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null | summarization | Where is the Gate of the Paradise. Answer using the text:
| Bab al-Faradis (Arabic: بَابُ الْفَرَادِيسِ, romanized: Bāb al-Farādīs; "The Gate of the Paradise") or Bab al-Amara is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria. The other name, Bab Al-Amara, refers to a name of a district in the old city where people in the 14th century would meet. During the Roman era, the gate was dedicated to Mercury. | Damascus, Syria | null | null | null | 8300 |
null | information_extraction | List all of the call signs mentioned in the paragraph | WABG-TV's first broadcast was on October 20, 1959, on VHF channel 6. Originally it was a CBS affiliate, with a secondary affiliation with ABC owing to WABG radio (960 AM)'s affiliation with ABC Radio. In 1966, the station built a 1,200-foot (366 m) tower near Inverness and increased its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts. Following its completion in October 1966, WABG dropped CBS to become a full-time ABC affiliate in November 1966. Until then, the only areas of the state to receive a sole ABC affiliate were the northwest (from Memphis' WHBQ-TV) and the Gulf Coast (from WVUE in New Orleans). Until future sister station WXVT signed on in 1980, WJTV in Jackson served as the default CBS affiliate for the southern counties in the Delta area, while WREG-TV in Memphis served the northern half of the market, Mississippi cities like Kosciusko received WABG-TV on their analog television set as their default ABC station from 1970 to 2009, as WAPT in Jackson did not have a strong signal on analog television in the Kosciusko area. On March 12, 1986, the studios of WABG were damaged by a fire triggered by an electrical short circuit after the station signed off the air for the night. With no injuries being reported, the station was forced to relocate its transmission signal.[citation needed] | Sure, here is a full list of all the call signs that were mentioned in the paragraph:
- WABG-TV
- WABG
- WHBQ-TV
- WVUE
- WXVT
- WJTV
- WREG-TV
- WAPT | null | null | null | 8301 |
null | general_qa | Where is Florida? | Florida is a state in the southeast corner of the continental United States of America. It is a peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the west. To the north, it is surrounded by the states of Georgia and Alabama. Key West, Florida is the southern most point of the continental United States. Ka Lae, on the Big Island of Hawaii, is the southern most point out of all 50 United States. | null | null | null | 8302 |
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null | open_qa | What are five popular Taylor Swift songs? | Five popular Taylor Swift songs are Shake it Off, Wildest Dreams, Bad Blood, Look What You Made Me Do, and Love Story | null | null | null | 8303 |
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null | general_qa | Was the new deal successful or a failure to solve the problems of the Great Depression? | The new deal was a success to solve the problems caused by the Great Depression because he took action quickly, he passed many acts, and he kept the moral up for the people. Franklin Roosevelt writes "This is no usolvable prroblem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war." Roosevelt is saying that unlike Hoover, he was going to take action on what was happening. Anything he will do will be treated as if it was war because it was affecting them as much as war would. The New Deal Legislation shows that Franklin Roosevelt had a god relationship with Congress. 11 new acts were passed in 6 years while Rosevelt was in office. This helps people get jobs, lower prices, and help people get money they deserve. Roosevelt says "This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. This shows that Rosevelt knows how to lead people even in the hard time. He knew while it was bad, everyone will look to him, so he can't seem scared and he can't kill the moral of the people. With all of this, Roosevelt was able to lead the country away from the Great Depression and started to get them out of it. | null | null | null | 8304 |
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null | closed_qa | What is High-functioning autism? | High-functioning autism (HFA) is an autism classification where a person exhibits no intellectual disability but may show deficits in communication, emotion recognition and expression, and social interaction.HFA is not included in the American Psychological Association's DSM-5 or the World Health Organization's ICD-10, subdividing autism based on intellectual capabilities. High-functioning autism is characterised by features similar to those of Asperger syndrome. The defining characteristic psychologists recognise there is a significant delay in developing early speech and language skills before three years. The diagnostic criteria of Asperger syndrome exclude a general language delay.
Other differences in features of people with high-functioning autism from those with Asperger syndrome include the following:
Lower verbal reasoning ability
Better visual/spatial skills (Being uniquely artistically talented)
Less deviating locomotion (e.g. clumsiness)
Problems functioning independently
Curiosity and interest in many different things
Not as good at empathising with other people
Male to female ratio (4:1) is much smaller
As of 2013, Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism are no longer terms the American Psychological Association uses and have been merged into autism spectrum disorder (ASD). As of 2021, the World Health Organization also retired the terms and merged them into autism spectrum disorder. | High-functioning autism (HFA) is an autism classification where a person exhibits no intellectual disability but may show deficits in communication, emotion recognition and expression, and social interaction. High-functioning autism is characterised by features similar to those of Asperger syndrome. The defining characteristic psychologists recognise there is a significant delay in developing early speech and language skills before three years. The diagnostic criteria of Asperger syndrome exclude a general language delay. | null | null | null | 8305 |
null | open_qa | What are the best places to visit in France? | France as a country has to offer an immense choice of travel and experience. Paris is certainly the city for those who like art, culture, and history. Its rich palaces, forts, and museums are evidence of France's culture & glorious history. For those who prefer a sunny day at a sun-kissed Mediterranean beach, the cities of Nice, Cannes, and Saint-Tropez are recommended. Anywhere you go in France, don't forget to taste its gourmet cheese and magnificent wine. And this goes without saying, the Eiffel Tower at night is absolutely gorgeous. | null | null | null | 8306 |
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null | information_extraction | History of the Arches National Park creation. | Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancestral Puebloans lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the late 1870s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination.
The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the Devils Garden (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument.
The following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. "Doc" Williams.
A succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley that includes Landscape Arch, the longest arch in the park. Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as the Windows, was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service in 1926 but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925.
In late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged the Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit the development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment.
In early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging the Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status. Arches National Park was formally dedicated in May 1972.
In 1980, vandals attempted to use an abrasive kitchen cleanser to deface ancient petroglyphs in the park, prompting park officials to recruit physicist John F. Asmus, who specialized in using lasers to restore works of art, to use his technology to repair the damage. Asmus "zapped the panel with intense light pulses and succeeded in removing most of the cleanser". In 2016, there was another vandalism event on Frame Arch in the park, where a section if the rock was carved out. Due to advances in technology, in 2018 the arch was repaired through color match and modern infilling methods. | First Humans appeared in this region during the last ice age 10000 years ago. The first settlers began in 1775 but were abandoned before 1855 when ranchers, farmers, and prospectors settled in Moab(the closest city to the Arches). The first attention to these beautiful rock formations was broad in 1923 by Frank A. Wadleigh. Devils Garden(known as Klondike Bluffs today) got its name from a prospector from Salt Valley Alexander Ringhoffer, Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley. Landscape Arch is the longest arch in the park and the fifth longest in the world!
In 1929, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, in 1925. From 1938 multiple presidents of the United States of America signed multiple proclamations to protest scenic features and permits for road constructions in order to attract tourists into the area but only in 1972 Arches National Park was officially created.
In 1980, vandals tried to destroy ancient petroglyphs in the park, which physicist John F. Asmus restored using laser technology for restoration. In 2016, another vandalism event happened on Frame Arch a section of rocks was carved, but thanks to technology, it was restored. | null | null | null | 8307 |
null | general_qa | Why would people prefer cats over dogs? | Cats are easy to care for, quiet, and relatively affordable. They even groom themselves. There are certainly benefits to owning a cat that you won't get from owning a dog. | null | null | null | 8308 |
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null | open_qa | What is stratigraphy? | Stratigraphy is a subset of geology and is the classification of layers (strata) of soil and rock. | null | null | null | 8309 |
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null | creative_writing | Why should people drive cars with manual transmissions? | People should drive cars with manual transmissions because it forces drivers to be more engaged while driving and lowers the incidence of distracted driving, making it the safest choice overall.
Environmental concerns about fossil fuels aside, one of the biggest issues with driving today is distracted driving. With improvements in cruise control technology and other driver assistance functions like lane keep assist, cars are taking over more of the driving process than ever before. While the intent is to make it safer for drivers, it also has the unintended consequence of making easier for drivers to be distracted.
Cars with manual transmissions not only force greater engagement and focus, but they are also either incompatible with, or only compatible with lesser versions of, certain driver assistance features like adaptive cruise control because lowering the speed while not being able to change the gear (which is manual) could cause the car to stall.
Paradoxically, by increasing the required inputs and decreasing the number of driver assistance features, driving a manual transmission car is safest. | null | null | null | 8310 |
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null | brainstorming | Which years was the Tour de France not raced? | The Tour was not contested in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1918 due to World War 1. It was again postponed from 1940 through 1945 due to World War 2. | null | null | null | 8311 |
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null | creative_writing | Do the new shift rules in Major League Baseball make the game more exciting? | Prior to this season, Major League Baseball(MLB) allowed infielders to shift based on who was at bat for the opposing team. The shift simply means that the defending infield could load a certain side of the infield. For example, the shortstop could move to where the 2nd baseman normally is positioned and the 2nd baseman might play in shallow right field. The 3rd baseman would occupy the left side of the infield. The theory behind this shift strategy is based on advanced analytics used in the game of baseball. Using a spray chart to determine where a hitter normally puts a ball in play and with what type of pitch thrown, the defending team would shift to cover more of the playing field and therefore increase the chance the defending team would record an out based on this strategy.
It was increasingly used over the last 3-4 years and some argue that employing the shift decreased the number of hits and runs scored during a game. The downstream effect of this made for a lower scoring affair and a less exciting game for a fan base that is increasingly younger and looking for more excitement during baseball games.
One argument for allowing the shift is that hitters, being professionals, would adjust and try to beat the shift by hitting a ball away from the shift or hitting to the "opposite field." Hitters answer to beating the shift was to increase their launch angle and play for the home run. While the home run was an important run scoring mechanism, MLB decided to outlaw the shift from defensive strategy for the 2023 season. Hitters refusal to adjust to the shift led to this decision by MLB. The concern was games were not action packed enough and ultimately MLB would continue to lose popularity by its younger viewers, opting for other sports like Basketball, Football, or Hockey to spend their money on. No longer can you sift defensive players. The rules for this season are there must be 2 defenders on each side of 2nd base and their feet must be on the infield dirt as the pitch is being delivered. The hope is more hits will be produced, more runs scored, and an increase in fan approval created. The early opinion after the first week of the MLB season is that the games are proving to be faster paced with more runs and all around action created. | null | null | null | 8312 |
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null | information_extraction | Can you list the ingredients used to make Gyeran-mari? | Gyeran-mari (계란말이), Dalgyal-mari (달걀말이) or rolled omelette in Korean cuisine is a savory banchan (side dish) made with beaten eggs mixed with several finely diced ingredients. Common ingredients include vegetables (onion, carrot, Korean zucchini, scallions, garlic chives), mushroom, processed meat (ham, bacon, imitation crab meat, canned tuna), salt or salted seafood (salted pollock roe, salted shrimp), and cheese. Optionally, gim (seaweed) is folded with the omelette. When served, the omelette is cut into 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.18 in) slices. It is also a common anju found at pojangmacha (street stalls). | Eggs
Mushrooms
Ham, bacon, imitation crab meat or canned tuna
Salt or salted seafood (salted pollock roe, salted shrimp)
Cheese
Other Vegetables such as:
Onions
Carrots
Korean zucchini
Scallions
Garlic
Chives
Optional:
Gim (seaweed) | null | null | null | 8313 |
null | classification | Classify each of the following as a conductor or insulator: steel, copper, rubber, wood, cardboard, aluminum | Steel: Conductor
Copper: Conductor
Rubber: Insulator
Wood: Insulator
Cardboard: Insulator
Aluminum: Conductor | null | null | null | 8314 |
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null | open_qa | What is a personalized sales email? | A personalized sales email is an email written to a specific person at a company. This type of email is tailored to a prospective customer in a way that touches upon why you are reaching out to that person and why you are reaching out to that person right now. An initial personalized email aims to spark interest in potential buyers, hoping they agree to discuss the value they might gain by purchasing your offering. | null | null | null | 8315 |
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null | classification | Please tell me whether these are fish or fowl: salmon, chicken, tuna, swordfish, turkey, and halibut. | The fish are: salmon, tuna, swordfish, and halibut. The fowl (i.e., birds) are chicken and turkey. | null | null | null | 8316 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of the venues that were used for the US Open Golf tournament through the years 1991 - 1995 | 1991 - Hazeltine National Golf Club
1992 - Pebble Beach Golf Links
1993 - Baltusrol Golf Club (Lower Course)
1994 - Oakmont Country Club
1995 - Shinnecock Hills Golf Club | null | null | null | 8317 |
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null | open_qa | Which Bond girl guest starred on the TV show Game of Thrones? | Diana Rigg, who played Teresa di Vicenzo in the James Bond movie "On Her Majesty's Secret Service," played Olenna Tyrell in Game of Thrones. | null | null | null | 8318 |
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null | creative_writing | What state makes the best BBQ? | There is no one answer, but I believe Texas for beef and North Carolina for Pork. | null | null | null | 8319 |
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null | general_qa | Which animal is the most faster? | The fastest animal on land is the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), capable of reaching speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (112 kilometers per hour) over short distances. They achieve these impressive speeds through their slender build, flexible spine, and long legs, which allow them to take long strides and cover a lot of ground with each stride.
However, if we consider all animals, including those that fly or swim, the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is the fastest animal in the world. It can reach speeds of up to 240 miles per hour (386 kilometers per hour) during a hunting dive known as a stoop, making it the fastest animal in the world overall.
It's worth noting that different animals have different ways of measuring their speed, and some species are faster in certain situations than in others. However, in terms of pure top speed, the cheetah and peregrine falcon are among the fastest animals on the planet. | null | null | null | 8320 |
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null | closed_qa | How many of the Lira satellites were successful? | Kosmos 1375 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 986 kilometres (613 mi), an apogee of 1,003 kilometres (623 mi), 65.8 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 105 minutes. On 18 June 1982, it was successfully intercepted and destroyed by Kosmos 1379 in the final Soviet anti-satellite weapons test to be conducted. As of 2022, debris is still in orbit.
Kosmos 1375 was the last of ten Lira satellites to be launched, of which all but the first were successful. Lira was derived from the earlier DS-P1-M satellite, which it replaced. | 10 were launched, 1 was not successful, so 10-1 = 9 were successful. | null | null | null | 8321 |
null | summarization | Answer based on the text Is Leucascidae a sponge | Leucascidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Clathrinida. | Yes | null | null | null | 8322 |
null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Bongo drum, Kingri | Kingri is string, Bongo drum is percussion. | null | null | null | 8323 |
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null | open_qa | Which film star was the first to appear on a postage stamp | Grace Kelly | null | null | null | 8324 |
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null | open_qa | Is cacao good for you? | Cacao is very good for the body. It is a good source of antioxidants, and other minerals. It has manganese, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, and selenium. These are also elements the body needs. There is 5 grams of protein in one ounce of cacao, and some of the amino acids in the cacao protein help with regulating mood and sleep. Cacao may also help with cognitive function, cardiovascular and gut health. | null | null | null | 8325 |
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null | general_qa | How do you play soccer? | A standard soccer team has 11 players. Each team has 1 goalkeeper and 10 field players. Only the goalkeeper is allowed to use their hands while on the field and only in the penalty box area. The goal of the game is to move the soccer ball past the opposing team and put the ball into the opposing goal. If a player touches the ball out the sideline, the opposing team gets a thrown in from that spot. If a defending player plays the ball out the backline, the offensive team gets a corner kick. If the offensive player plays the ball out the backline, the defensive team gets a goal kick. Typically the game is played outside on a grass field. A regulation game is 90 minutes with a half time break. One main referee and two sideline referees officiate the game. Players are required to wear shin guards for protection. Outside of the United States the game is commonly known as football. | null | null | null | 8326 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these are alcohol or not | Beer, Coca, Gin, Water, Wine, Coffee, Tea | null | null | null | 8327 |
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null | closed_qa | What is Lawson in Japan? | Lawson, Inc. (株式会社ローソン, Kabushiki gaisha Rōson) is a convenience store franchise chain in Japan. The store originated in the United States in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, but exists today as a Japanese company based in Shinagawa, Tokyo. | Lawson is a convenience store franchise chain in Japan | null | null | null | 8328 |
null | open_qa | Who won highest number of Men's singles Wimbledon titles? | Roger Federer won highest number of Wimbledon titles (8 Titles) | null | null | null | 8329 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me some ideas of places to visit on my next backpacking trip to South America. | - Take a cruise to visit the islands of the Galapagos
- Straddle the northern and southern hemispheres at La Mitad del Mundo (The Middle of the Earth), close to Quito, Ecuador
- Hike the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu from Cusco in Peru. You need to get a permit at least 6 months in advance.
- Hike the Salkantay Trek to Machu Picchu from Cusco in Peru. It is a great alternative to the Inca Trail if you do not get a permit.
- Visit villages around Lake Titicaca in Peru
- Take a multi-day tour to the Salar de Uyuni, the world's largest salt flat, on a four-wheel drive from Uyuni in Bolivia
- Go stargazing in the Atacama Desert in Chile | null | null | null | 8330 |
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null | summarization | What treatments is Iodine-125 used for? | Iodine-125 (125I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation therapy as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, uveal melanomas, and brain tumors. It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after iodine-129.
Its half-life is 59.49 days and it decays by electron capture to an excited state of tellurium-125. This state is not the metastable 125mTe, but rather a lower energy state that decays immediately by gamma decay with a maximum energy of 35 keV. Some of the excess energy of the excited 125Te may be internally converted ejected electrons (also at 35 keV), or to x-rays (from electron bremsstrahlung), and also a total of 21 Auger electrons, which are produced at the low energies of 50 to 500 electron volts. Eventually, stable ground state 125Te is produced as the final decay product.
In medical applications, the internal conversion and Auger electrons cause little damage outside the cell which contains the isotope atom. The X-rays and gamma rays are of low enough energy to deliver a higher radiation dose selectively to nearby tissues, in "permanent" brachytherapy where the isotope capsules are left in place (125I competes with palladium-103 in such uses)
Because of its relatively long half-life and emission of low-energy photons which can be detected by gamma-counter crystal detectors, 125I is a preferred isotope for tagging antibodies in radioimmunoassay and other gamma-counting procedures involving proteins outside the body. The same properties of the isotope make it useful for brachytherapy, and for certain nuclear medicine scanning procedures, in which it is attached to proteins (albumin or fibrinogen), and where a half-life longer than that provided by 123I is required for diagnostic or lab tests lasting several days.
Iodine-125 can be used in scanning/imaging the thyroid, but iodine-123 is preferred for this purpose, due to better radiation penetration and shorter half-life (13 hours). 125I is useful for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) testing in the diagnosis or monitoring of patients with kidney disease. Iodine-125 is used therapeutically in brachytherapy treatments of tumors. For radiotherapy ablation of tissues that absorb iodine (such as the thyroid), or that absorb an iodine-containing radiopharmaceutical, the beta-emitter iodine-131 is the preferred isotope. | Iodine-125 is used in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation therapy as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, uveal melanomas, and brain tumors. | null | null | null | 8331 |
null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract when the roaring lion photograph was shot | The Roaring Lion is a black and white photographic portrait of a 67-year-old Winston Churchill as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The portrait was taken in 1941 by Armenian-Canadian photographer Yousuf Karsh in the Centre Block on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Date and location of photography
The photograph was shot on December 30, 1941, in the Speaker's Chamber of the Canadian Speaker of the House of Commons at Parliament in Ottawa after Churchill delivered his "Some chicken, some neck" speech on World War II to Canadian members of parliament. The brief photo session was arranged by the Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King. | The photograph was shot on December 30, 1941 | null | null | null | 8332 |
null | classification | Which is a species of fish? Sneaker or Sole | Sole | null | null | null | 8333 |
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null | open_qa | What is the holographic principle? | The holographic principle is an axiom in string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region — such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon.
The holographic principle states that the entropy of ordinary mass (not just black holes) is also proportional to surface area and not volume; that volume itself is illusory and the universe is really a hologram which is isomorphic to the information "inscribed" on the surface of its boundary.
First proposed by Gerard 't Hooft, it was given a precise string-theory interpretation by Leonard Susskind, who combined his ideas with previous ones of 't Hooft and Charles Thorn. Leonard Susskind said, “The three-dimensional world of ordinary experience––the universe filled with galaxies, stars, planets, houses, boulders, and people––is a hologram, an image of reality coded on a distant two-dimensional surface." As pointed out by Raphael Bousso, Thorn observed in 1978 that string theory admits a lower-dimensional description in which gravity emerges from it in what would now be called a holographic way. The prime example of holography is the AdS/CFT correspondence. | null | null | null | 8334 |
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null | closed_qa | What is the history of the travelling salesman problem throughout the years in a short bulleted list? | The origins of the travelling salesman problem are unclear. A handbook for travelling salesmen from 1832 mentions the problem and includes example tours through Germany and Switzerland, but contains no mathematical treatment.
William Rowan Hamilton
The TSP was mathematically formulated in the 19th century by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman. Hamilton's icosian game was a recreational puzzle based on finding a Hamiltonian cycle. The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger, who defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:
We denote by messenger problem (since in practice this question should be solved by each postman, anyway also by many travelers) the task to find, for finitely many points whose pairwise distances are known, the shortest route connecting the points. Of course, this problem is solvable by finitely many trials. Rules which would push the number of trials below the number of permutations of the given points, are not known. The rule that one first should go from the starting point to the closest point, then to the point closest to this, etc., in general does not yield the shortest route.
It was first considered mathematically in the 1930s by Merrill M. Flood who was looking to solve a school bus routing problem. Hassler Whitney at Princeton University generated interest in the problem, which he called the "48 states problem". The earliest publication using the phrase "travelling salesman problem" was the 1949 RAND Corporation report by Julia Robinson, "On the Hamiltonian game (a traveling salesman problem)."
In the 1950s and 1960s, the problem became increasingly popular in scientific circles in Europe and the United States after the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica offered prizes for steps in solving the problem. Notable contributions were made by George Dantzig, Delbert Ray Fulkerson and Selmer M. Johnson from the RAND Corporation, who expressed the problem as an integer linear program and developed the cutting plane method for its solution. They wrote what is considered the seminal paper on the subject in which with these new methods they solved an instance with 49 cities to optimality by constructing a tour and proving that no other tour could be shorter. Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson, however, speculated that given a near optimal solution we may be able to find optimality or prove optimality by adding a small number of extra inequalities (cuts). They used this idea to solve their initial 49 city problem using a string model. They found they only needed 26 cuts to come to a solution for their 49 city problem. While this paper did not give an algorithmic approach to TSP problems, the ideas that lay within it were indispensable to later creating exact solution methods for the TSP, though it would take 15 years to find an algorithmic approach in creating these cuts. As well as cutting plane methods, Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson used branch and bound algorithms perhaps for the first time.
In 1959, Jillian Beardwood, J.H. Halton and John Hammersley published an article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points" in the journal of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. The Beardwood–Halton–Hammersley theorem provides a practical solution to the travelling salesman problem. The authors derived an asymptotic formula to determine the length of the shortest route for a salesman who starts at a home or office and visits a fixed number of locations before returning to the start.
In the following decades, the problem was studied by many researchers from mathematics, computer science, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. In the 1960s, however, a new approach was created, that instead of seeking optimal solutions would produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the optimal length, and in doing so would create lower bounds for the problem; these lower bounds would then be used with branch and bound approaches. One method of doing this was to create a minimum spanning tree of the graph and then double all its edges, which produces the bound that the length of an optimal tour is at most twice the weight of a minimum spanning tree.
In 1976, Christofides and Serdyukov independently of each other made a big advance in this direction: the Christofides-Serdyukov algorithm yields a solution that, in the worst case, is at most 1.5 times longer than the optimal solution. As the algorithm was simple and quick, many hoped it would give way to a near optimal solution method. However, this hope for improvement did not immediately materialize, and Christofides-Serdyukov remained the method with the best worst-case scenario until 2011, when a (very) slightly improved approximation algorithm was developed for the subset of "graphical" TSPs. In 2020 this tiny improvement was extended to the full (metric) TSP.
Richard M. Karp showed in 1972 that the Hamiltonian cycle problem was NP-complete, which implies the NP-hardness of TSP. This supplied a mathematical explanation for the apparent computational difficulty of finding optimal tours.
Great progress was made in the late 1970s and 1980, when Grötschel, Padberg, Rinaldi and others managed to exactly solve instances with up to 2,392 cities, using cutting planes and branch and bound.
In the 1990s, Applegate, Bixby, Chvátal, and Cook developed the program Concorde that has been used in many recent record solutions. Gerhard Reinelt published the TSPLIB in 1991, a collection of benchmark instances of varying difficulty, which has been used by many research groups for comparing results. In 2006, Cook and others computed an optimal tour through an 85,900-city instance given by a microchip layout problem, currently the largest solved TSPLIB instance. For many other instances with millions of cities, solutions can be found that are guaranteed to be within 2–3% of an optimal tour. | * 19th century - mathematically formulated for first time by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman
* 1930s - First studied by mathematicians in Vienna and at Harvard, most notably by Karl Menger and Merill M. Flood who was looking to solve a school bus routing problem.
* 1959 - Jillian Beardwood, J.H. Halton and John Hammersley published an article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points" in the journal of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, which provided the first practical solution.
* 1960s - new approach is created, which produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the optimal length.
* 1972 - Richard M. Karp showed that the Hamiltonian cycle problem was NP-complete, which implies the NP-hardness of traveling salesman problem.
* 1976 - Christofides and Serdyukov independently invented new algorithm, which yields a solution that in the worst case is at most 1.5 times longer than the optimal solution.
* 1990s - Applegate, Bixby, Chvátal, and Cook developed the program Concorde that has been used in many recent record solutions.
* 1991 - Gerhard Reinelt published the TSPLIB, a collection of benchmark instances of varying difficulty, which has been used by many research groups for comparing results
* 2006 - Cook and others computed an optimal tour through an 85,900-city instance given by a microchip layout problem, currently the largest solved TSPLIB instance.
* 2011 - Slightly improved approximation algorithm is developed for the subset of "graphical" traveling salesman problem.
* 2020 - The slightly improved approximation algorithm developed for the subset of "graphical" is extended to cover the full traveling salesman problem. | null | null | null | 8335 |
null | classification | Tell me whether these are states or countries: Canada, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Japan, Germany, Australia, USA, Georgia, United Kingdom. | Canada is a country.
South Carolina is a state.
New York is a state.
New Jersey is a state.
Japan is a country.
Germany is a country.
Australia is a country.
USA is a country.
Georgia is a state.
United Kingdom is a country. | null | null | null | 8336 |
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null | closed_qa | When did Google purchase YouTube | In October 2006, YouTube was bought by Google for $1.65 billion. Google's ownership of YouTube expanded the site's business model, expanding from generating revenue from advertisements alone to offering paid content such as movies and exclusive content produced by YouTube. It also offers YouTube Premium, a paid subscription option for watching content without ads. YouTube also approved creators to participate in Google's AdSense program, which seeks to generate more revenue for both parties. YouTube reported revenue of $29.2 billion in 2022. In 2021, YouTube's annual advertising revenue increased to $28.8 billion, an increase in revenue of 9 billion from the previous year. | Google purchased YouTube in October 2006 for $1.65 billion | null | null | null | 8337 |
null | information_extraction | How often should you brush your teeth? | Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out on a regular basis to enable prevention of dental disease and bad breath. The most common types of dental disease are tooth decay (cavities, dental caries) and gum diseases, including gingivitis, and periodontitis.
General guidelines for adults suggest brushing at least twice a day with a fluoridated toothpaste: brushing last thing at night and at least on one other occasion. Cleaning between the teeth is called interdental cleaning and is as important as tooth brushing. This is because a toothbrush cannot reach between the teeth and therefore only removes about 50% of plaque from the surface of the teeth. There are many tools to clean between the teeth, including floss, tape and interdental brushes; it is up to each individual to choose which tool they prefer to use. | Oral Hygiene is important to maintain a healthy mouth free of disease. Keeping one's mouth clean avoids problems such as bad breath as well as tooth decay, gum disease and gingivitis. General guidelines for adults suggest brushing at least twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste. A good strategy is to brush your teeth in the morning and before you go to bed each night. | null | null | null | 8338 |
null | summarization | what are some of the signs and symptoms of Dissociative identity disorder? | According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), symptoms of DID include "the presence of two or more distinct personality states" accompanied by the inability to recall personal information beyond what is expected through normal memory issues. Other DSM-5 symptoms include a loss of identity as related to individual distinct personality states, loss of one's subjective experience of the passage of time, and degradation of a sense of self and consciousness. In each individual, the clinical presentation varies and the level of functioning can change from severe impairment to minimal impairment. The symptoms of dissociative amnesia are subsumed under a DID diagnosis, and thus should not be diagnosed separately if DID criteria are met. Individuals with DID may experience distress from both the symptoms of DID (intrusive thoughts or emotions) and the consequences of the accompanying symptoms (dissociation rendering them unable to remember specific information). The majority of patients with DID report childhood sexual or physical abuse. Amnesia between identities may be asymmetrical; identities may or may not be aware of what is known by another. Individuals with DID may be reluctant to discuss symptoms due to associations with abuse, shame, and fear. DID patients may also frequently and intensely experience time disturbances. Around half of people with DID have fewer than 10 identities and most have fewer than 100; although as many as 4,500 have been reported. The average number of identities has increased over the past few decades, from two or three to now an average of approximately 16. However, it is unclear whether this is due to an actual increase in identities, or simply that the psychiatric community has become more accepting of a high number of compartmentalized memory components. | Dissociative identity Disorder, or DIS in short, causes many symptoms that range from intrusive thoughts, and emotions to Amnesia. The severeness of Amnesia will vary between identities. Other symptoms include time disturbances between identities. Some of the other speculative signs include the number of identities that can range from 10 to 4500. | null | null | null | 8339 |
null | summarization | What is the special aspect of Einstein's special theory of relativity? | Until several years later when Einstein developed general relativity, which introduced a curved spacetime to incorporate gravity, the phrase "special relativity" was not used. A translation sometimes used is "restricted relativity"; "special" really means "special case".[p 2][p 3][p 4][note 1] Some of the work of Albert Einstein in special relativity is built on the earlier work by Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré. The theory became essentially complete in 1907.
The theory is "special" in that it only applies in the special case where the spacetime is "flat", that is, where the curvature of spacetime (a consequence of the energy–momentum tensor and representing gravity) is negligible.[note 2] In order to correctly accommodate gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. Special relativity, contrary to some historical descriptions, does accommodate accelerations as well as accelerating frames of reference. | The "special" part of Einstein's special theory of relativity is a reference to it being a special case of his General Theory of Relativity. Special relativity only applies in the special case where the curvature of spacetime is negligible, i.e., spacetime is "flat". Special relativity was formulated in 1907, and in order to correctly accommodate gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. | null | null | null | 8340 |
null | creative_writing | I am about to have my third child under the age of 4. What car should I get that would fit my family of 5, 3 kids in car seats, a dog and the possibility of adding another child in a few years? | You should consider test driving and purchasing a minivan. With three children under the age of five, all of which are going to need to be in car seats for the foresee able future, the built in features of a minivan are going to fit your current and short term needs. They include, but are not limited to automatic side doors, automatic rear doors, front, backup, and in cabin cameras, in car vacuum, parking assist, cruise control, built-in sun shades, captain chairs with a removable middle seat and rear entertainment. A minivan can easily sit 8 adults or children comfortably. It is the perfect car for a family of five or more should your family grow. | null | null | null | 8341 |
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null | general_qa | Why do cats lick themselves | Cats lick to show affection, to bond with you and other cats, and to groom themselves. Licking excessively can signal your cat has a medical issue, an allergy, or stress and anxiety. You may need to take your cat to the vet for evaluation and treatment if they develop bald spots from grooming too much | null | null | null | 8342 |
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null | open_qa | Maria Magdelana Von Losch Beyyer know as who | Marlene Dietrich | null | null | null | 8343 |
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null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph about video games, when was the Legend of Zelda originally released? | The Legend of Zelda, originally released in Japan as The Hyrule Fantasy: Zelda no Densetsu, is a 1986 action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. The first game of The Legend of Zelda series, it is set in the fantasy land of Hyrule and centers on an elf-like boy named Link, who aims to collect the eight fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom in order to rescue Princess Zelda from the antagonist Ganon. During the course of the game, the player controls Link from a top-down perspective and navigates throughout the overworld and dungeons, collecting weapons, defeating enemies and uncovering secrets along the way. | 1986 | null | null | null | 8344 |
null | brainstorming | Who would be your starting five on your current NBA team? | My starting five is not determined by who would be the best statistical performer at each position but more made up of which group of players I think would be the most fun to watch while also being a championship contender. To start, let's get the elephant out of the room, the big man down under has to be Joel Embiid for me. Offensively he is one of the best players in the league, no questions asked. Defensively, when he can stay out of foul trouble, he could easily make a run at DPOY (Defensive Player of the Year). At the 4, im still going big because of this mans ability to move his feet. Jokic is a 280lb ballerina with Einstein'esque IQ and court vision like an owl. At the 3, I need a lock down defender and a court runner, oh, and two time MVP in Giannis Antetoukoumpo. I doubt this front court would be allowed to share an elevator. For my back court I need to support this tremendous front court cast with shooters and passers. Im going to pair Lamelo Ball with Luka Doncic to further bolster the teams height (avgs 6'9). Lamelo and Luka can both knock down the three ball, get to the paint off the dribble, execute the pick and roll flawlessly and are 6'6 and 6'7 respectively. This group should have no problem taking on any other 5 in the league and probably any historically. | null | null | null | 8345 |
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null | open_qa | Name the BRICS nations. | Brazil, Russia, India, China & S.Africa | null | null | null | 8346 |
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null | closed_qa | given this reference text about 1891 Cypriot legislative election, What caused the non-Muslim seats to drop in 1886 to 10,030? | The Legislative Council consisted of six official members appointed by the High Commissioner and twelve elected members, three of which were Muslims and nine of which were non-Muslims.
The island was divided into three constituencies, each formed of two districts. Each constituency elected one Muslim and three non-Muslims. Muslim voters had one vote, whilst non-Muslims could vote for up to three candidates. Due to the high levels of illiteracy, voting was not secret, with voters required to tell the polling officers their candidates of choice, often in front of agents of the candidates.
Suffrage was limited to men aged over 21 who had been permanent residents during the five years prior to the elections, and who had paid either the verghi tax (which was levied as an annual payment of one four-thousandth of a property's value, 4% of rental income or 3% on profits or salaries) or rent for a dwelling or shop within the last year. However, of the estimated 40,000 taxpayers in the territory at the time of the elections, only those that had been able to pay their taxes on time were able to register to vote. The number of registered voters for the non-Muslim seats dropped from 15,408 in 1886 to 10,030. | Due to the requirement of paying your taxes on time in the previous year to be able to register to vote, the number of voters that were non-Muslim dropped. | null | null | null | 8347 |
null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph, who was Ayrton Senna's teammate at McLaren-Honda? | Ayrton Senna began his motorsport career in karting, moved up to open-wheel racing in 1981 and won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. He made his Formula One debut with Toleman-Hart in 1984, before moving to Lotus-Renault the following year and winning six Grands Prix over the next three seasons. In 1988, he joined Frenchman Alain Prost at McLaren-Honda. Between them, they won all but one of the 16 Grands Prix that year, and Senna claimed his first World Championship. Prost claimed the championship in 1989, and Senna his second and third championships in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, the Williams-Renault combination began to dominate Formula One. Senna nonetheless managed to finish the 1993 season as runner-up, winning five races and negotiating a move to Williams in 1994. | While at McLaren-Honda, Alain Prost was Ayrton Senna's teammate. | null | null | null | 8348 |
null | classification | which of the following are software companies vs not?
shell
microsoft
nasa
spacex
grammarly
apple
figma
john deere
bira 91 | software companies:
microsoft
grammarly
apple
figma | null | null | null | 8349 |
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null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, provide a bulleted list of the main elements of the act. | The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018, Pub. L. 115–97 (text) (PDF), is a congressional revenue act of the United States originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals, increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits, eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions, limiting deductions for state and local income taxes and property taxes, further limiting the mortgage interest deduction, reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations, doubling the estate tax exemption, and set the penalty enforcing individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) at $0.
The Act is based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that under the Act individuals and pass-through entities like partnerships and S corporations would receive about $1.125 trillion in net benefits (i.e. net tax cuts offset by reduced healthcare subsidies) over 10 years, while corporations would receive around $320 billion in benefits. The CBO estimated that implementing the Act would add an estimated $2.289 trillion to the national debt over ten years, or about $1.891 trillion after taking into account macroeconomic feedback effects, in addition to the $9.8 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt.[8 | The main elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act are:
- Reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals
- Increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits
- Eliminating personal exemptions
- Limiting deductions for state and local income and property taxes
- Limiting the mortgage interest deduction
- Reducing the alternative minimum tax
- Doubling the estate tax exemption
- Setting the penalty enforcing individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act at $0 | null | null | null | 8350 |
null | classification | Tell me whether these are pasta types or pizza types: macaroni, rigatoni, margherita, pepperoni, orzo, spaghetti, stuffed crust, Hawaiian | Pasta: macaroni, rigatoni, orzo, spaghetti
Pizza: margherita, pepperoni, stuffed crust, Hawaiian | null | null | null | 8351 |
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null | brainstorming | How can I have a productive day? | Here are some ideas. Start with making a list of some things you would like to accomplish or do to make the day a meaningful success in your eyes. Prioritize those activities from most important to least important, or by time of day you would like to have them completed. Then open your planner or calendar and fill those activities into the appropriate time slot. Then check off those items as you complete them or participate in those activities to give yourself a sense of accomplishment. At the end of the day, you could journal to reflect on how the day went, what you could have done differently or approved, and plan the next day with those lessons in mind. | null | null | null | 8352 |
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null | open_qa | How many time zones does Alaska have? | Alaska has two time zones: Alaska Time Zone (UTC-09:00 standard and UTC-08:00 daylight saving) and Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone (UTC-10:00 standard and UTC-09:00 daylight saving). The latter is used only by islands on the Aleutian chain that are west of 169°30′W. | null | null | null | 8353 |
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null | general_qa | Why are cookies delicious? | Cookies are delicious typically because they contain fat (oils usually), sugar, and salt in addition to carbohydrates from flour, many ingredients of which human taste buds enjoy. They are also baked, adding the heat element, which chemically alters them to be more palatable. | null | null | null | 8354 |
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null | information_extraction | Based on this paragraph, what might be some appealing things about Bloomington? | Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County, Indiana, United States. It is the seventh-largest city in Indiana and the fourth-largest outside the Indianapolis metropolitan area. According to the Monroe County History Center, Bloomington is known as the "Gateway to Scenic Southern Indiana". The city was established in 1818 by a group of settlers from Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Virginia who were so impressed with "a haven of blooms" that they called it Bloomington. | Bloomington appears to be a scenic place with natural beauty such as fields of flowers. As the fourth largest city in Indiana outside of Indianapolis, it may be a small and quiet town which may be appealing to those looking for a laid back place to spend time. | null | null | null | 8355 |
null | brainstorming | Give me 5 great landmarks to visit in the western united states | - The Grand Canyon
- Mount Rainier
- The Golden Gate Bridge
- Yellow Stone National Park
- Disney Land | null | null | null | 8356 |
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null | information_extraction | Who introduced the concept of the electric field and what is it? | The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.
An electric field generally varies in space and its strength at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point. The conceptual charge, termed a 'test charge', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of magnetic fields. As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector, having both magnitude and direction, so it follows that an electric field is a vector field.
The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves. | The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. | null | null | null | 8357 |
null | information_extraction | Extract names of all previous US presidents in the paragraph below: | Muskets with interchangeable locks caught the attention of Thomas Jefferson through the efforts of Honoré Blanc when Jefferson was Ambassador to France in 1785. Jefferson tried to persuade Blanc to move to America, but was not successful, so he wrote to the American Secretary of War with the idea, and when he returned to the USA he worked to fund its development. President George Washington approved of the idea, and by 1798 a contract was issued to Eli Whitney for 12,000 muskets built under the new system. | The following are names of US presidents in the paragraph above: Thomas Jefferson (or Jefferson), George Washington. | null | null | null | 8358 |
null | general_qa | Why is Rafael Nadal so successful on clay courts? | There are a lot of factors contributing to Rafael Nadal's success on clay. It starts with his preferred play style, heavy topspin. Heavily top spun ball bites into the surface more and jumped up higher, making it harder for the opponents to get the ball back. Next is his physical prowess -- clay courts are slow, which leads to longer points, so the players have to be in fantastic physical shape for them to keep playing at their best levels for 3-4 hours on average. Finally, Rafael Nadal's attitude and competitive spirit -- never give up, always plays with a high-intensity point in point out, and plays the sport with humility make him the ultimate champion he is on clay courts. | null | null | null | 8359 |
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null | brainstorming | What are good female celebrity costumes for an 80s party? | There are many amazing 80s female costume options to choose from. See the list below for a few top choices:
- Madonna
- Jem and the Holograms
- Pamela Anderson
- Punky Brewster
- Lady Diana
- Alex Owens from Flashdance
- The Golden Girls
- She-Ra
- Tina Turner | null | null | null | 8360 |
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null | summarization | What is Dragon Ball Z? | Dragon Ball Z is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. Part of the Dragon Ball media franchise, it is the sequel to the 1986 Dragon Ball anime series and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. The series aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 1989 to January 1996 and was later dubbed for broadcast in at least 81 countries worldwide.
Dragon Ball Z continues the adventures of Goku in his adult life as he and his companions defend the Earth against villains including aliens (Vegeta, Frieza), androids (Cell), and magical creatures (Majin Buu). At the same time, the story parallels the life of his son, Gohan, as well as the development of his rivals, Piccolo and Vegeta. | Dragon Ball Z is a manga and an anime about an alien man who comes to Earth named Goku. It picks up the show from its prequel Dragon Ball and is analogous to Superman. Goku is a Saiyan, a race of fighting aliens, and as an adult, he and his friends, the Z fighters, defend the Earth from other Saiyans such as Raditz and Vegeta, alien overlords such as Frieza, androids such as Cell, and magical creatures such as Majin Buu. | null | null | null | 8361 |
null | closed_qa | Given these paragraphs, tell me what a recurrent neural network , and how it differs from a convolutional neural network. | A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes can create a cycle, allowing output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes. This allows it to exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. Derived from feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal state (memory) to process variable length sequences of inputs. This makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented, connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition. Recurrent neural networks are theoretically Turing complete and can run arbitrary programs to process arbitrary sequences of inputs.
The term "recurrent neural network" is used to refer to the class of networks with an infinite impulse response, whereas "convolutional neural network" refers to the class of finite impulse response. Both classes of networks exhibit temporal dynamic behavior. A finite impulse recurrent network is a directed acyclic graph that can be unrolled and replaced with a strictly feedforward neural network, while an infinite impulse recurrent network is a directed cyclic graph that can not be unrolled.
Both finite impulse and infinite impulse recurrent networks can have additional stored states, and the storage can be under direct control by the neural network. The storage can also be replaced by another network or graph if that incorporates time delays or has feedback loops. Such controlled states are referred to as gated state or gated memory, and are part of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) and gated recurrent units. This is also called Feedback Neural Network (FNN). | A recurrent neural network is a class of artificial neural networks where connections between nodes can create a cycle, allowing output from some nodes to affect subsequent input to the same nodes.The term "recurrent neural network" is used to refer to the class of networks with an infinite impulse response, whereas "convolutional neural network" refers to the class of finite impulse response. | null | null | null | 8362 |
null | brainstorming | Give me a list of the US Open Golf Venues from 1981-1985 | 1981 - Merion Golf Course (East Course) in Ardmore, Pennsylvania
1982 - Pebble Beach Golf Links in Pebble Beach, California
1983 - Oakmont Country Club in Plum, Pennsylvania
1984 - Winged Foot Golf Course (West Course) in Mamaroneck, New York
1985 - Oakmont Country Club in Plum, Pennsylvania | null | null | null | 8363 |
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null | classification | Tell me what sport these players play: Kris Bryant, Zach Lavine, Justin Fields | Kris Bryant is a baseball player for the Colorado Rockies, Zach Lavine is a basketball player for the Chicago Bulls, and Justin Fields plays football for the NFL, Chicago Bears. | null | null | null | 8364 |
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null | general_qa | What are some ways I can improve my general health during my work day? | There are a number of things you can do to improve your general health during your working day. You can use a standing desk or a desk treadmill. You may be able to go for a walk while on a phone or conference call. It is also good to try and fit in some time for activities such as visiting the gym, doing yoga or meditating. | null | null | null | 8365 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kus, Hackbrett | Kus is percussion, Hackbrett is string. | null | null | null | 8366 |
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null | classification | Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Mercedes-Benz, Chevrolet | Chevrolet is American, Mercedes-Benz is German | null | null | null | 8367 |
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null | summarization | What is a Swedish Hare and why was it developed? | The Swedish Hare is a breed of domestic rabbit that resembles a hare and was developed, starting in 2008 in Sweden, for its competitive jumping ability. At the same time but separately, the Elfin breed was being developed in the United States—also in response to the popularity of rabbit show jumping. The Elfin officially became the Swedish Hare in October 2011.[citation needed] | A Swedish Hare is a domestic rabbit developed for competitive jumping. | null | null | null | 8368 |
null | information_extraction | Who discovered the harmonic distribution? | In probability theory and statistics, the harmonic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. It was discovered by Étienne Halphen, who had become interested in the statistical modeling of natural events. His practical experience in data analysis motivated him to pioneer a new system of distributions that provided sufficient flexibility to fit a large variety of data sets. Halphen restricted his search to distributions whose parameters could be estimated using simple statistical approaches. | Étienne Halphen | null | null | null | 8369 |
null | information_extraction | Who was in control of the four occupation zones as per the above passage? | After the end of World War II in Europe, what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones (as per the Potsdam Agreement), each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. The capital of Berlin, as the seat of the Allied Control Council, was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city's location, which was fully within the Soviet zone.
Within two years, political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers. These included the Soviets' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self-sufficient, and to a detailed accounting of industrial plants, goods and infrastructure—some of which had already been removed by the Soviets. France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of Germany into one zone for reconstruction, and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan. | the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. | null | null | null | 8370 |
null | open_qa | Where is k-38 surf spot located? | Baja California | null | null | null | 8371 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these golfers are right-handed or left-handed: Phil Mickelson, Sergio Garcia, Bubba Watson, Kevin Na, Carlos Ortiz, Brooks Koepka | Phil Mickelson: Left-handed
Sergio Garcia: Right-handed
Bubba Watson: Left-handed
Kevin Na: Right-handed
Carlos Ortiz: Right-handed
Brooks Koepka: Right-handed | null | null | null | 8372 |
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null | open_qa | In music, what is a triad? | Three tones (musical notes) make up a triad. Depending on the interval between the notes, different types of musical chords can be created. For instance, a C major chord is made up of the triad notes C, E, G. The C minor chord is made up of the triad C, E-minor, G. | null | null | null | 8373 |
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null | information_extraction | Extract the reasons why inverted yield curve could happen, and place them in a bullet list. | Under unusual circumstances, investors will settle for lower yields associated with low-risk long-term debt if they think the economy will enter a recession in the near future. For example, the S&P 500 experienced a dramatic fall in mid 2007, from which it recovered completely by early 2013. Investors who had purchased 10-year Treasuries in 2006 would have received a safe and steady yield until 2015, possibly achieving better returns than those investing in equities during that volatile period.
Economist Campbell Harvey's 1986 dissertation showed that an inverted yield curve accurately forecasts U.S. recessions. An inverted curve has indicated a worsening economic situation in the future eight times since 1970.
In addition to potentially signaling an economic decline, inverted yield curves also imply that the market believes inflation will remain low. This is because, even if there is a recession, a low bond yield will still be offset by low inflation. However, technical factors, such as a flight to quality or global economic or currency situations, may cause an increase in demand for bonds on the long end of the yield curve, causing long-term rates to fall. Falling long-term rates in the presence of rising short-term rates is known as "Greenspan's Conundrum". | There are two reasons why an inverted yield curve could happen
1. When investors think the economy will enter a recession in the near future, they will settle for lower yields associated with low-risk long-term debt, which would likely result in higher returns than investments in equities during the same time.
2. When the market believes inflation will remain low, there will be more demand for bonds on the long end of the yield curve, causing long-term rates to fall. | null | null | null | 8374 |
null | information_extraction | Extract from the text what are the details needed for a subledger, or subsidiary ledger. Separate them by a comma. | The subledger, or subsidiary ledger, provides details behind entries in the general ledger used in accounting. The subledger shows detail for part of the accounting records such as property and equipment, prepaid expenses, etc. The detail would include such items as date the item was purchased or expense incurred, a description of the item, the original balance, and the net book value. The total of the subledger would match the line item amount on the general ledger. This corresponding line item in the general ledger is referred to as the controlling account. The subsidiary ledger balance is compared with its controlling account balance as part of the process of preparing a trial balance.
As part of an audit, a method of testing balances may include tracing individual acquisitions to the subsidiary ledger for amounts and descriptions. The objective of this test is to determine that the current-year acquisitions schedule agrees with related subledger amounts, and the total agrees with the general ledger. | date the item was purchased, expense incurred, description of the item, original balance, net book value | null | null | null | 8375 |
null | open_qa | When did google first start? | Google was founded on September 4, 1998. The first investor in Google was the Sun co-founder who wrote them their first check for $100,000. In the beginning they were just a search engine for internet browsing. As this gained popularity they have developed hundreds of other products used by billions of people and companies all over the world. Some technologies they produced after their initial launch that people use today are gmail, google workspaces, and google cloud platform. | null | null | null | 8376 |
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null | open_qa | What is Maven? | Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects. | null | null | null | 8377 |
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null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph about video games in the Netherlands, how many people work in the games industry? | The Netherlands' mainstream video games market, not taking into consideration the serious and casual games, is the sixth largest in Europe. In 2008, the Dutch market took up 3.95% of the entire European market in total sales and 4.19% in software sales.
A significant part of the Netherlands' gaming industry is in serious games, in which Dutch companies make a significant part of the worldwide industry.
In the Netherlands, an estimated of 4,000 people are working in the games industry, at more than 600 companies. Over 45 of the companies are located in the Dutch Game Garden, a government subsidized organization with the aim of promoting and improving the video games industry in the Netherlands. | 4,000 | null | null | null | 8378 |
null | information_extraction | Extract the pupils of Abraham van Strij from the text. Separate them with a comma. | Van Strij was born and died in Dordrecht. According to the RKD he was the son of Leendert and the brother of Jacob. Both he and his brother were pupils of his father, and after taking lessons from Joris Ponse, Abraham joined his father's workshop. He was a member of the Dordrecht Guild of St. Luke and later its director. His son Abraham II also became a painter, and besides his son, he and his brother took on pupils after taking over their father's workshop. Their pupils were Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, and Gillis Smak Gregoor. | Pieter Rudolph Kleijn, Johannes van Lexmond, Jacob de Meijer, Johannes Rutten, Johannes Schoenmakers, Johannes Christiaan Schotel, Gillis Smak Gregoor. | null | null | null | 8379 |
null | general_qa | How to do you convert from inches to cm? | You can convert inches to centimeters using the following:
cm = 2.54 * inches, for example, 5 inches = 5 * 2.54 = 12.7 cm | null | null | null | 8380 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, what does Adam M. Grant do? | Adam M. Grant (born August 13, 1981) is an American popular science author, and professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania specializing in organizational psychology. | Adam M. Grant is an American author and professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania who specializes in organizational psychology. | null | null | null | 8381 |
null | classification | What is the origin of Hello ? | According to the Oxford English Dictionary, hello is an alteration of hallo, hollo, which came from Old High German "halâ, holâ, emphatic imperative of halôn, holôn to fetch, used especially in hailing a ferryman". It also connects the development of hello to the influence of an earlier form, holla, whose origin is in the French holà (roughly, 'whoa there!', from French là 'there') | null | null | null | 8382 |
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null | open_qa | what book would you recommend for pregnant women? | Pregnant women have a lot on their plate, including their own physical and mental health and preparation for childbirth and newborn care. What to expect when you are expecting written by Heidi Murkoff is a popular book that provides a 360 degree view of pregnancy details like week-by-week fetal development and nutrient recommendations for each month. Expecting better by Emily Oster is another popular, more data-oriented and anecdotal, aiming to debunk common misguided rules and myths about pregnancy. Heng Ou's Nine Golden Months focuses more on mental power and nutrient suggestions for expecting moms. It also provides incredible recipes that turn easy-to-access grocery store staples to tasty and nutrient dishes. | null | null | null | 8383 |
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null | brainstorming | I which country is the best football played? | The best football is either played in Spain or Italy since they have the most skilled players and coaches. A reason for that is that investors have put a lot of money into these teams. However, football leagues like Germany, England, and Brazil are very good. | null | null | null | 8384 |
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null | summarization | Which languages are spoken in Morocco | Morocco's official languages are Arabic and Berber. The country's distinctive group of Moroccan Arabic dialects is referred to as Darija. Approximately 89.8% of the whole population can communicate to some degree in Moroccan Arabic. The Berber language is spoken in three dialects (Tarifit, Tashelhit and Central Atlas Tamazight). In 2008, Frédéric Deroche estimated that there were 12 million Berber speakers, making up about 40% of the population. The 2004 population census reported that 28.1% of the population spoke Berber.
French is widely used in governmental institutions, media, mid-size and large companies, international commerce with French-speaking countries, and often in international diplomacy. French is taught as an obligatory language in all schools. In 2010, there were 10,366,000 French-speakers in Morocco, or about 32% of the population. | Morocco's official languages are Arabic and Berber. French is widely used in governmental institutions and media. English and Spanish are also used a lot in Morocco. | null | null | null | 8385 |
null | classification | Classify the cities based on whether they are located in Belarus or Cayman Islands.
Vitsyebsk, George Town, Minsk, Homyel’ | Belarus - Minsk, Homyel’, Vitsyebsk
Cayman Islands - George Town | null | null | null | 8386 |
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null | information_extraction | Extract from the text the name of the state where Beaver Creek is located | Beaver Creek is a tributary of the Des Moines River that rises at the northern border of Boone County in the U.S. state of Iowa, and then flows generally south and southeast through western Boone County, northeastern Dallas County, and finally northwestern Polk County before flowing into the Des Moines River approximately a mile south of the Saylorville Reservoir in Polk County. In total, the main channel is approximately 77 miles (124 km) in length, and the watershed drains approximately 380 square miles (980 km2). | Iowa | null | null | null | 8387 |
null | general_qa | What options does the Federal Reserve have to fight inflation? | The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States, and its remit is to provide the nation a more stable and durable monetary system. The Federal Reserve, or the Fed, is specifically tasked with maintaining maximum employment while ensuring price stability. The United States is currently experiencing persistent inflation. Typically, the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates when initially trying to combat inflation. The increased rates make lending more expensive, and subsequently discourages capital investment and borrowing. The added cost in turn reduces demand for products and services. Lower demand normally leads to dropping prices to try and motivate potential buyers. The other primary method involves open-market operations. When inflation is running higher than expected, the Fed can reduce the money supply by selling securities and taking currency out of circulation. Since there are fewer dollars in circulation, each remaining dollar is correspondingly worth more than it was before those transactions. | null | null | null | 8388 |
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null | general_qa | Which countries are the freest? | It depends. Different people may have different points of view, and also can give more or less value to different things that can imply some level of "freedom". There are many different indexes that sometimes are used for measuring the freedom degree of the world's nations, e.g:
- The Index of Economic Freedom is a well known index, created by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal in 1995, that measures economic freedom based on 12 different aspects. It is updated every year.
- The Human Freedom Index is developed by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank in the United States. It is a global ranking that uses ranks countries according to their levels of personal, civil and economic freedom.
In any case, it depends on what do you understand by "freedom", and also what you want to compare among the different countries. | null | null | null | 8389 |
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null | open_qa | What is it like to have children and how many should I have? | Having children is an amazing experience. You never know love like the love of a child. Having children brings families closer together because they are playful, loving, innocent, and silly at times as they learn to navigate this world. Children make us laugh, smile, love, learn patience and understanding, teach us thoughtful communication, and even how to be children again. They also do certain things and actions that can bring back deep seeded memories of when we were kids and then we can relive those experiences together. I cannot answer how many children you should have but definitely give it some thought because it might bring you happiness too. | null | null | null | 8390 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of the best TV shows that I must watch. | Everyone has a different taste when it comes to TV shows, but here are some that you should watch:
- Planet Earth (2006)
- Breaking Bad (2008)
- Band of Brothers (2001)
- Chernobyl (2019)
- The Sopranos (1999)
- Game of Thrones (2011)
- Rick and Morty (2013)
- The Office (2005)
- The Last of Us (2023)
- Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000)
- Narcos (2015)
- Dragon Ball Z (1989)
- Rome (2005)
- The Mandalorian (2019)
- Mr. Bean (1990)
- The Queen's Gambit (2020) | null | null | null | 8391 |
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null | brainstorming | Provide me with popular girl names. | Popular girl names include Olivia, Emma, Charlotte, Amelia, Ava, and Sophia. | null | null | null | 8392 |
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null | closed_qa | What is the negative side effect of the "fire power" on Fargus? | Pandemonium 2 is a psychedelic 2.5D game; specifically, it renders characters and environments with polygons and uses a 3D camera to create the appearance of 3-D, while gameplay is actually on a 2-D plane. Players can choose to be either Nikki or Fargus - who each have different specialties - with the option to change for each level. The player characters' abilities have been expanded over those in Pandemonium! with the ability to climb ropes, crawl, and pull themselves up ledges. During the quest, players can earn extra lives by collecting treasure.
Unique powers collected during gameplay may replace, extend or add to previous powers, depending on which character is in play and which power has been obtained. The characters handle the unique powers differently. For instance, collecting the "fire power" allows Nikki to shoot destructive fireballs, while it grants Fargus invincibility and a deadly touch, but requires him to constantly move forward. Machines and equipment are also available throughout the game, although they are tied to certain areas. | It requires him to constantly move forward. | null | null | null | 8393 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference tax about a footballer, tell me when they were born, what is their nationalities and which years they won the FIFA World cup. | Lionel Andrés Messi[note 1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi] (listen); born 24 June 1987), also known as Leo Messi, is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and captains the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record seven Ballon d'Or awards[note 2] and a record six European Golden Shoes, and in 2020 he was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team. Until leaving the club in 2021, he had spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he won a club-record 34 trophies, including 10 La Liga titles, seven Copa del Rey titles and four UEFA Champions Leagues. With his country, he won the 2021 Copa América and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most goals in La Liga (474), most hat-tricks in La Liga (36) and the UEFA Champions League (eight), and most assists in La Liga (192) and the Copa América (17). He also has the most international goals by a South American male (102). Messi has scored over 800 senior career goals for club and country, and has the most goals by a player for a single club (672). | Lionel Andrés Messi, also known as Leo Messi, was born 24 June 1987. He is an Argentine professional footballer. In 2022, He won 2022 FIFA World Cup with his country. | null | null | null | 8394 |
null | summarization | What is dhollywood? | Gujarati cinema, also known as Dhollywood, is the Gujarati language film industry. It is one of the major regional and vernacular film industries of the cinema of India, having produced more than one thousand films since its inception. | Dhollywood is a nickname for movies made by Gujarati cinema in India. | null | null | null | 8395 |
null | brainstorming | What is Bayes theorem mathematical formula | P(A/B) = P(B/A) * P(A) / P(B) | null | null | null | 8396 |
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null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about refugees, tell me about refugee camps. | A refugee camp is a place built by governments or NGOs (such as the Red Cross) to receive refugees, internally displaced persons or sometimes also other migrants. It is usually designed to offer acute and temporary accommodation and services and any more permanent facilities and structures often banned. People may stay in these camps for many years, receiving emergency food, education and medical aid until it is safe enough to return to their country of origin. There, refugees are at risk of disease, child soldier and terrorist recruitment, and physical and sexual violence. There are estimated to be 700 refugee camp locations worldwide. | A refugee camps are generally built by governments or non-government organizations, such as the Red Cross. They are built to receive displaced individuals. | null | null | null | 8397 |
null | information_extraction | Replace all years in the following passage with the century in which it occurred | Thomas David Gordon (born 1954) (also known as T. David Gordon) is a professor, media ecologist, author, pastor, and Reformed Christian theologian. | Thomas David Gordon (born in the 20th century) (also known as T. David Gordon) is a professor, media ecologist, author, pastor, and Reformed Christian theologian. | null | null | null | 8398 |
null | open_qa | Who is the greatest ever soccer player? | Cristiano Ronaldo | null | null | null | 8399 |
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