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CopeNLU 26

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Previous modeling studies have shown that current VO 2 based materials do not live up to their theoretical potential but that an idealized thermochromic material can lead to great potential energy savings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous modeling studies have shown that current VO 2 based materials do not live up to their theoretical potential but that an idealized thermochromic material can lead to great potential energy savings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact previous work has discussed the requirements for a perfect thermochromic window.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact previous work has discussed the requirements for a perfect thermochromic window [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "Modeling has found that variable absorption in fact gives greater energy saving than variable reflectance also that carful control of emissivity also plays a vital role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modeling has found that variable absorption in fact gives greater energy saving than variable reflectance also that carful control of emissivity also plays a vital role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "However, A T PA may be a severely ill-conditioned matrix, thus it cannot be inverted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, A T PA may be a severely ill-conditioned matrix, thus it cannot be inverted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Problems of this kind are referred to ill-posed problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Problems of this kind are referred to ill-posed problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the ill-conditioning of A T PA, these problems are difficult to solve accurately.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the ill-conditioning of A T PA, these problems are difficult to solve accurately [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Inverting illconditioned large matrices is a challenging problem involved in a wide range of applications, including inverse problems and partial differential equations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inverting illconditioned large matrices is a challenging problem involved in a wide range of applications, including inverse problems and partial differential equations [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a fast, dynamic, high precision positioning technique that has been attracting more and more attention in modern geodesy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a fast, dynamic, high precision positioning technique that has been attracting more and more attention in modern geodesy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the static positioning of GNSS, the carrier phase ambiguity and other parameters are set as unknown for solving.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the static positioning of GNSS, the carrier phase ambiguity and other parameters are set as unknown for solving.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A linear observational equation system for real-time GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution is often severely ill-posed, in the case of poor satellite geometry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A linear observational equation system for real-time GNSS carrier phase ambiguity resolution is often severely ill-posed, in the case of poor satellite geometry [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Generally, in order to improve the precision and reliability of the solution, a long time for GNSS observing is usually needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, in order to improve the precision and reliability of the solution, a long time for GNSS observing is usually needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GNSS satellites belong to high orbit satellite, and the angle velocity is small.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GNSS satellites belong to high orbit satellite, and the angle velocity is small.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the observation period is not long enough, the directions of the receivers to the satellites will see little change, and the distances between stations and satellites vary little in the whole observing session.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the observation period is not long enough, the directions of the receivers to the satellites will see little change, and the distances between stations and satellites vary little in the whole observing session.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus observation equations of the same satellites and different epochs are almost similar, so to rapidly determine phase ambiguity is a typical illcondition problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus observation equations of the same satellites and different epochs are almost similar, so to rapidly determine phase ambiguity is a typical illcondition problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Oral mucositis occurs in 15-40% of patients receiving standard chemotherapy, and 100% of patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer develop oral mucositis of varying degrees.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Oral mucositis occurs in 15-40% of patients receiving standard chemotherapy, and 100% of patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer develop oral mucositis of varying degrees [11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "The mechanism by which mucositis occurs is based on the fact that the oral mucosa has a high level of mitotic activity and high cell turnover.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanism by which mucositis occurs is based on the fact that the oral mucosa has a high level of mitotic activity and high cell turnover.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the high degree of cell desquamation, there is a continuous need for cell multiplication to recover the oral mucosa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the high degree of cell desquamation, there is a continuous need for cell multiplication to recover the oral mucosa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tissues with high levels of mitotic activity respond rapidly to radiation, since the most sensitive phases of the cell cycle are G2 and mitosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tissues with high levels of mitotic activity respond rapidly to radiation, since the most sensitive phases of the cell cycle are G2 and mitosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the mucosa is rapidly affected.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the mucosa is rapidly affected [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The same is true for chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, S-1, nedaplatin, and docetaxel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same is true for chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin, S-1, nedaplatin, and docetaxel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chemoradiotherapy causes various changes in normal tissues, depending on the closely interrelated factors of total dose, fractionation schedule, and volume treated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemoradiotherapy causes various changes in normal tissues, depending on the closely interrelated factors of total dose, fractionation schedule, and volume treated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Until now, there has been no way to prevent chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis using only gargling and analgesics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Until now, there has been no way to prevent chemoradiotherapy-induced mucositis using only gargling and analgesics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Obsessions may involve decreased confidence in memory and biases toward threatening stimuli and memory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Obsessions may involve decreased confidence in memory and biases toward threatening stimuli and memory [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "While it is not feasible to model obsessions in animals because of their cognitive nature, compulsions are especially suitable for this purpose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While it is not feasible to model obsessions in animals because of their cognitive nature, compulsions are especially suitable for this purpose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, it is argued elsewhere that \"modeling compulsive behavior is a meaningful surrogate endpoint for an OCD model\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, it is argued elsewhere that \"modeling compulsive behavior is a meaningful surrogate endpoint for an OCD model\" [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The distribution of the land use in Arba Minch Zuria Woreda has been changing greatly over time because of subsequent cultivation after deforestation due to high population and economic pressures, and infrastructure and irrigation development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The distribution of the land use in Arba Minch Zuria Woreda has been changing greatly over time because of subsequent cultivation after deforestation due to high population and economic pressures, and infrastructure and irrigation development (Tuma, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tuma, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Currently, a small part of the border area near Lake Abaya is covered with forest, whereas the highland that was once covered by forest is now deforested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, a small part of the border area near Lake Abaya is covered with forest, whereas the highland that was once covered by forest is now deforested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the escarpment between lowland catchments and highland areas, the scattered trees were also disappearing from those places.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the escarpment between lowland catchments and highland areas, the scattered trees were also disappearing from those places.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, nowadays these important traditions which are tourist attraction sites and sources of country economy have been changed in other land use system Thus, this study attempts to assess the perception of local community to the impact of deforestation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, nowadays these important traditions which are tourist attraction sites and sources of country economy have been changed in other land use system Thus, this study attempts to assess the perception of local community to the impact of deforestation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The current research was to explore local community perception towards deforestation and decreased income, thereby livelihood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current research was to explore local community perception towards deforestation and decreased income, thereby livelihood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, it attempted to determine the impacts of deforestation on the livelihood of the community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, it attempted to determine the impacts of deforestation on the livelihood of the community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The identification of the perception of local community towards deforestation and the local knowledge and their roles in forest management activities were also key specific objectives of the study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identification of the perception of local community towards deforestation and the local knowledge and their roles in forest management activities were also key specific objectives of the study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Polycrystalline nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in the aerospace and power-generation industries, owing to their excellent combination of mechanical and environmental properties at elevated temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Polycrystalline nickel-based superalloys are extensively used in the aerospace and power-generation industries, owing to their excellent combination of mechanical and environmental properties at elevated temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For polycrystalline nickelbased superalloys, fatigue is one of the most important properties, often limiting the overall service life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For polycrystalline nickelbased superalloys, fatigue is one of the most important properties, often limiting the overall service life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future engine applications require engine components that can operate safely up to 10 9 cycles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Future engine applications require engine components that can operate safely up to 10 9 cycles [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the very high cycle regime, most fatigue life is believed to be consumed by fatigue crack initiation processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the very high cycle regime, most fatigue life is believed to be consumed by fatigue crack initiation processes [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Research on fatigue crack initiation in nickel-based superalloys has primarily concentrated in the low cycle regime (<10 5 cycles) or high cycle regime (<10 7 cycles).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Research on fatigue crack initiation in nickel-based superalloys has primarily concentrated in the low cycle regime (<10 5 cycles) or high cycle regime (<10 7 cycles).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To date, few studies have been devoted to the investigation of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms in polycrystalline nickel-based superalloys in the very high cycle regime (>10 7 cycles).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, few studies have been devoted to the investigation of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms in polycrystalline nickel-based superalloys in the very high cycle regime (>10 7 cycles).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main difficulty of investigating very high cycle fatigue behavior using conventional frequency fatigue instruments is the long time required to achieve very high cycle counts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main difficulty of investigating very high cycle fatigue behavior using conventional frequency fatigue instruments is the long time required to achieve very high cycle counts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent developments in ultrasonic fatigue techniques offer a powerful and promising method to study very high cycle fatigue behavior in an efficient way.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent developments in ultrasonic fatigue techniques offer a powerful and promising method to study very high cycle fatigue behavior in an efficient way [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In the current study, the fatigue crack initiation behavior in a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy, René 88 DT, was examined up to 10 9 cycles using an ultrasonic fatigue testing instrument.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the current study, the fatigue crack initiation behavior in a polycrystalline nickel-based superalloy, René 88 DT, was examined up to 10 9 cycles using an ultrasonic fatigue testing instrument.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Critical microstructure features that contributed to fatigue crack initiation and microstructure barriers to the early stages of small crack growth were systematically characterized by quantitative fractographic analysis, serial sectioning and orientation imaging microscopy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Critical microstructure features that contributed to fatigue crack initiation and microstructure barriers to the early stages of small crack growth were systematically characterized by quantitative fractographic analysis, serial sectioning and orientation imaging microscopy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By combining these observations with the results of TEM deformation substructure analysis, possible cyclic strain localization and fatigue crack nucleation mechanisms in this alloy at 593 °C are proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By combining these observations with the results of TEM deformation substructure analysis, possible cyclic strain localization and fatigue crack nucleation mechanisms in this alloy at 593 °C are proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The electron micrographs taken after failure, shown in Fig. 2 , show a transverse crack and delaminations at ply boundaries, and followed a z-shaped crack path, which is consistent with shear cracks seen in previous research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The electron micrographs taken after failure, shown in Fig. 2 , show a transverse crack and delaminations at ply boundaries, and followed a z-shaped crack path, which is consistent with shear cracks seen in previous research [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "The angle of the crack through the 90°plies to the 90°/0°ply boundary is approximately 45° (Fig. 2[a] ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The angle of the crack through the 90°plies to the 90°/0°ply boundary is approximately 45° (Fig. 2[a] ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 90°/0°ply boundary delamination that resulted from this damage was extensive, and the laminates lost over 50% of their max load carrying capacity, and are then considered failed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 90°/0°ply boundary delamination that resulted from this damage was extensive, and the laminates lost over 50% of their max load carrying capacity, and are then considered failed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Fig. 2[b] , it was observed that a number of 45°cracks through the 90°plies developed approximately 600 lm apart.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Fig. 2[b] , it was observed that a number of 45°cracks through the 90°plies developed approximately 600 lm apart.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "When designing structures for the aerospace industry, light-weight and high stiffness material properties are a priority.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When designing structures for the aerospace industry, light-weight and high stiffness material properties are a priority.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Laminated carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials have been used for a number of decades to meet these demands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Laminated carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials have been used for a number of decades to meet these demands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The failure mechanisms associated with composite materials are complex, and laminate fracture is known to involve a sequential accumulation of damage under static or fatigue loading.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The failure mechanisms associated with composite materials are complex, and laminate fracture is known to involve a sequential accumulation of damage under static or fatigue loading [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Damage generally initiates at the micro-scale with fibre-matrix debonding which leads to transverse crack growth and delamination, and eventual structural collapse.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Damage generally initiates at the micro-scale with fibre-matrix debonding which leads to transverse crack growth and delamination, and eventual structural collapse.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Several limitations of the current study should be acknowledged.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several limitations of the current study should be acknowledged.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, because only inpatient data was included, we may have failed to capture cases treated in emergency units or outpatient clinics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, because only inpatient data was included, we may have failed to capture cases treated in emergency units or outpatient clinics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Outpatient management of children with intussusception is widely practiced in some countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Outpatient management of children with intussusception is widely practiced in some countries [5, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 26]" ] }, { "text": "In Japan, however, inhospital observation is recognized as the standard practice even after successful reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Japan, however, inhospital observation is recognized as the standard practice even after successful reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it seems unlikely that we failed to capture a number of cases with intussusception.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it seems unlikely that we failed to capture a number of cases with intussusception.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, there is inherent limitation in observational studies using administrative databases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, there is inherent limitation in observational studies using administrative databases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, some clinical information was not included in our database (e.g., patients' past and present history, site of intussusception, or types of contrast media used).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, some clinical information was not included in our database (e.g., patients' past and present history, site of intussusception, or types of contrast media used).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another aspect of this limitation is that our study may be susceptible to systemic bias; referral bias, for example, may be present in our dataset.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another aspect of this limitation is that our study may be susceptible to systemic bias; referral bias, for example, may be present in our dataset.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, our results should be interpreted in the context of the limitations arising from the nature of this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, our results should be interpreted in the context of the limitations arising from the nature of this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, our database collected data only over 6 months because of the cost to participating hospitals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, our database collected data only over 6 months because of the cost to participating hospitals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we could not investigate whether there were seasonal trends of intussusception in Japan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we could not investigate whether there were seasonal trends of intussusception in Japan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This limitation could influence the estimation of the population-based incidence of intussusception.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This limitation could influence the estimation of the population-based incidence of intussusception.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A prospective patient registration survey may be needed using a standardized case definition such as the criteria set out by the Brighton Collaboration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A prospective patient registration survey may be needed using a standardized case definition such as the criteria set out by the Brighton Collaboration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "We found that few chemokines were upregulated in CSF during HSE or HSM to levels exceeding those in serum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that few chemokines were upregulated in CSF during HSE or HSM to levels exceeding those in serum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CXCL8 was found in CSF of both HSE and HSM, but the levels were far higher in HSM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CXCL8 was found in CSF of both HSE and HSM, but the levels were far higher in HSM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High levels of CXCL8 have been reported in the CSF of HSE patients, where levels seem to be stable for a long period after disease onset.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High levels of CXCL8 have been reported in the CSF of HSE patients, where levels seem to be stable for a long period after disease onset [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "CXCL8 binds receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which are both found on neutrophils and induce neutrophil migration through CXCR2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CXCL8 binds receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which are both found on neutrophils and induce neutrophil migration through CXCR2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Fig. 3 Levels of a CXCL11 and b CCL8 in CSF of HSE (n = 12) and HSM (n = 8) patients compared to healthy controls (n = 20) and to serum (n = 8/ group; control = 5).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Fig. 3 Levels of a CXCL11 and b CCL8 in CSF of HSE (n = 12) and HSM (n = 8) patients compared to healthy controls (n = 20) and to serum (n = 8/ group; control = 5).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data are presented as individual values with medians indicated by horizontal bars.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data are presented as individual values with medians indicated by horizontal bars.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CSF comparisons were performed using KruskalWallis' non-parametric test with Dunn's post-test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CSF comparisons were performed using KruskalWallis' non-parametric test with Dunn's post-test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "White symbols are non-matched CSF or serum samples, which were excluded from analysis of paired CSF and serum (filled symbols), using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "White symbols are non-matched CSF or serum samples, which were excluded from analysis of paired CSF and serum (filled symbols), using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 6 (GraphPad Software).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 6 (GraphPad Software).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Abbreviations: CSF cerebrospinal fluid, HSE herpes simplex encephalitis, HSM herpes simplex meningitis we observed few polynuclear cells in CSF of both HSE and HSM patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Abbreviations: CSF cerebrospinal fluid, HSE herpes simplex encephalitis, HSM herpes simplex meningitis we observed few polynuclear cells in CSF of both HSE and HSM patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This indicates that neutrophils enter the CNS upon disease onset and quickly disappear, or that an additional signal is needed for neutrophil migration into the CNS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates that neutrophils enter the CNS upon disease onset and quickly disappear, or that an additional signal is needed for neutrophil migration into the CNS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since high levels of CXCL8 are observed in both bacterial and viral meningitis, but only bacterial meningitis is accompanied by a potent influx of neutrophils, we propose that this additional signal is missing in HSV CNS inflammations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since high levels of CXCL8 are observed in both bacterial and viral meningitis, but only bacterial meningitis is accompanied by a potent influx of neutrophils, we propose that this additional signal is missing in HSV CNS inflammations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In order to evaluate the accuracy of the model, results generated by the model were compared to data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to evaluate the accuracy of the model, results generated by the model were compared to data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data obtained previously with Fiberite T300/1034-C graphite-epoxy laminates were used in these comparisons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data obtained previously with Fiberite T300/1034-C graphite-epoxy laminates were used in these comparisons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The experimental apparatus and procedures used in the tests are given in References.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The experimental apparatus and procedures used in the tests are given in References [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "The measured failure strengths and failure modes of laminates having different geometries and different ply orientations are shown in Figures 4-6 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measured failure strengths and failure modes of laminates having different geometries and different ply orientations are shown in Figures 4-6 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ordinates in these figures represent the bearing strength P, = P/DH, where P is the failure load and DH is the crosssectional area of the hole.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ordinates in these figures represent the bearing strength P, = P/DH, where P is the failure load and DH is the crosssectional area of the hole.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, there is a counterforce that limits the redistributive virtues of subsidies to education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is a counterforce that limits the redistributive virtues of subsidies to education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The large literature on the ability bias in the return to education shows that education and innate ability are complementary.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The large literature on the ability bias in the return to education shows that education and innate ability are complementary (Angrist and Krueger, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Angrist and Krueger, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Subsidies to all levels of education favor therefore predominantly the high ability types, leading to a widening instead of a compression of the income distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsidies to all levels of education favor therefore predominantly the high ability types, leading to a widening instead of a compression of the income distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We face the remarkable situation that the role of income and substitution effects in redistribution are reversed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We face the remarkable situation that the role of income and substitution effects in redistribution are reversed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, redistribution is brought about by the income effects of a policy (e.g. progressive income taxation), while the substitution effects (less productive effort) reduce their effectiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, redistribution is brought about by the income effects of a policy (e.g. progressive income taxation), while the substitution effects (less productive effort) reduce their effectiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For education subsidies, it is the other way around.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For education subsidies, it is the other way around.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Substitution effects contribute to redistribution, while income effects work in the opposite direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Substitution effects contribute to redistribution, while income effects work in the opposite direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We derive the precise condition for education subsidies to be redistributive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We derive the precise condition for education subsidies to be redistributive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we discuss policies which may reduce the adverse income effects, while maintaining their effect on the wage distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we discuss policies which may reduce the adverse income effects, while maintaining their effect on the wage distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The atmosphere of the Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The atmosphere of the Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The atmosphere protects life on the Earth by absorbing the ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The atmosphere protects life on the Earth by absorbing the ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on temperature distribution, atmosphere is divided into the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on temperature distribution, atmosphere is divided into the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The temperature in the thermosphere remains almost constant ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The temperature in the thermosphere remains almost constant ( Figure 1 ) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The stratosphere and mesosphere regions are also grouped as the middle atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stratosphere and mesosphere regions are also grouped as the middle atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The region above the middle atmosphere is called the upper atmosphere where solar radiation and other sources ionize the neutral constituents forming plasma of ions and electrons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The region above the middle atmosphere is called the upper atmosphere where solar radiation and other sources ionize the neutral constituents forming plasma of ions and electrons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The region extending from the mesosphere to the thermosphere is called ionosphere where plasma dynamics is controlled by the collisions between the ionized particles and neutrals as well as between the ionized particles themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The region extending from the mesosphere to the thermosphere is called ionosphere where plasma dynamics is controlled by the collisions between the ionized particles and neutrals as well as between the ionized particles themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The region above the ionosphere is known as the magnetosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The region above the ionosphere is known as the magnetosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this region, charged particles dynamics is controlled by the Earth's magnetic field because the density collision frequency is very low.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this region, charged particles dynamics is controlled by the Earth's magnetic field because the density collision frequency is very low.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is no sharp boundary between the upper ionosphere and the lower magnetosphere region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is no sharp boundary between the upper ionosphere and the lower magnetosphere region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional games intervention program in our study also provides the same effects on the motor fitness performance in reaction time component (see Table 5 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional games intervention program in our study also provides the same effects on the motor fitness performance in reaction time component (see Table 5 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reaction is considered faster in the study faster when one stimulation sign were received compared to multiple stimulations because then there would be many options for a response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reaction is considered faster in the study faster when one stimulation sign were received compared to multiple stimulations because then there would be many options for a response (Stafford-Brown et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stafford-Brown et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In traditional games, reaction time play a central role to escape from the control of or being caught by the opposing team in the traditional games of Galah Panjang, Tok Harimau and Tor Duduk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In traditional games, reaction time play a central role to escape from the control of or being caught by the opposing team in the traditional games of Galah Panjang, Tok Harimau and Tor Duduk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The players need to be agile, quick and balanced while producing relevant moves with environmental stimuli.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The players need to be agile, quick and balanced while producing relevant moves with environmental stimuli.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, the reaction time in Buat Rumah Batu game is when the player drops and catches the Kor that was placed on the head before throwing the Kor to get a 'home'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, the reaction time in Buat Rumah Batu game is when the player drops and catches the Kor that was placed on the head before throwing the Kor to get a 'home'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Determination of the types of motor fitness components built through this traditional game is important because the movement, concentration and adaptation in a skill can be developed through a wide range of traditional games.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Determination of the types of motor fitness components built through this traditional game is important because the movement, concentration and adaptation in a skill can be developed through a wide range of traditional games (Lazar, 2005; Nyota & Mapara, 2008; Piech & Cieslinski, 2007; Rouhi, 2012; Sahay, 2013; Tatira, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lazar, 2005; Nyota & Mapara, 2008; Piech & Cieslinski, 2007; Rouhi, 2012; Sahay, 2013; Tatira, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the study of the contribution of each type of traditional game of physical fitness in a particular motor fitness should be carried out to provide information to assisting stakeholders such as physical education teacher, coaches for improving healthy life and optimisation of sporting performance in a cost effective manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the study of the contribution of each type of traditional game of physical fitness in a particular motor fitness should be carried out to provide information to assisting stakeholders such as physical education teacher, coaches for improving healthy life and optimisation of sporting performance in a cost effective manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence the purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of the traditional games intervention program in the improvement of form one school-age children's motor skills related performance components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence the purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of the traditional games intervention program in the improvement of form one school-age children's motor skills related performance components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The IVM basal medium supplemented with 1000 ng mL −1 E 2 (E8875, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as control medium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The IVM basal medium supplemented with 1000 ng mL −1 E 2 (E8875, Sigma-Aldrich) was used as control medium (Fukui et al., 1982; Fukushima and Fukui, 1985; Younis et al., 1989; Beker et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fukui et al., 1982; Fukushima and Fukui, 1985; Younis et al., 1989; Beker et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "The COCs were cultured in the control medium for 22 h (control group).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The COCs were cultured in the control medium for 22 h (control group).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To imitate temporal change of E 2 and P 4 concentrations in bovine follicular fluid corresponding to 3 to 25 h after LH surge, the COCs were cultured in the basal medium containing 700 ng mL −1 E 2 and 50 ng mL −1 P 4 (P8783, Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 h, then moved to fresh medium containing 150 ng mL −1 E 2 and 150 ng mL −1 P 4 and cultured for 11 h. Finally, the COCs were moved to fresh medium containing 20 ng mL −1 E 2 and 300 ng mL −1 P 4 and cultured for 6 h (EP group).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To imitate temporal change of E 2 and P 4 concentrations in bovine follicular fluid corresponding to 3 to 25 h after LH surge, the COCs were cultured in the basal medium containing 700 ng mL −1 E 2 and 50 ng mL −1 P 4 (P8783, Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 h, then moved to fresh medium containing 150 ng mL −1 E 2 and 150 ng mL −1 P 4 and cultured for 11 h. Finally, the COCs were moved to fresh medium containing 20 ng mL −1 E 2 and 300 ng mL −1 P 4 and cultured for 6 h (EP group).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To imitate temporal change of only E 2 concentrations in the follicular fluid, the COCs were cultured in the medium containing 700 ng mL −1 E 2 for 5 h, followed by the medium containing 150 ng mL −1 E 2 for 11 h, and then the medium containing 20 ng mL −1 E 2 for 6 h (E group).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To imitate temporal change of only E 2 concentrations in the follicular fluid, the COCs were cultured in the medium containing 700 ng mL −1 E 2 for 5 h, followed by the medium containing 150 ng mL −1 E 2 for 11 h, and then the medium containing 20 ng mL −1 E 2 for 6 h (E group).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To imitate temporal change of only P 4 concentrations in the follicular fluid, the COCs were cultured in the medium containing 50 ng mL −1 P 4 for 5 h, followed by the medium containing 150 ng mL −1 P 4 for 11 h, and then the medium containing 300 ng mL −1 P 4 for 6 h (P group).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To imitate temporal change of only P 4 concentrations in the follicular fluid, the COCs were cultured in the medium containing 50 ng mL −1 P 4 for 5 h, followed by the medium containing 150 ng mL −1 P 4 for 11 h, and then the medium containing 300 ng mL −1 P 4 for 6 h (P group).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These three-step IVM culture systems are Periods of IVM culture at 0-5, 5-16 and 16-22 h correspond to 22-17, 17-6 and 6-0 h before ovulation, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These three-step IVM culture systems are Periods of IVM culture at 0-5, 5-16 and 16-22 h correspond to 22-17, 17-6 and 6-0 h before ovulation, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "IVM medium was exchanged at 5 h and 16 h of IVM culture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IVM medium was exchanged at 5 h and 16 h of IVM culture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In the present study, the E 2 + P 4 treatment during IVM (EP group) seems advantageous in comparison to the other treatments, because of the highest rate of blastocyst.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, the E 2 + P 4 treatment during IVM (EP group) seems advantageous in comparison to the other treatments, because of the highest rate of blastocyst.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the actual differences are rather small and are nearly in the range of normal blastocyst rate after IVM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the actual differences are rather small and are nearly in the range of normal blastocyst rate after IVM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results suggest that the other system in addition to steroid hormone action exists for improving in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes, for example, pituitary hormone action as shown in porcine oocytes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results suggest that the other system in addition to steroid hormone action exists for improving in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes, for example, pituitary hormone action as shown in porcine oocytes (Kawashima et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kawashima et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The present results showed the highest rate of most advanced (i.e., hatched) blastocysts in P group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present results showed the highest rate of most advanced (i.e., hatched) blastocysts in P group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result suggests a possibility that the additional treatment rather than steroid hormones, such as pituitary hormones, may improve the developmental rate of P 4 treatment, even though the normal blastocyst rate was higher in EP group than P group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result suggests a possibility that the additional treatment rather than steroid hormones, such as pituitary hormones, may improve the developmental rate of P 4 treatment, even though the normal blastocyst rate was higher in EP group than P group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is considered crucial in this pathway and has received considerable attention as a therapeutic target for controlling hypertension.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is considered crucial in this pathway and has received considerable attention as a therapeutic target for controlling hypertension.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Repressing ACE expression has been proved as an effective strategy in controlling hypertension, as its downregulation will inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Repressing ACE expression has been proved as an effective strategy in controlling hypertension, as its downregulation will inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the binding affinities of various natural, synthetic, and herbal inhibitors for active sites of ACE were predicted using the molecular docking approach, which is becoming an extremely important tool in drug design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the binding affinities of various natural, synthetic, and herbal inhibitors for active sites of ACE were predicted using the molecular docking approach, which is becoming an extremely important tool in drug design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Molecular docking is playing a major role in structure-based molecular biology and computer-based drug design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Molecular docking is playing a major role in structure-based molecular biology and computer-based drug design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The molecular docking methodology can be utilized to demonstrate the cooperation between a small molecule and a protein at the nanoscale, which empowers us to describe the behavior of small particles in the binding site of the proteins and explain key biochemical processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The molecular docking methodology can be utilized to demonstrate the cooperation between a small molecule and a protein at the nanoscale, which empowers us to describe the behavior of small particles in the binding site of the proteins and explain key biochemical processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, drug-likeness and compatibility with gastrointestinal and brain absorption were computed for all the inhibitors tested to evaluate their suitability as potential therapeutic agents and orally active drugs for the treatment of hypertension.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, drug-likeness and compatibility with gastrointestinal and brain absorption were computed for all the inhibitors tested to evaluate their suitability as potential therapeutic agents and orally active drugs for the treatment of hypertension.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In § 2, we prove a result relating the notions of N -supercyclicity and N -multicyclicity (see the definition below).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In § 2, we prove a result relating the notions of N -supercyclicity and N -multicyclicity (see the definition below).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Combined with the Berger-Shaw theorem (a basic fact in the theory of hyponormal operators), this result is used in § 3, where Questions 1.1 and 1.2 are solved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Combined with the Berger-Shaw theorem (a basic fact in the theory of hyponormal operators), this result is used in § 3, where Questions 1.1 and 1.2 are solved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Question 1.3 is solved in § 4, the main tool here being the characterization of supercyclic weighted shifts given by Salas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Question 1.3 is solved in § 4, the main tool here being the characterization of supercyclic weighted shifts given by Salas [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Another key dimension in local-level REDD+ is the cross-scalar circulation of discourses and ideas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another key dimension in local-level REDD+ is the cross-scalar circulation of discourses and ideas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Having discovered strong resonances between local discourses and pre-established global discourses, as well as similar discursive patterns emerging from two very different field settings, this matter requires further research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Having discovered strong resonances between local discourses and pre-established global discourses, as well as similar discursive patterns emerging from two very different field settings, this matter requires further research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we suggest two factors that may have influenced our findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we suggest two factors that may have influenced our findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, most workshop participants would have been exposed to global environmental discourses through the media and through their roles in forest management and related international projects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, most workshop participants would have been exposed to global environmental discourses through the media and through their roles in forest management and related international projects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This, we propose, would have influenced their (re)articulation of ideas and discursive strategies, resulting in the cross-scalar resonances we observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This, we propose, would have influenced their (re)articulation of ideas and discursive strategies, resulting in the cross-scalar resonances we observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, the workshops were transnational events, given their focus on international policy and the presence of foreign researchers and national-level REDD+ specialists.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, the workshops were transnational events, given their focus on international policy and the presence of foreign researchers and national-level REDD+ specialists.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, workshop participants may have been inclined to communicate in globally legible ways, perhaps by deploying elements of well-established global discourses strategically to legitimize their arguments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, workshop participants may have been inclined to communicate in globally legible ways, perhaps by deploying elements of well-established global discourses strategically to legitimize their arguments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The workshops' transnational character may also have restricted space for subaltern perspectives in the discussion, particularly indigenous and community voices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The workshops' transnational character may also have restricted space for subaltern perspectives in the discussion, particularly indigenous and community voices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These dynamics signal, again, the need for REDD+ implementation to attend to local nuances if conflict and miscommunication are to be avoided.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These dynamics signal, again, the need for REDD+ implementation to attend to local nuances if conflict and miscommunication are to be avoided (Howell 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Howell 2015)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "As indicated, we adopted a hybrid methodological approach that melded discourse analysis with stakeholder analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As indicated, we adopted a hybrid methodological approach that melded discourse analysis with stakeholder analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Actor discourses are usually garnered from sources such as texts and oral transcripts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Actor discourses are usually garnered from sources such as texts and oral transcripts (Hajer 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hajer 1995)" ] }, { "text": "However, few of the subnational actors that we were interested in had expressed relevant views in such a format, meaning that we needed to generate material from scratch.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, few of the subnational actors that we were interested in had expressed relevant views in such a format, meaning that we needed to generate material from scratch.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we wanted our target actors to respond to a set of core questions about REDD+ in a pseudo-public setting, where their stances, interactions, and discursive strategies could be observed by us and other stakeholders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we wanted our target actors to respond to a set of core questions about REDD+ in a pseudo-public setting, where their stances, interactions, and discursive strategies could be observed by us and other stakeholders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We therefore adopted a workshop format for data collection, based on stakeholder analysis methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We therefore adopted a workshop format for data collection, based on stakeholder analysis methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This provided a systematic way to bring actors together so that their opinions on REDD+ and forest management could be shared and recorded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This provided a systematic way to bring actors together so that their opinions on REDD+ and forest management could be shared and recorded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such policy-oriented workshops are common in Indonesia, so our approach was considered locally appropriate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such policy-oriented workshops are common in Indonesia, so our approach was considered locally appropriate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The construction industry lags behind other industries in adopting innovative new technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The construction industry lags behind other industries in adopting innovative new technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The need to accelerate the rate of technological adoption in the construction industry has been well documented in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The need to accelerate the rate of technological adoption in the construction industry has been well documented in the literature [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The rapid advances in sensing technologies motivated researchers to study the feasibility of using such technologies to automate and integrate individual technologies for tracking and monitoring in the construction industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rapid advances in sensing technologies motivated researchers to study the feasibility of using such technologies to automate and integrate individual technologies for tracking and monitoring in the construction industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A new tracking architecture was implemented using wireless sensor modules by combining radio frequency signals and Ultrasound; the results showed accurate position estimations with enhanced net-work flexibility.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A new tracking architecture was implemented using wireless sensor modules by combining radio frequency signals and Ultrasound; the results showed accurate position estimations with enhanced net-work flexibility [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "However, traditional ultrasound positioning has some disadvantages including line-of-sight transmission, multipath, high cost and power consumption which may hinder the possible applications in complicated construction environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, traditional ultrasound positioning has some disadvantages including line-of-sight transmission, multipath, high cost and power consumption which may hinder the possible applications in complicated construction environments [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Various combinations of RFID and Zigbee-based sensor networks have also been applied for materials tracking and supply chain management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various combinations of RFID and Zigbee-based sensor networks have also been applied for materials tracking and supply chain management [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "RFID tags were used to identify various kinds of construction materials, and the ZigBee communication technology was used to wirelessly transfer this information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RFID tags were used to identify various kinds of construction materials, and the ZigBee communication technology was used to wirelessly transfer this information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These studies confirmed that WSN can improve the wireless communication and network flexibility but their primary use was only data transmission, and not positioning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These studies confirmed that WSN can improve the wireless communication and network flexibility but their primary use was only data transmission, and not positioning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Indoor localization research has been going on for decades in the robotics field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indoor localization research has been going on for decades in the robotics field [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The fact that indoor localization research is to date a very active research area indicates that there are still many challenges left to resolve.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that indoor localization research is to date a very active research area indicates that there are still many challenges left to resolve.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The challenges depend on the required accuracy and reliability dictated by the application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The challenges depend on the required accuracy and reliability dictated by the application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fundamental challenge indoors is that the radio frequency environment is characterized by limited coverage, severe multipath signal fading and non line of sight (NLOS) conditions, which severely impact wireless signals propagation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fundamental challenge indoors is that the radio frequency environment is characterized by limited coverage, severe multipath signal fading and non line of sight (NLOS) conditions, which severely impact wireless signals propagation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper is dedicated to experiment and investigate the challenges of wireless radio signals propagation in indoor environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is dedicated to experiment and investigate the challenges of wireless radio signals propagation in indoor environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Therefore, more information is needed on acceptability of medical termination of pregnancy with home use of misoprostol between 50 and 63 days gestation in settings where clinic treatment is an option or the standard.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, more information is needed on acceptability of medical termination of pregnancy with home use of misoprostol between 50 and 63 days gestation in settings where clinic treatment is an option or the standard.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The experience of free choice in the termination process is important to women and influences the acceptability of the chosen method for both surgical and medical abortion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The experience of free choice in the termination process is important to women and influences the acceptability of the chosen method for both surgical and medical abortion (Henshaw et al., 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Henshaw et al., 1993)" ] }, { "text": "This prospective study aimed to investigate efficacy, feasibility and acceptability in home self-administration of vaginal misoprostol for medical termination of pregnancy among women with 50 -63 days gestation compared with below 50 days of gestation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This prospective study aimed to investigate efficacy, feasibility and acceptability in home self-administration of vaginal misoprostol for medical termination of pregnancy among women with 50 -63 days gestation compared with below 50 days of gestation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study was performed in a routine clinical setting of medical or surgical termination where the abortion method and place of misoprostol administration was performed according to the woman's free choice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study was performed in a routine clinical setting of medical or surgical termination where the abortion method and place of misoprostol administration was performed according to the woman's free choice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The standard way of implementing a GLL parser is to generate code for each grammar slot.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard way of implementing a GLL parser is to generate code for each grammar slot [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "Such implementation relies on dynamic gotos to allow arbitrary jumps to the main loop or other grammar slots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such implementation relies on dynamic gotos to allow arbitrary jumps to the main loop or other grammar slots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our GLL implementation, a grammar is modeled as a connected graph of grammar slots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our GLL implementation, a grammar is modeled as a connected graph of grammar slots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This model of context-free grammars resembles Woods' Recursive Augmented Transition Networks (ATN) grammars.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This model of context-free grammars resembles Woods' Recursive Augmented Transition Networks (ATN) [40] grammars.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] }, { "text": "As such, our implementation of GLL over ATN grammars (Appendix A) provides an interpreter version of GLL parsing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, our implementation of GLL over ATN grammars (Appendix A) provides an interpreter version of GLL parsing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "While a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) mainly runs on the same fuel as a conventional combustion engine, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has the potential to replace most of that fuel with electricity from the grid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) mainly runs on the same fuel as a conventional combustion engine, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) has the potential to replace most of that fuel with electricity from the grid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the driving-range limitations associated with a pure battery electric vehicle (BEV) do not apply to the PHEV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the driving-range limitations associated with a pure battery electric vehicle (BEV) do not apply to the PHEV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This makes the PHEV an interesting option for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants as well as energy dependence, without sacrificing performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This makes the PHEV an interesting option for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local air pollutants as well as energy dependence, without sacrificing performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, how large fuel reduction that could be expected from PHEVs strongly depends on the battery range and driving and charging patterns.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, how large fuel reduction that could be expected from PHEVs strongly depends on the battery range and driving and charging patterns (Björnsson and Karlsson, 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Björnsson and Karlsson, 2015)" ] }, { "text": "To maximize fuel reduction, battery capacity should be designed to reach a high share of electric driving.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To maximize fuel reduction, battery capacity should be designed to reach a high share of electric driving.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, maximizing fuel reduction might not be the main objective for all stakeholders when optimizing battery range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, maximizing fuel reduction might not be the main objective for all stakeholders when optimizing battery range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Car owners could be more interested in reaching a low total cost of ownership (TCO), while manufacturers might focus on a battery range that suits as many potential buyers as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Car owners could be more interested in reaching a low total cost of ownership (TCO), while manufacturers might focus on a battery range that suits as many potential buyers as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, we analyze how the optimal battery range for the PHEV and the resulting vehicle fleet properties vary with the choice of objective function under various techno-economic conditions and policy options.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we analyze how the optimal battery range for the PHEV and the resulting vehicle fleet properties vary with the choice of objective function under various techno-economic conditions and policy options.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The variation obtained in 13 out of the 15 variables used for the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) suggests presence of a high degree of varying perception, knowledge and opinion for sweetpotato in Ghana.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The variation obtained in 13 out of the 15 variables used for the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) suggests presence of a high degree of varying perception, knowledge and opinion for sweetpotato in Ghana.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The level of interest and participation were very high, indicating that differences observed may be attributed to social background since discussions were held in different communities/regions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The level of interest and participation were very high, indicating that differences observed may be attributed to social background since discussions were held in different communities/regions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because; preference for sweetpotato varies with ethnic background and geographic location.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because; preference for sweetpotato varies with ethnic background and geographic location (Kays & Horvat, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kays & Horvat, 1983)" ] }, { "text": "For most communities sweetpotato is mainly grown and produced in one season (major cropping season) per year.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For most communities sweetpotato is mainly grown and produced in one season (major cropping season) per year.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason is the availability of rainfall and avoidance of the sweetpotato weevil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason is the availability of rainfall and avoidance of the sweetpotato weevil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sweetpotato weevil is the major pest of the crop worldwide especially in the drier agroecological zone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The sweetpotato weevil is the major pest of the crop worldwide especially in the drier agroecological zone (Ames et al., 1996; CIP, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ames et al., 1996; CIP, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Major season plantings and harvestings are in March/April and August, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Major season plantings and harvestings are in March/April and August, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Harvesting depends mainly on market availability and household demands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Harvesting depends mainly on market availability and household demands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The decision on the crop grown was mainly based on food security and income generation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The decision on the crop grown was mainly based on food security and income generation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, crop adaptability to the environment is also a critical factor in the Northern Region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, crop adaptability to the environment is also a critical factor in the Northern Region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The potential of sweetpotato as a food security and an income generation crop was confirmed by the current study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The potential of sweetpotato as a food security and an income generation crop was confirmed by the current study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is partly affirmed by the blend of stakeholders (farmers, consumers, processors, and marketers) identified to be associated with the crop.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is partly affirmed by the blend of stakeholders (farmers, consumers, processors, and marketers) identified to be associated with the crop.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relative ranking of sweetpotato to the other crops grown in the study area also affirms the food security and income generating potential of the crop.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relative ranking of sweetpotato to the other crops grown in the study area also affirms the food security and income generating potential of the crop.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The average land holding for sweetpotato is very small compared to the other staple crops.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The average land holding for sweetpotato is very small compared to the other staple crops.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because in most developing countries, sweetpotato is a smallholder crop tolerant to a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions and grown with limited inputs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because in most developing countries, sweetpotato is a smallholder crop tolerant to a wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions and grown with limited inputs (Lebot, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lebot, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Portland cement is an important building material which supports the concrete industry for infrastructural and residential development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Portland cement is an important building material which supports the concrete industry for infrastructural and residential development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Concrete is the second most widely consumed material after water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concrete is the second most widely consumed material after water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research has shown that not only Portland cement is used to prepare durable concrete but also mixture between Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Research has shown that not only Portland cement is used to prepare durable concrete but also mixture between Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) is possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SCMs that have been used in concrete include pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SCMs that have been used in concrete include pozzolanic materials such as fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "Usually SCMs are used to replace between 20% and 40% of Portland cement by weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually SCMs are used to replace between 20% and 40% of Portland cement by weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The utilization of SCMs as partial replacement of cement is known to enhance strength of concretes as well as improving the durability of concrete whilst minimizing cement cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The utilization of SCMs as partial replacement of cement is known to enhance strength of concretes as well as improving the durability of concrete whilst minimizing cement cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Low velocity catalytic gas-fluidisation (bubbling and turbulent regime) generally has lower overall reaction rates than predicted by the intrinsic kinetics of the catalyst.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Low velocity catalytic gas-fluidisation (bubbling and turbulent regime) generally has lower overall reaction rates than predicted by the intrinsic kinetics of the catalyst.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The phenomenon is primarily caused by interphase mass transfer limitations due to particle-fluid separation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The phenomenon is primarily caused by interphase mass transfer limitations due to particle-fluid separation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This causes bubbles to form in the bed, which results in gas bypassing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This causes bubbles to form in the bed, which results in gas bypassing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increasing the gas flow rate typically increases the bubble size in the bed which reduces the mass transfer rate between the bubbles and the solids; this can affect the overall reaction rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Increasing the gas flow rate typically increases the bubble size in the bed which reduces the mass transfer rate between the bubbles and the solids; this can affect the overall reaction rate [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to the interphase mass transfer, gas-backmixing in the emulsion phase can influence the reaction performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the interphase mass transfer, gas-backmixing in the emulsion phase can influence the reaction performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Historically the main focus in rectifying this problem was therefore to reduce the bubble sizes in the fluidised bed reactor (FBR).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Historically the main focus in rectifying this problem was therefore to reduce the bubble sizes in the fluidised bed reactor (FBR) [1, 3, 4, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3, 4, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "There are numerous methods to quantify the contribution of a novel mixing scheme in a FBR.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are numerous methods to quantify the contribution of a novel mixing scheme in a FBR.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One approach is to quantify changes in specific hydrodynamic parameters like bubble size, bubble velocity, gas hold-up etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One approach is to quantify changes in specific hydrodynamic parameters like bubble size, bubble velocity, gas hold-up etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measured changes (improvements) can then be used to speculate on its contribution to the overall performance of a FBR.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measured changes (improvements) can then be used to speculate on its contribution to the overall performance of a FBR.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively, one can start from an overall performance measurement like the conversion of a catalysed chemical reaction in the bed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, one can start from an overall performance measurement like the conversion of a catalysed chemical reaction in the bed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For atmospheric cold-flow columns the ozone decomposition reaction has proven itself as an ideally suited reaction in this regard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For atmospheric cold-flow columns the ozone decomposition reaction has proven itself as an ideally suited reaction in this regard [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "The drawback of the overall performance measurement is that the underlying reason for the change (improvement) might not be clear.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The drawback of the overall performance measurement is that the underlying reason for the change (improvement) might not be clear.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lack of fundamental understanding will subsequently result in uncertainty in scale-up of the novel mixing scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lack of fundamental understanding will subsequently result in uncertainty in scale-up of the novel mixing scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reactor models in conjunction with literature correlations can be used to investigate possible reasons, but the uniqueness of the specific system is not considered by the models and correlations might lead to an incorrect conclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reactor models in conjunction with literature correlations can be used to investigate possible reasons, but the uniqueness of the specific system is not considered by the models and correlations might lead to an incorrect conclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is therefore preferable to join the abovementioned methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore preferable to join the abovementioned methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis of the results from the overall performance measurement is then based on additional hydrodynamic measurements performed simultaneously in the same bed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of the results from the overall performance measurement is then based on additional hydrodynamic measurements performed simultaneously in the same bed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Theories based on cognitive neuroscience mention the role of the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, and dopaminergic pathways and indicate that their defective functions can lead to attention difficulties and deficit in behavioral control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Theories based on cognitive neuroscience mention the role of the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, and dopaminergic pathways and indicate that their defective functions can lead to attention difficulties and deficit in behavioral control [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Multiple evidences show the functional insufficiency of dopamine in the brain of children with ADHD has an important contribution to the symptoms of ADHD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple evidences show the functional insufficiency of dopamine in the brain of children with ADHD has an important contribution to the symptoms of ADHD [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "The findings of new researches reveal that in most children with ADHD, differences in Electroencephalography (EEG) and coordination of electric activities of the brain can be seen when compared with that of normal children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings of new researches reveal that in most children with ADHD, differences in Electroencephalography (EEG) and coordination of electric activities of the brain can be seen when compared with that of normal children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The activity of Theta waves in the frontal and central area that are related to hypoarousal is an index of the decrease in cortical activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The activity of Theta waves in the frontal and central area that are related to hypoarousal is an index of the decrease in cortical activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increase in Theta potency is the most consonant finding in the EEG research documents about ADHD, and it clearly indicates that hypoarousal is a common neuropathological mechanism in children with ADHD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase in Theta potency is the most consonant finding in the EEG research documents about ADHD, and it clearly indicates that hypoarousal is a common neuropathological mechanism in children with ADHD [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Due to Theta high and Beta low in the frontal lobe of children with ADHD, we have used decreasing Theta and increasing Beta protocol in sensory-motor areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to Theta high and Beta low in the frontal lobe of children with ADHD, we have used decreasing Theta and increasing Beta protocol in sensory-motor areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several articles have mentioned the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy on decreasing impulsivity, construction of control, and improving attention.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several articles have mentioned the effectiveness of neurofeedback therapy on decreasing impulsivity, construction of control, and improving attention [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "It seems that the major symptoms of inattention are related with motor coordinating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems that the major symptoms of inattention are related with motor coordinating [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, the motor deficit of children with ADHD is one of the reasons for increasing inattention and defects in occupational memory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the motor deficit of children with ADHD is one of the reasons for increasing inattention and defects in occupational memory [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] }, { "text": "In the past, the relation of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms with motor coordination has been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, the relation of hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms with motor coordination has been reported [44, 45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45", "BIBREF46" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44, 45]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The CBCL survey measures a child's competence and behavior through parents or those who know the child well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CBCL survey measures a child's competence and behavior through parents or those who know the child well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It includes two wide dimensions (external and internal problems) and eight limited syndromes (Anxiety/ Depression, Withdrawal, Physical Complaints, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It includes two wide dimensions (external and internal problems) and eight limited syndromes (Anxiety/ Depression, Withdrawal, Physical Complaints, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Delinquent Behavior and Aggressive Behavior) [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "The children were then randomly allocated (using simple random method) into two groups (intervention and control groups) of twenty children each.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The children were then randomly allocated (using simple random method) into two groups (intervention and control groups) of twenty children each.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The intervention group received neurofeedback therapy according to decreasing Theta and increasing Beta protocol in the central zone (CZ) area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The intervention group received neurofeedback therapy according to decreasing Theta and increasing Beta protocol in the central zone (CZ) area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "According to the findings of several researches that have elucidated that children with ADHD have an abnormal pattern of EEG, neurofeedback can provide a mechanism to children that normalize themselves by decreasing the slow wave activity and increasing the fast wave activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the findings of several researches that have elucidated that children with ADHD have an abnormal pattern of EEG, neurofeedback can provide a mechanism to children that normalize themselves by decreasing the slow wave activity and increasing the fast wave activity [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "According to perceptual-motor standpoints, all human actions originate from movement and motor learning has an important role in the expression of cognitive functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to perceptual-motor standpoints, all human actions originate from movement and motor learning has an important role in the expression of cognitive functions [13, 34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 34]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, it seems that behavioral-motor deficits are a result of inappropriate and uncoordinated information processing from input to the output stage (motor behavior).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it seems that behavioral-motor deficits are a result of inappropriate and uncoordinated information processing from input to the output stage (motor behavior).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Hence, it seems that a change in perceptual processing patterns on brain inputs plays a role in changing the behavioral outputs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, it seems that a change in perceptual processing patterns on brain inputs plays a role in changing the behavioral outputs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it shown in Figure 1 , the pyramid of sensory integration draws the evolution and growth of sensory systems in a systematic and scientific way and explains the processing matrix of sensory input from an unrefined sensory stimulation to becoming a complex behavioral pattern.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As it shown in Figure 1 , the pyramid of sensory integration draws the evolution and growth of sensory systems in a systematic and scientific way and explains the processing matrix of sensory input from an unrefined sensory stimulation to becoming a complex behavioral pattern [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Interestingly, the deficits and defects in each stage of sensory functions, in cycle and procedure of giving, processing, perceptual, incorporation and recognition, can cause a problem in higher classes of sensory integration pyramid, hampering the growth of sensory stimulations to becoming complex combinational behaviors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, the deficits and defects in each stage of sensory functions, in cycle and procedure of giving, processing, perceptual, incorporation and recognition, can cause a problem in higher classes of sensory integration pyramid, hampering the growth of sensory stimulations to becoming complex combinational behaviors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 1 shows that Rehabilitation interventions and perceptual-motor exercises can be effective in decreasing the symptoms of children with ADHD.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 shows that Rehabilitation interventions and perceptual-motor exercises can be effective in decreasing the symptoms of children with ADHD [10, 36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 36]" ] }, { "text": "The American Psychiatric Association has accepted biofeedback or neurofeedback EEG as a supplement therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The American Psychiatric Association has accepted biofeedback or neurofeedback EEG as a supplement therapy [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "This therapy can also increase the effectiveness and efficiency of other therapeutic interventions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This therapy can also increase the effectiveness and efficiency of other therapeutic interventions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since cortical waves rise from cortex functions of the nervous system, the children with ADHD have a higher level of Delta and Theta waves, domain increase of cortical Beta in the frontal lobe, and disturbance in Alpha waves balance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since cortical waves rise from cortex functions of the nervous system, the children with ADHD have a higher level of Delta and Theta waves, domain increase of cortical Beta in the frontal lobe, and disturbance in Alpha waves balance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increase in cortical Beta has a strong relation with their disability in stable attention and impulses control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase in cortical Beta has a strong relation with their disability in stable attention and impulses control [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Thus, the motor deficit of children with ADHD is not only a motor problem; rather it is one of the reasons for increasing inattention and defects in occupational memory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the motor deficit of children with ADHD is not only a motor problem; rather it is one of the reasons for increasing inattention and defects in occupational memory [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] }, { "text": "Future studies should focus on daily liv- ing perceptual-motor activities and stable attention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future studies should focus on daily liv- ing perceptual-motor activities and stable attention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This inquiry consists of some limitations such as differences in age, symptoms, and cultural context of children, and lack of control over their diets that increased the deficit symptoms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This inquiry consists of some limitations such as differences in age, symptoms, and cultural context of children, and lack of control over their diets that increased the deficit symptoms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Similarly, the ratio of Theta to Beta, which is related to cortical stimulation, distinguishes between children with ADHD and normal children in a consonant way.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the ratio of Theta to Beta, which is related to cortical stimulation, distinguishes between children with ADHD and normal children in a consonant way [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "The results of Beta activity -that show cortical hyperarousalare in less consonant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of Beta activity -that show cortical hyperarousalare in less consonant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several studies have reported the decrease in Beta activity in the frontal and central areas, but a few studies have also reported that about 15% of children with ADHD show an increase in Beta activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several studies have reported the decrease in Beta activity in the frontal and central areas, but a few studies have also reported that about 15% of children with ADHD show an increase in Beta activity [22, 24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 24]" ] }, { "text": "In neurofeedback interventions, the alteration of wave's amplitudes originated from the cerebral cortex causes changes in the function of cortex structures that are involved in movements and have influences on the motor efficiency of individuals, considering the changes in the motor cortex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In neurofeedback interventions, the alteration of wave's amplitudes originated from the cerebral cortex causes changes in the function of cortex structures that are involved in movements and have influences on the motor efficiency of individuals, considering the changes in the motor cortex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Prediction of a nominal three-category variable required two separate response functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Prediction of a nominal three-category variable required two separate response functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The regressions were defined so that the first function predicted the natural log of the odds of responding no rather than yes and the second function of responding undecided rather than yes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The regressions were defined so that the first function predicted the natural log of the odds of responding no rather than yes and the second function of responding undecided rather than yes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The remaining odds (no vs. undecided) are completely redundant with the first two and therefore were not modeled.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The remaining odds (no vs. undecided) are completely redundant with the first two and therefore were not modeled.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each regression, only gender and cultural group were included as predictors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each regression, only gender and cultural group were included as predictors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In each case, the sufficiency of this main-effects model was tested using the deviance statistic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In each case, the sufficiency of this main-effects model was tested using the deviance statistic (Allison, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allison, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "As used here, this fit statistic compares the main- Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As used here, this fit statistic compares the main- Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All statistically significant coefficients are discussed below for each question in turn.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All statistically significant coefficients are discussed below for each question in turn.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The questions are ordered as they appeared in the questionnaire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The questions are ordered as they appeared in the questionnaire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Where do students in the three countries achieve expression of their inner selves?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Where do students in the three countries achieve expression of their inner selves?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Time spent with close friends, solitary hobbies, and free time spent alone were most frequently judged as allowing for expression (equally for the three groups).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Time spent with close friends, solitary hobbies, and free time spent alone were most frequently judged as allowing for expression (equally for the three groups).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The invariance is noteworthy, suggesting that the universal constraints, obligations, and affordances of student life may be as important as sociocultural distinctiveness for determining which contexts best accommodate self-expression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The invariance is noteworthy, suggesting that the universal constraints, obligations, and affordances of student life may be as important as sociocultural distinctiveness for determining which contexts best accommodate self-expression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These contexts also appear to be the most informal, a feature that is hardly surprising.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These contexts also appear to be the most informal, a feature that is hardly surprising.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the East Asians groups reported spending more free time by themselves and engaged in solitary hobbies than did Canadians, suggesting that the former enjoy more opportunity for self-expression in these specific contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the East Asians groups reported spending more free time by themselves and engaged in solitary hobbies than did Canadians, suggesting that the former enjoy more opportunity for self-expression in these specific contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The differences for the remaining contexts were consistent with our expectation that East Asians express their inner selves in fewer activity domains than do Westerners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The differences for the remaining contexts were consistent with our expectation that East Asians express their inner selves in fewer activity domains than do Westerners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relevant evidence here is greater likelihood of rejecting rather than accepting the claim that the inner self is generally expressed in the domain, not just greater likelihood to remain undecided about the question.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relevant evidence here is greater likelihood of rejecting rather than accepting the claim that the inner self is generally expressed in the domain, not just greater likelihood to remain undecided about the question.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By this criterion, the Chinese were less likely than Canadians to find selfexpression in the company of parents, siblings, and extended family.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By this criterion, the Chinese were less likely than Canadians to find selfexpression in the company of parents, siblings, and extended family.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the Japanese, this difference held only for extended family and volunteer work, the latter of which they reported devoting less time to than did the other groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the Japanese, this difference held only for extended family and volunteer work, the latter of which they reported devoting less time to than did the other groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There were no group differences in the amount of time students spent in the three family domains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There were no group differences in the amount of time students spent in the three family domains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The overall pattern of differences suggests that the Chinese are least likely to experience self-expression in the context of family interaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The overall pattern of differences suggests that the Chinese are least likely to experience self-expression in the context of family interaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is perhaps because of the tightly prescribed framework of obligations, duties, and responsibilities-the \"authoritarian moralism\"-that characterizes the Chinese family.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is perhaps because of the tightly prescribed framework of obligations, duties, and responsibilities-the \"authoritarian moralism\"-that characterizes the Chinese family (Dien, 1999; Ho, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dien, 1999; Ho, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "In the Japanese ie (household), on the other hand, there is considerable indulgence of spontaneity, frankness, and informality among members of the immediate family that does not commonly extend to more distant kin.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Japanese ie (household), on the other hand, there is considerable indulgence of spontaneity, frankness, and informality among members of the immediate family that does not commonly extend to more distant kin (Bachnik, 1992a (Bachnik, , 1992b Doi, 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bachnik, 1992a (Bachnik, , 1992b Doi, 1981)" ] }, { "text": "The greater tendency of the Chinese to cite experiences of social constraint as examples of self-behavior inconsistency supports this interpretation; a fair number of the events reported by the Chinese involved family matters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The greater tendency of the Chinese to cite experiences of social constraint as examples of self-behavior inconsistency supports this interpretation; a fair number of the events reported by the Chinese involved family matters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A sound-absorbing structure using thin film is described in a patent.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A sound-absorbing structure using thin film is described in a patent [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "When a soundwave makes contact with the sound-absorbing structure of the invention, the thin films vibrate and contacts between the overlapping portions rub against each other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a soundwave makes contact with the sound-absorbing structure of the invention, the thin films vibrate and contacts between the overlapping portions rub against each other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The energy contained in the soundwave dissipates as a result, and a high sound absorption coefficient over a broad frequency band is obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The energy contained in the soundwave dissipates as a result, and a high sound absorption coefficient over a broad frequency band is obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sound absorption effect is intensified by the addition of the damping effect as the soundwave passes through the interstices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sound absorption effect is intensified by the addition of the damping effect as the soundwave passes through the interstices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "At the early phases of a data warehouse (DW) project, we create conceptual designs for the multidimensional (MD) schema of the DW and the extract-transform-load (ETL) process that would populate this MD schema from the data sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the early phases of a data warehouse (DW) project, we create conceptual designs for the multidimensional (MD) schema of the DW and the extract-transform-load (ETL) process that would populate this MD schema from the data sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These labor-intensive tasks are typically performed manually and are known to consume 60% of the time of the overall DW project.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These labor-intensive tasks are typically performed manually and are known to consume 60% of the time of the overall DW project [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Automating these tasks would speed up the designer's work both at the early stages of the project and also, later on, when evolution events may change the DW ecosystem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Automating these tasks would speed up the designer's work both at the early stages of the project and also, later on, when evolution events may change the DW ecosystem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Results of structural study by XRD analysis revealed that, the crystallite size of aluminum matrix in the composite powders is smaller than that of the unreinforced aluminum (Table 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Results of structural study by XRD analysis revealed that, the crystallite size of aluminum matrix in the composite powders is smaller than that of the unreinforced aluminum (Table 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, lower crystallite size was obtained when nanometric particles were used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, lower crystallite size was obtained when nanometric particles were used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The acceleration of the grain refinement process by adding SiC particles can be attributed to the generation of a high dislocation activity caused by the interaction between the hard particles and dislocations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The acceleration of the grain refinement process by adding SiC particles can be attributed to the generation of a high dislocation activity caused by the interaction between the hard particles and dislocations [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Because SiC particles are hard and non-deformable, they can hinder the dislocations movement, leading to an increase in the dislocation density.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because SiC particles are hard and non-deformable, they can hinder the dislocations movement, leading to an increase in the dislocation density.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the hard particles are small enough (<1μm), the Orowan bowing mechanism leads to dislocation multiplication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the hard particles are small enough (<1μm), the Orowan bowing mechanism leads to dislocation multiplication [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The increased dislocation density accelerates the grain refining progress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased dislocation density accelerates the grain refining progress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the mean free path between the particles decreases as they become smaller, which results in more interaction between dislocations and the obstacles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the mean free path between the particles decreases as they become smaller, which results in more interaction between dislocations and the obstacles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the grain refining process in the nanocomposite powder is accelerated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the grain refining process in the nanocomposite powder is accelerated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Malignant transformation of cells in most cancers is characterized by dysregulation of the cell cycle and inhibition of cell death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Malignant transformation of cells in most cancers is characterized by dysregulation of the cell cycle and inhibition of cell death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overexpression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl in a number of cancers, including lung, prostate, colorectal, breast, cervical, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and both acute and chronic leukemia, has been reported to contribute to increased resistance to chemotherapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overexpression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl in a number of cancers, including lung, prostate, colorectal, breast, cervical, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and both acute and chronic leukemia, has been reported to contribute to increased resistance to chemotherapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cyclin D1 gene, located on chromosome 11q13, is an important regulator of the cell cycle, which interacts with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 to form a CDK 4/6-cyclin D complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cyclin D1 gene, located on chromosome 11q13, is an important regulator of the cell cycle, which interacts with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6 to form a CDK 4/6-cyclin D complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (pRb), which forms an inhibitory complex with a group of transcription factors known as E2F-DP (E2F-1, -2 and -3), and functions to control the G 1 /S transition point of the cell cycle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This complex phosphorylates the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (pRb), which forms an inhibitory complex with a group of transcription factors known as E2F-DP (E2F-1, -2 and -3), and functions to control the G 1 /S transition point of the cell cycle [15] [16] [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17]" ] }, { "text": "Hyperphosphorylation of pRb by the Cyclin D1-CDK complex causes a dissociation of pRb from the E2F inhibitory complexes, permitting progression of the cell cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hyperphosphorylation of pRb by the Cyclin D1-CDK complex causes a dissociation of pRb from the E2F inhibitory complexes, permitting progression of the cell cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many tumors evade apoptotic death signals by expressing anti-apoptotic proteins, such as the pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many tumors evade apoptotic death signals by expressing anti-apoptotic proteins, such as the pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These proteins are characterized by the presence of four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains, which are required for their anti-apoptotic functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These proteins are characterized by the presence of four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains, which are required for their anti-apoptotic functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The BH1-BH4 domains mediate interactions of these proteins with other protein partners, resulting in localization of these proteins at the cytoplasmic surfaces of intracellular membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The BH1-BH4 domains mediate interactions of these proteins with other protein partners, resulting in localization of these proteins at the cytoplasmic surfaces of intracellular membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The BH1-BH3 domains form a hydrophobic groove, while the N-terminal BH4 domain stabilizes this structure from behind the groove by burying additional hydrophobic residues, which would otherwise be exposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The BH1-BH3 domains form a hydrophobic groove, while the N-terminal BH4 domain stabilizes this structure from behind the groove by burying additional hydrophobic residues, which would otherwise be exposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hydrophobic groove of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl binds the BH3 α-helix of a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, such as Bax or Bak, inhibiting their binding to membranes, and uncovering the C-terminus to trigger the apoptotic cascade.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The hydrophobic groove of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xl binds the BH3 α-helix of a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, such as Bax or Bak, inhibiting their binding to membranes, and uncovering the C-terminus to trigger the apoptotic cascade [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "Overexpression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation, lymph node metastasis and prognosis of the cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overexpression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, tumor proliferation, lymph node metastasis and prognosis of the cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are valuable molecular markers in the early stages of cancer and are important molecular targets in tumor therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They are valuable molecular markers in the early stages of cancer and are important molecular targets in tumor therapy [15, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 18]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "As far as gaseous propellants are concerned, argon, nitrogen, xenon and water vapor have been tested.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As far as gaseous propellants are concerned, argon, nitrogen, xenon and water vapor have been tested [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The main benefi ts of using gaseous propellants are the performance repeatability and the Liquid micro pulsed plasma thruster elimination of late-time ablation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main benefi ts of using gaseous propellants are the performance repeatability and the Liquid micro pulsed plasma thruster elimination of late-time ablation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Am ong the main drawbacks of using gas propellants in PPTs is the increased complexity of the feeding system as well as the need to provide precise synchronization between the gas feeding system and the igniter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Am ong the main drawbacks of using gas propellants in PPTs is the increased complexity of the feeding system as well as the need to provide precise synchronization between the gas feeding system and the igniter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Failing to achieve good coupling between the two subsystems may be a possible source of large mass losses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Failing to achieve good coupling between the two subsystems may be a possible source of large mass losses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Pollination and seed dispersal are often mutualistic interactions between animals, which gain a source of food, and plants, which gain a pollen vector or seeddispersal agent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pollination and seed dispersal are often mutualistic interactions between animals, which gain a source of food, and plants, which gain a pollen vector or seeddispersal agent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though many studies have demonstrated coevolution between flowers and their pollinators, less is known about both the benefits and the specificity of interactions between plants and their dispersers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Though many studies have demonstrated coevolution between flowers and their pollinators, less is known about both the benefits and the specificity of interactions between plants and their dispersers (Howe and Smallwood 1982) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Howe and Smallwood 1982)" ] }, { "text": "In some cases, seed dispersal may be both required for germination and accomplished by a single partner; extinction of the animal disperser will cause extinction of the coevolved plant species.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some cases, seed dispersal may be both required for germination and accomplished by a single partner; extinction of the animal disperser will cause extinction of the coevolved plant species (Temple 1977) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Temple 1977)" ] }, { "text": "Alternatively, the loss of a whole guild of dispersers may merely lead to new dispersers taking over, or to passive seedfall beneath the parent, with recruitment continuing and with little change in plant distribution or abundance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively, the loss of a whole guild of dispersers may merely lead to new dispersers taking over, or to passive seedfall beneath the parent, with recruitment continuing and with little change in plant distribution or abundance (Janzen and Martin 1982) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Janzen and Martin 1982)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Over the past decade, evidence indicates that rhizosphere processes play a crucial role in regulating soil carbon cycle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past decade, evidence indicates that rhizosphere processes play a crucial role in regulating soil carbon cycle (Finzi et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Finzi et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "The presence of live roots can suppress soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition rates by 50% or stimulate it by 380%, when compared with soil incubations without plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of live roots can suppress soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition rates by 50% or stimulate it by 380%, when compared with soil incubations without plants (Cheng et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cheng et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "This phenomenon is known as the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This phenomenon is known as the rhizosphere priming effect (RPE).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, the magnitude of the RPE is similar to the effects of temperature and soil moisture on SOM decomposition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the magnitude of the RPE is similar to the effects of temperature and soil moisture on SOM decomposition (Zhu and Cheng, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zhu and Cheng, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "However, our current understanding on the RPE is still mostly based on scattered published results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our current understanding on the RPE is still mostly based on scattered published results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A meta-analysis is needed to provide a quantitative assessment on the RPE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A meta-analysis is needed to provide a quantitative assessment on the RPE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Most characters of economic and evolutionary importance are controlled by many loci and are inherited quantitatively (quantitative trait loci, QTL).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most characters of economic and evolutionary importance are controlled by many loci and are inherited quantitatively (quantitative trait loci, QTL).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cosegregation of phenotypic variation and alleles at marker loci with no presupposed phenotypic effect is one approach to locate chromosomal regions containing QTL.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Cosegregation of phenotypic variation and alleles at marker loci with no presupposed phenotypic effect is one approach to locate chromosomal regions containing QTL (Paterson et al., 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Paterson et al., 1988)" ] }, { "text": "The identification of molecular markers tightly linked to QTL allows the direct determination of the effect of QTL on fitness traits (i.e. additivity, epistasis), the number of regions involved and the magnitude of their effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identification of molecular markers tightly linked to QTL allows the direct determination of the effect of QTL on fitness traits (i.e. additivity, epistasis), the number of regions involved and the magnitude of their effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "High-fidelity eddy-resolving simulations require specification of accurate and realistic inflow conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High-fidelity eddy-resolving simulations require specification of accurate and realistic inflow conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inflow boundary layer thickness can have significant influence on the flow characteristics downstream.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inflow boundary layer thickness can have significant influence on the flow characteristics downstream.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in inter-turbine or inter-compressor diffuser configurations relevant to turbomachinery, the inlet boundary layer thickness determines the flow behavior through the diffuser.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in inter-turbine or inter-compressor diffuser configurations relevant to turbomachinery, the inlet boundary layer thickness determines the flow behavior through the diffuser [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Hence, addressing this issue with a robust approach that can be used within general unstructured CFD codes is critical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, addressing this issue with a robust approach that can be used within general unstructured CFD codes is critical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The constant 5/8 in Theorem 1.1 cannot be improved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The constant 5/8 in Theorem 1.1 cannot be improved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, we may take A = {p ∈ P : p ≡ 1, 2, 4, 7, 13 mod 15}. Then δ = 5/8.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, we may take A = {p ∈ P : p ≡ 1, 2, 4, 7, 13 mod 15}. Then δ = 5/8.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is not hard to see that if N ≡ 14 (mod 15) then N cannot be written as sum of three elements of A. Our study of this problem is motivated by the work of Li and Pan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not hard to see that if N ≡ 14 (mod 15) then N cannot be written as sum of three elements of A. Our study of this problem is motivated by the work of Li and Pan [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "They proved the following asymmetric version of Theorem 1.1: Theorem 1.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They proved the following asymmetric version of Theorem 1.1: Theorem 1.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Let A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ⊂ P be three subsets of the primes with δ(A 1 ) + δ(A 2 ) + δ(A 3 ) > 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let A 1 , A 2 , A 3 ⊂ P be three subsets of the primes with δ(A 1 ) + δ(A 2 ) + δ(A 3 ) > 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then for sufficiently large odd positive integers N , there exists a i ∈ A i (i = 1, 2, 3) with N = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then for sufficiently large odd positive integers N , there exists a i ∈ A i (i = 1, 2, 3) with N = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the examples considered above, the sumset A + A + A = {a 1 + a 2 + a 3 : a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ A} fails to cover all sufficiently large odd integers due to local obstructions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the examples considered above, the sumset A + A + A = {a 1 + a 2 + a 3 : a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ∈ A} fails to cover all sufficiently large odd integers due to local obstructions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is natural to ask what the threshold of δ(A) becomes if local obstructions are excluded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is natural to ask what the threshold of δ(A) becomes if local obstructions are excluded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We prove the following result in this direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We prove the following result in this direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For any positive integer W and any reduced residue b (mod W ), the lower density of A in the residue class b (mod W ) is defined by In the case when δ(A; 1, 3) = δ(A; 2, 3), the assumption on the density of A becomes δ(A) > 1/2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For any positive integer W and any reduced residue b (mod W ), the lower density of A in the residue class b (mod W ) is defined by In the case when δ(A; 1, 3) = δ(A; 2, 3), the assumption on the density of A becomes δ(A) > 1/2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We will see later that the conditions (1) and (2) naturally come from the hypotheses in Proposition 1.6 below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will see later that the conditions (1) and (2) naturally come from the hypotheses in Proposition 1.6 below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is an interesting question whether the condition δ(A) > 1/2 can be relaxed (maybe assuming stronger local conditions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an interesting question whether the condition δ(A) > 1/2 can be relaxed (maybe assuming stronger local conditions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One nice consequence of breaking the density 1/2 barrier is that it opens the door for giving a new proof of Vinogradov's theorem without using the theory of L-functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One nice consequence of breaking the density 1/2 barrier is that it opens the door for giving a new proof of Vinogradov's theorem without using the theory of L-functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This will be carried out in a forthcoming paper.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This will be carried out in a forthcoming paper [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, to the economic reasons, attrition is a measure used to determine the quality of education delivered by an institution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, to the economic reasons, attrition is a measure used to determine the quality of education delivered by an institution (Moody, 2004; Thompson, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moody, 2004; Thompson, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "If there is a high attrition rate, the perception is that the institution has a quality problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If there is a high attrition rate, the perception is that the institution has a quality problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Identifying the reasons students drop or fail courses is critical in determining what services and delivery methods the institution will need to provide in order to ensure successful completion of distant education classes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying the reasons students drop or fail courses is critical in determining what services and delivery methods the institution will need to provide in order to ensure successful completion of distant education classes (Nash, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nash, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "National studies conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) show that the number of institutions offering distance education courses and the number of students enrolling in distance education are increasing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "National studies conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) show that the number of institutions offering distance education courses and the number of students enrolling in distance education are increasing (Waits & Lewis, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Waits & Lewis, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Even though more students are choosing distance education, the literature shows that attrition rates are higher in online courses than in face-to-face courses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though more students are choosing distance education, the literature shows that attrition rates are higher in online courses than in face-to-face courses (Carr, 2000; Moody, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carr, 2000; Moody, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Researchers indicate the pervasiveness of the high attrition rates and the clarion call to find strategies that will encourage students, educators, and institutions to become more effective in addressing this issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Researchers indicate the pervasiveness of the high attrition rates and the clarion call to find strategies that will encourage students, educators, and institutions to become more effective in addressing this issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "However, to justify the existence of these limits, we need to have a stronger asymptotic formula for the orthonormal polynomials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to justify the existence of these limits, we need to have a stronger asymptotic formula for the orthonormal polynomials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Actually we need an asymptotic formula for the ratio of two consecutive discrete orthogonal polynomials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Actually we need an asymptotic formula for the ratio of two consecutive discrete orthogonal polynomials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note that the limit of the ratio of two consecutive terms of a sequence does not always exist when the nth root of the sequence exists, but if the limit of the ratio exists, then it is related to the limit of the nth root.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that the limit of the ratio of two consecutive terms of a sequence does not always exist when the nth root of the sequence exists, but if the limit of the ratio exists, then it is related to the limit of the nth root.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ratio asymptotics for discrete orthogonal polynomials is still an open problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ratio asymptotics for discrete orthogonal polynomials is still an open problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corresponding result for polynomials orthogonal with respect to a continuous measure on an interval was obtained by Rakhmanov.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The corresponding result for polynomials orthogonal with respect to a continuous measure on an interval was obtained by Rakhmanov [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "It would be useful to prove analogous result (under appropriate conditions) for the discrete case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be useful to prove analogous result (under appropriate conditions) for the discrete case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Because movements are difficult and physical activity less important for children with ASD, they could be less likely to be physically active.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because movements are difficult and physical activity less important for children with ASD, they could be less likely to be physically active.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, they have less developed physical fitness and motor skills.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, they have less developed physical fitness and motor skills [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "In our study, cardiorespiratory fitness is decreased (but nevertheless at a good level) in children with ASD compared to controls even though our two groups are matched in age, height, weight and gender.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, cardiorespiratory fitness is decreased (but nevertheless at a good level) in children with ASD compared to controls even though our two groups are matched in age, height, weight and gender.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was no significant difference in the amount of physical activity between children with ASD and controls in our study that could account for the VO 2 difference between the two groups (Table 3) at the time of the study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no significant difference in the amount of physical activity between children with ASD and controls in our study that could account for the VO 2 difference between the two groups (Table 3) at the time of the study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "String theory contains D-branes which are solitonic objects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "String theory contains D-branes which are solitonic objects [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "When we consider the full theory in the presence of these solitons we have modes that propagate in the bulk and modes that propagate on the solitons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When we consider the full theory in the presence of these solitons we have modes that propagate in the bulk and modes that propagate on the solitons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The modes on the soliton interact with each other and with the bulk modes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The modes on the soliton interact with each other and with the bulk modes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible, however, to define a limit of the full theory in which the bulk modes decouple from the modes living on the D-brane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible, however, to define a limit of the full theory in which the bulk modes decouple from the modes living on the D-brane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is typically a low energy limit, in which we tune the coupling constant so as to keep only the interactions among the modes living on the D-brane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is typically a low energy limit, in which we tune the coupling constant so as to keep only the interactions among the modes living on the D-brane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this limit the D-brane theory becomes super-Yang-Mills (for p ≤ 3).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this limit the D-brane theory becomes super-Yang-Mills (for p ≤ 3).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Separating the branes by some distance corresponds in the field theory to giving Higgs expectation values to some fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Separating the branes by some distance corresponds in the field theory to giving Higgs expectation values to some fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since we want to keep these expectation values finite when we take the limit, we should consider the branes at substringy distances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since we want to keep these expectation values finite when we take the limit, we should consider the branes at substringy distances [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "With the rapid development and widespread use of web services, more and more businesses are achieved by composite services which can be created by aggregating a number of atomic or composite services (called service components) by following certain composition pattern and rules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the rapid development and widespread use of web services, more and more businesses are achieved by composite services which can be created by aggregating a number of atomic or composite services (called service components) by following certain composition pattern and rules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, how to ensure the reliability of composite services has become an important problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, how to ensure the reliability of composite services has become an important problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, a large amount of functionequivalent services has been in the Internet, which make more services be selected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, a large amount of functionequivalent services has been in the Internet, which make more services be selected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Users can translate their requirements for services to the constraints of some QoS properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Users can translate their requirements for services to the constraints of some QoS properties [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Then, different users may select different service to realize the same function based on different QoS constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, different users may select different service to realize the same function based on different QoS constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two methods for web service composition: static composition and dynamic composition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two methods for web service composition: static composition and dynamic composition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In static web service composition, composition is performed manually; that is, each web service is selected and bound before execution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In static web service composition, composition is performed manually; that is, each web service is selected and bound before execution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Static composition is sufficient for constructing applications with well-defined specific requirements that are not likely to change frequently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Static composition is sufficient for constructing applications with well-defined specific requirements that are not likely to change frequently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But, it is not flexible and agile enough when the requirements are changed frequently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But, it is not flexible and agile enough when the requirements are changed frequently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dynamic web service composition can achieve this goal as, in dynamic composition, services components are selected at runtime from a set of service components and when the selected service components failed, the new selected service components will replace them while keeping the running services constantly available to users.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dynamic web service composition can achieve this goal as, in dynamic composition, services components are selected at runtime from a set of service components and when the selected service components failed, the new selected service components will replace them while keeping the running services constantly available to users [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Dynamic service composition provides an ability to rapidly adapt to changes that were not envisioned during design time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Dynamic service composition provides an ability to rapidly adapt to changes that were not envisioned during design time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "From a modelling perspective, the intermediate volume fraction regime is especially challenging because the dynamics are affected by a complex interaction between the flow field and the particle distribution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From a modelling perspective, the intermediate volume fraction regime is especially challenging because the dynamics are affected by a complex interaction between the flow field and the particle distribution [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Each particle interacts with the incoming shock wave and subsequent flow in a manner that depends on the local particle configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each particle interacts with the incoming shock wave and subsequent flow in a manner that depends on the local particle configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interaction generates reflected shocks, shear layers, and wakes that in turn interact with nearby flow features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interaction generates reflected shocks, shear layers, and wakes that in turn interact with nearby flow features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These flow perturbations result in large particle drag force variations that alter the configuration of particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These flow perturbations result in large particle drag force variations that alter the configuration of particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently any modelling effort where the interaction between the particles and the flow is assumed to consist of a sum of interactions with isolated particles is unlikely to succeed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently any modelling effort where the interaction between the particles and the flow is assumed to consist of a sum of interactions with isolated particles is unlikely to succeed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is therefore necessary to perform detailed investigations of the flow around and forces on the particles, and relate the observations to available model quantities, in order to establish suitable simplified models for this regime.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore necessary to perform detailed investigations of the flow around and forces on the particles, and relate the observations to available model quantities, in order to establish suitable simplified models for this regime.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The models nonetheless provide a basis for valuing menopausal health states using this health state classification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The models nonetheless provide a basis for valuing menopausal health states using this health state classification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The coefficients are consistent with the cordiality of the health state classification and the size of the mean absolute error of 0.055 to 0.065 is comparable to that achieved in other models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The coefficients are consistent with the cordiality of the health state classification and the size of the mean absolute error of 0.055 to 0.065 is comparable to that achieved in other models [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The addition of interaction terms did not improve the model and tended to offset the main effects, therefore it is not proposed to recommend the models with interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The addition of interaction terms did not improve the model and tended to offset the main effects, therefore it is not proposed to recommend the models with interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The choice of models is between the random effects and mean main effects models (i.e. (1) and (2)).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of models is between the random effects and mean main effects models (i.e. (1) and (2)).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the mean model is slightly better in terms of fit and numbers of inconsistencies this is the one recommended for use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the mean model is slightly better in terms of fit and numbers of inconsistencies this is the one recommended for use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Small enterprises play an integral role in the Chinese economy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Small enterprises play an integral role in the Chinese economy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not only do they account for 60% of China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 50% of its national tax revenue, 65% of new patents in China, and over 80% of the country's new product development, but they also serve as a major driver of new employment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only do they account for 60% of China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 50% of its national tax revenue, 65% of new patents in China, and over 80% of the country's new product development, but they also serve as a major driver of new employment [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Because the financial information and operational data are often opaque and lack of standards, China has no effective method for identifying small enterprises' credit ratings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the financial information and operational data are often opaque and lack of standards, China has no effective method for identifying small enterprises' credit ratings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Banks are limited by risk control issues and could provide only limited or no credit for small enterprises, which has created a severe financing crisis for these small enterprises in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Banks are limited by risk control issues and could provide only limited or no credit for small enterprises, which has created a severe financing crisis for these small enterprises in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has therefore become critically important to establish an enterprise credit rating model for the following three reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has therefore become critically important to establish an enterprise credit rating model for the following three reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, doing so allows banks to objectively and comprehensively assess the credit risks for small enterprises; second, it provides banks with information that helps them make decisions on loans to small enterprises; and, third, an effective enterprise credit rating model would alleviate financing difficulties met by small enterprises and promote the sustainable economic development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, doing so allows banks to objectively and comprehensively assess the credit risks for small enterprises; second, it provides banks with information that helps them make decisions on loans to small enterprises; and, third, an effective enterprise credit rating model would alleviate financing difficulties met by small enterprises and promote the sustainable economic development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Surgically, simple excision of the cyst in the parotid gland was not recommended to avoid the possible remnants of the lesion which may be responsible for later recurrences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surgically, simple excision of the cyst in the parotid gland was not recommended to avoid the possible remnants of the lesion which may be responsible for later recurrences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In one case report, superficial parotidectomy had to be done after 1 year from the initial simple excision because of the recurrent lesion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In one case report, superficial parotidectomy had to be done after 1 year from the initial simple excision because of the recurrent lesion [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Superficial parotidectomy is the standard intervention for the lesions in the superficial lobe, which seems the most frequently encountered location of DCs (14 cases).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Superficial parotidectomy is the standard intervention for the lesions in the superficial lobe, which seems the most frequently encountered location of DCs (14 cases).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Total parotidectomy, on the other hand, is recommended for deep-seated DCs, which is seen very rarely (3 cases only).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Total parotidectomy, on the other hand, is recommended for deep-seated DCs, which is seen very rarely (3 cases only).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In all kinds of surgical intervention, careful dissection of the nerves from the cyst wall is paramount to prevent damage which may potentially cause neurologic deficits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In all kinds of surgical intervention, careful dissection of the nerves from the cyst wall is paramount to prevent damage which may potentially cause neurologic deficits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In postoperative course, neurologic weakness of facial nerve or its branches was observed in 6 of the 17 cases which were improved in up to 5 months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In postoperative course, neurologic weakness of facial nerve or its branches was observed in 6 of the 17 cases which were improved in up to 5 months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "None of the cases in the literature showed late recurrences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "None of the cases in the literature showed late recurrences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, wireless communications, and digital electronics increased the development of low-cost, low-power and multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate in short distances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent advances in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, wireless communications, and digital electronics increased the development of low-cost, low-power and multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate in short distances [1] , [16] , [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF17" ], [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[16]", "[10]" ] }, { "text": "These tiny sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components, leverage the idea of sensor networks based on collaborative effort of large number of nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These tiny sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components, leverage the idea of sensor networks based on collaborative effort of large number of nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A wireless sensor network usually has a base station that can have a radio relation with other sensor nodes in a network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A wireless sensor network usually has a base station that can have a radio relation with other sensor nodes in a network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data of each sensor node will send to the base station directly or by the other nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data of each sensor node will send to the base station directly or by the other nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, all the information will gather and they will be edited in a base station for parameters like: temperature, pressure and humidity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, all the information will gather and they will be edited in a base station for parameters like: temperature, pressure and humidity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After that we can estimate the real amount of that parameter, clearly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After that we can estimate the real amount of that parameter, clearly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Conclusions and results of numerical investigations: We carry out our numerical experiments far into the hypersonic shock regime, exploring up through Mach number M ≈ 3000 for 1 ≤ γ ≤ 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Conclusions and results of numerical investigations: We carry out our numerical experiments far into the hypersonic shock regime, exploring up through Mach number M ≈ 3000 for 1 ≤ γ ≤ 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Particular attention is given to the monatomic and diatomic cases, γ = 5/3 and γ = 7/4, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Particular attention is given to the monatomic and diatomic cases, γ = 5/3 and γ = 7/4, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In all cases, our results are consistent with spectral stability (hence also linear and nonlinear stability).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In all cases, our results are consistent with spectral stability (hence also linear and nonlinear stability [23, 22, 31] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23, 22, 31]" ] }, { "text": "This strongly suggests that viscous shock profiles in an isentropic are spectrally stable independent of both amplitude and γ.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strongly suggests that viscous shock profiles in an isentropic are spectrally stable independent of both amplitude and γ.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our bounds on the size of unstable eigenvalues, which are independent of shock strength, may be viewed as a first step in establishing such a result analytically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our bounds on the size of unstable eigenvalues, which are independent of shock strength, may be viewed as a first step in establishing such a result analytically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, there is ample evidence that peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that rapidly assemble, multiply, and degrade in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, there is ample evidence that peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that rapidly assemble, multiply, and degrade in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that these organelles cooperate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria to carry out their functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that these organelles cooperate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria to carry out their functions [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] }, { "text": "This review provides a detailed overview of the molecular players and mechanisms involved in peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation ( Figure 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This review provides a detailed overview of the molecular players and mechanisms involved in peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation ( Figure 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, it will summarize recent advances in our understanding of how defects in the dynamic behavior of these organelles can have a negative impact on an organism's functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, it will summarize recent advances in our understanding of how defects in the dynamic behavior of these organelles can have a negative impact on an organism's functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The X-ray diffraction patterns for the Mo films for the L 9 orthogonal array from no. 1 to no. 9 are shown in Figure 3 (a).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The X-ray diffraction patterns for the Mo films for the L 9 orthogonal array from no. 1 to no. 9 are shown in Figure 3 (a).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The XRD patterns for all of the films show the most intense peak at 2 ∼40.4 ∘ , which is attributed to the Mo cubic structure (JCPDS Card No. 3-065-7442) and a preferred orientation along the (110) direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The XRD patterns for all of the films show the most intense peak at 2 ∼40.4 ∘ , which is attributed to the Mo cubic structure (JCPDS Card No. 3-065-7442) and a preferred orientation along the (110) direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of the Mo films have a sharp (110) peak, which indicates that the Mo films are well crystallized, during the deposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of the Mo films have a sharp (110) peak, which indicates that the Mo films are well crystallized, during the deposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is seen that, at lower working pressures (experiments no. 1, no. 2, and no. 3), the diffraction peaks of the Mo films are sharper and more intense, which indicates an improvement in the crystallinity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is seen that, at lower working pressures (experiments no. 1, no. 2, and no. 3), the diffraction peaks of the Mo films are sharper and more intense, which indicates an improvement in the crystallinity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reflectivity of the Mo back contact is also a crucial parameter for solar cell efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reflectivity of the Mo back contact is also a crucial parameter for solar cell efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By maximizing the light reflectance of the back contact, more photons can be absorbed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By maximizing the light reflectance of the back contact, more photons can be absorbed [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 3(b) shows that the Mo films deposited at lower working pressures (experiments no. 1, no. 2, and no. 3) demonstrate better reflectivity than those deposited at higher working pressures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 3(b) shows that the Mo films deposited at lower working pressures (experiments no. 1, no. 2, and no. 3) demonstrate better reflectivity than those deposited at higher working pressures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the Taguchi method, the signal-to-noise ( / ) ratio is the most important component of parameter design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Taguchi method, the signal-to-noise ( / ) ratio is the most important component of parameter design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The term \"signal\" represents the desired target for good products, and the term \"noise\" represents the undesired value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The term \"signal\" represents the desired target for good products, and the term \"noise\" represents the undesired value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 3 shows the ANOVA results for the electrical resistivity of the Mo films; the most important variable affecting the electrical resistivity factor is the working pressure ( = 94.77%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 3 shows the ANOVA results for the electrical resistivity of the Mo films; the most important variable affecting the electrical resistivity factor is the working pressure ( = 94.77%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 2 shows the / response graph for the electrical resistivity of the Mo films.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 2 shows the / response graph for the electrical resistivity of the Mo films.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is seen that a lower working pressure and higher dc power result in lower electrical resistivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is seen that a lower working pressure and higher dc power result in lower electrical resistivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In general, at low working pressure, the kinetic energy of the Mo ions is increased, because of decreased particle scattering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, at low working pressure, the kinetic energy of the Mo ions is increased, because of decreased particle scattering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the films become denser structures and are well crystallized, resulting in increased resistivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the films become denser structures and are well crystallized, resulting in increased resistivity [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "However, an increase in dc power causes the Ar ions to bombard the target with higher energy; so greater numbers of Mo particles arrive at the substrate and become deposited layer, which causes the rapid growth of a relatively thick film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, an increase in dc power causes the Ar ions to bombard the target with higher energy; so greater numbers of Mo particles arrive at the substrate and become deposited layer, which causes the rapid growth of a relatively thick film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An increase in the film thickness results in a decrease in the resistivity of the Mo films.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An increase in the film thickness results in a decrease in the resistivity of the Mo films [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The residual stress changes from a compressive stress to a tensile stress, as the working pressure is increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The residual stress changes from a compressive stress to a tensile stress, as the working pressure is increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Films deposited at high powers and low pressures tend to be more conductive, but these films demonstrate poor adhesion between the Mo film and the substrate, because the films are subject to a compressive stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Films deposited at high powers and low pressures tend to be more conductive, but these films demonstrate poor adhesion between the Mo film and the substrate, because the films are subject to a compressive stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Films deposited at a higher pressure tend to be subject to a tensile stress and demonstrate higher resistivity and good adhesion to the glass substrate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Films deposited at a higher pressure tend to be subject to a tensile stress and demonstrate higher resistivity and good adhesion to the glass substrate [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In order to obtain the optimal Mo film with lower resistivity and good adhesion, an Mo bilayer film is formed, using a sequentially changing working pressure during the sputtering process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to obtain the optimal Mo film with lower resistivity and good adhesion, an Mo bilayer film is formed, using a sequentially changing working pressure during the sputtering process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 5 lists the sputtering parameters and the properties of the Mo bilayer film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 5 lists the sputtering parameters and the properties of the Mo bilayer film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first bottom layer was deposited at a higher working pressure (13 mTorr), in order to provide better adhesion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first bottom layer was deposited at a higher working pressure (13 mTorr), in order to provide better adhesion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Subsequently, International Journal of Photoenergy the second top layer was formed at a lower working pressure (3 mTorr), in order to produce a lower resistivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, International Journal of Photoenergy the second top layer was formed at a lower working pressure (3 mTorr), in order to produce a lower resistivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of the Mo bilayers passed the Scotch tape test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of the Mo bilayers passed the Scotch tape test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An Mo bilayer with optimal properties was produced (sample 1) with the 1st layer being deposited at 13 mTorr (thickness was 100 nm) and the 2nd layer being deposited at 3 mTorr (thickness was 900 nm), which demonstrated good adhesion, low resistivity (1.79 × 10 −5 Ω-cm), and high reflectance (58.80%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An Mo bilayer with optimal properties was produced (sample 1) with the 1st layer being deposited at 13 mTorr (thickness was 100 nm) and the 2nd layer being deposited at 3 mTorr (thickness was 900 nm), which demonstrated good adhesion, low resistivity (1.79 × 10 −5 Ω-cm), and high reflectance (58.80%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 5 shows the surface (left) and cross-sectional (right) SEM micrographs of the Mo bilayer films detailed in Table 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 5 shows the surface (left) and cross-sectional (right) SEM micrographs of the Mo bilayer films detailed in Table 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 1st layer was deposited at a high working pressure and the 2nd layer at a low working pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 1st layer was deposited at a high working pressure and the 2nd layer at a low working pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The total layer (1st + 2nd) thickness is 1000 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The total layer (1st + 2nd) thickness is 1000 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of the films exhibited a columnar structure with faceted and elongated surface features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of the films exhibited a columnar structure with faceted and elongated surface features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Figure 5 (a), it is seen that sample 1 has a larger grain size, which results in a reduced resistivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Figure 5 (a), it is seen that sample 1 has a larger grain size, which results in a reduced resistivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional experimental methods are too complicated and difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional experimental methods are too complicated and difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These methods require a large number of experiments, when the number of process parameters increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These methods require a large number of experiments, when the number of process parameters increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Taguchi method increases experimental efficiency and allows the design of low-cost products with improved quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Taguchi method increases experimental efficiency and allows the design of low-cost products with improved quality [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The mixed orthogonal table in the Taguchi quality design derives important coating factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mixed orthogonal table in the Taguchi quality design derives important coating factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to optimize the process, using the experimental data, a traditional statistical regression requires a large amount of data, leading to difficulty in treating a typical normal distribution of data and a lack of variant factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to optimize the process, using the experimental data, a traditional statistical regression requires a large amount of data, leading to difficulty in treating a typical normal distribution of data and a lack of variant factors [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This study analyzes the preparation of high quality Mo back contact thin films prepared on soda lime glass substrates, using direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study analyzes the preparation of high quality Mo back contact thin films prepared on soda lime glass substrates, using direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mo films deposited at lower working pressures generally demonstrate poor adherence to the substrate and higher conductivity, but those deposited at higher working pressures tend to demonstrate good adherence and high resistivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mo films deposited at lower working pressures generally demonstrate poor adherence to the substrate and higher conductivity, but those deposited at higher working pressures tend to demonstrate good adherence and high resistivity [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In order to optimize the design of the deposition process for Mo film, this study uses an Mo bilayer to achieve good adherence and low resistivity for Mo films.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to optimize the design of the deposition process for Mo film, this study uses an Mo bilayer to achieve good adherence and low resistivity for Mo films [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "According to World Health Organization (WHO), low and middle income countries (LMICs) share more than 90 % of injury cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to World Health Organization (WHO), low and middle income countries (LMICs) share more than 90 % of injury cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of which Africa regions contribute for about 21 %, mainly the sub Saharan countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of which Africa regions contribute for about 21 %, mainly the sub Saharan countries [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Reports from South Africa and Zimbabwe revealed that injury accounted for the largest proportion of all deaths and morbidities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reports from South Africa and Zimbabwe revealed that injury accounted for the largest proportion of all deaths and morbidities [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Findings from East Africa countries such as Kenya, Sudan and Tanzania demonstrate that there is a significant growing burden of traumatic injuries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Findings from East Africa countries such as Kenya, Sudan and Tanzania demonstrate that there is a significant growing burden of traumatic injuries [2, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "If NASA cannot do these things, it may be time for a stand-down in human spaceflight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If NASA cannot do these things, it may be time for a stand-down in human spaceflight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current resources could be channeled to specific technical activities in the pure sciences or in preparation for future human spaceflight endeavors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current resources could be channeled to specific technical activities in the pure sciences or in preparation for future human spaceflight endeavors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it stands, the most costly part of a space mission is in getting the mission payload into space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As it stands, the most costly part of a space mission is in getting the mission payload into space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Breakthroughs in propulsion technology will not come easily at our current level of investment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Breakthroughs in propulsion technology will not come easily at our current level of investment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under such a human-spaceflight hiatus, resources could be focused to further development of human-spaceflight technology or champion a Lewis and Clark-style mission to Mars.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under such a human-spaceflight hiatus, resources could be focused to further development of human-spaceflight technology or champion a Lewis and Clark-style mission to Mars.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a mission would employ a craft that would manufacture the fuel needed for the return trip from what is available on the surface of Mars and cost roughly 6% of traditional Mars architectures that require on-orbit construction of a large craft.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a mission would employ a craft that would manufacture the fuel needed for the return trip from what is available on the surface of Mars and cost roughly 6% of traditional Mars architectures that require on-orbit construction of a large craft [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Biological control insect density per target plant is often strongly and negatively related to target plant density, formally referred to as \"resource dilution\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biological control insect density per target plant is often strongly and negatively related to target plant density, formally referred to as \"resource dilution\" (Jacobs et al. 2006; Otway et al. 2005; Story et al. 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jacobs et al. 2006; Otway et al. 2005; Story et al. 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Biological control insect densities per target plant often increase when target plant density decreases, resulting in greater efficacy by the biological control insects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biological control insect densities per target plant often increase when target plant density decreases, resulting in greater efficacy by the biological control insects (Jacobs et al. 2006; Otway et al. 2005; Story et al. 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jacobs et al. 2006; Otway et al. 2005; Story et al. 1996)" ] }, { "text": "As mentioned earlier, targeted sheep grazing in our study removed 96 and 98% of spotted knapweed buds, flowers, and seed-heads in July and August, respectively (P , 0.01 and P , 0.01, respectively; Figure 2 ), which probably increased Larinus larval density and feeding damage in the remaining seed-heads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As mentioned earlier, targeted sheep grazing in our study removed 96 and 98% of spotted knapweed buds, flowers, and seed-heads in July and August, respectively (P , 0.01 and P , 0.01, respectively; Figure 2 ), which probably increased Larinus larval density and feeding damage in the remaining seed-heads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Few Larinus larvae were likely consumed by the sheep because Larinus oviposit in the developing seed-heads of spotted knapweed and we applied targeted sheep grazing during the late bud-early flowering phenotypic stage or the full-flower phenotypic stage, before spotted knapweed seed-heads began to develop.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Few Larinus larvae were likely consumed by the sheep because Larinus oviposit in the developing seed-heads of spotted knapweed and we applied targeted sheep grazing during the late bud-early flowering phenotypic stage or the full-flower phenotypic stage, before spotted knapweed seed-heads began to develop.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The disadvantage of elastomeric materials is ageing, i.e. changing its properties with time even it does not operate under load.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The disadvantage of elastomeric materials is ageing, i.e. changing its properties with time even it does not operate under load.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When considering aging, it is assumed that the parameters of corresponding model of elastomer slowly change their values with time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When considering aging, it is assumed that the parameters of corresponding model of elastomer slowly change their values with time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, it is proposed to account the aging of rubber by multiplying the constants of elastomeric material in Maxwell and Burgers models by special functions of time.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, it is proposed to account the aging of rubber by multiplying the constants of elastomeric material in Maxwell and Burgers models by special functions of time [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "All numerical calculations were fulfilled using Mathcad-15.0 program.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All numerical calculations were fulfilled using Mathcad-15.0 program.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This approach to estimation the damping capacity of vibration isolator and its decrease associated with the ageing of elastomers is first applied in engineering practice and requires experimental confirmation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach to estimation the damping capacity of vibration isolator and its decrease associated with the ageing of elastomers is first applied in engineering practice and requires experimental confirmation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An express method for determining the constants of 4-elements rheological model was developed by authors earlier.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An express method for determining the constants of 4-elements rheological model was developed by authors earlier [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The next step of our work is to determine the dependence of the variation of these parameters on time using accelerated ageing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The next step of our work is to determine the dependence of the variation of these parameters on time using accelerated ageing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Study design: A cross-sectional survey of outpatients was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Study design: A cross-sectional survey of outpatients was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Ethics approval was provided by Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 12/08/15/4.04) and the University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2013-0234).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ethics approval was provided by Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 12/08/15/4.04) and the University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2013-0234).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Data was collected over a 16-month period.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data was collected over a 16-month period.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The study was carried out in a multiple case study format, in which the cases are the stories of the students.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study was carried out in a multiple case study format, in which the cases are the stories of the students.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The stories were written in the mother tongue of the students, Arabic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stories were written in the mother tongue of the students, Arabic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, this paper also aims to contribute to the body of knowledge available about student teachers' practical experiences in two ways: first, by providing a detailed understanding of how students perceive their practicum; and second, since knowledge through metaphors can provide direction in structuring training courses for student teaching in accordance with student insights and by addressing their needs, such an understanding will be useful to teachers and instructors and can guide them in providing training that is relevant, rational, and supportive.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, this paper also aims to contribute to the body of knowledge available about student teachers' practical experiences in two ways: first, by providing a detailed understanding of how students perceive their practicum; and second, since knowledge through metaphors can provide direction in structuring training courses for student teaching in accordance with student insights and by addressing their needs, such an understanding will be useful to teachers and instructors and can guide them in providing training that is relevant, rational, and supportive (Bozik, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bozik, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "This paper is composed of five sections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is composed of five sections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The next section presents the theoretical foundations of the practicum and teacher training and the role of metaphors in education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The next section presents the theoretical foundations of the practicum and teacher training and the role of metaphors in education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The third section demonstrates the methodology of metaphor analysis used; the fourth presents and analyzes the metaphors; and the last discusses the findings and their influence on aspects of practice teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The third section demonstrates the methodology of metaphor analysis used; the fourth presents and analyzes the metaphors; and the last discusses the findings and their influence on aspects of practice teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Body mass is modulated from birth to adulthood by physiological mechanisms such as balancing intake, caloric expenditure and energy reserves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Body mass is modulated from birth to adulthood by physiological mechanisms such as balancing intake, caloric expenditure and energy reserves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hypercaloric diets and sedentary lifestyle have resulted in the development of obesity in younger populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypercaloric diets and sedentary lifestyle have resulted in the development of obesity in younger populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of obesity triggers a vicious cycle in which subjects become obese, and the systemic repercussions of their disease process make them intolerant to exercise; therefore, they become more sedentary, which promotes additional weight gain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of obesity triggers a vicious cycle in which subjects become obese, and the systemic repercussions of their disease process make them intolerant to exercise; therefore, they become more sedentary, which promotes additional weight gain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Multisystem dysfunction, an entity previously observed only in adults, has become more common among children and adolescents, resulting in physical exercise intolerance and increasing the prevalence of obesity, which affects the cardiorespiratory system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multisystem dysfunction, an entity previously observed only in adults, has become more common among children and adolescents, resulting in physical exercise intolerance and increasing the prevalence of obesity, which affects the cardiorespiratory system [2, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In situ contouring has been described for open surgery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In situ contouring has been described for open surgery [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "The principle of this technique consists of first giving the rods the shape of the spine, and then to bend the rods inside the patient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The principle of this technique consists of first giving the rods the shape of the spine, and then to bend the rods inside the patient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This allows correcting the kyphosis at the level of the fractured vertebra and the overlying disc by increasing lordosis and lengthening the anterior column.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This allows correcting the kyphosis at the level of the fractured vertebra and the overlying disc by increasing lordosis and lengthening the anterior column.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The application of ICT in healthcare is often referred to as telemedicine or e-health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The application of ICT in healthcare is often referred to as telemedicine or e-health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Telemedicine is referred to as providing medical services over geographical or time distance, and can be used for applications such as health maintenance, alleviation, cure and prevention of diseases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Telemedicine is referred to as providing medical services over geographical or time distance, and can be used for applications such as health maintenance, alleviation, cure and prevention of diseases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, e-health can be considered more broadly as an emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, e-health can be considered more broadly as an emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "E-health refers to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the internet and related technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "E-health refers to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the internet and related technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a broader sense, e-health characterises not only a technical development, but also a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve healthcare locally, regionally, and worldwide by using ICT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a broader sense, e-health characterises not only a technical development, but also a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve healthcare locally, regionally, and worldwide by using ICT (Eysenbach, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Eysenbach, 2001)" ] }, { "text": "In e-health, there is a great interest in the deployment of patient care information systems or personal health records to improve service and administration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In e-health, there is a great interest in the deployment of patient care information systems or personal health records to improve service and administration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "An analysis of the behavior of curve 1 presented in Fig. 1 shows that, in a temperature range of 360-380°C, the maximum magnetic permeability grows relatively weakly with a rise in temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An analysis of the behavior of curve 1 presented in Fig. 1 shows that, in a temperature range of 360-380°C, the maximum magnetic permeability grows relatively weakly with a rise in temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on Fig. 3 , which displays a dependence of the maximum magnetic permeability of samples of the amorphous soft magnetic Fe 77 Ni 1 Si 9 B 13 alloy on the relative dura tion of isothermal holding τ/τ opt during in air heat treatment at 410°C with τ = 5 min and a cooling rate of 15 K/min, it can be seen that μ max depends slightly on the relative duration of isothermal holding down to adjusting dimensions and is equal to 1 min -1/3 (this value of α is obtained at х = 0.836).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on Fig. 3 , which displays a dependence of the maximum magnetic permeability of samples of the amorphous soft magnetic Fe 77 Ni 1 Si 9 B 13 alloy on the relative dura tion of isothermal holding τ/τ opt during in air heat treatment at 410°C with τ = 5 min and a cooling rate of 15 K/min, it can be seen that μ max depends slightly on the relative duration of isothermal holding down to adjusting dimensions and is equal to 1 min -1/3 (this value of α is obtained at х = 0.836) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "It can be seen that, in the temperature range of 360-380°C, at α < 0.07, the upper boundary of the range corresponds to a ratio of the temperature of heat treatment to the crystallization temperature ~0.72 and the ratio τ/τ opt is less than 0.1 (Fig. 5) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be seen that, in the temperature range of 360-380°C, at α < 0.07, the upper boundary of the range corresponds to a ratio of the temperature of heat treatment to the crystallization temperature ~0.72 and the ratio τ/τ opt is less than 0.1 (Fig. 5) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, it can be consid ered that, after heat treatment in this temperature range with a duration of isothermal holding τ = 5 min, a predominantly amorphous state of the ribbon surface is retained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, it can be consid ered that, after heat treatment in this temperature range with a duration of isothermal holding τ = 5 min, a predominantly amorphous state of the ribbon surface is retained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Figures 2a, 2c, and 2d show the effect of isother mal holding temperature during in air heat treatment with an isochronous duration of isothermal holding τ = 5 min on the magnetization distribution in sam ples of the amorphous Fe 77 Ni 1 Si 9 B 13 alloy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figures 2a, 2c, and 2d show the effect of isother mal holding temperature during in air heat treatment with an isochronous duration of isothermal holding τ = 5 min on the magnetization distribution in sam ples of the amorphous Fe 77 Ni 1 Si 9 B 13 alloy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be seen that, in this case, the characteristic violation of the monotony of the dependence of relative volumes of domains with orthogonal V ort and planar magneti zation oriented along (V 180 ) and transverse (V 90 ) the ribbon axis on the isothermal holding temperature is observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be seen that, in this case, the characteristic violation of the monotony of the dependence of relative volumes of domains with orthogonal V ort and planar magneti zation oriented along (V 180 ) and transverse (V 90 ) the ribbon axis on the isothermal holding temperature is observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this temperature range, the dependence of the degree of perfection of the magnetic texture in the ribbon plane characterized by the ratio V 180 /V 90 behaves analogously (Fig. 2b) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this temperature range, the dependence of the degree of perfection of the magnetic texture in the ribbon plane characterized by the ratio V 180 /V 90 behaves analogously (Fig. 2b) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the dependence of the maximum magnetic permeability on the iso thermal holding temperature correlates with the cor responding change in the magnetization distribution in the ribbon, which in turn is determined by the dif fusion processes that occur in the ribbon upon in air heat treatment at a specific isothermal holding tem perature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the dependence of the maximum magnetic permeability on the iso thermal holding temperature correlates with the cor responding change in the magnetization distribution in the ribbon, which in turn is determined by the dif fusion processes that occur in the ribbon upon in air heat treatment at a specific isothermal holding tem perature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also be seen from Figs. 1 and 2 that the growth of the cooling rate in different temperature ranges leads to a varying character of the effect of heat treatment on the magnetization distribution and maximum magnetic permeability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also be seen from Figs. 1 and 2 that the growth of the cooling rate in different temperature ranges leads to a varying character of the effect of heat treatment on the magnetization distribution and maximum magnetic permeability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, due to the enhancement in cooling rate, after the heat treatment at 360°С, the maximum magnetic perme ability decreases, whereas after the heat treatment at 420°С μ max increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, due to the enhancement in cooling rate, after the heat treatment at 360°С, the maximum magnetic perme ability decreases, whereas after the heat treatment at 420°С μ max increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results are within the con cepts on the interaction of the ribbon surface with atmospheric water vapor during heat treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are within the con cepts on the interaction of the ribbon surface with atmospheric water vapor during heat treatment [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The vapor treatment at 360°С, as well as that at room temperature, leads to a reduction in the maximum magnetic permeability and an increase in the volume of domains with the planar magnetization oriented transverse to the ribbon axis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The vapor treatment at 360°С, as well as that at room temperature, leads to a reduction in the maximum magnetic permeability and an increase in the volume of domains with the planar magnetization oriented transverse to the ribbon axis [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "This takes place because, at 360°С, the resulting magnetization is ori ented in the plane of the ribbon along its axis and an enhanced concentration of hydrogen and oxygen atoms embedded into the surface is formed transverse to the ribbon axis, which induces pseudo uniaxial stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This takes place because, at 360°С, the resulting magnetization is ori ented in the plane of the ribbon along its axis and an enhanced concentration of hydrogen and oxygen atoms embedded into the surface is formed transverse to the ribbon axis, which induces pseudo uniaxial stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our case, at 360°С, a small enhancement in μ max and a decrease in the relative volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization, as compared to the initial state (Table 1) , is connected with some reduc tion in the level of internal quench stresses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our case, at 360°С, a small enhancement in μ max and a decrease in the relative volume of domains with orthogonal magnetization, as compared to the initial state (Table 1) , is connected with some reduc tion in the level of internal quench stresses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Neverthe less, the volume of domains with the planar magneti zation oriented transverse to the ribbon axis increases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Neverthe less, the volume of domains with the planar magneti zation oriented transverse to the ribbon axis increases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because, in this case, a predominantly amorphous state of the ribbon surface is retained, an increase in V 90 is caused by the pseudo uniaxial tension transverse to the axis due to the interaction of the surface with atmospheric water vapor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because, in this case, a predominantly amorphous state of the ribbon surface is retained, an increase in V 90 is caused by the pseudo uniaxial tension transverse to the axis due to the interaction of the surface with atmospheric water vapor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The enhancement in the cooling rate limits the occurrence of diffusion processes at this stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The enhancement in the cooling rate limits the occurrence of diffusion processes at this stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There fore, after heat treatment at 360°С with a cooling rate of 40 K/min, internal quench stresses relax to a lesser extent with the result that higher values of the relative volume of domains with the orthogonal magnetization take place (Fig. 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There fore, after heat treatment at 360°С with a cooling rate of 40 K/min, internal quench stresses relax to a lesser extent with the result that higher values of the relative volume of domains with the orthogonal magnetization take place (Fig. 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The magnetization distribution in the ribbon plane is characterized by a large volume of domains with the planar magnetization oriented transverse to the ribbon axis, a smaller volume of domains whose magnetization is oriented along the axis, and a relatively lesser degree of perfection of the magnetic texture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The magnetization distribution in the ribbon plane is characterized by a large volume of domains with the planar magnetization oriented transverse to the ribbon axis, a smaller volume of domains whose magnetization is oriented along the axis, and a relatively lesser degree of perfection of the magnetic texture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be connected with the retention (transverse to the ribbon axis) of a higher concentration of atoms embedded into the surface due to limitation of the occurrence of diffusion processes at the stage of cooling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be connected with the retention (transverse to the ribbon axis) of a higher concentration of atoms embedded into the surface due to limitation of the occurrence of diffusion processes at the stage of cooling [5, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 8]" ] }, { "text": "The combination of these factors brings about a decrease in μ max with increasing cooling rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The combination of these factors brings about a decrease in μ max with increasing cooling rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The scarcity of the conventional energy sources and their negative effect on environment, drove our attention towards green and sustainable renewable sources of energies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The scarcity of the conventional energy sources and their negative effect on environment, drove our attention towards green and sustainable renewable sources of energies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mechanical/kinetic energy is abundant in nature and is generally wasted is daily life.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mechanical/kinetic energy is abundant in nature and is generally wasted is daily life.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Scavenging of energy form kinetics, as renewable sources, to power low power consumer electronics is getting greater attention in recent time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Scavenging of energy form kinetics, as renewable sources, to power low power consumer electronics is getting greater attention in recent time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Amongst others, triboelectric effect can be implemented to convert mechanical energies to electrical signals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Amongst others, triboelectric effect can be implemented to convert mechanical energies to electrical signals [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Second, although logistics has the characteristics of a service industry, existing studies of sustainability of supply chains and CSR in supply chains are mainly focused on the manufacturing industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, although logistics has the characteristics of a service industry, existing studies of sustainability of supply chains and CSR in supply chains are mainly focused on the manufacturing industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, CSR in services management has mostly been considered from the marketing and consumer perspectives, as for instance in research on the effect of service industry CSR as perceived by customers on service quality and customer satisfaction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, CSR in services management has mostly been considered from the marketing and consumer perspectives, as for instance in research on the effect of service industry CSR as perceived by customers on service quality and customer satisfaction [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast, there have been relatively few studies examining employees' understanding of CSR, although they are one of the most important stakeholders in the service industry and those responsible for organizational operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, there have been relatively few studies examining employees' understanding of CSR, although they are one of the most important stakeholders in the service industry and those responsible for organizational operations [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Recent studies providing evidence that CSR directed at employees is an indirect predictor of individual task performance and extra-role helping behavior (e.g., organizational citizenship behavior), and have urged scholars to pay more attention to CSR research from the micro-organizational perspective, which can elucidate the perception of organizational CSR by internal stakeholders and determine how those attitudes link to other aspects of organizational performances.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent studies providing evidence that CSR directed at employees is an indirect predictor of individual task performance and extra-role helping behavior (e.g., organizational citizenship behavior), and have urged scholars to pay more attention to CSR research from the micro-organizational perspective, which can elucidate the perception of organizational CSR by internal stakeholders and determine how those attitudes link to other aspects of organizational performances [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The study conducted a hierarchical regression analysis to investigate the effects of CSR perception of logistics service employees on their organizational commitment and citizenship behavior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study conducted a hierarchical regression analysis to investigate the effects of CSR perception of logistics service employees on their organizational commitment and citizenship behavior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the study investigated the moderating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motive attribution on the direct effect of CSR perception on organizational commitment (as a dependent variable) ( Table 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the study investigated the moderating effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motive attribution on the direct effect of CSR perception on organizational commitment (as a dependent variable) ( Table 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same analysis was then conducted using organizational citizenship behavior as the dependent variable (Table 4 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same analysis was then conducted using organizational citizenship behavior as the dependent variable (Table 4 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Age and length of service were held constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Age and length of service were held constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The affiliated firm is not indicated in the table because there are numerous dummies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The affiliated firm is not indicated in the table because there are numerous dummies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to improve the practical interpretation of main effects and moderating effects, the study utilized mean centering.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to improve the practical interpretation of main effects and moderating effects, the study utilized mean centering [36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[36]" ] }, { "text": "Tables 3 and 4 show the effect of service employees' CSR perception on organizational commitment (β = 0.69, p < 0.01).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tables 3 and 4 show the effect of service employees' CSR perception on organizational commitment (β = 0.69, p < 0.01).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "CSR perception is shown to play a crucial role in improving the organizational commitment of logistics service employees.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CSR perception is shown to play a crucial role in improving the organizational commitment of logistics service employees.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even when intrinsic and extrinsic CSR motive attributions are added to the moderating effect, the positive effect of CSR perception on organizational commitment is maintained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even when intrinsic and extrinsic CSR motive attributions are added to the moderating effect, the positive effect of CSR perception on organizational commitment is maintained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result supports Hypothesis 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result supports Hypothesis 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, the employee's satisfaction towards the organization is shown to increase as s/he perceives that the organization is performing CSR well; here, the moderating effect of intrinsic attribution was the only significant effect (β = −0.09, p < 0.05).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the employee's satisfaction towards the organization is shown to increase as s/he perceives that the organization is performing CSR well; here, the moderating effect of intrinsic attribution was the only significant effect (β = −0.09, p < 0.05).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become one of the most important topics in the field of business.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become one of the most important topics in the field of business.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When making business decisions, firms are concerned about how to reflect expectations and demands for CSR from various stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, suppliers, and local communities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When making business decisions, firms are concerned about how to reflect expectations and demands for CSR from various stakeholders, including shareholders, customers, suppliers, and local communities [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "CSR has been spreading through the supply chain particularly rapidly in recent days because problems that arise from supply chain partners-such as the violation of environmental regulations, fair trade, labor disputes, and civil rights issues-are identified as risk factors for firms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "CSR has been spreading through the supply chain particularly rapidly in recent days because problems that arise from supply chain partners-such as the violation of environmental regulations, fair trade, labor disputes, and civil rights issues-are identified as risk factors for firms [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Logistics plays the central role in delivering products from manufacturers to consumers through the supply chain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Logistics plays the central role in delivering products from manufacturers to consumers through the supply chain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although CSR has spread rapidly through the supply chain and logistics, academic research in this field currently faces challenges at a number of levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although CSR has spread rapidly through the supply chain and logistics, academic research in this field currently faces challenges at a number of levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Third, parcel logistics, especially in Asian countries (including South Korea, the site of the present research), requires intense physical and emotional labor, thereby creating occasional social problems within the organization and industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, parcel logistics, especially in Asian countries (including South Korea, the site of the present research), requires intense physical and emotional labor, thereby creating occasional social problems within the organization and industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When a labor environment is poor, CSR as perceived by a service employee can affect that employee's sense of belonging to the organization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When a labor environment is poor, CSR as perceived by a service employee can affect that employee's sense of belonging to the organization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the employee's perceived reason of why the organization invests in CSR may explain more effectively how employees behave toward the organization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the employee's perceived reason of why the organization invests in CSR may explain more effectively how employees behave toward the organization [6, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 10]" ] }, { "text": "However, the motives that employees attribute to logistics CSR practices have not been properly investigated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the motives that employees attribute to logistics CSR practices have not been properly investigated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "With the advent of online media, consumers are no longer passive information seekers but, rather, active co-producers of value and meaning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advent of online media, consumers are no longer passive information seekers but, rather, active co-producers of value and meaning [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These new media present both opportunities and challenges to firms: In terms of opportunities, inter-consumer communications have more impact on customer decision processes than traditional media marketing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These new media present both opportunities and challenges to firms: In terms of opportunities, inter-consumer communications have more impact on customer decision processes than traditional media marketing [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, online media collect data on user behavior so that firms can monitor customers' reactions to information as it is disseminated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, online media collect data on user behavior so that firms can monitor customers' reactions to information as it is disseminated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, inter-consumer communications do not occur in the boundary between firms and consumers, but, instead, are coproduced in consumer networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, inter-consumer communications do not occur in the boundary between firms and consumers, but, instead, are coproduced in consumer networks [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Therefore, attempting to find solutions to maintain the high efficiency of an NRMM in sub-zero conditions is both attractive and challenging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, attempting to find solutions to maintain the high efficiency of an NRMM in sub-zero conditions is both attractive and challenging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, it was proposed to utilize a simplified version of an NRMM-the direct driven hydraulic drive (DDH).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, it was proposed to utilize a simplified version of an NRMM-the direct driven hydraulic drive (DDH).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was shown in earlier publications that the DDH drive benefits NRMM as a compact solution, which provides high hydraulic power and flexible control of the electric motor.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was shown in earlier publications that the DDH drive benefits NRMM as a compact solution, which provides high hydraulic power and flexible control of the electric motor [25] [26] [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "To understand how the body and mind work together, imagine you are a skier staring down a steep, icy slope with no other way off the mountain than plunging down this trail.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To understand how the body and mind work together, imagine you are a skier staring down a steep, icy slope with no other way off the mountain than plunging down this trail.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regardless of your affinity for skiing, this situation would likely elicit an increase in physiological arousal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regardless of your affinity for skiing, this situation would likely elicit an increase in physiological arousal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Avid skiers might experience excitement, believing that they could handle the difficult trail, whereas novices would be more likely to experience fear if the difficulty of the trail were perceived to exceed their skill level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Avid skiers might experience excitement, believing that they could handle the difficult trail, whereas novices would be more likely to experience fear if the difficulty of the trail were perceived to exceed their skill level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, arousal is semantically and psychologically fuzzy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, arousal is semantically and psychologically fuzzy (Blascovich, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Blascovich, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Our responses depend in large part on how a situation and our body's responses are construed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our responses depend in large part on how a situation and our body's responses are construed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Bacterial rhizosphere colonization is a relatively wellstudied process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bacterial rhizosphere colonization is a relatively wellstudied process (Kloepper and Beauchamp, 1992; Lugtenberg et al., 2001; Raaijmakers and Lugtenberg, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kloepper and Beauchamp, 1992; Lugtenberg et al., 2001; Raaijmakers and Lugtenberg, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Several bacterial genes involved in rhizosphere colonization have been described.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several bacterial genes involved in rhizosphere colonization have been described (Lugtenberg et al., 2001; Barahona et al., 2010; Chauhan and Nautiyal, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lugtenberg et al., 2001; Barahona et al., 2010; Chauhan and Nautiyal, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, endophytic colonization is relatively less studied, with only a few recent studies on the nitrogen fixing genera Azoarcus and Gluconacetobacter.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, endophytic colonization is relatively less studied, with only a few recent studies on the nitrogen fixing genera Azoarcus and Gluconacetobacter (Böhm et al., 2007; Alquéres et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Böhm et al., 2007; Alquéres et al., 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The etiology of PPE, and why it occurs more frequently with some chemotherapeutic drugs, remains unclear and as such treatment remains symptomatic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The etiology of PPE, and why it occurs more frequently with some chemotherapeutic drugs, remains unclear and as such treatment remains symptomatic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, the most effective management is treatment interruption and dose reduction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the most effective management is treatment interruption and dose reduction [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Some success has been achieved with the use of emollients and a number of small studies and anecdotal reports have shown oral pyridoxine to be useful both as a preventative and therapeutic measure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some success has been achieved with the use of emollients and a number of small studies and anecdotal reports have shown oral pyridoxine to be useful both as a preventative and therapeutic measure [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It has to be stated that in the initial stages, there was a high amount of water in the mixture, so high losses were expected, because the effects of conductivity are far more relevant than those of permittivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It has to be stated that in the initial stages, there was a high amount of water in the mixture, so high losses were expected, because the effects of conductivity are far more relevant than those of permittivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "What is more, there is a certain range of frequencies in which the amplitude of the transmitted signal was under the sensitivity of the measurement instrument, so a cut-off effect appears.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What is more, there is a certain range of frequencies in which the amplitude of the transmitted signal was under the sensitivity of the measurement instrument, so a cut-off effect appears.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The upper limit of suitable frequencies for this measurement (figure 5) starts around 1.4 GHz, so the results of both the permittivity and the insertion loss were obtained under 1 GHz.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The upper limit of suitable frequencies for this measurement (figure 5) starts around 1.4 GHz, so the results of both the permittivity and the insertion loss were obtained under 1 GHz.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initial permittivity is around 20, mainly due to the great amount of water (ε r = 80) in the sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial permittivity is around 20, mainly due to the great amount of water (ε r = 80) in the sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the sample sets and the hydration process takes place, the amount of free water diminishes, so the dielectric constant decreases proportionally (see figure 6) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the sample sets and the hydration process takes place, the amount of free water diminishes, so the dielectric constant decreases proportionally (see figure 6) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As was expected, the main variations occur in the first 24 h, when the sample loses its viscosity and hardens significantly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As was expected, the main variations occur in the first 24 h, when the sample loses its viscosity and hardens significantly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The permittivity values for set mortar, which were obtained using equation (7), are in accordance with the measurements performed by other authors using different methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The permittivity values for set mortar, which were obtained using equation (7), are in accordance with the measurements performed by other authors using different methods (Peer et al 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Peer et al 2003)" ] }, { "text": "However, assuming that (7) is valid when ε /ε < 0.3, the permittivity measurements using the CPW method are significant after the first 18 h. From the beginning of the experiment up to 18 h, the high values of conductivity make this assumption wrong and distort the permittivity results using the approximation in (7).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, assuming that (7) is valid when ε /ε < 0.3, the permittivity measurements using the CPW method are significant after the first 18 h. From the beginning of the experiment up to 18 h, the high values of conductivity make this assumption wrong and distort the permittivity results using the approximation in (7).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The transport properties of CO 2 rich mixtures are important properties closely connected to heat, momentum and mass transfer in CCS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The transport properties of CO 2 rich mixtures are important properties closely connected to heat, momentum and mass transfer in CCS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fact may be illustrated by considering the straightforward example of CO 2 transport in pipelines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This fact may be illustrated by considering the straightforward example of CO 2 transport in pipelines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pressure-drop is directly related to the power consumption and dimensioning of pumps/compressors to maintain flow through the pipelines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pressure-drop is directly related to the power consumption and dimensioning of pumps/compressors to maintain flow through the pipelines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pressure drop in laminar and transitional flow has been observed to be approximately inversely proportional to the Reynolds number of the flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pressure drop in laminar and transitional flow has been observed to be approximately inversely proportional to the Reynolds number of the flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Reynolds number is again inversely proportional to the viscosity of the particular mixture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Reynolds number is again inversely proportional to the viscosity of the particular mixture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, this means that a viscosity model which predicts a 30% too low viscosity, will lead to a 30% underestimation of the pump/compressor power consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, this means that a viscosity model which predicts a 30% too low viscosity, will lead to a 30% underestimation of the pump/compressor power consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the Reynolds number is also proportional to velocity, which is further related to mass flow rate and density.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the Reynolds number is also proportional to velocity, which is further related to mass flow rate and density.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to predict mass flow and density precisely, heat and mass balance equations must be solved, which may include additional transport properties such as the thermal conductivity and the diffusion coefficients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to predict mass flow and density precisely, heat and mass balance equations must be solved, which may include additional transport properties such as the thermal conductivity and the diffusion coefficients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another example of the importance of transport properties is in the development, design and simulation of amine-based chemical absorption columns where it is essential to provide accurate predictions of viscosities, thermal conductivities and diffusion coefficients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another example of the importance of transport properties is in the development, design and simulation of amine-based chemical absorption columns where it is essential to provide accurate predictions of viscosities, thermal conductivities and diffusion coefficients (Hoff et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoff et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The crosswind (perpendicular to the wind) velocity variance is the most difficult component to model, for reasons outlined in section 4e.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The crosswind (perpendicular to the wind) velocity variance is the most difficult component to model, for reasons outlined in section 4e.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Estimation of the crosswind velocity variance is important for applications such as dispersion models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Estimation of the crosswind velocity variance is important for applications such as dispersion models (Kristensen et al. 1981; Hanna 1983; Skupniewicz 1987; Lyons and Scott 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kristensen et al. 1981; Hanna 1983; Skupniewicz 1987; Lyons and Scott 1990)" ] }, { "text": "The standard deviation of the crosswind velocity variance M A H R T E T A L .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard deviation of the crosswind velocity variance M A H R T E T A L .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The UN Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), Nobel Prize laureate for Peace in 2007, has already established that CO 2 capture and storage \"would be an option in the portfolio of actions for stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations while allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The UN Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), Nobel Prize laureate for Peace in 2007, has already established that CO 2 capture and storage \"would be an option in the portfolio of actions for stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations while allowing for the continued use of fossil fuels (Metz et al. 2005 ) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Metz et al. 2005 )" ] }, { "text": "Large scale \"capture systems\" are already operating in the gas, oil and chemical industries, where CO 2 and other key gases (H 2 or O 2 ) are routinely separated from different process streams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Large scale \"capture systems\" are already operating in the gas, oil and chemical industries, where CO 2 and other key gases (H 2 or O 2 ) are routinely separated from different process streams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such existing technologies could be adapted for the capture of CO 2 in flue gases from fossil fuel power plants at an acceptable cost (30-50 $/t CO 2 avoided) compared to other methods of large scale power production with near-zero CO 2 emissions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such existing technologies could be adapted for the capture of CO 2 in flue gases from fossil fuel power plants at an acceptable cost (30-50 $/t CO 2 avoided) compared to other methods of large scale power production with near-zero CO 2 emissions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the maturity of several of these existing capture systems, it is widely recognized that there is need for large reductions in the CO 2 capture costs and energy efficiency penalties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the maturity of several of these existing capture systems, it is widely recognized that there is need for large reductions in the CO 2 capture costs and energy efficiency penalties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed lower costs and lower energy penalties are currently the driving forces behind all R&D in this emerging area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed lower costs and lower energy penalties are currently the driving forces behind all R&D in this emerging area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the basic system of Fig. 1 CO 2 is captured from the combustion flue gas of a power plant in a circulating fluidized bed carbonator operating between 600-700ºC. When the solids leave the carbonator (with some of the CaO being converted to CaCO 3 ) they are directed to a second fluidized bed where calcination/regeneration takes place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the basic system of Fig. 1 CO 2 is captured from the combustion flue gas of a power plant in a circulating fluidized bed carbonator operating between 600-700ºC. When the solids leave the carbonator (with some of the CaO being converted to CaCO 3 ) they are directed to a second fluidized bed where calcination/regeneration takes place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Coal burns in the calciner in an atmosphere of O 2 /CO 2 at temperatures over 900ºC, thus producing the heat necessary to calcine the CaCO 3 back to CaO and CO 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Coal burns in the calciner in an atmosphere of O 2 /CO 2 at temperatures over 900ºC, thus producing the heat necessary to calcine the CaCO 3 back to CaO and CO 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is assumed that this second fluidized bed calciner operates with oxygen supplied by an air separation unit, but other sources of heat for calcination may be used in the future .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is assumed that this second fluidized bed calciner operates with oxygen supplied by an air separation unit, but other sources of heat for calcination may be used in the future .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CO 2 captured from the flue gases as CaCO 3 , and the CO 2 produced by the oxy-fired combustion of coal in the calciner, are recovered in concentrated form from the calciner gas, which is now suitable for final purification and compression, and subsequently for transport and safe storage in a deep geological formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CO 2 captured from the flue gases as CaCO 3 , and the CO 2 produced by the oxy-fired combustion of coal in the calciner, are recovered in concentrated form from the calciner gas, which is now suitable for final purification and compression, and subsequently for transport and safe storage in a deep geological formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The calciner employs a considerable fraction (35-50%) of the total energy entering the system to heat the incoming gas and solid streams up to the calciner temperatures and in order to provide the heat necessary for the endothermic calcination of CaCO 3.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The calciner employs a considerable fraction (35-50%) of the total energy entering the system to heat the incoming gas and solid streams up to the calciner temperatures and in order to provide the heat necessary for the endothermic calcination of CaCO 3 (Rodriguez et al. 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rodriguez et al. 2008)" ] }, { "text": "However this energy leaves the system in mass streams at high temperature (at T>900ºC) or is recovered as carbonation heat in the carbonator (at around 650ºC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However this energy leaves the system in mass streams at high temperature (at T>900ºC) or is recovered as carbonation heat in the carbonator (at around 650ºC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus the large energy input into the calciner comes out of the system as high quality heat that can be recycled in a highly efficient steam cycle 4.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the large energy input into the calciner comes out of the system as high quality heat that can be recycled in a highly efficient steam cycle 4 (Shimizu et al. 1999; Abanades et al. 2005; Romeo et al. 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shimizu et al. 1999; Abanades et al. 2005; Romeo et al. 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The calciner functions in fact like a new oxyfired fluidized bed power plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The calciner functions in fact like a new oxyfired fluidized bed power plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But in this new power plant it may be possible to almost double the amount of CO 2 output thanks to the CO 2 captured in the carbonator as CaCO 3 and regenerated back to CaO and CO 2 in the oxyfired calciner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But in this new power plant it may be possible to almost double the amount of CO 2 output thanks to the CO 2 captured in the carbonator as CaCO 3 and regenerated back to CaO and CO 2 in the oxyfired calciner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "For the optical range within which the main application is expected, most of experimental effort has been concentrated on 2D and 3D photonic crystals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the optical range within which the main application is expected, most of experimental effort has been concentrated on 2D and 3D photonic crystals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, due to technological problem and high cost, the application of 2D and 3D photonic crystals is limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, due to technological problem and high cost, the application of 2D and 3D photonic crystals is limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 1D photonic crystals are attractive since their production is more feasible at any wavelength scale and their analytical and numerical calculations are simpler.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 1D photonic crystals are attractive since their production is more feasible at any wavelength scale and their analytical and numerical calculations are simpler.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These crystals can exhibit the property of omnidirectional reflection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These crystals can exhibit the property of omnidirectional reflection [16, 17, 31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17, 31]" ] }, { "text": "A one-dimensional photonic crystal is a periodic multilayer structure consisting two type of layer which differs in the dielectric constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A one-dimensional photonic crystal is a periodic multilayer structure consisting two type of layer which differs in the dielectric constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The index of refraction is periodic in the y coordinate and consists of an endlessly repeating stack of dielectric slabs, which alternate in thickness from d 1 to d 2 and in index of refraction from n 1 to n 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The index of refraction is periodic in the y coordinate and consists of an endlessly repeating stack of dielectric slabs, which alternate in thickness from d 1 to d 2 and in index of refraction from n 1 to n 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Incident light can be either s-polarized or p-polarized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Incident light can be either s-polarized or p-polarized [32, 33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32, 33]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Photonic crystals are used in manufacturing optical devices and to increase the capability of optoelectronic circuits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Photonic crystals are used in manufacturing optical devices and to increase the capability of optoelectronic circuits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many optical devices are designed using the property of high reflectance, attributed to high dielectric contrast at the Na 3 AlF 6 /Ge interface (∆n ≈ 2).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many optical devices are designed using the property of high reflectance, attributed to high dielectric contrast at the Na 3 AlF 6 /Ge interface (∆n ≈ 2) [34, 36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34, 36]" ] }, { "text": "These structures are suitable for antireflection coating and design the interference filter and thin films near infrared-visible region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These structures are suitable for antireflection coating and design the interference filter and thin films near infrared-visible region [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "Such a structure can be used as an useful optical devices in the optical industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a structure can be used as an useful optical devices in the optical industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This study provides research on a population that has previously not received sufficient focus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study provides research on a population that has previously not received sufficient focus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas a number of studies have been conducted either at majority higher education institutions, this is the first study of this size and magnitude being conducted at Historically Black College and/or University (HBCU) focusing on a population that is traditionally missing from the litera-ture as the critical mass of African American college students can be found at HBCUs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas a number of studies have been conducted either at majority higher education institutions, this is the first study of this size and magnitude being conducted at Historically Black College and/or University (HBCU) focusing on a population that is traditionally missing from the litera-ture as the critical mass of African American college students can be found at HBCUs (Brown, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brown, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "It is important to note that HBCUs confer a statistically significant percentage of the bachelor's degrees earned by African Americans whereas four-year public and private colleges and universities graduate one-fourth of the total number of bachelor's degrees awarded in the U.S. to African Americans.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that HBCUs confer a statistically significant percentage of the bachelor's degrees earned by African Americans whereas four-year public and private colleges and universities graduate one-fourth of the total number of bachelor's degrees awarded in the U.S. to African Americans.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, while the number of African Americans at both HBCUs and majority institutions continues to grow, African American students are not completing their degrees at majority institutions at the same rate as those attending HBCUs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, while the number of African Americans at both HBCUs and majority institutions continues to grow, African American students are not completing their degrees at majority institutions at the same rate as those attending HBCUs (Brown, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brown, 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The past few years witnessed the emergence and popularity of online social media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The past few years witnessed the emergence and popularity of online social media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Millions of users participate in online social media such as Twitter and Facebook, making up many social networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Millions of users participate in online social media such as Twitter and Facebook, making up many social networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then social network analysis attracts enormous attention and community detection is one of the fundamental tasks in this field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then social network analysis attracts enormous attention and community detection is one of the fundamental tasks in this field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A community can be defined as a group of users that (1) interact with each other more frequently than with those outside the group and (2) are more similar to each other than to those outside the group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A community can be defined as a group of users that (1) interact with each other more frequently than with those outside the group and (2) are more similar to each other than to those outside the group [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The research on community detection is beneficial for a variety of real-world applications such as online marketing and recommendation systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The research on community detection is beneficial for a variety of real-world applications such as online marketing and recommendation systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]