Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 4

Follow

CopeNLU 23

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "We adjusted each respondent's in-process satisfaction scores for the second experience to account for individual level differences in response styles and attitudes towards waiting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We adjusted each respondent's in-process satisfaction scores for the second experience to account for individual level differences in response styles and attitudes towards waiting (Couch and Keniston 1960) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Couch and Keniston 1960)" ] }, { "text": "We assumed that the respondents had the same degree of risk aversion for waiting times but differed in their valuation of time as well as in their response-style biases when recording in-process satisfaction scores.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We assumed that the respondents had the same degree of risk aversion for waiting times but differed in their valuation of time as well as in their response-style biases when recording in-process satisfaction scores.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, we assumed that the respondents were heterogeneous only with respect to the parameter A, in Equation (17).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, we assumed that the respondents were heterogeneous only with respect to the parameter A, in Equation (17).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We used the respondents' initial in-process satisfaction score in the first queue as a measure of this heterogeneity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We used the respondents' initial in-process satisfaction score in the first queue as a measure of this heterogeneity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Note that our customer satisfaction model in Equation (17) is nonlinear but can be linearized by taking logarithms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that our customer satisfaction model in Equation (17) is nonlinear but can be linearized by taking logarithms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because we used linear models to empirically examine the effects of our experimental treatments on in-process satisfaction, we used the logarithm of the ratio of the reported in-process measures during the second waiting experience and the initial in-process measure during the first waiting experience as the adjusted measures of in-process satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because we used linear models to empirically examine the effects of our experimental treatments on in-process satisfaction, we used the logarithm of the ratio of the reported in-process measures during the second waiting experience and the initial in-process measure during the first waiting experience as the adjusted measures of in-process satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, we used the logarithm of the ratio of the end-of-process satisfaction score reported at the end of the second waiting experience and the end-of-process satisfaction score reported at the end of the first waiting experience as the adjusted measure of end-of-process satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, we used the logarithm of the ratio of the end-of-process satisfaction score reported at the end of the second waiting experience and the end-of-process satisfaction score reported at the end of the first waiting experience as the adjusted measure of end-of-process satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is now a global scientific consensus that halving current world GHG emissions before 2050 is necessary to limit the high risks associated with anthropogenic climate change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is now a global scientific consensus that halving current world GHG emissions before 2050 is necessary to limit the high risks associated with anthropogenic climate change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a mitigation target will necessarily require deep structural and technological change in the economic production system and in the use of energy, materials and lands around the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a mitigation target will necessarily require deep structural and technological change in the economic production system and in the use of energy, materials and lands around the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the last IPCC report, one can be confident about the feasibility of this challenge thanks to existing or future technologies: the global macroeconomic mitigation cost is estimated to be below five percent of GDP in 2050, even for the most stringent emission constraints.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the last IPCC report, one can be confident about the feasibility of this challenge thanks to existing or future technologies: the global macroeconomic mitigation cost is estimated to be below five percent of GDP in 2050, even for the most stringent emission constraints (IPCC 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(IPCC 2007)" ] }, { "text": "However these IPCC results are subject to a critical caveat that is specified in Box SPM-3: \"Most models use a global least cost approach to mitigation portfolios and with universal emissions trading, assuming transparent markets, no transaction cost, and thus perfect implementation of mitigation measures throughout the 21st century\".", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However these IPCC results are subject to a critical caveat that is specified in Box SPM-3: \"Most models use a global least cost approach to mitigation portfolios and with universal emissions trading, assuming transparent markets, no transaction cost, and thus perfect implementation of mitigation measures throughout the 21st century\".", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One may wonder whether the imperfections of the real world are likely to weaken the robustness of the range of GDP variations due to ambitious mitigation policies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One may wonder whether the imperfections of the real world are likely to weaken the robustness of the range of GDP variations due to ambitious mitigation policies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Nowadays, driving simulators are usually designed for two purposes: research and training.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nowadays, driving simulators are usually designed for two purposes: research and training.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simulator can constrain driver behavior in order to study distraction and workload, or can be used as a test bed for highway design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The simulator can constrain driver behavior in order to study distraction and workload, or can be used as a test bed for highway design [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "The use of a modern, advanced, driving simulator for human factors research has many advantages, including the control of experimental variables, efficiency, expense, safety, and ease of data collection.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of a modern, advanced, driving simulator for human factors research has many advantages, including the control of experimental variables, efficiency, expense, safety, and ease of data collection [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "However, the literature highlights some disadvantages, including simulator sickness, the accurate replication of physical sensations, and most importantly, validity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the literature highlights some disadvantages, including simulator sickness, the accurate replication of physical sensations, and most importantly, validity [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Like flying, driving is a dynamic task that involves a set of rapid control maneuvers and critical feedback in order to avoid obstacles and prevent crashes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Like flying, driving is a dynamic task that involves a set of rapid control maneuvers and critical feedback in order to avoid obstacles and prevent crashes [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "However, compared to airline pilots, driving involves higher amplitude and higher frequency cues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, compared to airline pilots, driving involves higher amplitude and higher frequency cues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Motion feedback does not play a key role in most of the slow maneuvers performed by civilian pilots.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Motion feedback does not play a key role in most of the slow maneuvers performed by civilian pilots.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, there is no evidence that motion-based simulators are more efficient than fixed-base simulators for training commercial pilots.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, there is no evidence that motion-based simulators are more efficient than fixed-base simulators for training commercial pilots [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "This highlights the stark contrast between driving simulation and civil aviation flight simulation; compared to an airline pilot, the driver needs a higher degree of motion simulation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This highlights the stark contrast between driving simulation and civil aviation flight simulation; compared to an airline pilot, the driver needs a higher degree of motion simulation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The higher complexity inherent in the driving task probably explains why flight simulators are widely used for pilot training, while driving simulators are not widely used for driver training.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The higher complexity inherent in the driving task probably explains why flight simulators are widely used for pilot training, while driving simulators are not widely used for driver training [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Physiological measures could be an interesting alternative to overcoming the problems encountered in the traditional questionnaire approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Physiological measures could be an interesting alternative to overcoming the problems encountered in the traditional questionnaire approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The objective approach to measuring presence attempts to measure automatic responses that are nevertheless meaningfully correlated with the medium's properties and/or content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The objective approach to measuring presence attempts to measure automatic responses that are nevertheless meaningfully correlated with the medium's properties and/or content [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "Potential measures include physiologic processes such as heart rate, respiration, skin resistance, skin temperature and peripheral brain wave activity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Potential measures include physiologic processes such as heart rate, respiration, skin resistance, skin temperature and peripheral brain wave activity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This assumes that as the sense of presence in a virtual environment increases, physiological responses to the environment will mirror those exhibited in a real environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This assumes that as the sense of presence in a virtual environment increases, physiological responses to the environment will mirror those exhibited in a real environment [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Another advantage of physiological measures is that they are continuous, and can be used to assess the characteristics of presence over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another advantage of physiological measures is that they are continuous, and can be used to assess the characteristics of presence over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our study design was cross-sectional, which was an adequate and efficient way to assess prevalence, but precludes our ability to determine a causal direction of the relationship between workplace violence, sexual harassment, and health outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study design was cross-sectional, which was an adequate and efficient way to assess prevalence, but precludes our ability to determine a causal direction of the relationship between workplace violence, sexual harassment, and health outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our 33% response rate was not unexpected given some of the barriers to reaching this population, such as income and housing insecurity, that impact their access to consistent and reliable phone and internet services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our 33% response rate was not unexpected given some of the barriers to reaching this population, such as income and housing insecurity, that impact their access to consistent and reliable phone and internet services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given this response rate, we cannot rule out the possibility that respondents may have been more likely to experience workplace violence than non-respondents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given this response rate, we cannot rule out the possibility that respondents may have been more likely to experience workplace violence than non-respondents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we were careful during recruitment to emphasize the importance of hearing from all workers, whether or not they had experience workplace violence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we were careful during recruitment to emphasize the importance of hearing from all workers, whether or not they had experience workplace violence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is also the possibility that participants may under-report exposure, wanting to give socially desirable responses to sensitive questions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is also the possibility that participants may under-report exposure, wanting to give socially desirable responses to sensitive questions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Healthcare workers tend to under-report violent incidents, in part because they see such incidents as \"part of the job\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Healthcare workers tend to under-report violent incidents, in part because they see such incidents as \"part of the job\" [71, 72] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF70", "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[71, 72]" ] }, { "text": "Also, while we eliminated participants providing services for only their spouses from the sexual-harassment analyses, we did not ask whether a homecare worker was providing services to an intimate partner or ex-intimate partner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, while we eliminated participants providing services for only their spouses from the sexual-harassment analyses, we did not ask whether a homecare worker was providing services to an intimate partner or ex-intimate partner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, we do not suspect that asking about intimate or ex-intimate partners would have increased significantly the small number of homecare workers (2.14%) who provided services only to a spouse or partner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, we do not suspect that asking about intimate or ex-intimate partners would have increased significantly the small number of homecare workers (2.14%) who provided services only to a spouse or partner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This assumption is supported by the percentage of homecare workers in our study reporting sexual harassment, which is similar to, if not lower than, other studies we reviewed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This assumption is supported by the percentage of homecare workers in our study reporting sexual harassment, which is similar to, if not lower than, other studies we reviewed [21] [22] [23] 25, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21] [22] [23] 25, 26]" ] }, { "text": "Finally, the focus of this study was on homecare workers from Oregon's consumer-driven model, thus the findings may not be generalizable to homecare workers working under different models, such as private or agency-based models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the focus of this study was on homecare workers from Oregon's consumer-driven model, thus the findings may not be generalizable to homecare workers working under different models, such as private or agency-based models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Potassium is the second most required mineral nutrient for plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Potassium is the second most required mineral nutrient for plants (Marschner 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marschner 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Since K does not have any structural function in plants and because it is not incorporated into any carbon chain, K can readily return to the soil in a plant available form after harvest or plant senescence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since K does not have any structural function in plants and because it is not incorporated into any carbon chain, K can readily return to the soil in a plant available form after harvest or plant senescence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This characteristic makes husk a potential K source for plants in a no-till system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This characteristic makes husk a potential K source for plants in a no-till system (Rosolem et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rosolem et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Reuse of coffee processing residues as soil amendments can reduce fertilization costs and prevent environmental degradation by recycling the nutrients that would be lost by leaching or runoff from the stored residues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reuse of coffee processing residues as soil amendments can reduce fertilization costs and prevent environmental degradation by recycling the nutrients that would be lost by leaching or runoff from the stored residues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowing the total K content of coffee husk and the amount that can be released as assessed by a ''release'' curve, coffee husk could be utilized as an effective and predictable soil K amendment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowing the total K content of coffee husk and the amount that can be released as assessed by a ''release'' curve, coffee husk could be utilized as an effective and predictable soil K amendment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Participants were most satisfied with their care when had good access to IBD clinicians and IBD patients with a named IBD nurse reported higher satisfaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants were most satisfied with their care when had good access to IBD clinicians and IBD patients with a named IBD nurse reported higher satisfaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, some service users were not aware of such a specialist role, and many participants described that improved access to an IBD clinician (IBD nurse and gastroenterologist) would be an advantage when having exacerbated symptoms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, some service users were not aware of such a specialist role, and many participants described that improved access to an IBD clinician (IBD nurse and gastroenterologist) would be an advantage when having exacerbated symptoms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, previous studies suggest that hospital visits were reduced and remission increased among patients with IBD when IBD specialist nurse was involved in their care management.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, previous studies suggest that hospital visits were reduced and remission increased among patients with IBD when IBD specialist nurse was involved in their care management [39, 40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39, 40]" ] }, { "text": "And finally, participants described that one of the difficulties with their care was not having a clear IBD care pathway.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And finally, participants described that one of the difficulties with their care was not having a clear IBD care pathway.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They felt that there were gaps in communication across different departments and as a result, their care was not well coordinated which resulted in waiting for appointments with specialists for months or have even been referred to the wrong place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They felt that there were gaps in communication across different departments and as a result, their care was not well coordinated which resulted in waiting for appointments with specialists for months or have even been referred to the wrong place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relapsing nature of the disease can have a restrictive effect on many aspects of daily life for patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relapsing nature of the disease can have a restrictive effect on many aspects of daily life for patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the services for these patients should not only be comprehensive but also easily accessible and well-coordinated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the services for these patients should not only be comprehensive but also easily accessible and well-coordinated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This requires integration and coordination of different health care sectors, medical and non-medical professionals, social and health care facilities and funding agencies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This requires integration and coordination of different health care sectors, medical and non-medical professionals, social and health care facilities and funding agencies [41] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[41]" ] }, { "text": "In return, integrated care with a clear pathway for patients could play a significant role in determining health-related quality of life for IBD patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In return, integrated care with a clear pathway for patients could play a significant role in determining health-related quality of life for IBD patients [22, 42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 42]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, due to the influence of the raw material over total CFP, particular care should be taken in improving the cultivation technique and integration to energy recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, due to the influence of the raw material over total CFP, particular care should be taken in improving the cultivation technique and integration to energy recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This mainly refers to the use of trimmings and prunings of tree nuts as a solid biofuel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This mainly refers to the use of trimmings and prunings of tree nuts as a solid biofuel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Significant amount of energy is consumed in disposing of trimmings and prunings of trees, this is valuable material which could be in part trimmed and mixed with the soil in order to increase the soil organic content and in part used as a renewable fuel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Significant amount of energy is consumed in disposing of trimmings and prunings of trees, this is valuable material which could be in part trimmed and mixed with the soil in order to increase the soil organic content and in part used as a renewable fuel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both options would contribute to a reduction of total CFP of fruits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both options would contribute to a reduction of total CFP of fruits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar discussion applies to nuts, whose shells could be used as soil amendment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar discussion applies to nuts, whose shells could be used as soil amendment [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "This all would provide an important basis for total emission reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This all would provide an important basis for total emission reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Among the most popular combination schemes, majority voting and weighted voting for classification are widely used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the most popular combination schemes, majority voting and weighted voting for classification are widely used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Simple majority voting is a decision rule that selects one of many alternatives, based on the predicted classes with the most votes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Simple majority voting is a decision rule that selects one of many alternatives, based on the predicted classes with the most votes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Majority voting does not require any parameter tuning once the individual classifiers have been trained.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Majority voting does not require any parameter tuning once the individual classifiers have been trained [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "In case of weighted voting, weights of voting should vary among the different output classes in each classifier.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In case of weighted voting, weights of voting should vary among the different output classes in each classifier.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The weight should be high for that particular output class for which the classifier performs well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The weight should be high for that particular output class for which the classifier performs well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So, it is a crucial issue to select the appropriate weights of votes for all the classes per classifier.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So, it is a crucial issue to select the appropriate weights of votes for all the classes per classifier [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Weighting problem can be viewed as an optimization problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Weighting problem can be viewed as an optimization problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it can be solved by taking advantage of artificial intelligence techniques such as genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it can be solved by taking advantage of artificial intelligence techniques such as genetic algorithms (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Linguistic studies dealing with prosodic phenomena 3 such as stress are more recent and probably less familiar to psycholinguists.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Linguistic studies dealing with prosodic phenomena 3 such as stress are more recent and probably less familiar to psycholinguists.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In French 4 , there are several kinds of stress, one of which is focal ccent, of interest to us here.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In French 4 , there are several kinds of stress, one of which is focal ccent, of interest to us here (Di Cristo, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Di Cristo, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Focal accent is used to rank the elements of an utterance, and therefore plays a pragmatic role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Focal accent is used to rank the elements of an utterance, and therefore plays a pragmatic role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It highlights one of the lexical items in the utterance, as in example 6 below 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It highlights one of the lexical items in the utterance, as in example 6 below 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Regarding storage time, the following results were obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding storage time, the following results were obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The radioactivity of polonium measured after storage time in polyethylene container was in the same range with the initial radioactivity (479 Bq kg −1 ±2.1%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The radioactivity of polonium measured after storage time in polyethylene container was in the same range with the initial radioactivity (479 Bq kg −1 ±2.1%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to Vesterbacka, glass bottles were better than plastic bottles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to Vesterbacka, glass bottles were better than plastic bottles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The author indicates a 3-4% decrease in polonium radioactivity after 5 months.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The author indicates a 3-4% decrease in polonium radioactivity after 5 months (Vesterbacka and Ikaheimonen 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vesterbacka and Ikaheimonen 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In this research, there was no adsorption on polyethylene container.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this research, there was no adsorption on polyethylene container.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, in the 1 mol dm −3 HNO 3 solution, no decrease in time in polonium radioactivity (including radioactive decay) was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, in the 1 mol dm −3 HNO 3 solution, no decrease in time in polonium radioactivity (including radioactive decay) was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "But, in polystyrene containers, clear adsorption of 208 Po during 6 months of storage was observed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "But, in polystyrene containers, clear adsorption of 208 Po during 6 months of storage was observed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The measured radioactivity was 20% lower than the initial radioactivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The measured radioactivity was 20% lower than the initial radioactivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, no long-term storage of this solution was done in this vessel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, no long-term storage of this solution was done in this vessel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such researches dedicated to polonium storage in 1 mol dm −3 HNO 3 in polyethylene vial were carried out by an independent laboratory and they confirmed the presented results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such researches dedicated to polonium storage in 1 mol dm −3 HNO 3 in polyethylene vial were carried out by an independent laboratory and they confirmed the presented results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "To evaluate the PM algorithm we use publicly available misspelling annotated corpora containing documents created by both native and nonnative speakers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To evaluate the PM algorithm we use publicly available misspelling annotated corpora containing documents created by both native and nonnative speakers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The PM within a CDC system for proper names is evaluated using CRIPCO.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The PM within a CDC system for proper names is evaluated using CRIPCO (Bentivogli et al., 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bentivogli et al., 2008)" ] }, { "text": "The experiments confirm that PM is a competitive algorithm and that the CDC system gains in accuracy by using a module of misspelling correction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experiments confirm that PM is a competitive algorithm and that the CDC system gains in accuracy by using a module of misspelling correction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Removing one of the non-foundation trusses of the statically determinate structure, figure 1(b), results in a structure that behaves as a mechanism with one degree of freedom (M = 1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Removing one of the non-foundation trusses of the statically determinate structure, figure 1(b), results in a structure that behaves as a mechanism with one degree of freedom (M = 1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Replacing the removed truss with an extensional actuator can restore the static determinacy of the tetrahedral truss structure and allows it to then exhibit shape changing behavior provided the nodes marked 1 and 2 in figure 1(b) have a rotational degree of freedom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Replacing the removed truss with an extensional actuator can restore the static determinacy of the tetrahedral truss structure and allows it to then exhibit shape changing behavior provided the nodes marked 1 and 2 in figure 1(b) have a rotational degree of freedom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such structures have attracted recent interest for shape morphing applications since they do not develop states of self stress when shape changes are caused to occur by longitudinal deformations of the linear actuator.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such structures have attracted recent interest for shape morphing applications since they do not develop states of self stress when shape changes are caused to occur by longitudinal deformations of the linear actuator [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "They are therefore candidates for high authority, shape morphing systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They are therefore candidates for high authority, shape morphing systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In general, connecting more than two moving trusses or linkages to a single joint complicates the mechanical design and associated fabrication processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In general, connecting more than two moving trusses or linkages to a single joint complicates the mechanical design and associated fabrication processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, two rods may be connected by a spherical joint with three degrees of freedom.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, two rods may be connected by a spherical joint with three degrees of freedom.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such ball joints are relatively easy to manufacture and designs are available as spherical bearings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such ball joints are relatively easy to manufacture and designs are available as spherical bearings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However adding only one more link to a two-rod ball joint in such a way that the new member possesses at least one degree of freedom makes the design considerably more complicated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However adding only one more link to a two-rod ball joint in such a way that the new member possesses at least one degree of freedom makes the design considerably more complicated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The earliest multilink joint design appears to be that used in variable geometry truss (VGT) structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The earliest multilink joint design appears to be that used in variable geometry truss (VGT) structures [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "A VGT structure is a statically determinate truss with tetrahedral, octahedral or other simple geometric unit cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A VGT structure is a statically determinate truss with tetrahedral, octahedral or other simple geometric unit cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The truss structure's shape can be varied by changing the length of some of the struts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The truss structure's shape can be varied by changing the length of some of the struts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two of the trusses in the VGT structure's joint are directly hinged to a main hub while four others are hinged to two pivots which can rotate with respect to the hub.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Two of the trusses in the VGT structure's joint are directly hinged to a main hub while four others are hinged to two pivots which can rotate with respect to the hub [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Such a joint is an example of an open chain mechanism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a joint is an example of an open chain mechanism [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The truss rotation angle is limited by the physical interference between truss members at the joint.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The truss rotation angle is limited by the physical interference between truss members at the joint.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The trusses connections are usually offset at the joint and do not therefore intersect at a single point, making analysis of the joint quite complicated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The trusses connections are usually offset at the joint and do not therefore intersect at a single point, making analysis of the joint quite complicated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The preferred scan position for evaluation flow in the main portal vein is an intercostal view (between the ribs on the right side of the thorax) ( Fig. 1 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The preferred scan position for evaluation flow in the main portal vein is an intercostal view (between the ribs on the right side of the thorax) ( Fig. 1 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The beam-to-flow angle is in this position around 0 degree, as the vessel flow is going straight towards the transducer, and SDU velocity estimation in this position is reliable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The beam-to-flow angle is in this position around 0 degree, as the vessel flow is going straight towards the transducer, and SDU velocity estimation in this position is reliable [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "With a subcostal view (under the ribs curvature) ( Fig. 1 ), the main portal vein can be visualized, but the beam-to-flow angle is in this position about 90 degrees, thus, impossible to measure with SDU.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With a subcostal view (under the ribs curvature) ( Fig. 1 ), the main portal vein can be visualized, but the beam-to-flow angle is in this position about 90 degrees, thus, impossible to measure with SDU.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "TO may provide reliable velocity estimation with this view.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "TO may provide reliable velocity estimation with this view.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The hypothesis of this study is therefore, firstly to determine if TO on a convex array can provide reliable peak velocity estimates in the main portal vein with an intercostal view compared to SDU, and secondly, to determine if TO can provide an accurate flow estimate of the portal vein with a subcostal view.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hypothesis of this study is therefore, firstly to determine if TO on a convex array can provide reliable peak velocity estimates in the main portal vein with an intercostal view compared to SDU, and secondly, to determine if TO can provide an accurate flow estimate of the portal vein with a subcostal view.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Errors in velocity measurement with SDU are well described, when the beam-to-flow angle is >70 degrees to the main portal vein.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Errors in velocity measurement with SDU are well described, when the beam-to-flow angle is >70 degrees to the main portal vein [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, operator dependency has shown to be a major bias in Doppler ultrasound.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, operator dependency has shown to be a major bias in Doppler ultrasound [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Other factors as body position, phase of respiration, timing of meals, exercise and cardiac output can affect the accuracy of velocity measurements, and change the flow profile of the liver vasculature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other factors as body position, phase of respiration, timing of meals, exercise and cardiac output can affect the accuracy of velocity measurements, and change the flow profile of the liver vasculature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, Doppler ultrasound is accepted as a useful technique for evaluating patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, Doppler ultrasound is accepted as a useful technique for evaluating patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The hepatic portal vein conducts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The hepatic portal vein conducts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Increased blood pressure in the portal vein is denoted portal hypertension and a is major complication in liver diseases, most commonly liver cirrhosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Increased blood pressure in the portal vein is denoted portal hypertension and a is major complication in liver diseases, most commonly liver cirrhosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Complications to portal hypertension (e.g. ascites, esophageal and gastric varices, and splenomegaly) are often fatal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Complications to portal hypertension (e.g. ascites, esophageal and gastric varices, and splenomegaly) are often fatal [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Portal vein hypertension can lead to a reduced velocity and in advanced stages the portal vein flow becomes reversed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Portal vein hypertension can lead to a reduced velocity and in advanced stages the portal vein flow becomes reversed [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Ultrasound is usually the first diagnostic modality for assessment of portal flow, since it is easily accessible, radiation free, and cheap.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ultrasound is usually the first diagnostic modality for assessment of portal flow, since it is easily accessible, radiation free, and cheap.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology recommends evaluation of peak velocity in the main portal vein in patients suspected for portal hypertension using Spectral Doppler Ultrasound (SDU).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology recommends evaluation of peak velocity in the main portal vein in patients suspected for portal hypertension using Spectral Doppler Ultrasound (SDU) [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "According to The performance of domestic price model estimated on the basis of RMSPE and the Theil's coefficientsin Table2 with Figure 1 show the ability of the model to track the direction of the actual values of domestic price and explain the performance of the long domestic price response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to The performance of domestic price model estimated on the basis of RMSPE and the Theil's coefficientsin Table2 with Figure 1 show the ability of the model to track the direction of the actual values of domestic price and explain the performance of the long domestic price response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 2 shows that all variables (i.e. lagged domestic price, adjusted world price and sorghum production cost) selected in the model have strong effect on the dependent variable (domestic farmer price).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 2 shows that all variables (i.e. lagged domestic price, adjusted world price and sorghum production cost) selected in the model have strong effect on the dependent variable (domestic farmer price).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, they have elasticities less than one in short and in long terms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, they have elasticities less than one in short and in long terms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adjusted world price calculated as Culff model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Adjusted world price calculated as Culff [7] model.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "So, exchange rate and export tariff are included in the model of domestic price.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So, exchange rate and export tariff are included in the model of domestic price.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants described caring as an important emotional bond with their students, and a prerequisite to good student-teacher relationships, a finding also found with in-service teachers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants described caring as an important emotional bond with their students, and a prerequisite to good student-teacher relationships, a finding also found with in-service teachers (Hargreaves, 2000; Isenbarger & Zembylas, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hargreaves, 2000; Isenbarger & Zembylas, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Showing an interest in students, appreciating their backgrounds and interests was not only a significant aspect of caring for students but was part of being a good teacher overall, in terms of meeting student pedagogical as well as emotional needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Showing an interest in students, appreciating their backgrounds and interests was not only a significant aspect of caring for students but was part of being a good teacher overall, in terms of meeting student pedagogical as well as emotional needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Interestingly, some recognised that a caring relationship was reciprocal, whereby teachers not only cared for students, but students also cared for teachers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interestingly, some recognised that a caring relationship was reciprocal, whereby teachers not only cared for students, but students also cared for teachers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Given the exploratory nature of the research question, data were collected and interpreted according to a qualitative approach, in which themes were sought from participants rather than pre-determined hypotheses.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the exploratory nature of the research question, data were collected and interpreted according to a qualitative approach, in which themes were sought from participants rather than pre-determined hypotheses (Chase, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Chase, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Through the use of empathic interviewing, this study involves the interviewer joining with the interviewee in a collaborative process to explore and create a narrative around caring and teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through the use of empathic interviewing, this study involves the interviewer joining with the interviewee in a collaborative process to explore and create a narrative around caring and teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a process allows for the participant to sift and clarify their own ideas and, thus, bring forth his or her voice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a process allows for the participant to sift and clarify their own ideas and, thus, bring forth his or her voice (Fontana & Frey, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Fontana & Frey, 2008)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Overall, participants' reports of caring are complex and multifaceted revealing a number of common themes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, participants' reports of caring are complex and multifaceted revealing a number of common themes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many regarded caring as an instinctive or \"natural\" aspect of teaching, a finding which collaborates previous research.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many regarded caring as an instinctive or \"natural\" aspect of teaching, a finding which collaborates previous research (Burgess & Carter, 1992; Goldstein & Lake, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Burgess & Carter, 1992; Goldstein & Lake, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "As well, caring was regarded as intrinsic to being a teacher, and implicit in the teacher role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As well, caring was regarded as intrinsic to being a teacher, and implicit in the teacher role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Participants here also associated teaching and parenting, consonant with a widely held and long-standing notion associating teacher caring with maternal instinct and motherly love.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants here also associated teaching and parenting, consonant with a widely held and long-standing notion associating teacher caring with maternal instinct and motherly love (Burgess & Carter, 1992; Goldstein & Lake, 2000; James, 2010; Vogt, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Burgess & Carter, 1992; Goldstein & Lake, 2000; James, 2010; Vogt, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Participants however did not focus solely on mothering as both male and female participants made the link between the parenting and the teaching role.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants however did not focus solely on mothering as both male and female participants made the link between the parenting and the teaching role.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "With potassium in the solution illite also could be synthesized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With potassium in the solution illite also could be synthesized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The brucite-layer favors the formation of layer silicates of the smectite group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The brucite-layer favors the formation of layer silicates of the smectite group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since Fe(OH)2 is isomorphous with brucite, it was reasonable to try a synthesis of hydrous iron silicate with iron-containing solutions under reducing conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since Fe(OH)2 is isomorphous with brucite, it was reasonable to try a synthesis of hydrous iron silicate with iron-containing solutions under reducing conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was possible to synthesize di-and trioctahedral 2:1 clay minerals (smectite) and di-and trioctahedral 1:1 minerals with a kaolinitelike structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was possible to synthesize di-and trioctahedral 2:1 clay minerals (smectite) and di-and trioctahedral 1:1 minerals with a kaolinitelike structure (Harder, 1973) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harder, 1973)" ] }, { "text": "The question of iron clay mineral formation under surface conditions is in part a question of iron and silica precipitation from natural solutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The question of iron clay mineral formation under surface conditions is in part a question of iron and silica precipitation from natural solutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "With the development of clean utilization technologies, coal will always provide energy sources for the social development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the development of clean utilization technologies, coal will always provide energy sources for the social development [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "To ensure the efficient operation of coal production systems, security maintenance of entries in underground mining is extremely important, including large deformation control, rock burst forecast, and other early warnings of dynamic disaster.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To ensure the efficient operation of coal production systems, security maintenance of entries in underground mining is extremely important, including large deformation control, rock burst forecast, and other early warnings of dynamic disaster [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "As the development of the longwall mining, many entries are arranged along the side of a gob with a protection of coal pillar or artificial wall, so as to cope with the mining-induced movement of the hard roof structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As the development of the longwall mining, many entries are arranged along the side of a gob with a protection of coal pillar or artificial wall, so as to cope with the mining-induced movement of the hard roof structures [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "Figure 1 schematically describes entry conditions when extracting coal from Panel 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 1 schematically describes entry conditions when extracting coal from Panel 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tail entry provides auxiliary transportation and ventilation function for Panel 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tail entry provides auxiliary transportation and ventilation function for Panel 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A coal pillar or artificial wall is built in the south of tail entry; and the coal mass of Panel 2 is located in the north of Tail entry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A coal pillar or artificial wall is built in the south of tail entry; and the coal mass of Panel 2 is located in the north of Tail entry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gob 1 is located near the coal pillar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gob 1 is located near the coal pillar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The spontaneous caving method was used to handle the roofs in Gob 1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The spontaneous caving method was used to handle the roofs in Gob 1 [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In order to understand the consequences of the deployment of low carbon technologies in different world regions, it is useful to understand the differences in energy and carbon intensity for different industrial products across countries, and the potential and cost for improving the efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to understand the consequences of the deployment of low carbon technologies in different world regions, it is useful to understand the differences in energy and carbon intensity for different industrial products across countries, and the potential and cost for improving the efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While a fully-fledged computable general equilibrium (CGE) model by nature will not be able to represent details of individual technologies, the approach taken in this paper is to make some progress in including more technological detail without getting lost in the specifics and without sacrificing the basic modeling philosophy of a macroeconomic representation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While a fully-fledged computable general equilibrium (CGE) model by nature will not be able to represent details of individual technologies, the approach taken in this paper is to make some progress in including more technological detail without getting lost in the specifics and without sacrificing the basic modeling philosophy of a macroeconomic representation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is necessary to extract a reduced-form representation of complex sets of technological specifications and then usefully integrate them into the CGE model with minimal structural changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is necessary to extract a reduced-form representation of complex sets of technological specifications and then usefully integrate them into the CGE model with minimal structural changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One way to do this is to extract marginal cost curve information derived from model simulations of a more technology-oriented model, such as GAINS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One way to do this is to extract marginal cost curve information derived from model simulations of a more technology-oriented model, such as GAINS [37] [38] [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37] [38] [39]" ] }, { "text": "With this information, it will be possible to not only represent in a CGE model the changes in energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction, but also the changes in different categories of expenditures, i.e., investment versus operating costs (see Figure 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With this information, it will be possible to not only represent in a CGE model the changes in energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction, but also the changes in different categories of expenditures, i.e., investment versus operating costs (see Figure 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Slc45a2 is a known Na + /H + exchanger, and increased Slc45a2 expression intensifies H + extrusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Slc45a2 is a known Na + /H + exchanger, and increased Slc45a2 expression intensifies H + extrusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This increase results in greater melanosomal H + extrusion and pH-neutralization of the intramelanosomal environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increase results in greater melanosomal H + extrusion and pH-neutralization of the intramelanosomal environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Decreased Slc45a2 expression weakens melanosomal H + extrusion, which leads to greater melanosomal H + retention and the resulting acidification of the intramelanosomal environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Decreased Slc45a2 expression weakens melanosomal H + extrusion, which leads to greater melanosomal H + retention and the resulting acidification of the intramelanosomal environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A mutation in the Slc45a2 gene induces oculocutaneous albinism type 4.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A mutation in the Slc45a2 gene induces oculocutaneous albinism type 4 [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "A comparison of mutant Slc45a2-gene-transfected melanocytes with normal melanocytes showed a lower melanin content in the latter cells, and Slc45a2 mutation abolishes or reduces melanogenesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A comparison of mutant Slc45a2-gene-transfected melanocytes with normal melanocytes showed a lower melanin content in the latter cells, and Slc45a2 mutation abolishes or reduces melanogenesis [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Slc24a5 plays a role in potassium-dependent Na + /H + exchangers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Slc24a5 plays a role in potassium-dependent Na + /H + exchangers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "H + is transported into the melanosome through V-ATPase, and Na + intake is mediated through Na + /H + exchangers through an electrochemical gradient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "H + is transported into the melanosome through V-ATPase, and Na + intake is mediated through Na + /H + exchangers through an electrochemical gradient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Na + extrusion is conjugated with Ca 2+ influx through Slc24a5.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Na + extrusion is conjugated with Ca 2+ influx through Slc24a5.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, decreased Slc24a5 expression results in intramelanosomal accumulation of Na + and a cessation of Na + /H + exchange, which results in melanosomal retention of acidity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, decreased Slc24a5 expression results in intramelanosomal accumulation of Na + and a cessation of Na + /H + exchange, which results in melanosomal retention of acidity [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Reduction of melanogenesis from normal levels has been reported to occur in B16 melanoma cells with Slc24a5 knockdown.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reduction of melanogenesis from normal levels has been reported to occur in B16 melanoma cells with Slc24a5 knockdown [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In the current economic climate, characterized by growing cuts to public expenditure, public services (e.g., healthcare, education, policing) have undergone significant transformations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the current economic climate, characterized by growing cuts to public expenditure, public services (e.g., healthcare, education, policing) have undergone significant transformations (Sancton, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sancton, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Such deep changes have been generally oriented to reduce administrative, managerial and operational burden and costs, through downsizing and merging processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such deep changes have been generally oriented to reduce administrative, managerial and operational burden and costs, through downsizing and merging processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, Italy has been interested by a progressive merging process of educational institutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, Italy has been interested by a progressive merging process of educational institutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, while the highly centralized system originally allowed the functioning of diversified institutions on the basis of the offered educational level (for instance, kindergartens, primary schools, junior secondary schools), recently a new regulation has been adopted, oriented at promoting a higher degree of autonomy of educational institutions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, while the highly centralized system originally allowed the functioning of diversified institutions on the basis of the offered educational level (for instance, kindergartens, primary schools, junior secondary schools), recently a new regulation has been adopted, oriented at promoting a higher degree of autonomy of educational institutions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in order to benefit from autonomy, schools have to comply with a series of requirements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in order to benefit from autonomy, schools have to comply with a series of requirements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular they must have a students' population between 500 and 900 units (that can be reduced to 300 in special cases, including islands and municipalities in mountain areas) that has to be demonstrated stable in this range for the last 5 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular they must have a students' population between 500 and 900 units (that can be reduced to 300 in special cases, including islands and municipalities in mountain areas) that has to be demonstrated stable in this range for the last 5 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If these requirements are not satisfied, schools must merge themselves with other institutions (belonging to any of the three categories) in order to form clusters that should have a minimum students' population of 1000 units (reduced to 500 in the above-mentioned special cases) and include institutions from each educational level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If these requirements are not satisfied, schools must merge themselves with other institutions (belonging to any of the three categories) in order to form clusters that should have a minimum students' population of 1000 units (reduced to 500 in the above-mentioned special cases) and include institutions from each educational level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This merging strategy allows schools rationalizing administrative and management offices, coherently to the cited policies of reduction of public expenditure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This merging strategy allows schools rationalizing administrative and management offices, coherently to the cited policies of reduction of public expenditure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In practice, this process should be implemented by grouping schools in clusters, and letting each cluster being managed (in a centralized way) through the definition of a single cluster centre, providing shared administrative and managerial services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, this process should be implemented by grouping schools in clusters, and letting each cluster being managed (in a centralized way) through the definition of a single cluster centre, providing shared administrative and managerial services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, the availability of tools and models to assess and implement clustering (for grouping schools together) and locational choices (for locating clusters centers) could be useful for Local Authorities engaged in decision making activities that may provide cost savings and minimize, at the same time, the worsening of the service level for users.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, the availability of tools and models to assess and implement clustering (for grouping schools together) and locational choices (for locating clusters centers) could be useful for Local Authorities engaged in decision making activities that may provide cost savings and minimize, at the same time, the worsening of the service level for users.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The impact of the socioeconomic status (SES) on health and mortality has been observed many times in mortality research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The impact of the socioeconomic status (SES) on health and mortality has been observed many times in mortality research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Poor groups of people have generally two to three times higher death rates than rich ones (Auerbach and Krimgold 2001:31) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Poor groups of people have generally two to three times higher death rates than rich ones (Auerbach and Krimgold 2001:31) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The difference in life expectancy for Dutch men between the highest and lowest educational group is 4 years (Stronks 1997:3) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The difference in life expectancy for Dutch men between the highest and lowest educational group is 4 years (Stronks 1997:3) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the 1980s, white men in the USA with a family income lower than $10.000 had a 6.6 years lower life expectancy than those with an income higher than $25.000 (Smith 1999:147) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 1980s, white men in the USA with a family income lower than $10.000 had a 6.6 years lower life expectancy than those with an income higher than $25.000 (Smith 1999:147) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within-country differences are at times much higher than international differences, e.g. the male mortality rate of those aged under 65 is higher in Harlem, New York, than it is in Bangladesh.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within-country differences are at times much higher than international differences, e.g. the male mortality rate of those aged under 65 is higher in Harlem, New York, than it is in Bangladesh (McCord and Freeman 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McCord and Freeman 1990)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The advancement of wireless communication technologies has spurred drastically increasing demands for antenna operation in the presence of electrically large and complex platforms, which in turn makes it extremely challenging in terms of design for such cases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The advancement of wireless communication technologies has spurred drastically increasing demands for antenna operation in the presence of electrically large and complex platforms, which in turn makes it extremely challenging in terms of design for such cases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accurate modeling of electrically large open-boundary problems using exact approaches such as Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD), or Method of Moments (MoM) has always been challenging in electromagnetics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accurate modeling of electrically large open-boundary problems using exact approaches such as Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Difference in Time Domain (FDTD), or Method of Moments (MoM) has always been challenging in electromagnetics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "The main reason is that the exact numerical methods often require discretization of the calculation domain and the physical geometry into cells with sizes comparable to the tenth (or even twentieth) of wavelength at highest calculation frequency involved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main reason is that the exact numerical methods often require discretization of the calculation domain and the physical geometry into cells with sizes comparable to the tenth (or even twentieth) of wavelength at highest calculation frequency involved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "We searched for potential effect modifiers between mobility, antacid use or male gender and other exposures but did not found statistically significant interactions or any confounding factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We searched for potential effect modifiers between mobility, antacid use or male gender and other exposures but did not found statistically significant interactions or any confounding factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Male gender after adjustment for previous ESBL carriage, level of mobility and previous antibiotic exposure in the past three months remained a significant risk factor of ESBLE carriage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Male gender after adjustment for previous ESBL carriage, level of mobility and previous antibiotic exposure in the past three months remained a significant risk factor of ESBLE carriage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to women, male residents tended to be younger and less functionally impaired in our cohort while their level of comorbidities (assessed by the Charlson's Comorbidity Index) and the proportion of residents with multiple hospital stay in the past year before the survey were higher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to women, male residents tended to be younger and less functionally impaired in our cohort while their level of comorbidities (assessed by the Charlson's Comorbidity Index) and the proportion of residents with multiple hospital stay in the past year before the survey were higher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the proportion of male residents with hemiplegia, cerebro-vascular disease and chronic lung disease was higher and tended to be associated with an increased risk of ESBLE carriage in univariate analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the proportion of male residents with hemiplegia, cerebro-vascular disease and chronic lung disease was higher and tended to be associated with an increased risk of ESBLE carriage in univariate analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The small number of included residents in each subgroup may have precluded to reach sufficient statistical power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The small number of included residents in each subgroup may have precluded to reach sufficient statistical power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, due to the restricted number of potential predictors that could have been included in the multivariate analysis (no more than 18-20 predictors), we did not adjust for those potential determinants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, due to the restricted number of potential predictors that could have been included in the multivariate analysis (no more than 18-20 predictors), we did not adjust for those potential determinants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other potential risk factors not included in the analysis in this survey (e.g: the role of antibiotic exposure in the previous past year (instead of three months) or previous contact with the hospital in the past years) may also have accounted for the increased prevalence of ESBLE carriage among male residents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other potential risk factors not included in the analysis in this survey (e.g: the role of antibiotic exposure in the previous past year (instead of three months) or previous contact with the hospital in the past years) may also have accounted for the increased prevalence of ESBLE carriage among male residents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surprisingly, antacid use appeared a risk factor for MRSA carriage in our NH study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surprisingly, antacid use appeared a risk factor for MRSA carriage in our NH study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We looked for potential interaction or confounding factors but the only positive association was that the proportion of MRSA carriers among antacid users compared to non-users was higher among patients who had received three or more courses of antibiotic treatments within three months before admission (29 versus 14%; OR: 2.47 [95%CI: 0.90-6.91]) compared to patients with 2 or less antibiotics regimens (16 versus 12%; OR: 1.42 [95%CI: 1.11-1.81]).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We looked for potential interaction or confounding factors but the only positive association was that the proportion of MRSA carriers among antacid users compared to non-users was higher among patients who had received three or more courses of antibiotic treatments within three months before admission (29 versus 14%; OR: 2.47 [95%CI: 0.90-6.91]) compared to patients with 2 or less antibiotics regimens (16 versus 12%; OR: 1.42 [95%CI: 1.11-1.81]).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this difference was not statistically significant and confirmation of this hypothesis would require the assessment of a larger cohort of residents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this difference was not statistically significant and confirmation of this hypothesis would require the assessment of a larger cohort of residents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another plausible explanation for the higher MRSA prevalence in this subgroup of residents could be that antacid users had been more frequently in contact with the healthcare system more than one year before the survey (our defined window when collecting data).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another plausible explanation for the higher MRSA prevalence in this subgroup of residents could be that antacid users had been more frequently in contact with the healthcare system more than one year before the survey (our defined window when collecting data).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While the association of gastric-acid suppression and community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease is well known in the literature, the use of antacids has also been linked with community-acquired pneumonia and less frequently with Campylobacter gastroenteritis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While the association of gastric-acid suppression and community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease is well known in the literature, the use of antacids has also been linked with community-acquired pneumonia and less frequently with Campylobacter gastroenteritis [20, 21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20, 21]" ] }, { "text": "Gastric suppression increases the risk of bacterial overgrowth and pharmacological suppression of gastric acid production may also modulate the host immune response and favour immunosuppression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gastric suppression increases the risk of bacterial overgrowth and pharmacological suppression of gastric acid production may also modulate the host immune response and favour immunosuppression [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "From a practical point, these data support the fact that physicians may have to reconsider the long-term administration of antacid agents, particularly among old frail polymedicated NH residents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From a practical point, these data support the fact that physicians may have to reconsider the long-term administration of antacid agents, particularly among old frail polymedicated NH residents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, a new communication method called Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has been paid more and more attentions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, a new communication method called Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has been paid more and more attentions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The concept of D2D communication as an underlay to a cellular network is that user equipments (UEs) can directly communicate with each other while remaining controlled by evolved NodeBs (eNBs).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The concept of D2D communication as an underlay to a cellular network is that user equipments (UEs) can directly communicate with each other while remaining controlled by evolved NodeBs (eNBs) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Different from Bluetooth and WiFi-Direct, D2D communication is working in a liscensed spectra, which is more reliable and secure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different from Bluetooth and WiFi-Direct, D2D communication is working in a liscensed spectra, which is more reliable and secure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Besides that, saving power consumption, releasing eNBs loads and improving spectrum efficiency are also advantages for D2D communication, so it has a promising commercial prospect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides that, saving power consumption, releasing eNBs loads and improving spectrum efficiency are also advantages for D2D communication, so it has a promising commercial prospect [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "D2D communication in cellular networks consists of two phases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "D2D communication in cellular networks consists of two phases [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The first phase is D2D peer discovery and the second phase is data transmission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The first phase is D2D peer discovery and the second phase is data transmission [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "This paper will focus on the second phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper will focus on the second phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the data transmission phase, D2D link may be interfered by cellular UEs or by other D2D links.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the data transmission phase, D2D link may be interfered by cellular UEs or by other D2D links.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So a reasonable wireless resource allocation method should be applied to mitigate interference so as to guarantee the quality of data transmission.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So a reasonable wireless resource allocation method should be applied to mitigate interference so as to guarantee the quality of data transmission [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "This paper mainly studies the wireless resource allocation method for D2D communications in cellular networks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper mainly studies the wireless resource allocation method for D2D communications in cellular networks [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Heterogeneity tolerance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Heterogeneity tolerance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to classical computing environments, the IoT domain is highly diverse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to classical computing environments, the IoT domain is highly diverse [2] , [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ], [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]", "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, by profiling each device with a separate autoencoder, our method addresses the growing heterogeneity of IoT devices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, by profiling each device with a separate autoencoder, our method addresses the growing heterogeneity of IoT devices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In spite of these wonderful attributes posed by aluminium bronzes, it is surprising to know that not much work have been done on aluminium bronzes in Africa especially in Nigeria.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In spite of these wonderful attributes posed by aluminium bronzes, it is surprising to know that not much work have been done on aluminium bronzes in Africa especially in Nigeria.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Structural applications are mostly based on ferrous materials, steels in particular.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Structural applications are mostly based on ferrous materials, steels in particular.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Findings have shown that aluminium bronzes are fast replacing contemporary steel materials for some specific applications especially in components for marine/sub-sea applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Findings have shown that aluminium bronzes are fast replacing contemporary steel materials for some specific applications especially in components for marine/sub-sea applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The consumption of aluminium bronzes have increased sharply in the USA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The consumption of aluminium bronzes have increased sharply in the USA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And other countries due to their property of being non-rusting in marine environment as well as also their resistance to corrosion in highly aggressive environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And other countries due to their property of being non-rusting in marine environment as well as also their resistance to corrosion in highly aggressive environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Aluminium bronze alloy construction for basic oxygen and electric arc furnace hoods, roofs and side vents was identified as a viable alternative for carbon steel construction for these equipments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aluminium bronze alloy construction for basic oxygen and electric arc furnace hoods, roofs and side vents was identified as a viable alternative for carbon steel construction for these equipments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of aluminium alloy was found to be as much as five times the life of comparable carbon steel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of aluminium alloy was found to be as much as five times the life of comparable carbon steel [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Manganese-nickel-aluminium-bronze (Aqualloy), for example, was found to be more efficient than stainless steel in making propellers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Manganese-nickel-aluminium-bronze (Aqualloy), for example, was found to be more efficient than stainless steel in making propellers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nickel-aluminium bronzes have greater resistance to cavitation erosion than cast steel, Monel alloys and the 400 and 300 series of stainless steels, that is why it is suitable for propellers, pump impellers and casings and turbine runners giving them long service lives and operating efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nickel-aluminium bronzes have greater resistance to cavitation erosion than cast steel, Monel alloys and the 400 and 300 series of stainless steels, that is why it is suitable for propellers, pump impellers and casings and turbine runners giving them long service lives and operating efficiency [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Aluminium bronze wire is almost as strong as good steel wire and castings made from it are almost as hard as steely iron.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Aluminium bronze wire is almost as strong as good steel wire and castings made from it are almost as hard as steely iron [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Academic institutions face increasing pressure to evaluate learning outcomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Academic institutions face increasing pressure to evaluate learning outcomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All six regional accrediting bodies for higher education in the U.S. require educational institutions to seriously examine educational effectiveness and document student learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "All six regional accrediting bodies for higher education in the U.S. require educational institutions to seriously examine educational effectiveness and document student learning (Allen, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Allen, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "A fundamental question underpinning evaluation of learning outcomes is a simple but challenging one: What do we want our students to learn and how can we demonstrate our students are meeting these learning goals?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A fundamental question underpinning evaluation of learning outcomes is a simple but challenging one: What do we want our students to learn and how can we demonstrate our students are meeting these learning goals?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Instructors recognize the value of assessing development of higher level skills relating to Bloom's taxonomy as students progress through an organized curriculum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instructors recognize the value of assessing development of higher level skills relating to Bloom's taxonomy as students progress through an organized curriculum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent evidence from studies in pharmacy education highlight the importance of continuing to address lower level skills while also promoting attainment of higher level skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent evidence from studies in pharmacy education highlight the importance of continuing to address lower level skills while also promoting attainment of higher level skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In one research example, pharmacy educators evaluated student performance across three exams in an oncology block.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In one research example, pharmacy educators evaluated student performance across three exams in an oncology block (Wong, Quist, & Murray, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wong, Quist, & Murray, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Students showed no improvement on lower level questions but significant improvement on higher level questions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students showed no improvement on lower level questions but significant improvement on higher level questions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More recently, pharmacy educators used multiple choice exams to assess student performance at three levels of a modified Bloom's taxonomy (recall, application, and analysis) as students progressed through a course sequence in therapeutics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More recently, pharmacy educators used multiple choice exams to assess student performance at three levels of a modified Bloom's taxonomy (recall, application, and analysis) as students progressed through a course sequence in therapeutics (Tiemeier, Stacy, & Burke, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tiemeier, Stacy, & Burke, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "The results showed poorer student performance through the course sequence on recall items, but improved performance on analysis questions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed poorer student performance through the course sequence on recall items, but improved performance on analysis questions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Taken together, these results underscore the need for educators to continue to focus on attainment of lower level skills as students progress to more advanced topics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Taken together, these results underscore the need for educators to continue to focus on attainment of lower level skills as students progress to more advanced topics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "We first used PABA to modify CFs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We first used PABA to modify CFs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PABA is one of critical components for folic acid synthesis in our metabolic system, which is considered to be beneficial to cell growth and division.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "PABA is one of critical components for folic acid synthesis in our metabolic system, which is considered to be beneficial to cell growth and division [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "CFs modified with PABA (PABA-CFs) might not only obtain preferable hydrophilic groups over surfaces but also maintain the prominent mechanical strength.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CFs modified with PABA (PABA-CFs) might not only obtain preferable hydrophilic groups over surfaces but also maintain the prominent mechanical strength.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compressive performance and biocompatibility of PABA-CFs were characterized and compared with untreated CFs (Control CFs) and CFs modified with nitric acid (HNO3-CFs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compressive performance and biocompatibility of PABA-CFs were characterized and compared with untreated CFs (Control CFs) and CFs modified with nitric acid (HNO3-CFs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We hope that such modified CFs/PLA-PEG biocomposites have potential to be developed as bone tissue engineering scaffold materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We hope that such modified CFs/PLA-PEG biocomposites have potential to be developed as bone tissue engineering scaffold materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Co-polymer poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) has been widely used as scaffold materials for tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and highlighted feasibility of structural modification.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Co-polymer poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) has been widely used as scaffold materials for tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and highlighted feasibility of structural modification [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "However, the poor mechanical property and hydrophobicity are main limiting factors for further applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the poor mechanical property and hydrophobicity are main limiting factors for further applications [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] }, { "text": "As reported, introducing hydrophilic additives into hydrophobic substrate can improve cell adhesion and three-dimensional in-growth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As reported, introducing hydrophilic additives into hydrophobic substrate can improve cell adhesion and three-dimensional in-growth [31, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31, 32]" ] }, { "text": "To achieve both good mechanical properties and hydrophilicity, one effective strategy is to introduce a enforcing phase which meantime can improve the hydrophilicity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To achieve both good mechanical properties and hydrophilicity, one effective strategy is to introduce a enforcing phase which meantime can improve the hydrophilicity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Modified CFs are our first choice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Modified CFs are our first choice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A path selection algorithm, which statically selects a single path from alternative paths, is usually required for advanced routings in SANs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A path selection algorithm, which statically selects a single path from alternative paths, is usually required for advanced routings in SANs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper, (1) we develop four path selection algorithms using the static analysis of paths in order to distribute the traffic uniformly, and (2) we investigate the influence of various path selection algorithms on throughput and latency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, (1) we develop four path selection algorithms using the static analysis of paths in order to distribute the traffic uniformly, and (2) we investigate the influence of various path selection algorithms on throughput and latency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Result of simulations shows that high physical-channel first improves up to 92% of throughput against simple path selection algorithms, and policies to remove paths crossing the bottleneck channels are more efficient than ones to keep paths crossing channels that are not crowded.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Result of simulations shows that high physical-channel first improves up to 92% of throughput against simple path selection algorithms, and policies to remove paths crossing the bottleneck channels are more efficient than ones to keep paths crossing channels that are not crowded.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We are planning to implement and evaluate path selection algorithms on a real PC cluster consisting of 64 hosts and 16 switches called RHiNET-2.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We are planning to implement and evaluate path selection algorithms on a real PC cluster consisting of 64 hosts and 16 switches called RHiNET-2 [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we prove the integrability conditions for the generalized structures directly from the supersymmetry equations of type IIB and eleven dimensional supergravity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we prove the integrability conditions for the generalized structures directly from the supersymmetry equations of type IIB and eleven dimensional supergravity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For that, the generalized structures are written in terms of U Sp bispinors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For that, the generalized structures are written in terms of U Sp (8) bispinors.", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(8)" ] }, { "text": "These are subject to differential and algebraic conditions coming from the supersymmetry transformation of the internal and external gravitino (plus dilatino in the case of type IIB).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These are subject to differential and algebraic conditions coming from the supersymmetry transformation of the internal and external gravitino (plus dilatino in the case of type IIB).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We show that the latter imply the integrability conditions for the generalized structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that the latter imply the integrability conditions for the generalized structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In generalized geometry, the metric degrees of freedom are combined with those of the gauge fields into a generalized metric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In generalized geometry, the metric degrees of freedom are combined with those of the gauge fields into a generalized metric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, the lower dimensional effective theory is supersymmetric if the generalized metric is encoded in structures which are singlets of a generalized G-structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the lower dimensional effective theory is supersymmetric if the generalized metric is encoded in structures which are singlets of a generalized G-structure [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "The group G in this case corresponds to the structure group of the generalized tangent bundle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The group G in this case corresponds to the structure group of the generalized tangent bundle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The latter combines the tangent bundle of the manifold, where the vectors generating the diffeomorphism symmetry of general relativity live, with powers of the cotangent bundle, whose sections are the p-forms generating the gauge symmetry of the supergravity gauge fields.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The latter combines the tangent bundle of the manifold, where the vectors generating the diffeomorphism symmetry of general relativity live, with powers of the cotangent bundle, whose sections are the p-forms generating the gauge symmetry of the supergravity gauge fields.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Flux compactifications play a central role both in the construction of phenomenologicallyrelevant models due to their potential to stabilize moduli, as well as in gauge/gravity duality where they realize duals of less symmetric gauge theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Flux compactifications play a central role both in the construction of phenomenologicallyrelevant models due to their potential to stabilize moduli, as well as in gauge/gravity duality where they realize duals of less symmetric gauge theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There has been significant progress in understanding the geometry of the internal manifolds arising in flux compactifications, using the tool of G-structures, and their extension to generalized geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been significant progress in understanding the geometry of the internal manifolds arising in flux compactifications, using the tool of G-structures, and their extension to generalized geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the lower dimensional effective theory to be supersymmetric, the existence of globally defined spinors on the internal manifold is required.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the lower dimensional effective theory to be supersymmetric, the existence of globally defined spinors on the internal manifold is required [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This leads to a reduction of the structure group on the d-dimensional tangent bundle to a subgroup G ⊂ SO(d), or in other words to have a G-structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This leads to a reduction of the structure group on the d-dimensional tangent bundle to a subgroup G ⊂ SO(d), or in other words to have a G-structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The degrees of freedom of the internal metric are then parameterized by geometric structures which are singlets of the corresponding G-structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The degrees of freedom of the internal metric are then parameterized by geometric structures which are singlets of the corresponding G-structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "While supersymmetric Minkowski backgrounds in the absence of fluxes are described by integrable G-structures, their flux analogues are integrable generalized G structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "While supersymmetric Minkowski backgrounds in the absence of fluxes are described by integrable G-structures, their flux analogues are integrable generalized G structures [4, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]" ] }, { "text": "This geometric reformulation of backgrounds with fluxes gives a characterization that allows in principle to find new solutions, as well as to understand the deformations, which are the moduli of the lower dimensional theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This geometric reformulation of backgrounds with fluxes gives a characterization that allows in principle to find new solutions, as well as to understand the deformations, which are the moduli of the lower dimensional theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the context of gauge/gravity duality, deformations of the background correspond to deformations of the dual gauge theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the context of gauge/gravity duality, deformations of the background correspond to deformations of the dual gauge theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For compactifications to AdS, the G structures are weakly integrable, and so are the corresponding generalized structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For compactifications to AdS, the G structures are weakly integrable, and so are the corresponding generalized structures [10, 12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 12, 13]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The enzymes are highly homologous and, furthermore, there is a universal conserved region that exhibits a significant similarity to the rhizobial nodulation proteins (NodB proteins), certain regions in microbial acetyl xylan esterases, xylanases, peptidoglycan deacetylase and several uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs) in Bacillus sp.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The enzymes are highly homologous and, furthermore, there is a universal conserved region that exhibits a significant similarity to the rhizobial nodulation proteins (NodB proteins), certain regions in microbial acetyl xylan esterases, xylanases, peptidoglycan deacetylase and several uncharacterized open reading frames (ORFs) in Bacillus sp.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This conserved region has been assigned as the NodB homology domain.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This conserved region has been assigned as the NodB homology domain [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Multiple sequence alignment of chitin deacetylase family demonstrates that the sequences contain five well conserved catalytic motifs which make up the active site of the deacetylase domain in the CE-4 family.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Multiple sequence alignment of chitin deacetylase family demonstrates that the sequences contain five well conserved catalytic motifs which make up the active site of the deacetylase domain in the CE-4 family [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The five catalytic motifs cover several conserved histidine and aspartic acid residues, which were similarly observed in other CE-4 family members such as S. pneumoniae peptidoglycan deacetylase and S. lividans xylan esterase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The five catalytic motifs cover several conserved histidine and aspartic acid residues, which were similarly observed in other CE-4 family members such as S. pneumoniae peptidoglycan deacetylase and S. lividans xylan esterase [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Two chitin deacetylase genes, namely CDA1 and CDA2, have been identified in S. cerevisiae.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two chitin deacetylase genes, namely CDA1 and CDA2, have been identified in S. cerevisiae.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of Cda1p (284 amino acids, 34.6 kDa) and Cda2p (274 amino acids, 35.6 kDa) showed an identity of 57% and a similarity of 72% throughout their entire amino acid sequence, with a gap of 10 amino acids starting at position 39 of Cda1p.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of Cda1p (284 amino acids, 34.6 kDa) and Cda2p (274 amino acids, 35.6 kDa) showed an identity of 57% and a similarity of 72% throughout their entire amino acid sequence, with a gap of 10 amino acids starting at position 39 of Cda1p [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Cda2p is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 43 kDa and a carbohydrate content of approximately 18% by weight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cda2p is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 43 kDa and a carbohydrate content of approximately 18% by weight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The purified enzyme has an optimum pH of 8.0 and an optimum temperature of activity at 50˚C, requires at least two N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues (chitobiose) for catalysis, and is partially inhibited by acetate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The purified enzyme has an optimum pH of 8.0 and an optimum temperature of activity at 50˚C, requires at least two N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues (chitobiose) for catalysis, and is partially inhibited by acetate [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Chitin is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of β-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) units found in the shells of crustaceans, cuticles of insects, cell walls of fungi, and in a number of other lower plants and animals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chitin is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of β-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) units found in the shells of crustaceans, cuticles of insects, cell walls of fungi, and in a number of other lower plants and animals [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In nature, 10 gigatons of chitin is synthesized and degraded each year.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In nature, 10 gigatons of chitin is synthesized and degraded each year.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chitin polymer displays a 0.9% degree of acetylation, 7% nitrogen content, and nitrogen/carbon ratio of 0.146.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The chitin polymer displays a 0.9% degree of acetylation, 7% nitrogen content, and nitrogen/carbon ratio of 0.146 [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The mode of action of CDA from M. rouxii has been investigated on a ~32% randomly deacetylated watersoluble chitosan substrate, with an average polymerizetion degree of 30.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mode of action of CDA from M. rouxii has been investigated on a ~32% randomly deacetylated watersoluble chitosan substrate, with an average polymerizetion degree of 30.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the enzyme hydrolysed the acetyl groups of the substrate according to a multiple-attack mechanism with a degree of multiple attack of three.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Using 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the enzyme hydrolysed the acetyl groups of the substrate according to a multiple-attack mechanism with a degree of multiple attack of three.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is the maximum number of successive deacetylations that could be achieved by the enzyme because the maximum number of the consecutive N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues that were found in this substrate polymer was three.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is the maximum number of successive deacetylations that could be achieved by the enzyme because the maximum number of the consecutive N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues that were found in this substrate polymer was three [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "However, one of the most interesting application of MTS-based structures is the realization of low-profile lightweight antennas for space applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, one of the most interesting application of MTS-based structures is the realization of low-profile lightweight antennas for space applications [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "By modulating the characteristic surface impedance, a transition from a cylindrical SW excited form the center to a leaky-wave (LW) is obtained using a MTS-based structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By modulating the characteristic surface impedance, a transition from a cylindrical SW excited form the center to a leaky-wave (LW) is obtained using a MTS-based structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By means of the modulation of the scalar or tensor impedance characteristics of the isotropic or anisotropic surfaces, beam pointing, shape and radiated field polarization can be tailored for different applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By means of the modulation of the scalar or tensor impedance characteristics of the isotropic or anisotropic surfaces, beam pointing, shape and radiated field polarization can be tailored for different applications [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "Most of the configurations found in the literature work in single-mode operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the configurations found in the literature work in single-mode operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, a single TM SW is supported in such structures, and consequently, single circular polarization (CP) performance is obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, a single TM SW is supported in such structures, and consequently, single circular polarization (CP) performance is obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to obtain dual circularly polarized broadside radiation, two modes of TM and TE nature need to be supported by the MTS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to obtain dual circularly polarized broadside radiation, two modes of TM and TE nature need to be supported by the MTS [19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "In these solutions, both modes must have decoupled propagation, be balanced in amplitude and phase synchronized.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In these solutions, both modes must have decoupled propagation, be balanced in amplitude and phase synchronized.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When these modes interact with a properly modulated surface impedance tensor, a LW radiates outside the structure towards the broadside with the right-hand (RH) or left-hand (LH) CP, depending on the feed phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When these modes interact with a properly modulated surface impedance tensor, a LW radiates outside the structure towards the broadside with the right-hand (RH) or left-hand (LH) CP, depending on the feed phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main goal of this work is to discuss a practical pixel geometry supporting the propagation of TM and TE modes balanced in phase that can be employed to implement dual circularly polarized MTS antennas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main goal of this work is to discuss a practical pixel geometry supporting the propagation of TM and TE modes balanced in phase that can be employed to implement dual circularly polarized MTS antennas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Due to the interest in bioactive compounds, there is a need to identify and quantify the compounds present in these fruits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to the interest in bioactive compounds, there is a need to identify and quantify the compounds present in these fruits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some components, such as phenolic compounds, are present in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables; however, others are specific to a particular fruit or vegetable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some components, such as phenolic compounds, are present in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables; however, others are specific to a particular fruit or vegetable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There may also be variations in components or concentrations of a compound in the same plant, according to the variety, climatic conditions, soil type, geographic location and maturation stage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There may also be variations in components or concentrations of a compound in the same plant, according to the variety, climatic conditions, soil type, geographic location and maturation stage [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The chromatograph consisted of a Shimadzu-HPLC system with an automatic injector, a UV-visible detector set at 280 nm, and an RP-18 CLC-ODS column (5 mm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) with the stationary phase and an octadecyl guard column CLC-GODS (4) with the octadecyl stationary phase surface, both of which were pre-conditioned at 25˚C. The mobile phase consisted of an elution gradient of aqueous acetic acid (99:1, v/v) (A) and methanol (B) with a flow of 0.8 mL/min and a total running time of 45 minutes, according to the methodology described by Zambiazi.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The chromatograph consisted of a Shimadzu-HPLC system with an automatic injector, a UV-visible detector set at 280 nm, and an RP-18 CLC-ODS column (5 mm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) with the stationary phase and an octadecyl guard column CLC-GODS (4) with the octadecyl stationary phase surface, both of which were pre-conditioned at 25˚C. The mobile phase consisted of an elution gradient of aqueous acetic acid (99:1, v/v) (A) and methanol (B) with a flow of 0.8 mL/min and a total running time of 45 minutes, according to the methodology described by Zambiazi [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The mobile phase consisted of 100% A for 25 minutes, 60% B and 40% A from 25 to 37 minutes, 95% A and 5% B from 37 to 42 minutes, and then the initial mobile phase (100% A) after 45 minutes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mobile phase consisted of 100% A for 25 minutes, 60% B and 40% A from 25 to 37 minutes, 95% A and 5% B from 37 to 42 minutes, and then the initial mobile phase (100% A) after 45 minutes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified based on the calibration curves of standards, including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, epicatechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, myricetin and kaempferol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified based on the calibration curves of standards, including p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, epicatechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, myricetin and kaempferol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results are expressed in mg of phenolic compound per 100 g of fresh fruit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results are expressed in mg of phenolic compound per 100 g of fresh fruit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "This study consists of two experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study consists of two experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first experiment, we reared paired sibships at high and low densities to determine the effect of larval density on the primary sex ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first experiment, we reared paired sibships at high and low densities to determine the effect of larval density on the primary sex ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We also compared siblings reared at high and low densities with respect to adult body size, female fecundity, and male mating success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We also compared siblings reared at high and low densities with respect to adult body size, female fecundity, and male mating success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our density manipulation created two unnatural conditions: (1) females were mated several days after reaching sexual maturity, and (2) males competed over virgin adult females.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our density manipulation created two unnatural conditions: (1) females were mated several days after reaching sexual maturity, and (2) males competed over virgin adult females.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under natural conditions, males compete over sexually immature female copepodites and guard them until their terminal molt, after which mating immediately occurs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under natural conditions, males compete over sexually immature female copepodites and guard them until their terminal molt, after which mating immediately occurs (Haderlie et al. 1980; Burton 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Haderlie et al. 1980; Burton 1985)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, in the second experiment we used naturally mated, fieldsampled copepods to quantify fecundity and sexual selection on female and male body size, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, in the second experiment we used naturally mated, fieldsampled copepods to quantify fecundity and sexual selection on female and male body size, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Okra fiber (OF) is obtained from okra plant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Okra fiber (OF) is obtained from okra plant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The scientific name of the plant is Abelmoschus esculentus which is under the family of Malvaceae, abundantly available in Bangladesh and also in some other tropical countries in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The scientific name of the plant is Abelmoschus esculentus which is under the family of Malvaceae, abundantly available in Bangladesh and also in some other tropical countries in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fibers can be extracted from the outward cell layers of the stem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fibers can be extracted from the outward cell layers of the stem [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Presently the fiber has no economic value as the plant is subjected to combustion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Presently the fiber has no economic value as the plant is subjected to combustion [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "But the mucilage of okra fiber can be applicable for the production of decomposable polymer materials with proper grafting process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "But the mucilage of okra fiber can be applicable for the production of decomposable polymer materials with proper grafting process [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The composition of OF is hemicellulose (15-20%), α-cellulose (60-70%), pectin (3-5%) and lignin (5-10%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The composition of OF is hemicellulose (15-20%), α-cellulose (60-70%), pectin (3-5%) and lignin (5-10%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fiber showed improved tenacity (40.1-60.5 MPa) and moderate elongation at break (3-6%) also.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fiber showed improved tenacity (40.1-60.5 MPa) and moderate elongation at break (3-6%) also [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "The current study of mechanical and morphological properties of okra fiber confirm that it can be a potential candidate as reinforcing material in the composite field which is comparable to those of other common lignocellulose fibers like jute, hemp, flax, pineapple leaf fiber.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study of mechanical and morphological properties of okra fiber confirm that it can be a potential candidate as reinforcing material in the composite field which is comparable to those of other common lignocellulose fibers like jute, hemp, flax, pineapple leaf fiber [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Natural fibers have several advantages; for example, they have acceptable toughness, cheaper, improved strength, recyclable, biodegradable and cause no skin irritation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Natural fibers have several advantages; for example, they have acceptable toughness, cheaper, improved strength, recyclable, biodegradable and cause no skin irritation [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24] [25] [26] [27] [28]" ] }, { "text": "Although several advantages, cellulosic fibers endure the drawback of nonresistance to high temperature and proneness to moisture absorption.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although several advantages, cellulosic fibers endure the drawback of nonresistance to high temperature and proneness to moisture absorption [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "The composites prepared with nonpolar thermoplastic matrix and hydrophilic natural fiber result in reduced mechanical properties due to the poor affinity between the plastic material and fiber.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The composites prepared with nonpolar thermoplastic matrix and hydrophilic natural fiber result in reduced mechanical properties due to the poor affinity between the plastic material and fiber [30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30]" ] }, { "text": "The mechanical properties of the composites can be enhanced by modification of natural reinforcing fibers by various physical and chemical methods such as alkali/mercerization, monomer grafting under UV and γ radiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The mechanical properties of the composites can be enhanced by modification of natural reinforcing fibers by various physical and chemical methods such as alkali/mercerization, monomer grafting under UV and γ radiation [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Our example applications focus on radio signals emitted by ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) which initiate extensive particle showers in the atmosphere.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our example applications focus on radio signals emitted by ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) which initiate extensive particle showers in the atmosphere.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "UHECRs are likely protons and nuclei with energies extending from 10 18 eV to above 10 20 eV. The UHECR flux decreases from 63 (km 2 yr sr) −1 at 10 18 eV to only 10 −3 (km 2 yr sr) −1 at 10 20 eV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "UHECRs are likely protons and nuclei with energies extending from 10 18 eV to above 10 20 eV. The UHECR flux decreases from 63 (km 2 yr sr) −1 at 10 18 eV to only 10 −3 (km 2 yr sr) −1 at 10 20 eV [21, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21, 22]" ] }, { "text": "Due to their electric charge and propagation through interstellar and intergalactic magnetic fields, no point source has been identified so far.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to their electric charge and propagation through interstellar and intergalactic magnetic fields, no point source has been identified so far.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To overcome these challenges, one looks for precise, reliable and low-cost measurement techniques, capable of achieving exposures well above ten thousand km 2 sr yr.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To overcome these challenges, one looks for precise, reliable and low-cost measurement techniques, capable of achieving exposures well above ten thousand km 2 sr yr.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By accumulating sufficient statistics and having a precise reconstruction of a UHECR's arrival direction, energy and mass composition, one can search for an excess of arrival directions around selected astronomical objects in the sky, with an angular offset related to the particle's electric charge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By accumulating sufficient statistics and having a precise reconstruction of a UHECR's arrival direction, energy and mass composition, one can search for an excess of arrival directions around selected astronomical objects in the sky, with an angular offset related to the particle's electric charge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another approach is to search for ultra-high energy neutral particles, like photons and neutrinos, and use them for the identification of point sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another approach is to search for ultra-high energy neutral particles, like photons and neutrinos, and use them for the identification of point sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both cases, one would need a solid triggering system followed by precise reconstruction of measured air showers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both cases, one would need a solid triggering system followed by precise reconstruction of measured air showers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We presented two neural network models which successfully identify air shower signals and reconstruct the signal energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We presented two neural network models which successfully identify air shower signals and reconstruct the signal energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These networks can be used in any current or future observatory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These networks can be used in any current or future observatory [42, 61] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF41", "BIBREF59" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[42, 61]" ] }, { "text": "The authors foresee additional improvements in both analyses by using the signal measured by two channels in an antenna, or by exploring the information in the frequency spectrum of measured traces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The authors foresee additional improvements in both analyses by using the signal measured by two channels in an antenna, or by exploring the information in the frequency spectrum of measured traces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Gastrointestinal stroma tumors (GIST) are mesenchymal malignancies that represent the most frequent subtype of sarcomas and are usually characterized by mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA proto-oncogenes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Gastrointestinal stroma tumors (GIST) are mesenchymal malignancies that represent the most frequent subtype of sarcomas and are usually characterized by mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA proto-oncogenes [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "GISTs can develop at any site of the gastrointestinal tract, most common in the stomach with a frequency of about 60-70 percent, followed by the small intestine (about 30 percent).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GISTs can develop at any site of the gastrointestinal tract, most common in the stomach with a frequency of about 60-70 percent, followed by the small intestine (about 30 percent) [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The median age at presentation is 65 years, and patients typically present with symptoms such as pain, anaemia and/or bleeding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The median age at presentation is 65 years, and patients typically present with symptoms such as pain, anaemia and/or bleeding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a major part of GISTs are detected in a localized and therefore operable stage.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a major part of GISTs are detected in a localized and therefore operable stage [6, 7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6, 7]" ] }, { "text": "Operative resection is the standard treatment in a localized stadium and should be carried out whenever feasible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Operative resection is the standard treatment in a localized stadium and should be carried out whenever feasible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fifteenyear recurrence-free survival (RFS) after surgery alone has been reported in up to 59.9% of cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fifteenyear recurrence-free survival (RFS) after surgery alone has been reported in up to 59.9% of cases [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "However, estimating the risk of tumor recurrence is of great clinical impact in the management of operable GIST, because in the era of adjuvant imatinib treatment, the accurate determination of the risk for tumor recurrence is increasingly important to select the appropriate patients for adjuvant therapy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, estimating the risk of tumor recurrence is of great clinical impact in the management of operable GIST, because in the era of adjuvant imatinib treatment, the accurate determination of the risk for tumor recurrence is increasingly important to select the appropriate patients for adjuvant therapy [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "It is well known that solutions of initial value problems for (1.1) may loose their regularity in a finite time even if the initial data are smooth, developing shock waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that solutions of initial value problems for (1.1) may loose their regularity in a finite time even if the initial data are smooth, developing shock waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the solution must be understood in the weak sense, and uniqueness of the solution is lost.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the solution must be understood in the weak sense, and uniqueness of the solution is lost.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to retrieve uniqueness, the system must be completed with an entropy inequality, characterizing the unique admissible weak solutions of (1.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to retrieve uniqueness, the system must be completed with an entropy inequality, characterizing the unique admissible weak solutions of (1.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, we will consider systems of the form (1.1) possessing an entropy-entropy flux pair, that is we assume there exist a convex function η(u) and a corresponding entropy flux ψ(u) verifying the compatibility condition ∇ T η A(u) = ∇ T ψ.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, we will consider systems of the form (1.1) possessing an entropy-entropy flux pair, that is we assume there exist a convex function η(u) and a corresponding entropy flux ψ(u) verifying the compatibility condition ∇ T η A(u) = ∇ T ψ [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Then it is well known that entropy solutions of (1.1) must satisfy the entropy inequality η t +ψ x (u) ≤ 0 (1.2) in the weak sense for all entropies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then it is well known that entropy solutions of (1.1) must satisfy the entropy inequality η t +ψ x (u) ≤ 0 (1.2) in the weak sense for all entropies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numerical integration of (1.1) is challenging because the solution can exhibit a very complex structure: discontinuities may arise and disappear through the interaction with other waves present in the flow.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical integration of (1.1) is challenging because the solution can exhibit a very complex structure: discontinuities may arise and disappear through the interaction with other waves present in the flow.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these reasons, several attempts to the construction of adaptive grids have appeared in the literature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these reasons, several attempts to the construction of adaptive grids have appeared in the literature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Adaptive grids seek to achieve a good resolution in regions where the flow varies rapidly, and an effective error control where the flow does not have a complex structure, and high resolution is not needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adaptive grids seek to achieve a good resolution in regions where the flow varies rapidly, and an effective error control where the flow does not have a complex structure, and high resolution is not needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Raw propolis is processed by water washing and dissolving in 95 % ethanol to remove wax and organic debris; the resulting mixture is often known as propolis tincture, \"propolis balsam\" or ethanol extract of propolis (EEP).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Raw propolis is processed by water washing and dissolving in 95 % ethanol to remove wax and organic debris; the resulting mixture is often known as propolis tincture, \"propolis balsam\" or ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The recorded use of propolis dates to as far as 300 BC and has continued as topical home remedies, as well as an ingredient in toothpaste and dental floss, and as a healthfood/dietary supplement in various dosage forms -tablets, capsules, ampoules and syrups.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The recorded use of propolis dates to as far as 300 BC and has continued as topical home remedies, as well as an ingredient in toothpaste and dental floss, and as a healthfood/dietary supplement in various dosage forms -tablets, capsules, ampoules and syrups [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The United States Department of Agriculture describes propolis as follows: \"….a gum that is gathered by bees from various plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The United States Department of Agriculture describes propolis as follows: \"….a gum that is gathered by bees from various plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may vary in color from light yellow to dark brown; it may cause staining of the comb or frame and may be found in extracted honey\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It may vary in color from light yellow to dark brown; it may cause staining of the comb or frame and may be found in extracted honey\" [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "As stated earlier, the mode of drug release from waxy matrices is usually by erosion/diffusion of drugs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As stated earlier, the mode of drug release from waxy matrices is usually by erosion/diffusion of drugs [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "There are different possible mechanisms by which this occurs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are different possible mechanisms by which this occurs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first and most often encountered mechanism is drug diffussion through the outside layers of the matrix, and is known as \"Fickian\" release.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first and most often encountered mechanism is drug diffussion through the outside layers of the matrix, and is known as \"Fickian\" release.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second mechanism is non-Fickian or anomalous transport while the third is \"zero-order\" release mechanism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second mechanism is non-Fickian or anomalous transport while the third is \"zero-order\" release mechanism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All of the formulations exhibited retarded release of drug.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All of the formulations exhibited retarded release of drug.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, increasing the ratio of propolis extracts resulted in further decrease in the drug release.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, increasing the ratio of propolis extracts resulted in further decrease in the drug release.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the dissolution medium slowly penetrated the granules, resulting in a slow release of the drug.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the dissolution medium slowly penetrated the granules, resulting in a slow release of the drug.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the present study, drug release from F13 exhibited zero order kinetics which means that although the formulation was a matrix system, the CEP coating around the drug particles functioned as a memberane system through which controlled drug diffusion occurred.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present study, drug release from F13 exhibited zero order kinetics which means that although the formulation was a matrix system, the CEP coating around the drug particles functioned as a memberane system through which controlled drug diffusion occurred.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Apparently, in formulations F1 to F12, there was insufficient matrix material to form a membrane system, and hence release did not follow zero order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Apparently, in formulations F1 to F12, there was insufficient matrix material to form a membrane system, and hence release did not follow zero order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Drug release from non-swellable matrices is governed primarily by diffusion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Drug release from non-swellable matrices is governed primarily by diffusion [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "The rate of drug release from matrix systems decreases as a function of time because the diffusional path length for drug release decreases with time as the solvent front moves toward the center of the matrix.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The rate of drug release from matrix systems decreases as a function of time because the diffusional path length for drug release decreases with time as the solvent front moves toward the center of the matrix.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The absence of positive deviation from linearity indicates that the drug is released primarily by diffusion and that erosion contributes negligibly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The absence of positive deviation from linearity indicates that the drug is released primarily by diffusion and that erosion contributes negligibly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "F13 formulation showed an optimal drug release properties as it closely approximated zero order.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "F13 formulation showed an optimal drug release properties as it closely approximated zero order.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It seems that the dissolution of drug particles at the surface of other formulations allowed the establishment of channels in the matrix through which drug was released.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems that the dissolution of drug particles at the surface of other formulations allowed the establishment of channels in the matrix through which drug was released.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, release rate was higher in these formulations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, release rate was higher in these formulations [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The results indicate that indomethacin from the capsule formulations was pH-dependent, with < 5% of the drug released at acidic pH. The formulations showed a relatively rapid initial drug release during the first hour, followed by a slower release rate, except F13, which showed a relatively constant release rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results indicate that indomethacin from the capsule formulations was pH-dependent, with < 5% of the drug released at acidic pH. The formulations showed a relatively rapid initial drug release during the first hour, followed by a slower release rate, except F13, which showed a relatively constant release rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initial rapid drug release may be due to the formation of a solid dispersion of the drug in the waxy material on the surface of the granules; on the other hand, the drug present in the deeper interstices of the granules was released at a slower rate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial rapid drug release may be due to the formation of a solid dispersion of the drug in the waxy material on the surface of the granules; on the other hand, the drug present in the deeper interstices of the granules was released at a slower rate [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "The slower but steadier release of F13 (in which the ratio of CEP to indomethacin was 1:1) is probably due to complete coating of the drug particles by CEP, would have hindered the penetration of the dissolution medium through the matrix.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The slower but steadier release of F13 (in which the ratio of CEP to indomethacin was 1:1) is probably due to complete coating of the drug particles by CEP, would have hindered the penetration of the dissolution medium through the matrix.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Chemometric techniques such as partial least squares (PLSs) have been used in the analytical chemistry in order to predict the amount of a specific compound in a sample using the spectral information.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemometric techniques such as partial least squares (PLSs) have been used in the analytical chemistry in order to predict the amount of a specific compound in a sample using the spectral information [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Chemometrics have a great significance in the pharmaceutical area, since it deals with the analysis of chemical data of multivariate nature, collected through multichannel detectors, where the intensities of the signal in different wavelengths are recorded in one single spectrum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemometrics have a great significance in the pharmaceutical area, since it deals with the analysis of chemical data of multivariate nature, collected through multichannel detectors, where the intensities of the signal in different wavelengths are recorded in one single spectrum [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Chemometrics uses mathematical and statistical methods to provide as much chemical information as possible with the analysis of the obtained data, even in the presence of experimental noise, interferences of unknown nature, collinearities, and nonlinearities, besides it is sufficiently robust to allow no need for changes in the input parameters with the inclusion of new samples to the model.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chemometrics uses mathematical and statistical methods to provide as much chemical information as possible with the analysis of the obtained data, even in the presence of experimental noise, interferences of unknown nature, collinearities, and nonlinearities, besides it is sufficiently robust to allow no need for changes in the input parameters with the inclusion of new samples to the model [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The Raman spectra of the acetaminophen solutions in the range of 600 to 1800 cm −1 , with concentrations ranging from 140 to 240 mg/mL and normalized by the band at 1450 cm −1 , are shown in Figure 3 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Raman spectra of the acetaminophen solutions in the range of 600 to 1800 cm −1 , with concentrations ranging from 140 to 240 mg/mL and normalized by the band at 1450 cm −1 , are shown in Figure 3 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These spectra are dominated by peaks from acetaminophen and in some extent by the excipient, mainly ethylene glycol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These spectra are dominated by peaks from acetaminophen and in some extent by the excipient, mainly ethylene glycol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Figure 4 shows the Raman spectra of acetaminophen: Figure 4.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Figure 4 shows the Raman spectra of acetaminophen: Figure 4 [25] [26] [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26", "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25] [26] [27]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Growing concerns regarding renewable energy and wastewater treatment have earned much attention in modern science.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Growing concerns regarding renewable energy and wastewater treatment have earned much attention in modern science.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among biological sources, microalgae are more successful for their high growth rate, high photosynthetic efficiency, and high nutrient uptake with their cultivation ability on non-arable land.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among biological sources, microalgae are more successful for their high growth rate, high photosynthetic efficiency, and high nutrient uptake with their cultivation ability on non-arable land.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microalgae have the ability to produce biofuel, bioproducts, and bio fertilizers with simultaneous wastewater treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Microalgae have the ability to produce biofuel, bioproducts, and bio fertilizers with simultaneous wastewater treatment [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]" ] }, { "text": "Compared to other wastewater treatment processes like physical and chemical, microalgae-based treatment is more economic and viable for its dual ability of bioproduct production as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to other wastewater treatment processes like physical and chemical, microalgae-based treatment is more economic and viable for its dual ability of bioproduct production as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They can use wastewater as their growth nutrients and can produce biofuel and bioproducts.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They can use wastewater as their growth nutrients and can produce biofuel and bioproducts [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Data in Fig. 3 and 4 might indicate that the photoluminescence activity of Si-V centres, ie creation of Si vacancy pairs, is influenced by the quality of the diamond film.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Data in Fig. 3 and 4 might indicate that the photoluminescence activity of Si-V centres, ie creation of Si vacancy pairs, is influenced by the quality of the diamond film.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On one hand, these results are influenced by grain sizes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On one hand, these results are influenced by grain sizes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Incorporation of vacancies into NCD is due to nonequilibrium of the growth process and the presence of other defects, eg grain boundaries and sp 2 phase.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Incorporation of vacancies into NCD is due to nonequilibrium of the growth process and the presence of other defects, eg grain boundaries and sp 2 phase [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, only a few percent of vacancies are formed on the surface of CVD diamond.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, only a few percent of vacancies are formed on the surface of CVD diamond [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "It seems that we have entered to a new century of biology, in which \"the new frontier is the interface, wherever it remains unexplored\" and \"progress is based ultimately on unification\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It seems that we have entered to a new century of biology, in which \"the new frontier is the interface, wherever it remains unexplored\" and \"progress is based ultimately on unification\" (Kafatos and Eisner 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kafatos and Eisner 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Recently, biological physics became a new frontier of natural sciences.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, biological physics became a new frontier of natural sciences (Phillips and Quake 2006; Sung, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF60", "BIBREF69" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Phillips and Quake 2006; Sung, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Biological physics is the interdisciplinary effort to cross the barriers between physics and biology from the biology side.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Biological physics is the interdisciplinary effort to cross the barriers between physics and biology from the biology side (Sung, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF69" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sung, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "While biophysics considers the biology-physics interface from the physics side, biological physics seems to be predestined to embrace physics on a biological basis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While biophysics considers the biology-physics interface from the physics side, biological physics seems to be predestined to embrace physics on a biological basis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "IoT industry began to take place within the world; there is a high competition between different businesses; for example companies always try to get the chance to gain the competitive advantages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "IoT industry began to take place within the world; there is a high competition between different businesses; for example companies always try to get the chance to gain the competitive advantages [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "IoT improves many aspects of one's life; not only saves time but also it's very convenient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IoT improves many aspects of one's life; not only saves time but also it's very convenient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Computers can keep track on both the quality and viability of things.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Computers can keep track on both the quality and viability of things.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Knowing the expiration dates of products surely leads to an improvement in safety and quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Knowing the expiration dates of products surely leads to an improvement in safety and quality [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "IoT is one of the ways that will cause a reinvention of various industrial sectors leading to a new and more enhanced level of productivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IoT is one of the ways that will cause a reinvention of various industrial sectors leading to a new and more enhanced level of productivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to that, it will enable machines to conduct work while continually assessing risk.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to that, it will enable machines to conduct work while continually assessing risk.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The companies will have the opportunities to identify customers, understand their needs, and facilitate a quick reliable and service.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The companies will have the opportunities to identify customers, understand their needs, and facilitate a quick reliable and service.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The approach followed in this paper is based on the use of the exact evolution equation (30).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The approach followed in this paper is based on the use of the exact evolution equation (30).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the same spirit, an evolution equation for the PS can be written, and its results can be compared with alternative approaches presented in the recent literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On the same spirit, an evolution equation for the PS can be written, and its results can be compared with alternative approaches presented in the recent literature [9, 12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "This will be the subject of a forthcoming publication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This will be the subject of a forthcoming publication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The resummation of this extended class of diagrams is greatly simplified by the use of the time evolution equation for the full propagator, Eq. (58).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resummation of this extended class of diagrams is greatly simplified by the use of the time evolution equation for the full propagator, Eq. (58).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead of dealing with a complex diagrammatic analysis, the task is reduced to the solution of a differential equation for the full propagator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead of dealing with a complex diagrammatic analysis, the task is reduced to the solution of a differential equation for the full propagator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The crucial element in this equation is the self-energỹ Σ ab .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The crucial element in this equation is the self-energỹ Σ ab .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Approximating it with the 1-loop self-energy gives the CS result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximating it with the 1-loop self-energy gives the CS result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, the renormalized chain-diagrams resummation is achieved by considering aΣ ab which is still formally 1-loop, but with the linear PS replaced by the non-linear one, see Fig. 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the renormalized chain-diagrams resummation is achieved by considering aΣ ab which is still formally 1-loop, but with the linear PS replaced by the non-linear one, see Fig. 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have tested two different approximations for the non-linear PS: the 1-loop approximation, and the result of the TRG evolution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We have tested two different approximations for the non-linear PS: the 1-loop approximation, and the result of the TRG evolution [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "The former gives results that depend sensibly on the UV cutoff in the loop integral.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The former gives results that depend sensibly on the UV cutoff in the loop integral.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is to be expected since, at low redshift, the 1-loop PS becomes unreliable, and even negative, al large momenta.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is to be expected since, at low redshift, the 1-loop PS becomes unreliable, and even negative, al large momenta.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "We investigate a ΛCDM cosmology close to the best-fit model (Ω m = 0.25, Ω b h 2 = 0.0224, h = 0.72, n = 0.97 and σ 8 = 0.8).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We investigate a ΛCDM cosmology close to the best-fit model (Ω m = 0.25, Ω b h 2 = 0.0224, h = 0.72, n = 0.97 and σ 8 = 0.8).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initial time, η = 0, is taken to correspond to the physical redshift z in = 100.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial time, η = 0, is taken to correspond to the physical redshift z in = 100.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At η = 0 we set the initial conditions for the evolution equation (58) and for the TRG equations needed to compute the PS (see Appendix B).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At η = 0 we set the initial conditions for the evolution equation (58) and for the TRG equations needed to compute the PS (see Appendix B).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We set the initial conditions for the PS by matching it with the linear PS obtained by the CAMB code.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We set the initial conditions for the PS by matching it with the linear PS obtained by the CAMB code [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "For the propagator, we use the explicit expression given in Eq..", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the propagator, we use the explicit expression given in Eq. (12) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(12)" ] }, { "text": "The integration of the TRG equations requires also initial values for the bispectra.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The integration of the TRG equations requires also initial values for the bispectra.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We set them to zero, i.e., we neglect all non-Gaussianities generated at redshifts higher than z = 100.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We set them to zero, i.e., we neglect all non-Gaussianities generated at redshifts higher than z = 100.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The recent passage of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) dependent mandate has significantly increased the number of young adults that are covered by health insurance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The recent passage of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) dependent mandate has significantly increased the number of young adults that are covered by health insurance (Antwi et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Antwi et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "Given this increase in coverage, an important question deserves attention: does having health insurance coverage increase one's health status?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given this increase in coverage, an important question deserves attention: does having health insurance coverage increase one's health status?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The motivation of this study is to empirically investigate how having health insurance coverage impacts the health status of young adults.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The motivation of this study is to empirically investigate how having health insurance coverage impacts the health status of young adults.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Application of stem cells to CLI patients is usually accompanied by relief in pain in a short period of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Application of stem cells to CLI patients is usually accompanied by relief in pain in a short period of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this respect, it is worth to mention an interesting recent observation that BM-MSCs promote neuronal regeneration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this respect, it is worth to mention an interesting recent observation that BM-MSCs promote neuronal regeneration [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Cytokines released by BM-MSCs are main driving molecules in reparatory processes in CLI patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cytokines released by BM-MSCs are main driving molecules in reparatory processes in CLI patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In our paper, we have observed statistically significant relation between positive healing process and the number of haematopoietic CD34 + cells in the concentrate of nuclear bone marrow cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In our paper, we have observed statistically significant relation between positive healing process and the number of haematopoietic CD34 + cells in the concentrate of nuclear bone marrow cells [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "It is likely that MSCs and CD34 + cells act synergistically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is likely that MSCs and CD34 + cells act synergistically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The similar example of clinical benefits of the transplantation of whole bone marrow containing MSCs was reported in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The similar example of clinical benefits of the transplantation of whole bone marrow containing MSCs was reported in children with osteogenesis imperfecta [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Feeding represents up to 70% total production costs in the poultry sector, mainly due to the high cost of ingredients comprising the base of diets, such as corn and soybean meal, which represent 80-90% ingredients in feed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Feeding represents up to 70% total production costs in the poultry sector, mainly due to the high cost of ingredients comprising the base of diets, such as corn and soybean meal, which represent 80-90% ingredients in feed (Rodrigues, Rostagno, & Albino, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rodrigues, Rostagno, & Albino, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, price variation of these ingredients throughout the year creates an opportunity for the use of alternative ingredients in animal feed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, price variation of these ingredients throughout the year creates an opportunity for the use of alternative ingredients in animal feed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Alternative food may maintain production rates and quality of the final product, in addition to reducing the production costs, becoming useful in profit optimization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alternative food may maintain production rates and quality of the final product, in addition to reducing the production costs, becoming useful in profit optimization (Brum Júnior et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Brum Júnior et al., 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The retropharyngeal and prestyloid spaces are close to the nasopharynx and are the most common sites of parapharyngeal extension in NPC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The retropharyngeal and prestyloid spaces are close to the nasopharynx and are the most common sites of parapharyngeal extension in NPC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The prevertebral space, located behind the retropharyngeal space, is also a high risk site for tumor involvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The prevertebral space, located behind the retropharyngeal space, is also a high risk site for tumor involvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Prevertebral space involvement in hypopharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma is regarded as unresectable disease (T4b) and is usually associated with poor survival.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prevertebral space involvement in hypopharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma is regarded as unresectable disease (T4b) and is usually associated with poor survival [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "However, excellent local control and long term survival can be achieved in patients with prevertebral space involvement in NPC if they are treated with curative radiotherapy, especially IMRT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, excellent local control and long term survival can be achieved in patients with prevertebral space involvement in NPC if they are treated with curative radiotherapy, especially IMRT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our data indicate that the OS, LRFS, and DMFS of patients with prevertebral space involvement were approximately similar to those of patients with retropharyngeal or prestyloid space involvement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data indicate that the OS, LRFS, and DMFS of patients with prevertebral space involvement were approximately similar to those of patients with retropharyngeal or prestyloid space involvement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, involvement of the prevertebral space, together with the retropharyngeal and prestyloid spaces, may be classified as mild parapharyngeal extension.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, involvement of the prevertebral space, together with the retropharyngeal and prestyloid spaces, may be classified as mild parapharyngeal extension.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the prognostic importance of parotid space involvement in NPC has not been emphasized in previous studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the prognostic importance of parotid space involvement in NPC has not been emphasized in previous studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our data indicated that parotid gland involvement was accompanied by lateral tumor spread to the lateral pterygoid muscle, and the prognostic importance of parotid gland involvement in NPC was similar to that of lateral pterygoid muscle invasion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data indicated that parotid gland involvement was accompanied by lateral tumor spread to the lateral pterygoid muscle, and the prognostic importance of parotid gland involvement in NPC was similar to that of lateral pterygoid muscle invasion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in the world and there are about 400,200 people died from EC in 2012.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related death in the world and there are about 400,200 people died from EC in 2012 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major histological subtype among all types of the esophageal tumors, especially in China.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major histological subtype among all types of the esophageal tumors, especially in China [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Limitations of the traditional chemotherapeutic treatment and an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis account for the worse prognosis of patients with ESCC.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Limitations of the traditional chemotherapeutic treatment and an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis account for the worse prognosis of patients with ESCC [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "It is necessary to identify new anti-ESCC molecular targets and develop novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate its outcome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is necessary to identify new anti-ESCC molecular targets and develop novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate its outcome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Ajifer L14 is a liquid product resulting from fermentation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ajifer L14 is a liquid product resulting from fermentation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This process occurs when sugarcane syrup is fermented in the production of L-lysine and L-Threonine, which are amino acids used as feed supplement for poultry and swine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This process occurs when sugarcane syrup is fermented in the production of L-lysine and L-Threonine, which are amino acids used as feed supplement for poultry and swine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fertilizer has been widely used as a rich source of N, S and OM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This fertilizer has been widely used as a rich source of N, S and OM (Costa et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Costa et al., 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Livestock farming is one of the most important economic activities in the Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation) region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Livestock farming is one of the most important economic activities in the Cerrado (savannah-like vegetation) region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More than half of an estimated total of 48 million hectares in the region are Brachiaria decumbens pastures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More than half of an estimated total of 48 million hectares in the region are Brachiaria decumbens pastures (Soares et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Soares et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "However, approximately 80 % of the pastures in the Cerrado are partially degraded, as indicated by the low productivity and low support capacity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, approximately 80 % of the pastures in the Cerrado are partially degraded, as indicated by the low productivity and low support capacity (Lima et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lima et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "The low productivity can be explained by the lack of fertilization and liming at recommended quantities and the degradation of the physical soil quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The low productivity can be explained by the lack of fertilization and liming at recommended quantities and the degradation of the physical soil quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The recovery of these areas is fundamental for environmental, technical, and economical reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The recovery of these areas is fundamental for environmental, technical, and economical reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To recover these areas, it is essential to improve soil fertility and manage forage plants properly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To recover these areas, it is essential to improve soil fertility and manage forage plants properly (Oliveira et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Oliveira et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The study of wood aging is of great importance in Japan because of its long history of wood culture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of wood aging is of great importance in Japan because of its long history of wood culture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Archeological wood decomposes at an archeological site because of natural phenomena, such as biodegradation, weathering (lightning), and aging.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Archeological wood decomposes at an archeological site because of natural phenomena, such as biodegradation, weathering (lightning), and aging [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Changes in archeological wood are evident through changes in the structure and physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of wood; however, the mechanism and rate of degradation of wood components significantly depend on environmental factors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes in archeological wood are evident through changes in the structure and physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of wood; however, the mechanism and rate of degradation of wood components significantly depend on environmental factors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in waterlogged archeological wood samples, the most important effect of decay on chemical properties may manifest as compositional change within cell walls due to hydrolysis processes that mainly involve carbohydrate compounds, with a consequent increase in the relative lignin concentration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in waterlogged archeological wood samples, the most important effect of decay on chemical properties may manifest as compositional change within cell walls due to hydrolysis processes that mainly involve carbohydrate compounds, with a consequent increase in the relative lignin concentration [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "The life span of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood, which is used in construction, can exceed thousands of years when unexposed to biodegradation and weathering.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The life span of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood, which is used in construction, can exceed thousands of years when unexposed to biodegradation and weathering.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Factors associated with wood aging during long-term use include combined effects of thermal oxidation by air oxygen and acid hydrolysis by adsorbed/bounded water and acids contained in wood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Factors associated with wood aging during long-term use include combined effects of thermal oxidation by air oxygen and acid hydrolysis by adsorbed/bounded water and acids contained in wood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized by sol-gel method and for the first time used as a new \"photosensitizer\" in photodynamic therapy for cancer cell treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposite has been successfully synthesized by sol-gel method and for the first time used as a new \"photosensitizer\" in photodynamic therapy for cancer cell treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then they were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis adsorption spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then they were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis adsorption spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, the ultrastructural morphology of treated cells and alteration of Ca 2+ in cells during PDT were also studied.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, the ultrastructural morphology of treated cells and alteration of Ca 2+ in cells during PDT were also studied.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The experimental results show that the absorption of TiO 2 nanoparticles in the visible light region could be enhanced effectively by the method of (Fe, N) codoping, and both pure TiO 2+ and doped TiO 2 nanocomposites at high concentrations have a significant inhibition on the growth of HL60 cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The experimental results show that the absorption of TiO 2 nanoparticles in the visible light region could be enhanced effectively by the method of (Fe, N) codoping, and both pure TiO 2+ and doped TiO 2 nanocomposites at high concentrations have a significant inhibition on the growth of HL60 cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also found that Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites present much higher inactivation efficiency in photokilling HL60 cancer cells than TiO 2 nanoparticles under the same conditions, indicating that the photocatalytic inactivation effects of TiO 2 could be greatly improved by the modification of Fe-N. Moreover, the PDT efficiency of Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites on HL60 cells can reach 78.5% at a concentration of 200 μg/mL after a 30-minute light treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also found that Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites present much higher inactivation efficiency in photokilling HL60 cancer cells than TiO 2 nanoparticles under the same conditions, indicating that the photocatalytic inactivation effects of TiO 2 could be greatly improved by the modification of Fe-N. Moreover, the PDT efficiency of Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites on HL60 cells can reach 78.5% at a concentration of 200 μg/mL after a 30-minute light treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high photocatalytic inactivation effects of Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites on tumor cells suggest that it may be an important potential photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high photocatalytic inactivation effects of Fe-N-TiO 2 nanocomposites on tumor cells suggest that it may be an important potential photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment [40] [41] [42] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40] [41] [42]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as photocatalyst has been widely used for industrial and medical applications due to its useful physical and biological properties in the last two decades, such as disposal of wastewater, decontamination of air pollutants, and sterilization of bacteria.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as photocatalyst has been widely used for industrial and medical applications due to its useful physical and biological properties in the last two decades, such as disposal of wastewater, decontamination of air pollutants, and sterilization of bacteria [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "It has been well known that photoinduced electrons and holes could be generated on the TiO 2 surface under exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been well known that photoinduced electrons and holes could be generated on the TiO 2 surface under exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "These excited electrons and holes have strong reduction and oxidation activities and could further react with hydroxyl ions or water resulting in the formation of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have been proved to significantly damage cancer cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These excited electrons and holes have strong reduction and oxidation activities and could further react with hydroxyl ions or water resulting in the formation of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have been proved to significantly damage cancer cells [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7] [8] [9]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We isolated a high-oleic-acid mutant, M23 (50.4% content), from the M 2 generation of an X-irradiated soybean, 'Bay', which has a normal oleic acid content (22.5%).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We isolated a high-oleic-acid mutant, M23 (50.4% content), from the M 2 generation of an X-irradiated soybean, 'Bay', which has a normal oleic acid content (22.5%) (Rahman et al. 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rahman et al. 1994)" ] }, { "text": "The high-oleic-acid character is controlled by a recessive mutant allele, ol.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The high-oleic-acid character is controlled by a recessive mutant allele, ol (Takagi and Rahman 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Takagi and Rahman 1996)" ] }, { "text": "M23 has a deletion in an unknown member of the GmFAD2-1 gene family.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "M23 has a deletion in an unknown member of the GmFAD2-1 gene family (Kinoshita et al. 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kinoshita et al. 1998)" ] }, { "text": "We later isolated another high-oleic-acid mutant, KK21, from a different M 2 population of X-irradiated Bay (unpublished data).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We later isolated another high-oleic-acid mutant, KK21, from a different M 2 population of X-irradiated Bay (unpublished data).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since a hybridization experiment we conducted showed that KK21 and M23 have different alleles at the same locus (unpublished data), we suspect that both lines contain lesions in the same gene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since a hybridization experiment we conducted showed that KK21 and M23 have different alleles at the same locus (unpublished data), we suspect that both lines contain lesions in the same gene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, microfluidic systems as miniaturized diagnostic platforms have attracted considerable interest in recent years.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, microfluidic systems as miniaturized diagnostic platforms have attracted considerable interest in recent years (Ohashi et al., 2009; Yager et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ohashi et al., 2009; Yager et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "As a promising technique, microfluidics is replacing the conventional diagnostic systems for diabetes screening due to its advantages of low reagent consumption, short analysis time and multi-process integration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a promising technique, microfluidics is replacing the conventional diagnostic systems for diabetes screening due to its advantages of low reagent consumption, short analysis time and multi-process integration (Dittrich et al., 2006; Henares et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Dittrich et al., 2006; Henares et al., 2008; Huang et al., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "In microfluidic systems, the traditional biochemical processes such as sample pretreatment, reagent transportation, mixing, reaction, separation, detection and product collection can be accomplished automatically on a single chip.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In microfluidic systems, the traditional biochemical processes such as sample pretreatment, reagent transportation, mixing, reaction, separation, detection and product collection can be accomplished automatically on a single chip (Lin et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lin et al., 2010)" ] }, { "text": "The portability characteristics of microfluidic systems, in particular, offer a great opportunity for widespread diabetes screening in remote areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The portability characteristics of microfluidic systems, in particular, offer a great opportunity for widespread diabetes screening in remote areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) is a popular polymeric material employed in the fabrication of microfluidic devices owing to a number of advantages, including a simple fabrication process, biocompatibility, excellent optical transparency and permeability to gases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) is a popular polymeric material employed in the fabrication of microfluidic devices owing to a number of advantages, including a simple fabrication process, biocompatibility, excellent optical transparency and permeability to gases (Wong and Ho, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wong and Ho, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "The development of a PDMS-based microfluidic chip may provide a user-friendly, automatic platform for fast diagnosis of diabetes by measuring the concentration of serum insulin and other indicators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of a PDMS-based microfluidic chip may provide a user-friendly, automatic platform for fast diagnosis of diabetes by measuring the concentration of serum insulin and other indicators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This study mainly focuses on the formation of imagined professional identity that pre-service foreign language (FL) teachers construct during their initial preparation of becoming teachers in a course named Micro Teaching.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study mainly focuses on the formation of imagined professional identity that pre-service foreign language (FL) teachers construct during their initial preparation of becoming teachers in a course named Micro Teaching.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This course specifically facilitates pre-service FL teachers to implement some theories of teaching in the previous semesters into practice in the small scope of class-based practicum before they have their teaching practice in real schools contexts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This course specifically facilitates pre-service FL teachers to implement some theories of teaching in the previous semesters into practice in the small scope of class-based practicum before they have their teaching practice in real schools contexts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In foreign language context, there are at least two main challenges faced by teacher candidates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In foreign language context, there are at least two main challenges faced by teacher candidates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, these students normally come to the class with little imagination on how a teacher should teach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, these students normally come to the class with little imagination on how a teacher should teach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is because what they bring with them is the teaching concept that is merely based on the theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is because what they bring with them is the teaching concept that is merely based on the theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second is related to the complexities of learning the language and learning how to teach the language to their students.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The second is related to the complexities of learning the language and learning how to teach the language to their students (Darling-Hammond, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Darling-Hammond, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "These pre-service FL teachers are still on the stage of learning English.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These pre-service FL teachers are still on the stage of learning English.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Learning English here means learning how to construct good and correct English sentences both in spoken and written form.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Learning English here means learning how to construct good and correct English sentences both in spoken and written form.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, they are also required to fulfil some standards of teaching instructions, which include \"performance-based, proficiency-based, and communicative-based instruction\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, they are also required to fulfil some standards of teaching instructions, which include \"performance-based, proficiency-based, and communicative-based instruction\" (Burke, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Burke, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "In order to know their growth of becoming FL students and their readiness of becoming FL teacher candidates, students are suggested to undergo continuous reflection on their own \"journey\" throughout their learning process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to know their growth of becoming FL students and their readiness of becoming FL teacher candidates, students are suggested to undergo continuous reflection on their own \"journey\" throughout their learning process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, there are multiple reports demonstrating the altered expression and function of calcium channels as well as increased calpain activity in cancer cells.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there are multiple reports demonstrating the altered expression and function of calcium channels as well as increased calpain activity in cancer cells (Azimi et al., 2014; Storr et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Azimi et al., 2014; Storr et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "In this study, we explore various aspects of the transformed cancer cells that cause selective apoptosis of the transformed, but not of the normal cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, we explore various aspects of the transformed cancer cells that cause selective apoptosis of the transformed, but not of the normal cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surprisingly, we find that the cyclic stretching of transformed cancer cells inhibits their growth and activates apoptosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surprisingly, we find that the cyclic stretching of transformed cancer cells inhibits their growth and activates apoptosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The paper presents numerical modeling of thermal and structural strain occurring in laser butt-welded joints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper presents numerical modeling of thermal and structural strain occurring in laser butt-welded joints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numerical simulations are performed in Abaqus FEA software based on finite element method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical simulations are performed in Abaqus FEA software based on finite element method [13, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 14]" ] }, { "text": "Thermomechanical properties changing with temperature are taken into account in numerical simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thermomechanical properties changing with temperature are taken into account in numerical simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The millimeter-wave length high bit rate communications concern a large domain of the modern applications such as the radio frequency modules dedicated to the Hertzian infrastructures, wireless stations, automotive radar and 2/3/4G cellular mobile.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The millimeter-wave length high bit rate communications concern a large domain of the modern applications such as the radio frequency modules dedicated to the Hertzian infrastructures, wireless stations, automotive radar and 2/3/4G cellular mobile [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Recent researches in the field of metamaterials have led to the development of promising new microwave and millimeter-wave devices which are crucial in designing high bit rate communication systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent researches in the field of metamaterials have led to the development of promising new microwave and millimeter-wave devices which are crucial in designing high bit rate communication systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several industrial and academic research laboratories and world class clusters (such as the French \"System@tic\" cluster) have developed considerable programs to design new types of electromagnetic components and devices based on metamaterials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several industrial and academic research laboratories and world class clusters (such as the French \"System@tic\" cluster) have developed considerable programs to design new types of electromagnetic components and devices based on metamaterials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A potential criticism of the sector specific minimum wage literature is the endogeneity of the decision to introduce such minimum wages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A potential criticism of the sector specific minimum wage literature is the endogeneity of the decision to introduce such minimum wages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As sector specific minimum wages need approval from employer associations, it is likely that these minimum wage introductions were to some extent endogenous for protective reasons.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As sector specific minimum wages need approval from employer associations, it is likely that these minimum wage introductions were to some extent endogenous for protective reasons (Bachmann, Bauer, and Frings 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bachmann, Bauer, and Frings 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, it is likely that at least one of the decisive groups (unions, employer associations, or the federal ministry of labor) would have opposed the respective sector specific minimum wage if negative effects were foreseeable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, it is likely that at least one of the decisive groups (unions, employer associations, or the federal ministry of labor) would have opposed the respective sector specific minimum wage if negative effects were foreseeable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Minimum wages can cause wage spillovers within establishments by increasing wages of workers with an hourly wage already above the required minimum of € 8.50.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Minimum wages can cause wage spillovers within establishments by increasing wages of workers with an hourly wage already above the required minimum of € 8.50.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is mostly because these employees demand wage increases to preserve the existing wage-productivity differentials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is mostly because these employees demand wage increases to preserve the existing wage-productivity differentials (Aretz, Arntz, and Gregory 2013; Dittrich, Knabe, and Leipold 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aretz, Arntz, and Gregory 2013; Dittrich, Knabe, and Leipold 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Our data allow us to distinct between establishments that increased wages of workers with initial wages already above € 8.50, establishments that cut extra payments, and establishments without such spillovers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our data allow us to distinct between establishments that increased wages of workers with initial wages already above € 8.50, establishments that cut extra payments, and establishments without such spillovers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Separate regressions reveal interesting heterogeneities with respect to the ability to further increase wages and the pressure to cut personnel costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Separate regressions reveal interesting heterogeneities with respect to the ability to further increase wages and the pressure to cut personnel costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "However, considerable researches have previously been devoted to the tunability of the metamaterial LHM (Left Hand media).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, considerable researches have previously been devoted to the tunability of the metamaterial LHM (Left Hand media).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is known that an ideal single Split Ring Resonator (SRR) can be seen as a corresponding LC circuit, with its resonance properties determined by the equivalent inductance and capacitance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is known that an ideal single Split Ring Resonator (SRR) can be seen as a corresponding LC circuit, with its resonance properties determined by the equivalent inductance and capacitance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By controlling the capacitance of the SRR, many researches have demonstrated the tunability of LHM by different ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By controlling the capacitance of the SRR, many researches have demonstrated the tunability of LHM by different ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "LHM uses SRRs to create negative effective permeability over a particular frequency region and wire elements to produce negative effective permittivity in an intersecting frequency region.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "LHM uses SRRs to create negative effective permeability over a particular frequency region and wire elements to produce negative effective permittivity in an intersecting frequency region.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, despite the coupling effect this must be taken into account.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, despite the coupling effect this must be taken into account [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Relationships vary in, e.g., duration, intensity and emotional bonds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relationships vary in, e.g., duration, intensity and emotional bonds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Social support for both everyday and more severe problems and of various types-financial, emotional, cognitive and practical-is transferred through relations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Social support for both everyday and more severe problems and of various types-financial, emotional, cognitive and practical-is transferred through relations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Support may be mutual or one-sided, and types may vary in importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Support may be mutual or one-sided, and types may vary in importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The emotional climate influences the support process: what is requested, offered and accepted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The emotional climate influences the support process: what is requested, offered and accepted (Vaux, 1988) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF76" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vaux, 1988)" ] }, { "text": "When this complexity is highlighted, the nuances of the PSN appear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When this complexity is highlighted, the nuances of the PSN appear (Lincoln, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lincoln, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Relations may give a sense of belonging or access to other new relationships and social arenas (as gate openers).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Relations may give a sense of belonging or access to other new relationships and social arenas (as gate openers).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They may provide positive or negative role models of problematic behaviour or to handle problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They may provide positive or negative role models of problematic behaviour or to handle problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the problems of the FPs and the individual problems of the NMs may-or may not-be related, e.g. misusing together or mutual support in handling problems together.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the problems of the FPs and the individual problems of the NMs may-or may not-be related, e.g. misusing together or mutual support in handling problems together.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sometimes the same NM may have two such roles in relation to the FP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sometimes the same NM may have two such roles in relation to the FP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Laboratory experiments are more repeatable than onroad driving sessions, whereas laboratory tests enable cost reduction and may be performed more rapidly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Laboratory experiments are more repeatable than onroad driving sessions, whereas laboratory tests enable cost reduction and may be performed more rapidly [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "The shock absorber is one of the most nonlinear and complex elements to model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shock absorber is one of the most nonlinear and complex elements to model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, the absorber damping force is a strongly nonlinear function of piston velocity, being asymmetric against the velocity sign (compression and rebound).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the absorber damping force is a strongly nonlinear function of piston velocity, being asymmetric against the velocity sign (compression and rebound).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, different values of damping force can be obtained with the same value of piston velocity showing unsymmetrical hysteretic phenomenon in an experiment conducted at an MTS testing machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, different values of damping force can be obtained with the same value of piston velocity showing unsymmetrical hysteretic phenomenon in an experiment conducted at an MTS testing machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The current method for characterising dynamic properties of shock absorbers in models involves testing at discrete frequencies, displacements, and preloads using a testing machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current method for characterising dynamic properties of shock absorbers in models involves testing at discrete frequencies, displacements, and preloads using a testing machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vibration tests performed using a servohydraulic tester are intended to quantify and rank the intensity of vibrations generated by shock absorbers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Vibration tests performed using a servohydraulic tester are intended to quantify and rank the intensity of vibrations generated by shock absorbers [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "A shock absorber is one of the most important elements in a vehicle suspension system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A shock absorber is one of the most important elements in a vehicle suspension system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The role of shock absorbers is to provide better handling, comfort, and safety while driving a car by controlling the damping of the relative movement between the wheel and the car body.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of shock absorbers is to provide better handling, comfort, and safety while driving a car by controlling the damping of the relative movement between the wheel and the car body.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An ideal shock absorber should guarantee constant contact with the road pavement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An ideal shock absorber should guarantee constant contact with the road pavement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It must also be designed in a manner ensuring durability.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It must also be designed in a manner ensuring durability.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And for purposes of comfort, the emission of noise and vibrations should be limited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And for purposes of comfort, the emission of noise and vibrations should be limited [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Determination of shock absorber characteristics at a special testing station is an important preliminary stage for further simulation studies of vehicle dynamics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Determination of shock absorber characteristics at a special testing station is an important preliminary stage for further simulation studies of vehicle dynamics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is usually carried out by providing a force-velocity or a characteristic diagram where the force data obtained from the test are simply plotted against the corresponding velocity values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is usually carried out by providing a force-velocity or a characteristic diagram where the force data obtained from the test are simply plotted against the corresponding velocity values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These diagrams show hysteresis loops, that is, a finite area enclosed within curves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These diagrams show hysteresis loops, that is, a finite area enclosed within curves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is a consequence of the force being dependent on the position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is a consequence of the force being dependent on the position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A reduced form of the characteristic diagram is usually produced by testing the absorber several times, each time at the same frequency, but with a different amplitude.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A reduced form of the characteristic diagram is usually produced by testing the absorber several times, each time at the same frequency, but with a different amplitude.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The maximum and minimum force and velocity values are each time determined and subsequently plotted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The maximum and minimum force and velocity values are each time determined and subsequently plotted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This procedure actually generates an envelope of the true characteristic diagram and much information is discarded as a consequence of the foregoing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This procedure actually generates an envelope of the true characteristic diagram and much information is discarded as a consequence of the foregoing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar graphs of force against displacement (working diagrams) can also be plotted, providing information about the absorber's dependence on the position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar graphs of force against displacement (working diagrams) can also be plotted, providing information about the absorber's dependence on the position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, a solution alternative to the above is to plot the force as a function of displacement and the velocity as a restoring force surface above the displacement-velocity plane.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, a solution alternative to the above is to plot the force as a function of displacement and the velocity as a restoring force surface above the displacement-velocity plane [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Random sampling-based methods have some drawbacks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Random sampling-based methods have some drawbacks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the majority of random sampling-based methods, the number of iterations needed to guarantee a desired confidence can be determined by a priori knowledge such as inlier ratio and inlier scale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the majority of random sampling-based methods, the number of iterations needed to guarantee a desired confidence can be determined by a priori knowledge such as inlier ratio and inlier scale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the single-structure data with unknown inlier ratio, it is crucial to determine the adequate number of iteration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the single-structure data with unknown inlier ratio, it is crucial to determine the adequate number of iteration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The more heavily contaminated the data are, the lower the probability of hitting an all-inlier subset is.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The more heavily contaminated the data are, the lower the probability of hitting an all-inlier subset is.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, since the true inlier ratio is a priori unknown in many practical situations, it is necessary to be determined by users.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, since the true inlier ratio is a priori unknown in many practical situations, it is necessary to be determined by users.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The standard stopping criterion in RANSAC is based on an assumption that a model generated from an uncontaminated minimal subset is consistent with all-inliers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The standard stopping criterion in RANSAC is based on an assumption that a model generated from an uncontaminated minimal subset is consistent with all-inliers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in practice, this assumption may be discrepant either increasing runtime or estimating incorrect solutions since inliers are perturbed by noise.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in practice, this assumption may be discrepant either increasing runtime or estimating incorrect solutions since inliers are perturbed by noise [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, the existence of multiple structures makes the problem more difficult since the inliers belonging to other structures are regarded as outliers (pseudo-outliers).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, the existence of multiple structures makes the problem more difficult since the inliers belonging to other structures are regarded as outliers (pseudo-outliers).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To the best of our knowledge, there is no stopping criterion to guarantee consistent and reliable results for multi-structure data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To the best of our knowledge, there is no stopping criterion to guarantee consistent and reliable results for multi-structure data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Based on experimental data and research, the behaviour of SFRP wrapped concrete columns subjected to normal room temperature, freeze-thaw, humidity and prolonged high temperature was superior to columns wrapped with the conventionally used CFRP sheets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on experimental data and research, the behaviour of SFRP wrapped concrete columns subjected to normal room temperature, freeze-thaw, humidity and prolonged high temperature was superior to columns wrapped with the conventionally used CFRP sheets [20] [21] [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20] [21] [22]" ] }, { "text": "Yet, the cost and ductility effectiveness parameters are other criteria required to evaluate the effectiveness of the SFRP sheets for confinement applications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yet, the cost and ductility effectiveness parameters are other criteria required to evaluate the effectiveness of the SFRP sheets for confinement applications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, in this paper, the cost and ductility effectiveness parameters of SFRP and CFRP wrapped concrete columns are evaluated and compared.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, in this paper, the cost and ductility effectiveness parameters of SFRP and CFRP wrapped concrete columns are evaluated and compared.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The use of fuel additives is very important because many of these additives can be added to fuel in order to improve its efficiency and its performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of fuel additives is very important because many of these additives can be added to fuel in order to improve its efficiency and its performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of the most important additives to improve fuel performance are oxygen containing organic compounds (oxygenates).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the most important additives to improve fuel performance are oxygen containing organic compounds (oxygenates).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several oxygenates have been used as fuel additives, such as methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol and methyl tertiary butyl ether.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several oxygenates have been used as fuel additives, such as methanol, ethanol, tertiary butyl alcohol and methyl tertiary butyl ether [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The use of oxygenated fuel additives provides more oxygen in the combustion chamber and has a great potential to reduce emissions from SI engines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of oxygenated fuel additives provides more oxygen in the combustion chamber and has a great potential to reduce emissions from SI engines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Ionizing radiation is daily used for therapeutic and diagnostic medical procedures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Ionizing radiation is daily used for therapeutic and diagnostic medical procedures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, it has to be considered the effects and risks of radiation exposure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, it has to be considered the effects and risks of radiation exposure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Actually, reliable dosimetry in medical practices has to be carefully investigated.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Actually, reliable dosimetry in medical practices has to be carefully investigated [1] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The results supported the third hypothesis for treatment and causative factors but not for information and help.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results supported the third hypothesis for treatment and causative factors but not for information and help.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that participants' sources of information and help are consistent for varying mental illnesses, but there is more confusion surrounding causation and thus treatment for PND.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that participants' sources of information and help are consistent for varying mental illnesses, but there is more confusion surrounding causation and thus treatment for PND.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "PND as compared with depression was more likely to be seen as the result of lack of preparation/information, biological issues, and environmental factors such as being a single parent or having a difficult baby.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PND as compared with depression was more likely to be seen as the result of lack of preparation/information, biological issues, and environmental factors such as being a single parent or having a difficult baby.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Infant temperament, obstetric complications, and single parent status are recognised as being common risk factors, but the frequently cited hormonal factors are not.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Infant temperament, obstetric complications, and single parent status are recognised as being common risk factors, but the frequently cited hormonal factors are not (Beck, 2001; Milgrom et al., 2008; Robertson et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF31", "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Beck, 2001; Milgrom et al., 2008; Robertson et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "For a global analysis of leaf-litter N and P, the role of temperature and precipitation are particularly important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a global analysis of leaf-litter N and P, the role of temperature and precipitation are particularly important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both can affect the functional type of vegetation and the rate of chemical processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Both can affect the functional type of vegetation and the rate of chemical processes (Liu et al., 2006; Yuan and Chen, 2009b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liu et al., 2006; Yuan and Chen, 2009b)" ] }, { "text": "Other climatic factors that have been implicated include actual evapotranspiration (AET, mm) which when integrated with precipitation it can describe the water balance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other climatic factors that have been implicated include actual evapotranspiration (AET, mm) which when integrated with precipitation it can describe the water balance (Aerts, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aerts, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Lastly the use of latitude (LAT, defined as degrees away from the Equator) can act as an alternative measure of temperature and water availability combined with seasonality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Lastly the use of latitude (LAT, defined as degrees away from the Equator) can act as an alternative measure of temperature and water availability combined with seasonality (Berg et al., 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Berg et al., 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In the neoclassical theory, resources flow from capital-abundant developed countries, where the return to capital is low, to capital-scarce developing countries where the return to capital is high.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the neoclassical theory, resources flow from capital-abundant developed countries, where the return to capital is low, to capital-scarce developing countries where the return to capital is high.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The flow of resources into the developing countries reduces their cost of capital, triggering a temporary increase in investment and growth that permanently raises their standard of living.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The flow of resources into the developing countries reduces their cost of capital, triggering a temporary increase in investment and growth that permanently raises their standard of living (Obstfeld, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Obstfeld, 1995)" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, this can optimize the allocation of resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, this can optimize the allocation of resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "When K > 1, a fish is considered to be in \"good\" (well-fed) condition in relation to its size.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When K > 1, a fish is considered to be in \"good\" (well-fed) condition in relation to its size (Froese 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Froese 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The \"best\" regressions were determined by examining the P-values, R 2 , and residual square errors (RSE) of the models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The \"best\" regressions were determined by examining the P-values, R 2 , and residual square errors (RSE) of the models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only complete litters (i.e., uteri intact, no evidence of aborted pups) were examined.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only complete litters (i.e., uteri intact, no evidence of aborted pups) were examined.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]