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CopeNLU 25

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The MHTGR technology has been studied by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) at Tsinghua University for the past three decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The MHTGR technology has been studied by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET) at Tsinghua University for the past three decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Construction of a 10 MW th pebble-bed high temperature test reactor HTR-10 at INET began in 1995, and the HTR-10 achieved its criticality in December 2000.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Construction of a 10 MW th pebble-bed high temperature test reactor HTR-10 at INET began in 1995, and the HTR-10 achieved its criticality in December 2000 [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In January 2003, the HTR-10 could run at full power level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In January 2003, the HTR-10 could run at full power level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Starting in 2003, a series of experiments have been carried out to verify its safety features and to grasp its operation characteristics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Starting in 2003, a series of experiments have been carried out to verify its safety features and to grasp its operation characteristics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of these tests or experiments demonstrate that the reactor core of the HTR-10 can shut itself down by negative surplus reactivity, and the decay heat will be removed from the reactor core by means of heat conduction, radiation and convection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All of these tests or experiments demonstrate that the reactor core of the HTR-10 can shut itself down by negative surplus reactivity, and the decay heat will be removed from the reactor core by means of heat conduction, radiation and convection [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Based on the design and operation of the HTR-10, the high temperature gas cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM) project is proposed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on the design and operation of the HTR-10, the high temperature gas cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM) project is proposed [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The major target of the HTR-PM project is to build a pebble-bed MHTGR demonstration plant of 200 MW e .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The major target of the HTR-PM project is to build a pebble-bed MHTGR demonstration plant of 200 MW e .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This demonstration power plant deploys a two module scheme, where one module stands for one nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) which includes a 250 MW th one-zone pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, a helical coiled once-through steam generator (OTSG) and some connecting pipes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This demonstration power plant deploys a two module scheme, where one module stands for one nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) which includes a 250 MW th one-zone pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, a helical coiled once-through steam generator (OTSG) and some connecting pipes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This configuration not only guarantees the vital inherent safety properties but also provides the competitive economic characteristics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This configuration not only guarantees the vital inherent safety properties but also provides the competitive economic characteristics [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The reactor core and the OTSG are arranged side by side, as illustrated in Figure 1 , and are housed in a steel pressure vessel, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reactor core and the OTSG are arranged side by side, as illustrated in Figure 1 , and are housed in a steel pressure vessel, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The two vessels are connected to each other by means of a hot gas duct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two vessels are connected to each other by means of a hot gas duct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cold helium (about 250 °C) enters the main blower located on the top of the OTSG vessel, and is pressurized before flowing into the coaxial pipe of the hot gas duct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cold helium (about 250 °C) enters the main blower located on the top of the OTSG vessel, and is pressurized before flowing into the coaxial pipe of the hot gas duct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It enters the channels in the reflector of the core from bottom to top, and then passes through the pebble-bed core from top to bottom where it is heated to a temperature of about 750 °C.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It enters the channels in the reflector of the core from bottom to top, and then passes through the pebble-bed core from top to bottom where it is heated to a temperature of about 750 °C.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hot helium leaves the hot gas chamber in the bottom reflector and flows into the OTSG through the hot gas duct.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hot helium leaves the hot gas chamber in the bottom reflector and flows into the OTSG through the hot gas duct.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both of the NSSSs are connected to a steam header that delivers steam to a 200 MW e turbo-generator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both of the NSSSs are connected to a steam header that delivers steam to a 200 MW e turbo-generator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Safe, stable and efficient operation is a key requirement for any nuclear reactors and also certainly for the MHTGRs, and power-level regulation is one of the key techniques that guarantee economic performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Safe, stable and efficient operation is a key requirement for any nuclear reactors and also certainly for the MHTGRs, and power-level regulation is one of the key techniques that guarantee economic performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic principle of the power-level control is the modulation of the rate of insertion and withdrawal of the control rods to regulate power output at a demand value using core power and average coolant temperature error signals computed from measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic principle of the power-level control is the modulation of the rate of insertion and withdrawal of the control rods to regulate power output at a demand value using core power and average coolant temperature error signals computed from measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, power-distribution control is another aspect of power regulation as power-level control is, and the goal of the power-distribution control is to guarantee that the neutron concentration at each position cannot surpass its upper bounds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, power-distribution control is another aspect of power regulation as power-level control is, and the goal of the power-distribution control is to guarantee that the neutron concentration at each position cannot surpass its upper bounds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main task of power-distribution control is to suppress the xenon oscillation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main task of power-distribution control is to suppress the xenon oscillation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, with proper design of the reactor core and fuel cycle, the xenon oscillation cannot result in a power-distribution swing inside the MHTGR core.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, with proper design of the reactor core and fuel cycle, the xenon oscillation cannot result in a power-distribution swing inside the MHTGR core.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main design data of the HTR-PM reactor core, which is a typical MHTGR core, is given in Table 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main design data of the HTR-PM reactor core, which is a typical MHTGR core, is given in Table 1 [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "As we can see from Table 1 , the active area of the HTR-PM reactor core has a small diameter of 3 m and a large height of 11 m. The small diameter of the reactor guarantees that there is no severe xenon oscillation along the radial direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As we can see from Table 1 , the active area of the HTR-PM reactor core has a small diameter of 3 m and a large height of 11 m. The small diameter of the reactor guarantees that there is no severe xenon oscillation along the radial direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, to obtain the most uniform power density distribution possible along the axial direction, the spherical fuel elements pass through the core approximately 15 times before reaching their final burn-up.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, to obtain the most uniform power density distribution possible along the axial direction, the spherical fuel elements pass through the core approximately 15 times before reaching their final burn-up [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Because of the slim core shape and multi-passing-through fuel cycle type of the pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, xenon oscillation cannot induce an axial power density swing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the slim core shape and multi-passing-through fuel cycle type of the pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor, xenon oscillation cannot induce an axial power density swing [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Since there is no severe power-density oscillation inside the MHTGRs such as the HTR-PM reactor, power-level control is the most crucial for the regulation of MHTGR.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since there is no severe power-density oscillation inside the MHTGRs such as the HTR-PM reactor, power-level control is the most crucial for the regulation of MHTGR.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There has also been a dramatic increase in the use of agricultural contracts: the share of feederto-finish hog production under a production contract increased from about 18% in 1990 , to 28% in 1995 , to almost 60% in 2000 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has also been a dramatic increase in the use of agricultural contracts: the share of feederto-finish hog production under a production contract increased from about 18% in 1990 , to 28% in 1995 , to almost 60% in 2000 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, hog production has become increasingly specialized, with most phases of production (gestation, farrowing, finishing) now occurring on specialized operations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, hog production has become increasingly specialized, with most phases of production (gestation, farrowing, finishing) now occurring on specialized operations (McBride and Key, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McBride and Key, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Also during this period, production has shifted regionally -with substantial growth in the Southeast and other regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also during this period, production has shifted regionally -with substantial growth in the Southeast and other regions (Onal, Unnevehr, and Bekric, 2000; Roe, Irwin, and Sharp, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Onal, Unnevehr, and Bekric, 2000; Roe, Irwin, and Sharp, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "There are some limitations to our study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are some limitations to our study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two countries did not provide HBsAg testing data (Germany, Luxembourg), which meant that HBsAgpositive samples could not be identified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two countries did not provide HBsAg testing data (Germany, Luxembourg), which meant that HBsAgpositive samples could not be identified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Germany, we reported a prevalence of 1 . 3 % (86/6748) anti-HBc-positive and anti-HBs-negative samples which represent both HBsAg carriers as well as isolated anti-HBc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Germany, we reported a prevalence of 1 . 3 % (86/6748) anti-HBc-positive and anti-HBs-negative samples which represent both HBsAg carriers as well as isolated anti-HBc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the original study, a mean weighted prevalence of HBsAg carriage of 0 . 6 % was reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the original study, a mean weighted prevalence of HBsAg carriage of 0 . 6 % was reported [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "The 'isolated anti-HBc ' are individuals whose anti-HBs response may have waned, have an occult chronic HBV infection without detectable HBsAg or represent a false-positive reaction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The 'isolated anti-HBc ' are individuals whose anti-HBs response may have waned, have an occult chronic HBV infection without detectable HBsAg or represent a false-positive reaction [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "Such samples, although they represent a minority of samples in the sera collections reported here, have been categorized as evidence of a past infection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such samples, although they represent a minority of samples in the sera collections reported here, have been categorized as evidence of a past infection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Additive manufacturing allows production of parts of very complex shapes, the making of which had been limited until these procedures were developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additive manufacturing allows production of parts of very complex shapes, the making of which had been limited until these procedures were developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additive procedures are being intensively developed from day to day.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additive procedures are being intensively developed from day to day.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here the number of available materials is limited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here the number of available materials is limited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Material properties differ a lot from the properties of the materials of finished products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Material properties differ a lot from the properties of the materials of finished products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of the product material.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of the product material [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In selecting the processing procedures it is necessary to take into consideration four criteria: the desired material, size and number of products, time of manufacturing, and cost of production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In selecting the processing procedures it is necessary to take into consideration four criteria: the desired material, size and number of products, time of manufacturing, and cost of production [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The forage yield of Gliricidia sepium during the rainy and dry seasons following pruning management in Brazil rainfall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The forage yield of Gliricidia sepium during the rainy and dry seasons following pruning management in Brazil rainfall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Winter rainfall is irregular in time and space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Winter rainfall is irregular in time and space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, average rainfall indices are unrealistic and cannot be used for rainfall prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, average rainfall indices are unrealistic and cannot be used for rainfall prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rainfall indices serve only as general references for comparisons between wet and dry sub-humid regions of the country.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rainfall indices serve only as general references for comparisons between wet and dry sub-humid regions of the country (Coutinho et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Coutinho et al., 2013)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The observer initial conditions for the proposed controller are 150 rad/s, for the upper and lower wheels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The observer initial conditions for the proposed controller are 150 rad/s, for the upper and lower wheels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The observer initial conditions in the sliding-mode controller are obviously the same.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The observer initial conditions in the sliding-mode controller are obviously the same.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The observer gain 2 can be determined as indicated in the previous section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The observer gain 2 can be determined as indicated in the previous section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results are summarized in Figures 5-9 , where it can be seen that the proposed controller (10), (24) ensures better performances with respect to the sliding-mode controller.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results are summarized in Figures 5-9 , where it can be seen that the proposed controller (10), (24) ensures better performances with respect to the sliding-mode controller [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "It is worth noting that, after the braking phase, between 5.5 and 7 s, corresponding to the maximum braking efficiency, the performance after 7 s is no longer relevant since the velocity is low, and the ABS is not working anymore in the appropriate range of velocities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth noting that, after the braking phase, between 5.5 and 7 s, corresponding to the maximum braking efficiency, the performance after 7 s is no longer relevant since the velocity is low, and the ABS is not working anymore in the appropriate range of velocities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In a previous paper, the authors proposed a recursive least square scheme with forgetting for online estimation of mass and timevarying grade and showed good results in simulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a previous paper, the authors proposed a recursive least square scheme with forgetting for online estimation of mass and timevarying grade and showed good results in simulation [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "The scheme uses the vehicle longitudinal dynamics equation and the engine torque and vehicle speed available through the Can Bus for simultaneous estimation of mass and grade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The scheme uses the vehicle longitudinal dynamics equation and the engine torque and vehicle speed available through the Can Bus for simultaneous estimation of mass and grade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To capture the time variations of grade, different forgetting factors for grade and mass were introduced in this recursive least square scheme.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To capture the time variations of grade, different forgetting factors for grade and mass were introduced in this recursive least square scheme.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Identifying software faults is one of the significant challenges in developing WSNs systems today.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Identifying software faults is one of the significant challenges in developing WSNs systems today.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to resource limitations and the desire to develop more complex functionality, applications on WSNs often have a limited capacity to handle errors: the software crashes before being able to inform the user about the error.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to resource limitations and the desire to develop more complex functionality, applications on WSNs often have a limited capacity to handle errors: the software crashes before being able to inform the user about the error.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, as WSNs are mainly deployed in hard-to-reach locations, patching and fixing software after deployment is very costly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, as WSNs are mainly deployed in hard-to-reach locations, patching and fixing software after deployment is very costly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, testing tools for WSNs are critical components to help provide the reliability that is needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, testing tools for WSNs are critical components to help provide the reliability that is needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, neither the WSN nor the software engineering research communities have applied systematic, structural software testing or regression testing tools and techniques to this domain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, neither the WSN nor the software engineering research communities have applied systematic, structural software testing or regression testing tools and techniques to this domain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current testing of WSN has depended on the use of ad-hoc methods using simulators and either simulated, profiled or randomly generated inputs from the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Current testing of WSN has depended on the use of ad-hoc methods using simulators and either simulated, profiled or randomly generated inputs from the environment [6, 10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "However with this approach, the application is not being tested on the actual hardware or in the actual environment in which it will run.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However with this approach, the application is not being tested on the actual hardware or in the actual environment in which it will run.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WSN applications are concurrent, event-driven systems which frequently interact with their environments through interrupts and events that happen at arbitrary times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "WSN applications are concurrent, event-driven systems which frequently interact with their environments through interrupts and events that happen at arbitrary times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, to analyze and test WSN applications, we need to be able to determine the impact of these interrupts on the code.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to analyze and test WSN applications, we need to be able to determine the impact of these interrupts on the code.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, there is no comprehensive set of testing tools, or a testing framework, that can be used to systematically test WSNs that takes into account the execution environment and its execution model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, there is no comprehensive set of testing tools, or a testing framework, that can be used to systematically test WSNs that takes into account the execution environment and its execution model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to expand in both the number of such networks and the size of the networks as the recognition of their importance increases and technology improves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) continue to expand in both the number of such networks and the size of the networks as the recognition of their importance increases and technology improves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are used in many different applications, from monitoring and controlling aspects of the environment to managing safety critical events such as the braking system on a car.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are used in many different applications, from monitoring and controlling aspects of the environment to managing safety critical events such as the braking system on a car.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, scientists have forecasted that WSN applications will dominate the software market in the near future.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, scientists have forecasted that WSN applications will dominate the software market in the near future [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Experimentally, we have also investigated the effect of the pump power and the polarization orientations on the pulse performance, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Experimentally, we have also investigated the effect of the pump power and the polarization orientations on the pulse performance, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From Fig. 4 , it is found that the edge-to-edge width of the spectra became broader with the increasing pump power, owing to the self-phase modulation becoming stronger under higher pump power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From Fig. 4 , it is found that the edge-to-edge width of the spectra became broader with the increasing pump power, owing to the self-phase modulation becoming stronger under higher pump power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It suggests that the laser can tolerate strong chirp.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It suggests that the laser can tolerate strong chirp.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The threshold pump power for the mode-locked dissipative soliton pulse is about 137 mW. Fig. 5(a) shows the laser output power against pump power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The threshold pump power for the mode-locked dissipative soliton pulse is about 137 mW. Fig. 5(a) shows the laser output power against pump power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The attained maximum average power form output port 1 is 37.7 mW, limited by the available maximum pump power of 300 mW. The corresponding pulse energy is 1.1 nJ. In fact, the pulse energy of the dissipative soliton can increase to a very large value without pulse breaking.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The attained maximum average power form output port 1 is 37.7 mW, limited by the available maximum pump power of 300 mW. The corresponding pulse energy is 1.1 nJ. In fact, the pulse energy of the dissipative soliton can increase to a very large value without pulse breaking [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 shows that the pulse spectra, including spectral profile, center wavelength, and bandwidth, all have great discrepancies as the polarization controllers have been adjusted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to Fig. 4, Fig. 5 shows that the pulse spectra, including spectral profile, center wavelength, and bandwidth, all have great discrepancies as the polarization controllers have been adjusted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it still preserves the general characteristics of all-normal-dispersion laser.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it still preserves the general characteristics of all-normal-dispersion laser.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could have been the result of the change of the cavity transmission, including the wavelength with maximum transmissivity and the transmission bandwidth, which is polarization dependent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This could have been the result of the change of the cavity transmission, including the wavelength with maximum transmissivity and the transmission bandwidth, which is polarization dependent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Afterward, keeping other elements unaltered, we lengthen and cut down the single-mode fiber (SMF) before the YDF little by little to validate in what range the dissipative soliton can exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Afterward, keeping other elements unaltered, we lengthen and cut down the single-mode fiber (SMF) before the YDF little by little to validate in what range the dissipative soliton can exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is found that the dissipative soliton pulse cannot be obtained if the excessive SMF (9 0.5 m) is lengthened and cut away.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is found that the dissipative soliton pulse cannot be obtained if the excessive SMF (9 0.5 m) is lengthened and cut away.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This could be the reason that the dissipative soliton had not been observed in the previous all-normal-dispersion ytterbium fiber laser without dispersion compensation and a spectral filter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This could be the reason that the dissipative soliton had not been observed in the previous all-normal-dispersion ytterbium fiber laser without dispersion compensation and a spectral filter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, from the pulse performance in the cavity, effects of the gain and cavity transmission on the soliton shaping of the pulse become evident.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, from the pulse performance in the cavity, effects of the gain and cavity transmission on the soliton shaping of the pulse become evident.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The self-consistent result of the positive fiber dispersion, nonlinearity, cavity transmission, and gain saturation and narrowing leads to the formation of the dissipative solitons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The self-consistent result of the positive fiber dispersion, nonlinearity, cavity transmission, and gain saturation and narrowing leads to the formation of the dissipative solitons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A gradient soliton (M, g, f ) is called complete if g and ∇f are both complete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A gradient soliton (M, g, f ) is called complete if g and ∇f are both complete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is known that the completeness of (M, g) implies the completeness of ∇f.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that the completeness of (M, g) implies the completeness of ∇f [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Throughout this paper, we always assume the soliton is complete.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Throughout this paper, we always assume the soliton is complete.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If there is a point o ∈ M such that ∇f (o) = 0, we call o an equilibrium point of (M, g).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If there is a point o ∈ M such that ∇f (o) = 0, we call o an equilibrium point of (M, g).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By studying the existence of equilibrium points, we prove the boundedness of scalar curvature of g. Theorem 1.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By studying the existence of equilibrium points, we prove the boundedness of scalar curvature of g. Theorem 1.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Let (M, g) be a complete non-compact expanding gradient Ricci soliton with nonnegative Ricci curvature or a complete non-compact steady gradient Kähler-Ricci soliton with nonnegative bisectional curvature and positive Ricci curvature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let (M, g) be a complete non-compact expanding gradient Ricci soliton with nonnegative Ricci curvature or a complete non-compact steady gradient Kähler-Ricci soliton with nonnegative bisectional curvature and positive Ricci curvature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then the scalar curvature of g is bounded and it attains the maximum at the unique equilibrium point.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then the scalar curvature of g is bounded and it attains the maximum at the unique equilibrium point.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Ricci soliton plays an important role in the study of Hamilton's Ricci flow, in particular in the singularities analysis of Ricci flow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ricci soliton plays an important role in the study of Hamilton's Ricci flow, in particular in the singularities analysis of Ricci flow [15] , [3] , [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ], [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]", "[3]", "[21]" ] }, { "text": "In case of shrinking gradient Ricci solitons with positive curvature, Hamilton proved that the solitons should be isometric to a standard sphere in R 3 in two dimensional case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of shrinking gradient Ricci solitons with positive curvature, Hamilton proved that the solitons should be isometric to a standard sphere in R 3 in two dimensional case [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Perelman generalized Hamilton's result to three dimensional case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Perelman generalized Hamilton's result to three dimensional case [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Later on, Nabor proved that any four-dimensional shrinking gradient Ricci soliton with positive bounded curvature operator should be a standard sphere in R 5.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Later on, Nabor proved that any four-dimensional shrinking gradient Ricci soliton with positive bounded curvature operator should be a standard sphere in R 5 [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, Perelman and Brendle proved that any steady gradient Ricci soliton with nonnegative sectional curvature should be a Bryant's soliton in case of 2-dimension and 3-dimension, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, Perelman and Brendle proved that any steady gradient Ricci soliton with nonnegative sectional curvature should be a Bryant's soliton in case of 2-dimension and 3-dimension, respectively [21] , [6] , [2] , [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ], [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF1" ], [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]", "[6]", "[2]", "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, to author's acknowledge, there is rarely understanding in case of expanding gradient Ricci solitons even for lower dimensional manifolds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to author's acknowledge, there is rarely understanding in case of expanding gradient Ricci solitons even for lower dimensional manifolds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, how to classify complete non-compact gradient expanding (or steady) Ricci solitons under a suitable curvature condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, how to classify complete non-compact gradient expanding (or steady) Ricci solitons under a suitable curvature condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The purpose of this paper is to give a rigidity theorem for a class of expanding (or steady) gradient Kähler-Ricci solitons with nonnegative Ricci curvature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The purpose of this paper is to give a rigidity theorem for a class of expanding (or steady) gradient Kähler-Ricci solitons with nonnegative Ricci curvature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Future uncertainties can be analysed both deterministically (e.g., using narrative storylines to vary drivers of change) and stochastically https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.012 Received 11 January 2019; Received in revised form 5 April 2019; Accepted 7 April 2019 (e.g., using probability distributions to characterise future performance of influential variables).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future uncertainties can be analysed both deterministically (e.g., using narrative storylines to vary drivers of change) and stochastically https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.04.012 Received 11 January 2019; Received in revised form 5 April 2019; Accepted 7 April 2019 (e.g., using probability distributions to characterise future performance of influential variables).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Monte Carlo simulation is a commonly-used tool for stochastic uncertainty analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Monte Carlo simulation is a commonly-used tool for stochastic uncertainty analysis [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "Probability distributions are assigned to key uncertain variables (based on historical data or expert judgement), and then propagated through explanatory models which determine uncertain outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Probability distributions are assigned to key uncertain variables (based on historical data or expert judgement), and then propagated through explanatory models which determine uncertain outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In Colombia the energy generation by PV systems are only used for household energy consumption (i.e. small household systems-SHS) and off-grid systems (mini grid) in remote areas where grid connection is not possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Colombia the energy generation by PV systems are only used for household energy consumption (i.e. small household systems-SHS) and off-grid systems (mini grid) in remote areas where grid connection is not possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Non-connected zones account for 52% of the country's area and diesel generators are commonly used to produce energy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Non-connected zones account for 52% of the country's area and diesel generators are commonly used to produce energy [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The use of diesel generators contribute to greenhouse gas emission and pollution of the environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of diesel generators contribute to greenhouse gas emission and pollution of the environment [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However, solar energy for electricity generation has not been exploited due to among the reasons few studies on the potential of photovoltaic systems for energy generation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, solar energy for electricity generation has not been exploited due to among the reasons few studies on the potential of photovoltaic systems for energy generation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study and assess the potential of the photovoltaic systems for energy generation in Caribbean region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the aim of this paper is to study and assess the potential of the photovoltaic systems for energy generation in Caribbean region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on this information, it will be possible to quantify the solar energy potential for electricity generation for the Caribbean region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on this information, it will be possible to quantify the solar energy potential for electricity generation for the Caribbean region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, in the case of remote areas, for the national transport networks and energy distribution, this information is significant since it can be used in various projects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, in the case of remote areas, for the national transport networks and energy distribution, this information is significant since it can be used in various projects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, this information can be further be used in various requirement like communication, water pump systems, lighting, signing, heating, air conditioner and use in agriculture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, this information can be further be used in various requirement like communication, water pump systems, lighting, signing, heating, air conditioner and use in agriculture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, the information can also help to identify strategic regions, which are more appropriate for solar energy utilization and development to provide solutions necessary for the population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the information can also help to identify strategic regions, which are more appropriate for solar energy utilization and development to provide solutions necessary for the population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in month of January of 2015 the national interconnected system showed a decrease of the installed capacity due to the withdrawal of 46MW (Jet A1) from the system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in month of January of 2015 the national interconnected system showed a decrease of the installed capacity due to the withdrawal of 46MW (Jet A1) from the system [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Table 2 shows the installed electric power capacity clustered by regions in terms of the technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 2 shows the installed electric power capacity clustered by regions in terms of the technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 2 shows that the departments of Atlántico, Bolivar, Córdoba and La Guajira are the highest focal point of power production in the region.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 2 shows that the departments of Atlántico, Bolivar, Córdoba and La Guajira are the highest focal point of power production in the region [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Among various carbon nanomaterials, graphene currently attracts most attention, owing to its extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties as well as the continuous improvement in its synthesis method and reduced cost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among various carbon nanomaterials, graphene currently attracts most attention, owing to its extraordinary electrical and mechanical properties as well as the continuous improvement in its synthesis method and reduced cost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One recently published method creates graphene-oxide (GO) like thin carbon \"nanosheets\" using readily available materials glycerol, sulfuric acid and melamine.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One recently published method creates graphene-oxide (GO) like thin carbon \"nanosheets\" using readily available materials glycerol, sulfuric acid and melamine [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "It should be noted that the immediate product of wet chemistry synthesis is always GO, which is not conductive and requires a subsequent reduction process to turn GO into graphene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted that the immediate product of wet chemistry synthesis is always GO, which is not conductive and requires a subsequent reduction process to turn GO into graphene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Laser irradiation has proven to be an effective method in reducing GO.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Laser irradiation has proven to be an effective method in reducing GO [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The contrast in conductivity between GO and graphene allows the laser to directly create graphene nanostructures on any substrate which has been deposited with GO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The contrast in conductivity between GO and graphene allows the laser to directly create graphene nanostructures on any substrate which has been deposited with GO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In a conventional tailwater pit, a storage volume of 1 to 2 days' runoff (3 to 6 percent ROV) is often used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a conventional tailwater pit, a storage volume of 1 to 2 days' runoff (3 to 6 percent ROV) is often used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proper storage capacity depends on rate of runoff as well as frequency of pumping from the pit.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The proper storage capacity depends on rate of runoff as well as frequency of pumping from the pit (Bondurant, 1969) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bondurant, 1969)" ] }, { "text": "In a wind-powered system, the pit should hold most of the runoff between periods of turbine operation and also supply adequate water during periods of high windspeeds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a wind-powered system, the pit should hold most of the runoff between periods of turbine operation and also supply adequate water during periods of high windspeeds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Urine analysis is the third major diagnostic screening test in the clinical laboratory, only preceded by serum/ plasma chemistry profiles and complete blood count analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Urine analysis is the third major diagnostic screening test in the clinical laboratory, only preceded by serum/ plasma chemistry profiles and complete blood count analysis [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "A correct urine analysis result offers a direct indication of the state of the patient's renal and genitourinary system and a monitoring of other body systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A correct urine analysis result offers a direct indication of the state of the patient's renal and genitourinary system and a monitoring of other body systems [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the H800-FUS100 was assessed as an alternative to the manual urine analysis testing procedure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the H800-FUS100 was assessed as an alternative to the manual urine analysis testing procedure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast to other published studies; this study included a large sample size, with a single observer performing both the manual microscopic examination and automated visual classification of unclassified particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to other published studies; this study included a large sample size, with a single observer performing both the manual microscopic examination and automated visual classification of unclassified particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effectiveness of the manual technique as a standard method was also explored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effectiveness of the manual technique as a standard method was also explored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The H800-FUS100 agreed well with the manual method in ketone (K = 1), nitrite (K = 1), pH (k = 0.914), glucose (k = 0.78), epithelial cells (k = 0.765), calcium oxalate crystals (k = 0.728), bacteria (k = 0.74), amorphous urates (k = 0.71), albumin (k = 0.695), uric acid crystals (k = 0.65), mucous (k = 0.559), and fungi (k = 0.57) with a p-value of (0.000) for all.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The H800-FUS100 agreed well with the manual method in ketone (K = 1), nitrite (K = 1), pH (k = 0.914), glucose (k = 0.78), epithelial cells (k = 0.765), calcium oxalate crystals (k = 0.728), bacteria (k = 0.74), amorphous urates (k = 0.71), albumin (k = 0.695), uric acid crystals (k = 0.65), mucous (k = 0.559), and fungi (k = 0.57) with a p-value of (0.000) for all.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Granular cast was the only item that showed poor agreement between the two methods (k = 0.317) (p = 0.0000).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Granular cast was the only item that showed poor agreement between the two methods (k = 0.317) (p = 0.0000).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The theoretical reflection of this article lies in the similarity and the difference of the meaning of bounded rationality in the Western context and in the Chinese context of decentralized authoritarianism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The theoretical reflection of this article lies in the similarity and the difference of the meaning of bounded rationality in the Western context and in the Chinese context of decentralized authoritarianism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The similarity is that, in both contexts, the decision-makers are goal-oriented, and to achieve the goals the decision-makers do not search for and compare the entire solutions, but adopt a satisfactory solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The similarity is that, in both contexts, the decision-makers are goal-oriented, and to achieve the goals the decision-makers do not search for and compare the entire solutions, but adopt a satisfactory solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The decision-makers are able to learn from past experience and adapt their thoughts to the shape of the problem environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The decision-makers are able to learn from past experience and adapt their thoughts to the shape of the problem environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the Chinese decision-makers can be assumed to comply with the principles of intention and adaptation in bounded rationality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the Chinese decision-makers can be assumed to comply with the principles of intention and adaptation in bounded rationality [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "However, the difference is that the rationality of the decision-makers in the Western context and in the Chinese context is bounded by different factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the difference is that the rationality of the decision-makers in the Western context and in the Chinese context is bounded by different factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "That said, decision-makers face different types of uncertainties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That said, decision-makers face different types of uncertainties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Western scholars commonly recognize the \"technical\" uncertainties of the problem that limit rationality, including the tractability of the problem, the time available to make the decision (i.e., the more time a decision-maker spends on a problem, the more likely his or her understanding of the problem will appropriate the actual task environment and the limitations of human cognition fades), the information available for problem diagnose, and the accessibility or availability of the solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Western scholars commonly recognize the \"technical\" uncertainties of the problem that limit rationality, including the tractability of the problem, the time available to make the decision (i.e., the more time a decision-maker spends on a problem, the more likely his or her understanding of the problem will appropriate the actual task environment and the limitations of human cognition fades), the information available for problem diagnose, and the accessibility or availability of the solution [1, 7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "The Chinese context featured by decentralized authoritarianism gives more \"political\" uncertainties of the problem that constitute to bounded rationality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Chinese context featured by decentralized authoritarianism gives more \"political\" uncertainties of the problem that constitute to bounded rationality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The central-local relations of the Chinese governments make the central government less certain of the behavior patterns and responding strategies of local governments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The central-local relations of the Chinese governments make the central government less certain of the behavior patterns and responding strategies of local governments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the rationality of a decision-maker does not depend solely on one's own cognitive limitations, or the technical aspects of the problem, but also depends on the gaming responses of the interrelated actors involved in the problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the rationality of a decision-maker does not depend solely on one's own cognitive limitations, or the technical aspects of the problem, but also depends on the gaming responses of the interrelated actors involved in the problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In the field of natural language processing, word clustering is a widely studied subject.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the field of natural language processing, word clustering is a widely studied subject [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "And it is important for automatic thesaurus construction, text classification, and word sense disambiguation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And it is important for automatic thesaurus construction, text classification, and word sense disambiguation [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "A typical word clustering task is described as follows: given a set of words (nouns), cluster words into groups so that the similar words are in the same group (cluster).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical word clustering task is described as follows: given a set of words (nouns), cluster words into groups so that the similar words are in the same group (cluster).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In all kinds of wet anisotropic etchants, Si{111} planes exhibit minimum etch rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In all kinds of wet anisotropic etchants, Si{111} planes exhibit minimum etch rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the mask edges are aligned along the directions comprises {111} planes, wet anisotropic etching provides microstructures with smooth sidewalls due to the emergence of {111} planes at these directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the mask edges are aligned along the directions comprises {111} planes, wet anisotropic etching provides microstructures with smooth sidewalls due to the emergence of {111} planes at these directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The angle between sidewall and wafer surface depends on the wafer orientation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The angle between sidewall and wafer surface depends on the wafer orientation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the number of directions along which {111} planes appear depend on the orientation of wafer surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the number of directions along which {111} planes appear depend on the orientation of wafer surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of {100} wafer, four {111} planes making an angle of 54.7° with wafer surface expose at ⟨110⟩ directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of {100} wafer, four {111} planes making an angle of 54.7° with wafer surface expose at ⟨110⟩ directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence {100} wafer is suitable to fabricate rectangular shaped cavities or suspended structures over rectangular shape cavity using wet anisotropic etching.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence {100} wafer is suitable to fabricate rectangular shaped cavities or suspended structures over rectangular shape cavity using wet anisotropic etching [3, 6, 12, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 6, 12, 21]" ] }, { "text": "In the case of the wafer with {110} surface, two slanted planes making an angle of 35.5° with wafer surface and four vertical planes with respect to wafer surface appear along ⟨110⟩ and ⟨112⟩ directions, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of the wafer with {110} surface, two slanted planes making an angle of 35.5° with wafer surface and four vertical planes with respect to wafer surface appear along ⟨110⟩ and ⟨112⟩ directions, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, in order to fabricate microstructures with vertical sidewalls {110} wafer is a most appropriate choice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, in order to fabricate microstructures with vertical sidewalls {110} wafer is a most appropriate choice [10, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34]" ] }, { "text": "It can be used to fabricate deep channels/cavities with vertical sidewall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be used to fabricate deep channels/cavities with vertical sidewall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Pain medications, including nonselective, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, and weak or strong opioids, are significant interventions for improving chronic pain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pain medications, including nonselective, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors, and weak or strong opioids, are significant interventions for improving chronic pain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Gore and colleagues demonstrated that therapy switching and discontinuation of certain pain medications due to inadequate pain relief or undesirable side effects were common among patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain (CLBP) in the United Kingdom.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Gore and colleagues demonstrated that therapy switching and discontinuation of certain pain medications due to inadequate pain relief or undesirable side effects were common among patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain (CLBP) in the United Kingdom [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Other than pain medication, surgery can also relieve pain significantly, but it is suitable for only a subset of patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other than pain medication, surgery can also relieve pain significantly, but it is suitable for only a subset of patients [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Regarding psychological approaches for chronic pain, the focus in recent work has shifted from cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) due to the lack of a coherent and consistent theoretical model in CBT.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding psychological approaches for chronic pain, the focus in recent work has shifted from cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) to acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) due to the lack of a coherent and consistent theoretical model in CBT [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Currently, ACT is the most widely researched approach to relieving pain, where the focus is less on controlling or fighting pain, but accepting it.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, ACT is the most widely researched approach to relieving pain, where the focus is less on controlling or fighting pain, but accepting it [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Ecologically dependent pathologies of the population, including pregnant women and the newborn have grown in industrially developed countries during last decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ecologically dependent pathologies of the population, including pregnant women and the newborn have grown in industrially developed countries during last decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numerous publications, including annual reports of the World Health Organization expert committees, show that 20-25% of the population's health depends on environmental conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerous publications, including annual reports of the World Health Organization expert committees, show that 20-25% of the population's health depends on environmental conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is known that in most industrial cities of the Russian Federation the environmental pollution with many harmful substances scores of times exceeds the maximum permissible concentration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that in most industrial cities of the Russian Federation the environmental pollution with many harmful substances scores of times exceeds the maximum permissible concentration [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This research focuses on supporting the third grade students in learning area measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research focuses on supporting the third grade students in learning area measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Area measurement is based on partitioning a region into equally sized units which completely cover it without gaps or overlaps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Area measurement is based on partitioning a region into equally sized units which completely cover it without gaps or overlaps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is often that teaching tends to focus on numerical results and ignored the idea of the unit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is often that teaching tends to focus on numerical results and ignored the idea of the unit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many findings show that understanding area measurement is difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many findings show that understanding area measurement is difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research in the field of mathematical education often reveals poor understanding of the processes used for area measurement of plan figure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research in the field of mathematical education often reveals poor understanding of the processes used for area measurement of plan figure (Zacharos, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zacharos, 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "It could be argued that the high aspirations across all groups are illusory for many adolescents, especially for those with poor grades and those whose college plans are not aligned with their future occupational aspirations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It could be argued that the high aspirations across all groups are illusory for many adolescents, especially for those with poor grades and those whose college plans are not aligned with their future occupational aspirations (Schneider and Stevenson, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Schneider and Stevenson, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "However, it could be argued that illusory goals may be helpful in adapting to the demands of the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it could be argued that illusory goals may be helpful in adapting to the demands of the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Particularly in the context of the U.S., earning a college degree does not necessarily require one to have had good grades in high school.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Particularly in the context of the U.S., earning a college degree does not necessarily require one to have had good grades in high school.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Weekend colleges, internet courses and colleges, and 2-year colleges do not require a minimum high school grade point average for program admittance and offer many detours to a college degree.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weekend colleges, internet courses and colleges, and 2-year colleges do not require a minimum high school grade point average for program admittance and offer many detours to a college degree.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although there may be an association between educational and occupational attainment in adulthood, youths with high motivational resources may eventually achieve higher educational status as adults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although there may be an association between educational and occupational attainment in adulthood, youths with high motivational resources may eventually achieve higher educational status as adults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the wide range of possibilities in achieving higher educational attainment has both costs and benefits for older adolescents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the wide range of possibilities in achieving higher educational attainment has both costs and benefits for older adolescents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the one hand, those who are highly resourceful may ultimately achieve higher educational status; but on the other hand, illusory goals (such as aspiring to attend medical school despite poor grades) can keep those who are less capable from disengaging appropriately to obtain more feasible goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, those who are highly resourceful may ultimately achieve higher educational status; but on the other hand, illusory goals (such as aspiring to attend medical school despite poor grades) can keep those who are less capable from disengaging appropriately to obtain more feasible goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The results of this study are also limited to graduating high school seniors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this study are also limited to graduating high school seniors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, this study may overestimate the aspiration levels and types of life goals (such as the large number of educational and occupational plans) of adolescents in general.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, this study may overestimate the aspiration levels and types of life goals (such as the large number of educational and occupational plans) of adolescents in general.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is likely that school-leavers have fewer and narrower life goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is likely that school-leavers have fewer and narrower life goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The sampling of high school seniors may be argued to be a selective sampling strategy for investigating ethnic variations in life goals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sampling of high school seniors may be argued to be a selective sampling strategy for investigating ethnic variations in life goals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is worth noting that an analysis of U.S. Census data from 2000 indicated that Whites (92%) and Asians (95%) were more likely to graduate from high school compared to Hispanic (64%) and African American (84%) students.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth noting that an analysis of U.S. Census data from 2000 indicated that Whites (92%) and Asians (95%) were more likely to graduate from high school compared to Hispanic (64%) and African American (84%) students (NCES, 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(NCES, 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The life goals of this multi-ethnic and multigenerational sample were representative of normative developmental tasks of late adolescence and young adulthood, such as pursuing higher education and moving on to a good career.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The life goals of this multi-ethnic and multigenerational sample were representative of normative developmental tasks of late adolescence and young adulthood, such as pursuing higher education and moving on to a good career.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study replicates past studies that have found educational and occupational goals to be adolescents' biggest concern, as these goals were given the highest priority on average across ethnic groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study replicates past studies that have found educational and occupational goals to be adolescents' biggest concern, as these goals were given the highest priority on average across ethnic groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additional goals were to establish autonomy, begin a family, secure material goods, and become self-actualized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additional goals were to establish autonomy, begin a family, secure material goods, and become self-actualized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adolescents were generally found to be very optimistic and confident about the future across ethnic groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adolescents were generally found to be very optimistic and confident about the future across ethnic groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Not only were perceptions of control typically high, but also the time frames adolescents set for the latest acceptable age of goal attainment were commonly before age 33.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Not only were perceptions of control typically high, but also the time frames adolescents set for the latest acceptable age of goal attainment were commonly before age 33.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Contrary to our hypotheses, there were very few ethnic, gender, and generational status variations in the content of medium-range life goals adolescents reported.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Contrary to our hypotheses, there were very few ethnic, gender, and generational status variations in the content of medium-range life goals adolescents reported.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings are not consistent with some previous studies on minority adolescents' aspirations and do not support the expectation that life goals begin to vary more by ethnicity as students approach high school graduation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings are not consistent with some previous studies on minority adolescents' aspirations and do not support the expectation that life goals begin to vary more by ethnicity as students approach high school graduation (Phinney et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Phinney et al., 2001)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the mammary glands or udders that occurs as a result of a bacterial infection that gains entry to the udders of a mammal via a damaged teat duct, which usually occurs during milking.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mastitis is defined as an inflammation of the mammary glands or udders that occurs as a result of a bacterial infection that gains entry to the udders of a mammal via a damaged teat duct, which usually occurs during milking.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a dairy herd's environment, there are large numbers of gram-positive and gram-negative species present in the surrounding area.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a dairy herd's environment, there are large numbers of gram-positive and gram-negative species present in the surrounding area.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These cause clinical or subclinical infections in the udders that are known as environmental mastitis pathogens.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These cause clinical or subclinical infections in the udders that are known as environmental mastitis pathogens (Anderson, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anderson, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Both subclinical and clinical mastitis decrease the cow's milk production and reduce the quality of the milk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both subclinical and clinical mastitis decrease the cow's milk production and reduce the quality of the milk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the cow has clinical mastitis, its milk must be discarded, and in untreatable or serious case, the cows might have to be destroyed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the cow has clinical mastitis, its milk must be discarded, and in untreatable or serious case, the cows might have to be destroyed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Paramount among the negative health effects of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are their adverse effects on vascular health.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Paramount among the negative health effects of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are their adverse effects on vascular health [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Arterial stiffness is a measure of vascular health and its progression is accelerated in both obesity and IR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Arterial stiffness is a measure of vascular health and its progression is accelerated in both obesity and IR [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Chronic arterial stiffness eventually disrupts the hemodynamics of the vasculature, contributing to hypertension, stroke, and both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chronic arterial stiffness eventually disrupts the hemodynamics of the vasculature, contributing to hypertension, stroke, and both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Europe has a minority of children who live without their parents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Europe has a minority of children who live without their parents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be because their biological parents have died or have abandoned them for a variety of reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be because their biological parents have died or have abandoned them for a variety of reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other children are removed from their families because their parents do not have the capacity or the means to care for them appropriately.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other children are removed from their families because their parents do not have the capacity or the means to care for them appropriately.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, countries need to provide or assist with temporary or permanent substitute care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, countries need to provide or assist with temporary or permanent substitute care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The type of substitute care offered varies from country to country, ranging from residential care in institutions to some form of familybased care, such as guardianship by relatives or friends, fostering or adoption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The type of substitute care offered varies from country to country, ranging from residential care in institutions to some form of familybased care, such as guardianship by relatives or friends, fostering or adoption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has changed over time, influenced by research and social policy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This has changed over time, influenced by research and social policy (Colton and Hellinckx, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Colton and Hellinckx, 1994)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Some economically developed countries encourage prospective parents to adopt internationally, mainly from other parts of Europe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some economically developed countries encourage prospective parents to adopt internationally, mainly from other parts of Europe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, the competition for young children is so great that the price associated with internationally adopting a young child is on average 20,000 Euros.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, the competition for young children is so great that the price associated with internationally adopting a young child is on average 20,000 Euros (Chou et al, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chou et al, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "This places parents who wish to adopt nationally within transition countries at a massive disadvantage as they cannot compete economically with the international adoption market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This places parents who wish to adopt nationally within transition countries at a massive disadvantage as they cannot compete economically with the international adoption market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ironically, some economically developed countries that 'import' children from countries in transition have high numbers of children in their own residential care institutions (eg France and Spain).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ironically, some economically developed countries that 'import' children from countries in transition have high numbers of children in their own residential care institutions (eg France and Spain).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This indicates that parental rights are better respected and defended in some countries compared to others, as a result of varying legal procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates that parental rights are better respected and defended in some countries compared to others, as a result of varying legal procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is at the expense of children's rights.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is at the expense of children's rights.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The role of ethnicity in the selection of children for international adoption is yet to be determined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of ethnicity in the selection of children for international adoption is yet to be determined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "What has been observed is the over-representation of ethnic minorities and children with disabilities who remain in residential care.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What has been observed is the over-representation of ethnic minorities and children with disabilities who remain in residential care.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Countries in transition which seek simple solutions and provide a market for children to be adopted internationally would better serve the interests of their children by developing community support services of health and social professionals working with children and their families.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Countries in transition which seek simple solutions and provide a market for children to be adopted internationally would better serve the interests of their children by developing community support services of health and social professionals working with children and their families.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, services should be offered to parents and surrogate parents before adoption is considered.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, services should be offered to parents and surrogate parents before adoption is considered.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Yet, this rarely happens in cases of international adoption.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, this rarely happens in cases of international adoption (Bainham, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bainham, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The increasing interest in the health benefits of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins has prompted researchers to screen plants for phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increasing interest in the health benefits of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins has prompted researchers to screen plants for phenolic content and antioxidant capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was recently reported by our research group that jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) skins appear to be a promising source of antioxidant compounds, including anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was recently reported by our research group that jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) skins appear to be a promising source of antioxidant compounds, including anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Jabuticaba fruit has a dark purple to almost black skin color that covers a white gelatinous flesh.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Jabuticaba fruit has a dark purple to almost black skin color that covers a white gelatinous flesh (Santos et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Santos et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Elevated temperatures are reported to improve the efficiency of extraction because of enhanced diffusion rates and solubilities of analytes in solvents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Elevated temperatures are reported to improve the efficiency of extraction because of enhanced diffusion rates and solubilities of analytes in solvents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, elevated extraction temperatures may simultaneously increase the rate of anthocyanin degradation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, elevated extraction temperatures may simultaneously increase the rate of anthocyanin degradation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The conventional extraction and purification/concentration of anthocyanins is typically conducted at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50°C (293-323 K) because temperatures >70°C (343 K) have been shown to cause rapid anthocyanin degradation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The conventional extraction and purification/concentration of anthocyanins is typically conducted at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50°C (293-323 K) because temperatures >70°C (343 K) have been shown to cause rapid anthocyanin degradation (Ju and Howard, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ju and Howard, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The use of a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique is an attractive alternative because it allows for fast extraction and reduced solvent consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) technique is an attractive alternative because it allows for fast extraction and reduced solvent consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sometimes referred to as pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), PLE has been successfully used for the extraction of thermolabile anthocyanins from various plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sometimes referred to as pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), PLE has been successfully used for the extraction of thermolabile anthocyanins from various plants (Petersson et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Petersson et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "PLE enables the rapid extraction (less than 30 min) of analytes in a closed and inert environment under high pressures [no higher than 200 bar (20 MPa)] and temperatures (25-200°C) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PLE enables the rapid extraction (less than 30 min) of analytes in a closed and inert environment under high pressures [no higher than 200 bar (20 MPa)] and temperatures (25-200°C) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A major advantage of PLE over conventional solvent extraction methods conducted at atmospheric pressure is that pressurized solvents remain in a liquid state well above their boiling points, allowing for high-temperature extraction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major advantage of PLE over conventional solvent extraction methods conducted at atmospheric pressure is that pressurized solvents remain in a liquid state well above their boiling points, allowing for high-temperature extraction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These conditions improve analyte solubility and the kinetics of desorption from matrices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These conditions improve analyte solubility and the kinetics of desorption from matrices (Richter et al., 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Richter et al., 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, extraction solvents such as ethanol and water, which are inefficient in extracting anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds at low temperatures, may be much more efficient at the elevated temperatures used in PLE.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, extraction solvents such as ethanol and water, which are inefficient in extracting anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds at low temperatures, may be much more efficient at the elevated temperatures used in PLE (Ju and Howard, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ju and Howard, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Besides temperature, anthocyanin extraction step is also enhanced by other different factors such as acid pH and presence of water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides temperature, anthocyanin extraction step is also enhanced by other different factors such as acid pH and presence of water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, higher degradation of the extracted anthocyanins during storage may be observed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, higher degradation of the extracted anthocyanins during storage may be observed (Vatai et al., 2009; Seabra et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vatai et al., 2009; Seabra et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, in this study, no acidified extraction media without any addition of water were employed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in this study, no acidified extraction media without any addition of water were employed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, this research was undertaken to evaluate the PLE of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins and to investigate how extraction pressure, temperature and static extraction time influence extraction yield, content and degradation of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and the economic feasibility of the PLE process with ethanol as the solvent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this research was undertaken to evaluate the PLE of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds from jabuticaba skins and to investigate how extraction pressure, temperature and static extraction time influence extraction yield, content and degradation of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds and the economic feasibility of the PLE process with ethanol as the solvent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Direct and indirect linkages among banks arose as a key component of financial contagion in the European Union, as revealed first by the default of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, and then by the euro area sovereign debt crisis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Direct and indirect linkages among banks arose as a key component of financial contagion in the European Union, as revealed first by the default of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, and then by the euro area sovereign debt crisis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the Euro area, the cross-border exposures arose as a prominent issue with the European sovereign debt crisis in 2011 and 2012, where large exposure of many EU banks to stressed sovereigns were revealed by the European Banking Authority.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the Euro area, the cross-border exposures arose as a prominent issue with the European sovereign debt crisis in 2011 and 2012, where large exposure of many EU banks to stressed sovereigns were revealed by the European Banking Authority [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "In a broader perspective, correlated exposures have recently been shown to be a major source of systemic risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a broader perspective, correlated exposures have recently been shown to be a major source of systemic risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Given the importance of this research field, this paper is focused on systemic risk in the European banking sector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the importance of this research field, this paper is focused on systemic risk in the European banking sector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By definition, systemic risk involves the financial system, a collection of interconnected institutions that have mutually beneficial business relationships through which insolvency can quickly propagate during periods of financial distress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By definition, systemic risk involves the financial system, a collection of interconnected institutions that have mutually beneficial business relationships through which insolvency can quickly propagate during periods of financial distress [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Systemic risk is mainly due to idiosyncratic and systematic shocks (,).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Systemic risk is mainly due to idiosyncratic and systematic shocks ( [15] , [22] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ], [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]", "[22]" ] }, { "text": "The first ones are those which affect only the health of a single financial institution, while the latter affect the whole economy, e.g. all financial institutions together at the same time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first ones are those which affect only the health of a single financial institution, while the latter affect the whole economy, e.g. all financial institutions together at the same time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The component of systemic risk due to idiosyncratic shocks is also known as contagion risk in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The component of systemic risk due to idiosyncratic shocks is also known as contagion risk in the literature [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "For spaceborne electronics, consideration must be given to the radiation response of a device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For spaceborne electronics, consideration must be given to the radiation response of a device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "SiC power MOSFETs are affected by total ionizing dose (TID), but, typically, TID response is acceptable at a total dose <100 krad(Si), and, depending on the application, devices can be useful up to 300 krad(Si).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "SiC power MOSFETs are affected by total ionizing dose (TID), but, typically, TID response is acceptable at a total dose <100 krad(Si), and, depending on the application, devices can be useful up to 300 krad(Si) [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, the sensitivity of SiC power devices (both MOSFETs and diodes) to energetic heavy ions has been found to be higher than might be expected with both leakage current degradation and single event burnout being observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the sensitivity of SiC power devices (both MOSFETs and diodes) to energetic heavy ions has been found to be higher than might be expected with both leakage current degradation and single event burnout being observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Numerical experiments have radically changed the study of turbulence in the last few decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical experiments have radically changed the study of turbulence in the last few decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is now understood that careful direct numerical simulations yield results that are indistinguishable from physical experiments, while the observational capabilities are generally broader in numerics than in the laboratory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is now understood that careful direct numerical simulations yield results that are indistinguishable from physical experiments, while the observational capabilities are generally broader in numerics than in the laboratory (Moin & Mahesh 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moin & Mahesh 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Much structural information has been gained in this way for flows that had resisted analysis for a long time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Much structural information has been gained in this way for flows that had resisted analysis for a long time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is part of the purpose of this paper to call attention to a feature of numerical experiments which is in some cases even more useful than the possibility of better diagnostics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is part of the purpose of this paper to call attention to a feature of numerical experiments which is in some cases even more useful than the possibility of better diagnostics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is the ability to simulate 'wrong' physics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the ability to simulate 'wrong' physics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "One of the problems with this systematic review was that observational studies included used several different risk factors and used different endpoints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the problems with this systematic review was that observational studies included used several different risk factors and used different endpoints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The risk factors for Salmonella, Campylobacter, Norovirus, Rotavirus and self-reported diarrhoea are likely to be different.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The risk factors for Salmonella, Campylobacter, Norovirus, Rotavirus and self-reported diarrhoea are likely to be different [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "However, most episodes of diarrhoeal disease affecting people living in developed nations are probably due to viruses which are almost exclusively human only pathogens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most episodes of diarrhoeal disease affecting people living in developed nations are probably due to viruses which are almost exclusively human only pathogens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Having said that, included in the review were papers that considered both Salmonella and Campylobacter infections, the commonest two bacterial causes of food poisoning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Having said that, included in the review were papers that considered both Salmonella and Campylobacter infections, the commonest two bacterial causes of food poisoning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In none of these studies was kitchen hygiene factors associated with any increased risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In none of these studies was kitchen hygiene factors associated with any increased risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The mean daily weight gain (DWG) was obtained by the difference of the animal's weight among the weightings, divided by the day number among the weightings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean daily weight gain (DWG) was obtained by the difference of the animal's weight among the weightings, divided by the day number among the weightings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Animals had a 12 hours total fasting period approximately each 28 days.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Animals had a 12 hours total fasting period approximately each 28 days.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Along with the weighting, the Body Condition Score (BCS) of the animal was assessed and classified from 1 to 5, being 1 very thin and 5 very obese.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Along with the weighting, the Body Condition Score (BCS) of the animal was assessed and classified from 1 to 5, being 1 very thin and 5 very obese [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Endo and ectoparasites were controlled when needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Endo and ectoparasites were controlled when needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In some studies, many prominent results were achieved, but on the other hand, Darcy's law was used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In some studies, many prominent results were achieved, but on the other hand, Darcy's law was used [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "In fact, in nanoscale pores, Darcy's law is no longer valid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, in nanoscale pores, Darcy's law is no longer valid [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "According to the characteristics of shale gas in adsorption-desorption, diffusion, slippage and seepage during accumulation, migration and production, a mathematical model of unstable seepage in dual-porosity confined shale-gas reservoir was built in this paper, while considering Knudsen diffusion, slip-flow effect and Langmuir desorption effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the characteristics of shale gas in adsorption-desorption, diffusion, slippage and seepage during accumulation, migration and production, a mathematical model of unstable seepage in dual-porosity confined shale-gas reservoir was built in this paper, while considering Knudsen diffusion, slip-flow effect and Langmuir desorption effect [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "By solving the model utilizing the Stehfest numerical inversion and computer programming in Laplace space, several typical curves of bottomhole pressure were obtained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By solving the model utilizing the Stehfest numerical inversion and computer programming in Laplace space, several typical curves of bottomhole pressure were obtained [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "And we discussed the effects of several parameters on the pressure dynamics, i.e. storativity ratio, Langmuir volume, Langmuir pressure, adsorption-desorption, tangential momentum accommodation coefficient, flow coefficient, boundary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And we discussed the effects of several parameters on the pressure dynamics, i.e. storativity ratio, Langmuir volume, Langmuir pressure, adsorption-desorption, tangential momentum accommodation coefficient, flow coefficient, boundary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the past years, some scholars established a new gas well productivity formula.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past years, some scholars established a new gas well productivity formula.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In their study, they considered the effect of artifici al fracturing effect and gas slippage effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In their study, they considered the effect of artifici al fracturing effect and gas slippage effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides, some of their researches were conducted by applying physical simulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides, some of their researches were conducted by applying physical simulation [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Urea supplementation to low quality feeds has been shown to increase the rumen availability of nitrogen which in turn increase the rumen degradation and energy intake by ruminants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Urea supplementation to low quality feeds has been shown to increase the rumen availability of nitrogen which in turn increase the rumen degradation and energy intake by ruminants (Abebe et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Abebe et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, poultry house waste is a rich source of protein ranging between 14 and 30% crude protein, of which 40-50% is true protein that can be utilized by ruminants to produce high quality meat and milk.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, poultry house waste is a rich source of protein ranging between 14 and 30% crude protein, of which 40-50% is true protein that can be utilized by ruminants to produce high quality meat and milk (Adegbola, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Adegbola, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "The nitrogen in poultry waste can be utilized up to ten times more efficiently when recycled through ruminants as a feed than as a fertilizer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nitrogen in poultry waste can be utilized up to ten times more efficiently when recycled through ruminants as a feed than as a fertilizer (Smith and Wheeler, 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Smith and Wheeler, 1979)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The data of density measured through helium pychnometry on the two HNT are reported in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data of density measured through helium pychnometry on the two HNT are reported in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, tHNT presents a density 23% lower with respect to uHNT, clearly indicating an higher degree of exfoliation and dispersion of the tHNT particles due to chemical treatment, as confirmed by TEM observations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, tHNT presents a density 23% lower with respect to uHNT, clearly indicating an higher degree of exfoliation and dispersion of the tHNT particles due to chemical treatment, as confirmed by TEM observations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The absorption band at 3622 cm -1 is the characteristic absorption of hydroxyl groups located on shared interfaces of layered structure consisting of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and aluminiumoxygen octahedron, and the band at 3694 cm -1 is the characteristic absorption of external hydroxyl groups located on non-shared surfaces of the layered structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The absorption band at 3622 cm -1 is the characteristic absorption of hydroxyl groups located on shared interfaces of layered structure consisting of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and aluminiumoxygen octahedron, and the band at 3694 cm -1 is the characteristic absorption of external hydroxyl groups located on non-shared surfaces of the layered structure [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Modifications at the surfaces of HNTs provide an opportunity to expand the basal spacing of HNTs through intercalation of inorganic and organic compounds in their internal layers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modifications at the surfaces of HNTs provide an opportunity to expand the basal spacing of HNTs through intercalation of inorganic and organic compounds in their internal layers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This contributes to a better and more homogeneous dispersion of HNTs within the corresponding polymer during melt blending.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This contributes to a better and more homogeneous dispersion of HNTs within the corresponding polymer during melt blending.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the surface modification can remarkably enhance the wettability of the filler and adhesion between filler and matrix.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the surface modification can remarkably enhance the wettability of the filler and adhesion between filler and matrix [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The motivation for this reverse Stackelberg approach to deal with splitting rates is as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The motivation for this reverse Stackelberg approach to deal with splitting rates is as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In previous work, we have proposed a reverse Stackelberg approach in which a follower's decision variable is the travel time in which he aims to reach his destination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In previous work, we have proposed a reverse Stackelberg approach in which a follower's decision variable is the travel time in which he aims to reach his destination (Groot et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Groot et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "While this yields a system-optimal distribution in case the players make fully rational decisions, the difficulty is in realizing the drivers' desired individual travel times in case they differ from the optimal, rational response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this yields a system-optimal distribution in case the players make fully rational decisions, the difficulty is in realizing the drivers' desired individual travel times in case they differ from the optimal, rational response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "From other point of view, a combination of paramagnetic and fluorescent properties of different materials into a single system might greatly enhance  their application areas.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From other point of view, a combination of paramagnetic and fluorescent properties of different materials into a single system might greatly enhance  their application areas [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "For example, these bimodal nanostructures can provide an all-in-one diagnostic and therapeutic tool, which can be utilized to treat and visualize diseases simultaneously.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, these bimodal nanostructures can provide an all-in-one diagnostic and therapeutic tool, which can be utilized to treat and visualize diseases simultaneously.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the development of a simple and reliable fabrication method for the synthesis of multifunctional structures with controlled morphologies is still a challenge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the development of a simple and reliable fabrication method for the synthesis of multifunctional structures with controlled morphologies is still a challenge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, considering that a large dose of CA is required in a daily imaging process, large-scale process to construct multifunctional CA is still highly needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, considering that a large dose of CA is required in a daily imaging process, large-scale process to construct multifunctional CA is still highly needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The aims of this study were twofold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aims of this study were twofold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First we attempted to theoretically conceptualize forced choice memory performance testing in terms of strategy selection processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First we attempted to theoretically conceptualize forced choice memory performance testing in terms of strategy selection processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We defined strategy selection in terms of Cognitive Hierarchy Theory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We defined strategy selection in terms of Cognitive Hierarchy Theory (Carmerer et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Carmerer et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "This study displayed an effective methodology for detecting gray stage spruce mortality in a large, cloudy study region spanning multiple Landsat scenes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study displayed an effective methodology for detecting gray stage spruce mortality in a large, cloudy study region spanning multiple Landsat scenes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have shown that (1) multiimage date and multi-sensor tasseled cap composites are a powerful tool when working in a cloudy study area and serve as an effective predictor of gray stage spruce mortality severity across time and in large study regions; (2) differencing images from multiple time steps is important when attempting to detect long, slow moving disturbances like spruce beetle outbreaks, and (3) data produced through models like those in this study can serve as a potential supplement to existing forest management and monitoring programs, such as the USFS Aerial Detection Survey.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have shown that (1) multiimage date and multi-sensor tasseled cap composites are a powerful tool when working in a cloudy study area and serve as an effective predictor of gray stage spruce mortality severity across time and in large study regions; (2) differencing images from multiple time steps is important when attempting to detect long, slow moving disturbances like spruce beetle outbreaks, and (3) data produced through models like those in this study can serve as a potential supplement to existing forest management and monitoring programs, such as the USFS Aerial Detection Survey.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we created a map of an ongoing outbreak event that supports a better understanding of outbreak progression, spread, and intensity for this particular spruce beetle outbreak.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we created a map of an ongoing outbreak event that supports a better understanding of outbreak progression, spread, and intensity for this particular spruce beetle outbreak.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Composited tasseled cap indices and their derivatives were effective predictors of gray stage spruce mortality when applied within a regression tree based modelling framework.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Composited tasseled cap indices and their derivatives were effective predictors of gray stage spruce mortality when applied within a regression tree based modelling framework.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The variable selection procedure highlighted the important role that differencing indices from different stages of an outbreak can play in detecting changes in vegetation through time, a finding that is consistent with similar studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The variable selection procedure highlighted the important role that differencing indices from different stages of an outbreak can play in detecting changes in vegetation through time, a finding that is consistent with similar studies [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "While the 2011 and 2015 models both slightly overpredict low levels of mortality and underpredict more severe levels of mortality ( Figure S1 ), we believe the RMSE is within an acceptable range for the models to be valuable tools to be applied in forest management and in evaluating ecosystem impacts of spruce beetle outbreaks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While the 2011 and 2015 models both slightly overpredict low levels of mortality and underpredict more severe levels of mortality ( Figure S1 ), we believe the RMSE is within an acceptable range for the models to be valuable tools to be applied in forest management and in evaluating ecosystem impacts of spruce beetle outbreaks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting maps represent a significant improvement over products that display only presence/absence of canopy mortality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting maps represent a significant improvement over products that display only presence/absence of canopy mortality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In such a context, the entrepreneurial process of discovery (henceforth EPD) plays a central role as one of the main de…ning features of the novelty of the smart specialisation approach.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In such a context, the entrepreneurial process of discovery (henceforth EPD) plays a central role as one of the main de…ning features of the novelty of the smart specialisation approach (Foray and Goenaga, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Foray and Goenaga, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The EPD marks a clear break away from past practices, as regards inter alia the involvement of stakeholders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EPD marks a clear break away from past practices, as regards inter alia the involvement of stakeholders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past, decisions on research and innovation strategies were often designed by regional authorities using a top-down approach in which they would lead and de…ne this process, with no or little consultation and involvement of regional stakeholders, particularly in the decision-making.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past, decisions on research and innovation strategies were often designed by regional authorities using a top-down approach in which they would lead and de…ne this process, with no or little consultation and involvement of regional stakeholders, particularly in the decision-making.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This methodological investigation was prompted by a series of practical questions that arose while analyzing an experiment involving the random assignment of Rock the Vote (RTV) television advertisements in the days leading up to the 2004 presidential election.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This methodological investigation was prompted by a series of practical questions that arose while analyzing an experiment involving the random assignment of Rock the Vote (RTV) television advertisements in the days leading up to the 2004 presidential election.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As described below, the advertisements, which were designed to encourage young people to vote, were randomly assigned to 85 cable television systems in 12 states.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As described below, the advertisements, which were designed to encourage young people to vote, were randomly assigned to 85 cable television systems in 12 states.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each cable system comprises several thousand voters, and the entire data set encompasses approximately 850,000 registered voters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each cable system comprises several thousand voters, and the entire data set encompasses approximately 850,000 registered voters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of special interest are the 23,869 voters who are 18 and 19 years of age, for whom this election represents the first federal election in which they are eligible to vote and to whom these ads were specifically addressed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of special interest are the 23,869 voters who are 18 and 19 years of age, for whom this election represents the first federal election in which they are eligible to vote and to whom these ads were specifically addressed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The methodological question is what is the most efficient and reliable way to analyze these data?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The methodological question is what is the most efficient and reliable way to analyze these data?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This question was particularly compelling since our previous mass-media turnout experiments suggested the effects of treatment were likely to be small in magnitude, but not zero.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This question was particularly compelling since our previous mass-media turnout experiments suggested the effects of treatment were likely to be small in magnitude, but not zero (Vavreck and Green 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vavreck and Green 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Herein, we report a facile chemical etching approach to create a new class of porous PtPb/Pt NCs for the first time, namely porous PtPb/Pt nanoplates (porous PtPb/Pt NPs) and porous PtPb/Pt octahedra (porous PtPb/Pt OTs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Herein, we report a facile chemical etching approach to create a new class of porous PtPb/Pt NCs for the first time, namely porous PtPb/Pt nanoplates (porous PtPb/Pt NPs) and porous PtPb/Pt octahedra (porous PtPb/Pt OTs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The obtained series of porous PtPb/Pt NCs have controlled porosity, composition as well as well-defined morphology, which are highly beneficial for studying the shape, composition, alloy effect and the porosity on polyhydric alcohol electrooxidations, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol oxidation reactions (EG-G/OR).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The obtained series of porous PtPb/Pt NCs have controlled porosity, composition as well as well-defined morphology, which are highly beneficial for studying the shape, composition, alloy effect and the porosity on polyhydric alcohol electrooxidations, such as ethylene glycol and glycerol oxidation reactions (EG-G/OR).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a result, the porous PtPb/Pt NPs have been demonstrated largely enhanced EG-G/OR performances compared with the commercial Pt/C. The optimized porous PtPb/Pt NPs with composition of Pt 3 Pb exhibit the highest activity for EG-G/OR among all the studied electrocatalysts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As a result, the porous PtPb/Pt NPs have been demonstrated largely enhanced EG-G/OR performances compared with the commercial Pt/C. The optimized porous PtPb/Pt NPs with composition of Pt 3 Pb exhibit the highest activity for EG-G/OR among all the studied electrocatalysts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The unique 3D porous structure and the outstanding antipoisoning ability also make the porous Pt 3 Pb NPs highly durable with limited mass activity decay over 20,000 potential cycles for EGOR (29.9% loss) and 5,000 potential cycles for GOR (34.2% loss), respectively. .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The unique 3D porous structure and the outstanding antipoisoning ability also make the porous Pt 3 Pb NPs highly durable with limited mass activity decay over 20,000 potential cycles for EGOR (29.9% loss) and 5,000 potential cycles for GOR (34.2% loss), respectively. .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the EGOR (GOR) stability tests, CV sweepings were conducted for more than 20,000 (5,000) cycles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the EGOR (GOR) stability tests, CV sweepings were conducted for more than 20,000 (5,000) cycles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the other electrochemical measurements were described in our previous studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All the other electrochemical measurements were described in our previous studies [42, 43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 43]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Before examining the interrelationships among energy consumption, economic growth, and CO 2 emissions in China, there is a need to draw on the previous research results as references.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Before examining the interrelationships among energy consumption, economic growth, and CO 2 emissions in China, there is a need to draw on the previous research results as references.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The earliest research on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was completed by Kraft J and Kraft A, and the unidirectional causality running from GNP to energy consumption was found in their study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The earliest research on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth was completed by Kraft J and Kraft A, and the unidirectional causality running from GNP to energy consumption was found in their study [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, Akarca and Long found that there was no causality between GNP and energy consumption in the USA by changing the time interval of the same data into two years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Akarca and Long found that there was no causality between GNP and energy consumption in the USA by changing the time interval of the same data into two years [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Subsequently, many scholars focused on exploring the relationship between the two variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Subsequently, many scholars focused on exploring the relationship between the two variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In light of the above literature review, the relationships between total energy consumption or total fossil energy consumption and CO 2 emissions have been examined by numerous scholars, and different results were obtained because of the data obtained for different periods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In light of the above literature review, the relationships between total energy consumption or total fossil energy consumption and CO 2 emissions have been examined by numerous scholars, and different results were obtained because of the data obtained for different periods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As there has been a steady increase in the proportion of non-fossil energy, analyzing the linkages between total energy consumption and CO 2 emissions seems to be inaccurate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As there has been a steady increase in the proportion of non-fossil energy, analyzing the linkages between total energy consumption and CO 2 emissions seems to be inaccurate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, some researchers have tended to inspect the relationship between fossil energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, which greatly reduced the deviations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, some researchers have tended to inspect the relationship between fossil energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, which greatly reduced the deviations [17, 34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 34]" ] }, { "text": "However, these studies only focused on the overall linkages between the variables instead of the specific points that they interconnect, such as the casual relationships between CO 2 emissions and some sort of fossil energy consumption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these studies only focused on the overall linkages between the variables instead of the specific points that they interconnect, such as the casual relationships between CO 2 emissions and some sort of fossil energy consumption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Turbulent frictional drag reduction and flow structure modification by polymer additives has received considerable attention since Toms's discovery in 1949.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Turbulent frictional drag reduction and flow structure modification by polymer additives has received considerable attention since Toms's discovery in 1949 [49] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[49]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, the effects of polymers on the drag of a bluff body are less studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the effects of polymers on the drag of a bluff body are less studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reducing the drag of bluff bodies like ships and submarine hulls to achieve higher speeds and reduced energy cost has an equivalent industrial significance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reducing the drag of bluff bodies like ships and submarine hulls to achieve higher speeds and reduced energy cost has an equivalent industrial significance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, the drag behavior of a bluff body in dilute polymer solutions can shed some light on the skin friction with rough boundaries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the drag behavior of a bluff body in dilute polymer solutions can shed some light on the skin friction with rough boundaries [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "For the flow past a bluff body, pressure drag is an important part of the total drag, i.e. an optimal scheme for skin friction reduction of the turbulent boundary layer may be useless when pressure drag dominates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the flow past a bluff body, pressure drag is an important part of the total drag, i.e. an optimal scheme for skin friction reduction of the turbulent boundary layer may be useless when pressure drag dominates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, it is reasonable to classify the problem of drag reduction for flow past a bluff body in the important problems category in fluid mechanics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, it is reasonable to classify the problem of drag reduction for flow past a bluff body in the important problems category in fluid mechanics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "A majority of studies on the flow past a cylinder focus on creeping flow at low Reynolds number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A majority of studies on the flow past a cylinder focus on creeping flow at low Reynolds number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The flow past a confined cylinder has no geometri cal singularities and includes both elongational and shear deformation .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The flow past a confined cylinder has no geometri cal singularities and includes both elongational and shear deformation .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus it is suitable to serve as a benchma rk both for numerical and experimental investigatio ns on the effects of viscoelasti city.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus it is suitable to serve as a benchma rk both for numerical and experimental investigatio ns on the effects of viscoelasti city.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A confined cylinder in channel flow with blockage ratio B = 0.5 had served as a benchmark and a large number of numerica l and experime ntal studies are related to this configuration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A confined cylinder in channel flow with blockage ratio B = 0.5 had served as a benchmark and a large number of numerica l and experime ntal studies are related to this configuration [3, 10, 11, 14, 15, [19] [20] [21] 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 10, 11, 14, 15, [19] [20] [21] 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 47]" ] }, { "text": "The drag behavior is summarized in Table 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The drag behavior is summarized in Table 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results show consisten tly that drag first slightly decreases then increases with Wi, just like drag behavior of flow past a sphere.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results show consisten tly that drag first slightly decreases then increases with Wi, just like drag behavior of flow past a sphere [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, the experiments have not validated such behavior for this configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the experiments have not validated such behavior for this configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, drag enhancement is also found for the polymer solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, drag enhancement is also found for the polymer solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It should be noted that the blockage ratio 0.5 is too large to separate the influence of the constraining wall and the extensional flow near the stagnation point, and may cause severe three-dimens ional effects as suggested by experimental results.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be noted that the blockage ratio 0.5 is too large to separate the influence of the constraining wall and the extensional flow near the stagnation point, and may cause severe three-dimens ional effects as suggested by experimental results [51] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF52" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[51]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Overall, the effectiveness of each Cognitivebehavioral Group Therapy intervention in reducing school bullying and violence as well as peer victimization at school has been consistently verified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, the effectiveness of each Cognitivebehavioral Group Therapy intervention in reducing school bullying and violence as well as peer victimization at school has been consistently verified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, an evidence-based study of Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy for reducing children's reactive and proactive aggression, featuring not only a child-only group but also a parent-only group and a parallel parentchild group, found a more significant effect in the groups including children than in the parentonly group.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, an evidence-based study of Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy for reducing children's reactive and proactive aggression, featuring not only a child-only group but also a parent-only group and a parallel parentchild group, found a more significant effect in the groups including children than in the parentonly group [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Adopting Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy intervention in peer counselling with mentors and mentees rather than in a group format should be further explored to determine which is the most effective way to reduce the aggressive behavior associated with bullying at schools.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adopting Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy intervention in peer counselling with mentors and mentees rather than in a group format should be further explored to determine which is the most effective way to reduce the aggressive behavior associated with bullying at schools.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Embedded systems have come to support very complex multimedia applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Embedded systems have come to support very complex multimedia applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This new set of multimedia applications puts a lot of pressure on the dynamic memory subsystem and in the processing power of the final embedded system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This new set of multimedia applications puts a lot of pressure on the dynamic memory subsystem and in the processing power of the final embedded system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, memory access optimizations and optimal code generation for the underlying memory architecture become key elements to improve performance and reduce energy consumption in new consumer devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, memory access optimizations and optimal code generation for the underlying memory architecture become key elements to improve performance and reduce energy consumption in new consumer devices [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Most of these high-level optimizing transformations work directly on the source code.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of these high-level optimizing transformations work directly on the source code.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, due to the dynamism of these new multimedia applications, compile-time analysis techniques are no longer able to provide the necessary information for the high-level optimization steps.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, due to the dynamism of these new multimedia applications, compile-time analysis techniques are no longer able to provide the necessary information for the high-level optimization steps.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, accurate profiling is necessary to collect runtime information for different representative input cases that can then be employed to define where the bottlenecks reside; thus, what has to be optimized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, accurate profiling is necessary to collect runtime information for different representative input cases that can then be employed to define where the bottlenecks reside; thus, what has to be optimized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The interest is certainly driven by the surprisingly high conversion efficiencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interest is certainly driven by the surprisingly high conversion efficiencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For materials possessing a direct band structure, the optical absorption depth for photons with energy exceeding the bandgap is typically very low (e.g. approximately nm 140 at = λ nm 800 in InAs).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For materials possessing a direct band structure, the optical absorption depth for photons with energy exceeding the bandgap is typically very low (e.g. approximately nm 140 at = λ nm 800 in InAs [15] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "A significant and macroscopic THz emission is then obtained in a very thin interaction region, with very high energy conversion per unit thickness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A significant and macroscopic THz emission is then obtained in a very thin interaction region, with very high energy conversion per unit thickness [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "At low impinging fluences (below nJ cm 100 / 2 ), InAs is perhaps one of the most important benchmarks for surface THz emission driven by the photo-Dember effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At low impinging fluences (below nJ cm 100 / 2 ), InAs is perhaps one of the most important benchmarks for surface THz emission driven by the photo-Dember effect [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "However it has been argued that THz generation by carrier migration is quite saturated at high excitation energies such that the generation is dominated by surface OR.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However it has been argued that THz generation by carrier migration is quite saturated at high excitation energies such that the generation is dominated by surface OR [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "This interpretation reconciles the observed dependence of the emission from the polarisation and crystal orientation in InAs and seeded through works about the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the nonlinearity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This interpretation reconciles the observed dependence of the emission from the polarisation and crystal orientation in InAs and seeded through works about the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the nonlinearity [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20] [21] [22]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "With the proliferation of mobile communication technology, wireless positioning has become an increasingly important issue and drawn plenty of attention.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the proliferation of mobile communication technology, wireless positioning has become an increasingly important issue and drawn plenty of attention [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Over the past several decades, a variety of location-based services emerged in the fields such as emergency medical systems, asset monitoring and tracking, location sensitive billing, fraud protection, fleet management, and even also including intelligent transportation systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past several decades, a variety of location-based services emerged in the fields such as emergency medical systems, asset monitoring and tracking, location sensitive billing, fraud protection, fleet management, and even also including intelligent transportation systems [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "However, global positioning system (GPS) and cellular positioning system (CPS), two representative positioning technologies applied in many scenarios of daily life, still have some drawbacks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, global positioning system (GPS) and cellular positioning system (CPS), two representative positioning technologies applied in many scenarios of daily life, still have some drawbacks [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "On the one hand, in outdoor environment, GPS and CPS signals are sensitive to the interference from space weather, transformer substations, geomagnetic radiation, and etc., which leads to the degradation of the accessibility and continuity of GPS and CPS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the one hand, in outdoor environment, GPS and CPS signals are sensitive to the interference from space weather, transformer substations, geomagnetic radiation, and etc., which leads to the degradation of the accessibility and continuity of GPS and CPS [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, in indoor environment, GPS and CPS face a challenging radio propagation environment, including mainly multi-path effect and none-line-of-sight (NLOS) effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, in indoor environment, GPS and CPS face a challenging radio propagation environment, including mainly multi-path effect and none-line-of-sight (NLOS) effect [12] [13] [14] [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14] [15]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, an efficient deployment scheme of CNs in TOA positioning systems, which aims to minimize the GDOP, is proposed on the basis of generalized eigenvalue decomposition of fisher information matrix (FIM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, an efficient deployment scheme of CNs in TOA positioning systems, which aims to minimize the GDOP, is proposed on the basis of generalized eigenvalue decomposition of fisher information matrix (FIM) [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "In this paper, we termed it as eigenvalue-based approach for ease of illustration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we termed it as eigenvalue-based approach for ease of illustration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The eigenvalue-based approach, which could obtain optimal performance for one CN and suffer only small loss of performance for more CNs, can dramatically reduce the computational complexity compared with the exhaustive method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The eigenvalue-based approach, which could obtain optimal performance for one CN and suffer only small loss of performance for more CNs, can dramatically reduce the computational complexity compared with the exhaustive method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Developing a practical arrangement out of the eigenvaluebased approach, however, entails some challenges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Developing a practical arrangement out of the eigenvaluebased approach, however, entails some challenges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, the eigenvalue-based approach only describes the procedure of scheme rather than theoretically infers the expression of the eigenvalue and eigenvector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, the eigenvalue-based approach only describes the procedure of scheme rather than theoretically infers the expression of the eigenvalue and eigenvector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Variation of GNs' deployment will trigger the modification of FIM, which may cause recalculation of eigenvalue and eigenvector.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Variation of GNs' deployment will trigger the modification of FIM, which may cause recalculation of eigenvalue and eigenvector.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, the relationship among the optimal position of each CN has not been thoroughly investigated and deeply summarized; unnecessary calculation cannot be avoided when the number of the CNs is huge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, the relationship among the optimal position of each CN has not been thoroughly investigated and deeply summarized; unnecessary calculation cannot be avoided when the number of the CNs is huge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Third, the eigenvalue-based approach cannot be directly applied into AOA system since the FIM of AOA is more complicated than that of TOA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, the eigenvalue-based approach cannot be directly applied into AOA system since the FIM of AOA is more complicated than that of TOA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best of our knowledge, few approaches are reported to tackle the issue mentioned above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of our knowledge, few approaches are reported to tackle the issue mentioned above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A wide variety of types for squirrel cage induction machines (SCIMs) facilitate industrial tasks and productions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A wide variety of types for squirrel cage induction machines (SCIMs) facilitate industrial tasks and productions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In industrial area, SCIMs are subjected to electrical, mechanical and environmental stresses that cause broken rotor bar (BRB) occurs, although SCIMs have rugged structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In industrial area, SCIMs are subjected to electrical, mechanical and environmental stresses that cause broken rotor bar (BRB) occurs, although SCIMs have rugged structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The presence of BRB brings about secondary malfunctions that reduces the efficiency of the motor and hence increase the operational cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of BRB brings about secondary malfunctions that reduces the efficiency of the motor and hence increase the operational cost [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, early detection of rotor failures, specially BRB, is crucial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, early detection of rotor failures, specially BRB, is crucial [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Any problem or irregularity in the machine can be detected at an early stage by applying a suitable condition monitoring accompanied with an effective signal processing method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Any problem or irregularity in the machine can be detected at an early stage by applying a suitable condition monitoring accompanied with an effective signal processing method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several condition monitoring techniques for SCIMs fault detection have been reported and developed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several condition monitoring techniques for SCIMs fault detection have been reported and developed [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Among various condition monitoring techniques, motor current signature analysis has been widely employed for BRB detection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among various condition monitoring techniques, motor current signature analysis has been widely employed for BRB detection [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "However, the fault detection will fail if an effective signal processing method is not applied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the fault detection will fail if an effective signal processing method is not applied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A raw signal measured by a suitable sensor goes through a signal processing to generate parametric features associated with the fault under observation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A raw signal measured by a suitable sensor goes through a signal processing to generate parametric features associated with the fault under observation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These features, generally known as \"fault signature\", are sensitive to the presence of the failure in motor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These features, generally known as \"fault signature\", are sensitive to the presence of the failure in motor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fundamentally, the main aspects for the accurate de-tection and extraction of these features are based on signal processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fundamentally, the main aspects for the accurate de-tection and extraction of these features are based on signal processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The technique applied to the signal must have high sensitivity to the features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The technique applied to the signal must have high sensitivity to the features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It must be able to determinate the relationship between the fault signature and its severity as well.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It must be able to determinate the relationship between the fault signature and its severity as well [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Because different thermal wavelengths are sensitive to different atmospheric components, remotely sensed hyperspectral and narrowband radiance measurements contain valuable information about atmospheric, surface and cloud properties, and also reveal fingerprints of long-term climate trends.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because different thermal wavelengths are sensitive to different atmospheric components, remotely sensed hyperspectral and narrowband radiance measurements contain valuable information about atmospheric, surface and cloud properties, and also reveal fingerprints of long-term climate trends (Harries et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harries et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, they have a unique value in evaluating climate models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, they have a unique value in evaluating climate models (Goody et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goody et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "As such there is a need for detailed and complete satellite observations of terrestrial outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) in the 25-3000 cm −1 wavenumber range (3-400 µm wavelength) at the spectral level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As such there is a need for detailed and complete satellite observations of terrestrial outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) in the 25-3000 cm −1 wavenumber range (3-400 µm wavelength) at the spectral level (Anderson et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anderson et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "At the present time, however, there is no satellite instrument in operation that isolates a substantial part of the OLR with the longest wavelengths, known as the far infrared (FIR).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the present time, however, there is no satellite instrument in operation that isolates a substantial part of the OLR with the longest wavelengths, known as the far infrared (FIR).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Many bench scale tests have been performed to study the fire characteristics, smoke movement and control in case of a tunnel fire.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many bench scale tests have been performed to study the fire characteristics, smoke movement and control in case of a tunnel fire [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Numerical simulations have also been tried to predict the fire development and to investigate into the efficiency of different smoke control methods in tunnels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical simulations have also been tried to predict the fire development and to investigate into the efficiency of different smoke control methods in tunnels [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "Functional relationships have been derived from laboratory scale tests.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Functional relationships have been derived from laboratory scale tests [8, 9, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9, 13]" ] }, { "text": "All the numerical simulation results and the functional relationships should be validated, especially by full scale data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the numerical simulation results and the functional relationships should be validated, especially by full scale data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Communication can best be understood in the context of social cognition, because social cognition is the basis for communication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Communication can best be understood in the context of social cognition, because social cognition is the basis for communication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Social cognition--which involves knowledge about the personal characteristics, needs, and expectations of cointeractants--is essential in formulating the appropriate message.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Social cognition--which involves knowledge about the personal characteristics, needs, and expectations of cointeractants--is essential in formulating the appropriate message.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, communication relies on social knowledge, because it frequently involves the exchange of information about others.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, communication relies on social knowledge, because it frequently involves the exchange of information about others (Clark, 1985; Higgins, 1981 ) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Clark, 1985; Higgins, 1981 )" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In response to some of these challenges, the Ministry of Health (MOH) recently began implementing the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2), a centralized, web-based aggregate reporting system at national, provincial, and district level to expedite data access and reporting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In response to some of these challenges, the Ministry of Health (MOH) recently began implementing the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2), a centralized, web-based aggregate reporting system at national, provincial, and district level to expedite data access and reporting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The DHIS2 data flow model improves access to information and timeliness from the point of data entry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The DHIS2 data flow model improves access to information and timeliness from the point of data entry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It further allows greater functionality for reporting, feedback, and communication among system users.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It further allows greater functionality for reporting, feedback, and communication among system users.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As the basis for aggregate reporting, DHIS2 was also used by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) for data reporting from facility and community levels in areas of low malaria burden in support of the National Malaria Strategic Plan goal to bring areas closer to malaria elimination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the basis for aggregate reporting, DHIS2 was also used by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) for data reporting from facility and community levels in areas of low malaria burden in support of the National Malaria Strategic Plan goal to bring areas closer to malaria elimination [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Non-hydrostatic moment differences would drive the ice shell to reorient with respect to a system of axes pointing toward the planet, along the orbit, and normal to it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Non-hydrostatic moment differences would drive the ice shell to reorient with respect to a system of axes pointing toward the planet, along the orbit, and normal to it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, because the ellipsoidal shape of the ocean surface would maintain its orientation in these axis, the elastic torque would oppose this type of polar wander.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because the ellipsoidal shape of the ocean surface would maintain its orientation in these axis, the elastic torque would oppose this type of polar wander (Willemann, 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Willemann, 1984)" ] }, { "text": "Significant reorientation of the shell would require that the ice either crack or creep.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant reorientation of the shell would require that the ice either crack or creep.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Provided Titan's shell is ∼ 100km thick, the presence of an elastic torque presents a challenge to the interpretation of Titan's non-synchronous rotation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Provided Titan's shell is ∼ 100km thick, the presence of an elastic torque presents a challenge to the interpretation of Titan's non-synchronous rotation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Observational evidence for the non-synchronous rotation of Titan cannot be lightly dismissed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Observational evidence for the non-synchronous rotation of Titan cannot be lightly dismissed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although we suspect an error in the data analysis, it is also possible that we are missing something important in our understanding of the properties of Titan's atmosphere and/or interior.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although we suspect an error in the data analysis, it is also possible that we are missing something important in our understanding of the properties of Titan's atmosphere and/or interior.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Characterization of cetuximab glycosylation, as measured by peak area on TOF-MS spectra, revealed 21 distinct oligosaccharide structures, of which approximately 30 % have one or more alpha-1,3 linked galactosyl residues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Characterization of cetuximab glycosylation, as measured by peak area on TOF-MS spectra, revealed 21 distinct oligosaccharide structures, of which approximately 30 % have one or more alpha-1,3 linked galactosyl residues [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Analysis of the IgE antibodies to cetuximab demonstrated that these antibodies were specific for the oligosaccharide residues on the heavy chain of the Fab portion of the monoclonal antibody (mAb).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analysis of the IgE antibodies to cetuximab demonstrated that these antibodies were specific for the oligosaccharide residues on the heavy chain of the Fab portion of the monoclonal antibody (mAb).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the known glycosylation of the molecule at amino acids 88 and 299, alpha-gal was identified as a possible relevant epitope.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From the known glycosylation of the molecule at amino acids 88 and 299, alpha-gal was identified as a possible relevant epitope [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Re-expression of cetuximab in a cell line unable to glycosylate with alpha-1,3-linked galactose residues failed to bind IgE, providing evidence that alpha-gal was in fact the target epitope.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Re-expression of cetuximab in a cell line unable to glycosylate with alpha-1,3-linked galactose residues failed to bind IgE, providing evidence that alpha-gal was in fact the target epitope [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Of the total alpha-gal in cetuximab, most of it is located in the Fab domain (Fab 990 nmol alphagal/μmol IgG versus Fc 140 nmol alpha-gal/μmol IgG).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Of the total alpha-gal in cetuximab, most of it is located in the Fab domain (Fab 990 nmol alphagal/μmol IgG versus Fc 140 nmol alpha-gal/μmol IgG) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Recent mass spectrometry analysis indicated that glycosylation of cetuximab may be more complex than previously thought, containing both dianternary and trianternary structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent mass spectrometry analysis indicated that glycosylation of cetuximab may be more complex than previously thought, containing both dianternary and trianternary structures [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Synthesis of alpha-gal requires the gene encoding alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Synthesis of alpha-gal requires the gene encoding alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In humans and higher primates, this gene is not functional, so these species cannot produce alpha-gal-which in turn makes it possible for these animals to initially make IgG antibodies directed toward this oligosaccharide.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In humans and higher primates, this gene is not functional, so these species cannot produce alpha-gal-which in turn makes it possible for these animals to initially make IgG antibodies directed toward this oligosaccharide [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Of considerable importance to the development of biologics, in particular mAbs, is the observation that murine cell lines such as NS0 and Sp2/0 can place galactose in an alpha-1,3 linkage such that alpha-gal is present on the synthesized molecules.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of considerable importance to the development of biologics, in particular mAbs, is the observation that murine cell lines such as NS0 and Sp2/0 can place galactose in an alpha-1,3 linkage such that alpha-gal is present on the synthesized molecules.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, Sp2/0 was the cell line used to produce cetuximab.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, Sp2/0 was the cell line used to produce cetuximab.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In those individuals who have IgE to alpha-gal, reactions are likely to occur directed against this mAb.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In those individuals who have IgE to alpha-gal, reactions are likely to occur directed against this mAb [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The results of this study indicate that the LTFU patient death predictor that is statistically related to LTFU is NNRTI weight and the group of evapirens.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this study indicate that the LTFU patient death predictor that is statistically related to LTFU is NNRTI weight and the group of evapirens.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Weight is a common reference used to assess nutritional status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weight is a common reference used to assess nutritional status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "LTFU PLHA deaths increased with a weight of 45 kilograms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "LTFU PLHA deaths increased with a weight of 45 kilograms (Somi et al., 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Somi et al., 2012)" ] }, { "text": "People with HIV who start ARV therapy with a higher body weight will have a better health conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "People with HIV who start ARV therapy with a higher body weight will have a better health conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PLHAs with this condition tend to retain ARV therapy because they have benefited from the therapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PLHAs with this condition tend to retain ARV therapy because they have benefited from the therapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "People with HIV who start therapy weighing less than 45 kg are more at risk of death and attrition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "People with HIV who start therapy weighing less than 45 kg are more at risk of death and attrition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Losing weight> 10% is a common symptom experienced when infected with HIV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Losing weight> 10% is a common symptom experienced when infected with HIV (Dalal et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dalal et al., 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Though OPF problem minimizes the cost while satisfying the practical constraints like line flow, voltage limits etc., it has to satisfy the stability limits also.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Though OPF problem minimizes the cost while satisfying the practical constraints like line flow, voltage limits etc., it has to satisfy the stability limits also.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the competitive expansion in recent years, power system operation has become highly stressed, unpredictable and vulnerable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the competitive expansion in recent years, power system operation has become highly stressed, unpredictable and vulnerable [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "A stressed system has more contingencies and become more vulnerable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A stressed system has more contingencies and become more vulnerable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the occurrence of large blackouts, stability constraints are inevitable while solving the optimal power flow problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the occurrence of large blackouts, stability constraints are inevitable while solving the optimal power flow problem [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Many researchers have solved the transient stability constrained OPF problem using various methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many researchers have solved the transient stability constrained OPF problem using various methods [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The electric power industry is restructured around the world to meet the growing load demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electric power industry is restructured around the world to meet the growing load demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the restructured power market, most of the power transfer is carried out through wheeling transactions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the restructured power market, most of the power transfer is carried out through wheeling transactions [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Power system planners and operators often use Optimal Power Flow (OPF) as a powerful assistant tool in both planning and operating stage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Power system planners and operators often use Optimal Power Flow (OPF) as a powerful assistant tool in both planning and operating stage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "OPF problem is aimed to optimize the operating cost of the power system while satisfying various system operating constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "OPF problem is aimed to optimize the operating cost of the power system while satisfying various system operating constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, many researchers explored the artificial intelligence techniques to have the minimum solution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, many researchers explored the artificial intelligence techniques to have the minimum solution [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In our study, we also compared the short-term effects of ranibizumab and bevacizumab for macular edema associated with BRVO.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our study, we also compared the short-term effects of ranibizumab and bevacizumab for macular edema associated with BRVO.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there is a key difference between the present study and prior BRVO trials: our patients received a loading dose of three monthly anti-VEGF injections, followed by an as-needed dosing schedule, while patients in the MARVEL study received anti-VEGF as monthly pro-re-nata injections from baseline.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there is a key difference between the present study and prior BRVO trials: our patients received a loading dose of three monthly anti-VEGF injections, followed by an as-needed dosing schedule, while patients in the MARVEL study received anti-VEGF as monthly pro-re-nata injections from baseline.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the remarkable efficacy of anti-VEGF agents for BRVO, there is still no consensus on how they are used most effectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the remarkable efficacy of anti-VEGF agents for BRVO, there is still no consensus on how they are used most effectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on studies showing that a 3-month anti-VEGF dosing protocol is effective for the treatment of BRVO, the current study used three monthly anti-VEGF injections as the initial regimen, followed by as-needed injections.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on studies showing that a 3-month anti-VEGF dosing protocol is effective for the treatment of BRVO, the current study used three monthly anti-VEGF injections as the initial regimen, followed by as-needed injections [15, 16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15, 16]" ] }, { "text": "This protocol also allowed us to compare the retreatment rate between the two groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This protocol also allowed us to compare the retreatment rate between the two groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We demonstrated that fitting our hybrid template to the power spectrum data in Nbody simulations, the unbiased estimation of the growth function is possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We demonstrated that fitting our hybrid template to the power spectrum data in Nbody simulations, the unbiased estimation of the growth function is possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, with the template including the corrections A + B + T , the best-fit results of the growth functions are shown to reach at 1% accuracy at k max 0.18 h Mpc −1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, with the template including the corrections A + B + T , the best-fit results of the growth functions are shown to reach at 1% accuracy at k max 0.18 h Mpc −1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although all the analysis in the paper has been made at z = 0.5, we expect that the performance of our template basically remains the same or becomes even better at higher redshifts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although all the analysis in the paper has been made at z = 0.5, we expect that the performance of our template basically remains the same or becomes even better at higher redshifts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the upcoming galaxy surveys like DESI or Euclid, a severe cosmological test of gravity is thus made possible with our hybrid template.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the upcoming galaxy surveys like DESI or Euclid, a severe cosmological test of gravity is thus made possible with our hybrid template.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Toward practical application, however, one crucial step is to properly incorporate the effect of galaxy bias into the power spectrum template.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Toward practical application, however, one crucial step is to properly incorporate the effect of galaxy bias into the power spectrum template.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To tackle this issue, our approach has to be tested against the halo or mock galaxy catalogs based on an appropriate prescription for halo/galaxy bias.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To tackle this issue, our approach has to be tested against the halo or mock galaxy catalogs based on an appropriate prescription for halo/galaxy bias [62] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[62]" ] }, { "text": "Another important generalization is to seek a flexible template in which the broadband shape of the power spectrum is allowed to vary.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another important generalization is to seek a flexible template in which the broadband shape of the power spectrum is allowed to vary.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To do this, one needs to exploit the fast PT calculation as well as to find a more cleaver way to calibrate the power spectrum with N -body simulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To do this, one needs to exploit the fast PT calculation as well as to find a more cleaver way to calibrate the power spectrum with N -body simulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We will hopefully report our progress near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will hopefully report our progress near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Let us first see if our modeling of RSD really works well to describe the power spectrum without any systematics and uncertainty.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Let us first see if our modeling of RSD really works well to describe the power spectrum without any systematics and uncertainty.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To do this, we examine the parameter estimation in the fiducial cosmological model, and instead of employing the PT calculations, we stick to the N -body data to compute the theoretical template not only for the correction terms (i.e., A, B, T and F terms) but also for the power spectraP δδ ,P δΘ andP ΘΘ .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To do this, we examine the parameter estimation in the fiducial cosmological model, and instead of employing the PT calculations, we stick to the N -body data to compute the theoretical template not only for the correction terms (i.e., A, B, T and F terms) but also for the power spectraP δδ ,P δΘ andP ΘΘ .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fig. 8 shows the best-fit values and their 1σ marginalized error for the growth functions G δ (left) and G Θ (right), plotted against k max .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 8 shows the best-fit values and their 1σ marginalized error for the growth functions G δ (left) and G Θ (right), plotted against k max .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results are summarized for the theoretical templates with different combinations of the correction terms: A + B, A + B + T and A + B + F + T (from the second top to bottom).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results are summarized for the theoretical templates with different combinations of the correction terms: A + B, A + B + T and A + B + F + T (from the second top to bottom).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For reference, the top panels similarly show the cases when the template includes the corrections A+ B, but different from the second top panels, A + B terms are here obtained from the PT calculations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For reference, the top panels similarly show the cases when the template includes the corrections A+ B, but different from the second top panels, A + B terms are here obtained from the PT calculations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, the best performance of the parameter estimation comes from the template with A + B + T combination, not with the full A+B+F +T combination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, the best performance of the parameter estimation comes from the template with A + B + T combination, not with the full A+B+F +T combination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason for this may be ascribed to the multi-streaming motion of dark matter particles, which approximately cancels the higher-order correlation F.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason for this may be ascribed to the multi-streaming motion of dark matter particles, which approximately cancels the higher-order correlation F [57] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF56" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[57]" ] }, { "text": "The template with A + B gives a poorer estimation for the growth function G δ , and employing the PT calculations, the discrepancy becomes prominent even for G θ , partly due to the systematics in the PT prediction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The template with A + B gives a poorer estimation for the growth function G δ , and employing the PT calculations, the discrepancy becomes prominent even for G θ , partly due to the systematics in the PT prediction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the context of the present study, the post-war situation in Iraq is considered a traumatic event.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the context of the present study, the post-war situation in Iraq is considered a traumatic event.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003 induced all types of terrorism and violence that affected Iraqi society.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003 induced all types of terrorism and violence that affected Iraqi society [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "The same study likewise reported that numerous civilians died when they were exposed to the U.S. Army that used aircraft, tanks, and other weapons to kill any suspected insurgents who used improvised explosive devices, suicide bombs, and other kinds of traumatic violence have been exposed to most of the Iraqis, including one of the authors of this paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same study likewise reported that numerous civilians died when they were exposed to the U.S. Army that used aircraft, tanks, and other weapons to kill any suspected insurgents who used improvised explosive devices, suicide bombs, and other kinds of traumatic violence have been exposed to most of the Iraqis, including one of the authors of this paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The concept of resilience exceeds the concepts and varies due to differences in resilience perceived by the scientific community.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of resilience exceeds the concepts and varies due to differences in resilience perceived by the scientific community [26] , [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ], [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]", "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, the concept of resilience is perhaps the topic that is most related to how individuals recover and flourish after traumatic events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, the concept of resilience is perhaps the topic that is most related to how individuals recover and flourish after traumatic events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Primarily, resilience has been the factor used by researchers in dealing with early childhood and adolescence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Primarily, resilience has been the factor used by researchers in dealing with early childhood and adolescence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Edge bundling methods have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their ability to visualize large graphs with an emphasis on graph structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Edge bundling methods have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their ability to visualize large graphs with an emphasis on graph structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In edge bundling approaches, the input of the problem is a graph defining the positions of the nodes and their edges.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In edge bundling approaches, the input of the problem is a graph defining the positions of the nodes and their edges.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When nodes positions are not available, a layout algorithm is used as preprocessing to distribute the nodes in space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When nodes positions are not available, a layout algorithm is used as preprocessing to distribute the nodes in space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The goal of edge bundling is to find the drawing paths of the edges that allow to aggregate similar edges, decreasing clutter and providing a better understanding of the graph connectivity patterns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The goal of edge bundling is to find the drawing paths of the edges that allow to aggregate similar edges, decreasing clutter and providing a better understanding of the graph connectivity patterns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several bundling algorithms have been proposed in recent years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several bundling algorithms have been proposed in recent years [3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 19, 21, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 19, 21, 23]" ] }, { "text": "However, most approaches to the problem either cannot coupe with graphs with millions of edges or require high computation times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most approaches to the problem either cannot coupe with graphs with millions of edges or require high computation times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, users typically have no control over the bundling criteria, which is normally limited to spatial proximity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, users typically have no control over the bundling criteria, which is normally limited to spatial proximity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The prognostic value of CTCs was first introduced for MBC patients more than a decade ago.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The prognostic value of CTCs was first introduced for MBC patients more than a decade ago [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "A decreased CTC count after treatment was significantly associated with increased progression-free survival (PFS) and OS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A decreased CTC count after treatment was significantly associated with increased progression-free survival (PFS) and OS [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, CTC count dynamics were proposed to be more suitable for monitoring than radiological imaging.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, CTC count dynamics were proposed to be more suitable for monitoring than radiological imaging [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "In addition to CTC counts, the expression profiles of CTCs were correlated with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to CTC counts, the expression profiles of CTCs were correlated with response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) [11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "Positive results for therapy decisions in BC based on the CTC count, dynamics, or molecular characteristics, however, have until now not been convincingly examined in large randomized blinded clinical studies, but great efforts are underway to prove the predictive value of CTCs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Positive results for therapy decisions in BC based on the CTC count, dynamics, or molecular characteristics, however, have until now not been convincingly examined in large randomized blinded clinical studies, but great efforts are underway to prove the predictive value of CTCs [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Tissue engineering includes all the procedures that use cells together with a biocompatible scaffold to repair or substitute a defined damaged space within any organ or tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tissue engineering includes all the procedures that use cells together with a biocompatible scaffold to repair or substitute a defined damaged space within any organ or tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter not only plays a supportive role but also may directly contribute to the biological action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter not only plays a supportive role but also may directly contribute to the biological action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, several cytokines or growth factors can be added to both cells and scaffolds in order to enhance the final effects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, several cytokines or growth factors can be added to both cells and scaffolds in order to enhance the final effects [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We briefly review previous work on WDM multicasting as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We briefly review previous work on WDM multicasting as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There has been much study focusing on the optimal RWA for a multicasting request, possibly under various constraints such as sparse light splitting and limited light power.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been much study focusing on the optimal RWA for a multicasting request, possibly under various constraints such as sparse light splitting and limited light power [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, other studies address the RWA problem for satisfying multiple multicasting requests simultaneously.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, other studies address the RWA problem for satisfying multiple multicasting requests simultaneously [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]" ] }, { "text": "The requests can be either a batch request that needs to be served simultaneously or a long-term traffic matrix that is used to facilitate the network (logical topology) design and configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The requests can be either a batch request that needs to be served simultaneously or a long-term traffic matrix that is used to facilitate the network (logical topology) design and configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study falls into the second group but differs in two ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study falls into the second group but differs in two ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, our study uses a more general model in which different weights are assigned to the groups at the nodes to reflect their importance, which has not been considered before.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, our study uses a more general model in which different weights are assigned to the groups at the nodes to reflect their importance, which has not been considered before.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, our study focuses more on RWA with a limited number of wavelengths, rather than on minimizing the number of wavelengths needed to serve all the groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, our study focuses more on RWA with a limited number of wavelengths, rather than on minimizing the number of wavelengths needed to serve all the groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore our objectives are not only to minimize the blocking rate but also to serve the groups in a fair manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore our objectives are not only to minimize the blocking rate but also to serve the groups in a fair manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Several defects have been stated during the last decades of ETICS application in building façades, namely, lack of flatness highlighted by an oblique angle of sunlight striking the surface, cracks in the rendering along the insulation board joints or starting at the windows corners, accumulated dirt due to rain water run-off, blistering or delamination of the finishing coating or of all rendering layers, lack of adhesiveness of the system causing its partial or total collapse, and so forth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several defects have been stated during the last decades of ETICS application in building façades, namely, lack of flatness highlighted by an oblique angle of sunlight striking the surface, cracks in the rendering along the insulation board joints or starting at the windows corners, accumulated dirt due to rain water run-off, blistering or delamination of the finishing coating or of all rendering layers, lack of adhesiveness of the system causing its partial or total collapse, and so forth [4, 6, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 6, 17]" ] }, { "text": "These defects are a result of design errors or bad workmanship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These defects are a result of design errors or bad workmanship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there are other two very relevant defects that are a characteristic of the system as it is manufactured nowadays.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are other two very relevant defects that are a characteristic of the system as it is manufactured nowadays.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Expansion results for ASTM C 1260.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Expansion results for ASTM C 1260.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of the ASTM C 1260 test are shown in Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the ASTM C 1260 test are shown in Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly to the results obtained, one siliceous sand is markedly reactive; one is just close to the non-reactive limit (0.1% at 14 days) and the other three are above, but still close to this same test limit referred to as the quasi-reactive limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly to the results obtained, one siliceous sand is markedly reactive; one is just close to the non-reactive limit (0.1% at 14 days) and the other three are above, but still close to this same test limit referred to as the quasi-reactive limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One limestone, by the same criterion, is classified as reactive; another has a reactivity (between the high and low limit (closer to quasi reactivity) and the other three are particularly non-reactive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One limestone, by the same criterion, is classified as reactive; another has a reactivity (between the high and low limit (closer to quasi reactivity) and the other three are particularly non-reactive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Granites also present the problem of low expansion, although not as low as the non-reactive limestones, but their expanding nature in long-term tests requires judgement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Granites also present the problem of low expansion, although not as low as the non-reactive limestones, but their expanding nature in long-term tests requires judgement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of them are in the non-reactive area, two with a linear expansion pattern while the other two show a downward curvature pattern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of them are in the non-reactive area, two with a linear expansion pattern while the other two show a downward curvature pattern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One quartzite is clearly reactive, while in the other the expansion curve overlaps the lower limit line, being above at 14 days (dubious reactivity according to the test limits).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One quartzite is clearly reactive, while in the other the expansion curve overlaps the lower limit line, being above at 14 days (dubious reactivity according to the test limits).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The schist data fall in the non-reactive area, though close to the lower limit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The schist data fall in the non-reactive area, though close to the lower limit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these last three aggregates follow a general linear expansion pattern.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these last three aggregates follow a general linear expansion pattern.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regarding expansion linearity, granites 3 and 4 are remarkably linear from the origin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding expansion linearity, granites 3 and 4 are remarkably linear from the origin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The four lower reactivity sands, the two higher reactivity limestones, the quartzites and the schist all present a fair linearity but only after an expansion of about 0.02%, a varying threshold commonly referred to in the literature as linked to the start of microcracking, namely of cement paste, e.g. in Nonat.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The four lower reactivity sands, the two higher reactivity limestones, the quartzites and the schist all present a fair linearity but only after an expansion of about 0.02%, a varying threshold commonly referred to in the literature as linked to the start of microcracking, namely of cement paste, e.g. in Nonat [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) is a photoelectrochemical cell which imitates nature's photosynthesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) is a photoelectrochemical cell which imitates nature's photosynthesis [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In its classical configuration, see Figure 1 , the cell consists of 2 glass substrates coated with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) (usually SnO 2 : F on soda-lime glass) on which the electrodes are deposited.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In its classical configuration, see Figure 1 , the cell consists of 2 glass substrates coated with transparent conductive oxide (TCO) (usually SnO 2 : F on soda-lime glass) on which the electrodes are deposited.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The photoelectrode consists of a mesoporous layer of semiconductive TiO 2 with a monolayer of chemically adsorbed dye.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photoelectrode consists of a mesoporous layer of semiconductive TiO 2 with a monolayer of chemically adsorbed dye.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The transparent counter electrode is coated with a very thin catalytic layer of platinum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The transparent counter electrode is coated with a very thin catalytic layer of platinum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A liquid redox electrolyte containing the redox couple iodide/triiodide (I − /I 3 − ) is encapsulated between the two electrodes by a sealant agent, resulting in a plate distance of 20-50 m. When light strikes the solar cell, the photon is absorbed by the dye.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A liquid redox electrolyte containing the redox couple iodide/triiodide (I − /I 3 − ) is encapsulated between the two electrodes by a sealant agent, resulting in a plate distance of 20-50 m. When light strikes the solar cell, the photon is absorbed by the dye.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The excited dye injects an electron into the TiO 2 conduction band which diffuses through the TiO 2 network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The excited dye injects an electron into the TiO 2 conduction band which diffuses through the TiO 2 network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The electron enters the external circuit through the TCO and is transferred to the counter electrode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electron enters the external circuit through the TCO and is transferred to the counter electrode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The photo-oxidized dye injects an electronic hole into the electrolyte which, in the form of I 3 − diffuses to the counter electrode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The photo-oxidized dye injects an electronic hole into the electrolyte which, in the form of I 3 − diffuses to the counter electrode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the counter electrode, I 3 − is reduced back to I − .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the counter electrode, I 3 − is reduced back to I − .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to make the DSC attractive to the building industry, long-term stable, large modules on single substrates 2 International Journal of Photoenergy have to be realized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to make the DSC attractive to the building industry, long-term stable, large modules on single substrates 2 International Journal of Photoenergy have to be realized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A thermally and chemically stable sealant is inevitably required to avoid degradation of the DSC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A thermally and chemically stable sealant is inevitably required to avoid degradation of the DSC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The degradation of the DSC can be caused either by intrinsic instability of the cell components or mechanically by electrolyte leakage or intrusion of H 2 O or O 2 from the outside environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The degradation of the DSC can be caused either by intrinsic instability of the cell components or mechanically by electrolyte leakage or intrusion of H 2 O or O 2 from the outside environment [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "To date, the most detailed (i.e., with the highest temporal and spectral resolutions) observations of the low-frequency Jovian radio emission were performed by the Cassini spacecraft in 2000/2001, during its flyby of Jupiter en route to Saturn.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To date, the most detailed (i.e., with the highest temporal and spectral resolutions) observations of the low-frequency Jovian radio emission were performed by the Cassini spacecraft in 2000/2001, during its flyby of Jupiter en route to Saturn (Kurth et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kurth et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "One of the most puzzling phenomena observed were the kilometric bursts (with the frequency of 100 kHz) that consisted of several parallel stripes of emission in the dynamic spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most puzzling phenomena observed were the kilometric bursts (with the frequency of 100 kHz) that consisted of several parallel stripes of emission in the dynamic spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These bursts were rather infrequent and were recorded only a few times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These bursts were rather infrequent and were recorded only a few times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most prominent example is shown in Fig. 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most prominent example is shown in Fig. 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This dynamic spectrum was recorded by the Wide-Band Receiver of the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science experiment, with the time and frequency resolutions of ∼ 125 ms and ∼ 109 Hz, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This dynamic spectrum was recorded by the Wide-Band Receiver of the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science experiment, with the time and frequency resolutions of ∼ 125 ms and ∼ 109 Hz, respectively (Kurth et al., 2001; Gurnett et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kurth et al., 2001; Gurnett et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Seasonal variation in mortality due to IHD and/or CVD has been noted in both the northern4-7) and southern 8,9) hemispheres, with higher death rates during the winter than in the summer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Seasonal variation in mortality due to IHD and/or CVD has been noted in both the northern4-7) and southern 8,9) hemispheres, with higher death rates during the winter than in the summer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Twenty years ago, the seasonal pattern of CVD deaths on the Japanese main islands was examined, and the monthly mortality from CVD was found to be inversely correlated with the mean monthly temperature, except on Hokkaido Island 10).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Twenty years ago, the seasonal pattern of CVD deaths on the Japanese main islands was examined, and the monthly mortality from CVD was found to be inversely correlated with the mean monthly temperature, except on Hokkaido Island 10).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These deaths may have resulted from thrombosis due to haemoconcentration in the cold 11, 12), or from other effects on the cardiovascular reflex that are briefly induced by low temperature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These deaths may have resulted from thrombosis due to haemoconcentration in the cold 11, 12), or from other effects on the cardiovascular reflex that are briefly induced by low temperature [13] [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "Together, these findings suggest that the lower mortality from IHD and CVD in Okinawa is due, in part, to lower mortality during the warm winters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Together, these findings suggest that the lower mortality from IHD and CVD in Okinawa is due, in part, to lower mortality during the warm winters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The interest of the oceanic community in internal gravity waves lies in their capacity to fluid mixing, especially in the deep ocean where motions are generally dominated by these waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interest of the oceanic community in internal gravity waves lies in their capacity to fluid mixing, especially in the deep ocean where motions are generally dominated by these waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mixing results from energy transfers toward small scales through various processes such as, for the internal tide, parametric sub-harmonic instability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mixing results from energy transfers toward small scales through various processes such as, for the internal tide, parametric sub-harmonic instability [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "While mixing is associated with a vertical transport of heat and mass (downward and upward, respectively), internal gravity waves can also induce horizontal mass transport.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While mixing is associated with a vertical transport of heat and mass (downward and upward, respectively), internal gravity waves can also induce horizontal mass transport [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "It is indeed well-known that waves, whether dispersive or not (such as surface gravity waves or sound waves), induce an irreversible mean flow when propagating in a dissipative medium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is indeed well-known that waves, whether dispersive or not (such as surface gravity waves or sound waves), induce an irreversible mean flow when propagating in a dissipative medium [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Mixing and wave-induced mean flow may be considered as processes by which the wave-induced energy is transferred toward small and large scales respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mixing and wave-induced mean flow may be considered as processes by which the wave-induced energy is transferred toward small and large scales respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While mixing has been and is still intensively studied, very little work has been performed on wave-induced mean flows in the ocean and their impact on ocean dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While mixing has been and is still intensively studied, very little work has been performed on wave-induced mean flows in the ocean and their impact on ocean dynamics [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Mean flow changes by momentum deposition of the internal tide are addressed in the present paper, through the nonlinear reflection of a plane wave of finite extent onto a simple slope in a stably-stratified medium of constant Brunt-Väisälä frequency N.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mean flow changes by momentum deposition of the internal tide are addressed in the present paper, through the nonlinear reflection of a plane wave of finite extent onto a simple slope in a stably-stratified medium of constant Brunt-Väisälä frequency N.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "After selecting the typical features, another challenge is how to achieve effective fault diagnosis of the rotating machinery based on the extracted features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "After selecting the typical features, another challenge is how to achieve effective fault diagnosis of the rotating machinery based on the extracted features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The existing machinery fault diagnosis methods can be roughly classified into model-based (or physics-based modals) and datadriven methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The existing machinery fault diagnosis methods can be roughly classified into model-based (or physics-based modals) and datadriven methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model-based methods diagnosis the equipment fault using two models, the physical models based on the components and the damage propagation models based on damage mechanics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model-based methods diagnosis the equipment fault using two models, the physical models based on the components and the damage propagation models based on damage mechanics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, equipment dynamic response and damage propagation processes are typically very complex, and authentic physics-based models are very difficult to build.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, equipment dynamic response and damage propagation processes are typically very complex, and authentic physics-based models are very difficult to build [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Data-driven methods, known as artificial intelligent approaches, are derived directly from routine condition monitoring data of the monitored system, which achieve the fault diagnosis based on the learning or training process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data-driven methods, known as artificial intelligent approaches, are derived directly from routine condition monitoring data of the monitored system, which achieve the fault diagnosis based on the learning or training process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The more prior the data used for the training process, the more accurate the model obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The more prior the data used for the training process, the more accurate the model obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Artificial intelligent techniques have been increasingly applied to rotating machinery fault diagnosis recently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial intelligent techniques have been increasingly applied to rotating machinery fault diagnosis recently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There have been some methods which are usually used for machinery fault diagnosis such as neural network and support vector machine (SVM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There have been some methods which are usually used for machinery fault diagnosis such as neural network and support vector machine (SVM) [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "However, the neural networks have the drawbacks of slow convergence; difficulty in escaping from local minima; and uncertain network structure, especially when doing the bearing fault diagnosis with large data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the neural networks have the drawbacks of slow convergence; difficulty in escaping from local minima; and uncertain network structure, especially when doing the bearing fault diagnosis with large data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those problems will be more troublesome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those problems will be more troublesome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The SVM do not have those problems; however, the traditional SVM is not sensitive to the nonlinear feature classification, and, in recent years, the combination of wavelet theories and SVM has drawn considerable attention owing to its high classification ability for a wide range of applications and better performance than other traditional leaning machines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The SVM do not have those problems; however, the traditional SVM is not sensitive to the nonlinear feature classification, and, in recent years, the combination of wavelet theories and SVM has drawn considerable attention owing to its high classification ability for a wide range of applications and better performance than other traditional leaning machines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, the Morlet kernel is used to construct the new SVM model, and the PSO method is used to select the parameters.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, the Morlet kernel is used to construct the new SVM model, and the PSO method is used to select the parameters [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) consumption was approximately 15.3 million tons in 2009.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) consumption was approximately 15.3 million tons in 2009 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the U.S., the most widely used application for PET is the manufacture of bottles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the U.S., the most widely used application for PET is the manufacture of bottles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Together with the increase of virgin (V) PET, the use of recycled post-consumer PET (RPET) flakes and resin for production of RPET products has continually increased.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Together with the increase of virgin (V) PET, the use of recycled post-consumer PET (RPET) flakes and resin for production of RPET products has continually increased.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main applications for RPET include fiber, beverage bottles, sheet and film, and non-food bottles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main applications for RPET include fiber, beverage bottles, sheet and film, and non-food bottles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Total RPET resin converted to RPET products in the U.S. was estimated at 415 million kilograms in 2008, representing an increase of 21% since 1999.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Total RPET resin converted to RPET products in the U.S. was estimated at 415 million kilograms in 2008, representing an increase of 21% since 1999 [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Several studies have shown that increasing the percentage of RPET in PET products reduces their environmental footprint and provides cost advantages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several studies have shown that increasing the percentage of RPET in PET products reduces their environmental footprint and provides cost advantages [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, producers have incentives to make claims of higher RPET content in their products.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, producers have incentives to make claims of higher RPET content in their products.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such claims require the ability to determine or estimate the amount of RPET.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such claims require the ability to determine or estimate the amount of RPET.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Attempts to develop techniques or models for determining the post-consumer recycled content of PET film, sheet and containers have been limited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Attempts to develop techniques or models for determining the post-consumer recycled content of PET film, sheet and containers have been limited [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "This is not surprising since the constituent units of RPET and PET are the same so that it is difficult to differentiate between the two materials with a single property determination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not surprising since the constituent units of RPET and PET are the same so that it is difficult to differentiate between the two materials with a single property determination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if solid state polycondensation is not done to obtain a higher grade RPET with higher intrinsic viscosity and weight average molecular weight, some property parameters could be used as indicators of RPET content, at least for the same specific stream of mechanically recycled PET.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if solid state polycondensation is not done to obtain a higher grade RPET with higher intrinsic viscosity and weight average molecular weight, some property parameters could be used as indicators of RPET content, at least for the same specific stream of mechanically recycled PET.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "According to the Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR), approximately 95% of RPET is mechanically recycled in the U.S.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the Association of Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers (APR), approximately 95% of RPET is mechanically recycled in the U.S [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In general, mechanical recycling of RPET is performed by collecting scraps from homogeneous deposits like carbonated and non-carbonated drink bottles, and from heterogeneous deposits contaminated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon and various additives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, mechanical recycling of RPET is performed by collecting scraps from homogeneous deposits like carbonated and non-carbonated drink bottles, and from heterogeneous deposits contaminated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon and various additives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the main drawbacks of RPET is the decrease in quality compared to virgin PET due to degradation caused by the simultaneous presence of retained moisture and contaminants during mechanical recycling.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the main drawbacks of RPET is the decrease in quality compared to virgin PET due to degradation caused by the simultaneous presence of retained moisture and contaminants during mechanical recycling [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The main degradation mechanisms of PET that occur during mechanical recycling are hydrolysis and thermal degradation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main degradation mechanisms of PET that occur during mechanical recycling are hydrolysis and thermal degradation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PET hydrolysis generally introduces carboxylic acid and hydroxyl-ester end groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PET hydrolysis generally introduces carboxylic acid and hydroxyl-ester end groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thermal degradation generally produces carboxylic acid and vinyl ester end groups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thermal degradation generally produces carboxylic acid and vinyl ester end groups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These two degradation mechanisms reduce the molecular weight and decrease the intrinsic viscosity of the RPET.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These two degradation mechanisms reduce the molecular weight and decrease the intrinsic viscosity of the RPET [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, RPET products generally present reduced optical, physical, mechanical and barrier properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, RPET products generally present reduced optical, physical, mechanical and barrier properties [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Sudden cardiac death (SCD), despite progress in epidemiology and interventions, remains a major clinical and public health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality in the western world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Sudden cardiac death (SCD), despite progress in epidemiology and interventions, remains a major clinical and public health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality in the western world [1] - [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[3]" ] }, { "text": "SCD can present without warning or a recognized triggering mechanism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SCD can present without warning or a recognized triggering mechanism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, methodologies for prediction of SCD acquire a unique and critical importance for management of this public health issue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, methodologies for prediction of SCD acquire a unique and critical importance for management of this public health issue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite active research in the prediction of SCD, the annual incidence of SCD ranges between 50-100 per 100,000 in the general population.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite active research in the prediction of SCD, the annual incidence of SCD ranges between 50-100 per 100,000 in the general population [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The low dry matter content of the plant can be explained by the high proportion of stem, which has the highest level of moisture in the plant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The low dry matter content of the plant can be explained by the high proportion of stem, which has the highest level of moisture in the plant (Neumann et al., 2002a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Neumann et al., 2002a)" ] }, { "text": "The presence of panicles may be responsible for the increase in the DM content of the ensiled material, as the panicle has lower water content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of panicles may be responsible for the increase in the DM content of the ensiled material, as the panicle has lower water content (Zago, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zago, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "The present study identified no correlation between the percentage of panicle and dry matter content (r = 0.05) (Table 3) , probably because forage sorghum has a low percentage of panicle, so it cannot reduce the plant moisture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study identified no correlation between the percentage of panicle and dry matter content (r = 0.05) (Table 3) , probably because forage sorghum has a low percentage of panicle, so it cannot reduce the plant moisture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "We first compare four different static scheduling algorithms in Fig. 11 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We first compare four different static scheduling algorithms in Fig. 11 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A lower bound of power consumption with the given task/communication assignment is computed by evenly extending the execution length of every scheduled event on a processor to make utilization of each processor 1.0, under the assumption that no deadlines and precedence relationships exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A lower bound of power consumption with the given task/communication assignment is computed by evenly extending the execution length of every scheduled event on a processor to make utilization of each processor 1.0, under the assumption that no deadlines and precedence relationships exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The list-scheduling algorithm just uses the initial valid schedule generated based on slack-based list scheduling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The list-scheduling algorithm just uses the initial valid schedule generated based on slack-based list scheduling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The execution length of every scheduled event is extended locally by reducing its voltage and clock frequency without violating its timing constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The execution length of every scheduled event is extended locally by reducing its voltage and clock frequency without violating its timing constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The schedule-shifting algorithm tries to evenly extend the execution length of every scheduled event on a processor by using global schedule slot shifting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The schedule-shifting algorithm tries to evenly extend the execution length of every scheduled event on a processor by using global schedule slot shifting [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "The critical-path-analysis algorithm uses Algorithm 1 to generate the speed reduction ratios for all the statically scheduled events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The critical-path-analysis algorithm uses Algorithm 1 to generate the speed reduction ratios for all the statically scheduled events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm further reduces processor power consumption by an average (maximum) of 7% (15%) over the critical-path-analysis algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm further reduces processor power consumption by an average (maximum) of 7% (15%) over the critical-path-analysis algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In all the test cases, the average (minimum) deviation of the critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm from the lower bound power consumption is 11% (5%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In all the test cases, the average (minimum) deviation of the critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm from the lower bound power consumption is 11% (5%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The average (minimum) deviation of the schedule-shifting algorithm from the lower bound power consumption is 32% (9%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The average (minimum) deviation of the schedule-shifting algorithm from the lower bound power consumption is 32% (9%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note that the lower bound is a loose one since it is based on assumptions that are not valid (e.g., no precedence relationships and deadlines exist).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that the lower bound is a loose one since it is based on assumptions that are not valid (e.g., no precedence relationships and deadlines exist).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CPU times (933Mhz Pentium III with 258MB memory) for the five tests are 2.2s, 5s, 2s, 35s and 0.4s, respectively, for the critical-path-analysis algorithm, and 11s, 30s, 8s, 211s and 0.4s, respectively, for the critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CPU times (933Mhz Pentium III with 258MB memory) for the five tests are 2.2s, 5s, 2s, 35s and 0.4s, respectively, for the critical-path-analysis algorithm, and 11s, 30s, 8s, 211s and 0.4s, respectively, for the critical-path-analysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For on-line variable voltage scheme scheduling, in Fig. 12 we also compare four different scheduling algorithms, which are based on four different initial static schedules, optimized by scheduling algorithms list-scheduling, schedule-shifting, critical-path-analysis and critical-path-analysis + executionorder-refinement, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For on-line variable voltage scheme scheduling, in Fig. 12 we also compare four different scheduling algorithms, which are based on four different initial static schedules, optimized by scheduling algorithms list-scheduling, schedule-shifting, critical-path-analysis and critical-path-analysis + executionorder-refinement, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All the four on-line algorithms re-compute the speed reduction ratio at run-time for the adjacent set of events, as discussed in Section 4.2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All the four on-line algorithms re-compute the speed reduction ratio at run-time for the adjacent set of events, as discussed in Section 4.2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aperiodic task arrivals are modeled as a Poisson process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aperiodic task arrivals are modeled as a Poisson process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The actual execution cycle counts of statically scheduled events are uniformly distributed in the range of 60% to 100% of their worst-case execution cycle counts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The actual execution cycle counts of statically scheduled events are uniformly distributed in the range of 60% to 100% of their worst-case execution cycle counts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The characteristics of soft aperiodic tasks are shown in Table 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The characteristics of soft aperiodic tasks are shown in Table 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figs. 12(a) and (b) show the results for average response time of all soft aperiodic tasks and processor power consumption, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figs. 12(a) and (b) show the results for average response time of all soft aperiodic tasks and processor power consumption, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The critical-pathanalysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm performs the best in terms of both average power consumption and average response time for soft aperiodic tasks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The critical-pathanalysis + execution-order-refinement algorithm performs the best in terms of both average power consumption and average response time for soft aperiodic tasks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It reduces processor power consumption (average response time of soft tasks) by an average of 28% (37%) over the list-scheduling algorithm, and by an average of 12% (13%) over the schedule-shifting algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It reduces processor power consumption (average response time of soft tasks) by an average of 28% (37%) over the list-scheduling algorithm, and by an average of 12% (13%) over the schedule-shifting algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This indicates that the heuristics based on critical path analysis and task execution order refinement not only improve the efficiency of variable voltage scaling, but also improve the slack time distribution so that soft aperiodic tasks can get served more efficiently without violating the timing constraints of statically scheduled events.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This indicates that the heuristics based on critical path analysis and task execution order refinement not only improve the efficiency of variable voltage scaling, but also improve the slack time distribution so that soft aperiodic tasks can get served more efficiently without violating the timing constraints of statically scheduled events.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Vitamin D is widely recognized to facilitate absorption of calcium and promote bone growth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vitamin D is widely recognized to facilitate absorption of calcium and promote bone growth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vitamin D deficiency in children may result in a condition known as rickets incurring an increased risk of fractures and deformity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vitamin D deficiency in children may result in a condition known as rickets incurring an increased risk of fractures and deformity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In adults, vitamin D deficiency may result in osteomalacia carrying the same risks of fracture and deformity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In adults, vitamin D deficiency may result in osteomalacia carrying the same risks of fracture and deformity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to its role in bone health, it appears that vitamin D deficiency is also involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, immune deficiency, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurocognitive disorders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to its role in bone health, it appears that vitamin D deficiency is also involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, infections, immune deficiency, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurocognitive disorders [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Different geometries of stiffened shells have been studied in the literature which can be categorized into three groups including plates, single curved shells, and double curved shells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different geometries of stiffened shells have been studied in the literature which can be categorized into three groups including plates, single curved shells, and double curved shells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Superimposition of the stiffeners with respect to the plate mid-plane, i.e. eccentric or concentric is also a matter of concern for the structural analysts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Superimposition of the stiffeners with respect to the plate mid-plane, i.e. eccentric or concentric is also a matter of concern for the structural analysts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The stiffener of which, centroid is coincident with the plate/shell mid-surface, is called concentric, otherwise eccentric stiffener.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The stiffener of which, centroid is coincident with the plate/shell mid-surface, is called concentric, otherwise eccentric stiffener [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Noise and vibration control is an increasingly important area in the most fields of engineering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Noise and vibration control is an increasingly important area in the most fields of engineering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are many vibrating parts in structures of ships, aircrafts and offshore platforms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are many vibrating parts in structures of ships, aircrafts and offshore platforms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amplitude of their motions can be large due to the inherently low damping characteristics of these structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amplitude of their motions can be large due to the inherently low damping characteristics of these structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such noise is commonly eradicated by use of heavy viscoelastic damping materials which lead to increase in cost and weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such noise is commonly eradicated by use of heavy viscoelastic damping materials which lead to increase in cost and weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vibration isolators between pieces of equipment and their supporting structures can be another solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vibration isolators between pieces of equipment and their supporting structures can be another solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clearly, isolating large structures can be difficult, expensive and in some cases, such as the wings of an aircraft, almost impossible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, isolating large structures can be difficult, expensive and in some cases, such as the wings of an aircraft, almost impossible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, much attention has been focused on active noise control of structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, much attention has been focused on active noise control of structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, their installation and maintenance can be expensive, so possible passive solutions would be preferable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, their installation and maintenance can be expensive, so possible passive solutions would be preferable [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]