the prediction of series X(t), then Y(t) is said to cause X(t). Granger causality principle can be expressed in terms of two-channel multivariate autoregressive model (MVAR). Granger in his later work pointed out that the determination of causality is not possible when |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 18, "sc": 443, "ep": 22, "ec": 368} | 871 | Q4955815 | 18 | 443 | 22 | 368 | Brain connectivity estimators | Multivariate methods based on Granger causality & Granger Causality Index | the system of considered channels is not complete.
The measures based on Granger causality principle are: Granger Causality Index (GCI), Directed Transfer Function (DTF) and Partial Directed Coherence (PDC). These measures are defined in the framework of Multivariate Autoregressive Model. Granger Causality Index Granger causality index showing the driving of channel x by channel y is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of residual variance for one channel to the residual variance of the two-channel model:
GCIy→ₓ = ln (e/e₁)
This definition can be extended to the multichannel system by considering how the inclusion of the given channel changes the residual |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 22, "sc": 368, "ep": 22, "ec": 996} | 871 | Q4955815 | 22 | 368 | 22 | 996 | Brain connectivity estimators | Granger Causality Index | variance ratios. To quantify directed influence from a channel xⱼ to xᵢ for n channel autoregressive process in time domain we consider n and n−1 dimensional MVAR models. First, the model is fitted to whole n-channel system, leading to the residual variance Vᵢ,ₙ(t) = var(Eᵢ,ₙ(t)) for signal xᵢ. Next, a n−1 dimensional MVAR model is fitted for n−1 channels, excluding channel j, which leads to the residual variance Vᵢ,ₙ−1(t) = var (Eᵢ,ₙ−1(t)). Then Granger causality is defined as:
GCI is smaller or equal 1, since the variance of n-dimensional system is lower than the residual variance of a smaller, n−1 dimensional |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 22, "sc": 996, "ep": 26, "ec": 324} | 871 | Q4955815 | 22 | 996 | 26 | 324 | Brain connectivity estimators | Granger Causality Index & Applications | system.
GCI(t) estimates causality relations in time domain. For brain signals the spectral characteristics of the signals is of interest, because for a given task the increase of propagation in certain frequency band may be accompanied by the decrease in another frequency band. DTF or PDC are the estimators defined in the frequency domain. Applications DTF found multiple applications, the early ones involved: localization of epileptic foci, estimation of EEG propagation in different sleep stages and wakefulness, determination of transmission between brain structures of an animal during a behavioral test.
One may observe the shifting of sources toward the front in |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 26, "sc": 324, "ep": 26, "ec": 990} | 871 | Q4955815 | 26 | 324 | 26 | 990 | Brain connectivity estimators | Applications | transition from wakefulness to the deeper sleep stages. In the deep sleep the source is over corpus callosum, presumably it is connected with feeding the cortex from the sub-cortical structures.
One of the first applications of SDTF was determination of the dynamic propagation during performance of finger movement and its imagination,. The results corresponded very well with the known phenomena of event related synchronization and desynchronization such as decrease of the activity in alpha and beta band and brief increase of activity in the gamma band during movement in the areas corresponding to primary motor cortex, beta rebound after movement and |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 26, "sc": 990, "ep": 26, "ec": 1697} | 871 | Q4955815 | 26 | 990 | 26 | 1,697 | Brain connectivity estimators | Applications | so-called surround effect. Especially interesting was comparison of real finger movement and its imagination. In case of real movement the short burst of gamma propagation was observed from the electrode positioned over finger primary motor cortex . In case of movement imagination this propagation started later and a cross-talk between different sites overlying motor area and supplementary motor area (SMA) was found. (The dynamics of propagation may be observed in animations).
Another applications of SDTF concerned evaluation of transmission during cognitive experiments. The results of the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) confirmed the engagement of prefrontal and frontal structures in the |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 26, "sc": 1697, "ep": 26, "ec": 2407} | 871 | Q4955815 | 26 | 1,697 | 26 | 2,407 | Brain connectivity estimators | Applications | task and supported the hypothesis of an active inhibition by pre-SMA and right inferior frontal cortex. Animations of propagation during CAT test are available.
The results obtained by means of SDTF in experiments involving working memory were compatible with fMRI studies on the localization of the active sites and supplied the information concerning the temporal interaction between them. The animation illustrating dynamics of the interaction are available.
Note that care should be taken to avoid spurious connectivity estimates when using EEG channel data. Recent articles highlight that previous claims that DTF and PDC were insensitive to volume conduction were inaccurate. Indeed, DTF |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 26, "sc": 2407, "ep": 30, "ec": 392} | 871 | Q4955815 | 26 | 2,407 | 30 | 392 | Brain connectivity estimators | Applications & Conclusions | results obtained for signals recorded from the scalp are in general affected by volume conduction. Even though the effects of volume conduction might be minimal in specific recording situations, appropriate preprocessing on channel data (such as source identification) should be performed before estimating DTF or PDC. Conclusions The existence of well defined sources of brain activity connected with particular experimental conditions are well established in fMRI experiments, by means of inverse solution methods and intracortical measurements. This kind of deterministic structure of brain activity should affect functional connectivity, so reported in some works random or barely distinguished from random connectivity |
{"datasets_id": 871, "wiki_id": "Q4955815", "sp": 30, "sc": 392, "ep": 30, "ec": 755} | 871 | Q4955815 | 30 | 392 | 30 | 755 | Brain connectivity estimators | Conclusions | structure may be considered as a surprising phenomenon. This kind of results may be explained by methodological errors: 1) unrobust methods of connectivity estimation and, even more important, 2) application of bivariate methods. When multivariate robust measures of connectivity are applied for EEG analysis a clear picture of functional connectivity emerges. |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 545} | 872 | Q2732810 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 545 | Brandon Barnes | Biography | Brandon Barnes Biography Brandon received his first drum set when he was nine years old from his grandfather, who was a jazz musician in Chicago. He started drum lessons when he was twelve until he was seventeen, he also joined a jazz band in high school. He studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskine, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon developed the style of playing he has used in |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 6, "sc": 545, "ep": 14, "ec": 31} | 872 | Q2732810 | 6 | 545 | 14 | 31 | Brandon Barnes | Biography & Pinhead Circus (1999) & Rise Against (2000-present) | many bands over the last 10 years. Pinhead Circus (1999) Pinhead Circus formed in 1988 with Jimmy Pinhead, guitarist, Trevor, bassist, and Otis as the drummer. In 1997 the band caught their attention of BYO Records and released their first album, Detailed Instructions for the Self Involved, later that year. Brandon joined Pinhead Circus in 1999 after their drummer Otis left. Pinhead then released their second album, Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion in 1999 through BYO Records. Soon after, Barnes split the band before joining Rise Against in 2000. Rise Against (2000-present) After leaving his previous band |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 31, "ep": 14, "ec": 603} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 31 | 14 | 603 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | "Pinhead Circus" Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after their drummer, Dan Lumley left and he was then asked to join the band. The band then signed with Fat Wreck Chords in 2001. They then released their debut album The Unraveling and spent the rest of the year touring. The band returned to the studio in December 2002 to work on their second full-length, Revolutions Per Minute in 2003 and toured for 2003's Warped Tour, which gained the band some success. Rise Against then signed to Dreamworks Records in late 2003 to begin the recording of their third record, but |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 603, "ep": 14, "ec": 1207} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 603 | 14 | 1,207 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | Dreamworks was shortly absorbed by the Universal Music Group, and Rise Against found itself with major label Geffen Records. Todd Mohney, the band's guitarist at the time left and was replaced by Chris Chasse and began the recording of the new album Siren Song of the Counter Culture. Siren Song of the Counter Culture was released on August 10, 2004 peaking at number 136 on the U.S. Billboard 200 album charts, gaining the band major success with the singles "Give It All, "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening".
The band re-entered the studio in January 2006, after touring in support |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 1207, "ep": 14, "ec": 1794} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 1,207 | 14 | 1,794 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | of Siren Song of the Counter Culture, Rise Against recorded their fourth studio album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado with producers Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore. The Sufferer & the Witness was released on July 4, 2006 peaking at number 10 on Billboard 200 and received generally positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success along with their singles "Ready to Fall", "Prayer of the Refugee" and "The Good Left Undone". Rise Against toured in support of The Sufferer & the Witness throughout the second half of 2006 and all of 2007. The band was |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 1794, "ep": 14, "ec": 2349} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 1,794 | 14 | 2,349 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | a headliner in the 2006 Warped Tour as part of The Sufferer & the Witness Tour. In late 2006, the band co-headlined a tour with Thursday that included the bands Circa Survive and Billy Talent. The Sufferer & the Witness has less of the hardcore punk feel from the band's previous album. In 2007 Chasse decided to leave the band and was replaced by longtime friend Zach Blair from Only Crime. During this tour, on July 3, 2007, Rise Against released an EP in Canada titled This Is Noise, which was subsequently released in the United States on January 15, |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 2349, "ep": 14, "ec": 2977} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 2,349 | 14 | 2,977 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | 2008.
Rise Against's fifth studio album Appeal to Reason was released on October 4 in Australia, October 6 across Europe, and October 7 in the United States. The album sold 64,700 copies in its first week and peaked at number 3 on the U.S. Billboard 200, making it Rise Against's highest-charting album to date. Appeal to Reason was met with generally positive reviews. Rise Against embarked on a North American tour with bands Rancid, Billy Talent, Killswitch Engage, and Riverboat Gamblers in June and July 2009.
After touring for almost two years Rise Against had begun recording their sixth studio album for |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 2977, "ep": 14, "ec": 3576} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 2,977 | 14 | 3,576 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | a 2011 release, at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado. Rise Against has announced two South American shows in Brazil and Argentina and a run of European shows in late February and March 2011 respectively. Endgame was released on March 11, 2011 in the United States peaking at number 2 on The Billboard 200, receiving positive reviews from critics and commercial success in the United States and Canada, along with the band's three previous albums. After touring South America, and Europe, Rise Against will tour the United States in April in support of the Endgame Tour, with Bad Religion, |
{"datasets_id": 872, "wiki_id": "Q2732810", "sp": 14, "sc": 3576, "ep": 14, "ec": 3625} | 872 | Q2732810 | 14 | 3,576 | 14 | 3,625 | Brandon Barnes | Rise Against (2000-present) | and Four Year Strong in the support of the tour. |
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