paper_id
stringlengths 2
9
| section_index
int64 0
331
| file_index
stringlengths 1
2
| file_offset
int64 8.37k
6.95B
| mag_field_of_study
list | original_text
stringlengths 95
4.82k
| section_title
stringlengths 6
27
| samples
list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
67776608
| 5 |
52
| 3,601,777,986 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
In this work, we report the electrospinning of a chitosan derivative (iminochitosan) that is formed by the Schiff base reaction between salicylaldehyde and chitosan [35] . This derivative is not a polyelectrolyte and chitosan is easily regenerated by hydrolysis if so desired. The iminochitosan nanofibers were directly deposited on cotton gauze and the antimicrobial properties were determined.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "In this work, we report the electrospinning of a chitosan derivative (iminochitosan) that is formed by the Schiff base reaction between salicylaldehyde and chitosan.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this work, we report the electrospinning of a chitosan derivative (iminochitosan) that is formed by the Schiff base reaction between salicylaldehyde and chitosan [35] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF35"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[35]"
]
},
{
"text": "This derivative is not a polyelectrolyte and chitosan is easily regenerated by hydrolysis if so desired.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This derivative is not a polyelectrolyte and chitosan is easily regenerated by hydrolysis if so desired.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The iminochitosan nanofibers were directly deposited on cotton gauze and the antimicrobial properties were determined.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The iminochitosan nanofibers were directly deposited on cotton gauze and the antimicrobial properties were determined.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
67776608
| 1 |
52
| 3,601,777,986 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Through electrospinning, biocompatible polymers can be spun into a nano-sized mesh. This nanomesh is composed of fibers with a high surface area, and a nano-sized diameter that can be used to mimic a natural extra-cellular matrix, which acts as scaffolding that allows cells to attach, proliferate, differentiate, and develop essential functions within tissue [6] [7] [8] [9] . Providing cells with an artificial extracellular matrix encourages tissue growth and therefore promotes healing. Using chitosan as a component in the extra-cellular matrix would also promote healing due to the chitosan's unique biological properties. Chitosan is biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, a haemostatic, and a natural antibacterial agent [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Through electrospinning, biocompatible polymers can be spun into a nano-sized mesh.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Through electrospinning, biocompatible polymers can be spun into a nano-sized mesh.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This nanomesh is composed of fibers with a high surface area, and a nano-sized diameter that can be used to mimic a natural extra-cellular matrix, which acts as scaffolding that allows cells to attach, proliferate, differentiate, and develop essential functions within tissue.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This nanomesh is composed of fibers with a high surface area, and a nano-sized diameter that can be used to mimic a natural extra-cellular matrix, which acts as scaffolding that allows cells to attach, proliferate, differentiate, and develop essential functions within tissue [6] [7] [8] [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF5",
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF8",
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[6] [7] [8] [9]"
]
},
{
"text": "Providing cells with an artificial extracellular matrix encourages tissue growth and therefore promotes healing.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Providing cells with an artificial extracellular matrix encourages tissue growth and therefore promotes healing.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Using chitosan as a component in the extra-cellular matrix would also promote healing due to the chitosan's unique biological properties.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Using chitosan as a component in the extra-cellular matrix would also promote healing due to the chitosan's unique biological properties.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Chitosan is biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, a haemostatic, and a natural antibacterial agent.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Chitosan is biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, a haemostatic, and a natural antibacterial agent [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10",
"BIBREF11",
"BIBREF12",
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF14",
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]"
]
}
] |
67776608
| 6 |
52
| 3,601,777,986 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
It was thought that it might be necessary to regenerate the chitosan from iminochitosan electrospun nanofibers to obtain antimicrobial properties. This can be done by treating iminochitosan with dilute acetic acid. In fact, iminochitosan releases salicylaldehyde due to hydrolysis when in contact with moisture from the atmosphere or wound. It is reported that salicylaldehyde possesses antimicrobial property itself [36] . Therefore, the development of electrospun fiberwebs from iminochitosan solution is a justified route without the need for an additional process that converts it back to chitosan. Additionally, iminochitosan is expected to provide better antimicrobial characteristics compared to chitosan.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "It was thought that it might be necessary to regenerate the chitosan from iminochitosan electrospun nanofibers to obtain antimicrobial properties.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It was thought that it might be necessary to regenerate the chitosan from iminochitosan electrospun nanofibers to obtain antimicrobial properties.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This can be done by treating iminochitosan with dilute acetic acid.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This can be done by treating iminochitosan with dilute acetic acid.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In fact, iminochitosan releases salicylaldehyde due to hydrolysis when in contact with moisture from the atmosphere or wound.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In fact, iminochitosan releases salicylaldehyde due to hydrolysis when in contact with moisture from the atmosphere or wound.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is reported that salicylaldehyde possesses antimicrobial property itself.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is reported that salicylaldehyde possesses antimicrobial property itself [36] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF36"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[36]"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, the development of electrospun fiberwebs from iminochitosan solution is a justified route without the need for an additional process that converts it back to chitosan.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, the development of electrospun fiberwebs from iminochitosan solution is a justified route without the need for an additional process that converts it back to chitosan.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Additionally, iminochitosan is expected to provide better antimicrobial characteristics compared to chitosan.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Additionally, iminochitosan is expected to provide better antimicrobial characteristics compared to chitosan.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
67776608
| 0 |
52
| 3,601,777,986 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Nanofiber formation using an electrospinning technique is a very effective method for obtaining high surface area fibrous mats. The nanofibers provide a very large surface area due to their extreme small size, which makes them suitable to form filtration products, and particularly for medical textile products such as surgical facemasks, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems [1] . A biopolymer of interest for such applications as these is chitosan. Its bioactivity and general properties are well known [2] [3] [4] [5] .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Nanofiber formation using an electrospinning technique is a very effective method for obtaining high surface area fibrous mats.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Nanofiber formation using an electrospinning technique is a very effective method for obtaining high surface area fibrous mats.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The nanofibers provide a very large surface area due to their extreme small size, which makes them suitable to form filtration products, and particularly for medical textile products such as surgical facemasks, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The nanofibers provide a very large surface area due to their extreme small size, which makes them suitable to form filtration products, and particularly for medical textile products such as surgical facemasks, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "A biopolymer of interest for such applications as these is chitosan.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A biopolymer of interest for such applications as these is chitosan.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Its bioactivity and general properties are well known.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Its bioactivity and general properties are well known [2] [3] [4] [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2] [3] [4] [5]"
]
}
] |
54913329
| 1 |
22
| 809,549,175 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Traffic systems are complex and stochastic. For instance, a number of notable sources of traffic congestion (traffic incidents, work zones, bad weather, special events, and traffic demand fluctuations) can disrupt system performance and lengthen travel time. A high variability indicates the unpredictability of travel time and the reduced reliability of traffic service [2] . However, the accurate estimation and prediction of travel time are essential to traffic operation and traveler information systems.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Traffic systems are complex and stochastic.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Traffic systems are complex and stochastic.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For instance, a number of notable sources of traffic congestion (traffic incidents, work zones, bad weather, special events, and traffic demand fluctuations) can disrupt system performance and lengthen travel time.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For instance, a number of notable sources of traffic congestion (traffic incidents, work zones, bad weather, special events, and traffic demand fluctuations) can disrupt system performance and lengthen travel time.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A high variability indicates the unpredictability of travel time and the reduced reliability of traffic service.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A high variability indicates the unpredictability of travel time and the reduced reliability of traffic service [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, the accurate estimation and prediction of travel time are essential to traffic operation and traveler information systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, the accurate estimation and prediction of travel time are essential to traffic operation and traveler information systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
116188713
| 0 |
33
| 5,779,981,772 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
Light can be used to collect environmental parameters and provide information about the material that it passes through. For example, polarization and orbital angular momentum of light represent fundamental optical degrees of freedom that are able to reveal physical mechanisms of light-matter interaction [1] . In order to use the information that light can collect, it is essential to develop optical devices and sensors that are able to interact with optical degrees of freedom [2] . Optical sensors are used in a wide range of research and commercial applications and play a significant role in emerging technologies [2] [3] [4] [5] . For example, systems that implement machine learning and artificial intelligence make large use of optical sensors and require new solutions to provide new functionalities and improved performance. To harvest their full potential, optical sensors need to become smaller, cheaper, and more efficient. Moreover, they need to cover a wide range of wavelengths and incorporate new functionalities.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Light can be used to collect environmental parameters and provide information about the material that it passes through.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Light can be used to collect environmental parameters and provide information about the material that it passes through.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For example, polarization and orbital angular momentum of light represent fundamental optical degrees of freedom that are able to reveal physical mechanisms of light-matter interaction.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, polarization and orbital angular momentum of light represent fundamental optical degrees of freedom that are able to reveal physical mechanisms of light-matter interaction [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "In order to use the information that light can collect, it is essential to develop optical devices and sensors that are able to interact with optical degrees of freedom.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to use the information that light can collect, it is essential to develop optical devices and sensors that are able to interact with optical degrees of freedom [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Optical sensors are used in a wide range of research and commercial applications and play a significant role in emerging technologies.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Optical sensors are used in a wide range of research and commercial applications and play a significant role in emerging technologies [2] [3] [4] [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2] [3] [4] [5]"
]
},
{
"text": "For example, systems that implement machine learning and artificial intelligence make large use of optical sensors and require new solutions to provide new functionalities and improved performance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, systems that implement machine learning and artificial intelligence make large use of optical sensors and require new solutions to provide new functionalities and improved performance.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To harvest their full potential, optical sensors need to become smaller, cheaper, and more efficient.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To harvest their full potential, optical sensors need to become smaller, cheaper, and more efficient.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, they need to cover a wide range of wavelengths and incorporate new functionalities.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, they need to cover a wide range of wavelengths and incorporate new functionalities.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
116188713
| 2 |
33
| 5,779,981,772 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
In this work we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) cubically symmetric 8-srs PhCs derived from a combination of eight gyroid srs-networks. We numerically and experimentally investigate optical properties of this PhC and in particular the impact of cubic symmetry on optical activity (OA), i.e., the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light. We will work in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral region, a region of tremendous scientific and technological interest [15, 16] . This spectral region contains strong characteristic vibrational transitions vibrational transitions of many important molecules, as well as two atmospheric transmission windows of 3-5 μm and 8-13 μm, which make it crucial for applications in fields such as night vision, IR astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology [17, 18] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In this work we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) cubically symmetric 8-srs PhCs derived from a combination of eight gyroid srs-networks.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this work we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) cubically symmetric 8-srs PhCs derived from a combination of eight gyroid srs-networks.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We numerically and experimentally investigate optical properties of this PhC and in particular the impact of cubic symmetry on optical activity (OA), i.e., the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We numerically and experimentally investigate optical properties of this PhC and in particular the impact of cubic symmetry on optical activity (OA), i.e., the ability to rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We will work in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral region, a region of tremendous scientific and technological interest.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "We will work in the mid-infrared (IR) spectral region, a region of tremendous scientific and technological interest [15, 16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14",
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15, 16]"
]
},
{
"text": "This spectral region contains strong characteristic vibrational transitions vibrational transitions of many important molecules, as well as two atmospheric transmission windows of 3-5 μm and 8-13 μm, which make it crucial for applications in fields such as night vision, IR astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This spectral region contains strong characteristic vibrational transitions vibrational transitions of many important molecules, as well as two atmospheric transmission windows of 3-5 μm and 8-13 μm, which make it crucial for applications in fields such as night vision, IR astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology [17, 18] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16",
"BIBREF17"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17, 18]"
]
}
] |
57783466
| 22 |
77
| 3,346,566,654 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
The two choline-amino acid ionic liquids, [Cho] [Glu] and [Cho] [Phe], were prepared according to the literature [14] . Both prepared ionic liquids are viscous liquids at room temperature and their spectroscopic data ( Figure S1 ) are in agreement with previously described obtained data [11] . The interest in these ILs relates to the fact that they have been shown to be less toxic and thus more suitable to be incorporated in delivery systems [14] .
|
Results and Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "The two choline-amino acid ionic liquids, [Cho] [Glu] and [Cho] [Phe], were prepared according to the literature.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The two choline-amino acid ionic liquids, [Cho] [Glu] and [Cho] [Phe], were prepared according to the literature [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
},
{
"text": "Both prepared ionic liquids are viscous liquids at room temperature and their spectroscopic data ( Figure S1 ) are in agreement with previously described obtained data.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Both prepared ionic liquids are viscous liquids at room temperature and their spectroscopic data ( Figure S1 ) are in agreement with previously described obtained data [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11]"
]
},
{
"text": "The interest in these ILs relates to the fact that they have been shown to be less toxic and thus more suitable to be incorporated in delivery systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The interest in these ILs relates to the fact that they have been shown to be less toxic and thus more suitable to be incorporated in delivery systems [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
}
] |
7667862
| 30 |
91
| 3,678,589,270 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Imiquimod (Aldara), which is known to stimulate the production of IFN and ILs and to enhance cell-mediated cytolytic activity against viral targets, has been approved for the treatment of genital HPV-induced lesions [44] . Several studies have shown that 5% imiquimod cream applied to the condylomata is statistically more active than the vehicle [44, 45] . It has also been demonstrated that wart clearance is associated with tissue production of IFN-a, -b, and -g and TNF-a. Regression of warts was strongly associated with a decrease in HPV DNA and in mRNA expression for both early and late viral proteins [46] . The most frequently reported local skin reactions were erythema, excoriation, and erosion [46, 47] .
|
DISCUSSION
|
[
{
"text": "Imiquimod (Aldara), which is known to stimulate the production of IFN and ILs and to enhance cell-mediated cytolytic activity against viral targets, has been approved for the treatment of genital HPV-induced lesions.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Imiquimod (Aldara), which is known to stimulate the production of IFN and ILs and to enhance cell-mediated cytolytic activity against viral targets, has been approved for the treatment of genital HPV-induced lesions [44] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF47"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[44]"
]
},
{
"text": "Several studies have shown that 5% imiquimod cream applied to the condylomata is statistically more active than the vehicle.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Several studies have shown that 5% imiquimod cream applied to the condylomata is statistically more active than the vehicle [44, 45] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF47",
"BIBREF48"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[44, 45]"
]
},
{
"text": "It has also been demonstrated that wart clearance is associated with tissue production of IFN-a, -b, and -g and TNF-a.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It has also been demonstrated that wart clearance is associated with tissue production of IFN-a, -b, and -g and TNF-a.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Regression of warts was strongly associated with a decrease in HPV DNA and in mRNA expression for both early and late viral proteins.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Regression of warts was strongly associated with a decrease in HPV DNA and in mRNA expression for both early and late viral proteins [46] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF49"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[46]"
]
},
{
"text": "The most frequently reported local skin reactions were erythema, excoriation, and erosion.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most frequently reported local skin reactions were erythema, excoriation, and erosion [46, 47] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF49",
"BIBREF50"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[46, 47]"
]
}
] |
53387697
| 1 |
1
| 5,829,019,925 |
[
"Physics"
] |
The total nitrogen content of water samples can be present in many chemical forms such as nitrites, nitrates, ammonia etc. When nitrogenous matter is oxidized by the environment, the nitrogen remains mainly in the form of nitrites and nitrates. The presence of appreciable quantities of nitrite can be regarded as an indication of sewage contamination of recent origin. But nitrite is oxidized to nitrate, and consequently a large amount of nitrate points to an earlier sewage contamination [1] . The usual procedure used for the determination of nitrite levels in water is generally based on the formation of a coloured complex species on the addition of specific chemical reagents and by comparison of the intensity of colour thus formed with standards [2] . However, this method has many difficulties such as the need for complex procedures for measuring the chemicals as well as the need for large and delicate instruments. Moreover, these techniques are not sensitive to lower concentrations of the contaminant, especially in the ppb range. Optical fibre technology offers several advantages for chemical sensing over conventional methods and hence it is worthwhile investigating the feasibility of this method to the above problem of nitrite pollution in water. In this paper, we present the details of a simple and sensitive optical fibre sensor, based on evanescent wave absorption, for measuring nitrite concentration in water ranging from 1 to 1000 ppb.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The total nitrogen content of water samples can be present in many chemical forms such as nitrites, nitrates, ammonia etc.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The total nitrogen content of water samples can be present in many chemical forms such as nitrites, nitrates, ammonia etc.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "When nitrogenous matter is oxidized by the environment, the nitrogen remains mainly in the form of nitrites and nitrates.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "When nitrogenous matter is oxidized by the environment, the nitrogen remains mainly in the form of nitrites and nitrates.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The presence of appreciable quantities of nitrite can be regarded as an indication of sewage contamination of recent origin.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The presence of appreciable quantities of nitrite can be regarded as an indication of sewage contamination of recent origin.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "But nitrite is oxidized to nitrate, and consequently a large amount of nitrate points to an earlier sewage contamination.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "But nitrite is oxidized to nitrate, and consequently a large amount of nitrate points to an earlier sewage contamination [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "The usual procedure used for the determination of nitrite levels in water is generally based on the formation of a coloured complex species on the addition of specific chemical reagents and by comparison of the intensity of colour thus formed with standards.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The usual procedure used for the determination of nitrite levels in water is generally based on the formation of a coloured complex species on the addition of specific chemical reagents and by comparison of the intensity of colour thus formed with standards [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, this method has many difficulties such as the need for complex procedures for measuring the chemicals as well as the need for large and delicate instruments.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, this method has many difficulties such as the need for complex procedures for measuring the chemicals as well as the need for large and delicate instruments.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, these techniques are not sensitive to lower concentrations of the contaminant, especially in the ppb range.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, these techniques are not sensitive to lower concentrations of the contaminant, especially in the ppb range.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Optical fibre technology offers several advantages for chemical sensing over conventional methods and hence it is worthwhile investigating the feasibility of this method to the above problem of nitrite pollution in water.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Optical fibre technology offers several advantages for chemical sensing over conventional methods and hence it is worthwhile investigating the feasibility of this method to the above problem of nitrite pollution in water.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this paper, we present the details of a simple and sensitive optical fibre sensor, based on evanescent wave absorption, for measuring nitrite concentration in water ranging from 1 to 1000 ppb.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, we present the details of a simple and sensitive optical fibre sensor, based on evanescent wave absorption, for measuring nitrite concentration in water ranging from 1 to 1000 ppb.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
53387697
| 11 |
1
| 5,829,019,925 |
[
"Physics"
] |
A comparison of figures 4 and 5 reveals that the variation of γ is less when white light is used as the source. It is also observed that the dynamic range of the sensor is reduced to around 600 ppb instead of 1000 ppb when white light is used as the source. This may be due to the fact that the deviation from perfect Beer-Lambert law increases as the bandwidth ( λ) of the incident beam increases and is particularly severe when λ is greater than the spectral width of the absorption band of the absorbing species. This results in a sensitivity which falls off with concentration and a consequent reduction in the useful measurement range [10, 11] . To avoid this, the bandwidth of the incident beam should be very narrow, ideally approximating monochromatic radiation, which is justified by the results obtained using the laser source (figure 4). It may be noted that in both cases the absorption increases steeply beyond 1000 ppb, presumably due to the formation of strongly absorbing aggregates and complexes in the solution, which significantly alters the optical properties of the medium [10] .
|
Results and discussion
|
[
{
"text": "A comparison of figures 4 and 5 reveals that the variation of γ is less when white light is used as the source.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A comparison of figures 4 and 5 reveals that the variation of γ is less when white light is used as the source.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is also observed that the dynamic range of the sensor is reduced to around 600 ppb instead of 1000 ppb when white light is used as the source.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is also observed that the dynamic range of the sensor is reduced to around 600 ppb instead of 1000 ppb when white light is used as the source.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This may be due to the fact that the deviation from perfect Beer-Lambert law increases as the bandwidth ( λ) of the incident beam increases and is particularly severe when λ is greater than the spectral width of the absorption band of the absorbing species.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This may be due to the fact that the deviation from perfect Beer-Lambert law increases as the bandwidth ( λ) of the incident beam increases and is particularly severe when λ is greater than the spectral width of the absorption band of the absorbing species.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This results in a sensitivity which falls off with concentration and a consequent reduction in the useful measurement range.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This results in a sensitivity which falls off with concentration and a consequent reduction in the useful measurement range [10, 11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10, 11]"
]
},
{
"text": "To avoid this, the bandwidth of the incident beam should be very narrow, ideally approximating monochromatic radiation, which is justified by the results obtained using the laser source (figure 4).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To avoid this, the bandwidth of the incident beam should be very narrow, ideally approximating monochromatic radiation, which is justified by the results obtained using the laser source (figure 4).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It may be noted that in both cases the absorption increases steeply beyond 1000 ppb, presumably due to the formation of strongly absorbing aggregates and complexes in the solution, which significantly alters the optical properties of the medium.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It may be noted that in both cases the absorption increases steeply beyond 1000 ppb, presumably due to the formation of strongly absorbing aggregates and complexes in the solution, which significantly alters the optical properties of the medium [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]"
]
}
] |
111057837
| 1 |
59
| 4,170,647,514 |
[
"Economics"
] |
In the following we limit our definition of soft transport policy measures to various forms of personalized travel planning (PTP). Available empirical evidence for their effectiveness is first briefly summarized (Section 2). A lack of theoretical grounding has been noted (Chatterjee and Bonsall, 2009; Richter et al., 2010b) . The main aim of the present paper is to show (Section 3) that behavioural theories provide such a theoretical grounding. After first presenting a general conceptual framework (Section 3.1), we briefly describe (Section 3.2) two psychological theories that frequently have been used to identify psychological determinants of car use and changes in car use. In the same subsection we then present a joint theory that combines elements of these theories. Finally, we extend the joint theory to a self-regulation theory that would work as a theoretical grounding of PTP. We explicate (Section 4) how the self-regulation theory can be used to theoretically ground the techniques that are part of PTP. The paper concludes (Section 5) with a discussion of future research needs.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In the following we limit our definition of soft transport policy measures to various forms of personalized travel planning (PTP).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the following we limit our definition of soft transport policy measures to various forms of personalized travel planning (PTP).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Available empirical evidence for their effectiveness is first briefly summarized (Section 2).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Available empirical evidence for their effectiveness is first briefly summarized (Section 2).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A lack of theoretical grounding has been noted.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A lack of theoretical grounding has been noted (Chatterjee and Bonsall, 2009; Richter et al., 2010b) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16",
"BIBREF60"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Chatterjee and Bonsall, 2009; Richter et al., 2010b)"
]
},
{
"text": "The main aim of the present paper is to show (Section 3) that behavioural theories provide such a theoretical grounding.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main aim of the present paper is to show (Section 3) that behavioural theories provide such a theoretical grounding.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "After first presenting a general conceptual framework (Section 3.1), we briefly describe (Section 3.2) two psychological theories that frequently have been used to identify psychological determinants of car use and changes in car use.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "After first presenting a general conceptual framework (Section 3.1), we briefly describe (Section 3.2) two psychological theories that frequently have been used to identify psychological determinants of car use and changes in car use.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the same subsection we then present a joint theory that combines elements of these theories.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the same subsection we then present a joint theory that combines elements of these theories.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Finally, we extend the joint theory to a self-regulation theory that would work as a theoretical grounding of PTP.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, we extend the joint theory to a self-regulation theory that would work as a theoretical grounding of PTP.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We explicate (Section 4) how the self-regulation theory can be used to theoretically ground the techniques that are part of PTP.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We explicate (Section 4) how the self-regulation theory can be used to theoretically ground the techniques that are part of PTP.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The paper concludes (Section 5) with a discussion of future research needs.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The paper concludes (Section 5) with a discussion of future research needs.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
56015958
| 0 |
4
| 779,720,416 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminated composites have been widely used in wind turbine blade structures due to their good strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and excellent fatigue properties [1] [2] [3] . Glass fibres are currently the most common reinforcements in the laminate for wind turbine blades; however, there is an increasing interest in carbon fibres as a result of their decreasing cost and better properties. Wind turbine blades in service are subjected to highly variable loads such as aerodynamic, gravitational and inertial forces. The aerodynamic and gravitational forces bring about the cyclic stress in the blade structures, making the flexural fatigue one of the important failure modes in the blades [4, 5] . It is thus necessary to investigate the flexural fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates in order to predict the service life of the turbine blades subjected to cyclic loading.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminated composites have been widely used in wind turbine blade structures due to their good strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and excellent fatigue properties.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) laminated composites have been widely used in wind turbine blade structures due to their good strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and excellent fatigue properties [1] [2] [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Glass fibres are currently the most common reinforcements in the laminate for wind turbine blades; however, there is an increasing interest in carbon fibres as a result of their decreasing cost and better properties.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Glass fibres are currently the most common reinforcements in the laminate for wind turbine blades; however, there is an increasing interest in carbon fibres as a result of their decreasing cost and better properties.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Wind turbine blades in service are subjected to highly variable loads such as aerodynamic, gravitational and inertial forces.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Wind turbine blades in service are subjected to highly variable loads such as aerodynamic, gravitational and inertial forces.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The aerodynamic and gravitational forces bring about the cyclic stress in the blade structures, making the flexural fatigue one of the important failure modes in the blades.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The aerodynamic and gravitational forces bring about the cyclic stress in the blade structures, making the flexural fatigue one of the important failure modes in the blades [4, 5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4, 5]"
]
},
{
"text": "It is thus necessary to investigate the flexural fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates in order to predict the service life of the turbine blades subjected to cyclic loading.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is thus necessary to investigate the flexural fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates in order to predict the service life of the turbine blades subjected to cyclic loading.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
54131895
| 15 |
20
| 730,104,713 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
B vitamin consumption (folic acid supplementation) has been shown a beneficial factor against the occurrence of NTDs and OFCs [26, 27] . We, therefore, examined the association between maternal sprouted potato consumption and risks of NTDs and OFCs in stratified by consumption of B vitamin. Among mother with lower consumption of B vitamins, we still found maternal consumption of sprouted potatoes significantly associated with NTDs and OFCs, however, no significant associations were observed among mother with a higher consumption of B vitamins, which meaning that B vitamins maybe antagonize the toxicity of solanine. Previous study also showed that folic acid could decrease glycoalkaloids-induced polarization, and then decrease glycoalkaloid toxicity [19] .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "B vitamin consumption (folic acid supplementation) has been shown a beneficial factor against the occurrence of NTDs and OFCs.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "B vitamin consumption (folic acid supplementation) has been shown a beneficial factor against the occurrence of NTDs and OFCs [26, 27] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF25",
"BIBREF26"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[26, 27]"
]
},
{
"text": "We, therefore, examined the association between maternal sprouted potato consumption and risks of NTDs and OFCs in stratified by consumption of B vitamin.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We, therefore, examined the association between maternal sprouted potato consumption and risks of NTDs and OFCs in stratified by consumption of B vitamin.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Among mother with lower consumption of B vitamins, we still found maternal consumption of sprouted potatoes significantly associated with NTDs and OFCs, however, no significant associations were observed among mother with a higher consumption of B vitamins, which meaning that B vitamins maybe antagonize the toxicity of solanine.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Among mother with lower consumption of B vitamins, we still found maternal consumption of sprouted potatoes significantly associated with NTDs and OFCs, however, no significant associations were observed among mother with a higher consumption of B vitamins, which meaning that B vitamins maybe antagonize the toxicity of solanine.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Previous study also showed that folic acid could decrease glycoalkaloids-induced polarization, and then decrease glycoalkaloid toxicity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Previous study also showed that folic acid could decrease glycoalkaloids-induced polarization, and then decrease glycoalkaloid toxicity [19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[19]"
]
}
] |
85505946
| 7 |
84
| 6,482,550,178 |
[
"Economics"
] |
In its broadest sense, WLB is a social concept conceived to suggest that paid work and personal life of a working adult should be seen less as competing priorities and rather as complementary elements of a full life (Manfredi & Holliday, 2004) . According to the general WLB framework diagrammatised in Figure 1 , work-life integration underscores the extent to which an employee is equally engaged in and satisfied with his or her economic pursuits and active coordination of other domains of their life (Figure 1) . In other words, it simply means an individual's capability to find a 'life rhythm' that enables them to combine their work with other domains of life (Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea, & Walters, 2002) . This includes a state of 'satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict' (Clark, 2000, p. 751) . Therefore, from the perspective of SMEs, some of the advantages of adopting WLB policies is to accentuate positive outcomes for these small businesses in terms of employees' work commitment, satisfaction, performance and reduced withdrawal behaviours.
|
LITERATURE REVIEW
|
[
{
"text": "In its broadest sense, WLB is a social concept conceived to suggest that paid work and personal life of a working adult should be seen less as competing priorities and rather as complementary elements of a full life.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In its broadest sense, WLB is a social concept conceived to suggest that paid work and personal life of a working adult should be seen less as competing priorities and rather as complementary elements of a full life (Manfredi & Holliday, 2004) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Manfredi & Holliday, 2004)"
]
},
{
"text": "According to the general WLB framework diagrammatised in Figure 1 , work-life integration underscores the extent to which an employee is equally engaged in and satisfied with his or her economic pursuits and active coordination of other domains of their life (Figure 1) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "According to the general WLB framework diagrammatised in Figure 1 , work-life integration underscores the extent to which an employee is equally engaged in and satisfied with his or her economic pursuits and active coordination of other domains of their life (Figure 1) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In other words, it simply means an individual's capability to find a 'life rhythm' that enables them to combine their work with other domains of life.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In other words, it simply means an individual's capability to find a 'life rhythm' that enables them to combine their work with other domains of life (Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea, & Walters, 2002) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Felstead, Jewson, Phizacklea, & Walters, 2002)"
]
},
{
"text": "This includes a state of 'satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict' (Clark, 2000, p. 751) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This includes a state of 'satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict' (Clark, 2000, p. 751) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, from the perspective of SMEs, some of the advantages of adopting WLB policies is to accentuate positive outcomes for these small businesses in terms of employees' work commitment, satisfaction, performance and reduced withdrawal behaviours.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, from the perspective of SMEs, some of the advantages of adopting WLB policies is to accentuate positive outcomes for these small businesses in terms of employees' work commitment, satisfaction, performance and reduced withdrawal behaviours.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
85505946
| 3 |
84
| 6,482,550,178 |
[
"Economics"
] |
SMEs are defined as employing fewer than 250 people. They are termed 'micro businesses' and can constitute less than 10 people employed, or small ventures less than 50 workers and/or medium scale employing less than 250 people (Cassell, Nadin, Gray, & Clegg, 2002) . One of the primary themes in scholarly work-life research is employees' efforts in finding the right balance between their work and non-work roles. Organisations (whether big or small) are often scrutinised on how or why the implementation of a variety of WLB practices and policies are necessary for purposes of reducing negative work behaviours such as absenteeism, low job commitment, occupational stress and labour turnover (Gregory & Milner, 2009) . Labour turnover for instance, has to do with the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given period to the average number of workers in an employment. It is common knowledge that employee turnover has a significant impact on any business productivity and profits (Lynch & Tuckey, 2008) . Potentially an organisation experiencing high turnover rates often incur overhead losses in areas of cost in replacing and training new staff. This implies the imperative for business owners | 201 and corporate entities to implement essential retention strategies. Sensibly, organisations that invest in creating supportive, comfortable and appealing working environment and work-life strategies can be said to tick the right boxes favourably in ensuring high levels of employee commitment and performance.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "SMEs are defined as employing fewer than 250 people.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "SMEs are defined as employing fewer than 250 people.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They are termed 'micro businesses' and can constitute less than 10 people employed, or small ventures less than 50 workers and/or medium scale employing less than 250 people.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "They are termed 'micro businesses' and can constitute less than 10 people employed, or small ventures less than 50 workers and/or medium scale employing less than 250 people (Cassell, Nadin, Gray, & Clegg, 2002) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Cassell, Nadin, Gray, & Clegg, 2002)"
]
},
{
"text": "One of the primary themes in scholarly work-life research is employees' efforts in finding the right balance between their work and non-work roles.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "One of the primary themes in scholarly work-life research is employees' efforts in finding the right balance between their work and non-work roles.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Organisations (whether big or small) are often scrutinised on how or why the implementation of a variety of WLB practices and policies are necessary for purposes of reducing negative work behaviours such as absenteeism, low job commitment, occupational stress and labour turnover.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Organisations (whether big or small) are often scrutinised on how or why the implementation of a variety of WLB practices and policies are necessary for purposes of reducing negative work behaviours such as absenteeism, low job commitment, occupational stress and labour turnover (Gregory & Milner, 2009) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Gregory & Milner, 2009)"
]
},
{
"text": "Labour turnover for instance, has to do with the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given period to the average number of workers in an employment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Labour turnover for instance, has to do with the ratio of the number of workers that had to be replaced in a given period to the average number of workers in an employment.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is common knowledge that employee turnover has a significant impact on any business productivity and profits.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is common knowledge that employee turnover has a significant impact on any business productivity and profits (Lynch & Tuckey, 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Lynch & Tuckey, 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "Potentially an organisation experiencing high turnover rates often incur overhead losses in areas of cost in replacing and training new staff.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Potentially an organisation experiencing high turnover rates often incur overhead losses in areas of cost in replacing and training new staff.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This implies the imperative for business owners | 201 and corporate entities to implement essential retention strategies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This implies the imperative for business owners | 201 and corporate entities to implement essential retention strategies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Sensibly, organisations that invest in creating supportive, comfortable and appealing working environment and work-life strategies can be said to tick the right boxes favourably in ensuring high levels of employee commitment and performance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Sensibly, organisations that invest in creating supportive, comfortable and appealing working environment and work-life strategies can be said to tick the right boxes favourably in ensuring high levels of employee commitment and performance.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
56277570
| 111 |
81
| 3,071,882,465 |
[
"Physics"
] |
The physics of the interaction of radiation with the semiconductor detector and the process of signal induction in the readout input electrodes are discussed. In high-Z detectors, like GaAs, CdTe or CdZnTe, the mobility-lifetime product of electrons is higher than for holes. In order to minimize the impact of charge trapping in these detectors, it is of high importance to minimize the contribution of holes in the signal by (1) biasing the sensor for electron collection and (2) minimizing the pixel size with respect to the sensor thickness to benefit from the small pixel effect [28] . The small pixel effect has the additional advantage of increasing the speed of the signal induction in the pixel input electrode. This allows for the integration of faster shaping circuits which, together with the segmentation increase, lead to the ability of the system to deal with higher count-rates.
|
Conclusions
|
[
{
"text": "The physics of the interaction of radiation with the semiconductor detector and the process of signal induction in the readout input electrodes are discussed.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The physics of the interaction of radiation with the semiconductor detector and the process of signal induction in the readout input electrodes are discussed.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In high-Z detectors, like GaAs, CdTe or CdZnTe, the mobility-lifetime product of electrons is higher than for holes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In high-Z detectors, like GaAs, CdTe or CdZnTe, the mobility-lifetime product of electrons is higher than for holes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to minimize the impact of charge trapping in these detectors, it is of high importance to minimize the contribution of holes in the signal by (1) biasing the sensor for electron collection and (2) minimizing the pixel size with respect to the sensor thickness to benefit from the small pixel effect.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to minimize the impact of charge trapping in these detectors, it is of high importance to minimize the contribution of holes in the signal by (1) biasing the sensor for electron collection and (2) minimizing the pixel size with respect to the sensor thickness to benefit from the small pixel effect [28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF27"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[28]"
]
},
{
"text": "The small pixel effect has the additional advantage of increasing the speed of the signal induction in the pixel input electrode.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The small pixel effect has the additional advantage of increasing the speed of the signal induction in the pixel input electrode.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This allows for the integration of faster shaping circuits which, together with the segmentation increase, lead to the ability of the system to deal with higher count-rates.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This allows for the integration of faster shaping circuits which, together with the segmentation increase, lead to the ability of the system to deal with higher count-rates.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
6638360
| 19 |
49
| 5,514,074,065 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Our results underscore a specific association between increased STV and cognitive decline from non-demented to demented patients. This result leads to new perspectives in the diagnosis of early stages of dementia such as MCI. Indeed, the diagnosis of MCI is based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment exploring various cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function, but also on blood tests and brain imaging [20] . This diagnosis process is time-consuming and expensive. In addition, there are no gold standards to conclude that an individual has MCI. As interventions appear to be more effective in the early stages of the disease, improving the early diagnosis of dementia at the prodromal stage of MCI is challenging for clinicians. Recently, the use of biomarkers has been proposed to facilitate the early diagnosis of dementia [65] . Biomarkers are defined as indicators of a disease process, and their complementary use to classical neuropsychological tools is essential to this aim [65] . For example, specific proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (e.g., protein tau) constitute validated biomarkers for AD [65] . However, the main limitation of CSF biomarkers is the compulsory invasive examination (i.e., CSF tapping). Compared to these biomarkers, spatio-temporal gait parameters reflecting motor disorders of early-stage dementia could represent non-invasive easily accessible biomarkers to improve the prediction of dementia, and especially in AD [1, 2] .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Our results underscore a specific association between increased STV and cognitive decline from non-demented to demented patients.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our results underscore a specific association between increased STV and cognitive decline from non-demented to demented patients.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This result leads to new perspectives in the diagnosis of early stages of dementia such as MCI.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This result leads to new perspectives in the diagnosis of early stages of dementia such as MCI.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Indeed, the diagnosis of MCI is based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment exploring various cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function, but also on blood tests and brain imaging.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Indeed, the diagnosis of MCI is based on a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment exploring various cognitive domains including episodic memory and executive function, but also on blood tests and brain imaging [20] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF19"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[20]"
]
},
{
"text": "This diagnosis process is time-consuming and expensive.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This diagnosis process is time-consuming and expensive.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, there are no gold standards to conclude that an individual has MCI.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, there are no gold standards to conclude that an individual has MCI.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As interventions appear to be more effective in the early stages of the disease, improving the early diagnosis of dementia at the prodromal stage of MCI is challenging for clinicians.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As interventions appear to be more effective in the early stages of the disease, improving the early diagnosis of dementia at the prodromal stage of MCI is challenging for clinicians.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Recently, the use of biomarkers has been proposed to facilitate the early diagnosis of dementia.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Recently, the use of biomarkers has been proposed to facilitate the early diagnosis of dementia [65] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF64"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[65]"
]
},
{
"text": "Biomarkers are defined as indicators of a disease process, and their complementary use to classical neuropsychological tools is essential to this aim.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Biomarkers are defined as indicators of a disease process, and their complementary use to classical neuropsychological tools is essential to this aim [65] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF64"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[65]"
]
},
{
"text": "For example, specific proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (e.g., protein tau) constitute validated biomarkers for AD.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, specific proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (e.g., protein tau) constitute validated biomarkers for AD [65] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF64"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[65]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, the main limitation of CSF biomarkers is the compulsory invasive examination (i.e., CSF tapping).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, the main limitation of CSF biomarkers is the compulsory invasive examination (i.e., CSF tapping).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Compared to these biomarkers, spatio-temporal gait parameters reflecting motor disorders of early-stage dementia could represent non-invasive easily accessible biomarkers to improve the prediction of dementia, and especially in AD.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Compared to these biomarkers, spatio-temporal gait parameters reflecting motor disorders of early-stage dementia could represent non-invasive easily accessible biomarkers to improve the prediction of dementia, and especially in AD [1, 2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1, 2]"
]
}
] |
52036670
| 0 |
63
| 2,555,242,338 |
[
"Physics"
] |
In recent years, Northeast China has suffered from serious atmospheric particulate pollution. In autumn and winter especially, the northeastern region exhibits the earliest and most serious haze pollution of all areas of China, which causes major harm to the health of local residents. During this period, there is explosive growth of haze pollution due to emissions from the combustion of coal and straw for heating, as well as a weather pattern that is not conducive to dispersal [1] . In addition, in Northeast China the winter heating period is long and the inversion layer exists for a long period, making the impact of coal-burning pollution even greater [2] . Combined emissions from coal-fired power plants, automotive exhaust, and various industries cause atmospheric particulates there to reach higher concentrations and have more complex components [3] . The chemical composition of these particulates varies greatly among regions. As previous studies of water-soluble (WS) ions in the region are quite limited and existing studies mostly employed off-line sampling methods without adequate temporal resolution, it is essential to study the characteristics and sources of PM 2.5 and its water-soluble ions in Northeast China during various pollution episodes.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In recent years, Northeast China has suffered from serious atmospheric particulate pollution.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In recent years, Northeast China has suffered from serious atmospheric particulate pollution.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In autumn and winter especially, the northeastern region exhibits the earliest and most serious haze pollution of all areas of China, which causes major harm to the health of local residents.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In autumn and winter especially, the northeastern region exhibits the earliest and most serious haze pollution of all areas of China, which causes major harm to the health of local residents.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "During this period, there is explosive growth of haze pollution due to emissions from the combustion of coal and straw for heating, as well as a weather pattern that is not conducive to dispersal.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "During this period, there is explosive growth of haze pollution due to emissions from the combustion of coal and straw for heating, as well as a weather pattern that is not conducive to dispersal [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "In addition, in Northeast China the winter heating period is long and the inversion layer exists for a long period, making the impact of coal-burning pollution even greater.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, in Northeast China the winter heating period is long and the inversion layer exists for a long period, making the impact of coal-burning pollution even greater [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Combined emissions from coal-fired power plants, automotive exhaust, and various industries cause atmospheric particulates there to reach higher concentrations and have more complex components.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Combined emissions from coal-fired power plants, automotive exhaust, and various industries cause atmospheric particulates there to reach higher concentrations and have more complex components [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "The chemical composition of these particulates varies greatly among regions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The chemical composition of these particulates varies greatly among regions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As previous studies of water-soluble (WS) ions in the region are quite limited and existing studies mostly employed off-line sampling methods without adequate temporal resolution, it is essential to study the characteristics and sources of PM 2.5 and its water-soluble ions in Northeast China during various pollution episodes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As previous studies of water-soluble (WS) ions in the region are quite limited and existing studies mostly employed off-line sampling methods without adequate temporal resolution, it is essential to study the characteristics and sources of PM 2.5 and its water-soluble ions in Northeast China during various pollution episodes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
38949032
| 21 |
13
| 4,363,466,513 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
A lot of work has been invested in the publishing of relational data as Linked Data, and several approaches have been tested and mentioned in various research studies (Sahoo et al., 2009) (Latif et al., 2013) (Konstantinou et al., 2008) . At present, the bulk of data available as Linked Data in the Linked Data cloud is either extracted or replicated from relational databases. The main objective is to describe the relational database content with the help of RDF schema and ontologies in a way that can provide SPARQL query capabilities and further on, can respond with results originating from the relational database. After surveying the related literature, we found that three categories of systems exist which use different approaches in converting Linked Data from a relational database while keeping the database structure intact and accessible to other software operations. In two systems, a mapping file is mandatory which works as a connector for obtaining RDF triples from the data originally residing in the relational database, while the third system natively operates on a Semantic Web triple store where data is replicated into a dedicated RDF triple store. Details about these systems are given below.
|
Related Work
|
[
{
"text": "A lot of work has been invested in the publishing of relational data as Linked Data, and several approaches have been tested and mentioned in various research studies.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A lot of work has been invested in the publishing of relational data as Linked Data, and several approaches have been tested and mentioned in various research studies (Sahoo et al., 2009) (Latif et al., 2013) (Konstantinou et al., 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF26",
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Sahoo et al., 2009) (Latif et al., 2013) (Konstantinou et al., 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "At present, the bulk of data available as Linked Data in the Linked Data cloud is either extracted or replicated from relational databases.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "At present, the bulk of data available as Linked Data in the Linked Data cloud is either extracted or replicated from relational databases.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The main objective is to describe the relational database content with the help of RDF schema and ontologies in a way that can provide SPARQL query capabilities and further on, can respond with results originating from the relational database.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main objective is to describe the relational database content with the help of RDF schema and ontologies in a way that can provide SPARQL query capabilities and further on, can respond with results originating from the relational database.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "After surveying the related literature, we found that three categories of systems exist which use different approaches in converting Linked Data from a relational database while keeping the database structure intact and accessible to other software operations.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "After surveying the related literature, we found that three categories of systems exist which use different approaches in converting Linked Data from a relational database while keeping the database structure intact and accessible to other software operations.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In two systems, a mapping file is mandatory which works as a connector for obtaining RDF triples from the data originally residing in the relational database, while the third system natively operates on a Semantic Web triple store where data is replicated into a dedicated RDF triple store.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In two systems, a mapping file is mandatory which works as a connector for obtaining RDF triples from the data originally residing in the relational database, while the third system natively operates on a Semantic Web triple store where data is replicated into a dedicated RDF triple store.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Details about these systems are given below.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Details about these systems are given below.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
15556493
| 24 |
30
| 2,487,064,478 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Although the exact mechanism by which Romo1 overexpression is related to poor response and shorter survival of patients who received platinum-based treatment is unclear, adaptation to oxidative stress could be a possible explanation. Adaption involves regulation of the redox buffering system and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes required for survival of cancer cells from external stimulation or therapeutic drugs [22] . The anticancer activity of platinum is mainly the result of crosslinking with DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis; however, induction and accumulation of ROS is another important mechanism involved in its activity [23] . Romo1 is a key mediator that maintains intracellular ROS production and is essential for survival in both normal and cancer cells [15, 24] . Thus, we can hypothesize that Romo1-induced ROS production enhances expression of various antioxidants, resulting in chemoresistance to platinumrelated oxidative stress. Although further in vitro studies are required to confirm our hypothesis, it is supported by a previous finding that Romo1 is responsible for upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and the adaptive response to 5-fluorouracil treatment in lung cancer cells [16] .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Although the exact mechanism by which Romo1 overexpression is related to poor response and shorter survival of patients who received platinum-based treatment is unclear, adaptation to oxidative stress could be a possible explanation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although the exact mechanism by which Romo1 overexpression is related to poor response and shorter survival of patients who received platinum-based treatment is unclear, adaptation to oxidative stress could be a possible explanation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Adaption involves regulation of the redox buffering system and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes required for survival of cancer cells from external stimulation or therapeutic drugs.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Adaption involves regulation of the redox buffering system and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes required for survival of cancer cells from external stimulation or therapeutic drugs [22] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22]"
]
},
{
"text": "The anticancer activity of platinum is mainly the result of crosslinking with DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis; however, induction and accumulation of ROS is another important mechanism involved in its activity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The anticancer activity of platinum is mainly the result of crosslinking with DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis; however, induction and accumulation of ROS is another important mechanism involved in its activity [23] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[23]"
]
},
{
"text": "Romo1 is a key mediator that maintains intracellular ROS production and is essential for survival in both normal and cancer cells.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Romo1 is a key mediator that maintains intracellular ROS production and is essential for survival in both normal and cancer cells [15, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15",
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15, 24]"
]
},
{
"text": "Thus, we can hypothesize that Romo1-induced ROS production enhances expression of various antioxidants, resulting in chemoresistance to platinumrelated oxidative stress.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thus, we can hypothesize that Romo1-induced ROS production enhances expression of various antioxidants, resulting in chemoresistance to platinumrelated oxidative stress.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Although further in vitro studies are required to confirm our hypothesis, it is supported by a previous finding that Romo1 is responsible for upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and the adaptive response to 5-fluorouracil treatment in lung cancer cells.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although further in vitro studies are required to confirm our hypothesis, it is supported by a previous finding that Romo1 is responsible for upregulation of antioxidant enzymes and the adaptive response to 5-fluorouracil treatment in lung cancer cells [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]"
]
}
] |
27924021
| 12 |
60
| 352,580,736 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Students participating in online social networks were asked to fill out the friendship questions for a good offline friend whom they meet predominantly offline. Additionally, they were asked if they have a good online SNS friend. If they agreed, they were additionally asked to fill out the friendship questions for the online friend whom they meet predominantly online on an SNS. As research shows most nowadays friendships are related to offline and online contexts (Antheunis et al., 2012; Gross, 2004; Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007) . Therefore, we defined in our study online friendships as ties that are mainly maintained online and offline friendships as ties that are mainly maintained offline. To make sure that all participants referred to the same concept of friendship the participants received an explanation of a good friend: "A good friend is somebody you really like to be together. You can tell him/her secrets and have fun with him/her".
|
Procedure
|
[
{
"text": "Students participating in online social networks were asked to fill out the friendship questions for a good offline friend whom they meet predominantly offline.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Students participating in online social networks were asked to fill out the friendship questions for a good offline friend whom they meet predominantly offline.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Additionally, they were asked if they have a good online SNS friend.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Additionally, they were asked if they have a good online SNS friend.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "If they agreed, they were additionally asked to fill out the friendship questions for the online friend whom they meet predominantly online on an SNS.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "If they agreed, they were additionally asked to fill out the friendship questions for the online friend whom they meet predominantly online on an SNS.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As research shows most nowadays friendships are related to offline and online contexts.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "As research shows most nowadays friendships are related to offline and online contexts (Antheunis et al., 2012; Gross, 2004; Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF28",
"BIBREF35"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Antheunis et al., 2012; Gross, 2004; Reich, Subrahmanyam, & Espinoza, 2012; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007)"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, we defined in our study online friendships as ties that are mainly maintained online and offline friendships as ties that are mainly maintained offline.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, we defined in our study online friendships as ties that are mainly maintained online and offline friendships as ties that are mainly maintained offline.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To make sure that all participants referred to the same concept of friendship the participants received an explanation of a good friend: \"A good friend is somebody you really like to be together.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To make sure that all participants referred to the same concept of friendship the participants received an explanation of a good friend: \"A good friend is somebody you really like to be together.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "You can tell him/her secrets and have fun with him/her\".",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "You can tell him/her secrets and have fun with him/her\".",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
44565105
| 0 |
51
| 846,654,109 |
[
"Biology"
] |
Phoresy is defined as the passive transport of certain organisms on the body of others of different species for purposes other than direct parasitization (Rocha et al., 2009) . It is also seen as the process by which an animal actively seeks out and attaches to an other animal, for a period of time, in order to disperse to other areas (Holte et al., 2001) . Phoresy, as a form of dispersal, is particularly frequent in wingless organisms including mites living in patches of ephemeral resources (Binns, 1982) . An ecological and evolutionary advantage of this type of migration, especially for entomophagous phoretic species, is the possibility of colonizing a new food source/host (Clausen, 1976) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Phoresy is defined as the passive transport of certain organisms on the body of others of different species for purposes other than direct parasitization.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Phoresy is defined as the passive transport of certain organisms on the body of others of different species for purposes other than direct parasitization (Rocha et al., 2009) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF25"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Rocha et al., 2009)"
]
},
{
"text": "It is also seen as the process by which an animal actively seeks out and attaches to an other animal, for a period of time, in order to disperse to other areas.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is also seen as the process by which an animal actively seeks out and attaches to an other animal, for a period of time, in order to disperse to other areas (Holte et al., 2001) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Holte et al., 2001)"
]
},
{
"text": "Phoresy, as a form of dispersal, is particularly frequent in wingless organisms including mites living in patches of ephemeral resources.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Phoresy, as a form of dispersal, is particularly frequent in wingless organisms including mites living in patches of ephemeral resources (Binns, 1982) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Binns, 1982)"
]
},
{
"text": "An ecological and evolutionary advantage of this type of migration, especially for entomophagous phoretic species, is the possibility of colonizing a new food source/host.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "An ecological and evolutionary advantage of this type of migration, especially for entomophagous phoretic species, is the possibility of colonizing a new food source/host (Clausen, 1976) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Clausen, 1976)"
]
}
] |
119115422
| 106 |
16
| 2,724,411,090 |
[
"Physics"
] |
We have classified all homogeneous vacua of (generalized) new massive gravity in three dimensions using the Bianchi IX ansatz for Riemannian metrics on S 3 . We have also obtained the corresponding AdS 3 metrics by analytic continuation and characterized them algebraically using the Petrov and Segre schemes. Our results provide generalization of the homogeneous vacua of topologically massive gravity in the presence of a new quadratic curvature term in the action based on the recent proposal [17] . In all cases we found that homogeneous metrics with different degrees of anisotropy can be realized as vacua in certain regions of the parameter space of couplings. The most exotic case is provided by the totally anisotropic (i.e., tri-axially squashed) metrics, which have special Ricci scalar curvature. Although the explicit form of the metric coefficients are rather cumbersome to present, in general, as functions of the couplings, the action takes particularly simple form, as can be found (but not shown here). These critical values of the action can be used to compute the instanton action of interpolating configurations among the different vacua and associate them to a probability measure by advancing further the connections with higher order geometric flows.
|
Conclusions
|
[
{
"text": "We have classified all homogeneous vacua of (generalized) new massive gravity in three dimensions using the Bianchi IX ansatz for Riemannian metrics on S 3 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We have classified all homogeneous vacua of (generalized) new massive gravity in three dimensions using the Bianchi IX ansatz for Riemannian metrics on S 3 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We have also obtained the corresponding AdS 3 metrics by analytic continuation and characterized them algebraically using the Petrov and Segre schemes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We have also obtained the corresponding AdS 3 metrics by analytic continuation and characterized them algebraically using the Petrov and Segre schemes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Our results provide generalization of the homogeneous vacua of topologically massive gravity in the presence of a new quadratic curvature term in the action based on the recent proposal.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our results provide generalization of the homogeneous vacua of topologically massive gravity in the presence of a new quadratic curvature term in the action based on the recent proposal [17] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17]"
]
},
{
"text": "In all cases we found that homogeneous metrics with different degrees of anisotropy can be realized as vacua in certain regions of the parameter space of couplings.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In all cases we found that homogeneous metrics with different degrees of anisotropy can be realized as vacua in certain regions of the parameter space of couplings.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The most exotic case is provided by the totally anisotropic (i.e., tri-axially squashed) metrics, which have special Ricci scalar curvature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The most exotic case is provided by the totally anisotropic (i.e., tri-axially squashed) metrics, which have special Ricci scalar curvature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Although the explicit form of the metric coefficients are rather cumbersome to present, in general, as functions of the couplings, the action takes particularly simple form, as can be found (but not shown here).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although the explicit form of the metric coefficients are rather cumbersome to present, in general, as functions of the couplings, the action takes particularly simple form, as can be found (but not shown here).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These critical values of the action can be used to compute the instanton action of interpolating configurations among the different vacua and associate them to a probability measure by advancing further the connections with higher order geometric flows.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These critical values of the action can be used to compute the instanton action of interpolating configurations among the different vacua and associate them to a probability measure by advancing further the connections with higher order geometric flows.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
59137813
| 3 |
52
| 1,403,468,859 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
In the STEP-NC control system, Physical file part 21 is generated by CAD software will be converted into Java classes. Then, a STEP-NC interpreter designed to process data from the physical file part 21 in ISO 14649 to generate the tool-path for machining [9] . The main focus of the this open control systems to enable the STEP-NC data model with bi-directional control at low-cost and improves interoperability, efficiency, portability, and flexibility of the machining processes [10] .
|
Related Work
|
[
{
"text": "In the STEP-NC control system, Physical file part 21 is generated by CAD software will be converted into Java classes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the STEP-NC control system, Physical file part 21 is generated by CAD software will be converted into Java classes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Then, a STEP-NC interpreter designed to process data from the physical file part 21 in ISO 14649 to generate the tool-path for machining.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Then, a STEP-NC interpreter designed to process data from the physical file part 21 in ISO 14649 to generate the tool-path for machining [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"text": "The main focus of the this open control systems to enable the STEP-NC data model with bi-directional control at low-cost and improves interoperability, efficiency, portability, and flexibility of the machining processes.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main focus of the this open control systems to enable the STEP-NC data model with bi-directional control at low-cost and improves interoperability, efficiency, portability, and flexibility of the machining processes [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]"
]
}
] |
150321302
| 26 |
81
| 1,327,515,662 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia. All participants received four 1-hour intervention sessions following a standard CBT for primary insomnia protocol (Carney & Edinger, 2008) . The majority of this intervention was behaviourally oriented, with one session focused on cognitive strategies, including constructive worry and cognitive restructuring worksheets.
|
Procedure
|
[
{
"text": "Cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "All participants received four 1-hour intervention sessions following a standard CBT for primary insomnia protocol.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "All participants received four 1-hour intervention sessions following a standard CBT for primary insomnia protocol (Carney & Edinger, 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Carney & Edinger, 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "The majority of this intervention was behaviourally oriented, with one session focused on cognitive strategies, including constructive worry and cognitive restructuring worksheets.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The majority of this intervention was behaviourally oriented, with one session focused on cognitive strategies, including constructive worry and cognitive restructuring worksheets.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
119109105
| 0 |
15
| 1,985,090,270 |
[
"Physics"
] |
Wonders related to classical dynamics of solitons in non-integrable models surprised theorists for decades [1] [2] [3] [4] . Intriguing long-living bound states of solitons and antisolitons -oscillons -are found in a variety of models [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Another interesting example is kink-antikink annihilation in (1+1)-dimensional φ 4 theory which displays chaotic behavior [10] [11] [12] . Most of these phenomena are explained qualitatively by reducing the infinite number of degrees of freedom in field theory to a few collective coordinates [13] [14] [15] . Then, mechanical motion along the collective coordinates shows whether soliton evolution is regular or chaotic.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Wonders related to classical dynamics of solitons in non-integrable models surprised theorists for decades.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Wonders related to classical dynamics of solitons in non-integrable models surprised theorists for decades [1] [2] [3] [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3] [4]"
]
},
{
"text": "Intriguing long-living bound states of solitons and antisolitons -oscillons -are found in a variety of models.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Intriguing long-living bound states of solitons and antisolitons -oscillons -are found in a variety of models [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5",
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]"
]
},
{
"text": "Another interesting example is kink-antikink annihilation in (1+1)-dimensional φ 4 theory which displays chaotic behavior.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Another interesting example is kink-antikink annihilation in (1+1)-dimensional φ 4 theory which displays chaotic behavior [10] [11] [12] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF10",
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10] [11] [12]"
]
},
{
"text": "Most of these phenomena are explained qualitatively by reducing the infinite number of degrees of freedom in field theory to a few collective coordinates.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most of these phenomena are explained qualitatively by reducing the infinite number of degrees of freedom in field theory to a few collective coordinates [13] [14] [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF12",
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[13] [14] [15]"
]
},
{
"text": "Then, mechanical motion along the collective coordinates shows whether soliton evolution is regular or chaotic.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Then, mechanical motion along the collective coordinates shows whether soliton evolution is regular or chaotic.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
67760064
| 0 |
76
| 2,368,519,974 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
There are many synthesis methods for array pattern of minimum sidelobe level (SLL) and null control [1] [2] [3] . These proposed methods attempt to find the best solution for sensors position distribution or complex weight coefficients of linear array. Compared with equally spaced arrays, unequally spaced arrays with optimally spaced sensors have advantages including their capability of achieving higher spatial resolutions or lower sidelobe, or we can use fewer sensors to meet similar pattern specifications by carefully designing the locations of array sensors [4] [5] [6] . By changing the amplitudes and phases of the array elements' complex weights without any physical changes in the array, the method becomes suitable for adaptive processing applications in which the array pattern is dynamically adapted to the environments [7] [8] [9] [10] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "There are many synthesis methods for array pattern of minimum sidelobe level (SLL) and null control.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are many synthesis methods for array pattern of minimum sidelobe level (SLL) and null control [1] [2] [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3]"
]
},
{
"text": "These proposed methods attempt to find the best solution for sensors position distribution or complex weight coefficients of linear array.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These proposed methods attempt to find the best solution for sensors position distribution or complex weight coefficients of linear array.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Compared with equally spaced arrays, unequally spaced arrays with optimally spaced sensors have advantages including their capability of achieving higher spatial resolutions or lower sidelobe, or we can use fewer sensors to meet similar pattern specifications by carefully designing the locations of array sensors.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Compared with equally spaced arrays, unequally spaced arrays with optimally spaced sensors have advantages including their capability of achieving higher spatial resolutions or lower sidelobe, or we can use fewer sensors to meet similar pattern specifications by carefully designing the locations of array sensors [4] [5] [6] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4] [5] [6]"
]
},
{
"text": "By changing the amplitudes and phases of the array elements' complex weights without any physical changes in the array, the method becomes suitable for adaptive processing applications in which the array pattern is dynamically adapted to the environments.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "By changing the amplitudes and phases of the array elements' complex weights without any physical changes in the array, the method becomes suitable for adaptive processing applications in which the array pattern is dynamically adapted to the environments [7] [8] [9] [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF8",
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7] [8] [9] [10]"
]
}
] |
118673602
| 2 |
44
| 3,777,467,044 |
[
"Physics"
] |
The discovery of the electron and the known neutrality of matter led in 1904 to J. J. Thomson's "plum-pudding" atomic model. Data from new scattering experiments was soon found to be in tension with this model, which was eventually superseeded by Rutherford's, featuring an atomic nucleus. The point-like character of elementary particles opened up new questions. How to explain the apparent stability of the atom? How to handle the singular behavior of the electric field close to the source? What is the structure of elementary particles? Some of these questions were elucidated with quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Invariably, the path to the answer led to the understanding of hitherto unknown phenomena. The history of elementary particles is a timeline of the understanding of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction, and is pegged to its characteristic 1/r 2 behavior (which necessarily implies that other structure has to exist on small scales within any sound theory). Arguably, the elementary particle of the gravitational interaction are black holes (BHs). Within General Relativity (GR), BHs are indivisible and are in fact the simplest macroscopic objects that one can conceive. The uniqueness theorems -establishing that the two-parameter Kerr family of BHs describes any vacuum, stationary and asymptotically flat, regular BH solution -have turned BHs into somewhat of a miracle elementary particle [1] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The discovery of the electron and the known neutrality of matter led in 1904 to J. J. Thomson's \"plum-pudding\" atomic model.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The discovery of the electron and the known neutrality of matter led in 1904 to J. J. Thomson's \"plum-pudding\" atomic model.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Data from new scattering experiments was soon found to be in tension with this model, which was eventually superseeded by Rutherford's, featuring an atomic nucleus.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Data from new scattering experiments was soon found to be in tension with this model, which was eventually superseeded by Rutherford's, featuring an atomic nucleus.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The point-like character of elementary particles opened up new questions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The point-like character of elementary particles opened up new questions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "How to explain the apparent stability of the atom?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "How to explain the apparent stability of the atom?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "How to handle the singular behavior of the electric field close to the source?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "How to handle the singular behavior of the electric field close to the source?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "What is the structure of elementary particles?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "What is the structure of elementary particles?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Some of these questions were elucidated with quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Some of these questions were elucidated with quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Invariably, the path to the answer led to the understanding of hitherto unknown phenomena.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Invariably, the path to the answer led to the understanding of hitherto unknown phenomena.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The history of elementary particles is a timeline of the understanding of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction, and is pegged to its characteristic 1/r 2 behavior (which necessarily implies that other structure has to exist on small scales within any sound theory).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The history of elementary particles is a timeline of the understanding of the electromagnetic (EM) interaction, and is pegged to its characteristic 1/r 2 behavior (which necessarily implies that other structure has to exist on small scales within any sound theory).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Arguably, the elementary particle of the gravitational interaction are black holes (BHs).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Arguably, the elementary particle of the gravitational interaction are black holes (BHs).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Within General Relativity (GR), BHs are indivisible and are in fact the simplest macroscopic objects that one can conceive.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Within General Relativity (GR), BHs are indivisible and are in fact the simplest macroscopic objects that one can conceive.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The uniqueness theorems -establishing that the two-parameter Kerr family of BHs describes any vacuum, stationary and asymptotically flat, regular BH solution -have turned BHs into somewhat of a miracle elementary particle.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The uniqueness theorems -establishing that the two-parameter Kerr family of BHs describes any vacuum, stationary and asymptotically flat, regular BH solution -have turned BHs into somewhat of a miracle elementary particle [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
}
] |
3477051
| 0 |
80
| 1,099,885,498 |
[
"Biology"
] |
Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A Streptococcus, GAS) causes a broad spectrum of illnesses, ranging from pharyngitis to severe life-threatening invasive diseases (Carapetis, 2005) . It is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (15-30%). Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Pneumococci remain the most common causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacterial meningitis, bacteremia and otitis media, worldwide (Mitchell et al., 1995) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A Streptococcus, GAS) causes a broad spectrum of illnesses, ranging from pharyngitis to severe life-threatening invasive diseases.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Streptococcus pyogenes (Lancefield group A Streptococcus, GAS) causes a broad spectrum of illnesses, ranging from pharyngitis to severe life-threatening invasive diseases (Carapetis, 2005) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Carapetis, 2005)"
]
},
{
"text": "It is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (15-30%).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis (15-30%).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Streptococcus pneumoniae is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Pneumococci remain the most common causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacterial meningitis, bacteremia and otitis media, worldwide.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Pneumococci remain the most common causative agents of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), bacterial meningitis, bacteremia and otitis media, worldwide (Mitchell et al., 1995) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Mitchell et al., 1995)"
]
}
] |
154446138
| 1 |
19
| 881,609,044 |
[
"Economics"
] |
To study social capital we try to converge two related lines of research: Science Parks and organizational social capital. On the one hand, we analyse Science Parks as an artificial physical structure that facilitate interaction among the economic agents located inside (Hansson, 2007) . But from the point of view that the main value of Science parks are the interactions among firms, universities and the management staff of the park that help firms to face changes in their environment. So, we focus on Science Parks using the view of networks and knowledge-based organizations as the main source of competitive advantage in the market (Nahapiet, 2008) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "To study social capital we try to converge two related lines of research: Science Parks and organizational social capital.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To study social capital we try to converge two related lines of research: Science Parks and organizational social capital.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "On the one hand, we analyse Science Parks as an artificial physical structure that facilitate interaction among the economic agents located inside.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "On the one hand, we analyse Science Parks as an artificial physical structure that facilitate interaction among the economic agents located inside (Hansson, 2007) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF12"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Hansson, 2007)"
]
},
{
"text": "But from the point of view that the main value of Science parks are the interactions among firms, universities and the management staff of the park that help firms to face changes in their environment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "But from the point of view that the main value of Science parks are the interactions among firms, universities and the management staff of the park that help firms to face changes in their environment.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "So, we focus on Science Parks using the view of networks and knowledge-based organizations as the main source of competitive advantage in the market.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "So, we focus on Science Parks using the view of networks and knowledge-based organizations as the main source of competitive advantage in the market (Nahapiet, 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Nahapiet, 2008)"
]
}
] |
46889145
| 0 |
15
| 664,633,107 |
[
"Physics"
] |
The turbulent wake behind a horizontal axis wind turbine is mainly characterized by a helical system of tip vortices, a mean velocity deficit and a turbulence distribution. The low velocity and high turbulence levels in the wake and the far wake (from 1 -2 downstream diameters) [1] . In wind power farms, the average distance between the turbines is usually more than 3 -4 diameters.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The turbulent wake behind a horizontal axis wind turbine is mainly characterized by a helical system of tip vortices, a mean velocity deficit and a turbulence distribution.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The turbulent wake behind a horizontal axis wind turbine is mainly characterized by a helical system of tip vortices, a mean velocity deficit and a turbulence distribution.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The low velocity and high turbulence levels in the wake and the far wake (from 1 -2 downstream diameters).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The low velocity and high turbulence levels in the wake and the far wake (from 1 -2 downstream diameters) [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "In wind power farms, the average distance between the turbines is usually more than 3 -4 diameters.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In wind power farms, the average distance between the turbines is usually more than 3 -4 diameters.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
46889145
| 3 |
15
| 664,633,107 |
[
"Physics"
] |
There are a number of models used to describe the development of wind turbine wakes. In the simplest models, a linear spreading of the wake is assumed and the mean velocity deficit in the wake is often considered to have a powerlaw decay [1] . A standard bluff-body wake is also often used, with a spreading proportional to the square root of the downstream distance. In many analytical models and numerical simulations, the wake is also assumed to be axisymmetric. This is in reality not the case, since the turbine tower and also the ground is affecting the wake.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "There are a number of models used to describe the development of wind turbine wakes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are a number of models used to describe the development of wind turbine wakes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the simplest models, a linear spreading of the wake is assumed and the mean velocity deficit in the wake is often considered to have a powerlaw decay.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the simplest models, a linear spreading of the wake is assumed and the mean velocity deficit in the wake is often considered to have a powerlaw decay [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "A standard bluff-body wake is also often used, with a spreading proportional to the square root of the downstream distance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A standard bluff-body wake is also often used, with a spreading proportional to the square root of the downstream distance.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In many analytical models and numerical simulations, the wake is also assumed to be axisymmetric.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In many analytical models and numerical simulations, the wake is also assumed to be axisymmetric.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This is in reality not the case, since the turbine tower and also the ground is affecting the wake.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This is in reality not the case, since the turbine tower and also the ground is affecting the wake.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
73585661
| 0 |
10
| 2,219,581,149 |
[
"Economics"
] |
Exports of goods and services represent one of the most important sources of foreign exchange income that ease the pressure on the balance of payments and create employment opportunities [1] . Export trade is crucial to meet the "foreign exchange gap", to increase the import capacity of the country concerned and to reduce dependence on foreign aid [2] . Exports can increase intra-industry trade, help the country to integrate in the world economy and reduce the impact of external shocks on the domestic economy [3] . Experiences of Asian and Latin American economies provide good examples of the importance of the export sector to economic growth and development, which led economists to stress the vital role of exports as the engine of economic growth [4] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Exports of goods and services represent one of the most important sources of foreign exchange income that ease the pressure on the balance of payments and create employment opportunities.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Exports of goods and services represent one of the most important sources of foreign exchange income that ease the pressure on the balance of payments and create employment opportunities [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Export trade is crucial to meet the \"foreign exchange gap\", to increase the import capacity of the country concerned and to reduce dependence on foreign aid.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Export trade is crucial to meet the \"foreign exchange gap\", to increase the import capacity of the country concerned and to reduce dependence on foreign aid [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "Exports can increase intra-industry trade, help the country to integrate in the world economy and reduce the impact of external shocks on the domestic economy.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Exports can increase intra-industry trade, help the country to integrate in the world economy and reduce the impact of external shocks on the domestic economy [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Experiences of Asian and Latin American economies provide good examples of the importance of the export sector to economic growth and development, which led economists to stress the vital role of exports as the engine of economic growth.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Experiences of Asian and Latin American economies provide good examples of the importance of the export sector to economic growth and development, which led economists to stress the vital role of exports as the engine of economic growth [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
}
] |
17693646
| 43 |
42
| 4,832,595,025 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Exploring these conclusions further, a significant component in the revision of the AGREE II was the reworking of the User's Manual and its written training resource component. As described, the document provides descriptions, examples, and explicit direction for how to evaluate a PG report using AGREE II. The comprehensive nature of the PDF version of the AGREE II User's Manual may be quite sufficient for many potential users. In fact, previous research, as was found in this study, demonstrates high support for the User's Manual by participants [13] .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Exploring these conclusions further, a significant component in the revision of the AGREE II was the reworking of the User's Manual and its written training resource component.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Exploring these conclusions further, a significant component in the revision of the AGREE II was the reworking of the User's Manual and its written training resource component.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As described, the document provides descriptions, examples, and explicit direction for how to evaluate a PG report using AGREE II.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As described, the document provides descriptions, examples, and explicit direction for how to evaluate a PG report using AGREE II.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The comprehensive nature of the PDF version of the AGREE II User's Manual may be quite sufficient for many potential users.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The comprehensive nature of the PDF version of the AGREE II User's Manual may be quite sufficient for many potential users.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In fact, previous research, as was found in this study, demonstrates high support for the User's Manual by participants.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In fact, previous research, as was found in this study, demonstrates high support for the User's Manual by participants [13] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[13]"
]
}
] |
137441935
| 0 |
51
| 6,809,368,401 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an efficient energy storage mechanism, whose use in vehicles will continue to expand with their electrification. The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards were recently approved for 2017 through 2025, with a groundbreaking 54.5 miles per gallon fuel efficiency standard by 2025 [1] . Increased electrification of vehicles is one way that these aggressive fuel efficiency standards can be met.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an efficient energy storage mechanism, whose use in vehicles will continue to expand with their electrification.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have an efficient energy storage mechanism, whose use in vehicles will continue to expand with their electrification.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards were recently approved for 2017 through 2025, with a groundbreaking 54.5 miles per gallon fuel efficiency standard by 2025.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards were recently approved for 2017 through 2025, with a groundbreaking 54.5 miles per gallon fuel efficiency standard by 2025 [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "Increased electrification of vehicles is one way that these aggressive fuel efficiency standards can be met.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Increased electrification of vehicles is one way that these aggressive fuel efficiency standards can be met.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
137441935
| 6 |
51
| 6,809,368,401 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Copper accounts for approximately 11-15 % of the battery by weight, and aluminum accounts for approximately 19-24 % of the battery by weight, depending on whether the battery is intended for an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) [14] . By breaking down the batteries and separating the coatings, copper and aluminum can be recycled. The other components such as steels, plastics, and the active materials can be either disposed of or recycled.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Copper accounts for approximately 11-15 % of the battery by weight, and aluminum accounts for approximately 19-24 % of the battery by weight, depending on whether the battery is intended for an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Copper accounts for approximately 11-15 % of the battery by weight, and aluminum accounts for approximately 19-24 % of the battery by weight, depending on whether the battery is intended for an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
},
{
"text": "By breaking down the batteries and separating the coatings, copper and aluminum can be recycled.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "By breaking down the batteries and separating the coatings, copper and aluminum can be recycled.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The other components such as steels, plastics, and the active materials can be either disposed of or recycled.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The other components such as steels, plastics, and the active materials can be either disposed of or recycled.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
73720925
| 0 |
51
| 6,363,948,674 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Over the past few decades, bio-inspired algorithms have attracted more and more attention, and many algorithms have been proposed. Compared with traditional optimization method, bio-inspired algorithm utilizes stochastic search and direct "fitness" information instead of function derivatives or other related knowledge. Now, bio-inspired optimization algorithms have been successfully applied to a wide range of research and applications. Recently, a novel optimization algorithm, which was inspired by the social behavior of animals, called group search optimizer (GSO) algorithm has been proposed [1] . It adopts the scrounging strategies of house sparrows and employs especially animal scanning mechanism. S. He and Q. H. Wu test it on 23 unconstrained benchmark functions. In low and high dimensions benchmark problem, respectively, the GSO algorithm has a markedly superior performance to other EAs in terms of accuracy and convergence speed, especially on high-dimensional multi-modal problems.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Over the past few decades, bio-inspired algorithms have attracted more and more attention, and many algorithms have been proposed.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Over the past few decades, bio-inspired algorithms have attracted more and more attention, and many algorithms have been proposed.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Compared with traditional optimization method, bio-inspired algorithm utilizes stochastic search and direct \"fitness\" information instead of function derivatives or other related knowledge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Compared with traditional optimization method, bio-inspired algorithm utilizes stochastic search and direct \"fitness\" information instead of function derivatives or other related knowledge.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Now, bio-inspired optimization algorithms have been successfully applied to a wide range of research and applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Now, bio-inspired optimization algorithms have been successfully applied to a wide range of research and applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Recently, a novel optimization algorithm, which was inspired by the social behavior of animals, called group search optimizer (GSO) algorithm has been proposed.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Recently, a novel optimization algorithm, which was inspired by the social behavior of animals, called group search optimizer (GSO) algorithm has been proposed [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "It adopts the scrounging strategies of house sparrows and employs especially animal scanning mechanism.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It adopts the scrounging strategies of house sparrows and employs especially animal scanning mechanism.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "S. He and Q. H. Wu test it on 23 unconstrained benchmark functions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "S. He and Q. H. Wu test it on 23 unconstrained benchmark functions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In low and high dimensions benchmark problem, respectively, the GSO algorithm has a markedly superior performance to other EAs in terms of accuracy and convergence speed, especially on high-dimensional multi-modal problems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In low and high dimensions benchmark problem, respectively, the GSO algorithm has a markedly superior performance to other EAs in terms of accuracy and convergence speed, especially on high-dimensional multi-modal problems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
73720925
| 1 |
51
| 6,363,948,674 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
GSO as a new state-of-the-art algorithm has gained some attention. GSO with early stopping scheme was applied to train artificial neural network (ANN) on two benchmark functions: Wisconsin breast cancer data set and Pima Indian diabetes data set [2] . S. K. Zeng presented two improved group search optimization algorithms: Quick GSO and Quick GSO with Passive Congregation [3] . They were applied to shape optimization design of truss structures with discrete variables. G.Qin successfully applied QGSO to optimal design of a large double layer grid shell structure [4] . H. Shen proposed an improved Group Search Optimizer (iGSO) for solving two mechanical design optimization problems [5] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "GSO as a new state-of-the-art algorithm has gained some attention.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "GSO as a new state-of-the-art algorithm has gained some attention.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "GSO with early stopping scheme was applied to train artificial neural network (ANN) on two benchmark functions: Wisconsin breast cancer data set and Pima Indian diabetes data set.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "GSO with early stopping scheme was applied to train artificial neural network (ANN) on two benchmark functions: Wisconsin breast cancer data set and Pima Indian diabetes data set [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "S. K. Zeng presented two improved group search optimization algorithms: Quick GSO and Quick GSO with Passive Congregation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "S. K. Zeng presented two improved group search optimization algorithms: Quick GSO and Quick GSO with Passive Congregation [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "They were applied to shape optimization design of truss structures with discrete variables.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "They were applied to shape optimization design of truss structures with discrete variables.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "G.Qin successfully applied QGSO to optimal design of a large double layer grid shell structure.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "G.Qin successfully applied QGSO to optimal design of a large double layer grid shell structure [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "H. Shen proposed an improved Group Search Optimizer (iGSO) for solving two mechanical design optimization problems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "H. Shen proposed an improved Group Search Optimizer (iGSO) for solving two mechanical design optimization problems [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF4"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5]"
]
}
] |
73720925
| 2 |
51
| 6,363,948,674 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Constrained optimization problem is a widespread but difficult in solving practical engineering problems, and therefore the research has very important theoretical and practical significance. In this field, one of the most difficult parts encountered is constraints handling. For solving it, many various methods were proposed [6] . In this paper, the performance of standard GSO is deeply investigated in solving constrained optimization problems. The results of experiments performed on well known 13 test problems are reported and discussed in comparison with best known solution obtained so far.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Constrained optimization problem is a widespread but difficult in solving practical engineering problems, and therefore the research has very important theoretical and practical significance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Constrained optimization problem is a widespread but difficult in solving practical engineering problems, and therefore the research has very important theoretical and practical significance.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this field, one of the most difficult parts encountered is constraints handling.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this field, one of the most difficult parts encountered is constraints handling.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For solving it, many various methods were proposed.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For solving it, many various methods were proposed [6] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[6]"
]
},
{
"text": "In this paper, the performance of standard GSO is deeply investigated in solving constrained optimization problems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, the performance of standard GSO is deeply investigated in solving constrained optimization problems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The results of experiments performed on well known 13 test problems are reported and discussed in comparison with best known solution obtained so far.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The results of experiments performed on well known 13 test problems are reported and discussed in comparison with best known solution obtained so far.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
119303324
| 9 |
96
| 5,442,586,281 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
It is known that all 2 × 2 complex matrices are complex symmetric [4] . For n = 2 it follows that C V is complex symmetric on H for any linear operator V on C 2 . As a consequence of Proposition 1.1 and Proposition 1.2, if V is complex symmetric on C n but not normal, then C V has the same properties on H.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "It is known that all 2 × 2 complex matrices are complex symmetric.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is known that all 2 × 2 complex matrices are complex symmetric [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "For n = 2 it follows that C V is complex symmetric on H for any linear operator V on C 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For n = 2 it follows that C V is complex symmetric on H for any linear operator V on C 2 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As a consequence of Proposition 1.1 and Proposition 1.2, if V is complex symmetric on C n but not normal, then C V has the same properties on H.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As a consequence of Proposition 1.1 and Proposition 1.2, if V is complex symmetric on C n but not normal, then C V has the same properties on H.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
23894412
| 73 |
85
| 6,619,556,479 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Pharmacists taking part in these focus groups demonstrated a desire to assist in the management of the problem of misuse and suggested ways that their role in this context could be enhanced. Formal screening, brief intervention and referral pathways were discussed at length as a viable option for dealing with customers who have substance use problems in general, including those that misuse codeine. The SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment) model has been recommended and utilised in health care settings for substance use with a number of populations (Babor et al. 2007) .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Pharmacists taking part in these focus groups demonstrated a desire to assist in the management of the problem of misuse and suggested ways that their role in this context could be enhanced.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Pharmacists taking part in these focus groups demonstrated a desire to assist in the management of the problem of misuse and suggested ways that their role in this context could be enhanced.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Formal screening, brief intervention and referral pathways were discussed at length as a viable option for dealing with customers who have substance use problems in general, including those that misuse codeine.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Formal screening, brief intervention and referral pathways were discussed at length as a viable option for dealing with customers who have substance use problems in general, including those that misuse codeine.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment) model has been recommended and utilised in health care settings for substance use with a number of populations.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The SBIRT (screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment) model has been recommended and utilised in health care settings for substance use with a number of populations (Babor et al. 2007) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Babor et al. 2007)"
]
}
] |
23894412
| 75 |
85
| 6,619,556,479 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Harm minimisation models in community pharmacy have indicated some success in tackling misuse of codeine, and centre on targeted patient identification, treatment referrals and data monitoring (Fleming et al. 2004; Wazaify et al. 2006) . In this context of particular interest arising from this study was the approach being taken in South Africa in relation to multiple treatment regime collaboration and better information sharing between pharmacists. However, one should not underestimate the logistical, professional and inter-sectoral barriers that may arise in establishing such collaborative structures.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Harm minimisation models in community pharmacy have indicated some success in tackling misuse of codeine, and centre on targeted patient identification, treatment referrals and data monitoring.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Harm minimisation models in community pharmacy have indicated some success in tackling misuse of codeine, and centre on targeted patient identification, treatment referrals and data monitoring (Fleming et al. 2004; Wazaify et al. 2006) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF53"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Fleming et al. 2004; Wazaify et al. 2006)"
]
},
{
"text": "In this context of particular interest arising from this study was the approach being taken in South Africa in relation to multiple treatment regime collaboration and better information sharing between pharmacists.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this context of particular interest arising from this study was the approach being taken in South Africa in relation to multiple treatment regime collaboration and better information sharing between pharmacists.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, one should not underestimate the logistical, professional and inter-sectoral barriers that may arise in establishing such collaborative structures.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, one should not underestimate the logistical, professional and inter-sectoral barriers that may arise in establishing such collaborative structures.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
154599662
| 3 |
31
| 277,885,709 |
[
"Economics"
] |
It is theorized that educational principles transcend the borders of the United States and are therefore applicable in the ATS system in the Arab Republic of Egypt, which was the focus of this study. Experiential learning has long been a central feature in agricultural education programs in the United States (Roberts & Harlin, 2007) . However, this pedagogy had not been adopted by ATS instructors in Egypt. If ATS instructors were provided inservice training, would they be able to implement experiential learning activities?
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "It is theorized that educational principles transcend the borders of the United States and are therefore applicable in the ATS system in the Arab Republic of Egypt, which was the focus of this study.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is theorized that educational principles transcend the borders of the United States and are therefore applicable in the ATS system in the Arab Republic of Egypt, which was the focus of this study.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Experiential learning has long been a central feature in agricultural education programs in the United States.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Experiential learning has long been a central feature in agricultural education programs in the United States (Roberts & Harlin, 2007) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Roberts & Harlin, 2007)"
]
},
{
"text": "However, this pedagogy had not been adopted by ATS instructors in Egypt.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, this pedagogy had not been adopted by ATS instructors in Egypt.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "If ATS instructors were provided inservice training, would they be able to implement experiential learning activities?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "If ATS instructors were provided inservice training, would they be able to implement experiential learning activities?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
154599662
| 11 |
31
| 277,885,709 |
[
"Economics"
] |
A total of 90 ATS instructors received the inservice training, through a three session trainthe-trainer format. Workshop I was taught by the MUCIA team in English to Egyptian university faculty. The Egyptian faculty, from agricultural universities, were selected by the project coordinator based on their ability to deliver content that utilized active learning strategies. Workshop II was co-taught by the MUCIA team and the agricultural university faculty, with the content translated into Arabic for ATS instructors. Forty-five ATS instructors participated in Workshop II and were selected by the project coordinator and ATS headmasters. Workshop III was taught by the Egyptian agricultural faculty in Arabic. Forty-five additional ATS instructors participated in the inservice workshop on the same topics as Workshop II. ATS instructors were again selected by the project coordinator. ATS school headmasters were present during Workshop II and III but were excluded from the data due to their lack of direct instruction to ATS students (Thoron et al., 2008) .
|
Methods
|
[
{
"text": "A total of 90 ATS instructors received the inservice training, through a three session trainthe-trainer format.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A total of 90 ATS instructors received the inservice training, through a three session trainthe-trainer format.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Workshop I was taught by the MUCIA team in English to Egyptian university faculty.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Workshop I was taught by the MUCIA team in English to Egyptian university faculty.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The Egyptian faculty, from agricultural universities, were selected by the project coordinator based on their ability to deliver content that utilized active learning strategies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Egyptian faculty, from agricultural universities, were selected by the project coordinator based on their ability to deliver content that utilized active learning strategies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Workshop II was co-taught by the MUCIA team and the agricultural university faculty, with the content translated into Arabic for ATS instructors.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Workshop II was co-taught by the MUCIA team and the agricultural university faculty, with the content translated into Arabic for ATS instructors.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Forty-five ATS instructors participated in Workshop II and were selected by the project coordinator and ATS headmasters.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Forty-five ATS instructors participated in Workshop II and were selected by the project coordinator and ATS headmasters.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Workshop III was taught by the Egyptian agricultural faculty in Arabic.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Workshop III was taught by the Egyptian agricultural faculty in Arabic.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Forty-five additional ATS instructors participated in the inservice workshop on the same topics as Workshop II.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Forty-five additional ATS instructors participated in the inservice workshop on the same topics as Workshop II.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "ATS instructors were again selected by the project coordinator.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "ATS instructors were again selected by the project coordinator.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "ATS school headmasters were present during Workshop II and III but were excluded from the data due to their lack of direct instruction to ATS students.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "ATS school headmasters were present during Workshop II and III but were excluded from the data due to their lack of direct instruction to ATS students (Thoron et al., 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Thoron et al., 2008)"
]
}
] |
17425327
| 6 |
26
| 4,857,178,944 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Studies have shown that, in humans, genetic factors can influence susceptibility and resistance to ethanol teratogenesis. Several case study reports indicate that monozygotic twins are more similarly affected than dizygotic twins (Chasnoff, 1985; Christoffel and Salafsky, 1975; Palmer et al., 1974; Riikonen, 1994) . A more comprehensive study examined ethanol exposure in utero in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The rate of concordance for diagnosis was 5/5 for monozygotic twins and 7/11 for dizygotic twins and the authors concluded that genes had a modulating influence on expression of the teratogenic effects of alcohol (Streissguth and Dehaene, 1993) . More recently, several studies have shown that different alleles of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH), an enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism, can influence the severity of teratogenesis in different ethnic populations (Das et al., 2004; McCarver et al., 1997; Stoler et al., 2002; Viljoen et al., 2001) . Therefore, characterizing mice for hyperactivity following prenatal ethanol exposure (or any prenatal alcohol trait) is important because mice are a much more tractable species than rat in which to examine genetics. Many more inbred, recombinant inbred, congenic and selectively bred lines of mice exist than rat. In addition, the mouse genome is much better annotated and many more strains of mice have been sequenced. Finally, it is currently much easier to manipulate the mouse genome (i.e. targeted mutagenesis) than the rat genome.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Studies have shown that, in humans, genetic factors can influence susceptibility and resistance to ethanol teratogenesis.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Studies have shown that, in humans, genetic factors can influence susceptibility and resistance to ethanol teratogenesis.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Several case study reports indicate that monozygotic twins are more similarly affected than dizygotic twins.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Several case study reports indicate that monozygotic twins are more similarly affected than dizygotic twins (Chasnoff, 1985; Christoffel and Salafsky, 1975; Palmer et al., 1974; Riikonen, 1994) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF51",
"BIBREF56"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Chasnoff, 1985; Christoffel and Salafsky, 1975; Palmer et al., 1974; Riikonen, 1994)"
]
},
{
"text": "A more comprehensive study examined ethanol exposure in utero in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A more comprehensive study examined ethanol exposure in utero in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The rate of concordance for diagnosis was 5/5 for monozygotic twins and 7/11 for dizygotic twins and the authors concluded that genes had a modulating influence on expression of the teratogenic effects of alcohol.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The rate of concordance for diagnosis was 5/5 for monozygotic twins and 7/11 for dizygotic twins and the authors concluded that genes had a modulating influence on expression of the teratogenic effects of alcohol (Streissguth and Dehaene, 1993) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF66"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Streissguth and Dehaene, 1993)"
]
},
{
"text": "More recently, several studies have shown that different alleles of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH), an enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism, can influence the severity of teratogenesis in different ethnic populations.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "More recently, several studies have shown that different alleles of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ADH), an enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism, can influence the severity of teratogenesis in different ethnic populations (Das et al., 2004; McCarver et al., 1997; Stoler et al., 2002; Viljoen et al., 2001) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF12",
"BIBREF41",
"BIBREF65",
"BIBREF72"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Das et al., 2004; McCarver et al., 1997; Stoler et al., 2002; Viljoen et al., 2001)"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, characterizing mice for hyperactivity following prenatal ethanol exposure (or any prenatal alcohol trait) is important because mice are a much more tractable species than rat in which to examine genetics.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, characterizing mice for hyperactivity following prenatal ethanol exposure (or any prenatal alcohol trait) is important because mice are a much more tractable species than rat in which to examine genetics.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Many more inbred, recombinant inbred, congenic and selectively bred lines of mice exist than rat.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many more inbred, recombinant inbred, congenic and selectively bred lines of mice exist than rat.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, the mouse genome is much better annotated and many more strains of mice have been sequenced.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, the mouse genome is much better annotated and many more strains of mice have been sequenced.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Finally, it is currently much easier to manipulate the mouse genome (i.e. targeted mutagenesis) than the rat genome.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, it is currently much easier to manipulate the mouse genome (i.e. targeted mutagenesis) than the rat genome.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
14638028
| 4 |
17
| 5,488,722,627 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
The temporal stability of the background error might be questioned on three timescales. First, is it stable over a long period enabling the use of pre-stored corrections? Second, is the background error stable during the patient session, so that a phantom scan acquired at some time after the patient session is a reliable measurement of the error during a clinical flow study? Third, is the background error stable during all the images of a cine velocity map, even where it was retrospectively gated with continuous gradient waveform activity? The third question was confirmed long ago [10] . In the absence of published work answering the first two questions, we aimed to measure the temporal stability of background offset errors.
|
Background
|
[
{
"text": "The temporal stability of the background error might be questioned on three timescales.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The temporal stability of the background error might be questioned on three timescales.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "First, is it stable over a long period enabling the use of pre-stored corrections?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "First, is it stable over a long period enabling the use of pre-stored corrections?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Second, is the background error stable during the patient session, so that a phantom scan acquired at some time after the patient session is a reliable measurement of the error during a clinical flow study?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Second, is the background error stable during the patient session, so that a phantom scan acquired at some time after the patient session is a reliable measurement of the error during a clinical flow study?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Third, is the background error stable during all the images of a cine velocity map, even where it was retrospectively gated with continuous gradient waveform activity?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Third, is the background error stable during all the images of a cine velocity map, even where it was retrospectively gated with continuous gradient waveform activity?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The third question was confirmed long ago.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The third question was confirmed long ago [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]"
]
},
{
"text": "In the absence of published work answering the first two questions, we aimed to measure the temporal stability of background offset errors.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the absence of published work answering the first two questions, we aimed to measure the temporal stability of background offset errors.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55483975
| 96 |
63
| 5,038,378,794 |
[
"Physics"
] |
A second way to view what has been achieved here is that an answer is provided to the question posed in the first paragraph of the introduction. Einstein aimed high, he wanted to develop a general theory of gravity from the start. He managed to do so, but the process was laborious. Suppose he had attempted a step-by-step approach, trying to build the theory for a point mass first, in order to gain intuition for the field theory he was after. Would he have succeeded and would this simpler theory have been useful? The first of these questions refers to whether P1 and P2 are well-motivated enough to find them without the field equations as a guide. It may be helpful to remember that in the years between 1907 and 1915, Einstein tried out various assumptions in kind of a "tinker's approach" [24] . Postulates, before they can be tested experimentally, are mostly based on beliefs about the properties a theory should have.
|
Conclusions
|
[
{
"text": "A second way to view what has been achieved here is that an answer is provided to the question posed in the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A second way to view what has been achieved here is that an answer is provided to the question posed in the first paragraph of the introduction.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Einstein aimed high, he wanted to develop a general theory of gravity from the start.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Einstein aimed high, he wanted to develop a general theory of gravity from the start.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "He managed to do so, but the process was laborious.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "He managed to do so, but the process was laborious.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Suppose he had attempted a step-by-step approach, trying to build the theory for a point mass first, in order to gain intuition for the field theory he was after.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Suppose he had attempted a step-by-step approach, trying to build the theory for a point mass first, in order to gain intuition for the field theory he was after.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Would he have succeeded and would this simpler theory have been useful?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Would he have succeeded and would this simpler theory have been useful?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The first of these questions refers to whether P1 and P2 are well-motivated enough to find them without the field equations as a guide.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The first of these questions refers to whether P1 and P2 are well-motivated enough to find them without the field equations as a guide.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It may be helpful to remember that in the years between 1907 and 1915, Einstein tried out various assumptions in kind of a \"tinker's approach\".",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It may be helpful to remember that in the years between 1907 and 1915, Einstein tried out various assumptions in kind of a \"tinker's approach\" [24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[24]"
]
},
{
"text": "Postulates, before they can be tested experimentally, are mostly based on beliefs about the properties a theory should have.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Postulates, before they can be tested experimentally, are mostly based on beliefs about the properties a theory should have.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
113402192
| 2 |
16
| 4,756,890,540 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Historically, at the beginning of the optimization of mechanical systems, the considered component to be optimized was isolated from the system, then multiple static configurations were selected for the optimiza-tion process (Saravanos and Lamancusa 1990) . This approach is quite restrictive because the system dynamics is only represented by a few configurations. Moreover, as the coupling between rigid and elastic motions is omitted, some parts of the loading are neglected which leads to inaccuracies on the displacements and on the stresses. Another point is that the multiple static configurations do not account for the constraint timedependency and finally, the method selecting the static postures is empirical.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Historically, at the beginning of the optimization of mechanical systems, the considered component to be optimized was isolated from the system, then multiple static configurations were selected for the optimiza-tion process.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Historically, at the beginning of the optimization of mechanical systems, the considered component to be optimized was isolated from the system, then multiple static configurations were selected for the optimiza-tion process (Saravanos and Lamancusa 1990) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Saravanos and Lamancusa 1990)"
]
},
{
"text": "This approach is quite restrictive because the system dynamics is only represented by a few configurations.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This approach is quite restrictive because the system dynamics is only represented by a few configurations.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, as the coupling between rigid and elastic motions is omitted, some parts of the loading are neglected which leads to inaccuracies on the displacements and on the stresses.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, as the coupling between rigid and elastic motions is omitted, some parts of the loading are neglected which leads to inaccuracies on the displacements and on the stresses.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Another point is that the multiple static configurations do not account for the constraint timedependency and finally, the method selecting the static postures is empirical.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Another point is that the multiple static configurations do not account for the constraint timedependency and finally, the method selecting the static postures is empirical.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
15133568
| 5 |
38
| 2,752,879,515 |
[
"Physics"
] |
In particular, the rich source of holomorphic integrable systems is the combination of supersymmetry and duality. It is known for some time now that the holomorphy of certain quantities (like the superpotential in N = 1 or prepotential in N = 2) in the supersymmetric theories in three/four dimensions yields powerful predictions for the behavior of the quantum theory even in the presence of the non-perturbative effects [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] . In particular, the complex structure of the moduli space of vacua in N = 4 3d gauge theories and N = 2 4d gauge theories can be determined revealing the exciting link with the special nature of the geometry of the phase spaces of complex integrable systems [16] , [17] , [18] , [15] . The action variables appear as the central charges in the BPS representations of the susy algebra [16] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In particular, the rich source of holomorphic integrable systems is the combination of supersymmetry and duality.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In particular, the rich source of holomorphic integrable systems is the combination of supersymmetry and duality.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is known for some time now that the holomorphy of certain quantities (like the superpotential in N = 1 or prepotential in N = 2) in the supersymmetric theories in three/four dimensions yields powerful predictions for the behavior of the quantum theory even in the presence of the non-perturbative effects.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is known for some time now that the holomorphy of certain quantities (like the superpotential in N = 1 or prepotential in N = 2) in the supersymmetric theories in three/four dimensions yields powerful predictions for the behavior of the quantum theory even in the presence of the non-perturbative effects [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF12"
],
[
"BIBREF14"
],
[
"BIBREF15"
],
[
"BIBREF17"
],
[
"BIBREF21"
],
[
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10]",
"[11]",
"[12]",
"[13]",
"[14]",
"[15]"
]
},
{
"text": "In particular, the complex structure of the moduli space of vacua in N = 4 3d gauge theories and N = 2 4d gauge theories can be determined revealing the exciting link with the special nature of the geometry of the phase spaces of complex integrable systems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In particular, the complex structure of the moduli space of vacua in N = 4 3d gauge theories and N = 2 4d gauge theories can be determined revealing the exciting link with the special nature of the geometry of the phase spaces of complex integrable systems [16] , [17] , [18] , [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24"
],
[
"BIBREF25"
],
[
"BIBREF26"
],
[
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]",
"[17]",
"[18]",
"[15]"
]
},
{
"text": "The action variables appear as the central charges in the BPS representations of the susy algebra.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The action variables appear as the central charges in the BPS representations of the susy algebra [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]"
]
}
] |
14184876
| 0 |
74
| 3,351,734,938 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
A web navigation graph, or simply a navigation graph, is a representation of the navigation structure of a web application, with nodes representing web pages and edges representing direct transitions between web pages. Navigation graphs can be used as an aid in tasks such as understanding, maintaining, and testing web applications. For example, they can be used as a model to generate test sequences during testing and/or regression testing [1] . As another example, navigation graphs can be used to facilitate impact analysis, i.e., how to identify pages that could be potentially affected by a modified page.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "A web navigation graph, or simply a navigation graph, is a representation of the navigation structure of a web application, with nodes representing web pages and edges representing direct transitions between web pages.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A web navigation graph, or simply a navigation graph, is a representation of the navigation structure of a web application, with nodes representing web pages and edges representing direct transitions between web pages.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Navigation graphs can be used as an aid in tasks such as understanding, maintaining, and testing web applications.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Navigation graphs can be used as an aid in tasks such as understanding, maintaining, and testing web applications.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For example, they can be used as a model to generate test sequences during testing and/or regression testing.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, they can be used as a model to generate test sequences during testing and/or regression testing [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "As another example, navigation graphs can be used to facilitate impact analysis, i.e., how to identify pages that could be potentially affected by a modified page.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As another example, navigation graphs can be used to facilitate impact analysis, i.e., how to identify pages that could be potentially affected by a modified page.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
54719240
| 23 |
70
| 2,163,145,018 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
After consulting with the human resource managers, the targeted organizations had to have employees from diverse religious groups (in Lebanon, a civil status document is required with the job application, which includes the individual's religion and sect). The use of Purposive Sampling permits the selection of a sample that serves Contemporary Management Research 66 the exact purpose of the study even if the selected sample is not totally representative (Zikmund, 2002) . A cover letter attached to the questionnaire indicated the purpose of the study with assurance of anonymity. Out of 615 questionnaires, 548 employees successfully completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 89%.
|
METHODOLOGY
|
[
{
"text": "After consulting with the human resource managers, the targeted organizations had to have employees from diverse religious groups (in Lebanon, a civil status document is required with the job application, which includes the individual's religion and sect).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "After consulting with the human resource managers, the targeted organizations had to have employees from diverse religious groups (in Lebanon, a civil status document is required with the job application, which includes the individual's religion and sect).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The use of Purposive Sampling permits the selection of a sample that serves Contemporary Management Research 66 the exact purpose of the study even if the selected sample is not totally representative.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The use of Purposive Sampling permits the selection of a sample that serves Contemporary Management Research 66 the exact purpose of the study even if the selected sample is not totally representative (Zikmund, 2002) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF58"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Zikmund, 2002)"
]
},
{
"text": "A cover letter attached to the questionnaire indicated the purpose of the study with assurance of anonymity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A cover letter attached to the questionnaire indicated the purpose of the study with assurance of anonymity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Out of 615 questionnaires, 548 employees successfully completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 89%.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Out of 615 questionnaires, 548 employees successfully completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 89%.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
6152247
| 0 |
23
| 2,354,272,128 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Recently, a new family of nonmonotonic Description Logics (DLs), called DL N , has been introduced [7] . It supports normality concepts NC to denote the normal/standard/ prototypical instances of a concept C, and prioritized defeasible inclusions (DIs) C ⊑ n D with the following meaning: "by default, the instances of C satisfy D, unless stated otherwise", that is, unless some higher priority axioms entail C ⊓ ¬D; in that case, C ⊑ n D is overridden. The normal/standard/prototypical instances of C are required to satisfy all the DIs that are not overridden in C.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Recently, a new family of nonmonotonic Description Logics (DLs), called DL N , has been introduced.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Recently, a new family of nonmonotonic Description Logics (DLs), called DL N , has been introduced [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "It supports normality concepts NC to denote the normal/standard/ prototypical instances of a concept C, and prioritized defeasible inclusions (DIs) C ⊑ n D with the following meaning: \"by default, the instances of C satisfy D, unless stated otherwise\", that is, unless some higher priority axioms entail C ⊓ ¬D; in that case, C ⊑ n D is overridden.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It supports normality concepts NC to denote the normal/standard/ prototypical instances of a concept C, and prioritized defeasible inclusions (DIs) C ⊑ n D with the following meaning: \"by default, the instances of C satisfy D, unless stated otherwise\", that is, unless some higher priority axioms entail C ⊓ ¬D; in that case, C ⊑ n D is overridden.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The normal/standard/prototypical instances of C are required to satisfy all the DIs that are not overridden in C.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The normal/standard/prototypical instances of C are required to satisfy all the DIs that are not overridden in C.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
42956602
| 14 |
57
| 8,995,542 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Developers reap the benefits of makeSense by means of the associated toolchain, described in Section 6. The toolchain includes the compilers and run-time layers supporting the above functionality, along with a library of concrete abstractions and a custom editor supporting modeling. A full prototype of the toolchain can be downloaded as a pre-configured virtual machine, along with technical documentation in the form of a tutorial [21] .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Developers reap the benefits of makeSense by means of the associated toolchain, described in Section 6.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Developers reap the benefits of makeSense by means of the associated toolchain, described in Section 6.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The toolchain includes the compilers and run-time layers supporting the above functionality, along with a library of concrete abstractions and a custom editor supporting modeling.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The toolchain includes the compilers and run-time layers supporting the above functionality, along with a library of concrete abstractions and a custom editor supporting modeling.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A full prototype of the toolchain can be downloaded as a pre-configured virtual machine, along with technical documentation in the form of a tutorial.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A full prototype of the toolchain can be downloaded as a pre-configured virtual machine, along with technical documentation in the form of a tutorial [21] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21]"
]
}
] |
15843523
| 12 |
18
| 3,625,496,355 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Self-stabilization was introduced by Dijkstra [12] . A self-stabilizing protocol does not depend on initialization of process states and converges towards a correct behavior from arbitrary starting congurations. Self-stabilization is intended to deal with transient failures, that hit a system punctually, corrupting memory and channel contents. It also deals with dynamic networks, where the topology changes during an execution.
|
Related Work
|
[
{
"text": "Self-stabilization was introduced by Dijkstra.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Self-stabilization was introduced by Dijkstra [12] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[12]"
]
},
{
"text": "A self-stabilizing protocol does not depend on initialization of process states and converges towards a correct behavior from arbitrary starting congurations.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A self-stabilizing protocol does not depend on initialization of process states and converges towards a correct behavior from arbitrary starting congurations.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Self-stabilization is intended to deal with transient failures, that hit a system punctually, corrupting memory and channel contents.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Self-stabilization is intended to deal with transient failures, that hit a system punctually, corrupting memory and channel contents.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It also deals with dynamic networks, where the topology changes during an execution.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It also deals with dynamic networks, where the topology changes during an execution.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
14094125
| 4 |
46
| 3,333,306,189 |
[
"Biology"
] |
Drones caught in a trap can be genetically analysed to infer the number of unique colonies that contributed drones to the DCA. A set of tightly linked microsatellite loci are used to genotype the drones. If there is no genetic recombination between the loci, each diploid queen produces haploid drones of just two alternative haplotypes (Moritz et al. 2008) . Thus, provided that the sample size is sufficient, the number of colonies within drone flight range of a DCA can be estimated by dividing the number of unique drone haplotypes observed in the sample by two.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Drones caught in a trap can be genetically analysed to infer the number of unique colonies that contributed drones to the DCA.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Drones caught in a trap can be genetically analysed to infer the number of unique colonies that contributed drones to the DCA.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A set of tightly linked microsatellite loci are used to genotype the drones.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A set of tightly linked microsatellite loci are used to genotype the drones.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "If there is no genetic recombination between the loci, each diploid queen produces haploid drones of just two alternative haplotypes.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "If there is no genetic recombination between the loci, each diploid queen produces haploid drones of just two alternative haplotypes (Moritz et al. 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF31"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Moritz et al. 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "Thus, provided that the sample size is sufficient, the number of colonies within drone flight range of a DCA can be estimated by dividing the number of unique drone haplotypes observed in the sample by two.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thus, provided that the sample size is sufficient, the number of colonies within drone flight range of a DCA can be estimated by dividing the number of unique drone haplotypes observed in the sample by two.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
90503720
| 5 |
24
| 1,561,671,520 |
[
"Biology"
] |
Increasing nitrogen causes expansion and voluminous of roots, and absorption more moisture from the soil. In addition, the increase of nitrogen promotes the chlorophylly growth, increasing the volume of aerial part of plant and increase the crop evapotranspiration (Read et al., 1982) . Also, there are significant correlation between available water and nitrogen, because increased nitrogen leads to further development of wheat roots and increased available water in the root zone, resulting in reduced moisture stress. But if there is not enough water, increased nitrogen fertilizer application increases the moisture stress of plant and therefore reduced crop yield and water use efficiency (Huang et al., 2003) . On the other hand use of high amounts of nitrogen reduces nitrogen uptake by plant and decreases nitrogen use efficiency (grain yield per unit of nitrogen fertilizer) (Limon-Ortega et al., 2000; Sowers et al., 1994) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Increasing nitrogen causes expansion and voluminous of roots, and absorption more moisture from the soil.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Increasing nitrogen causes expansion and voluminous of roots, and absorption more moisture from the soil.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, the increase of nitrogen promotes the chlorophylly growth, increasing the volume of aerial part of plant and increase the crop evapotranspiration.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, the increase of nitrogen promotes the chlorophylly growth, increasing the volume of aerial part of plant and increase the crop evapotranspiration (Read et al., 1982) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Read et al., 1982)"
]
},
{
"text": "Also, there are significant correlation between available water and nitrogen, because increased nitrogen leads to further development of wheat roots and increased available water in the root zone, resulting in reduced moisture stress.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Also, there are significant correlation between available water and nitrogen, because increased nitrogen leads to further development of wheat roots and increased available water in the root zone, resulting in reduced moisture stress.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "But if there is not enough water, increased nitrogen fertilizer application increases the moisture stress of plant and therefore reduced crop yield and water use efficiency.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "But if there is not enough water, increased nitrogen fertilizer application increases the moisture stress of plant and therefore reduced crop yield and water use efficiency (Huang et al., 2003) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Huang et al., 2003)"
]
},
{
"text": "On the other hand use of high amounts of nitrogen reduces nitrogen uptake by plant and decreases nitrogen use efficiency (grain yield per unit of nitrogen fertilizer).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "On the other hand use of high amounts of nitrogen reduces nitrogen uptake by plant and decreases nitrogen use efficiency (grain yield per unit of nitrogen fertilizer) (Limon-Ortega et al., 2000; Sowers et al., 1994) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11",
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Limon-Ortega et al., 2000; Sowers et al., 1994)"
]
}
] |
55569784
| 0 |
51
| 2,819,474,501 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is mainly used to forecast the power load for the next few days or week [1] [2] [3] . It plays an important role in the modern electricity Demand Side Management (DSM), as its accuracy directly affects the economic cost of operators in the electricity market. Accurate load forecasting is helpful for security, stability, and economic operation in power grid. It is also advantageous in making reasonable arrangements for maintenance plan. Meanwhile, power load forecasting can optimize power system dispatch and reduce production cost.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is mainly used to forecast the power load for the next few days or week.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is mainly used to forecast the power load for the next few days or week [1] [2] [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3]"
]
},
{
"text": "It plays an important role in the modern electricity Demand Side Management (DSM), as its accuracy directly affects the economic cost of operators in the electricity market.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It plays an important role in the modern electricity Demand Side Management (DSM), as its accuracy directly affects the economic cost of operators in the electricity market.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Accurate load forecasting is helpful for security, stability, and economic operation in power grid.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Accurate load forecasting is helpful for security, stability, and economic operation in power grid.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is also advantageous in making reasonable arrangements for maintenance plan.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is also advantageous in making reasonable arrangements for maintenance plan.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Meanwhile, power load forecasting can optimize power system dispatch and reduce production cost.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Meanwhile, power load forecasting can optimize power system dispatch and reduce production cost.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
18349080
| 63 |
9
| 1,342,885,401 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
A higher, yet not statistically significant prevalence of negative results was observed among younger children and females. A rapid weight gain pattern during early childhood ("adiposity rebound") and during sexual development in females are risk factors for obesity for many reasons (genetic predisposition, life-long changes in the appetite regulating centers, etc.) [40] . Therefore, early therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling weight gain in early childhood, even if often refused, should be carefully considered in order to assure lasting results [9] .
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "A higher, yet not statistically significant prevalence of negative results was observed among younger children and females.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A higher, yet not statistically significant prevalence of negative results was observed among younger children and females.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A rapid weight gain pattern during early childhood (\"adiposity rebound\") and during sexual development in females are risk factors for obesity for many reasons (genetic predisposition, life-long changes in the appetite regulating centers, etc.).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A rapid weight gain pattern during early childhood (\"adiposity rebound\") and during sexual development in females are risk factors for obesity for many reasons (genetic predisposition, life-long changes in the appetite regulating centers, etc.) [40] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF39"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[40]"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, early therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling weight gain in early childhood, even if often refused, should be carefully considered in order to assure lasting results.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, early therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling weight gain in early childhood, even if often refused, should be carefully considered in order to assure lasting results [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
}
] |
138308529
| 3 |
46
| 3,377,599,658 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
The fluid bed technology is mainly applied on coating and granulation processes. For example, the fluid bed coating technology was first introduced to manufacture solid dispersion in 2008, in which PVP and nonpareil pellets were used as carriers to load drugs [21] [22] [23] . As shown in the graphic abstract, drugs/excipient to be coated into the pellets or MSNs are dissolved and sprayed via the nozzle. The drug may enter into the pore channels or adsorb onto the surface of the particles, which will mainly depend on the interaction of the drug with the mesoporous particles and the amount/concentration of the feeding solution.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The fluid bed technology is mainly applied on coating and granulation processes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The fluid bed technology is mainly applied on coating and granulation processes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For example, the fluid bed coating technology was first introduced to manufacture solid dispersion in 2008, in which PVP and nonpareil pellets were used as carriers to load drugs.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, the fluid bed coating technology was first introduced to manufacture solid dispersion in 2008, in which PVP and nonpareil pellets were used as carriers to load drugs [21] [22] [23] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20",
"BIBREF21",
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21] [22] [23]"
]
},
{
"text": "As shown in the graphic abstract, drugs/excipient to be coated into the pellets or MSNs are dissolved and sprayed via the nozzle.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As shown in the graphic abstract, drugs/excipient to be coated into the pellets or MSNs are dissolved and sprayed via the nozzle.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The drug may enter into the pore channels or adsorb onto the surface of the particles, which will mainly depend on the interaction of the drug with the mesoporous particles and the amount/concentration of the feeding solution.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The drug may enter into the pore channels or adsorb onto the surface of the particles, which will mainly depend on the interaction of the drug with the mesoporous particles and the amount/concentration of the feeding solution.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
33201600
| 29 |
37
| 5,112,476,636 |
[
"Biology"
] |
There is also a question regarding fluorescence and the viability of the bacteria. In the literature it has been reported that there exist two types of bacterial cells; active and inactive. Active cells grow, perform cell division and move actively while inactive cells do none of these [20] . In this study we observed red fluorescence even on day twelve from the selected colonies and we can only speculate that bacteria can produce red fluorescence even if they are non-viable or perhaps viable but not at a nonculturable state. Are there dead or inactive cells, showing no fluorescence, unevenly distributed within the colony?
|
DISCUSSION
|
[
{
"text": "There is also a question regarding fluorescence and the viability of the bacteria.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is also a question regarding fluorescence and the viability of the bacteria.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the literature it has been reported that there exist two types of bacterial cells; active and inactive.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the literature it has been reported that there exist two types of bacterial cells; active and inactive.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Active cells grow, perform cell division and move actively while inactive cells do none of these.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Active cells grow, perform cell division and move actively while inactive cells do none of these [20] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[20]"
]
},
{
"text": "In this study we observed red fluorescence even on day twelve from the selected colonies and we can only speculate that bacteria can produce red fluorescence even if they are non-viable or perhaps viable but not at a nonculturable state.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this study we observed red fluorescence even on day twelve from the selected colonies and we can only speculate that bacteria can produce red fluorescence even if they are non-viable or perhaps viable but not at a nonculturable state.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Are there dead or inactive cells, showing no fluorescence, unevenly distributed within the colony?",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Are there dead or inactive cells, showing no fluorescence, unevenly distributed within the colony?",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
33201600
| 4 |
37
| 5,112,476,636 |
[
"Biology"
] |
There are only a few publications so far about bacteria associated with periodontal disease and their ability to emit red fluorescence thus, and it is of interest to investigate which periodontopathogens that are able to emit red fluorescence since according to the literature this property could be used for diagnosis and treatment [3, 4, 16] . To our knowledge there are no specific studies on the fluorescence of A. actinomycetemcomitans. This is a capnophilic bacterium and the major hypothesis is that red fluorescence is due to the obligate anaerobes, bacteria which are indicative for mature plaque. As has been discussed above, the majority of studies made the last decade have proposed that the intrinsic characteristics of the mature biofilm, rather than the single species are responsible for the fluorescence in the red spectral region. The aim of this basic research study was to investigate the red fluorescence properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans and to investigate if these properties are related to the growth, morphology and size of the bacterial colonies.
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "There are only a few publications so far about bacteria associated with periodontal disease and their ability to emit red fluorescence thus, and it is of interest to investigate which periodontopathogens that are able to emit red fluorescence since according to the literature this property could be used for diagnosis and treatment.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are only a few publications so far about bacteria associated with periodontal disease and their ability to emit red fluorescence thus, and it is of interest to investigate which periodontopathogens that are able to emit red fluorescence since according to the literature this property could be used for diagnosis and treatment [3, 4, 16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3, 4, 16]"
]
},
{
"text": "To our knowledge there are no specific studies on the fluorescence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To our knowledge there are no specific studies on the fluorescence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This is a capnophilic bacterium and the major hypothesis is that red fluorescence is due to the obligate anaerobes, bacteria which are indicative for mature plaque.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This is a capnophilic bacterium and the major hypothesis is that red fluorescence is due to the obligate anaerobes, bacteria which are indicative for mature plaque.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As has been discussed above, the majority of studies made the last decade have proposed that the intrinsic characteristics of the mature biofilm, rather than the single species are responsible for the fluorescence in the red spectral region.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As has been discussed above, the majority of studies made the last decade have proposed that the intrinsic characteristics of the mature biofilm, rather than the single species are responsible for the fluorescence in the red spectral region.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The aim of this basic research study was to investigate the red fluorescence properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans and to investigate if these properties are related to the growth, morphology and size of the bacterial colonies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The aim of this basic research study was to investigate the red fluorescence properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans and to investigate if these properties are related to the growth, morphology and size of the bacterial colonies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
143852642
| 17 |
13
| 357,976,560 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
It is well known that although individuals may have "real social support" from their families and society, they may also have "virtual social support" from the internet (Yeh, Ko, Wu, & Cheng, 2008) . Individuals who are not supported by their family use the internet frequently to satisfy the need for interpersonal relationships and to create alternative social channels. Levels of internet addiction have been reported to increase in parallel with increased use of the internet (Papacharissi, 2000) . In our study group, the level of internet addiction was higher among students from patriarchal families (p<0.05).
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "It is well known that although individuals may have \"real social support\" from their families and society, they may also have \"virtual social support\" from the internet.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is well known that although individuals may have \"real social support\" from their families and society, they may also have \"virtual social support\" from the internet (Yeh, Ko, Wu, & Cheng, 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF40"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Yeh, Ko, Wu, & Cheng, 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "Individuals who are not supported by their family use the internet frequently to satisfy the need for interpersonal relationships and to create alternative social channels.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Individuals who are not supported by their family use the internet frequently to satisfy the need for interpersonal relationships and to create alternative social channels.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Levels of internet addiction have been reported to increase in parallel with increased use of the internet.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Levels of internet addiction have been reported to increase in parallel with increased use of the internet (Papacharissi, 2000) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF25"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Papacharissi, 2000)"
]
},
{
"text": "In our study group, the level of internet addiction was higher among students from patriarchal families (p<0.05).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In our study group, the level of internet addiction was higher among students from patriarchal families (p<0.05).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
3860628
| 24 |
39
| 6,435,141,065 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Interestingly, glucocorticoid treatment was found to have no effect on sputum MPO level in COPD patients, regardless of the route of administration and dosage, which further demonstrated that airway neutrophilic inflammation is not responsive to glucocorticoids [25] . Although clinically, some COPD patients could benefit from glucocorticoids, it might be due to the inhibition of the 'eosinophilic component' of the inflammatory process in the airways by glucocorticoids [25] . This may explain why COPD patients with neutrophil inflammation do not respond well to steroids. This may also explain the discrepancies between different studies regarding glucocorticoid effects in the treatment of airway anti-inflammation in COPD patients [71, 72] . More recent laboratory studies suggest that low-dose theophylline may reverse steroid resistance by enhancing decreased histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2 activity [73] . However, no study confirmed whether combined medications could affect the MPO level in COPD patients. More translational research in this area is clearly required.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Interestingly, glucocorticoid treatment was found to have no effect on sputum MPO level in COPD patients, regardless of the route of administration and dosage, which further demonstrated that airway neutrophilic inflammation is not responsive to glucocorticoids.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Interestingly, glucocorticoid treatment was found to have no effect on sputum MPO level in COPD patients, regardless of the route of administration and dosage, which further demonstrated that airway neutrophilic inflammation is not responsive to glucocorticoids [25] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25]"
]
},
{
"text": "Although clinically, some COPD patients could benefit from glucocorticoids, it might be due to the inhibition of the 'eosinophilic component' of the inflammatory process in the airways by glucocorticoids.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Although clinically, some COPD patients could benefit from glucocorticoids, it might be due to the inhibition of the 'eosinophilic component' of the inflammatory process in the airways by glucocorticoids [25] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25]"
]
},
{
"text": "This may explain why COPD patients with neutrophil inflammation do not respond well to steroids.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This may explain why COPD patients with neutrophil inflammation do not respond well to steroids.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This may also explain the discrepancies between different studies regarding glucocorticoid effects in the treatment of airway anti-inflammation in COPD patients.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This may also explain the discrepancies between different studies regarding glucocorticoid effects in the treatment of airway anti-inflammation in COPD patients [71, 72] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF70",
"BIBREF71"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[71, 72]"
]
},
{
"text": "More recent laboratory studies suggest that low-dose theophylline may reverse steroid resistance by enhancing decreased histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2 activity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "More recent laboratory studies suggest that low-dose theophylline may reverse steroid resistance by enhancing decreased histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2 activity [73] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF72"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[73]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, no study confirmed whether combined medications could affect the MPO level in COPD patients.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, no study confirmed whether combined medications could affect the MPO level in COPD patients.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "More translational research in this area is clearly required.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "More translational research in this area is clearly required.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
56117737
| 0 |
63
| 2,679,610,079 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in all spheres of human endeavour has become increasingly evident over the past decade, with people of all ages making use of computers and the Internet to interact, communicate and do business on a daily basis (Louw & Hanmer, 2002) . In South Africa, the increasing availability of broadband Internet access has resulted in the rise of social networking, online consumer forums and multimedia on demand services that are changing the way we communicate and engage with each other. However, while the use of ICT in many aspects of society has increased, not everyone has equal access to technology, partly as a result of the policies of apartheid prior to 1994 (Bozalek et al, 2007) . This has led to a phenomenon known as the "digital divide", or the gap between those with access to technology and those without (Samuel et al, 2004) .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in all spheres of human endeavour has become increasingly evident over the past decade, with people of all ages making use of computers and the Internet to interact, communicate and do business on a daily basis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The use of information and communication technology (ICT) in all spheres of human endeavour has become increasingly evident over the past decade, with people of all ages making use of computers and the Internet to interact, communicate and do business on a daily basis (Louw & Hanmer, 2002) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Louw & Hanmer, 2002)"
]
},
{
"text": "In South Africa, the increasing availability of broadband Internet access has resulted in the rise of social networking, online consumer forums and multimedia on demand services that are changing the way we communicate and engage with each other.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In South Africa, the increasing availability of broadband Internet access has resulted in the rise of social networking, online consumer forums and multimedia on demand services that are changing the way we communicate and engage with each other.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, while the use of ICT in many aspects of society has increased, not everyone has equal access to technology, partly as a result of the policies of apartheid prior to 1994.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, while the use of ICT in many aspects of society has increased, not everyone has equal access to technology, partly as a result of the policies of apartheid prior to 1994 (Bozalek et al, 2007) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Bozalek et al, 2007)"
]
},
{
"text": "This has led to a phenomenon known as the \"digital divide\", or the gap between those with access to technology and those without.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This has led to a phenomenon known as the \"digital divide\", or the gap between those with access to technology and those without (Samuel et al, 2004) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Samuel et al, 2004)"
]
}
] |
1106332
| 0 |
16
| 6,779,873,913 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Modern critical infrastructures have a large number of interdependent assets, operated by multiple stakeholders each working independently to maximize their own economic benefits. In these cyber-physical systems, interdependencies between the assets owned by different stakeholders have significant implications on the reliability and security of the overall system. For instance, in the electric grid, industrial control systems at the power generator are managed by a different entity (the generator) than the smart meters deployed by the distribution utility companies. If certain components of these assets are from a common vendor, then a sophisticated attacker can exploit potential shared vulnerabilities and compromise the assets managed by these different entities [21] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Modern critical infrastructures have a large number of interdependent assets, operated by multiple stakeholders each working independently to maximize their own economic benefits.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Modern critical infrastructures have a large number of interdependent assets, operated by multiple stakeholders each working independently to maximize their own economic benefits.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In these cyber-physical systems, interdependencies between the assets owned by different stakeholders have significant implications on the reliability and security of the overall system.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In these cyber-physical systems, interdependencies between the assets owned by different stakeholders have significant implications on the reliability and security of the overall system.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For instance, in the electric grid, industrial control systems at the power generator are managed by a different entity (the generator) than the smart meters deployed by the distribution utility companies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For instance, in the electric grid, industrial control systems at the power generator are managed by a different entity (the generator) than the smart meters deployed by the distribution utility companies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "If certain components of these assets are from a common vendor, then a sophisticated attacker can exploit potential shared vulnerabilities and compromise the assets managed by these different entities.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "If certain components of these assets are from a common vendor, then a sophisticated attacker can exploit potential shared vulnerabilities and compromise the assets managed by these different entities [21] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF20"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[21]"
]
}
] |
83460563
| 26 |
32
| 2,924,120,889 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
Of note, two studies which looked into use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as a risk factor for CMV antigenaemia consistently reported positive association [22, 32] . In a recent small case series, 3 out of the 4 SLE patients with disseminated CMV infection had prior treatment with 3 g of MMF daily in addition to concurrent use of other immunosuppressive drugs [9] . In another randomized controlled trial comparing Everolimus to MMF in renal transplant patients found that viral infections, particularly CMV infection increased in the MMF group (20% in MMF group compared to 6-7% in Everolimus group, p = 0.0001) [33] . This shows that use of MMF can be associated with higher incidence of CMV infection, and care should be taken to monitor for CMV disease when using MMF.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Of note, two studies which looked into use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as a risk factor for CMV antigenaemia consistently reported positive association.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Of note, two studies which looked into use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as a risk factor for CMV antigenaemia consistently reported positive association [22, 32] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21",
"BIBREF31"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22, 32]"
]
},
{
"text": "In a recent small case series, 3 out of the 4 SLE patients with disseminated CMV infection had prior treatment with 3 g of MMF daily in addition to concurrent use of other immunosuppressive drugs.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In a recent small case series, 3 out of the 4 SLE patients with disseminated CMV infection had prior treatment with 3 g of MMF daily in addition to concurrent use of other immunosuppressive drugs [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"text": "In another randomized controlled trial comparing Everolimus to MMF in renal transplant patients found that viral infections, particularly CMV infection increased in the MMF group (20% in MMF group compared to 6-7% in Everolimus group, p = 0.0001).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In another randomized controlled trial comparing Everolimus to MMF in renal transplant patients found that viral infections, particularly CMV infection increased in the MMF group (20% in MMF group compared to 6-7% in Everolimus group, p = 0.0001) [33] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF32"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[33]"
]
},
{
"text": "This shows that use of MMF can be associated with higher incidence of CMV infection, and care should be taken to monitor for CMV disease when using MMF.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This shows that use of MMF can be associated with higher incidence of CMV infection, and care should be taken to monitor for CMV disease when using MMF.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55791863
| 5 |
44
| 1,141,869,096 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Both students' availing and nonavailing belief about mathematics learned in the university or college as a certain subject of course differs from those who learn mathematics as mathematics user. In one hand, those who learn mathematics as a subject generally showed a positive attitude toward mathematics and had a higher motivation (Selden and Selden, 2007; Sowder and Harel, 2003) . In the other hand, those who attended mathematics lecture in other majors generally showed a less positive attitude (Hassi and Laursen, 2009) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Both students' availing and nonavailing belief about mathematics learned in the university or college as a certain subject of course differs from those who learn mathematics as mathematics user.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Both students' availing and nonavailing belief about mathematics learned in the university or college as a certain subject of course differs from those who learn mathematics as mathematics user.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In one hand, those who learn mathematics as a subject generally showed a positive attitude toward mathematics and had a higher motivation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In one hand, those who learn mathematics as a subject generally showed a positive attitude toward mathematics and had a higher motivation (Selden and Selden, 2007; Sowder and Harel, 2003) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21",
"BIBREF22"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Selden and Selden, 2007; Sowder and Harel, 2003)"
]
},
{
"text": "In the other hand, those who attended mathematics lecture in other majors generally showed a less positive attitude.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the other hand, those who attended mathematics lecture in other majors generally showed a less positive attitude (Hassi and Laursen, 2009) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Hassi and Laursen, 2009)"
]
}
] |
55791863
| 4 |
44
| 1,141,869,096 |
[
"Psychology"
] |
Nonavailing belief about mathematics has been proven to negatively affect mathematics performance either directly or indirectly. For instance, students who believe that most of all mathematics problems can be solved by applying facts, rules, formulas, and procedures tend to approach mathematics task by mechanical or by memorizing method (Garofalo, 1989) . Those with nonavailing belief may also have lower motivation level and task performance than those with availing belief (Buehl and Alexander, 2005) .
|
INTRODUCTION
|
[
{
"text": "Nonavailing belief about mathematics has been proven to negatively affect mathematics performance either directly or indirectly.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Nonavailing belief about mathematics has been proven to negatively affect mathematics performance either directly or indirectly.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For instance, students who believe that most of all mathematics problems can be solved by applying facts, rules, formulas, and procedures tend to approach mathematics task by mechanical or by memorizing method.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For instance, students who believe that most of all mathematics problems can be solved by applying facts, rules, formulas, and procedures tend to approach mathematics task by mechanical or by memorizing method (Garofalo, 1989) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Garofalo, 1989)"
]
},
{
"text": "Those with nonavailing belief may also have lower motivation level and task performance than those with availing belief.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Those with nonavailing belief may also have lower motivation level and task performance than those with availing belief (Buehl and Alexander, 2005) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Buehl and Alexander, 2005)"
]
}
] |
54018977
| 1 |
79
| 4,096,957,333 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
Many bridges are built as the slab-on-girder structures. The concrete slab is supported on the concrete or steel girders, and stirrups are embedded in the girders and cast into the slab as shear connectors to link the slab and girders together. The shear connections between the slab and girders are often subjected to serious stressing, overloading, and fatigue. Consequently, damages may involve a deterioration or break of shear connections in some regions of the structure, causing a decrease of the overall rigidity of the composite structure and a reduction of its ultimate resistance [7] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Many bridges are built as the slab-on-girder structures.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many bridges are built as the slab-on-girder structures.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The concrete slab is supported on the concrete or steel girders, and stirrups are embedded in the girders and cast into the slab as shear connectors to link the slab and girders together.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The concrete slab is supported on the concrete or steel girders, and stirrups are embedded in the girders and cast into the slab as shear connectors to link the slab and girders together.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The shear connections between the slab and girders are often subjected to serious stressing, overloading, and fatigue.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The shear connections between the slab and girders are often subjected to serious stressing, overloading, and fatigue.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Consequently, damages may involve a deterioration or break of shear connections in some regions of the structure, causing a decrease of the overall rigidity of the composite structure and a reduction of its ultimate resistance.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Consequently, damages may involve a deterioration or break of shear connections in some regions of the structure, causing a decrease of the overall rigidity of the composite structure and a reduction of its ultimate resistance [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
}
] |
62018511
| 0 |
42
| 4,766,647,383 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
The aim in web mining is to discover and retrieve useful and interesting patterns from a large dataset. In web mining, this dataset is the huge web data [7] . Web data contains different kinds of information, including, web structure data, web log data, and user profiles data [9, 10] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The aim in web mining is to discover and retrieve useful and interesting patterns from a large dataset.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The aim in web mining is to discover and retrieve useful and interesting patterns from a large dataset.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In web mining, this dataset is the huge web data.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In web mining, this dataset is the huge web data [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "Web data contains different kinds of information, including, web structure data, web log data, and user profiles data.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Web data contains different kinds of information, including, web structure data, web log data, and user profiles data [9, 10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8",
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9, 10]"
]
}
] |
54882620
| 0 |
87
| 4,230,718,619 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
Technology of polycrystalline thin films has emerged during the last decades and has entered into direct competition with the path of multicrystalline silicon, which still dominates the market of photovoltaic. Solar cells based on polycrystalline thin films are very promising in order to achieve better efficiency/cost ratios than the other counterparts. Among the thin films cells, CdTe based solar cells are the most promising candidate for photovoltaic energy conversion because of the high potentiality to realize low cost, high efficiency, reliable, and stable solar cells [1] . CdTe is an II-VI compound semiconductor with a direct optical band gap of ∼1.5 eV, which is nearly optimally matched to the solar spectrum for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion. It also has a high absorption coefficient >5 × 10 5 /cm, which means that ∼99% of photons with energy greater than the band gap ( ) can be absorbed within 2 m of CdTe film [2] . The polycrystalline layers of CdTe solar cells can be synthesised using a variety of different low cost techniques such as Close-Space Sublimation (CSS), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), or Sputtering [1] . However, the stability of CdTe solar cells is a complex problem which depends to a great degree on cell structure. The main stability issue for CdTe solar cells is the non-ohmic back contact and stability improvements have focused primarily on finding stable contacts without sacrificing efficiency [3] . For some years now, to improve the rear contact and reduce the recombination in the structure, a stable Back Surface Reflector (BSR) has been applied. The main role of this layer is to provide confinement for the photogenerated minority carriers and keep them within the reach of the p-n junction to be efficiently collected. This has to be accomplished without increasing the series resistance of device. Additionally, photon confinement capabilities are an interesting ancillary property for this layer [4] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Technology of polycrystalline thin films has emerged during the last decades and has entered into direct competition with the path of multicrystalline silicon, which still dominates the market of photovoltaic.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Technology of polycrystalline thin films has emerged during the last decades and has entered into direct competition with the path of multicrystalline silicon, which still dominates the market of photovoltaic.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Solar cells based on polycrystalline thin films are very promising in order to achieve better efficiency/cost ratios than the other counterparts.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Solar cells based on polycrystalline thin films are very promising in order to achieve better efficiency/cost ratios than the other counterparts.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Among the thin films cells, CdTe based solar cells are the most promising candidate for photovoltaic energy conversion because of the high potentiality to realize low cost, high efficiency, reliable, and stable solar cells.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Among the thin films cells, CdTe based solar cells are the most promising candidate for photovoltaic energy conversion because of the high potentiality to realize low cost, high efficiency, reliable, and stable solar cells [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "CdTe is an II-VI compound semiconductor with a direct optical band gap of ∼1.5 eV, which is nearly optimally matched to the solar spectrum for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "CdTe is an II-VI compound semiconductor with a direct optical band gap of ∼1.5 eV, which is nearly optimally matched to the solar spectrum for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It also has a high absorption coefficient >5 × 10 5 /cm, which means that ∼99% of photons with energy greater than the band gap ( ) can be absorbed within 2 m of CdTe film.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It also has a high absorption coefficient >5 × 10 5 /cm, which means that ∼99% of photons with energy greater than the band gap ( ) can be absorbed within 2 m of CdTe film [2] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2]"
]
},
{
"text": "The polycrystalline layers of CdTe solar cells can be synthesised using a variety of different low cost techniques such as Close-Space Sublimation (CSS), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), or Sputtering.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The polycrystalline layers of CdTe solar cells can be synthesised using a variety of different low cost techniques such as Close-Space Sublimation (CSS), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), or Sputtering [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "However, the stability of CdTe solar cells is a complex problem which depends to a great degree on cell structure.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, the stability of CdTe solar cells is a complex problem which depends to a great degree on cell structure.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The main stability issue for CdTe solar cells is the non-ohmic back contact and stability improvements have focused primarily on finding stable contacts without sacrificing efficiency.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main stability issue for CdTe solar cells is the non-ohmic back contact and stability improvements have focused primarily on finding stable contacts without sacrificing efficiency [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "For some years now, to improve the rear contact and reduce the recombination in the structure, a stable Back Surface Reflector (BSR) has been applied.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For some years now, to improve the rear contact and reduce the recombination in the structure, a stable Back Surface Reflector (BSR) has been applied.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The main role of this layer is to provide confinement for the photogenerated minority carriers and keep them within the reach of the p-n junction to be efficiently collected.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main role of this layer is to provide confinement for the photogenerated minority carriers and keep them within the reach of the p-n junction to be efficiently collected.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This has to be accomplished without increasing the series resistance of device.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This has to be accomplished without increasing the series resistance of device.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Additionally, photon confinement capabilities are an interesting ancillary property for this layer.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Additionally, photon confinement capabilities are an interesting ancillary property for this layer [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
}
] |
53786343
| 0 |
65
| 2,120,547,039 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Planar shape morphing, also known as metamorphosis or shape blending, allows smoothly transforming a source shape into a target one [1] [2] [3] . Shape morphing techniques have been used widely in animation and special effects packages, such as Adobe After Effects and HTML5, generating visual effects for both the film and television. The key research focus here is to synthesize high-quality character animations that can handle shapes with self-occlusion and avoid collapsing of polygons during the morphing process.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Planar shape morphing, also known as metamorphosis or shape blending, allows smoothly transforming a source shape into a target one.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Planar shape morphing, also known as metamorphosis or shape blending, allows smoothly transforming a source shape into a target one [1] [2] [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1] [2] [3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Shape morphing techniques have been used widely in animation and special effects packages, such as Adobe After Effects and HTML5, generating visual effects for both the film and television.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Shape morphing techniques have been used widely in animation and special effects packages, such as Adobe After Effects and HTML5, generating visual effects for both the film and television.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The key research focus here is to synthesize high-quality character animations that can handle shapes with self-occlusion and avoid collapsing of polygons during the morphing process.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The key research focus here is to synthesize high-quality character animations that can handle shapes with self-occlusion and avoid collapsing of polygons during the morphing process.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
53786343
| 13 |
65
| 2,120,547,039 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Planar shape morphing involves two sub-problems: vertex correspondence and vertex path computation [14] . Vertex correspondence determines how the vertex u of source polygon P matches the vertex v of target polygon Q . The vertex path determines the trajectory along which the vertex u will travel to the vertex v . In this paper, we concentrate on the vertex correspondence problem, i.e., computing compatible meshes.
|
Related work
|
[
{
"text": "Planar shape morphing involves two sub-problems: vertex correspondence and vertex path computation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Planar shape morphing involves two sub-problems: vertex correspondence and vertex path computation [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
},
{
"text": "Vertex correspondence determines how the vertex u of source polygon P matches the vertex v of target polygon Q .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Vertex correspondence determines how the vertex u of source polygon P matches the vertex v of target polygon Q .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The vertex path determines the trajectory along which the vertex u will travel to the vertex v .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The vertex path determines the trajectory along which the vertex u will travel to the vertex v .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this paper, we concentrate on the vertex correspondence problem, i.e., computing compatible meshes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this paper, we concentrate on the vertex correspondence problem, i.e., computing compatible meshes.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
12712993
| 95 |
25
| 6,798,963,235 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Schirmer also developed a framework for Hoare logic-style verification inside Isabelle [11] . The encoded programming language is very rich, including in particular procedure calls, and heap-based data structures can be modeled using the same techniques as Mehta and Nipkow. Thanks to the encoding of procedure calls, it becomes easier to model existing source code (by avoiding, for example, the numerous variables we needed to add to translate the source code of the Topsy heap manager into our encoding of separation logic). However, it is not clear whether this richer encoding scales well for verification of non-trivial examples.
|
Related Work
|
[
{
"text": "Schirmer also developed a framework for Hoare logic-style verification inside Isabelle.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Schirmer also developed a framework for Hoare logic-style verification inside Isabelle [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11]"
]
},
{
"text": "The encoded programming language is very rich, including in particular procedure calls, and heap-based data structures can be modeled using the same techniques as Mehta and Nipkow.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The encoded programming language is very rich, including in particular procedure calls, and heap-based data structures can be modeled using the same techniques as Mehta and Nipkow.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Thanks to the encoding of procedure calls, it becomes easier to model existing source code (by avoiding, for example, the numerous variables we needed to add to translate the source code of the Topsy heap manager into our encoding of separation logic).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thanks to the encoding of procedure calls, it becomes easier to model existing source code (by avoiding, for example, the numerous variables we needed to add to translate the source code of the Topsy heap manager into our encoding of separation logic).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, it is not clear whether this richer encoding scales well for verification of non-trivial examples.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, it is not clear whether this richer encoding scales well for verification of non-trivial examples.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
56340629
| 27 |
76
| 3,800,938,027 |
[
"Biology"
] |
Our results demonstrate that the tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency depends on the driving factor or factors that cause changes in their use efficiencies. Generally there is a tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency [25] . Such a tradeoff exists because within the normal operating range of internal CO 2 concentration an increase in stomatal conductance will lead to a linear increase in transpiration rate but a curvilinear (thus smaller) increase in photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in water use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration). On the other hand, any increase in photosynthesis will result in an increase in nutrient use efficiency since nutrient concentrations in leaves are constant over a short period of time [25] . Physiological acclimations will complicate the issue. In this study, the low soil temperature increased water use efficiency and decreased nitrogen use efficiency under the ambient CO 2 concentration. Under the elevated CO 2 , in contrast, the low soil temperature decreased nitrogen use efficiency without a corresponding increase in water use efficiency. Furthermore, the CO 2 elevation increased both nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "Our results demonstrate that the tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency depends on the driving factor or factors that cause changes in their use efficiencies.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our results demonstrate that the tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency depends on the driving factor or factors that cause changes in their use efficiencies.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Generally there is a tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Generally there is a tradeoff between water use efficiency and nutrient use efficiency [25] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25]"
]
},
{
"text": "Such a tradeoff exists because within the normal operating range of internal CO 2 concentration an increase in stomatal conductance will lead to a linear increase in transpiration rate but a curvilinear (thus smaller) increase in photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in water use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Such a tradeoff exists because within the normal operating range of internal CO 2 concentration an increase in stomatal conductance will lead to a linear increase in transpiration rate but a curvilinear (thus smaller) increase in photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in water use efficiency (ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "On the other hand, any increase in photosynthesis will result in an increase in nutrient use efficiency since nutrient concentrations in leaves are constant over a short period of time.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "On the other hand, any increase in photosynthesis will result in an increase in nutrient use efficiency since nutrient concentrations in leaves are constant over a short period of time [25] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25]"
]
},
{
"text": "Physiological acclimations will complicate the issue.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Physiological acclimations will complicate the issue.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In this study, the low soil temperature increased water use efficiency and decreased nitrogen use efficiency under the ambient CO 2 concentration.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this study, the low soil temperature increased water use efficiency and decreased nitrogen use efficiency under the ambient CO 2 concentration.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Under the elevated CO 2 , in contrast, the low soil temperature decreased nitrogen use efficiency without a corresponding increase in water use efficiency.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Under the elevated CO 2 , in contrast, the low soil temperature decreased nitrogen use efficiency without a corresponding increase in water use efficiency.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Furthermore, the CO 2 elevation increased both nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Furthermore, the CO 2 elevation increased both nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
67829916
| 1 |
58
| 5,213,161,955 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
As has been known for a long time, potassium nitrate inhibits the IV→III phase transition of AN at room temperature. This is because the radius of the potassium and ammonium ions are almost equivalent, meaning that they may mutually replace each other to form solid solutions of AN/potassium nitrates [6] . Consistent with this theory, other potassium salts have been investigated and also found to have the same ability to stabilize AN against phase transition at room temperature [7, 8] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "As has been known for a long time, potassium nitrate inhibits the IV→III phase transition of AN at room temperature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As has been known for a long time, potassium nitrate inhibits the IV→III phase transition of AN at room temperature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This is because the radius of the potassium and ammonium ions are almost equivalent, meaning that they may mutually replace each other to form solid solutions of AN/potassium nitrates.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This is because the radius of the potassium and ammonium ions are almost equivalent, meaning that they may mutually replace each other to form solid solutions of AN/potassium nitrates [6] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[6]"
]
},
{
"text": "Consistent with this theory, other potassium salts have been investigated and also found to have the same ability to stabilize AN against phase transition at room temperature.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Consistent with this theory, other potassium salts have been investigated and also found to have the same ability to stabilize AN against phase transition at room temperature [7, 8] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6",
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7, 8]"
]
}
] |
52001329
| 1 |
96
| 2,696,474,098 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
Despite the advantages of the PEMWE technology, its large-scale commercialization is hampered by critical issues associated with performance, durability and cost. To reduce investment cost and increase the diversity of use (particularly for wind and solar applications) operation at high current densities, with good efficiency, is desirable [17, 20] . At high current densities, large amounts of gas are formed, which presents a challenge for removing the product and ensuring that the electrodes receive an adequate supply of water. Accumulation of O 2 gas can act to shield the anode from water and different two-phase flow regimes can exist that will affect the mass transport of both water and the produced gas. The resultant electrolyser performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass and charge transfer, heat and electrochemical factors, all of which are affected by the flow-field design, current density, temperature and water flow rate.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Despite the advantages of the PEMWE technology, its large-scale commercialization is hampered by critical issues associated with performance, durability and cost.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Despite the advantages of the PEMWE technology, its large-scale commercialization is hampered by critical issues associated with performance, durability and cost.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To reduce investment cost and increase the diversity of use (particularly for wind and solar applications) operation at high current densities, with good efficiency, is desirable.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To reduce investment cost and increase the diversity of use (particularly for wind and solar applications) operation at high current densities, with good efficiency, is desirable [17, 20] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF17",
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17, 20]"
]
},
{
"text": "At high current densities, large amounts of gas are formed, which presents a challenge for removing the product and ensuring that the electrodes receive an adequate supply of water.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "At high current densities, large amounts of gas are formed, which presents a challenge for removing the product and ensuring that the electrodes receive an adequate supply of water.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Accumulation of O 2 gas can act to shield the anode from water and different two-phase flow regimes can exist that will affect the mass transport of both water and the produced gas.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Accumulation of O 2 gas can act to shield the anode from water and different two-phase flow regimes can exist that will affect the mass transport of both water and the produced gas.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The resultant electrolyser performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass and charge transfer, heat and electrochemical factors, all of which are affected by the flow-field design, current density, temperature and water flow rate.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The resultant electrolyser performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass and charge transfer, heat and electrochemical factors, all of which are affected by the flow-field design, current density, temperature and water flow rate.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
12328252
| 0 |
99
| 1,753,396,921 |
[
"Economics"
] |
The marketing discipline itself grew out of the study of economics with the first courses in the subject offered at the University of Michigan in 1902 (Sheth and Parvatiyar, 2000) . In the century that has passed marketing has extended its reach from its beginnings in consumer goods marketing to a wide range of activities where human beings seek mutually beneficial exchanges. In the latter part of the twentieth century this extended to sectors where the object of exchange is not immediately obvious (e.g. charities, churches, politics).
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The marketing discipline itself grew out of the study of economics with the first courses in the subject offered at the University of Michigan in 1902.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The marketing discipline itself grew out of the study of economics with the first courses in the subject offered at the University of Michigan in 1902 (Sheth and Parvatiyar, 2000) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF43"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Sheth and Parvatiyar, 2000)"
]
},
{
"text": "In the century that has passed marketing has extended its reach from its beginnings in consumer goods marketing to a wide range of activities where human beings seek mutually beneficial exchanges.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the century that has passed marketing has extended its reach from its beginnings in consumer goods marketing to a wide range of activities where human beings seek mutually beneficial exchanges.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the latter part of the twentieth century this extended to sectors where the object of exchange is not immediately obvious (e.g. charities, churches, politics).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the latter part of the twentieth century this extended to sectors where the object of exchange is not immediately obvious (e.g. charities, churches, politics).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
89427079
| 1 |
42
| 861,445,021 |
[
"Biology"
] |
In areas lacking organized biodiversity inventories, rapid assessment procedures using birds can build biodiversity knowledge baselines [4] . In our case study, we conducted a rapid assessment of bird numbers and their habitat use in different habitat types during a spring migration at Fuwairit, a small intertidal inlet system in Northern Qatar. In order to best depict bird habitat use and preliminarily assess relevant biodiversity patterns, analyses were made at three levels of organization: habitat-based bird assemblage, food-centered ecological guild, and species residence status.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In areas lacking organized biodiversity inventories, rapid assessment procedures using birds can build biodiversity knowledge baselines.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In areas lacking organized biodiversity inventories, rapid assessment procedures using birds can build biodiversity knowledge baselines [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
},
{
"text": "In our case study, we conducted a rapid assessment of bird numbers and their habitat use in different habitat types during a spring migration at Fuwairit, a small intertidal inlet system in Northern Qatar.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In our case study, we conducted a rapid assessment of bird numbers and their habitat use in different habitat types during a spring migration at Fuwairit, a small intertidal inlet system in Northern Qatar.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to best depict bird habitat use and preliminarily assess relevant biodiversity patterns, analyses were made at three levels of organization: habitat-based bird assemblage, food-centered ecological guild, and species residence status.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to best depict bird habitat use and preliminarily assess relevant biodiversity patterns, analyses were made at three levels of organization: habitat-based bird assemblage, food-centered ecological guild, and species residence status.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
144889
| 3 |
57
| 1,967,599,263 |
[
"Mathematics"
] |
For parametric models, where the drift function is known up to a Euclidean parameter θ that has to be estimated, the outlined approach has been shown to provide an effective method for dealing with discretely observed diffusions. The approach is however not essentially limited to a parametric setup. The methodology has great potential to be developed into a practically feasible methodology in nonparametric settings as well. It is however very well known that in Bayesian nonparametrics the choice of the prior distribution is crucial and posterior consistency is not automatically guaranteed (e.g., Diaconis and Freedman [7] ). This motivates the study of posterior consistency for discretely observed diffusions carried out in this paper.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "For parametric models, where the drift function is known up to a Euclidean parameter θ that has to be estimated, the outlined approach has been shown to provide an effective method for dealing with discretely observed diffusions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "For parametric models, where the drift function is known up to a Euclidean parameter θ that has to be estimated, the outlined approach has been shown to provide an effective method for dealing with discretely observed diffusions.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The approach is however not essentially limited to a parametric setup.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The approach is however not essentially limited to a parametric setup.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The methodology has great potential to be developed into a practically feasible methodology in nonparametric settings as well.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The methodology has great potential to be developed into a practically feasible methodology in nonparametric settings as well.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is however very well known that in Bayesian nonparametrics the choice of the prior distribution is crucial and posterior consistency is not automatically guaranteed (e.g., Diaconis and Freedman).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is however very well known that in Bayesian nonparametrics the choice of the prior distribution is crucial and posterior consistency is not automatically guaranteed (e.g., Diaconis and Freedman [7] ).",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "This motivates the study of posterior consistency for discretely observed diffusions carried out in this paper.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This motivates the study of posterior consistency for discretely observed diffusions carried out in this paper.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
111217231
| 1 |
93
| 4,331,877,092 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
The multi-Agent cooperation strategy is the foundation of Agent interaction and implementation of the function module in the multi-Agent system [3] . Therefore, the multi-Agent cooperation strategy has determined the overall performance of multi-Agent system to a great extent. Because of the multi-objective, constraints and other characteristics of reservoirs dispatch, there are many deficiencies and limitations in the traditional method for the reservoirs optimal operation. It is very essential to design more feasible and effective multiAgent cooperation strategy for the characteristics of the reservoir system [4] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The multi-Agent cooperation strategy is the foundation of Agent interaction and implementation of the function module in the multi-Agent system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The multi-Agent cooperation strategy is the foundation of Agent interaction and implementation of the function module in the multi-Agent system [3] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF2"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[3]"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, the multi-Agent cooperation strategy has determined the overall performance of multi-Agent system to a great extent.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, the multi-Agent cooperation strategy has determined the overall performance of multi-Agent system to a great extent.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Because of the multi-objective, constraints and other characteristics of reservoirs dispatch, there are many deficiencies and limitations in the traditional method for the reservoirs optimal operation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Because of the multi-objective, constraints and other characteristics of reservoirs dispatch, there are many deficiencies and limitations in the traditional method for the reservoirs optimal operation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is very essential to design more feasible and effective multiAgent cooperation strategy for the characteristics of the reservoir system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is very essential to design more feasible and effective multiAgent cooperation strategy for the characteristics of the reservoir system [4] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4]"
]
}
] |
33757688
| 14 |
78
| 1,856,473,076 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
The use of navigation technique was introduced into the field of Otorhinolaryngology in 1988 by Schlondorff [12] . Introducing navigation to ESS has contributed immensely to the development and progression of ESS. A combination of these two techniques has opened the opportunity to explore new surgical approaches and perform minimally invasive surgeries.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "The use of navigation technique was introduced into the field of Otorhinolaryngology in 1988 by Schlondorff.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The use of navigation technique was introduced into the field of Otorhinolaryngology in 1988 by Schlondorff [12] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[12]"
]
},
{
"text": "Introducing navigation to ESS has contributed immensely to the development and progression of ESS.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Introducing navigation to ESS has contributed immensely to the development and progression of ESS.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A combination of these two techniques has opened the opportunity to explore new surgical approaches and perform minimally invasive surgeries.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A combination of these two techniques has opened the opportunity to explore new surgical approaches and perform minimally invasive surgeries.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
55546914
| 22 |
25
| 30,562,409 |
[
"Biology"
] |
The commonest bacteria isolated from floral nectar and the foreguts of bees were mainly Bacillus (Table 1) and different from the lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium isolated previously (Olofsson & Vásquez, 2008) . The same species of bee and similar methods of isolating bacteria were used, however, the commonest bacteria differed. This could be due to the bees foraging for honey from different species of plants. A. mellifera pollinates and collects nectar generally from all the flowers over a large area. In the present study, we sampled only the nectar of rape at sites in Southern to Northern China chosen by traditional beekeepers for harvesting honey. Rape phenology varied depending on latitude (material and methods). The amylase values also differed at the different locations, even though the bees were foraging the same species of plant (Fig. 2) . However, the commonest bacteria identified, Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus amyloloquefaciens, were similarly recorded in the honey stomachs of bees at all three sites sampled (Table 1) . At all three sites, the amounts of amylase were significantly greater in the honey stomachs of bees than in nectar (Fig. 2) .
|
DISCUSSION
|
[
{
"text": "The commonest bacteria isolated from floral nectar and the foreguts of bees were mainly Bacillus (Table 1) and different from the lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium isolated previously.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The commonest bacteria isolated from floral nectar and the foreguts of bees were mainly Bacillus (Table 1) and different from the lactic acid bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium isolated previously (Olofsson & Vásquez, 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Olofsson & Vásquez, 2008)"
]
},
{
"text": "The same species of bee and similar methods of isolating bacteria were used, however, the commonest bacteria differed.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The same species of bee and similar methods of isolating bacteria were used, however, the commonest bacteria differed.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This could be due to the bees foraging for honey from different species of plants.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This could be due to the bees foraging for honey from different species of plants.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A. mellifera pollinates and collects nectar generally from all the flowers over a large area.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A. mellifera pollinates and collects nectar generally from all the flowers over a large area.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In the present study, we sampled only the nectar of rape at sites in Southern to Northern China chosen by traditional beekeepers for harvesting honey.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the present study, we sampled only the nectar of rape at sites in Southern to Northern China chosen by traditional beekeepers for harvesting honey.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Rape phenology varied depending on latitude (material and methods).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Rape phenology varied depending on latitude (material and methods).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The amylase values also differed at the different locations, even though the bees were foraging the same species of plant (Fig. 2) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The amylase values also differed at the different locations, even though the bees were foraging the same species of plant (Fig. 2) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, the commonest bacteria identified, Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus amyloloquefaciens, were similarly recorded in the honey stomachs of bees at all three sites sampled (Table 1) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, the commonest bacteria identified, Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus amyloloquefaciens, were similarly recorded in the honey stomachs of bees at all three sites sampled (Table 1) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "At all three sites, the amounts of amylase were significantly greater in the honey stomachs of bees than in nectar (Fig. 2) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "At all three sites, the amounts of amylase were significantly greater in the honey stomachs of bees than in nectar (Fig. 2) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
164738751
| 1 |
77
| 6,017,395,181 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
In RFID, tag EEPROM, a clock driving circuit is required to maintain the internal voltage regulation. The clock signal in RFID systems is generated using a low power on-chip oscillator. In EEPROM, the oscillator is the major circuit that is required to generate a clock signal internally to regulate the voltages. Generally, the output frequency of the oscillator is a linear function of its control voltage. Therefore, the output frequency should be a function of the control voltages, which has a tunable range [5] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "In RFID, tag EEPROM, a clock driving circuit is required to maintain the internal voltage regulation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In RFID, tag EEPROM, a clock driving circuit is required to maintain the internal voltage regulation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The clock signal in RFID systems is generated using a low power on-chip oscillator.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The clock signal in RFID systems is generated using a low power on-chip oscillator.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In EEPROM, the oscillator is the major circuit that is required to generate a clock signal internally to regulate the voltages.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In EEPROM, the oscillator is the major circuit that is required to generate a clock signal internally to regulate the voltages.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Generally, the output frequency of the oscillator is a linear function of its control voltage.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Generally, the output frequency of the oscillator is a linear function of its control voltage.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, the output frequency should be a function of the control voltages, which has a tunable range.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, the output frequency should be a function of the control voltages, which has a tunable range [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[5]"
]
}
] |
16637695
| 47 |
80
| 4,986,739,872 |
[
"Medicine"
] |
The uncertainty and lack of control experienced by participants extended to having difficulty understanding who was in charge of their care when they moved across hospitals for investigations and treatment. Chaos feeds on the sense that no one is in control [28] . Problems are reported when patients are under the care of several hospitals so that some were bewildered by the number of doctors involved in their care and could not determine who was in overall charge. This lack of continuity with medical staff results in high levels of uncertainty [27] . Participants in the present study did not have any insight into the multidisciplinary nature of the caring team and some participants were unsure of the next step in the treatment trajectory which engendered feelings of insecurity and led to a lack of control and ability to plan.
|
Discussion
|
[
{
"text": "The uncertainty and lack of control experienced by participants extended to having difficulty understanding who was in charge of their care when they moved across hospitals for investigations and treatment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The uncertainty and lack of control experienced by participants extended to having difficulty understanding who was in charge of their care when they moved across hospitals for investigations and treatment.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Chaos feeds on the sense that no one is in control.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Chaos feeds on the sense that no one is in control [28] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF30"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[28]"
]
},
{
"text": "Problems are reported when patients are under the care of several hospitals so that some were bewildered by the number of doctors involved in their care and could not determine who was in overall charge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Problems are reported when patients are under the care of several hospitals so that some were bewildered by the number of doctors involved in their care and could not determine who was in overall charge.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This lack of continuity with medical staff results in high levels of uncertainty.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This lack of continuity with medical staff results in high levels of uncertainty [27] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF29"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[27]"
]
},
{
"text": "Participants in the present study did not have any insight into the multidisciplinary nature of the caring team and some participants were unsure of the next step in the treatment trajectory which engendered feelings of insecurity and led to a lack of control and ability to plan.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Participants in the present study did not have any insight into the multidisciplinary nature of the caring team and some participants were unsure of the next step in the treatment trajectory which engendered feelings of insecurity and led to a lack of control and ability to plan.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
102344452
| 0 |
87
| 3,600,518,781 |
[
"Economics"
] |
Since 1998, China has comprehensively ceased the physical distribution of housing and has gradually executed monetized housing distribution, causing China's urban housing system to slowly change from a planning type system to a market type system, and gradually transforming the housing system into one which has the market as its subject. Alongside the fast development of China's housing market, housing prices have displayed a trend of fast growth; the housing prices of the cities represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Nanjing have especially maintained high-speed much attention to problems like economic exploitation, power deprivation, environmental risks, racial discrimination, and so on. As a social value and concept, spatial justice has been integrated into many fields, including economy, politics, society, and ecology. Against a background of social transformation, the study of space in the social sciences has been placed in an increasingly important position. For example, Henri Lefevre specially emphasizes the social attributes of space; as a consequence he believes that space is not pre-set, static and invariable, but can be produced, and that is a dynamic evolution process [27] . Research on spatial justice in China started relatively late and has been concentratively conducted in the distribution field [28, 29] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Since 1998, China has comprehensively ceased the physical distribution of housing and has gradually executed monetized housing distribution, causing China's urban housing system to slowly change from a planning type system to a market type system, and gradually transforming the housing system into one which has the market as its subject.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since 1998, China has comprehensively ceased the physical distribution of housing and has gradually executed monetized housing distribution, causing China's urban housing system to slowly change from a planning type system to a market type system, and gradually transforming the housing system into one which has the market as its subject.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Alongside the fast development of China's housing market, housing prices have displayed a trend of fast growth; the housing prices of the cities represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Nanjing have especially maintained high-speed much attention to problems like economic exploitation, power deprivation, environmental risks, racial discrimination, and so on.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Alongside the fast development of China's housing market, housing prices have displayed a trend of fast growth; the housing prices of the cities represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Nanjing have especially maintained high-speed much attention to problems like economic exploitation, power deprivation, environmental risks, racial discrimination, and so on.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As a social value and concept, spatial justice has been integrated into many fields, including economy, politics, society, and ecology.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As a social value and concept, spatial justice has been integrated into many fields, including economy, politics, society, and ecology.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Against a background of social transformation, the study of space in the social sciences has been placed in an increasingly important position.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Against a background of social transformation, the study of space in the social sciences has been placed in an increasingly important position.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "For example, Henri Lefevre specially emphasizes the social attributes of space; as a consequence he believes that space is not pre-set, static and invariable, but can be produced, and that is a dynamic evolution process.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "For example, Henri Lefevre specially emphasizes the social attributes of space; as a consequence he believes that space is not pre-set, static and invariable, but can be produced, and that is a dynamic evolution process [27] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF26"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[27]"
]
},
{
"text": "Research on spatial justice in China started relatively late and has been concentratively conducted in the distribution field.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Research on spatial justice in China started relatively late and has been concentratively conducted in the distribution field [28, 29] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF27",
"BIBREF28"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[28, 29]"
]
}
] |
102344452
| 33 |
87
| 3,600,518,781 |
[
"Economics"
] |
Overall, the growth rate of urban residents' disposable income has been far lower than that of housing prices in Nanjing, meaning the housing price-to-income ratio has generally risen. Since the research period, the housing affordability of residents in each region of the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas selected in this study has been affected to various degrees. By 2017, the housing price-to-income ratio in the areas to the south of the Yangtze River was generally more than 10. Most families are under great pressure to purchase common commodity housing independently by relying on their own income and it has become increasingly impossible for middleand low-income families to purchase housing in the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas considered here (except for in Jiangbei Secondary Urban Area). The housing price-to-income ratio of each residential district is affected by numerous factors such as business location, famous school district, traffic condition, and landscape resource. Hence, the government should guide reasonable housing demand and consumption modes, adopt a gradient consumption principle to transform housing consumption into a gradient consumable suitable for consumers' own economic strength, and thus realize a future in which "residents have their own housing and live a contented life in their own housing". In addition, it is still necessary for the income distribution policy to be improved and to further shorten the income gap of residents [50] . Along with the issuance of the Notification on Suspending the Sales of Commodity Housing to Enterprises, Public Institutions, and Other Institutions in Nanjing in August 2018, Nanjing has started a "four-restriction mode", which includes price restriction, purchasing restriction, loan restriction, and sales restriction, thus causing it to become one of the cities executing the strictest control on the real estate market in China. It could be predicted that the growth rate of housing prices in Nanjing will be slow or even that housing prices will tend to drop, that is, the growth rate of residents' income will exceed housing prices and the housing price-to-income ratio will gradually reach a reasonable level.
|
Conclusions
|
[
{
"text": "Overall, the growth rate of urban residents' disposable income has been far lower than that of housing prices in Nanjing, meaning the housing price-to-income ratio has generally risen.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Overall, the growth rate of urban residents' disposable income has been far lower than that of housing prices in Nanjing, meaning the housing price-to-income ratio has generally risen.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Since the research period, the housing affordability of residents in each region of the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas selected in this study has been affected to various degrees.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since the research period, the housing affordability of residents in each region of the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas selected in this study has been affected to various degrees.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "By 2017, the housing price-to-income ratio in the areas to the south of the Yangtze River was generally more than 10.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "By 2017, the housing price-to-income ratio in the areas to the south of the Yangtze River was generally more than 10.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Most families are under great pressure to purchase common commodity housing independently by relying on their own income and it has become increasingly impossible for middleand low-income families to purchase housing in the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas considered here (except for in Jiangbei Secondary Urban Area).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most families are under great pressure to purchase common commodity housing independently by relying on their own income and it has become increasingly impossible for middleand low-income families to purchase housing in the one main urban area and three secondary urban areas considered here (except for in Jiangbei Secondary Urban Area).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The housing price-to-income ratio of each residential district is affected by numerous factors such as business location, famous school district, traffic condition, and landscape resource.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The housing price-to-income ratio of each residential district is affected by numerous factors such as business location, famous school district, traffic condition, and landscape resource.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Hence, the government should guide reasonable housing demand and consumption modes, adopt a gradient consumption principle to transform housing consumption into a gradient consumable suitable for consumers' own economic strength, and thus realize a future in which \"residents have their own housing and live a contented life in their own housing\".",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hence, the government should guide reasonable housing demand and consumption modes, adopt a gradient consumption principle to transform housing consumption into a gradient consumable suitable for consumers' own economic strength, and thus realize a future in which \"residents have their own housing and live a contented life in their own housing\".",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, it is still necessary for the income distribution policy to be improved and to further shorten the income gap of residents.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, it is still necessary for the income distribution policy to be improved and to further shorten the income gap of residents [50] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF49"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[50]"
]
},
{
"text": "Along with the issuance of the Notification on Suspending the Sales of Commodity Housing to Enterprises, Public Institutions, and Other Institutions in Nanjing in August 2018, Nanjing has started a \"four-restriction mode\", which includes price restriction, purchasing restriction, loan restriction, and sales restriction, thus causing it to become one of the cities executing the strictest control on the real estate market in China.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Along with the issuance of the Notification on Suspending the Sales of Commodity Housing to Enterprises, Public Institutions, and Other Institutions in Nanjing in August 2018, Nanjing has started a \"four-restriction mode\", which includes price restriction, purchasing restriction, loan restriction, and sales restriction, thus causing it to become one of the cities executing the strictest control on the real estate market in China.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It could be predicted that the growth rate of housing prices in Nanjing will be slow or even that housing prices will tend to drop, that is, the growth rate of residents' income will exceed housing prices and the housing price-to-income ratio will gradually reach a reasonable level.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It could be predicted that the growth rate of housing prices in Nanjing will be slow or even that housing prices will tend to drop, that is, the growth rate of residents' income will exceed housing prices and the housing price-to-income ratio will gradually reach a reasonable level.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
5118198
| 53 |
87
| 2,241,558,720 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
Environmental impact calculations are complicated. There are many criticisms on the standard method LCA, which mainly origins from the subjective steps of the analysis. Many of these problems are hard to avoid. It is especially true in the inventory phase because many assumptions must be made to limit the scope of the system (Reap et al. 2008) .
|
DISCUSSION
|
[
{
"text": "Environmental impact calculations are complicated.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Environmental impact calculations are complicated.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "There are many criticisms on the standard method LCA, which mainly origins from the subjective steps of the analysis.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are many criticisms on the standard method LCA, which mainly origins from the subjective steps of the analysis.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Many of these problems are hard to avoid.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many of these problems are hard to avoid.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It is especially true in the inventory phase because many assumptions must be made to limit the scope of the system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is especially true in the inventory phase because many assumptions must be made to limit the scope of the system (Reap et al. 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Reap et al. 2008)"
]
}
] |
15614741
| 12 |
96
| 3,678,422,295 |
[
"Computer Science"
] |
First, empirical measurement of the relative efficacy of competing techniques is even more important. Secondly, hybrid models are becoming common, implying a growing need for the flexible combination of different techniques in single systems. Numbers of techniques that have poor performance alone may sometimes be combined to produce a whole greater than the sum of the parts (Wilks, Guthrie, Guthrie, Cowie [27] ).
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "First, empirical measurement of the relative efficacy of competing techniques is even more important.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "First, empirical measurement of the relative efficacy of competing techniques is even more important.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Secondly, hybrid models are becoming common, implying a growing need for the flexible combination of different techniques in single systems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Secondly, hybrid models are becoming common, implying a growing need for the flexible combination of different techniques in single systems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Numbers of techniques that have poor performance alone may sometimes be combined to produce a whole greater than the sum of the parts (Wilks, Guthrie, Guthrie, Cowie).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Numbers of techniques that have poor performance alone may sometimes be combined to produce a whole greater than the sum of the parts (Wilks, Guthrie, Guthrie, Cowie [27] ).",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF27"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[27]"
]
}
] |
62899635
| 6 |
15
| 536,640,391 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
Such materials can be manufactured by embedding a nonwoven web, bonded with any of three main techniques: chemical, mechanical or thermal, into a matrix to achieve a necessary combination of properties. This study is focussed on a type of nonwovens, which were thermally bonded by calendering using core-sheath type bi-component fibres as shown in Fig. 1 . Thermal bonding is the most widely used technique for manufacturing of nonwovens [2, 6] . During thermal bonding, fibres are passed through hot calendar rolls with smooth or embossed surface design. Bonding occurs at raised areas of the embossed calender under pressure and high temperature by partial melting and 3 subsequent solidification of fibres. The molten sheath material that has a lower melting point acts as adhesive while core parts of the fibres remain fully intact in the bond spots, thus forming them with a two-phase composite structure with matrix and fibre reinforcement. The bonding process results in two distinct regions, namely, bond points and a fibre matrix, as shown in Fig. 2 . The same technique with smooth calenders can be used for the manufacturing of composite sheets using nonwovens as precursor [7] . Therefore, this study is focussed on calendar-bonded nonwovens. Due to a multi-scale nature of nonwovens, both continuous and discrete modelling approaches to their analyses were used in the literature. Continuous phase models provide the benefit of using a standard finite element method. Still, they provide a macroscopic response of the material without 4 sufficient information about underlying mechanisms defining their mechanical behaviour [8] [9] [10] . In contrast to continuous phase models, discrete models of nonwovens were applied at the level of unit cell in combination with homogenization approach [11, 12] . These models do not represent the microstructure reslistically and cannot be used to understand the structure-properties relationship of nonwovens. Other discrete phase models developed by the authors employed direct introduction of individual fibres according to the experimentally measured orientation distribution [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . These models incorporate randomness in structure of nonwovens into the model to predict their anisotropic behaviour. As a result, they are capable to provide information about structural evolution and other main aspects of the fabric's mechanical behaviour. All these models were either developed to deal with mono-component fibre nonwovens or based on a traditional continuous phase modelling technique, which could predict only a macroscopic response of the composite fabrics. To the authors' knowledge, none of the model in literature based on discreet modelling deal with thermally bonded bi-component fibre nonwovens, which make a special type of structure consisting of composite domains connected by a network of fibres.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Such materials can be manufactured by embedding a nonwoven web, bonded with any of three main techniques: chemical, mechanical or thermal, into a matrix to achieve a necessary combination of properties.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Such materials can be manufactured by embedding a nonwoven web, bonded with any of three main techniques: chemical, mechanical or thermal, into a matrix to achieve a necessary combination of properties.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This study is focussed on a type of nonwovens, which were thermally bonded by calendering using core-sheath type bi-component fibres as shown in Fig. 1 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This study is focussed on a type of nonwovens, which were thermally bonded by calendering using core-sheath type bi-component fibres as shown in Fig. 1 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Thermal bonding is the most widely used technique for manufacturing of nonwovens.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Thermal bonding is the most widely used technique for manufacturing of nonwovens [2, 6] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF5"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2, 6]"
]
},
{
"text": "During thermal bonding, fibres are passed through hot calendar rolls with smooth or embossed surface design.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "During thermal bonding, fibres are passed through hot calendar rolls with smooth or embossed surface design.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Bonding occurs at raised areas of the embossed calender under pressure and high temperature by partial melting and 3 subsequent solidification of fibres.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Bonding occurs at raised areas of the embossed calender under pressure and high temperature by partial melting and 3 subsequent solidification of fibres.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The molten sheath material that has a lower melting point acts as adhesive while core parts of the fibres remain fully intact in the bond spots, thus forming them with a two-phase composite structure with matrix and fibre reinforcement.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The molten sheath material that has a lower melting point acts as adhesive while core parts of the fibres remain fully intact in the bond spots, thus forming them with a two-phase composite structure with matrix and fibre reinforcement.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The bonding process results in two distinct regions, namely, bond points and a fibre matrix, as shown in Fig. 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The bonding process results in two distinct regions, namely, bond points and a fibre matrix, as shown in Fig. 2 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The same technique with smooth calenders can be used for the manufacturing of composite sheets using nonwovens as precursor.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The same technique with smooth calenders can be used for the manufacturing of composite sheets using nonwovens as precursor [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "Therefore, this study is focussed on calendar-bonded nonwovens.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, this study is focussed on calendar-bonded nonwovens.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Due to a multi-scale nature of nonwovens, both continuous and discrete modelling approaches to their analyses were used in the literature.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Due to a multi-scale nature of nonwovens, both continuous and discrete modelling approaches to their analyses were used in the literature.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Continuous phase models provide the benefit of using a standard finite element method.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Continuous phase models provide the benefit of using a standard finite element method.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Still, they provide a macroscopic response of the material without 4 sufficient information about underlying mechanisms defining their mechanical behaviour.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Still, they provide a macroscopic response of the material without 4 sufficient information about underlying mechanisms defining their mechanical behaviour [8] [9] [10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF8",
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[8] [9] [10]"
]
},
{
"text": "In contrast to continuous phase models, discrete models of nonwovens were applied at the level of unit cell in combination with homogenization approach.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In contrast to continuous phase models, discrete models of nonwovens were applied at the level of unit cell in combination with homogenization approach [11, 12] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10",
"BIBREF11"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[11, 12]"
]
},
{
"text": "These models do not represent the microstructure reslistically and cannot be used to understand the structure-properties relationship of nonwovens.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These models do not represent the microstructure reslistically and cannot be used to understand the structure-properties relationship of nonwovens.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Other discrete phase models developed by the authors employed direct introduction of individual fibres according to the experimentally measured orientation distribution.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Other discrete phase models developed by the authors employed direct introduction of individual fibres according to the experimentally measured orientation distribution [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF12",
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF14",
"BIBREF15",
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]"
]
},
{
"text": "These models incorporate randomness in structure of nonwovens into the model to predict their anisotropic behaviour.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These models incorporate randomness in structure of nonwovens into the model to predict their anisotropic behaviour.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "As a result, they are capable to provide information about structural evolution and other main aspects of the fabric's mechanical behaviour.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As a result, they are capable to provide information about structural evolution and other main aspects of the fabric's mechanical behaviour.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "All these models were either developed to deal with mono-component fibre nonwovens or based on a traditional continuous phase modelling technique, which could predict only a macroscopic response of the composite fabrics.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "All these models were either developed to deal with mono-component fibre nonwovens or based on a traditional continuous phase modelling technique, which could predict only a macroscopic response of the composite fabrics.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "To the authors' knowledge, none of the model in literature based on discreet modelling deal with thermally bonded bi-component fibre nonwovens, which make a special type of structure consisting of composite domains connected by a network of fibres.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "To the authors' knowledge, none of the model in literature based on discreet modelling deal with thermally bonded bi-component fibre nonwovens, which make a special type of structure consisting of composite domains connected by a network of fibres.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
155683260
| 1 |
99
| 5,855,671,667 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
The fabrication of MN arrays based on conductive composites from ''off the shelf'' PDMS moulds offers a potentially simpler and faster route to the prototyping of biosensors and one which avoids the instrumental overheads necessary for the preparation of master templates. The potential viability of the approach was initially demonstrated through the fabrication of conductive palladium/polycarbonate MN structures [16] . The development of carbonbased MN arrays, however, could yield a much more versatile system and, through exploiting a wealth of existing electroanalytical methods based on carbon electrodes, open up new avenues for transdermal sensing. In particular, the large overpotential required for hydrogen evolution at carbon could offer much wider potential ranges for electroanalytical investigations than those employing gold or platinum [4, 6, 8, 14, 15] . The surface chemistries of the exposed carbon nanoparticles could also offer catalytic capabilities through the presence of endogenous quinone functionalities [17] . Moreover, the presence of interfacial carboxylic acid groups could also serve as a simple anchor through which biomolecules (enzymes/antibodies) could be tethered through conventional carbodiimide coupling [18, 19] . A possible disadvantage, however, relates to the granular nature of the carbon particles which could compromise the mechanical integrity of the needles. The adoption of nanoparticles is critical in this aspect allowing greater incorporation and physical interaction with the polymeric binder of the composite. The aim of the present communication has been to investigate the development of conductive carbon microneedle arrays based on a carbon nanoparticlepolystyrene composite and to examine the modification of the interfacial surface functionalities to yield sensors with enhanced electroanalytical capabilities.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The fabrication of MN arrays based on conductive composites from ''off the shelf'' PDMS moulds offers a potentially simpler and faster route to the prototyping of biosensors and one which avoids the instrumental overheads necessary for the preparation of master templates.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The fabrication of MN arrays based on conductive composites from ''off the shelf'' PDMS moulds offers a potentially simpler and faster route to the prototyping of biosensors and one which avoids the instrumental overheads necessary for the preparation of master templates.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The potential viability of the approach was initially demonstrated through the fabrication of conductive palladium/polycarbonate MN structures.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The potential viability of the approach was initially demonstrated through the fabrication of conductive palladium/polycarbonate MN structures [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF15"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[16]"
]
},
{
"text": "The development of carbonbased MN arrays, however, could yield a much more versatile system and, through exploiting a wealth of existing electroanalytical methods based on carbon electrodes, open up new avenues for transdermal sensing.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The development of carbonbased MN arrays, however, could yield a much more versatile system and, through exploiting a wealth of existing electroanalytical methods based on carbon electrodes, open up new avenues for transdermal sensing.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In particular, the large overpotential required for hydrogen evolution at carbon could offer much wider potential ranges for electroanalytical investigations than those employing gold or platinum.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In particular, the large overpotential required for hydrogen evolution at carbon could offer much wider potential ranges for electroanalytical investigations than those employing gold or platinum [4, 6, 8, 14, 15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF5",
"BIBREF7",
"BIBREF13",
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[4, 6, 8, 14, 15]"
]
},
{
"text": "The surface chemistries of the exposed carbon nanoparticles could also offer catalytic capabilities through the presence of endogenous quinone functionalities.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The surface chemistries of the exposed carbon nanoparticles could also offer catalytic capabilities through the presence of endogenous quinone functionalities [17] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17]"
]
},
{
"text": "Moreover, the presence of interfacial carboxylic acid groups could also serve as a simple anchor through which biomolecules (enzymes/antibodies) could be tethered through conventional carbodiimide coupling.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Moreover, the presence of interfacial carboxylic acid groups could also serve as a simple anchor through which biomolecules (enzymes/antibodies) could be tethered through conventional carbodiimide coupling [18, 19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF19"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[18, 19]"
]
},
{
"text": "A possible disadvantage, however, relates to the granular nature of the carbon particles which could compromise the mechanical integrity of the needles.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A possible disadvantage, however, relates to the granular nature of the carbon particles which could compromise the mechanical integrity of the needles.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The adoption of nanoparticles is critical in this aspect allowing greater incorporation and physical interaction with the polymeric binder of the composite.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The adoption of nanoparticles is critical in this aspect allowing greater incorporation and physical interaction with the polymeric binder of the composite.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The aim of the present communication has been to investigate the development of conductive carbon microneedle arrays based on a carbon nanoparticlepolystyrene composite and to examine the modification of the interfacial surface functionalities to yield sensors with enhanced electroanalytical capabilities.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The aim of the present communication has been to investigate the development of conductive carbon microneedle arrays based on a carbon nanoparticlepolystyrene composite and to examine the modification of the interfacial surface functionalities to yield sensors with enhanced electroanalytical capabilities.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
94638517
| 2 |
62
| 3,807,686,108 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
A traditional amine based CO 2 capture process has typically a reboiler heat consumption of 4.0 MJ/kg CO 2 captured. This has been minimized in several simulations with e.g. many absorption stages and a low minimum temperature difference for heat recovery to about 3.5 MJ/kg CO 2 [2, 3, 4, 5, 10] . Several of the references report simulated values of reboiler duty well below 3.0 MJ/kg CO 2 using e.g. the vapour recompression configuration. When the reboiler heat and compression work is combined to equivalent work or heat, typical reported values for equivalent heat consumption in improved configurations are in order of magnitude 3.0 -3.5 MJ/kg CO 2 .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "A traditional amine based CO 2 capture process has typically a reboiler heat consumption of 4.0 MJ/kg CO 2 captured.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A traditional amine based CO 2 capture process has typically a reboiler heat consumption of 4.0 MJ/kg CO 2 captured.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "This has been minimized in several simulations with e.g. many absorption stages and a low minimum temperature difference for heat recovery to about 3.5 MJ/kg CO 2.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "This has been minimized in several simulations with e.g. many absorption stages and a low minimum temperature difference for heat recovery to about 3.5 MJ/kg CO 2 [2, 3, 4, 5, 10] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF1",
"BIBREF2",
"BIBREF3",
"BIBREF4",
"BIBREF9"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[2, 3, 4, 5, 10]"
]
},
{
"text": "Several of the references report simulated values of reboiler duty well below 3.0 MJ/kg CO 2 using e.g. the vapour recompression configuration.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Several of the references report simulated values of reboiler duty well below 3.0 MJ/kg CO 2 using e.g. the vapour recompression configuration.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "When the reboiler heat and compression work is combined to equivalent work or heat, typical reported values for equivalent heat consumption in improved configurations are in order of magnitude 3.0 -3.5 MJ/kg CO 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "When the reboiler heat and compression work is combined to equivalent work or heat, typical reported values for equivalent heat consumption in improved configurations are in order of magnitude 3.0 -3.5 MJ/kg CO 2 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
138609961
| 11 |
95
| 4,741,376,961 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
The FTIR analysis spectrum exhibited sharp absorbance between 500 and 4000 cm -1 (Fig. 3) . The two sharp peak absorption at 1645 and 3435 cm -1 indicating the probable relations between proteins and silver nanoparticles. The Fig. 1 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from E. acoroides absorption peak at 1645 cm -1 possibly will on account of the amide bond coming from the carbonyl group of the protein [14] . There is another peak of the spectrum at 3435, 2929, 2355, and 1544 which could be the Intramolecular H bonds, alkanes, amines, and C=C stretching vibrations on-conjugated [15] .
|
Results and discussion
|
[
{
"text": "The FTIR analysis spectrum exhibited sharp absorbance between 500 and 4000 cm -1 (Fig. 3) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The FTIR analysis spectrum exhibited sharp absorbance between 500 and 4000 cm -1 (Fig. 3) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The two sharp peak absorption at 1645 and 3435 cm -1 indicating the probable relations between proteins and silver nanoparticles.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The two sharp peak absorption at 1645 and 3435 cm -1 indicating the probable relations between proteins and silver nanoparticles.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The Fig. 1 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from E. acoroides absorption peak at 1645 cm -1 possibly will on account of the amide bond coming from the carbonyl group of the protein.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Fig. 1 Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from E. acoroides absorption peak at 1645 cm -1 possibly will on account of the amide bond coming from the carbonyl group of the protein [14] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF13"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[14]"
]
},
{
"text": "There is another peak of the spectrum at 3435, 2929, 2355, and 1544 which could be the Intramolecular H bonds, alkanes, amines, and C=C stretching vibrations on-conjugated.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is another peak of the spectrum at 3435, 2929, 2355, and 1544 which could be the Intramolecular H bonds, alkanes, amines, and C=C stretching vibrations on-conjugated [15] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF14"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[15]"
]
}
] |
138609961
| 14 |
95
| 4,741,376,961 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
A TEM analysis was carried out in the organization AgNPs from E. acoroides that were formed and represented in Fig. 6 . The results of TEM showed a perfect indication about the shape and dimension of the Ag-NPs. Bio-conversed Ag-NPs formed were predominantly polydispersed and the particles shaped with spherical, hexagonal, and triangular. The nanotriangle shapes revealed to have a big surface area with the range 2-100 nm. The Ag-NPs that became reduced by the assistance of aqueous extract E. acoroides had sizes small sufficient to be electron apparent and imaged as polydispersed small-and large-sized nanoparticles with a different diameter. The existent study approves the occurrences of Ag-NPs in E. acoroides, and the results were similar when compared with the earlier reviews of nanoparticles [19, 20] .
|
Results and discussion
|
[
{
"text": "A TEM analysis was carried out in the organization AgNPs from E. acoroides that were formed and represented in Fig. 6 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A TEM analysis was carried out in the organization AgNPs from E. acoroides that were formed and represented in Fig. 6 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The results of TEM showed a perfect indication about the shape and dimension of the Ag-NPs.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The results of TEM showed a perfect indication about the shape and dimension of the Ag-NPs.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Bio-conversed Ag-NPs formed were predominantly polydispersed and the particles shaped with spherical, hexagonal, and triangular.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Bio-conversed Ag-NPs formed were predominantly polydispersed and the particles shaped with spherical, hexagonal, and triangular.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The nanotriangle shapes revealed to have a big surface area with the range 2-100 nm.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The nanotriangle shapes revealed to have a big surface area with the range 2-100 nm.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The Ag-NPs that became reduced by the assistance of aqueous extract E. acoroides had sizes small sufficient to be electron apparent and imaged as polydispersed small-and large-sized nanoparticles with a different diameter.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Ag-NPs that became reduced by the assistance of aqueous extract E. acoroides had sizes small sufficient to be electron apparent and imaged as polydispersed small-and large-sized nanoparticles with a different diameter.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The existent study approves the occurrences of Ag-NPs in E. acoroides, and the results were similar when compared with the earlier reviews of nanoparticles.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The existent study approves the occurrences of Ag-NPs in E. acoroides, and the results were similar when compared with the earlier reviews of nanoparticles [19, 20] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF19"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[19, 20]"
]
}
] |
138609961
| 10 |
95
| 4,741,376,961 |
[
"Materials Science"
] |
The current research on bioconversion of silver nanoparticles using the seagrass E. acoroides. The aqueous extract was used for Ag-NPs biosynthesis from silver nitrate solution. The first indication of positive Ag-NPs formation was the appearance of light yellow to brown gradually. It was interesting to note that the Ag-NPs formation occurred only in the presence of light [10] [11] [12] [13] . The controls were remaining same after the reactions take place, so it is reasonable to conclude that the development of Ag-NPs in the present of light dependent (Fig. 1) . The Ag-NPs obtained were described by UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor the reactions of Ag-NPs developed in the reaction time (for 48 h of incubation) has the characteristic absorbance showed kmax at 419 nm (Fig. 2) ; the appearance of value exhibited that the Ag-NPs are relatively small, polydispersed, and spherical Ag-NPs. In addition, no precipitation or agglomeration was found during the reaction and up to 3 months after the experiment suggesting that the biosynthesized Ag-NPs are stable.
|
Results and discussion
|
[
{
"text": "The current research on bioconversion of silver nanoparticles using the seagrass E. acoroides.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The current research on bioconversion of silver nanoparticles using the seagrass E. acoroides.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The aqueous extract was used for Ag-NPs biosynthesis from silver nitrate solution.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The aqueous extract was used for Ag-NPs biosynthesis from silver nitrate solution.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The first indication of positive Ag-NPs formation was the appearance of light yellow to brown gradually.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The first indication of positive Ag-NPs formation was the appearance of light yellow to brown gradually.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "It was interesting to note that the Ag-NPs formation occurred only in the presence of light.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "It was interesting to note that the Ag-NPs formation occurred only in the presence of light [10] [11] [12] [13] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF9",
"BIBREF10",
"BIBREF11",
"BIBREF12"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[10] [11] [12] [13]"
]
},
{
"text": "The controls were remaining same after the reactions take place, so it is reasonable to conclude that the development of Ag-NPs in the present of light dependent (Fig. 1) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The controls were remaining same after the reactions take place, so it is reasonable to conclude that the development of Ag-NPs in the present of light dependent (Fig. 1) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The Ag-NPs obtained were described by UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor the reactions of Ag-NPs developed in the reaction time (for 48 h of incubation) has the characteristic absorbance showed kmax at 419 nm (Fig. 2) ; the appearance of value exhibited that the Ag-NPs are relatively small, polydispersed, and spherical Ag-NPs.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Ag-NPs obtained were described by UV-Vis spectroscopy to monitor the reactions of Ag-NPs developed in the reaction time (for 48 h of incubation) has the characteristic absorbance showed kmax at 419 nm (Fig. 2) ; the appearance of value exhibited that the Ag-NPs are relatively small, polydispersed, and spherical Ag-NPs.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, no precipitation or agglomeration was found during the reaction and up to 3 months after the experiment suggesting that the biosynthesized Ag-NPs are stable.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, no precipitation or agglomeration was found during the reaction and up to 3 months after the experiment suggesting that the biosynthesized Ag-NPs are stable.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
85504124
| 0 |
29
| 6,497,023,023 |
[
"Physics"
] |
The charging of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets to several hundred kilovolts and the associated acceleration of fast ions due to this potential was first observed in electrically isolated planar targets nearly 35 years ago [1] . In these early experiments, 0.3 cm thick aluminum targets were irradiated with 50 ps laser pulses (λ L = 1.06 µm). Electric potentials with peak amplitudes of order 1 kV were measured using a fast-response voltage probe. These potentials had relatively fast rise times (1 ns) and long decay times (10 ns). Charging of the target was attributed to the generation of hot electrons by laser-plasma interactions (LPIs). The fastest of these hot electrons escape, leaving behind a positive potential on the target. The remaining space charge then accelerates ions from the coronal plasma and traps hot electrons that have energies less than the target potential.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "The charging of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets to several hundred kilovolts and the associated acceleration of fast ions due to this potential was first observed in electrically isolated planar targets nearly 35 years ago.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The charging of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets to several hundred kilovolts and the associated acceleration of fast ions due to this potential was first observed in electrically isolated planar targets nearly 35 years ago [1] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1]"
]
},
{
"text": "In these early experiments, 0.3 cm thick aluminum targets were irradiated with 50 ps laser pulses (λ L = 1.06 µm).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In these early experiments, 0.3 cm thick aluminum targets were irradiated with 50 ps laser pulses (λ L = 1.06 µm).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Electric potentials with peak amplitudes of order 1 kV were measured using a fast-response voltage probe.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Electric potentials with peak amplitudes of order 1 kV were measured using a fast-response voltage probe.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "These potentials had relatively fast rise times (1 ns) and long decay times (10 ns).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These potentials had relatively fast rise times (1 ns) and long decay times (10 ns).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Charging of the target was attributed to the generation of hot electrons by laser-plasma interactions (LPIs).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Charging of the target was attributed to the generation of hot electrons by laser-plasma interactions (LPIs).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The fastest of these hot electrons escape, leaving behind a positive potential on the target.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The fastest of these hot electrons escape, leaving behind a positive potential on the target.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The remaining space charge then accelerates ions from the coronal plasma and traps hot electrons that have energies less than the target potential.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The remaining space charge then accelerates ions from the coronal plasma and traps hot electrons that have energies less than the target potential.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
86880794
| 2 |
65
| 3,069,641,158 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
Kayu kuning is one of the medicinal plants that growth in the Meru Betiri National Park. Kayu kuning has used as a traditional medicine to treat malaria, dysentery, and fever in Kalimantan (Subeki et al., 2004) . Isolation of tryacontanyl caffeat from Kayu kuning trunk shown potential as an antioxidant (Keawpradub et al., 2005) . The potential of Kayu kuning in treating these diseases may be caused by the content of phenolic compunds. Therefore, in this research conducted to exploration potential of phenolic extract from Kayu kuning leaves as an antioxidant and antidiabetic. The potential phenolic extracts as antioxidants was seen from its ability to scavenging the activity of free radicals, while its potential as an antidiabetic through inhibition of enzyme activity. Free radicals were analyzed DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl while the enzymes were α-amylase and α-glucosidase.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Kayu kuning is one of the medicinal plants that growth in the Meru Betiri National Park.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Kayu kuning is one of the medicinal plants that growth in the Meru Betiri National Park.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Kayu kuning has used as a traditional medicine to treat malaria, dysentery, and fever in Kalimantan.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Kayu kuning has used as a traditional medicine to treat malaria, dysentery, and fever in Kalimantan (Subeki et al., 2004) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Subeki et al., 2004)"
]
},
{
"text": "Isolation of tryacontanyl caffeat from Kayu kuning trunk shown potential as an antioxidant.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Isolation of tryacontanyl caffeat from Kayu kuning trunk shown potential as an antioxidant (Keawpradub et al., 2005) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF7"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"(Keawpradub et al., 2005)"
]
},
{
"text": "The potential of Kayu kuning in treating these diseases may be caused by the content of phenolic compunds.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The potential of Kayu kuning in treating these diseases may be caused by the content of phenolic compunds.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Therefore, in this research conducted to exploration potential of phenolic extract from Kayu kuning leaves as an antioxidant and antidiabetic.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Therefore, in this research conducted to exploration potential of phenolic extract from Kayu kuning leaves as an antioxidant and antidiabetic.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The potential phenolic extracts as antioxidants was seen from its ability to scavenging the activity of free radicals, while its potential as an antidiabetic through inhibition of enzyme activity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The potential phenolic extracts as antioxidants was seen from its ability to scavenging the activity of free radicals, while its potential as an antidiabetic through inhibition of enzyme activity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Free radicals were analyzed DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl while the enzymes were α-amylase and α-glucosidase.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Free radicals were analyzed DPPH, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl while the enzymes were α-amylase and α-glucosidase.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
43951222
| 3 |
71
| 2,799,582,502 |
[
"Chemistry"
] |
Wine and beer also contains flavonoids or polyphenolic compounds, which have potential health benefits such as antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. The flavonoid xanthohumol in beer is from the hop whereas the flavonoids in wine are mainly from the fruit. The fruit and the malt are also sources of amino acids. Natural fruit supplements were evaluated for possible application in beer production. Kiwi fruit and banana were among the fruits with the highest amounts of reported tyrosine, while grapes and apples were among the lowest [17] . The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of increasing the yield of tyrosol, tryptophol, and phenylethanol in fermentable beverages using two different yeast strains and supplementing the fermentable substrate with the relevant amino acid precursors or fruits high in these amino acids. In addition, the S. cerevisiae Strain 96581, which has never been classified as a wine or a beer strain, was tested for its ability to enhance the yields of the three phenolic compounds in both types of the fermentable media.
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Wine and beer also contains flavonoids or polyphenolic compounds, which have potential health benefits such as antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Wine and beer also contains flavonoids or polyphenolic compounds, which have potential health benefits such as antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The flavonoid xanthohumol in beer is from the hop whereas the flavonoids in wine are mainly from the fruit.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The flavonoid xanthohumol in beer is from the hop whereas the flavonoids in wine are mainly from the fruit.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The fruit and the malt are also sources of amino acids.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The fruit and the malt are also sources of amino acids.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Natural fruit supplements were evaluated for possible application in beer production.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Natural fruit supplements were evaluated for possible application in beer production.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Kiwi fruit and banana were among the fruits with the highest amounts of reported tyrosine, while grapes and apples were among the lowest.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Kiwi fruit and banana were among the fruits with the highest amounts of reported tyrosine, while grapes and apples were among the lowest [17] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF16"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[17]"
]
},
{
"text": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of increasing the yield of tyrosol, tryptophol, and phenylethanol in fermentable beverages using two different yeast strains and supplementing the fermentable substrate with the relevant amino acid precursors or fruits high in these amino acids.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of increasing the yield of tyrosol, tryptophol, and phenylethanol in fermentable beverages using two different yeast strains and supplementing the fermentable substrate with the relevant amino acid precursors or fruits high in these amino acids.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In addition, the S. cerevisiae Strain 96581, which has never been classified as a wine or a beer strain, was tested for its ability to enhance the yields of the three phenolic compounds in both types of the fermentable media.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition, the S. cerevisiae Strain 96581, which has never been classified as a wine or a beer strain, was tested for its ability to enhance the yields of the three phenolic compounds in both types of the fermentable media.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}
] |
3372246
| 4 |
94
| 614,810,433 |
[
"Engineering"
] |
Usually, in order to control the multiphase drive, the standard controllers have been widely used. However, neglected dynamics, parameter variations, friction forces and load disturbances are the main disturbances and uncertainties that can affect the effective functioning of the drive system. So, it will be very difficult to limit these disturbances effectively if linear control methods like PI controllers are adopted [18] . To overcome the aforementioned problems, other advanced methods have been proposed [1, [19] [20] [21] . These approaches include, among others, the sliding mode control (SMC). The SMC is a nonlinear control method known to have robust control characteristics under restricted disturbance conditions or when there are limited internal parameter modeling errors as well as when a there are some nonlinear behaviors [22] . The robustness of the SMC is guaranteed usually by using a switching control law. Unfortunately, this switching strategy often leads to a chattering phenomenon. In order to mitigate the chattering phenomenon, a common method is to use the smooth function instead of the switching function [18, 23, 24] .
|
Introduction
|
[
{
"text": "Usually, in order to control the multiphase drive, the standard controllers have been widely used.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Usually, in order to control the multiphase drive, the standard controllers have been widely used.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "However, neglected dynamics, parameter variations, friction forces and load disturbances are the main disturbances and uncertainties that can affect the effective functioning of the drive system.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "However, neglected dynamics, parameter variations, friction forces and load disturbances are the main disturbances and uncertainties that can affect the effective functioning of the drive system.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "So, it will be very difficult to limit these disturbances effectively if linear control methods like PI controllers are adopted.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "So, it will be very difficult to limit these disturbances effectively if linear control methods like PI controllers are adopted [18] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF17"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[18]"
]
},
{
"text": "To overcome the aforementioned problems, other advanced methods have been proposed.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To overcome the aforementioned problems, other advanced methods have been proposed [1, [19] [20] [21] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF0",
"BIBREF18",
"BIBREF19",
"BIBREF20"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[1, [19] [20] [21]"
]
},
{
"text": "These approaches include, among others, the sliding mode control (SMC).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These approaches include, among others, the sliding mode control (SMC).",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The SMC is a nonlinear control method known to have robust control characteristics under restricted disturbance conditions or when there are limited internal parameter modeling errors as well as when a there are some nonlinear behaviors.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The SMC is a nonlinear control method known to have robust control characteristics under restricted disturbance conditions or when there are limited internal parameter modeling errors as well as when a there are some nonlinear behaviors [22] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF21"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[22]"
]
},
{
"text": "The robustness of the SMC is guaranteed usually by using a switching control law.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The robustness of the SMC is guaranteed usually by using a switching control law.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Unfortunately, this switching strategy often leads to a chattering phenomenon.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Unfortunately, this switching strategy often leads to a chattering phenomenon.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to mitigate the chattering phenomenon, a common method is to use the smooth function instead of the switching function.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In order to mitigate the chattering phenomenon, a common method is to use the smooth function instead of the switching function [18, 23, 24] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF17",
"BIBREF22",
"BIBREF23"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[18, 23, 24]"
]
}
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.