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CopeNLU 26

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The analysis of agglomerate strength by continuum mechanics has not been successful so far due to the degree of freedom arising from the structure of agglomerates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of agglomerate strength by continuum mechanics has not been successful so far due to the degree of freedom arising from the structure of agglomerates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, significant progress has been made by the use of DEM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, significant progress has been made by the use of DEM (Kafui and Thornton, 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kafui and Thornton, 1993)" ] }, { "text": "The main advantage of this method is its versatility, allowing an easy variation of any material property without affecting the others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage of this method is its versatility, allowing an easy variation of any material property without affecting the others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A further advantage of DEM is the possibility of quantifying the effect of impact on the number of interparticle contacts which break within the agglomerate, a feature that cannot be easily diagnosed experimentally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A further advantage of DEM is the possibility of quantifying the effect of impact on the number of interparticle contacts which break within the agglomerate, a feature that cannot be easily diagnosed experimentally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This paper is focussed on the effect of interparticle cohesion on the impact breakage of agglomerates using the above method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper is focussed on the effect of interparticle cohesion on the impact breakage of agglomerates using the above method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes which may form a temporary network, without the use of any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes which may form a temporary network, without the use of any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Nodes rely on multi-hop routing protocols to forward data packets sent from a source node to a destination node which is out of its transmission range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nodes rely on multi-hop routing protocols to forward data packets sent from a source node to a destination node which is out of its transmission range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Every node may function as both a data source and a router that forward data for other nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every node may function as both a data source and a router that forward data for other nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In addition to PEMFC applications, SPEEK has been extensively studied for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) due to its less pronounced hydrophilic/hydrophobic separation compared to Nafion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to PEMFC applications, SPEEK has been extensively studied for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) due to its less pronounced hydrophilic/hydrophobic separation compared to Nafion [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "This results in low electro-osmotic drag and hence lower methanol crossover, a highly desired property for DMFC applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This results in low electro-osmotic drag and hence lower methanol crossover, a highly desired property for DMFC applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although a high degree of sulfonation results in a high proton conductivity value, it generally affects the dimensional stability and the swelling behaviour of the membranes, as confirmed in our previous study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although a high degree of sulfonation results in a high proton conductivity value, it generally affects the dimensional stability and the swelling behaviour of the membranes, as confirmed in our previous study [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "For practical fuel cell applications, the dimensional stability must be enhanced by controlling the swelling behaviour of the membranes, while retaining high proton conductivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For practical fuel cell applications, the dimensional stability must be enhanced by controlling the swelling behaviour of the membranes, while retaining high proton conductivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To address this challenge, we have used silica, functionalised with sulfonic acid group, as the filler in the SPEEK membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To address this challenge, we have used silica, functionalised with sulfonic acid group, as the filler in the SPEEK membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is expected that the incorporation of this hydrophilic inorganic filler will prevent or retard membrane dehydration, enhance the mechanical stability against the swelling/drying cycles in normal fuel cell conditions, and increase the number of available proton conduction pathways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is expected that the incorporation of this hydrophilic inorganic filler will prevent or retard membrane dehydration, enhance the mechanical stability against the swelling/drying cycles in normal fuel cell conditions, and increase the number of available proton conduction pathways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The compatibility of the filler with the polymer matrix is also worth studying to establish the optimal composition and synthesis parameters required to fabricate thermo-mechanically stable composite membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The compatibility of the filler with the polymer matrix is also worth studying to establish the optimal composition and synthesis parameters required to fabricate thermo-mechanically stable composite membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although there have been numerous reports on SPEEK-silica composite membranes, little attention has been paid to the effects of silica functionalisation parameters on the properties and performance of the resultant membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there have been numerous reports on SPEEK-silica composite membranes, little attention has been paid to the effects of silica functionalisation parameters on the properties and performance of the resultant membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, we have explored the effects of the silica functionalisation route on the thermal, mechanical and structural properties of SPEEK-silica composite membranes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we have explored the effects of the silica functionalisation route on the thermal, mechanical and structural properties of SPEEK-silica composite membranes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The motivation of choosing SPEEK as the host polymer lies in the fact that it is the most promising low cost alternative for Nafion, especially in terms of thermal and mechanical stability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The motivation of choosing SPEEK as the host polymer lies in the fact that it is the most promising low cost alternative for Nafion, especially in terms of thermal and mechanical stability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The two-phase nanostructure of SPEEK comprising a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic ionic domains consisting of sulfonic acid groups is a canonical example of sulfonated ionomers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two-phase nanostructure of SPEEK comprising a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic ionic domains consisting of sulfonic acid groups is a canonical example of sulfonated ionomers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This biphasic structure contributes to enhanced thermal and mechanical properties that favour the fabrication of membranes with high degrees of sulfonation and hence proton conductivity comparable to that of Nafion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This biphasic structure contributes to enhanced thermal and mechanical properties that favour the fabrication of membranes with high degrees of sulfonation and hence proton conductivity comparable to that of Nafion [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper we presented a formal mapping between the modelling language for distributed systems ABS and interpreted systems, a formalism for multiagent systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we presented a formal mapping between the modelling language for distributed systems ABS and interpreted systems, a formalism for multiagent systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We implemented the map into a compiler for the MCMAS model checker and evaluated the performance of the approach by studying a well-known networking protocol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We implemented the map into a compiler for the MCMAS model checker and evaluated the performance of the approach by studying a well-known networking protocol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While the approach requires us to provide bounds manually on the number of active processes, we were able to conclude the approach is mathematically sound and reasonably efficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the approach requires us to provide bounds manually on the number of active processes, we were able to conclude the approach is mathematically sound and reasonably efficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are not aware of comparable literature on the subject as ABS models are currently only validated by simulation and test case generation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We are not aware of comparable literature on the subject as ABS models are currently only validated by simulation and test case generation [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Besides optimisations to the integration of the mapping with the model checker, our current direction of work in this line consists in providing automatic estimations on the required bounds for building the model as well as automatic abstraction techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides optimisations to the integration of the mapping with the model checker, our current direction of work in this line consists in providing automatic estimations on the required bounds for building the model as well as automatic abstraction techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Research into the relationship between root and shoot growth of trees has provided conflicting results because data concerning species, sizes and climates, etc. cannot be extrapolated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research into the relationship between root and shoot growth of trees has provided conflicting results because data concerning species, sizes and climates, etc. cannot be extrapolated [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "The use of a standard scale to describe the growth stages of crops is a common solution, but a universal scale, which uses a consistent set of numeric codes adaptable to all crops, is needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of a standard scale to describe the growth stages of crops is a common solution, but a universal scale, which uses a consistent set of numeric codes adaptable to all crops, is needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such is the decimal scale, developed jointly by BASF, Bayer, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst, named the BBCH General Scale, which identifies different developmental stages by a two-digit code.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such is the decimal scale, developed jointly by BASF, Bayer, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst, named the BBCH General Scale, which identifies different developmental stages by a two-digit code [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the tree-based scheme, the multicast problem is finding a Steiner tree with a minimal total length to cover all network nodes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the tree-based scheme, the multicast problem is finding a Steiner tree with a minimal total length to cover all network nodes [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The tree operation introduces additional network resource dependencies which could lead to deadlock which is difficult to avoid if global information is not available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tree operation introduces additional network resource dependencies which could lead to deadlock which is difficult to avoid if global information is not available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, in wormhole-routed direct networks, the tree based multicast is usually undesirable, unless the messages are very short.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, in wormhole-routed direct networks, the tree based multicast is usually undesirable, unless the messages are very short.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The identification of JH III in C. iria and C. aromaticus is a unique example of the production of an insect juvenile hormone by a plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The identification of JH III in C. iria and C. aromaticus is a unique example of the production of an insect juvenile hormone by a plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The temporal and spatial distribution of JH III in C. iria demonstrates the dynamic fluctuations of this compound throughout development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The temporal and spatial distribution of JH III in C. iria demonstrates the dynamic fluctuations of this compound throughout development (Bede et al. 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bede et al. 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In immature plants, JH III increased until flowering at which time cessation of plant growth and a transient decrease of JH III in all plant tissues was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In immature plants, JH III increased until flowering at which time cessation of plant growth and a transient decrease of JH III in all plant tissues was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In older plants, the levels of this compound increased until seven months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In older plants, the levels of this compound increased until seven months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At this time, aerial tissues became senescent and JH III levels in these tissues again declined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At this time, aerial tissues became senescent and JH III levels in these tissues again declined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, JH III levels in the root tissue, which remained viable, did not change significantly between seven and eight months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, JH III levels in the root tissue, which remained viable, did not change significantly between seven and eight months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In the present work, the Fava beans were used as adsorbent material for removal of Pb(II), Cd(II)and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions and wastewater samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present work, the Fava beans were used as adsorbent material for removal of Pb(II), Cd(II)and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions and wastewater samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fava beans are one of the oldest plants under cultivation, and they are eaten in ancient Greece and Rome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fava beans are one of the oldest plants under cultivation, and they are eaten in ancient Greece and Rome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the name, fava beans are a member of the pea family, though they are also known as broad beans, pigeon beans, horse beans, and windsor beans.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the name, fava beans are a member of the pea family, though they are also known as broad beans, pigeon beans, horse beans, and windsor beans.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are popular in Mediterranean cuisine, with many summer dishes celebrating the seasonal bean, although they are also dried for winter use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are popular in Mediterranean cuisine, with many summer dishes celebrating the seasonal bean, although they are also dried for winter use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fava beans have a distinct flavor and creamy texture that makes them a great addition to a wide variety of dishes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fava beans have a distinct flavor and creamy texture that makes them a great addition to a wide variety of dishes [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Finally, the result of this study shows that aerobic activity does not affect the Vigor as the only positive subscale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the result of this study shows that aerobic activity does not affect the Vigor as the only positive subscale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beside the intensity of activity, the non-optimal level of Vigor in the pretest may have some effects on these changes and neutralize them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Beside the intensity of activity, the non-optimal level of Vigor in the pretest may have some effects on these changes and neutralize them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But the other subscales in the pretests were in an optimal level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But the other subscales in the pretests were in an optimal level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since, it was not include mastering a new skill or practicing a past skill, and participations experienced in levels of activities, a learned, not so complex, and under control of Central Pattern Generators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since, it was not include mastering a new skill or practicing a past skill, and participations experienced in levels of activities, a learned, not so complex, and under control of Central Pattern Generators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The findings demonstrated that intensity of activity was important in changes of mood states, so that, high intensity not caused to reduction of negative mood states, and increased the anger state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The findings demonstrated that intensity of activity was important in changes of mood states, so that, high intensity not caused to reduction of negative mood states, and increased the anger state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, moderate intensity associated to reduction of confusion and mood depression.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, moderate intensity associated to reduction of confusion and mood depression.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Though, both intensities caused to reduction of vigor, and increase of fatigue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though, both intensities caused to reduction of vigor, and increase of fatigue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, with attention to the effect of mood states on behaviour and psyche, knowledge of coaches and athletes in election variety of aerobic activity for non athlete people is important; because of high intensity aerobic exercise for non athletes nevertheless will not improve their acute mood state, yet maybe annoyed them of activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, with attention to the effect of mood states on behaviour and psyche, knowledge of coaches and athletes in election variety of aerobic activity for non athlete people is important; because of high intensity aerobic exercise for non athletes nevertheless will not improve their acute mood state, yet maybe annoyed them of activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps with attention to relation between attitude and behaviour, and the effect of attitude on behaviour's change, associated with their attitude change toward physical activity, and finally avoidance of such activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps with attention to relation between attitude and behaviour, and the effect of attitude on behaviour's change, associated with their attitude change toward physical activity, and finally avoidance of such activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of course, this avoidance can be related to effect of attitude on behaviour, and compatible with Ajzen's Planned Behaviour theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course, this avoidance can be related to effect of attitude on behaviour, and compatible with Ajzen's Planned Behaviour theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This theory knows the behaviour as a consequence of attitude.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This theory knows the behaviour as a consequence of attitude (Atkinson et al, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Atkinson et al, 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "TiO 2 has the ability to degrade organic materials (organic dye, oil, and toxic pollutants) into H 2 O and CO 2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "TiO 2 has the ability to degrade organic materials (organic dye, oil, and toxic pollutants) into H 2 O and CO 2 [24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "As a semiconductor, nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide have higher photocatalytic power than rutile and brookite 2 Journal of Chemistry crystals and exhibit absorption at 390 nm when exposed to UV radiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a semiconductor, nanoparticles of anatase titanium dioxide have higher photocatalytic power than rutile and brookite 2 Journal of Chemistry crystals and exhibit absorption at 390 nm when exposed to UV radiation [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The present study includes a review of the semiconductive properties of TiO 2 semiconductor and its photocatalytic power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study includes a review of the semiconductive properties of TiO 2 semiconductor and its photocatalytic power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Different methods, such as doping and surface chemical modification, were used to increase the photocatalytic power of TiO 2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Different methods, such as doping and surface chemical modification, were used to increase the photocatalytic power of TiO 2 [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "It is worth mentioning that, in different industries, such as the textile industry, TiO 2 graphene membranes are increasingly used to improve the efficiency of water treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth mentioning that, in different industries, such as the textile industry, TiO 2 graphene membranes are increasingly used to improve the efficiency of water treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In recent decades, ceramic and polymeric membranes have been increasingly used due to their strong mechanical properties, chemical stability, high efficiency in minimizing pollutants, high photocatalytic power, and odor reduction ability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent decades, ceramic and polymeric membranes have been increasingly used due to their strong mechanical properties, chemical stability, high efficiency in minimizing pollutants, high photocatalytic power, and odor reduction ability [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "The photocatalytic process of separating organic pollutants from the membrane, under visible light and UV radiation, can occur without any energy or chemical consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photocatalytic process of separating organic pollutants from the membrane, under visible light and UV radiation, can occur without any energy or chemical consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process is especially important for the removal of different types of environmental pollutants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This process is especially important for the removal of different types of environmental pollutants [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "The photocatalytic process of isolating organic pollutants from membrane, under visible light and UV radiation, can demonstrate higher efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The photocatalytic process of isolating organic pollutants from membrane, under visible light and UV radiation, can demonstrate higher efficiency [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Titanium dioxide is one of the important semiconductors, having properties such as low toxicity, low cost, and highly efficient removal of pollutants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Titanium dioxide is one of the important semiconductors, having properties such as low toxicity, low cost, and highly efficient removal of pollutants [21, 24, 25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 24, 25]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Acupuncture is one of the oldest healing practices and alternative medicines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Acupuncture is one of the oldest healing practices and alternative medicines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This minimally invasive procedure involves a penetration of skin with needles to stimulate specific points on the body, called acupoints, with the purpose of restoring balance in the flow of qì through meridians.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This minimally invasive procedure involves a penetration of skin with needles to stimulate specific points on the body, called acupoints, with the purpose of restoring balance in the flow of qì through meridians [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "While this so-called traditional Chinese medicine has been recognized in 2010 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO and was endorsed by the World Health Organization, there is a great demand to enlighten its underlying concepts such as qì, meridians, and acupoints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this so-called traditional Chinese medicine has been recognized in 2010 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO and was endorsed by the World Health Organization, there is a great demand to enlighten its underlying concepts such as qì, meridians, and acupoints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The absence of scientific background of acupuncture mechanisms certainly has motivated us to carry out modeling and numerical simulation of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the acupuncture process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The absence of scientific background of acupuncture mechanisms certainly has motivated us to carry out modeling and numerical simulation of both macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the acupuncture process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The classical technique involves inserting a hair-thin needle into acupoints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The classical technique involves inserting a hair-thin needle into acupoints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The needle is then manipulated to yield a local mechanical stress field through needle motions (lifting-thrusting cycle or rotation).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The needle is then manipulated to yield a local mechanical stress field through needle motions (lifting-thrusting cycle or rotation).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After a short term of needle manipulation, the needle is retained until desired effects have been achieved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After a short term of needle manipulation, the needle is retained until desired effects have been achieved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mechanical interaction of needle with the skin and the subcutaneous tissue has been demonstrated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanical interaction of needle with the skin and the subcutaneous tissue has been demonstrated [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This stimulation via mechanotransduction, that is activated by the stretch of mechanosensitive ion channels at the mastocyte surface, can lead to a cascade of biochemical reactions that drive acupuncture effects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This stimulation via mechanotransduction, that is activated by the stretch of mechanosensitive ion channels at the mastocyte surface, can lead to a cascade of biochemical reactions that drive acupuncture effects [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Once the conservative trial fails, surgical correction of the fistula becomes necessary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once the conservative trial fails, surgical correction of the fistula becomes necessary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is no consensus about the timing or the surgical technique of the fistula repair.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is no consensus about the timing or the surgical technique of the fistula repair [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The classical view is to delay the repair for 3-6 months to allow the inflammation to subside.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The classical view is to delay the repair for 3-6 months to allow the inflammation to subside.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A caution and balance should be maintained in preoperative waiting between the benefit of delayed repair and psychosocial distress haunting the patient due to the ongoing leakage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A caution and balance should be maintained in preoperative waiting between the benefit of delayed repair and psychosocial distress haunting the patient due to the ongoing leakage [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "We believe that early catheterization and waiting for the disappearance of an inflammatory reaction at the fistula site provide better postprocedure success rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe that early catheterization and waiting for the disappearance of an inflammatory reaction at the fistula site provide better postprocedure success rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Predictive optimization-based strategies, more commonly known as Model Predictive Control (MPC), are known to perform optimally with respect to the employed traffic model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Predictive optimization-based strategies, more commonly known as Model Predictive Control (MPC), are known to perform optimally with respect to the employed traffic model (Hegyi et al., 2005a; Hegyi et al., 2005b; Hajiahmadi et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hegyi et al., 2005a; Hegyi et al., 2005b; Hajiahmadi et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "By finding the optimal control signal over a future horizon, these approaches successfully include lag effects, i.e the delay between the time control decisions are made and when their effects become evident in more downstream locations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By finding the optimal control signal over a future horizon, these approaches successfully include lag effects, i.e the delay between the time control decisions are made and when their effects become evident in more downstream locations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lag effects can be particularly significant in large traffic networks, making MPC a superior choice compared to more simple feedback policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lag effects can be particularly significant in large traffic networks, making MPC a superior choice compared to more simple feedback policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, performance in an MPC approach is assured as long as disturbances are predictable, demand pattern is known, and the prediction model represents the traffic dynamics accurately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, performance in an MPC approach is assured as long as disturbances are predictable, demand pattern is known, and the prediction model represents the traffic dynamics accurately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Still, the practical challenge in using these strategies is their high computational demand, from using complex prediction models and solving a large non-linear optimization problem in real-time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Still, the practical challenge in using these strategies is their high computational demand, from using complex prediction models and solving a large non-linear optimization problem in real-time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Present-day navigation systems rely primarily on historic or (near-) instantaneous travel time measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Present-day navigation systems rely primarily on historic or (near-) instantaneous travel time measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in part due to the high latency of loop detector data, and the lack of efficient network-scale prediction algorithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in part due to the high latency of loop detector data, and the lack of efficient network-scale prediction algorithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The routing behavior thus achieved is that of congestion avoidance, since the system can only react after a congestion has been detected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The routing behavior thus achieved is that of congestion avoidance, since the system can only react after a congestion has been detected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the effects of routing advice become evident at a bottleneck location with some delay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the effects of routing advice become evident at a bottleneck location with some delay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such systems also suffer from the overreaction phenomenon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such systems also suffer from the overreaction phenomenon (Ben-Akiva et al., 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ben-Akiva et al., 1991)" ] }, { "text": "Overreaction occurs when majority of the users, failing to consider the response of other users, react similarly to the current traffic situation/information, resulting in the congestion to transfer from one route to another.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overreaction occurs when majority of the users, failing to consider the response of other users, react similarly to the current traffic situation/information, resulting in the congestion to transfer from one route to another.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Predictive strategies that make future control decisions based on a forecast of the traffic evolution ensure better performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Predictive strategies that make future control decisions based on a forecast of the traffic evolution ensure better performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The experts continued by saying that \" [in] the modern setting, a cash-strapped corporation, municipality, county or state will enter into a profit sharing agreement with a concessionaire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experts continued by saying that \" [in] the modern setting, a cash-strapped corporation, municipality, county or state will enter into a profit sharing agreement with a concessionaire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This profit sharing principle is the key aspect differentiating the BOT approach from the outsourcing arrangements commonly undertaken in the country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This profit sharing principle is the key aspect differentiating the BOT approach from the outsourcing arrangements commonly undertaken in the country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concessionaire will operate as an independent business organization contractually accountable for a series of technical, operational and service related goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concessionaire will operate as an independent business organization contractually accountable for a series of technical, operational and service related goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The contract will often be setup such that the risk of revenue fluctuation is offset to the concessionaire by means of a fixed fee obligation to the owner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The contract will often be setup such that the risk of revenue fluctuation is offset to the concessionaire by means of a fixed fee obligation to the owner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The upside to this arrangement, however, can be considerable if revenues are better than anticipated...\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The upside to this arrangement, however, can be considerable if revenues are better than anticipated...\" (Brown and Schmidt, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brown and Schmidt, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Weather conditions can have important effects on the triggering of epidemics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weather conditions can have important effects on the triggering of epidemics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cold and flu are influenced by humidity and cold temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cold and flu are influenced by humidity and cold temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Viruses are more likely to survive in cold and dry conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Viruses are more likely to survive in cold and dry conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hard winds, rain, cold as well as large variations of temperatures are factors that weaken the immune system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hard winds, rain, cold as well as large variations of temperatures are factors that weaken the immune system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lack of sun also provokes a decrease of the level of D vitamin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lack of sun also provokes a decrease of the level of D vitamin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We could also mention malaria which is influenced by rain and humidity level of air.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We could also mention malaria which is influenced by rain and humidity level of air.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Weather conditions have in general important effects on epidemics spread.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weather conditions have in general important effects on epidemics spread.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Weather conditions change according to seasons and also to random variations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weather conditions change according to seasons and also to random variations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the present model, we do not take into account periodic seasonal weather changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present model, we do not take into account periodic seasonal weather changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we consider an environment which is assumed to be rather constant on average all along the year.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we consider an environment which is assumed to be rather constant on average all along the year.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this contribution, we only study the effects of random variations of weather conditions on the spread of epidemics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this contribution, we only study the effects of random variations of weather conditions on the spread of epidemics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To simplify our description, we also assume that only two cases can occur, bad or good weather conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To simplify our description, we also assume that only two cases can occur, bad or good weather conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Bad weather conditions corresponds to a case where the epidemics is more likely to spread and inversely for good conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bad weather conditions corresponds to a case where the epidemics is more likely to spread and inversely for good conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we consider that there exist two models associated with different parameters values corresponding respectively to bad and good weather conditions and that the system switches randomly from the one to the other.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we consider that there exist two models associated with different parameters values corresponding respectively to bad and good weather conditions and that the system switches randomly from the one to the other.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For disease models with noise, we also refer to recent contributions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For disease models with noise, we also refer to recent contributions [4] , [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]", "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "As the memory access latencies are predictable, scratchpad memories have become popular for real-time embedded systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the memory access latencies are predictable, scratchpad memories have become popular for real-time embedded systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The other advantages of scratchpad memory include reduced area and energy consumption compared to caches.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The other advantages of scratchpad memory include reduced area and energy consumption compared to caches [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "However, now the burden of allocating code/data to scratchpad memory lies with the compiler.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, now the burden of allocating code/data to scratchpad memory lies with the compiler.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, we concentrate on the allocation of data objects to scratchpad memory with the goal of reducing the WCET of a task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we concentrate on the allocation of data objects to scratchpad memory with the goal of reducing the WCET of a task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note that there is no data cache in our memory hierarchy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that there is no data cache in our memory hierarchy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We consider data objects for allocation as they are more difficult to handle as far as timing predictability of real-time tasks is concerned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We consider data objects for allocation as they are more difficult to handle as far as timing predictability of real-time tasks is concerned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our allocation technique can also be applied to code objects with minimal modification.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our allocation technique can also be applied to code objects with minimal modification.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The bar construction of an L ∞ -algebra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bar construction of an L ∞ -algebra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is an alternative and more compact definition of L ∞ -algebras.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is an alternative and more compact definition of L ∞ -algebras.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An L ∞ -algebra structure on a graded vector space g is the same thing as a coderivation differential d on the symmetric coalgebra Λ c g.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An L ∞ -algebra structure on a graded vector space g is the same thing as a coderivation differential d on the symmetric coalgebra Λ c g [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The relation between d and the brackets is given by the following: write defines d in terms of the higher brackets and vice versa.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relation between d and the brackets is given by the following: write defines d in terms of the higher brackets and vice versa.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The condition d 2 = 0 is equivalent to the generalized Jacobi identities for g.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The condition d 2 = 0 is equivalent to the generalized Jacobi identities for g.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Today, albumin is universally added in culture media such as Ham's F10 and TCM-199 for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and as a cryoprotectant for semen cryopreservation, as it is known to be beneficial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Today, albumin is universally added in culture media such as Ham's F10 and TCM-199 for in vitro fertilization (IVF), and as a cryoprotectant for semen cryopreservation, as it is known to be beneficial (Cabrita et al., 2001; Blake et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cabrita et al., 2001; Blake et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Albumin makes up 60 per cent of the total protein in the blood plasma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Albumin makes up 60 per cent of the total protein in the blood plasma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The culture media Ham's F10 and TCM-199 that were used in this study were both supplemented with 10% BSA to serve as a protein supplement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The culture media Ham's F10 and TCM-199 that were used in this study were both supplemented with 10% BSA to serve as a protein supplement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extender, storage time, and the interaction between extender and storage time, however, affected spermatozoa motility and velocity throughout the storage time in both Ham's F10 and TCM-199, compared with Triladyl.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extender, storage time, and the interaction between extender and storage time, however, affected spermatozoa motility and velocity throughout the storage time in both Ham's F10 and TCM-199, compared with Triladyl.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reduction in sperm motility characteristics could be due to what previous studies have reported on oxidative stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reduction in sperm motility characteristics could be due to what previous studies have reported on oxidative stress (Nichi et al., 2007; Sarıözkan et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nichi et al., 2007; Sarıözkan et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by damaged spermatozoa phospholipids, which are toxic to normal spermatozoa, could be mitigated by the use of antioxidants at appropriate optimal concentrations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by damaged spermatozoa phospholipids, which are toxic to normal spermatozoa, could be mitigated by the use of antioxidants at appropriate optimal concentrations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In general, the application can be divided into two categories: (a) the pre-damage enhancement; and (b) the post-damage repairing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, the application can be divided into two categories: (a) the pre-damage enhancement; and (b) the post-damage repairing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Earthquake being a specific very interesting catastrophic damage case with great relevance to masonry wall failures is what will be particularly discussed hereafter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Earthquake being a specific very interesting catastrophic damage case with great relevance to masonry wall failures is what will be particularly discussed hereafter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the purpose of the specific project in pre-earthquake enhancement tested walls, the second wall was built parallel to the existing one and bonded with a relatively thin collar joint before the test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the purpose of the specific project in pre-earthquake enhancement tested walls, the second wall was built parallel to the existing one and bonded with a relatively thin collar joint before the test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the case of postearthquake repaired walls, the second wall was attached to the existing one after it had been tested (and as such partially damaged).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the case of postearthquake repaired walls, the second wall was attached to the existing one after it had been tested (and as such partially damaged).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The collar joint dimensions were kept constant while the damage progressed only to the very early plastic range (i.e. cracking far from collapse).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The collar joint dimensions were kept constant while the damage progressed only to the very early plastic range (i.e. cracking far from collapse).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A preliminary parametric study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the enhancement method using a monotonically increasing quasi-static loading scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A preliminary parametric study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the enhancement method using a monotonically increasing quasi-static loading scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Notably, the whole study is not only relevant to earthquake engineering, which is a rarity in UK; double-leaf (collar jointed) walls can also be used to improve a structure's lateral stability (e.g. against wind or blast loading) through adding stiffness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Notably, the whole study is not only relevant to earthquake engineering, which is a rarity in UK; double-leaf (collar jointed) walls can also be used to improve a structure's lateral stability (e.g. against wind or blast loading) through adding stiffness [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, this research broadly aims to generate knowledge and understanding which can be directly applied in a number of structural applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, this research broadly aims to generate knowledge and understanding which can be directly applied in a number of structural applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Grout and epoxy injections are also a broadly used retrofitting approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Grout and epoxy injections are also a broadly used retrofitting approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main purpose of the injections is to restore the original integrity of the retrofitted wall and to fill possible behaviourdamaging voids and cracks, which are present in the masonry due to physical and chemical deterioration and/or mechanical actions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main purpose of the injections is to restore the original integrity of the retrofitted wall and to fill possible behaviourdamaging voids and cracks, which are present in the masonry due to physical and chemical deterioration and/or mechanical actions [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The technique was found effective in restoring the initial stiffness and strength of masonry, while its practicality, relatively minimal cost and easiness of implementation have rendered it rather popular among engineers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The technique was found effective in restoring the initial stiffness and strength of masonry, while its practicality, relatively minimal cost and easiness of implementation have rendered it rather popular among engineers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, any such approach trivially will be successful only if the mechanical properties together with the physical and chemical attributes of the employed mix end up being compatible with the masonry to be retrofitted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, any such approach trivially will be successful only if the mechanical properties together with the physical and chemical attributes of the employed mix end up being compatible with the masonry to be retrofitted [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Early arriving male and female sockeye salmon were consistently longer than later arriving individuals, and early arriving fish tended to spawn farther upstream than later arriving individuals of both sexes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Early arriving male and female sockeye salmon were consistently longer than later arriving individuals, and early arriving fish tended to spawn farther upstream than later arriving individuals of both sexes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are two questions: how did this pattern begin, and how might it be perpetuated?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are two questions: how did this pattern begin, and how might it be perpetuated?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initiation of the pattern is consistent with a habitat optimization hypothesis, whereby the first individuals to arrive are able to find and spawn in the optimal habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The initiation of the pattern is consistent with a habitat optimization hypothesis, whereby the first individuals to arrive are able to find and spawn in the optimal habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fish that arrive later occupy the best available (unoccupied) spawning habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fish that arrive later occupy the best available (unoccupied) spawning habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The early arriving fish tended to spawn in the upper reaches of the stream, but we have no direct evidence that these areas are inherently more desirable (i.e., have higher survival rates for embryos).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The early arriving fish tended to spawn in the upper reaches of the stream, but we have no direct evidence that these areas are inherently more desirable (i.e., have higher survival rates for embryos).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, in many ways the stream is rather uniform in habitat features with the exception of the spring-fed pond (Table 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, in many ways the stream is rather uniform in habitat features with the exception of the spring-fed pond (Table 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is plausible that there is a greater flow of hyporheic water towards the top of the stream owing to the hydraulic head from the beaver pond.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is plausible that there is a greater flow of hyporheic water towards the top of the stream owing to the hydraulic head from the beaver pond.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Groundwater inputs can moderate temperatures and play a role in nest site selection by salmonids.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Groundwater inputs can moderate temperatures and play a role in nest site selection by salmonids (Leman 1993; Curry and Noakes 1995; Baxter and McPhail 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Leman 1993; Curry and Noakes 1995; Baxter and McPhail 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "IC engines have severe operating conditions, involving high temperatures and high pressures, with large variations in internal forces within each cycle, and as such the wear mechanisms are complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IC engines have severe operating conditions, involving high temperatures and high pressures, with large variations in internal forces within each cycle, and as such the wear mechanisms are complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The journal bearings of IC engines are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, as opposed to those in rotating machines such as turbogenerators, because of the extreme variations in load.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The journal bearings of IC engines are particularly vulnerable to these conditions, as opposed to those in rotating machines such as turbogenerators, because of the extreme variations in load.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore bearing damage, especially the big-end bearing damage, due to friction and wear accounts for and leads to a significant portion of Internal Combustion (IC) engine failure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore bearing damage, especially the big-end bearing damage, due to friction and wear accounts for and leads to a significant portion of Internal Combustion (IC) engine failure [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, only few works have addressed the issue of big end bearing knock fault diagnosis based on vibration measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, only few works have addressed the issue of big end bearing knock fault diagnosis based on vibration measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, traditional vibration based diagnostic techniques normally require engineers to analyse the vibration signal by means of their experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, traditional vibration based diagnostic techniques normally require engineers to analyse the vibration signal by means of their experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) based automated system has been successfully developed and applied to the diagnosis of rotating machinery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) based automated system has been successfully developed and applied to the diagnosis of rotating machinery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, following the proper signal processing method and feature extraction/selection method, ANN should also be a potential solution to realize the intelligent diagnosis of the big end bearing faults in IC engines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, following the proper signal processing method and feature extraction/selection method, ANN should also be a potential solution to realize the intelligent diagnosis of the big end bearing faults in IC engines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The successful application of ANN is strongly depended on the adequate data for the networks' training.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The successful application of ANN is strongly depended on the adequate data for the networks' training.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both data-driving approach and model-based approach are the solutions to this issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both data-driving approach and model-based approach are the solutions to this issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The former approach requires very long-term data record from one IC engine or a large number of identical engines, so it is a very expensive approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The former approach requires very long-term data record from one IC engine or a large number of identical engines, so it is a very expensive approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternatively if a relevant simulation model is built up, different bearing knock faults can be easily simulated in the model, so sufficient training data can be generated as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternatively if a relevant simulation model is built up, different bearing knock faults can be easily simulated in the model, so sufficient training data can be generated as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Beforehand only a small number of experiments need to be carried out on the engine test rig so as to evaluate the simulation model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Beforehand only a small number of experiments need to be carried out on the engine test rig so as to evaluate the simulation model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "It is well documented that there is a very strong correlation between vehicle speed and the number of fatalities and injuries in traffic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well documented that there is a very strong correlation between vehicle speed and the number of fatalities and injuries in traffic [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, all Western countries introduced general speed limits on roads in the early 1970s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, all Western countries introduced general speed limits on roads in the early 1970s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But modern cars are built for speed, and many perceive speed violation as a legitimate action.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "But modern cars are built for speed, and many perceive speed violation as a legitimate action [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Since the introduction of general speed limits, the challenge has then been to ensure that the speed limits are respected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the introduction of general speed limits, the challenge has then been to ensure that the speed limits are respected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In principle, observance of speed limits can be ensured in the following ways: 1) Roads can be designed so as to prevent drivers from exceeding the speed limits or to make driving at or below the speed limit feel natural.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In principle, observance of speed limits can be ensured in the following ways: 1) Roads can be designed so as to prevent drivers from exceeding the speed limits or to make driving at or below the speed limit feel natural [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the remainder of the paper, we study WBF metrics in general.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the remainder of the paper, we study WBF metrics in general.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4 we construct many compact WBF manifolds of order 1, including all such examples in dimension 6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4 we construct many compact WBF manifolds of order 1, including all such examples in dimension 6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This leads to a classification of WBF 6-manifolds M in Section 5: they are either order 0 and generalized Kähler-Einstein, or they are order 1, and -apart from one example on P (O ⊕ O(1) ⊗ C 2 ) → CP 1 -are then projective line bundles over a ruled surface or a positive Kähler-Einstein surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This leads to a classification of WBF 6-manifolds M in Section 5: they are either order 0 and generalized Kähler-Einstein, or they are order 1, and -apart from one example on P (O ⊕ O(1) ⊗ C 2 ) → CP 1 -are then projective line bundles over a ruled surface or a positive Kähler-Einstein surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In each case the WBF Kähler metric is unique up to scale and pullback by an automorphism of (M, J).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In each case the WBF Kähler metric is unique up to scale and pullback by an automorphism of (M, J).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is much richer than the classification of WBF 4-manifolds, where the only example of order 1 is the first Hirzebruch surface P (O ⊕ O(1)) → CP 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is much richer than the classification of WBF 4-manifolds, where the only example of order 1 is the first Hirzebruch surface P (O ⊕ O(1)) → CP 1 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "It is natural to conjecture that all compact WBF Kähler manifolds have order 0 or 1, but such a result is out of reach using the explicit methods of this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is natural to conjecture that all compact WBF Kähler manifolds have order 0 or 1, but such a result is out of reach using the explicit methods of this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Maitland's rhythmic oscillations also has an effect on circulatory perfusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maitland's rhythmic oscillations also has an effect on circulatory perfusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ongoing circulatory stasis may lead to ischemia and the potential for intraneural oedema, inflammation, and fibrosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ongoing circulatory stasis may lead to ischemia and the potential for intraneural oedema, inflammation, and fibrosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mobilization has an effect on fluid flow as blood flow in the vessels supplying the nerve fibres and synovial fluid flow surrounding the avascular articular cartilage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mobilization has an effect on fluid flow as blood flow in the vessels supplying the nerve fibres and synovial fluid flow surrounding the avascular articular cartilage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This, by a pressure gradient, is generated which helps in facilitating exchange of fluid, that is, increased venous drainage and dispersing the chemical irritants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This, by a pressure gradient, is generated which helps in facilitating exchange of fluid, that is, increased venous drainage and dispersing the chemical irritants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This causes a reversal of the ischemia, edema, and inflammation cycle and reduces joint effusion and relieves pain by reducing the pressure over the nerve endings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This causes a reversal of the ischemia, edema, and inflammation cycle and reduces joint effusion and relieves pain by reducing the pressure over the nerve endings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The neurophysiologic effect is based on the stimulation of peripheral mechanoreceptors and inhibition of nociceptors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The neurophysiologic effect is based on the stimulation of peripheral mechanoreceptors and inhibition of nociceptors [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Drought is a periodical natural phenomenon which occurs in a geographical area and is accompanied by continuous (e.g. few months or years) water shortage and human civilizations have been repeatedly caught in it throughout history.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought is a periodical natural phenomenon which occurs in a geographical area and is accompanied by continuous (e.g. few months or years) water shortage and human civilizations have been repeatedly caught in it throughout history.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This environmental phenomenon is an inevitable part of climatic variation and it is repeated in different climatic zones of the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This environmental phenomenon is an inevitable part of climatic variation and it is repeated in different climatic zones of the world (Wilhite 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF45" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilhite 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Natural habitats, ecosystems and a majority of economic and social sectors may be affected by droughts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural habitats, ecosystems and a majority of economic and social sectors may be affected by droughts (Heim 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Heim 2002)" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, droughts have repeatedly occurred in different parts of the world and as demand for water increases (largely due to population growth and climate change), their adverse damages are exacerbated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, droughts have repeatedly occurred in different parts of the world and as demand for water increases (largely due to population growth and climate change), their adverse damages are exacerbated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the drought phenomenon has attracted much attention and many researchers have attempted to study the various aspects of this phenomenon.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the drought phenomenon has attracted much attention and many researchers have attempted to study the various aspects of this phenomenon (Mishra and Singh 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mishra and Singh 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Drought indices are commonly used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the drought phenomenon around the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Drought indices are commonly used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the drought phenomenon around the world (Barua et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barua et al. 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Specifically, drought indices are extracted by assimilating drought indicators into a single numerical value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, drought indices are extracted by assimilating drought indicators into a single numerical value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A drought index provides a comprehensive picture of any given drought analysis and decision-making and this is more readily useable compared to raw data extracted from indices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A drought index provides a comprehensive picture of any given drought analysis and decision-making and this is more readily useable compared to raw data extracted from indices (Zargar et al. 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zargar et al. 2011)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Psychological science, with regard to its commitment to human development, bases its proposals for intervention in the light of the theoretical foundations that guide them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Psychological science, with regard to its commitment to human development, bases its proposals for intervention in the light of the theoretical foundations that guide them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study adopted the Behavior Analysis as a theoretical subsidy for the methodological organization of the procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study adopted the Behavior Analysis as a theoretical subsidy for the methodological organization of the procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Behavior Analysis is one of the theories of Psychology that supports a theoretical and methodological proposal recognized as relevant for the implementation of the pedagogical policy of the school focused on inclusion in Brazil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Behavior Analysis is one of the theories of Psychology that supports a theoretical and methodological proposal recognized as relevant for the implementation of the pedagogical policy of the school focused on inclusion in Brazil (Galvão & Beckman, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Galvão & Beckman, 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The basic education policies of Brazil indicate that the aim of the schools is to develop reading, writing and calculation skills, in their different stages and levels of schooling, the basic preparation for higher education, work and citizenship, starting from an ethical formation, the development of intellectual autonomy and critical thinking and the understanding of the scientific-technological foundations and the productive processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic education policies of Brazil indicate that the aim of the schools is to develop reading, writing and calculation skills, in their different stages and levels of schooling, the basic preparation for higher education, work and citizenship, starting from an ethical formation, the development of intellectual autonomy and critical thinking and the understanding of the scientific-technological foundations and the productive processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, Brazilian special education is based on the National Policy on Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education, promulgated in 2008 by the Special Education Secretariat of the Ministry of Education.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, Brazilian special education is based on the National Policy on Special Education in the Perspective of Inclusive Education, promulgated in 2008 by the Special Education Secretariat of the Ministry of Education (Brazil, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brazil, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "This policy protects, as a central principle, the defense that every learner has the right to learn and participate in a school environment without any kind of discrimination, guiding education systems to provide strategies to meet special educational needs, expanding learning and development of students with intellectual disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This policy protects, as a central principle, the defense that every learner has the right to learn and participate in a school environment without any kind of discrimination, guiding education systems to provide strategies to meet special educational needs, expanding learning and development of students with intellectual disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Fleith, 2011; Galvão & Beckman, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fleith, 2011; Galvão & Beckman, 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The validation of the Chichewa LMUP using classical test theory shows that the Chichewa LMUP meets the pre-set criteria for acceptability, endorsement, targeting, internal consistency, reliability and construct validity by hypothesis testing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The validation of the Chichewa LMUP using classical test theory shows that the Chichewa LMUP meets the pre-set criteria for acceptability, endorsement, targeting, internal consistency, reliability and construct validity by hypothesis testing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original English LMUP has now been translated and validated into five other languages in high-, middle-and low-income countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The original English LMUP has now been translated and validated into five other languages in high-, middle-and low-income countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although analysis by classical test theory shows slightly weaker performance by all translations than the original, they remain acceptable (see Table 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although analysis by classical test theory shows slightly weaker performance by all translations than the original, they remain acceptable (see Table 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The only slight deviation from the pre-set criteria for the Chichewa LMUP was on the principal component analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The only slight deviation from the pre-set criteria for the Chichewa LMUP was on the principal component analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here all items were expected to load onto one component with an Eigenvalue larger than one thus demonstrating that all components are measuring the same construct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here all items were expected to load onto one component with an Eigenvalue larger than one thus demonstrating that all components are measuring the same construct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In actual fact they loaded onto two components with an Eigenvalue larger than one, although the second component had an eigenvalue of 1.00 making it very borderline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In actual fact they loaded onto two components with an Eigenvalue larger than one, although the second component had an eigenvalue of 1.00 making it very borderline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same thing was found in the Indian validation and it was noted that the 'second component … mainly represented item one [contraception] (loading of 0.78)'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The same thing was found in the Indian validation and it was noted that the 'second component … mainly represented item one [contraception] (loading of 0.78)' [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "In the Chichewa LMUP this was also true with the second component almost entirely representing the question on contraception (loading of 0.99).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Chichewa LMUP this was also true with the second component almost entirely representing the question on contraception (loading of 0.99).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Mokken analysis conducted in the USA validation indicated that the contraception question 'was not contributing greatly to the scale [but] the scale was still strong with the inclusion of this item'.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Mokken analysis conducted in the USA validation indicated that the contraception question 'was not contributing greatly to the scale [but] the scale was still strong with the inclusion of this item' [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Light provides the energy necessary for the transformation of inorganic matter into organic matter by the planktonic algae and all other photoautotrophic plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Light provides the energy necessary for the transformation of inorganic matter into organic matter by the planktonic algae and all other photoautotrophic plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Primary production is the direct product of photosynthesis, and primary productivity is the sum of all photosynthetic rates in an ecosystem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Primary production is the direct product of photosynthesis, and primary productivity is the sum of all photosynthetic rates in an ecosystem (Fee, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fee, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Information on the primary production enables to improve the understanding of food web relationships in aquatic ecosystems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information on the primary production enables to improve the understanding of food web relationships in aquatic ecosystems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Since March 2011, over four millions of people have fled civil war in Syria and sought refuge mainly in neighbouring countries, such as Turkey, Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since March 2011, over four millions of people have fled civil war in Syria and sought refuge mainly in neighbouring countries, such as Turkey, Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the early stages of the war, Turkey has followed an \"open door\" policy and become the leading country in accepting refugees from Syria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the early stages of the war, Turkey has followed an \"open door\" policy and become the leading country in accepting refugees from Syria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This policy ensures \"respect for the principle of non-refoulement\" and commitment of the government to \"providing the best possible living conditions and humanitarian assistance for the refugees\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This policy ensures \"respect for the principle of non-refoulement\" and commitment of the government to \"providing the best possible living conditions and humanitarian assistance for the refugees\" (Kirişçi, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kirişçi, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "However, when this policy was first applied, these refugees were considered as \"guests\", not refugees.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, when this policy was first applied, these refugees were considered as \"guests\", not refugees.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is partly because, the geographical limitation to the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees maintained by Turkey restricts the refugee status only to those coming from Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is partly because, the geographical limitation to the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees maintained by Turkey restricts the refugee status only to those coming from Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Light and water availability had a strong influence in morphology and gas exchange traits measured under both saturating and ambient light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Light and water availability had a strong influence in morphology and gas exchange traits measured under both saturating and ambient light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In absence of water stress, an intermediate growing light level (44-50% of full sunlight) maximized the photosynthetic potential capacity (i.e. A sat ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In absence of water stress, an intermediate growing light level (44-50% of full sunlight) maximized the photosynthetic potential capacity (i.e. A sat ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, under growing light conditions, net photosynthesis rate was similar or even higher in this treatment than in the most illuminated one.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, under growing light conditions, net photosynthesis rate was similar or even higher in this treatment than in the most illuminated one.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in agreement with results from other studies on Quercus species which reported higher photosynthesis rate at intermediate light intensities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in agreement with results from other studies on Quercus species which reported higher photosynthesis rate at intermediate light intensities (Castro-Díez et al., 2006; Prider and Facelli, 2004; Valladares et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Castro-Díez et al., 2006; Prider and Facelli, 2004; Valladares et al., 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The nutritional beliefs that subjects questioned had concerning supplements were an important factor for their use of supplements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nutritional beliefs that subjects questioned had concerning supplements were an important factor for their use of supplements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Supplement users agreed more strongly than non-users on the health benefits of supplement use for the majority of items.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Supplement users agreed more strongly than non-users on the health benefits of supplement use for the majority of items.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Others reported similar findings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Others reported similar findings [9, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We begin estimating our model using data from the historical database.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We begin estimating our model using data from the historical database.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Next, we generate first-week viewership predictions for movies in a hold-out sample at different stages of the movie launch process described above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Next, we generate first-week viewership predictions for movies in a hold-out sample at different stages of the movie launch process described above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, we generate first-week forecasts at the post-movie production, pre-and post-domesticlaunch, and pre-international-launch stages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, we generate first-week forecasts at the post-movie production, pre-and post-domesticlaunch, and pre-international-launch stages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We adopt a Bayesian prediction procedure that allows us (i) to make forecasts by combining different sources of information such as domestic and international marketspecific data and (ii) to model the uncertainty in scenarios with less than complete information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We adopt a Bayesian prediction procedure that allows us (i) to make forecasts by combining different sources of information such as domestic and international marketspecific data and (ii) to model the uncertainty in scenarios with less than complete information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, by employing the Bayesian methodology we are able to generate a predictive distribution of the first-week viewership of a new movie.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, by employing the Bayesian methodology we are able to generate a predictive distribution of the first-week viewership of a new movie.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a predictive distribution is more informative than a point estimate and provides a measure of the uncertainty in the forecasts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a predictive distribution is more informative than a point estimate and provides a measure of the uncertainty in the forecasts (Gelman et al. 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gelman et al. 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We further elaborate our model by exploring a boundary condition of the indirect effect of perceived HRM practices on employees' creativity via trust in management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We further elaborate our model by exploring a boundary condition of the indirect effect of perceived HRM practices on employees' creativity via trust in management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the literatures of HRM practices, trust, and creativity, type of employment has been highlighted as a key contingency variable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the literatures of HRM practices, trust, and creativity, type of employment has been highlighted as a key contingency variable [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "In this regard, we argue that a social exchange relationship is dependent on two types of employment such as permanent employment and temporary employment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this regard, we argue that a social exchange relationship is dependent on two types of employment such as permanent employment and temporary employment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because the strength of an employee-manager exchange relationship relies on how long employees expect that the relationship will last.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because the strength of an employee-manager exchange relationship relies on how long employees expect that the relationship will last.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From this perspective, it is logical to predict that permanent employees' expectation of a long-term relationship intensifies the social exchange relationship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From this perspective, it is logical to predict that permanent employees' expectation of a long-term relationship intensifies the social exchange relationship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By extension, we suggest that the positive impact of perceived HRM practices on employees' creativity via trust in their management should be stronger for permanent employees than for temporary employees.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By extension, we suggest that the positive impact of perceived HRM practices on employees' creativity via trust in their management should be stronger for permanent employees than for temporary employees.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Notwithstanding the burgeoning research on the outcomes of perceived HRM practices, little attention has been paid to employees' creativity, which leads to a sustainable competitive advantage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Notwithstanding the burgeoning research on the outcomes of perceived HRM practices, little attention has been paid to employees' creativity, which leads to a sustainable competitive advantage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Understanding how and why perceived HRM practices may lead to employees' creativity would provide theoretical and practical implications for strategic HRM and creativity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Understanding how and why perceived HRM practices may lead to employees' creativity would provide theoretical and practical implications for strategic HRM and creativity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, empirical evidence demonstrates that employees' creativity leads to innovation, positive performance outcomes, and organizational longevity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, empirical evidence demonstrates that employees' creativity leads to innovation, positive performance outcomes, and organizational longevity [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] }, { "text": "Employees' creativity has increasingly become a critical factor of firm performance and long-term survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Employees' creativity has increasingly become a critical factor of firm performance and long-term survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As firms seek to utilize employees' ideas and suggestions, enhancing employees' creativity has become a determinant of a sustainable competitive advantage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As firms seek to utilize employees' ideas and suggestions, enhancing employees' creativity has become a determinant of a sustainable competitive advantage [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "For instance, Google has long encouraged its employees to spend 20 percent of their time during work hours on their passion and interests to foster employees' creativity, thereby enabling it to initiate sustainable business models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, Google has long encouraged its employees to spend 20 percent of their time during work hours on their passion and interests to foster employees' creativity, thereby enabling it to initiate sustainable business models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, this study attempts to lay a cornerstone of understanding the link between perceived HRM practices and employees' creativity by exploring an underlying mechanism of the relationship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, this study attempts to lay a cornerstone of understanding the link between perceived HRM practices and employees' creativity by exploring an underlying mechanism of the relationship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This study contributes to the literature on sustainable HRM and creativity in two respects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study contributes to the literature on sustainable HRM and creativity in two respects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, this paper provides support for an emerging approach to HRM, which is labeled sustainable HRM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, this paper provides support for an emerging approach to HRM, which is labeled sustainable HRM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This approach seeks to examine the relationship between HRM and sustainability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This approach seeks to examine the relationship between HRM and sustainability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although scholars have a variety of views about sustainable HRM, there is a common feature of the studies on sustainable HRM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although scholars have a variety of views about sustainable HRM, there is a common feature of the studies on sustainable HRM [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "The researchers who suggest the concept of sustainable HRM are concerned with enhancing economic outcomes and organizational sustainability through HRM practices which are positively related to human and social outcomes (e.g., references).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The researchers who suggest the concept of sustainable HRM are concerned with enhancing economic outcomes and organizational sustainability through HRM practices which are positively related to human and social outcomes (e.g., references [32] [33] [34] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32] [33] [34]" ] }, { "text": "In this respect, this study's investigation of the relationship between employees' perception of HRM practices and trust in management and creativity, human, social, and economic outcome variables, which can lead to a firm's longevity, i.e., a sustainable organization, contributes to the literature on sustainable HRM.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this respect, this study's investigation of the relationship between employees' perception of HRM practices and trust in management and creativity, human, social, and economic outcome variables, which can lead to a firm's longevity, i.e., a sustainable organization, contributes to the literature on sustainable HRM.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Gas bearings, however, have low damping and load-carrying capacity due to the inherently small gas viscosity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gas bearings, however, have low damping and load-carrying capacity due to the inherently small gas viscosity [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, gas bearings are not able to generate large enough hydrodynamic pressure fields to support applied (static or dynamic) loads during rotor start-up or shutdown events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, gas bearings are not able to generate large enough hydrodynamic pressure fields to support applied (static or dynamic) loads during rotor start-up or shutdown events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Externally pressurized gas bearing configurations prevent transient rotor-bearing contact and reduce wear while at start up and shut down conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Externally pressurized gas bearing configurations prevent transient rotor-bearing contact and reduce wear while at start up and shut down conditions [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Rounding SCr up to 1 mg/dL in elderly patients with an SCr \\1 mg/dL is a practice used for calculating CrCl.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rounding SCr up to 1 mg/dL in elderly patients with an SCr \\1 mg/dL is a practice used for calculating CrCl.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our trial, there was a statistically significant difference in the accuracy of population-based predictive vancomycin dosing kinetics between using rounded SCr and actual SCr.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our trial, there was a statistically significant difference in the accuracy of population-based predictive vancomycin dosing kinetics between using rounded SCr and actual SCr.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Comparing the measured vancomycin trough with that predicted using rounding SCr resulted in a mean difference of 8.84 lg/mL, while using the actual SCr resulted in a mean difference of 4.54 lg/mL. The smaller difference indicates a more accurate prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparing the measured vancomycin trough with that predicted using rounding SCr resulted in a mean difference of 8.84 lg/mL, while using the actual SCr resulted in a mean difference of 4.54 lg/mL. The smaller difference indicates a more accurate prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation of actual SCr with actual SCr plus correction factor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was no statistically significant difference in the evaluation of actual SCr with actual SCr plus correction factor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The root mean squared for the actual SCr was 5.51, compared with 77.68 when the SCr was rounded to 1 lg/mL. The larger variance when using the SCr rounded to 1 lg/mL method shows that it provides a less accurate prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The root mean squared for the actual SCr was 5.51, compared with 77.68 when the SCr was rounded to 1 lg/mL. The larger variance when using the SCr rounded to 1 lg/mL method shows that it provides a less accurate prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference between actual SCr (5.51) compared with actual plus correction factor (4.95) was negligible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference between actual SCr (5.51) compared with actual plus correction factor (4.95) was negligible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both male and female patients, a statistically significant difference was observed between rounded SCr and actual SCr.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both male and female patients, a statistically significant difference was observed between rounded SCr and actual SCr.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on our results, using rounded SCr had a larger numerical effect in females compared with males.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on our results, using rounded SCr had a larger numerical effect in females compared with males.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Creatinine is mainly produced by metabolism of creatinine in the muscle, in which elderly patients typically have reduced protein intake and low muscle mass.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Creatinine is mainly produced by metabolism of creatinine in the muscle, in which elderly patients typically have reduced protein intake and low muscle mass [9, 11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "As seen in this study, the average difference between actual SCr and rounding SCr up to 1 mg/dL was 0.28 mg/dL; however, the difference was as large as 0.72 mg/dL. The use of actual SCr is a closer representation of a patient's true renal function compared with SCr rounded up to 1 mg/dL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As seen in this study, the average difference between actual SCr and rounding SCr up to 1 mg/dL was 0.28 mg/dL; however, the difference was as large as 0.72 mg/dL. The use of actual SCr is a closer representation of a patient's true renal function compared with SCr rounded up to 1 mg/dL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Even though general health in Korea reportedly continues to improve, improvements in the quality of health of older people is lagging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though general health in Korea reportedly continues to improve, improvements in the quality of health of older people is lagging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The subjective health status of adults overall has become better, while the subjective health status among the elderly has worsened.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The subjective health status of adults overall has become better, while the subjective health status among the elderly has worsened.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is evident when the decline in the health status of the elderly is compared with the health status of young and middle-aged adults, which has improved substantially.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is evident when the decline in the health status of the elderly is compared with the health status of young and middle-aged adults, which has improved substantially [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The subjective health status of the elderly warrants more attention from policy makers and researchers, because they have a variety of chronic conditions that lead to their lower health status.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The subjective health status of the elderly warrants more attention from policy makers and researchers, because they have a variety of chronic conditions that lead to their lower health status [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Follow up studies utilizing single virus particle tracking and fusion assays showed that a portion of hMPV fuses at the plasma membrane as is typical of paramyxoviruses, but also that a significant fraction of the virus is endocytosed and fuses with endosomal membranes in a manner characteristic of low pH-dependent viruses, such as influenza A virus (IAV).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Follow up studies utilizing single virus particle tracking and fusion assays showed that a portion of hMPV fuses at the plasma membrane as is typical of paramyxoviruses, but also that a significant fraction of the virus is endocytosed and fuses with endosomal membranes in a manner characteristic of low pH-dependent viruses, such as influenza A virus (IAV) [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15]" ] }, { "text": "These data suggested that hMPV utilizes a bifurcated cellular entry strategy with characteristics typified by both SeV and IAV.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These data suggested that hMPV utilizes a bifurcated cellular entry strategy with characteristics typified by both SeV and IAV.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From this, we reasoned that hMPV may be susceptible to inhibition by interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which is a cellular antiviral factor that inhibits virus-endosome membrane fusion reactions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From this, we reasoned that hMPV may be susceptible to inhibition by interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which is a cellular antiviral factor that inhibits virus-endosome membrane fusion reactions [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In a wireless system, diversity combining provides an effective way to overcome multipath fading and enhance receiver performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a wireless system, diversity combining provides an effective way to overcome multipath fading and enhance receiver performance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "The well-known maximalratio-combining and equal-gain-combining schemes require numerous arithmetic operations such as adders and/or multipliers for the implementation of signal combination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The well-known maximalratio-combining and equal-gain-combining schemes require numerous arithmetic operations such as adders and/or multipliers for the implementation of signal combination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the conventional selection combining (SC) scheme needs simultaneous and continuous monitoring and estimation of all branch SNRs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the conventional selection combining (SC) scheme needs simultaneous and continuous monitoring and estimation of all branch SNRs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The arithmetic operations and continuous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimations are time-and power-consuming, which may be impractical for some wireless communication systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The arithmetic operations and continuous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimations are time-and power-consuming, which may be impractical for some wireless communication systems [5, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 7]" ] }, { "text": "To further reduce the implementation complexity of a diversity system, the switch-and-stay combining (SSC) scheme has been considered.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To further reduce the implementation complexity of a diversity system, the switch-and-stay combining (SSC) scheme has been considered [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "With an SSC system, the receiver only needs to monitor and estimate the channel state of the single branch currently in use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With an SSC system, the receiver only needs to monitor and estimate the channel state of the single branch currently in use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the switch-based SSC is valuable for a mobile terminal that has a limited processing capability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the switch-based SSC is valuable for a mobile terminal that has a limited processing capability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the general if we assume the matter content in terms of the scalar field this means that we are going beyond the standard cosmological model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the general if we assume the matter content in terms of the scalar field this means that we are going beyond the standard cosmological model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We will assume in our future investigations the presence of both kinds of the matter content described by the barotropic form of the equation of state and by the scalar field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will assume in our future investigations the presence of both kinds of the matter content described by the barotropic form of the equation of state and by the scalar field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such a case one can discover new interesting effects which are not present in the cosmological evolution if a scalar field as well as the matter are treated separately.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In such a case one can discover new interesting effects which are not present in the cosmological evolution if a scalar field as well as the matter are treated separately [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We also observed that groups generally achieved better results than individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also observed that groups generally achieved better results than individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In cases where accuracy at 3D spatial tasks is more important than time, our results imply that it is worth having two or more users work together.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In cases where accuracy at 3D spatial tasks is more important than time, our results imply that it is worth having two or more users work together.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spatial tasks depend on spatial ability and can be highly challenging for some individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatial tasks depend on spatial ability and can be highly challenging for some individuals [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "Presumably, working together allows users to identify and correct each other's interpretation mistakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Presumably, working together allows users to identify and correct each other's interpretation mistakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Including more users also increases the likelihood that one member of the group will have a high spatial ability and therefore perform better, influencing the entire group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Including more users also increases the likelihood that one member of the group will have a high spatial ability and therefore perform better, influencing the entire group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, there is a maximum group size beyond which performance will begin to decrease due to coordination overhead.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, there is a maximum group size beyond which performance will begin to decrease due to coordination overhead.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are also obvious resource considerations when multiple users are assigned to a task that could potentially be performed by one user, although these are likely less important when decisions are expensive or safety critical (e.g., surgery planning).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are also obvious resource considerations when multiple users are assigned to a task that could potentially be performed by one user, although these are likely less important when decisions are expensive or safety critical (e.g., surgery planning).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From a practical standpoint, a group of two may be a good choice in many cases, though we did sometimes observe higher accuracy with four users.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a practical standpoint, a group of two may be a good choice in many cases, though we did sometimes observe higher accuracy with four users.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The formation of complex structures during solidification often results from a subtle interplay of nonequilibrium, nonlinear processes, for which seemingly small changes in molecular dynamics at the nanoscale can produce large morphological changes at all scales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The formation of complex structures during solidification often results from a subtle interplay of nonequilibrium, nonlinear processes, for which seemingly small changes in molecular dynamics at the nanoscale can produce large morphological changes at all scales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One popular example of this phenomenon is the formation of snow crystals, which are ice crystals that grow from water vapor in an inert background gas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One popular example of this phenomenon is the formation of snow crystals, which are ice crystals that grow from water vapor in an inert background gas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although this is a relatively simple physical system, snow crystals display a remarkable variety of columnar and plate-like forms, and much of the phenomenology of their growth remains poorly understood.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although this is a relatively simple physical system, snow crystals display a remarkable variety of columnar and plate-like forms, and much of the phenomenology of their growth remains poorly understood [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The integration of external sources of innovation has become a problem that more and more firms need to address.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The integration of external sources of innovation has become a problem that more and more firms need to address (Chesbrough, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chesbrough, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Inter-organizational integration mechanisms (co-located project teams, integrators, resident-engineers, collaborative technologies, IT infrastructures, etc.) are by now a classical topic in organization theory and a large body of research has analyzed their ability to sustain supply relationships capable of spurring inter-firm innovation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inter-organizational integration mechanisms (co-located project teams, integrators, resident-engineers, collaborative technologies, IT infrastructures, etc.) are by now a classical topic in organization theory and a large body of research has analyzed their ability to sustain supply relationships capable of spurring inter-firm innovation (Clark and Fujimoto, 1991; Helper and Sako, 1995; Parmigiani and Rivera-Santos, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF51" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Clark and Fujimoto, 1991; Helper and Sako, 1995; Parmigiani and Rivera-Santos, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In this respect, product modularity has received much attention and has been credited of many advantages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this respect, product modularity has received much attention and has been credited of many advantages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The atmospheric boundary layer energetically couples the atmosphere to the underlying surface, both directly through its regulation of the transfer of heat, momentum and mat-ter (e.g., water vapor), and indirectly through the modulation of radiative fluxes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The atmospheric boundary layer energetically couples the atmosphere to the underlying surface, both directly through its regulation of the transfer of heat, momentum and mat-ter (e.g., water vapor), and indirectly through the modulation of radiative fluxes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Boundary layer processes thus readily imprint themselves on larger-scale circulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boundary layer processes thus readily imprint themselves on larger-scale circulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, boundary layer processes translate surface temperature gradients into shallow pressure anomalies which drive regions of low-level convergence and hence the climatology of precipitation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, boundary layer processes translate surface temperature gradients into shallow pressure anomalies which drive regions of low-level convergence and hence the climatology of precipitation (Lindzen & Nigam 1987) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lindzen & Nigam 1987)" ] }, { "text": "Boundary layer processes also determine the distribution of low-level clouds which play such a crucial role in limiting the amount of radiant energy reaching the surface ocean.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Boundary layer processes also determine the distribution of low-level clouds which play such a crucial role in limiting the amount of radiant energy reaching the surface ocean.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these, and similar reasons, the study of boundary layer processes, and the development of theories or models capable of encapsulating them, is a topic of enduring interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these, and similar reasons, the study of boundary layer processes, and the development of theories or models capable of encapsulating them, is a topic of enduring interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Research works that use graph representations for texts in the context of Sentiment Analysis barely appear in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research works that use graph representations for texts in the context of Sentiment Analysis barely appear in the literature (Pinto, 2014; Poria, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pinto, 2014; Poria, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "It usually has been proposed the concept of n-grams with a frequency of occurrence vector to solved it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It usually has been proposed the concept of n-grams with a frequency of occurrence vector to solved it (Pang, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pang, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "However, there is still an enormous gap between this approach and the use of more detailed graph structures that represent in a natural way the lexical, semantic and stylistic features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is still an enormous gap between this approach and the use of more detailed graph structures that represent in a natural way the lexical, semantic and stylistic features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The size distribution of the biotinylated TMV capsids was altered following decoration with the streptavidin fusions, with the predominant rod length decreasing from 300 nm to 50-100 nm (Fig. 3B) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size distribution of the biotinylated TMV capsids was altered following decoration with the streptavidin fusions, with the predominant rod length decreasing from 300 nm to 50-100 nm (Fig. 3B) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The assembly of neutravidin onto the surface of biotinylated TMV, already coated onto copper grids, has previously been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The assembly of neutravidin onto the surface of biotinylated TMV, already coated onto copper grids, has previously been reported (Demir and Stowell, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Demir and Stowell, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Although these authors showed a similar level of decoration to that we reported here, they made no comment regarding alterations to the particle size distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although these authors showed a similar level of decoration to that we reported here, they made no comment regarding alterations to the particle size distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our case, we subjected the decorated virions to a series of PEG precipitations to eliminate unbound streptavidin fusion prior to analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our case, we subjected the decorated virions to a series of PEG precipitations to eliminate unbound streptavidin fusion prior to analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is possible that fragmentation of the TMV conjugate rods occurred during this additional processing, although no change in the particle size distribution was observed for control samples (non-biotinylated TMV mixed with streptavidin fusion) processed in parallel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is possible that fragmentation of the TMV conjugate rods occurred during this additional processing, although no change in the particle size distribution was observed for control samples (non-biotinylated TMV mixed with streptavidin fusion) processed in parallel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An alternative explanation is that the packing of the streptavidin tetramers onto the capsid surface exceeded a critical limit, resulting in rupture of the TMV rod.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An alternative explanation is that the packing of the streptavidin tetramers onto the capsid surface exceeded a critical limit, resulting in rupture of the TMV rod.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SDS detergent, added at 2% w/v with no heating, disrupts TMV virion yielding free CP (data not shown), whereas biotinylated CP-streptavidin association can occur in the presence of SDS and is stable up to 60°C (Fig. 3D ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SDS detergent, added at 2% w/v with no heating, disrupts TMV virion yielding free CP (data not shown), whereas biotinylated CP-streptavidin association can occur in the presence of SDS and is stable up to 60°C (Fig. 3D ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This disparity in stability suggests that the affinity of streptavidin for the biotinylated CP may be sufficient for rod breakage when the streptavidin fusion is present in excess of the packing limit, as was the case here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This disparity in stability suggests that the affinity of streptavidin for the biotinylated CP may be sufficient for rod breakage when the streptavidin fusion is present in excess of the packing limit, as was the case here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the extent of capsid surface biotinylation can be easily controlled (Fig. 2) , this possibility can be addressed experimentally and if necessary a level of biotinylation chosen that will give complete surface coverage, while maintaining intact 300 nm rods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the extent of capsid surface biotinylation can be easily controlled (Fig. 2) , this possibility can be addressed experimentally and if necessary a level of biotinylation chosen that will give complete surface coverage, while maintaining intact 300 nm rods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The influence of the complex dimensions on the immune response may also merit investigation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The influence of the complex dimensions on the immune response may also merit investigation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Early studies in rabbits administered either 14 C-labeled TMV virions or disassociated CP demonstrated that the particulate nature of TMV resulted in improved uptake by and activation of antigen presenting cells, as the intact capsids were more effectively and rapidly transported from the site of injection to proximal lymph nodes, and then to the spleen.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Early studies in rabbits administered either 14 C-labeled TMV virions or disassociated CP demonstrated that the particulate nature of TMV resulted in improved uptake by and activation of antigen presenting cells, as the intact capsids were more effectively and rapidly transported from the site of injection to proximal lymph nodes, and then to the spleen (Loor, 1967) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Loor, 1967)" ] }, { "text": "Further studies with streptavidin fusion loaded rods, of different size distributions, would permit the influence of rod length on the potency of the immune response to be evaluated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further studies with streptavidin fusion loaded rods, of different size distributions, would permit the influence of rod length on the potency of the immune response to be evaluated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently quite a few number of agent-based models of opinion formation have been studied.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently quite a few number of agent-based models of opinion formation have been studied [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9, 10, 11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "In all these models as in ours, each individual is represented by an agent whose state is a simplified description of the individual's characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In all these models as in ours, each individual is represented by an agent whose state is a simplified description of the individual's characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper we define and study different versions of a model of opinion formation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we define and study different versions of a model of opinion formation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We represent a society of individuals by a directed graph, that is an ordered pair of disjoint sets (V, E), where V is a nonempty set of elements called vertices, nodes, or points, and E a set of ordered pairs of distinct elements of V , called directed edges, arcs, or links.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We represent a society of individuals by a directed graph, that is an ordered pair of disjoint sets (V, E), where V is a nonempty set of elements called vertices, nodes, or points, and E a set of ordered pairs of distinct elements of V , called directed edges, arcs, or links.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each vertex is occupied by an individual whose state describes her name, the list of individuals she interacts with, her level of awareness, and her opinion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each vertex is occupied by an individual whose state describes her name, the list of individuals she interacts with, her level of awareness, and her opinion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The opinion of an individual located at vertex i evolves as a result of her interactions with the individuals located at all the vertices j ∈ V such that (i, j) ∈ E, according to an evolution rule that takes into account opinions and levels of awareness of the interacting individuals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The opinion of an individual located at vertex i evolves as a result of her interactions with the individuals located at all the vertices j ∈ V such that (i, j) ∈ E, according to an evolution rule that takes into account opinions and levels of awareness of the interacting individuals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the individuals directly connected to a given individual i form her social environment or social neighborhood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the individuals directly connected to a given individual i form her social environment or social neighborhood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In what follows, the words neighbor and neighborhood will not imply any spatial proximity; a neighbor of i is just an element of her social environment who may influence her opinion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In what follows, the words neighbor and neighborhood will not imply any spatial proximity; a neighbor of i is just an element of her social environment who may influence her opinion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A mitigation of this pressure may be achieved by offering alternatives in neighboring regions, sufficiently valuable in terms of potential, but lacking the infrastructure (both general and specific).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A mitigation of this pressure may be achieved by offering alternatives in neighboring regions, sufficiently valuable in terms of potential, but lacking the infrastructure (both general and specific).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A necessary first step in addressing this situation might be to attempt the optimization of existing infrastructures, which may only be achieved by encouraging and stimulating certain types of investments and activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A necessary first step in addressing this situation might be to attempt the optimization of existing infrastructures, which may only be achieved by encouraging and stimulating certain types of investments and activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The lack of balance, the link, the correlation between the components of tourist activity cause local disparities which subsequently lead to regional differentiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The lack of balance, the link, the correlation between the components of tourist activity cause local disparities which subsequently lead to regional differentiation [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Illness perception has a significant implication for adaptation to illness and has been shown to outweigh the impact of medical disease status on depression, physical function and pain and play an important role in the explanation of distress outcome in chronic illness including rheumatic disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Illness perception has a significant implication for adaptation to illness and has been shown to outweigh the impact of medical disease status on depression, physical function and pain and play an important role in the explanation of distress outcome in chronic illness including rheumatic disease [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [20] [21]" ] }, { "text": "It influences how anxious or depressed a patient becomes and these effects may be moderated by other factors such as levels of social support and the presence of additional co-morbidities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It influences how anxious or depressed a patient becomes and these effects may be moderated by other factors such as levels of social support and the presence of additional co-morbidities [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "In earlier studies, patients' beliefs about their RA have been related to outcomes such as disability, psychiatric morbidity and pain when clinical measures have not.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In earlier studies, patients' beliefs about their RA have been related to outcomes such as disability, psychiatric morbidity and pain when clinical measures have not [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "In chronic disease, cognitive therapies are partly directed at influencing illness beliefs, they are thus amenable to interventions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In chronic disease, cognitive therapies are partly directed at influencing illness beliefs, they are thus amenable to interventions [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "JS is an attitude toward the work environment and depends on the expectations regarding the future of the organization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "JS is an attitude toward the work environment and depends on the expectations regarding the future of the organization (Jiménez et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jiménez et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "JS determines the behavioral strategies of employees; therefore, organizations should take care of it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "JS determines the behavioral strategies of employees; therefore, organizations should take care of it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we demonstrated, JI does not have a (strong) effect on JS, which helps to underscore the importance of WHP intervention.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we demonstrated, JI does not have a (strong) effect on JS, which helps to underscore the importance of WHP intervention.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WHP can also-or better, even-be recommended in economically hard times to improve the work environment and JS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "WHP can also-or better, even-be recommended in economically hard times to improve the work environment and JS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As expected, high JS was related to a lower intention to quit (H5), confirming explanation models about JS and intention to quit.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As expected, high JS was related to a lower intention to quit (H5), confirming explanation models about JS and intention to quit (Jiménez, 2006; Van Dick et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jiménez, 2006; Van Dick et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Satisfied employees identify with their organization and feel committed to stay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Satisfied employees identify with their organization and feel committed to stay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these employees ,coping strategies such as the intention to quit are not necessary as the evaluation of the current and expected working condition is positive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these employees ,coping strategies such as the intention to quit are not necessary as the evaluation of the current and expected working condition is positive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Weathering steel is mainly used in designing bridge structures, lattice towers from sections and tubes, but also as roofing and cladding materials or decorative material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weathering steel is mainly used in designing bridge structures, lattice towers from sections and tubes, but also as roofing and cladding materials or decorative material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increased resistance to corrosion in the atmosphere results from the development of a compact adhesive corrosion layer on the surface that reduces corrosion rate to a technically permissible limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased resistance to corrosion in the atmosphere results from the development of a compact adhesive corrosion layer on the surface that reduces corrosion rate to a technically permissible limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The corrosion layer with protective properties, the so-called \"patina\", forms after 3 to 7 years of exposure under suitable environmental conditions with respect to the concentration of SO 2 in the atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The corrosion layer with protective properties, the so-called \"patina\", forms after 3 to 7 years of exposure under suitable environmental conditions with respect to the concentration of SO 2 in the atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The necessary atmospheric conditions include, in particular, regular wetting and drying of the steel surface and also an environment remaining within the permissible limits of aggressive corrosion stimulators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The necessary atmospheric conditions include, in particular, regular wetting and drying of the steel surface and also an environment remaining within the permissible limits of aggressive corrosion stimulators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to ensure a favourable development of the protective corrosion layer, it is necessary to ensure regular maintenance of the structure as well as regular inspections, mainly in the first years after construction, revealing places prone to accumulation of dust particles, impurities, or moisture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to ensure a favourable development of the protective corrosion layer, it is necessary to ensure regular maintenance of the structure as well as regular inspections, mainly in the first years after construction, revealing places prone to accumulation of dust particles, impurities, or moisture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When designing structures increased attention must be paid to the layout design of the bridge structure, the structural details, and the design of the drainage system for the bridge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When designing structures increased attention must be paid to the layout design of the bridge structure, the structural details, and the design of the drainage system for the bridge [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Hydraulic fracturing is used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs where extremely low permeability prevents easy access to the resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hydraulic fracturing is used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs where extremely low permeability prevents easy access to the resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unconventional reservoirs such as tight sandstone and shale formations have matrix permeability j mat ranging from 1 to 500 lD and 1 to 1000 nD respectively compared to 1 mD and higher for conventional reservoirs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unconventional reservoirs such as tight sandstone and shale formations have matrix permeability j mat ranging from 1 to 500 lD and 1 to 1000 nD respectively compared to 1 mD and higher for conventional reservoirs (King, 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(King, 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Fracturing increases the exposed matrix surface area and creates a path for hydrocarbons to flow from the reservoir to the wellbore.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fracturing increases the exposed matrix surface area and creates a path for hydrocarbons to flow from the reservoir to the wellbore.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this work we concentrate on the role of the fluid and its properties during proppant placement in a fracturing treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we concentrate on the role of the fluid and its properties during proppant placement in a fracturing treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The stage of filling a fracture with proppant is critical to the success of the whole process and subsequently determines the production rates achieved and how long these can be maintained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The stage of filling a fracture with proppant is critical to the success of the whole process and subsequently determines the production rates achieved and how long these can be maintained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Production is directly related to the ability of the proppant pack to retain fracture conductivity k f defined as the product of propped fracture width w and the permeability of the propped zone j (k f = wÁj f ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Production is directly related to the ability of the proppant pack to retain fracture conductivity k f defined as the product of propped fracture width w and the permeability of the propped zone j (k f = wÁj f ) (Bennett et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bennett et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Filling vertical fractures with proppant requires a specific fluid rheology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Filling vertical fractures with proppant requires a specific fluid rheology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High viscosity is required to carry proppant into the fracture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High viscosity is required to carry proppant into the fracture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also increasingly accepted that elasticity plays a significant role in proppant suspension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also increasingly accepted that elasticity plays a significant role in proppant suspension (Hu et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hu et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "These are the main rheological features sought for proppant placement fluids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These are the main rheological features sought for proppant placement fluids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other factors such as the physical nature of the proppant, including size and density as well as the rate at which the slurry is pumped are also central to successfully fill fractures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other factors such as the physical nature of the proppant, including size and density as well as the rate at which the slurry is pumped are also central to successfully fill fractures (Terracina et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Terracina et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A crucial period is the transport from the injection wellbore to the near wellbore region inside the fractures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A crucial period is the transport from the injection wellbore to the near wellbore region inside the fractures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This often occurs via casing perforations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This often occurs via casing perforations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initial injection of proppant through the perforations in the wellbore can often make or break a fracturing treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial injection of proppant through the perforations in the wellbore can often make or break a fracturing treatment (Daneshy, 1973) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Daneshy, 1973)" ] }, { "text": "Early bridging or settling of proppant in the near-wellbore zone of the fracture will limit further packing deep into the fracture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Early bridging or settling of proppant in the near-wellbore zone of the fracture will limit further packing deep into the fracture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This transport is determined by the rheological properties of the fluid to effectively transport the proppant away from the near-wellbore.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This transport is determined by the rheological properties of the fluid to effectively transport the proppant away from the near-wellbore (Gruesbeck and Collins, 1982) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gruesbeck and Collins, 1982)" ] }, { "text": "The fracture aperture geometry (tortuosity and alignment), proppant concentration and pump rate also determine proppant transport from the perforation into the fracture.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fracture aperture geometry (tortuosity and alignment), proppant concentration and pump rate also determine proppant transport from the perforation into the fracture (Romero et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Romero et al., 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Most studies in an oil and gas context focus on wellbore to perforation (i.e. injection/stimulation) or reservoir to perforation (i.e. production).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most studies in an oil and gas context focus on wellbore to perforation (i.e. injection/stimulation) or reservoir to perforation (i.e. production) (Brooks and Haggerty, 2011; Gruesbeck and Collins, 1982; Li et al., 2012; Razi et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brooks and Haggerty, 2011; Gruesbeck and Collins, 1982; Li et al., 2012; Razi et al., 1995)" ] }, { "text": "In this work we investigate novel viscoelastic fluids and determine flow performance from a perforation into an open fracture with a view to optimise carrying capacity -the fluid's ability to suspend proppant during shear flow as a result of its viscoelastic properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we investigate novel viscoelastic fluids and determine flow performance from a perforation into an open fracture with a view to optimise carrying capacity -the fluid's ability to suspend proppant during shear flow as a result of its viscoelastic properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There has been considerable work using viscoelastic surfactant fluids, however these still require some modifying chemical interaction e.g. contact with hydrocarbons or breakers, in order to change their proppant carrying characteristics, in particular the viscosity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been considerable work using viscoelastic surfactant fluids, however these still require some modifying chemical interaction e.g. contact with hydrocarbons or breakers, in order to change their proppant carrying characteristics, in particular the viscosity (Samuel et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Samuel et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "In the near-wellbore in particular, shear rates are higher than at the fracture tip.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the near-wellbore in particular, shear rates are higher than at the fracture tip (Constien et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Constien et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Traditional fracturing fluids are shear-thinning and therefore have a lower viscosity in this region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional fracturing fluids are shear-thinning and therefore have a lower viscosity in this region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, insufficient viscosity to transport proppant in this region is known to cause screenouts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, insufficient viscosity to transport proppant in this region is known to cause screenouts (Aud et al., 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aud et al., 1994)" ] }, { "text": "By contrast the fluids in this study exhibit flow-induced viscoelasticity (FIVE), meaning that they do not have reduced proppant carrying capacity in the near-wellbore.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By contrast the fluids in this study exhibit flow-induced viscoelasticity (FIVE), meaning that they do not have reduced proppant carrying capacity in the near-wellbore.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is investigated by studying the fluid's rheological properties when undergoing extensional flow (such as that from perforation to fracture) and relating this rheology to expected proppant transport ability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is investigated by studying the fluid's rheological properties when undergoing extensional flow (such as that from perforation to fracture) and relating this rheology to expected proppant transport ability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, we sought to understand the basis for the long-term success of the MTB Uganda family in Kampala, Uganda.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we sought to understand the basis for the long-term success of the MTB Uganda family in Kampala, Uganda.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, we examined the MTBC population structure and changes in prevalence of the different MTBC lineages circulating in Kampala during the last 18 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, we examined the MTBC population structure and changes in prevalence of the different MTBC lineages circulating in Kampala during the last 18 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Secondly, we investigated the risk factors associated with cavitary TB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, we investigated the risk factors associated with cavitary TB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our data show that in periurban Kampala there are 3 dominant MTBC lineages causing TB, with L4-U being the most predominant and stable for the last 18 years, followed by the L4-NU and L3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data show that in periurban Kampala there are 3 dominant MTBC lineages causing TB, with L4-U being the most predominant and stable for the last 18 years, followed by the L4-NU and L3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, our multivariate results also showed that this long-term success of L4-U was not due to increased virulence when considering cavitary TB as a proxy, even though cavitary TB per se was independently associated with other known risk factors such as smoking, low socio-economic status and HIV-negative status.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, our multivariate results also showed that this long-term success of L4-U was not due to increased virulence when considering cavitary TB as a proxy, even though cavitary TB per se was independently associated with other known risk factors such as smoking, low socio-economic status and HIV-negative status [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]" ] }, { "text": "We also note that, from out recruitment criteria only smear positive patients were enrolled as index probably this could have reduced our chances of finding any association of MTB lineage with cavitary TB.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also note that, from out recruitment criteria only smear positive patients were enrolled as index probably this could have reduced our chances of finding any association of MTB lineage with cavitary TB.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, among the contacts 80 % of the patients were smear negative and still this category of patients showed no association of MTB Uganda family with cavitation in a univariate analysis (data not shown).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, among the contacts 80 % of the patients were smear negative and still this category of patients showed no association of MTB Uganda family with cavitation in a univariate analysis (data not shown).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Medicinal plants refer to the class of plants applied for therapy or to possess pharmacological actions for human and animal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Medicinal plants refer to the class of plants applied for therapy or to possess pharmacological actions for human and animal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In morphological aspect, there is no difference between medicinal and others plants, except the characteristics of certain plant to exhibit medicinal benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In morphological aspect, there is no difference between medicinal and others plants, except the characteristics of certain plant to exhibit medicinal benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indonesia comprises about 110 million hectares and serves about 80% world medicinal plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indonesia comprises about 110 million hectares and serves about 80% world medicinal plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is estimated that 28,000 plant species exist in Indonesian forest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is estimated that 28,000 plant species exist in Indonesian forest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of these, 7,000 species are medicinal plants, which is equal to 90% of medicinal plants in Asia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of these, 7,000 species are medicinal plants, which is equal to 90% of medicinal plants in Asia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So far, 1000 species have been known and utilized in traditional medicine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So far, 1000 species have been known and utilized in traditional medicine [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Nevertheless, a set of common problems accompanying the processing of KNN-based materials still represents an important research challenge, as these issues can significantly affect the reproducibility of electromechanical properties and therefore limit their transfer to applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, a set of common problems accompanying the processing of KNN-based materials still represents an important research challenge, as these issues can significantly affect the reproducibility of electromechanical properties and therefore limit their transfer to applications [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Processing-related problems include deviations from stoichiometry due to the hygroscopic nature of the starting alkali carbonates, phase impurity, strong tendency toward abnormal grain growth, poor densification, and a very narrow sintering window in proximity of the solidus temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Processing-related problems include deviations from stoichiometry due to the hygroscopic nature of the starting alkali carbonates, phase impurity, strong tendency toward abnormal grain growth, poor densification, and a very narrow sintering window in proximity of the solidus temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, the important role and high sensitivity of the preparation technique is perhaps best illustrated by the difficulty in achieving a high degree of compositional homogeneity in KNN-based systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the important role and high sensitivity of the preparation technique is perhaps best illustrated by the difficulty in achieving a high degree of compositional homogeneity in KNN-based systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Our study shows that, although willow tit nests were located randomly with respect to avian predator nests in the landscape, the spatial anchoring of non-lethal predation risk that stems from central-place foraging avian predators does affect fitness related measures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study shows that, although willow tit nests were located randomly with respect to avian predator nests in the landscape, the spatial anchoring of non-lethal predation risk that stems from central-place foraging avian predators does affect fitness related measures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We found that willow tit nestling size, as indicated by wing and tarsus length, significantly increased with distance from breeding avian predators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that willow tit nestling size, as indicated by wing and tarsus length, significantly increased with distance from breeding avian predators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result supports the concept of a predation risk landscape that creates predictable non-lethal predation risk gradients within the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This result supports the concept of a predation risk landscape that creates predictable non-lethal predation risk gradients within the environment (Thomson et al. 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF58" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Thomson et al. 2006)" ] }, { "text": "These gradients will be important in understanding the variation in behaviour and demography of prey populations at larger spatial scales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These gradients will be important in understanding the variation in behaviour and demography of prey populations at larger spatial scales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Similarly, the tetB gene is the most frequently observed tet gene among Enterobacteriaceae, as part of the nonconjugative transposon Tn10.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the tetB gene is the most frequently observed tet gene among Enterobacteriaceae, as part of the nonconjugative transposon Tn10 (Chalmers et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chalmers et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The wide distribution of the tetB across Gram-negative genera, including Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Treponema indicates a great likelihood of horizontal gene transfer occurrence of tetracycline resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The wide distribution of the tetB across Gram-negative genera, including Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus, Salmonella, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Treponema indicates a great likelihood of horizontal gene transfer occurrence of tetracycline resistance (Speer et al., 1992; Roberts, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Speer et al., 1992; Roberts, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, the tetB gene was first detected in H. influenzae, a member of the Pasteurelllaceae commonly isolated from the lungs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the tetB gene was first detected in H. influenzae, a member of the Pasteurelllaceae commonly isolated from the lungs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of the polymorphisms can be detected in other strains or species (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the polymorphisms can be detected in other strains or species (Tables 1 and 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Glycine (255G) of the tetH gene might have a substantial role in the functionality of the protein, thus, the observed mutation was synonymous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Glycine (255G) of the tetH gene might have a substantial role in the functionality of the protein, thus, the observed mutation was synonymous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Perhaps, this is why no mutations have been previously described at this site.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Perhaps, this is why no mutations have been previously described at this site.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on the dendrogram, the tetB gene in the Greek isolates of P. multocida is more homologous to species other than Pasteurellae leading us in two explanations: the gene could probably has been transferred to the isolates from a non Pasteurella species or it is still in an ancestral form which has not been altered as it has in other species of its genus, thus clustering separately from them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the dendrogram, the tetB gene in the Greek isolates of P. multocida is more homologous to species other than Pasteurellae leading us in two explanations: the gene could probably has been transferred to the isolates from a non Pasteurella species or it is still in an ancestral form which has not been altered as it has in other species of its genus, thus clustering separately from them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The local (Greek) P. multocida tetH gene revealed a different pattern of clustering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The local (Greek) P. multocida tetH gene revealed a different pattern of clustering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, as in the case of tetB, the local isolates tetH gene are clearly differentiated from the rest of Pasteurella species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, as in the case of tetB, the local isolates tetH gene are clearly differentiated from the rest of Pasteurella species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Inappropriate footwear has been identified as a contributor of up to 45% of falls.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Inappropriate footwear has been identified as a contributor of up to 45% of falls [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Walking barefoot or in socks can elevate fall risk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Walking barefoot or in socks can elevate fall risk [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Also, wearing shoes with a low collar or a high heel has been shown to increase fall risk and impair balance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, wearing shoes with a low collar or a high heel has been shown to increase fall risk and impair balance [12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "After the heavy rain on 18 th June and river refreshing by dam opening, local people continue to use the well water as usual.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After the heavy rain on 18 th June and river refreshing by dam opening, local people continue to use the well water as usual.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surveillance data revealed that prevalence of diarrhea fail down to normal among local residents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surveillance data revealed that prevalence of diarrhea fail down to normal among local residents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The clinical symptoms observed including diarrhea and dehydration at primary stage, abdominal pain, and few cases reported headache or fever in the outbreak.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The clinical symptoms observed including diarrhea and dehydration at primary stage, abdominal pain, and few cases reported headache or fever in the outbreak.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These clinical features closely resembled bacterial etiology.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These clinical features closely resembled bacterial etiology [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The laboratory test identified several bacteria, mainly E. coli, from stool, water of well and river samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The laboratory test identified several bacteria, mainly E. coli, from stool, water of well and river samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to most cases (91%) had antibiotic treatment before diagnosed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to most cases (91%) had antibiotic treatment before diagnosed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was hard to identify pathogenicbacteria in stool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was hard to identify pathogenicbacteria in stool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But the polymicrobial findings support the assumption that heavy contamination of river water may played a main role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But the polymicrobial findings support the assumption that heavy contamination of river water may played a main role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The limitations in pathogen identification highlight the importance of field epidemiology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The limitations in pathogen identification highlight the importance of field epidemiology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Throughout this paper A and B are positive operators on a complex Hilbert space (H, ·, · ) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Throughout this paper A and B are positive operators on a complex Hilbert space (H, ·, · ) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We use the following notations for operators We recall that Specht's ratio is defined by(1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We use the following notations for operators We recall that Specht's ratio is defined by [9] (1.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "It is well known that lim h→1 S (h) = 1, S (h) = S 1 h > 1 for h > 0, h = 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that lim h→1 S (h) = 1, S (h) = S 1 h > 1 for h > 0, h = 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The function is decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, ∞) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The function is decreasing on (0, 1) and increasing on (1, ∞) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "A surprising finding was the tendency for some negative correlations between Physical Environment rankings and the prevalence of overweight and obesity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A surprising finding was the tendency for some negative correlations between Physical Environment rankings and the prevalence of overweight and obesity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relationships were not as consistent as with other factors but the negative correlations are hard to explain, as it would be expected that built environment factors would enhance health behaviors and associated outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relationships were not as consistent as with other factors but the negative correlations are hard to explain, as it would be expected that built environment factors would enhance health behaviors and associated outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To examine this, we ran separate correlations to look at the sub factors that make up the environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To examine this, we ran separate correlations to look at the sub factors that make up the environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These analyses revealed negative associations with Air Quality and a tendency for positive correlations with the Built Environment indicator (data not shown).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These analyses revealed negative associations with Air Quality and a tendency for positive correlations with the Built Environment indicator (data not shown).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is not possible to completely interpret these relationships but it may be due to links with urban areas displaying more positive built environments but poorer air quality or other factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is not possible to completely interpret these relationships but it may be due to links with urban areas displaying more positive built environments but poorer air quality or other factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among children aged 5-18 years within five regions of Pennsylvania, greater diversity of places for physical activity was associated with lower BMIs but age-dependent variations were observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among children aged 5-18 years within five regions of Pennsylvania, greater diversity of places for physical activity was associated with lower BMIs but age-dependent variations were observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, higher population density and low county sprawl were associated with lower BMIs among older children only.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, higher population density and low county sprawl were associated with lower BMIs among older children only [57] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[57]" ] }, { "text": "Younger children may be more dependent on home over community level physical activity features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Younger children may be more dependent on home over community level physical activity features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, children living in the most rural, least population dense areas had significantly higher rates of obesity compared to urban and suburban populations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, children living in the most rural, least population dense areas had significantly higher rates of obesity compared to urban and suburban populations [44, 58] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43", "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44, 58]" ] }, { "text": "Encouraging parents to create home environments that provide support for physical activity among younger and school-age children may be particularly important in the most rural areas, whereas community-level supports may have greater impact for older children and children of all ages in urban areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Encouraging parents to create home environments that provide support for physical activity among younger and school-age children may be particularly important in the most rural areas, whereas community-level supports may have greater impact for older children and children of all ages in urban areas [58] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[58]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Yet the implications of the globalization of wealth management are not well understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet the implications of the globalization of wealth management are not well understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As offshore centers rarely publish informative statistics, we do not have a clear view of who uses tax havens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As offshore centers rarely publish informative statistics, we do not have a clear view of who uses tax havens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Does most of the wealth held offshore belong to residents of rich countries, or to residents of developing countries?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Does most of the wealth held offshore belong to residents of rich countries, or to residents of developing countries?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Does it mostly belong to ultra-rich households (e.g., with more than $50 million in net wealth), to corrupt political elites, or to a broader segment of the population?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Does it mostly belong to ultra-rich households (e.g., with more than $50 million in net wealth), to corrupt political elites, or to a broader segment of the population?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Is most of it hidden from tax authorities, or do people use tax havens for non-tax reasons-for instance, to get access to better financial services than available in their home country?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Is most of it hidden from tax authorities, or do people use tax havens for non-tax reasons-for instance, to get access to better financial services than available in their home country?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are key issues for the study of inequality, public economics, and developmentand likely to become even more important in the future, as global wealth is rising fast and increasingly takes the form of movable financial assets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These are key issues for the study of inequality, public economics, and developmentand likely to become even more important in the future, as global wealth is rising fast and increasingly takes the form of movable financial assets (Piketty and Zucman, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Piketty and Zucman, 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "N EAREST neighbor (NN) search is a task that searches for the closest neighbors from a group of given candidates for a query.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "N EAREST neighbor (NN) search is a task that searches for the closest neighbors from a group of given candidates for a query.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the query and the candidate samples are assumed to be in the same space i.e. R d .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the query and the candidate samples are assumed to be in the same space i.e. R d .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The closeness between samples is usually predefined by a metric m(·, ·).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The closeness between samples is usually predefined by a metric m(·, ·).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The complexity of brute-force search is O(n·d), where n is the number of candidates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The complexity of brute-force search is O(n·d), where n is the number of candidates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although it is linear with respect to either n or d. Its computational complexity is very high when both n and d are large.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although it is linear with respect to either n or d. Its computational complexity is very high when both n and d are large.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research on this issue aims to explore approach whose time complexity is much lower than O(n·d).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Research on this issue aims to explore approach whose time complexity is much lower than O(n·d).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The early exploration about this issue could be traced back to 1970s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The early exploration about this issue could be traced back to 1970s [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, it is still a new issue currently in the sense that it becomes more and more imminent given the big data problem arises from various contexts in recent years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is still a new issue currently in the sense that it becomes more and more imminent given the big data problem arises from various contexts in recent years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This leads to the timely demand in scalable and efficient nearest neighbor search approach on large-scale and high dimensional data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This leads to the timely demand in scalable and efficient nearest neighbor search approach on large-scale and high dimensional data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This decades-old issue is therefore shed with new light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This decades-old issue is therefore shed with new light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, due to the \"curse of dimensionality\", effective solution is still slow to occur.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, due to the \"curse of dimensionality\", effective solution is still slow to occur.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In Nigerian traditional medicine honey is widely used as an antimicrobial agent and also as a base for many herbal drugs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Nigerian traditional medicine honey is widely used as an antimicrobial agent and also as a base for many herbal drugs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is due to the following factors inherent in honeys which all together contribute to its antimicrobial properties: osmotic effect, acidity (honey pH is 3.5-3.9), hydrogen peroxidase and phytochemicals present in the flower-nectar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is due to the following factors inherent in honeys which all together contribute to its antimicrobial properties: osmotic effect, acidity (honey pH is 3.5-3.9), hydrogen peroxidase and phytochemicals present in the flower-nectar (Molan, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Molan, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "Honey possesses powerful antimicrobial properties that can be utilized at low cost and at no risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Honey possesses powerful antimicrobial properties that can be utilized at low cost and at no risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various studies have reported the antimicrobial activities of honey.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various studies have reported the antimicrobial activities of honey (Asadi-Pooya et al., 2002; Al-Waili, 2004; Agbaje et al., 2006; Chambers, 2006; Vilma et al., 2007; Mekky, 2007; Israili, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Asadi-Pooya et al., 2002; Al-Waili, 2004; Agbaje et al., 2006; Chambers, 2006; Vilma et al., 2007; Mekky, 2007; Israili, 2014)" ] }, { "text": "The intrinsic properties of honey have been reported to affect the growth and survival of microorganisms by bacteriostatic or bactericidal actions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The intrinsic properties of honey have been reported to affect the growth and survival of microorganisms by bacteriostatic or bactericidal actions (Iurlina and Fritz, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Iurlina and Fritz, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "People moving in an area where wireless transceivers are deployed affect the propagation of the radio signals by shadowing, reflecting, diffracting or scattering a subset of their multipath components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "People moving in an area where wireless transceivers are deployed affect the propagation of the radio signals by shadowing, reflecting, diffracting or scattering a subset of their multipath components [5] , [10] - [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ], [ "BIBREF9" ], [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]", "[10]", "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In open and uncluttered environments, where line-of-sight (LoS) communication among the transceivers is predominant, a person obstructing a link line will generally cause attenuation of the radio signal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In open and uncluttered environments, where line-of-sight (LoS) communication among the transceivers is predominant, a person obstructing a link line will generally cause attenuation of the radio signal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This phenomenon has been succesfully applied for DFL in several works.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This phenomenon has been succesfully applied for DFL in several works [1] - [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[4]" ] }, { "text": "However, in cluttered environments, where multipath propagation is predominant, the change in RSS due to the presence of a human body becomes more unpredictable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in cluttered environments, where multipath propagation is predominant, the change in RSS due to the presence of a human body becomes more unpredictable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the link line is obstructed, the RSS can also remain constant or increase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the link line is obstructed, the RSS can also remain constant or increase [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, due to the multipath propagation of the radio signals, people can affect the RSS also when located far away from the link line.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, due to the multipath propagation of the radio signals, people can affect the RSS also when located far away from the link line [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of those computerized systems that have started to take mission of man-power in the tasks, which are especially dangerous, time consuming, and expensive to perform manually.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of those computerized systems that have started to take mission of man-power in the tasks, which are especially dangerous, time consuming, and expensive to perform manually.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WSNs consist of a data collection mechanism called sink, the sensor nodes composing the backbone, and the communication protocols that define the way of data exchange between the devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "WSNs consist of a data collection mechanism called sink, the sensor nodes composing the backbone, and the communication protocols that define the way of data exchange between the devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sensor nodes are so small and low cost devices, such that to employ hundreds or thousands of them in a task is not costly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensor nodes are so small and low cost devices, such that to employ hundreds or thousands of them in a task is not costly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those devices embody mainly three units: a sensing mechanism for gathering data from physical environment, a processor, and a battery unit with a radio subunit for data communication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Those devices embody mainly three units: a sensing mechanism for gathering data from physical environment, a processor, and a battery unit with a radio subunit for data communication [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to low cost, those networks also have the ability of selforganizing, which makes them the samples of ad hoc networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to low cost, those networks also have the ability of selforganizing, which makes them the samples of ad hoc networks [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The concentrations of RNA can be presented in many ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The concentrations of RNA can be presented in many ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They can presented as RNA per unit weight of the tissue, total RNA in any organ, RNA per cell, given as RNA/DNA ratio or RNA/protein, which is indication of the functional capacity of RNA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can presented as RNA per unit weight of the tissue, total RNA in any organ, RNA per cell, given as RNA/DNA ratio or RNA/protein, which is indication of the functional capacity of RNA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Out of these RNA/DNA and RNA/proteins are used quite extensively in growth studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Out of these RNA/DNA and RNA/proteins are used quite extensively in growth studies (Waterflow et al., 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Waterflow et al., 1979)" ] }, { "text": "In the present study it appears that with the increase in age during a period of one month, the RNA/cell decreased, showing that the growth of liver during this time was more due to hyperplasia, an argument elaborated above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study it appears that with the increase in age during a period of one month, the RNA/cell decreased, showing that the growth of liver during this time was more due to hyperplasia, an argument elaborated above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Since fermentation has been shown to reduce the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal the use of solidstate fermentation may improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal when it is fed to poultry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since fermentation has been shown to reduce the glucosinolate content of rapeseed meal the use of solidstate fermentation may improve the nutritive value of rapeseed meal when it is fed to poultry (Canibe and Jensen, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Canibe and Jensen, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Adverse metabolic effects from ingestion of erucic acid have been reported in animals of a number of species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adverse metabolic effects from ingestion of erucic acid have been reported in animals of a number of species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rapeseed meal fed to laying birds has also been reported to increase the rate of mortality of these birds.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rapeseed meal fed to laying birds has also been reported to increase the rate of mortality of these birds (Cheng et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cheng et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "At the same time, larger genomes are more prone to mutation, and thus any increase in genome size is expected to impose a mutational hazard on the organism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, larger genomes are more prone to mutation, and thus any increase in genome size is expected to impose a mutational hazard on the organism [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Studies in plants, fish and animals, for example, revealed a genome size correlation between extinction rates and species richness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies in plants, fish and animals, for example, revealed a genome size correlation between extinction rates and species richness [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9] [10] [11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "Taxa with large genomes experience higher rates of extinction, and tend to be less speciose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taxa with large genomes experience higher rates of extinction, and tend to be less speciose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Together, these observations suggest that variations in mutation/substitution rates influence the mode and tempo of genome size evolution and rates of diversification in different plant and animal lineages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Together, these observations suggest that variations in mutation/substitution rates influence the mode and tempo of genome size evolution and rates of diversification in different plant and animal lineages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of orthologous rag1 genes were obtained from GENBANK.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of orthologous rag1 genes were obtained from GENBANK.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lineages were then selected from the obtained phylogenetic tree according to the availability of their C-values in the Animal Genome Size Database (www.genomesize.com).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lineages were then selected from the obtained phylogenetic tree according to the availability of their C-values in the Animal Genome Size Database (www.genomesize.com) [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "A MatLab script was implemented in order to search the data from the Animal Genome Size Database and then to search for the mean divergence times of species pairs with known C-values from the TimeTree website (www.timetree.org).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A MatLab script was implemented in order to search the data from the Animal Genome Size Database and then to search for the mean divergence times of species pairs with known C-values from the TimeTree website (www.timetree.org) [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Since there was no inhibition of pollen-tube germination in the T-4 pistil when pollinated with the normal pollen, indicating that the female organ was normal, functional, and compatible with wild-type pollen, this mutant has a potential for use as a seed parent in hybridseed production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since there was no inhibition of pollen-tube germination in the T-4 pistil when pollinated with the normal pollen, indicating that the female organ was normal, functional, and compatible with wild-type pollen, this mutant has a potential for use as a seed parent in hybridseed production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The environmental modulation of fertility provides a further advantage to produce tomato hybrid-seed using the T-4 mutant by a two-line system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The environmental modulation of fertility provides a further advantage to produce tomato hybrid-seed using the T-4 mutant by a two-line system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In theory, the male-sterile female line can be propagated by growing it under low night temperature conditions (above 12°C and below 18°C) that restore fertility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In theory, the male-sterile female line can be propagated by growing it under low night temperature conditions (above 12°C and below 18°C) that restore fertility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, however, the temperature controlled malesterility in the T-4 mutant may pose one potential challenge because of the residual fertility observed in the greenhouse in spring under 'sterility' conditions when hand-pollinated (Fig. 3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, however, the temperature controlled malesterility in the T-4 mutant may pose one potential challenge because of the residual fertility observed in the greenhouse in spring under 'sterility' conditions when hand-pollinated (Fig. 3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A loss of male-sterility and partial seasonal restoration characteristics, coupled with a concomitant regain of pollen fertility with successive backcrosses (data not shown) that is not yet fully understood, is a possible further drawback.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A loss of male-sterility and partial seasonal restoration characteristics, coupled with a concomitant regain of pollen fertility with successive backcrosses (data not shown) that is not yet fully understood, is a possible further drawback.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It would have been ideal if the hand-pollination in spring resulted in either no fruit-set or parthenocarpic fruits only, and if the F 3 of every mutant progeny gave stable and consistent results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would have been ideal if the hand-pollination in spring resulted in either no fruit-set or parthenocarpic fruits only, and if the F 3 of every mutant progeny gave stable and consistent results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hand-pollination with T-4 pollen in BC 1 F 3 had earlier resulted in no fruit-set in spring.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hand-pollination with T-4 pollen in BC 1 F 3 had earlier resulted in no fruit-set in spring (Masuda et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Masuda et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "In BC 2 F 3 used in this study, residual fertility was observed, albeit at low levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In BC 2 F 3 used in this study, residual fertility was observed, albeit at low levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hand-pollination implies that a very high volume of pollen lands on the stigma, increasing the chance of fertilization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hand-pollination implies that a very high volume of pollen lands on the stigma, increasing the chance of fertilization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, hybridseed impurity is therefore expected to be minimal, but not ultimately absent in spring.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, hybridseed impurity is therefore expected to be minimal, but not ultimately absent in spring.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar problems with residual fertility have been reported in rice TGMS lines and various methods have been proposed to circumvent them.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar problems with residual fertility have been reported in rice TGMS lines and various methods have been proposed to circumvent them (He et al., 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(He et al., 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Simulation studies on the contamination potential of T-4 pollen in competition with normal pollen during hybrid-seed production are underway.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simulation studies on the contamination potential of T-4 pollen in competition with normal pollen during hybrid-seed production are underway.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "A number of male-sterile tomato lines have been developed and are currently being used with some level of success in hybrid-seed production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A number of male-sterile tomato lines have been developed and are currently being used with some level of success in hybrid-seed production (Dhaliwal et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dhaliwal et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "However, most of these lines are genic male-sterile mutants (GMS), and hence face the problem of maintenance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most of these lines are genic male-sterile mutants (GMS), and hence face the problem of maintenance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Normally, a GMS line is maintained by backcrossing with a heterozygous maintainer line, but the progeny produced are 50% fertile and 50% sterile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Normally, a GMS line is maintained by backcrossing with a heterozygous maintainer line, but the progeny produced are 50% fertile and 50% sterile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to the need for a third line, the maintainer line, an extra problem is created of roguing the fertile plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to the need for a third line, the maintainer line, an extra problem is created of roguing the fertile plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ideally, the male-sterile parent should be facultative so that it can be induced to self-pollinate when desired, thereby avoiding the maintenance of the male-sterile trait in the heterozygous condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ideally, the male-sterile parent should be facultative so that it can be induced to self-pollinate when desired, thereby avoiding the maintenance of the male-sterile trait in the heterozygous condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ability to manipulate the restoration of fertility in GMS lines by environmental control is a desirable approach for the maintenance of these lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ability to manipulate the restoration of fertility in GMS lines by environmental control is a desirable approach for the maintenance of these lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can lead to the production of 100% male-42 sterile seeds, which can be used as female parents in hybrid-seed production, without the need of a maintainer line or of roguing fertile plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This can lead to the production of 100% male-42 sterile seeds, which can be used as female parents in hybrid-seed production, without the need of a maintainer line or of roguing fertile plants (Sawhney, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sawhney, 1983)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Another study showed PMN having close contacts with injured tumour cells, and activated PMN may adhere to the surface of tumour cells and cleave them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another study showed PMN having close contacts with injured tumour cells, and activated PMN may adhere to the surface of tumour cells and cleave them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, degranulation of PMN occurred.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, degranulation of PMN occurred.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Cui's research on SR/CR mice, they did not produce ascites by intraperitoneal injection of S180 tumour cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Cui's research on SR/CR mice, they did not produce ascites by intraperitoneal injection of S180 tumour cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason is that PMN of mice can rapidly reach the periphery of tumour cells and S180 was surrounded by PMN, macrophage and NK cells, which formed a rosette.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason is that PMN of mice can rapidly reach the periphery of tumour cells and S180 was surrounded by PMN, macrophage and NK cells, which formed a rosette [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12]" ] }, { "text": "By electron microscopy observation, they found that the microvilli in the surface of tumour cells reduce and damage cell membranes, which induce death of tumour cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By electron microscopy observation, they found that the microvilli in the surface of tumour cells reduce and damage cell membranes, which induce death of tumour cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We support the direct anti-tumour activity mechanism which was observed in human leukocytes in relation to the above discussion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We support the direct anti-tumour activity mechanism which was observed in human leukocytes in relation to the above discussion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "VLM syndrome is found throughout the world, even in developed countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "VLM syndrome is found throughout the world, even in developed countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cats and dogs are the definitive hosts of T. canis and T. cati, and human infection is caused by swallowing the eggs shed by these animals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cats and dogs are the definitive hosts of T. canis and T. cati, and human infection is caused by swallowing the eggs shed by these animals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the small bowel, the eggs release larvae, which penetrate the wall of the intestine and from there can enter the portal venous circulation and hepatic parenchyma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the small bowel, the eggs release larvae, which penetrate the wall of the intestine and from there can enter the portal venous circulation and hepatic parenchyma [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In the liver, they move through the parenchyma and cause necrosis and interstitial edema.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the liver, they move through the parenchyma and cause necrosis and interstitial edema [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The larvae cause disease not only in the liver but also in the heart and brain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The larvae cause disease not only in the liver but also in the heart and brain [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Lesions caused by T. canis or T. cati infection can be observed on imaging studies, such as those obtained by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, as mass-like lesions that may confuse clinicians.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lesions caused by T. canis or T. cati infection can be observed on imaging studies, such as those obtained by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging, as mass-like lesions that may confuse clinicians [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "We report on a case of VLM with involvement of the bladder and liver.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We report on a case of VLM with involvement of the bladder and liver.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The polaritons are modes of the electromagnetic field coupled to normal modes (eigenwaves) which are inherent to a material and able to interact in a linear manner with the electromagnetic field by virtue of their electrical or magnetic character.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The polaritons are modes of the electromagnetic field coupled to normal modes (eigenwaves) which are inherent to a material and able to interact in a linear manner with the electromagnetic field by virtue of their electrical or magnetic character [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "According to the quantum description, polaritons are related to some 'quasi-particle' excitations consisting a photon coupled to an elementary excitation like plasmon, phonon, exciton, etc., which bring some polarizability into media.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the quantum description, polaritons are related to some 'quasi-particle' excitations consisting a photon coupled to an elementary excitation like plasmon, phonon, exciton, etc., which bring some polarizability into media.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, since polaritons are modes of the electromagnetic field, their description is possible to fulfill on the basis of macroscopic Maxwell's equations, where polaritons are considered as modes existing in a bulk material (bulk polaritons) as well as on a medium surface (surface polaritons).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, since polaritons are modes of the electromagnetic field, their description is possible to fulfill on the basis of macroscopic Maxwell's equations, where polaritons are considered as modes existing in a bulk material (bulk polaritons) as well as on a medium surface (surface polaritons).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the latter case corresponding boundary conditions must be imposed in order to match the components of the field vectors on both sides of the interface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the latter case corresponding boundary conditions must be imposed in order to match the components of the field vectors on both sides of the interface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, electromagnetic features of these bulk and surface modes in matter turn out to be closely related to the material properties of a medium, and, in particular, to the resonant states in the frequency dependence of its macroscopic dielectric function.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, electromagnetic features of these bulk and surface modes in matter turn out to be closely related to the material properties of a medium, and, in particular, to the resonant states in the frequency dependence of its macroscopic dielectric function [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In such approach, the polaritons are completely determined by the characteristic frequencies of the relative permittivity of the medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such approach, the polaritons are completely determined by the characteristic frequencies of the relative permittivity of the medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Positive risk-taking is generally understood as enabling people with learning disabilities (among others) to have greater control over the way they live their lives, which may bring benefits in terms of independence and well-being, but may also involve an element of risk either in terms of health and safety or in a potential failure to achieve the intended goal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Positive risk-taking is generally understood as enabling people with learning disabilities (among others) to have greater control over the way they live their lives, which may bring benefits in terms of independence and well-being, but may also involve an element of risk either in terms of health and safety or in a potential failure to achieve the intended goal (Manthorpe et al 1997; Alaszewski & Alaszewski, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Manthorpe et al 1997; Alaszewski & Alaszewski, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Central to the conceptualisation and implementation of positive risk-taking is a decision-making and negotiation process where people with learning disabilities are supported in weighing the risks against the benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Central to the conceptualisation and implementation of positive risk-taking is a decision-making and negotiation process where people with learning disabilities are supported in weighing the risks against the benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 'risks of independence for individuals are shared with them and balanced openly against benefits' (Department of Health, 2005: 10) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 'risks of independence for individuals are shared with them and balanced openly against benefits' (Department of Health, 2005: 10) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The success of positive risk-taking therefore relies on 'shared risk taking' where professionals, carers, parents and people with learning disabilities work together to agree plans and actions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The success of positive risk-taking therefore relies on 'shared risk taking' where professionals, carers, parents and people with learning disabilities work together to agree plans and actions (McConkey & Smyth, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McConkey & Smyth, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We began by evaluating the coverage of the source language lexicon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We began by evaluating the coverage of the source language lexicon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this, we gathered a monolingual Scottish Gaelic corpus comprised of 3.9M tokens from 14713 web-crawled texts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this, we gathered a monolingual Scottish Gaelic corpus comprised of 3.9M tokens from 14713 web-crawled texts (Scannell, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scannell, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The system recognized 96.74% of the tokens in this corpus, a result which is comparable to, or even better than, the coverage of many open-source spell checkers on (noisy) web texts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The system recognized 96.74% of the tokens in this corpus, a result which is comparable to, or even better than, the coverage of many open-source spell checkers on (noisy) web texts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result is due to (1) the fact that we were able to re-purpose a number of open-source lexical resources when building our dictionary, (2) the addition of a large database of \"untranslatables\": proper names (e.g. Facebook, Akerbeltz), non-Gaelic words (mostly English, but some Latin, French, etc.), and abbreviations (e.g. km, vs) and (3) the ability of the system to handle misspellings and variants either by including them in the lexicon (with mappings to \"standard\" forms) or through the application of spelling rules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result is due to (1) the fact that we were able to re-purpose a number of open-source lexical resources when building our dictionary, (2) the addition of a large database of \"untranslatables\": proper names (e.g. Facebook, Akerbeltz), non-Gaelic words (mostly English, but some Latin, French, etc.), and abbreviations (e.g. km, vs) and (3) the ability of the system to handle misspellings and variants either by including them in the lexicon (with mappings to \"standard\" forms) or through the application of spelling rules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Evaluating the MT system itself proved problematic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evaluating the MT system itself proved problematic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even though we were able to assemble a parallel corpus, the vast majority of the texts are translations from a common English source (principally, the open-source software translations and the Bible texts), as opposed to direct translations between Irish and Scottish Gaelic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though we were able to assemble a parallel corpus, the vast majority of the texts are translations from a common English source (principally, the open-source software translations and the Bible texts), as opposed to direct translations between Irish and Scottish Gaelic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To get around this issue, the author manually translated a collection of 593 sentences from Scottish Gaelic to Irish and used this as a test corpus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To get around this issue, the author manually translated a collection of 593 sentences from Scottish Gaelic to Irish and used this as a test corpus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When comparing the output of gd2ga with these reference translations, the word-error rate (WER) was 38.67%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When comparing the output of gd2ga with these reference translations, the word-error rate (WER) was 38.67%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be compared with a baseline system that simply leaves the Scottish Gaelic source text unchanged, yielding a WER of 88.09%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be compared with a baseline system that simply leaves the Scottish Gaelic source text unchanged, yielding a WER of 88.09%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is still not completely satisfactory as an evaluation for a couple of reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is still not completely satisfactory as an evaluation for a couple of reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, given the nature of the statistical model, the translations produced by gd2ga stay very close to the source language text, and so a sentence like Tha mi a' tuigsinn a-nis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, given the nature of the statistical model, the translations produced by gd2ga stay very close to the source language text, and so a sentence like Tha mi a' tuigsinn a-nis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "An urban bridge management system (BMS) has been put into use in Shanghai since 2002 and become steady since 2004.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An urban bridge management system (BMS) has been put into use in Shanghai since 2002 and become steady since 2004.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More than ten years of bridge condition records have been accumulated up to now.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More than ten years of bridge condition records have been accumulated up to now.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of the records are about small and medium bridges which also belong to categories II to V (Table 1) according to Chinese technical code of urban bridges management CJJ 99-2003.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the records are about small and medium bridges which also belong to categories II to V (Table 1) according to Chinese technical code of urban bridges management CJJ 99-2003 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Many types of bridges are included in this BMS database including concrete girder bridges, arch bridges, and steel bridges, where the concrete girder bridges take the majority of the entire data records (more than 80%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many types of bridges are included in this BMS database including concrete girder bridges, arch bridges, and steel bridges, where the concrete girder bridges take the majority of the entire data records (more than 80%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The bridge maintenance efforts are also in various forms including routine maintenance, minor repair, medium repair, major repair, and even reconstruction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bridge maintenance efforts are also in various forms including routine maintenance, minor repair, medium repair, major repair, and even reconstruction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "New bridges and old bridges coexist in the same database and the age of some bridges is even over 100 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "New bridges and old bridges coexist in the same database and the age of some bridges is even over 100 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic condition of the bridges in Shanghai BMS is so complicated that a prediction approach capable of considering a variety of factors should be used to forecast the urban bridge deterioration process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic condition of the bridges in Shanghai BMS is so complicated that a prediction approach capable of considering a variety of factors should be used to forecast the urban bridge deterioration process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Inherently, the standard 802.11 multi-access protocol attempts to achieve max-min fairness in bandwidth usage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Inherently, the standard 802.11 multi-access protocol attempts to achieve max-min fairness in bandwidth usage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When different WSs use different data rates, the WSs transmitting at lower data rates use up more \"air time\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When different WSs use different data rates, the WSs transmitting at lower data rates use up more \"air time\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, 1) max-min fairness in bandwidth usage does not translate to max-min fairness in air-time usage; (in fact, there will much unfairness in terms of air-time usage) and 2) total network throughput could be dragged down significantly when the data rates vary widely.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, 1) max-min fairness in bandwidth usage does not translate to max-min fairness in air-time usage; (in fact, there will much unfairness in terms of air-time usage) and 2) total network throughput could be dragged down significantly when the data rates vary widely [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "We give all eigenmodes to three decimal places, and label the cut-off eigenmodes outwards from the real axis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We give all eigenmodes to three decimal places, and label the cut-off eigenmodes outwards from the real axis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We mark any eigenmodes where we need to use the two turning point method with a star in the tables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We mark any eigenmodes where we need to use the two turning point method with a star in the tables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We calculate the Green's function contribution p m n (x, r|x 0 , r 0 ) for each cut-on acoustic mode and the nearest cut-off modes by using Eq. (51).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We calculate the Green's function contribution p m n (x, r|x 0 , r 0 ) for each cut-on acoustic mode and the nearest cut-off modes by using Eq. (51).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We then sum these contributions to get the acoustic Green's function, p A n .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We then sum these contributions to get the acoustic Green's function, p A n .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We generally need to consider the Green's function contribution from at most the closest one or two cut-off modes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We generally need to consider the Green's function contribution from at most the closest one or two cut-off modes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because the magnitude of the Green's function contribution for the cut-off modes far away from the real line is very small due to the exp(ik(x − x 0 )) term.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because the magnitude of the Green's function contribution for the cut-off modes far away from the real line is very small due to the exp(ik(x − x 0 )) term.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We only consider the critical layer contribution for the first swirling flow, and we show it is small compared to the acoustic Green's function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We only consider the critical layer contribution for the first swirling flow, and we show it is small compared to the acoustic Green's function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We then ignore the critical layer contribution for all other examples, as justified by Posson and Peake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We then ignore the critical layer contribution for all other examples, as justified by Posson and Peake [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "For each example we consider a single source (x 0 , r 0 ) and vary x and r. We always take x − x 0 > 0, so we only consider the downstream eigenmodes, but upstream results follow in exactly the same way.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each example we consider a single source (x 0 , r 0 ) and vary x and r. We always take x − x 0 > 0, so we only consider the downstream eigenmodes, but upstream results follow in exactly the same way.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper we considered the eigenmodes and Green's function of the acoustic analogy in swirling flow from Posson and Peake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we considered the eigenmodes and Green's function of the acoustic analogy in swirling flow from Posson and Peake [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "We presented high-frequency asymptotics, which allowed us to calculate the eigenmodes and Green's function extremely accurately, even when we had lined walls and realistic mean swirling flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We presented high-frequency asymptotics, which allowed us to calculate the eigenmodes and Green's function extremely accurately, even when we had lined walls and realistic mean swirling flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When we have a more complicated mean flow profile (such as high order polynomials or realistic swirling flow) then the accuracy of the asymptotic method is reduced, although it still produces very accurate results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When we have a more complicated mean flow profile (such as high order polynomials or realistic swirling flow) then the accuracy of the asymptotic method is reduced, although it still produces very accurate results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also saw that the effect of swirl is very significant on the full Green's function, with Figures 7 and 8 showing the effect of swirl both asymptotically and numerically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also saw that the effect of swirl is very significant on the full Green's function, with Figures 7 and 8 showing the effect of swirl both asymptotically and numerically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The results for Cr removal from raw water samples by coagulants are shown in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results for Cr removal from raw water samples by coagulants are shown in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The levels of Cr dropped from 0.48 mg/l at 0 mg/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 dosage to 0.07 mg/ at 10 mg/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 dosage (i.e., 85.42% removal; pH, 7.7).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The levels of Cr dropped from 0.48 mg/l at 0 mg/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 dosage to 0.07 mg/ at 10 mg/l Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 dosage (i.e., 85.42% removal; pH, 7.7).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 treatment, Cr levels in water fell to 0.05 mg/l at 13 mg/l dosage (i.e. 89.58% removal; pH, 7.4).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 treatment, Cr levels in water fell to 0.05 mg/l at 13 mg/l dosage (i.e. 89.58% removal; pH, 7.4).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant removal of Cr from water was achieved with both coagulants but the removal was much more significant with Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant removal of Cr from water was achieved with both coagulants but the removal was much more significant with Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The new level of Cr in water after Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 treatment fell to within the South African water quality guideline of 0.05 mg/l in water intended for domestic use.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The new level of Cr in water after Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 treatment fell to within the South African water quality guideline of 0.05 mg/l in water intended for domestic use (DWAF, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(DWAF, 1996)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "As far as changes in the correlation between climate indices and climate variables are concerned, the copula method showed that this correlation did not change significantly over time despite a change in air mass circulation in Quebec observed during the 1980s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As far as changes in the correlation between climate indices and climate variables are concerned, the copula method showed that this correlation did not change significantly over time despite a change in air mass circulation in Quebec observed during the 1980s [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "However, for four of the stations analyzed, there is a significant change in the correlation between climate indices and climate variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for four of the stations analyzed, there is a significant change in the correlation between climate indices and climate variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This change, however, which is generally characterized by an increase in coefficient of correlation values, predates the 1980s decade, and its causes have not been elucidated because human factors (different measurement devices, operators, measurement sites, etc.) cannot be called upon to explain them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This change, however, which is generally characterized by an increase in coefficient of correlation values, predates the 1980s decade, and its causes have not been elucidated because human factors (different measurement devices, operators, measurement sites, etc.) cannot be called upon to explain them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "As regards the relationship between the various climate variables (temperature and precipitation), the study shows that there is no statistically significant correlation between winter temperature and precipitation in Quebec.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As regards the relationship between the various climate variables (temperature and precipitation), the study shows that there is no statistically significant correlation between winter temperature and precipitation in Quebec.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, maximum and minimum temperatures correlated with one another are not correlated with the amount of rain or snow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, maximum and minimum temperatures correlated with one another are not correlated with the amount of rain or snow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A commonly accepted assumption is that increasing winter temperature induces a decrease in the amount of snow and a concomitant increase in the amount of rain in winter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A commonly accepted assumption is that increasing winter temperature induces a decrease in the amount of snow and a concomitant increase in the amount of rain in winter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the link between temperature and amount of precipitation is not as simple as commonly suggested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the link between temperature and amount of precipitation is not as simple as commonly suggested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From a climate standpoint, the amount of snow or rain in winter does not depend exclusively on air temperature variability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a climate standpoint, the amount of snow or rain in winter does not depend exclusively on air temperature variability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Three other factors are also important: the amount of water vapor available in the atmosphere, the frequency and magnitude of convective movements, and the frequency and persistence of cold and warm air masses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three other factors are also important: the amount of water vapor available in the atmosphere, the frequency and magnitude of convective movements, and the frequency and persistence of cold and warm air masses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Quebec, winter rainfalls are associated with the presence of warm and humid air masses coming from the United States and/or the Atlantic Ocean.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Quebec, winter rainfalls are associated with the presence of warm and humid air masses coming from the United States and/or the Atlantic Ocean.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the amount of rain produced by these warm and humid air masses during a given season depends primarily on their frequency in the region and the amount of water vapor they contain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the amount of rain produced by these warm and humid air masses during a given season depends primarily on their frequency in the region and the amount of water vapor they contain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, although it has been shown that winter temperatures in Quebec are on the rise, this warming does not necessarily lead to higher rainfall in winter, because this temperature increase affects minimum nighttime temperatures much more strongly than it does maximum daytime temperatures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, although it has been shown that winter temperatures in Quebec are on the rise, this warming does not necessarily lead to higher rainfall in winter, because this temperature increase affects minimum nighttime temperatures much more strongly than it does maximum daytime temperatures [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "In winter, although minimum temperatures are increasing, they still most commonly fall below 0 • C, which precludes an increase in the amount or frequency of precipitation as rain during winter in Quebec.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In winter, although minimum temperatures are increasing, they still most commonly fall below 0 • C, which precludes an increase in the amount or frequency of precipitation as rain during winter in Quebec.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the impact of this nighttime warming on the increased frequency of warm and humid air masses that produce rain has yet to be demonstrated in Quebec.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the impact of this nighttime warming on the increased frequency of warm and humid air masses that produce rain has yet to be demonstrated in Quebec.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of snow in winter in Quebec primarily depends, for its part, on the frequency of cold fronts associated with cyclogenesis (polar front).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of snow in winter in Quebec primarily depends, for its part, on the frequency of cold fronts associated with cyclogenesis (polar front).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this frequency is independent of the nighttime warming observed in Quebec as such, because these fronts are part of larger regional and global scale air mass patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this frequency is independent of the nighttime warming observed in Quebec as such, because these fronts are part of larger regional and global scale air mass patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may account for the absence of any significant relationship between temperature and amount of snow in Quebec.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may account for the absence of any significant relationship between temperature and amount of snow in Quebec.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) consist of heterogeneous groups including, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and other organic pollutants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) consist of heterogeneous groups including, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organo-chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and other organic pollutants [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "POPs are characterized by high chemical, biological stability and lipophilicity, which makes POPs persist in the environment and bio-accumulate within the food chain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "POPs are characterized by high chemical, biological stability and lipophilicity, which makes POPs persist in the environment and bio-accumulate within the food chain [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "POPs are toxic chemicals that have the capability to stay stable in the environment over long period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "POPs are toxic chemicals that have the capability to stay stable in the environment over long period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the year 2001 Stockholm Convention, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) were given special attention and thus were included in the so called \"dirty dozen\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the year 2001 Stockholm Convention, the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) were given special attention and thus were included in the so called \"dirty dozen\" [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Composed of various minerals, rock is a common engineering material with complex mechanical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Composed of various minerals, rock is a common engineering material with complex mechanical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mainly controlled by tensile and compressive stress, the failure behaviors of rock under stress are highly complex.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mainly controlled by tensile and compressive stress, the failure behaviors of rock under stress are highly complex.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tensile strength of rock (especially for coal) is far less than its compressive strength, and a lower tensile stress level can cause brittle fracture, which seriously threatens the safety and stability of the engineering structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tensile strength of rock (especially for coal) is far less than its compressive strength, and a lower tensile stress level can cause brittle fracture, which seriously threatens the safety and stability of the engineering structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, studies on rock tensile failure are of great significance for underground engineering including tunnel, underground chamber, and coal mining.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, studies on rock tensile failure are of great significance for underground engineering including tunnel, underground chamber, and coal mining [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the loading process of rock, microcracks inside it constantly initiate, propagate, and even gradually interconnect to form macrocracks and cause macrofracture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the loading process of rock, microcracks inside it constantly initiate, propagate, and even gradually interconnect to form macrocracks and cause macrofracture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So studies with only conventional mechanics methods are far from enough.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So studies with only conventional mechanics methods are far from enough.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, the electrical resistivity and AE methods are applied to studies on the failure process of rock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, the electrical resistivity and AE methods are applied to studies on the failure process of rock [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "The Brazilian split test is a standard method to determine the tensile strength of rock.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Brazilian split test is a standard method to determine the tensile strength of rock [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Studies on the response laws of the electrical resistivity and AE during the failure process are of great value, which help to understand the rock failure mechanism and to analyze the field real-time monitoring data of electrical resistivity and AE.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Studies on the response laws of the electrical resistivity and AE during the failure process are of great value, which help to understand the rock failure mechanism and to analyze the field real-time monitoring data of electrical resistivity and AE.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a useful tool for studying the effect of several factors influencing the responses by varying them simultaneously and carrying out a limited number of experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a useful tool for studying the effect of several factors influencing the responses by varying them simultaneously and carrying out a limited number of experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of experimental factorial design and response surface methodology, already successfully applied in other fields, is well suited to the study of the main effects and interaction effects of the factors on the production of alkaline protease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of experimental factorial design and response surface methodology, already successfully applied in other fields, is well suited to the study of the main effects and interaction effects of the factors on the production of alkaline protease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conventional method of optimisation involves varying one parameter at a time and keeping the others constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The conventional method of optimisation involves varying one parameter at a time and keeping the others constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This often does not bring about the effect of interaction of various parameters as compared to factorial design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This often does not bring about the effect of interaction of various parameters as compared to factorial design (Griffin et al., 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Griffin et al., 1992)" ] }, { "text": "In the present work, we have attempted to optimize the production of subtilisin from B. subtilis MTCC 441 using BoxBehnken design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present work, we have attempted to optimize the production of subtilisin from B. subtilis MTCC 441 using BoxBehnken design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Medium to high power fiber sources can be produced in two main ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Medium to high power fiber sources can be produced in two main ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first approach (classical) consists in building a high power fiber laser.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first approach (classical) consists in building a high power fiber laser.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This design is a natural development of the concept of solid state lasers and works well in the case of CW sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This design is a natural development of the concept of solid state lasers and works well in the case of CW sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Usually, pulse lasers require the use of bulk optical elements, which makes it hard to build fully fiber devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Usually, pulse lasers require the use of bulk optical elements, which makes it hard to build fully fiber devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "High energy densities in the fiber lead to unfavourable non-linear effects, which are hard to eliminate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High energy densities in the fiber lead to unfavourable non-linear effects, which are hard to eliminate [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Simultaneous control of multiple parameters of generated radiation is also very difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simultaneous control of multiple parameters of generated radiation is also very difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This can be overcome by another property of active fibers doped with ions of rare earth elements -the high gain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be overcome by another property of active fibers doped with ions of rare earth elements -the high gain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fiber optics technology makes it possible to build a high power source using a low-power signal laser, with radiation amplified in a cascade of fiber amplifiers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fiber optics technology makes it possible to build a high power source using a low-power signal laser, with radiation amplified in a cascade of fiber amplifiers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is the MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier) configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is the MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier) configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Control of high-power radiation parameters is implemented through the control of signal laser, which is far easier than direct control of the parameters of a high-power laser.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Control of high-power radiation parameters is implemented through the control of signal laser, which is far easier than direct control of the parameters of a high-power laser.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many low-power, tuneable, narrow bandwidth laser solutions are available, both for continuous operation and for pulse operation with gain switching or mode locking, which are perfectly suitable as radiation sources for MOPA configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many low-power, tuneable, narrow bandwidth laser solutions are available, both for continuous operation and for pulse operation with gain switching or mode locking, which are perfectly suitable as radiation sources for MOPA configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]