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null | information_extraction | Extract all the football competitions mentioned in the passage and present them using bullet points. | Barcelona is one of three founding members of the top division that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup. | - La Liga
- Copa del Rey
- UEFA Champions League
- Spanish Super Cup
- UEFA Super Cup
- FIFA Club World Cup | null | null | null | 12900 |
null | brainstorming | Give me a few recipes you could make with bread, butter, eggs, and cheese where I have a stovetop, toaster, and a frying pan. | Here are a few recipes you could make with the ingredients and tools you mentioned.
1. Grilled cheese and sunny-side up eggs:
Warm up your frying pan on the stove top. Heat a small amount of butter on the frying pan until melted and then place two slices of bread side-by-side into the pan. Place cheese on one slice of bread and heat until bread is crispy and cheese has started to melt. Then cover the slice of bread with melted cheese with the other slice of bread and remove from the frying pan.
Gently crack an egg and place it into the frying pan. Cook until the egg whites are hardened. You may then cook until the yolks are of your desired consistency.
2. Toast and cheese omelette:
Place bread into toaster and cook to desired level. Spread desired amount of butter on bread.
Warm up your frying pan on the stove top. Heat a small amount of butter on the frying pan until melted. In the meantime, gently crack eggs into a bowl and whisk eggs. Place whisked eggs into heated frying pan until eggs have started to harden. Place cheese onto eggs and fold.
3. Scrambled eggs with toast:
Place bread into toaster and cook to desired level. Spread desired amount of butter on bread.
Warm up your frying pan on the stove top. Heat a small amount of butter on the frying pan until melted. In the meantime, gently crack eggs into a bowl and whisk eggs. Place whisked eggs into heated frying pan and consistently mix. Place cheese into pan and continue mixing until eggs set. | null | null | null | 12901 |
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null | classification | True or false, Chesapeake Bay Crab Spice are a flavor of Lays potato chip? | As hard as it may be to believe, Chesapeake Bay Crab Spice is a Lays potato chip flavor. | null | null | null | 12902 |
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null | open_qa | What are the benefits of audio books over physical books? | Audio books can be beneficial for multiple reasons. For one, the exist digitally on your phone in the cloud so there is no physical book that would need to be carried around. This makes is much easier for the listener to have a book with them without carrying a physical book. Additionally, audio books can be consumed when someone is not able to hold a physical book like when they are driving or riding a bike. This allows the reader to enjoy a book during a variety of activities. These are a few reasons why some people enjoy audio books. | null | null | null | 12903 |
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null | closed_qa | Based on this paragraph, which two objects account for the majority of the mass of the Solar System? | The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. It formed 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar molecular cloud. The vast majority (99.86%) of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in the planet Jupiter. The planetary system around the Sun contains eight planets. The four inner system planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—are terrestrial planets, being composed primarily of rock and metal. The four giant planets of the outer system are substantially larger and more massive than the terrestrials. The two largest, Jupiter and Saturn, are gas giants, being composed mainly of hydrogen and helium; the next two, Uranus and Neptune, are ice giants, being composed mostly of volatile substances with relatively high melting points compared with hydrogen and helium, such as water, ammonia, and methane. All eight planets have nearly circular orbits that lie near the plane of Earth's orbit, called the ecliptic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System | Based on this paragraph, the Sun and Jupiter are the two objects that account for the majority of the mass of the Solar System, with the Sun responsible for 99.86% of the total. | null | null | null | 12904 |
null | open_qa | What are some of the main themes of Jane Eyre | Some of the main themes of Jane Eyre are social class, love, family, dependence and independence, personal discovery and growth. There are also themes of religion, pride, duty to society and personal morality | null | null | null | 12905 |
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null | brainstorming | how do I learn flute? | Flute is a musical instrument. It requires a lot of practices to play it well. Here are a few ways:
find a good teacher that has rich experience about how to gradually play with it and follow instructions
find materials online about different people's learning schedule and experiences
practice a lot. practice makes perfect. and continuous practice is more important
Also another important thing is to love it and enjoy the learning experience. It creates the intrinsic motivation which is more important. | null | null | null | 12906 |
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null | summarization | Wha is the Dynamite!! 2010 | Dynamite!! 2010 was a mixed martial arts and kickboxing event in the annual New Year's Eve event promoted by Fighting and Entertainment Group that took place on December 31, 2010 at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan. The event included bouts that encompass the DREAM, K-1 and K-1 World MAX banners. Just as the previous Dynamite!! 2009, with the official commentator Nozomi Sasaki, the event aired on TBS in Japan and HDNet in North America.
Background
FEG president Tanikawa had stated that the company planned on holding an event together with Sengoku Raiden Championship and this event may have a similar DREAM vs SRC format as Dynamite!! 2009. However, this did not happen as SRC held its own event, World Victory Road Presents: Soul of Fight.
Tanikawa has also stated that this Dynamite!! event will most likely be shortened (to around three hours) and the annual K-1 Koshien tournament will not take place at this event.
The title fight between Bibiano Fernandes and Hiroyuki Takaya was the last in the 63 kg. (139 lbs) weight class before it gets broken into the standard MMA bantamweight and featherweight divisions. DREAM plans on holding a Grand Prix in whichever of the two weight classes the champion does not decide to fight in. After winning the title, Hiroyuki Takaya stated that he would become the Featherweight (145 lbs) Champion.
The Aoki/Nagashima fight was first announced that there would be an alternate of four rounds, with one round under MMA rules and the next round, then they will change gloves and, fight under kickboxing rules. A coin toss will determine what rules they start under. However, it has later announced that the fight will feature one three-minute kickboxing round, followed by a standard five-minute MMA round. The fighters used open-fingered gloves throughout. If no winner were decided in the eight minutes of competition, the fight would have been declared an automatic draw.
A fight between Bob Sapp and Shinichi Suzukawa in a super-heavyweight “IGF rules” bout was set to feature a rule set similar to MMA, but with no closed fist strikes. However, the fight was canceled due to Sapp attempting to re-negotiate his contract backstage prior to the event and eventually electing to withdraw from the contest. | The Dynamite!! 2010 was a mixed martial arts and kickboxing event in the annual New Year's Eve event promoted by Fighting and Entertainment Group that took place on December 31, 2010 at the Saitama Super Arena in Saitama, Japan.
The event included bouts that encompass the DREAM, K-1 and K-1 World MAX banners. Just as the previous Dynamite!! 2009, with the official commentator Nozomi Sasaki, the event aired on TBS in Japan and HDNet in North America. | null | null | null | 12907 |
null | summarization | What is the meaning of the album title "Flying Microtonal Banana", by King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard? | Subtitled Explorations into Microtonal Tuning, Volume 1, the album is recorded in quarter tone tuning, where an octave is divided into 24 (logarithmically) equal-distanced quarter tones; it was originally conceived to play on a baglama, so the band members used instruments specifically modified for microtonal tuning, as well as other Middle-Eastern instruments like the zurna. The name "Flying Microtonal Banana" comes from Stu Mackenzie's custom-built yellow guitar, fitted with additional microtonal frets. | The title of the album "Flying Microtonal Banana" comes from the name of Stu Mackenzie's custom yellow guitar, fitted with microtonal frets. The guitar was built to use quarter tone tuning, in which the octave is divided into 24 equal-distanced tones. | null | null | null | 12908 |
null | summarization | From this paragraph please summarize the notable California regions where pinot noir is produced. | Pinot noir's home is France's Burgundy region, particularly Côte-d'Or. It is also planted in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, northern parts of Croatia, Czech Republic, England, the Republic of Georgia, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Hungary, Kosovo, the Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, New Zealand, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, Ukraine, United States, and Uruguay. The United States has increasingly become a major pinot noir producer, with some of the best regarded coming from Oregon's Willamette Valley, and California's Sonoma County with its Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast appellations. Lesser-known appellations are found in Mendocino County's Anderson Valley, the Central Coast's Santa Lucia Highlands appellation, the Santa Maria Valley, and Sta. Rita Hills American Viticulture Area in Santa Barbara County. In New Zealand, it is principally grown in Martinborough, Marlborough, Waipara, and Central Otago. | Notable California regions that produce pinot noir include Sonoma County (Russian River Valley and Sonoma Coast), Mendocino County (Anderson Valley), Central Coast (Santa Lucia Highlands), and Santa Barbara County (Santa Maria Valley, Sta. Rita Hills American Viticulture Area). | null | null | null | 12909 |
null | open_qa | What is Fibonacci series | Fibonacci series is a sequence where every number is the sum of the 2 preceding numbers. The series commonly starts form 0 and the first few numbers are 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21.... | null | null | null | 12910 |
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null | creative_writing | Imagine you are the last person on Earth. Write a diary entry describing your thoughts and feelings. | Dear diary, you have been a faithful companion to me, all this while, the only true friend I have. Or, may, I say, the only witness to my thoughts - because there is no one else. Yes, I am the only person around in this world. Does this make me happy or sad, you ask? I am conflicted, to be honest. As an introvert, I always wanted solitude and peace. The ability to be myself, to not just think my own thoughts but act like no one was watching. And yet, now, when I really can do this (believe me, no one is watching me, or even the security tapes!), I long for a voice to hear and for someone to talk back to me, see me act stupid or act out my weirdest thoughts, and in general just listen to me. But, there is no one. And this scares me, as well. Why am I writing this down, when I rarely, if ever, read you back? It is, probably, with a hidden hope that someone some day will read it and understand my thoughts and ideas without judgement. If no one ever will read it, because there is no human left on planet Earth, why am I writing this even? I always read (and scoffed at) the books telling me "Man is a social animal" - I felt they did not refer or apply to me me. And now, dear friend, I have realised a little too late in life that it wasn't the books that did not recognise me. Rather, it was I who didn't understand myself. Farewell and adieu! | null | null | null | 12911 |
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null | information_extraction | Which cities participated in the first IPL? | On 13 September 2007, on the back of India's victory at the 2007 T20 World Cup, BCCI announced a franchise-based Twenty20 cricket competition called Indian Premier League. The first season was slated to start in April 2008, in a "high-profile ceremony" in New Delhi. BCCI vice-president Lalit Modi, who spearheaded the IPL effort, spelled out the details of the tournament including its format, the prize money, franchise revenue system and squad composition rules. It was also revealed that the IPL would be run by a seven-man governing council composed of former India players and BCCI officials and that the top two teams of the IPL would qualify for that year's Champions League Twenty20. Modi also clarified that they had been working on the idea for two years and that the IPL was not started as a "knee-jerk reaction" to the ICL. The league's format was similar to that of the Premier League of England and the NBA in the United States.
In order to decide the owners for the new league, an auction was held on 24 January 2008 with the total base prices of the franchises costing around $400 million. At the end of the auction, the winning bidders were announced, as well as the cities the teams would be based in: Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, and Mumbai. In the end, the franchises were all sold for a total of $723.59 million. The Indian Cricket League soon folded in 2008. | Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Mohali, Mumbai | null | null | null | 12912 |
null | open_qa | What links the names Botvinik, Tal, Karpov, Fischer | Chess World Champs | null | null | null | 12913 |
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null | information_extraction | Summarize the three laws of thermodynamics in one or two sentences each. They should be understandable by a layman. | The laws of thermodynamics are a set of scientific laws which define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between them. They state empirical facts that form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as perpetual motion. In addition to their use in thermodynamics, they are important fundamental laws of physics in general, and are applicable in other natural sciences.
Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal identification, the first law, the second law, and the third law. A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law, after the first three laws had been established.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy passes into or out of a system (as work, heat, or matter), the system's internal energy changes in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
The second law of thermodynamics states that in a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems never decreases. A common corollary of the statement is that heat does not spontaneously pass from a colder body to a warmer body.
The third law of thermodynamics states that a system's entropy approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses), the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero.
The first and second laws prohibit two kinds of perpetual motion machines, respectively: the perpetual motion machine of the first kind which produces work with no energy input, and the perpetual motion machine of the second kind which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. | The first law states that energy in a closed system is conserved. More energy than that which was present cannot be created, nor can some energy be destroyed.
The second law says heat moves from a warm to a cold body.
The third law says the entropy of a system is related to it's temperature, and decreases as temperature decreases. | null | null | null | 12914 |
null | closed_qa | What team did Bobby Orr play for in his 5th season? | Robert Gordon Orr OC (born March 20, 1948) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, widely acknowledged as one of the greatest of all time. Orr used his ice skating speed, scoring, and play-making abilities to revolutionize the position of defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 12 seasons, the first 10 with the Boston Bruins, followed by two with the Chicago Black Hawks. Orr remains the only defenceman to have won the league scoring title with two Art Ross Trophies. He holds the record for most points and assists in a single season by a defenceman. Orr won a record eight consecutive Norris Trophies as the NHL's best defenceman and three consecutive Hart Trophies as the league's most valuable player (MVP). Orr was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979 at age 31, the youngest to be inducted at that time. In 2017, Orr was named by the National Hockey League as one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history. | Bobby Orr played for the Boston Bruins in his 5th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
He played in the NHL for 12 seasons, the first 10 with the Boston Bruins, followed by two with the Chicago Black Hawks. | null | null | null | 12915 |
null | creative_writing | Why should you stay at our rental cabin in Speedway, Indiana? | The Indianapolis 500 comes to Speedway, Indiana each year in May. It's the largest gathering for a sports event in the world. It's truly an event you don't want to miss! The buzz of the cars speeding by, the crowds cheering in a way you can't experience at traditional sporting events, all under the warm summer sun. It's truly a once in a lifetime event you can't experience like it anywhere else. Staying in our cabin allows you to be close to the action, with a walkable distance to the track, and run back should you want to take a quick break from the action. It has great views of the track, is a walkable distance, and nearby to many restaurants and shopping vendors during the event. | null | null | null | 12916 |
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null | summarization | Who built the Eiffel Tower | The Eiffel Tower (/ˈaɪfəl/ EYE-fəl; French: tour Eiffel [tuʁ ɛfɛl] (listen)) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. The tower received 5,889,000 visitors in 2022, up by 197 percent from 2021, when numbers dropped due to the COVID virus. The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world:[citation needed] 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015. It was designated a monument historique in 1964, and was named part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site ("Paris, Banks of the Seine") in 1991. | The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. An important designer was the Swiss Maurice Koechlin.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the centerpiece of the 1889 World's Fair. Although initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, it has since become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world. | null | null | null | 12917 |
null | information_extraction | Using given text as a reference, extract the composers of Color of the world separated by commas | "Colour the World" is a song by German production group Sash! featuring Nigerian-Swedish recording artist and producer Dr. Alban.
All lyrics are written by Dr. Alban, Ralf Kappmeier, Sascha Lappessen, Thomas Alisson; all music is composed by Ralph Kappmaier, Thomas Allison, Sascha Lappessen. | Ralph Kappmaier, Thomas Allison, Sascha Lappessen. | null | null | null | 12918 |
null | open_qa | which band sold the most albums of all time? | The Beatles.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, British rock band The Beatles are top of the list for best-selling artists worldwide, with 183 million units certified sales.
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. | null | null | null | 12919 |
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null | open_qa | What is the latest iOS version on iPhone and what issues it addressed? | The latest iOS for Apple iPhone is iOS 16.4.
This has bought a lot of updates to the iPhone like:
- It introduced a new set of emojis
- latest security patch
- It introduced a voice isolation feature for iPhone, now people can not listen to background noise when they are on call
- Now Cloud Shared Photo Library can also detect duplicate photos, this will save your storage
- Crash detection is been optimised for iPhone 14 series phones
- iCloud was unresponsive sometimes has been addressed
- Now you can add notifications for web apps on the home screen itself.
- Many more features are added | null | null | null | 12920 |
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null | open_qa | What was the first British instrumental to top the USA charts | Telstar by The Tornados | null | null | null | 12921 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a bulleted list of the seven most recent Heisman Trophy Winners | Caleb Williams, Bryce Young, DeVonta Smith, Joe Burrow, Kyler Murray, Baker Mayfield, and Lamar Jackson | null | null | null | 12922 |
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null | summarization | I want to try shooting sports, Can you throw some light on this using the given text as a reference? | Shooting sports is a group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision and speed in shooting — the art of using ranged weapons, mainly small arms (firearms and airguns, in forms such as handguns, rifles and shotguns) and bows/crossbows. | 1. A group of competitive and leisure sports activities is referred to as shooting sports.
2. It involves shooting competency examinations that measure accuracy, precision, and speed. Shooting is the art of employing ranged weapons, mostly small arms (firearms and airguns, in forms such pistols, rifles, and shotguns), as well as bows and crossbows. | null | null | null | 12923 |
null | closed_qa | Could you tell me how Cao Cao's fleet got destroyed during the battle of Red Cliffs based on this paragraph? | In 208, Cao Cao marched south with his army hoping to quickly unify the empire. Liu Biao's son Liu Cong surrendered Jing Province and Cao was able to capture a sizable fleet at Jiangling. Sun Quan, the successor to Sun Ce in the lower Yangtze, continued to resist. His advisor Lu Su secured an alliance with Liu Bei, himself a recent refugee from the north, and Zhou Yu was placed in command of Sun Quan's navy, along with a veteran general who served the Sun family, Cheng Pu. Their combined armies of 50,000 met Cao Cao's fleet and 200,000-strong force at Red Cliffs that winter. Cao Cao had to cross the mighty Yangtze River. So when he along with his fleet sailed down the river, many of his men fell to exhaustion, disease and the northerners were not very comfortable on ships and the marshy terrain. So when the two sides met for war at Wulin, Cao Cao wasn’t able to inflict any defeat on the Allied Force. On the other hand, General Huang Gai of Sun Quan’s army came up with a sneaky plan. He sent a forged letter to Cao Cao, stating that he and others wanted to inflict to his side and they would also bring some of the finest ships of the allies. But little did Cao know that the ships were full of flammable reeds. So when they sailed and approached his fleet, they were set alight and they destroyed Cao Cao’s fleet and camps. Seeing the hopeless situation, Cao Cao ordered his army for a difficult retreat through the Marshlands, during which more of his men fell to disease and exhaustion. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and provided the basis for the states of Shu and Wu. | Cao Cao's fleet got set on fire by the General Huang Gai. Huang Gai initially informed Cao Cao that he'd betray the Allied Force formed by Liu Bei and Sun Quan. But Huang Gai was actually trying to take this chance to send ships loaded with flammable reeds to Cao Cao's fleet. Cao Cao took the bait and accepted the offer from Huang Gai. Then, when Huang Gai's ships arrived, the Allied Force set Cao Cao's fleet and camps on fire and essentially destroyed Cao Cao's army. | null | null | null | 12924 |
null | classification | Classify each of the following as a desert or mountain range: Alps, Sahara, Rockies, Appalachian, Arabian, Gobi | Alps: Mountain Range
Sahara: Desert
Rockies: Mountain Range
Appalachian: Mountain Range
Arabian: Desert
Gobi: Desert | null | null | null | 12925 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of popular Netflix shows I can watch now. | There are currently a number of Netflix shows available that may be of interest to you depending on your favorite genres. Some popular ones include You, Ozark, Love is Blind, and Wednesday. | null | null | null | 12926 |
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null | open_qa | How should I maintain my bicycle? | Keep your bicycle clean. Most important of all, keep your bicycle’s drivetrain clean. A bicycle’s drivetrain is the chain, chainrings and pulleys which make the rear wheel turn. If you can, wipe down the drivetrain with a cleaning lubricant made for bicycle drivetrains after each long ride, or every other short ride. Doing so will ensure that your ride is noticeably more enjoyable. Shifting will remain smooth and reliable, and pedaling will be easier. Dirty drivetrains are squeaky and loud. Your clean drivetrain will be nice and quiet. Your clean drivetrain will also last much longer since you are regularly cleaning away the dirt and other road grit and sweat which collects in the chain and grinds away everything it touches. If you are unable to maintain your bicycle, take it to the local bike shop at least once a year for maintenance and tune up. You won’t regret it. | null | null | null | 12927 |
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null | open_qa | What did the 0 say to the 8? | Nice belt! | null | null | null | 12928 |
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null | closed_qa | How many seasons of Survivor has there been? | The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst, who also serves as an executive producer. Each competition is called a season, has a unique name, and lasts from 13 to 16 episodes. The first season, Survivor: Borneo, was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000. Starting with the third season, Survivor: Africa, there have been two seasons aired during each U.S. television season. Starting with the forty-first season, no subtitle has been used in promotion of the season. Instead, the show began following a number format similar to Big Brother and The Amazing Race.
In the first season, there was a 75-person crew. By season 22, the crew had grown to 325 people.
A total of 662 contestants have competed on Survivor's 44 seasons. | There have been 44 seasons of Survivor. | null | null | null | 12929 |
null | closed_qa | What are some examples of tasks performed by AI? | Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence of humans and other animals. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as other mappings of inputs. | Examples of tasks performed by AI include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, and other mappings of inputs. | null | null | null | 12930 |
null | open_qa | Name five states in the USA that don't touch the ocean. | Five states in the USA that don't touch the ocean are Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Utah. | null | null | null | 12931 |
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null | closed_qa | What is deep learning? | Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning. Learning can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised.
Deep-learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, deep reinforcement learning, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks and transformers have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, climate science, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were inspired by information processing and distributed communication nodes in biological systems. ANNs have various differences from biological brains. Specifically, artificial neural networks tend to be static and symbolic, while the biological brain of most living organisms is dynamic (plastic) and analog.
The adjective "deep" in deep learning refers to the use of multiple layers in the network. Early work showed that a linear perceptron cannot be a universal classifier, but that a network with a nonpolynomial activation function with one hidden layer of unbounded width can. Deep learning is a modern variation that is concerned with an unbounded number of layers of bounded size, which permits practical application and optimized implementation, while retaining theoretical universality under mild conditions. In deep learning the layers are also permitted to be heterogeneous and to deviate widely from biologically informed connectionist models, for the sake of efficiency, trainability and understandability. | Deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning. | null | null | null | 12932 |
null | classification | Tell me whether each state touches the ocean or not: Florida, North Carolina, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas | Florida: Touches The Ocean
North Carolina: Touches The Ocean
Nebraska: Does Not Touch The Ocean
Oklahoma: Does Not Touch The Ocean
Oregon: Touches The Ocean
Texas: Touches The Ocean | null | null | null | 12933 |
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null | closed_qa | What was the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales? | The Tesla Model 3 became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020, and in June 2021 became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales. Together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric cars form a future mobility vision called Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Mobility. | The Tesla Model 3 | null | null | null | 12934 |
null | open_qa | Who are the most successful US Olympic swimmers? | Michael Phelps, Mark Spitz, Katie Ledecky, Missy Franklin | null | null | null | 12935 |
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null | classification | Describe these items as expensive or cheap to buy: a Rolex watch, a box of playing cards, a car, a laptop computer, a gallon of milk, an engagement ring, a house | a Rolex watch: expensive, a box of playing cards: cheap, a car: expensive, a laptop computer: expensive, a gallon of milk: cheap, an engagement ring: expensive, a house: expensive | null | null | null | 12936 |
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null | classification | Identify which car manufacturer is Japanese or American: Acura, Ford | Ford is American, Acura is Japanese | null | null | null | 12937 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the first 21 cryptocurrencies by trading year? | 2009 - Bitcoin (BTC) the original cryptocurrency using 'proof-of-work' consensus,
2011 - Namecoin (NMC) forked from bitcoin which allows users to protect DNS,
2011 - Litecoin (LTC) forked from bitcoin to increase transactions speed and minimize fees,
2012 - Ripple (XRP) developed to improve payments across the world,
2012 - Peercoin (PPC) pioneer of 'proof-of-stake',
2013 - Primecoin (XPM) proof-of-work system that searches for chains of prime numbers,
2013 - Emercoin (EMC) developed first dSDKs (Decentralized Software Development Kit),
2013 - Gridcoin (GRC) which rewards volunteer computing for science,
2013 - Dogecoin (DOGE) fork of Litecoin and first 'meme coin',
2014 - Vertcoin (VTC) open source GPU Bitcoin variant that mirrors BTC development,
2014 - Auroracoin (AUR) Icelandic alternative to bitcoin and the Icelandic króna,
2014 - DigitalNote (XDN) first hybrid blockchain with instant transactions,
2014 - Monero (XMR) first 'privacy coin' allowing users to achieve greater anonymity,
2014 - Tether (USDT) the first 'stablecoin' pegged 1:1 to the US dollar running on Ethereum,
2015 - IOTA for Internet of Things using directed acyclic graph to store transactions,
2015 - SixEleven (SIL) Bitcoin based decentralized key/value registration & transfer system,
2015 - Ethereum (ETH) the first 'smart-contract' functionality,
2016 - BitConnect (BCC), the first Ponzi Scheme cryptocurrency,
2016 - Waves (WAVES) 'proof-of-stake' based platform for decentralized applications,
2016 - Zcash (ZEC) 'privacy coin' forked from Bitcoin,
2017 - Cardano (ADA) first full 'proof-of-stake' based blockchain for 'smart-contracts' | null | null | null | 12938 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the biggest cloud providers | AWS, Azure, Alibaba, Google | null | null | null | 12939 |
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null | closed_qa | Given these paragraphs about Hydrogen Storage, what are some of its use cases? | Several methods exist for storing hydrogen. These include mechanical approaches such as using high pressures and low temperatures, or employing chemical compounds that release H2 upon demand. While large amounts of hydrogen are produced by various industries, it is mostly consumed at the site of production, notably for the synthesis of ammonia. For many years hydrogen has been stored as compressed gas or cryogenic liquid, and transported as such in cylinders, tubes, and cryogenic tanks for use in industry or as propellant in space programs. Interest in using hydrogen for on-board storage of energy in zero-emissions vehicles is motivating the development of new methods of storage, more adapted to this new application. The overarching challenge is the very low boiling point of H2: it boils around 20.268 K (−252.882 °C or −423.188 °F). Achieving such low temperatures requires expending significant energy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage | It's been used in the industry or as propellant in space programs. Interest in using hydrogen for on-board storage of energy in zero-emissions vehicles is motivating the development of new methods of storage, more adapted to this new application. | null | null | null | 12940 |
null | brainstorming | which marathon competition should I run? | The world marathon majors are the six most renowned and largest global marathon competitions. The six are: Tokyo Marathon (usually in March), Boston Marathon (usually in early Apr), London Marathon (usually in late Apr), Berlin Marathon (usually in Sep), Chicago Marathon (usually in Apr) and NYC Marathon (usually in Nov). For die-hard marathon runners, it is a dream come true to run all six. Meanwhile, some marathon events are famous for their breathtaking sceneries. For Rome Marathon, you run along cobblestone streets with sights of the Coliseum, St. Peter’s Square, and the Spanish Steps. The Great Wall Marathon in China is one of a kind race as runners climb the steep steps while enjoying the views rather than running on paved road. The Antarctica Marathon could be your most challenging and hard to reach marathon destination.The course is on King George Island. Runners run with penguins, seals and whales as their companions. The Big Sur Marathon in the US has its course on scenic Highway 1, the iconic Bixby Bridge marked the halfway point of the race, where runners can enjoy the unique site and a pianist performance! | null | null | null | 12941 |
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null | classification | Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Turkey, European goldfinch | Turkey is domesticated, European goldfinch is wild. | null | null | null | 12942 |
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null | general_qa | How would you describe the taste of coffee? | A hot coffee has an essence of oats, earth, and a bitter chocolate or cacao. Commonly served with some form dairy to cut through the natural bitter taste, and to add additional sweetness. When iced, coffee can transform into a refreshing beverage that has more of a spring morning tone to the aftertaste. | null | null | null | 12943 |
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null | classification | Classify each item as being at a playground or a gym: slide, swing, dumbbell, squat rack, seesaw | Slide: Playground
Swing: Playground
Dumbbell: Gym
Squat Rack: Gym
Seesaw: Playground | null | null | null | 12944 |
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null | closed_qa | What is Clemson University? | Clemson University (/ˈklɛmp.sən, ˈklɛm.zən/[note a]) is a public land-grant research university in Clemson, South Carolina. Founded in 1889, Clemson is the second-largest university by enrollment in South Carolina. For the fall 2019 semester, the university enrolled a total of 20,195 undergraduate students and 5,627 graduate students, and the student/faculty ratio was 18:1. Clemson's 1,400-acre campus is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The campus now borders Lake Hartwell, which was formed by the dam completed in 1962. The university manages the nearby 17,500-acre Clemson Experimental Forest that is used for research, education, and recreation.
Clemson University consists of seven colleges: Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences; Architecture, Arts and Humanities; The Wilbur O. and Ann Powers College of Business; Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences; Education; Engineering, Computing and Applied Sciences; and Science. U.S. News & World Report ranks Clemson University 77th for 2022 among national U.S. universities. Clemson University is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity." | Clemson University is a School based in the Upstate of South Carolina in a town called Clemson. They are known for their Football team and bright orange paw. Clemson is consistently a top 10 football team. Their biggest in-state rival is the University of South Carolina Gamecocks. Clemson has 7 different colleges ranging from Engineering, Business, Agriculture, and Health Sciences. | null | null | null | 12945 |
null | open_qa | Name five NHL teams in the Western Conference. | Five NHL teams in the Western Conference are the Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild, Edmonton Oilers, Seattle Kraken, and Colorado Avalanche. | null | null | null | 12946 |
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null | classification | Which of the following are rock bands (e.g., garage rock, alternative, indie, etc.): Pavement, Nirvana, The Beatles, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Pearl Jam, The Doors, dirt, grass, co2, hamburgers | The following are rock bands: Pavement, Nirvana, The Beatles, The Who, Led Zeppelin, Lynrd Skynyrd, Pearl Jam, The Doors | null | null | null | 12947 |
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null | open_qa | how does the java virtual machine work? | the java virtual machine or JVM works by providing a virtual set of instructions and facilities that Java programs rely on to run. It then translates these virtual instructions run by the program into instructions that can be run by the underlying system or hardware. As one of the major design goals of Java from its origins was to provide portability of code, this capability allows all java programs to be compiled only for the specifications of the Java Virtual Machine, with the guarantee that those programs will run on any system or hardware platform that has an available Java Virtual Machine that runs on it. | null | null | null | 12948 |
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null | general_qa | Why do people like cats? | People that like cats typically like them because they are low maintenance pets, they are easy to care for, they are very clean and they doesn’t require a lot of work to keep them healthy, compared to other pets, like dogs. | null | null | null | 12949 |
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null | classification | Divide these sneakers into Air Jordan and Air Max: Tokyo 96, Big Bubble Red, Collector's Dream, Monarch, Chicago, Lucky Green | Air Jordan: Tokyo 96, Chicago, Lucky Green
Air Max: Big Bubble Red, Collector's Dream, Monarch | null | null | null | 12950 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Tambura, Tubax | Tubax is woodwind, Tambura is string. | null | null | null | 12951 |
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null | closed_qa | What is handscroll used for | The handscroll is a long, narrow, horizontal scroll format in East Asia used for calligraphy or paintings. A handscroll usually measures up to several meters in length and around 25–40 cm in height. Handscrolls are generally viewed starting from the right end. This kind of scroll is intended to be read or viewed flat on a table, in sections. The format thus allows for the depiction of a continuous narrative or journey. The traditional alternative format in East Asian paintings is the vertical hanging scroll, which is rarely as long. | The handscroll is a long, narrow, horizontal scroll format in East Asia used for calligraphy or paintings. | null | null | null | 12952 |
null | classification | Identify the bird from the list: Zebra, Brambling, Blackfish | Brambling | null | null | null | 12953 |
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null | general_qa | Why would people not like Goose Goose Duck? | the core mechanism is built on the premise of acting/lying, which is not a prevalent skill in today’s population. Unlike Texas Hold’em, where a player only needs to lie to play well can also enjoy it without lying, GGD and WW require all players to have the capacity to lie. If one participant is a bad liar, the whole game is ruined. This is because in its essence, GGD is a game where a set of players guard a secret, and the rest of players uncover that secret. To make this process fun and intellectually stimulating, we first need to remove the more obvious secret-revealing signals like voice tones and facial expressions. What’s worse, it only takes 1 player to leak the secret for everyone, which imposes an incredibly high entry barrier | null | null | null | 12954 |
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null | open_qa | What is the legality of owning an alligator as a pet in the United States? | 26 states outright forbid owning an alligator as a pet. 12 states allow ownership with proper permitting. 11 states allow ownership with no need for a permit; of those 11 states, 5 do not have any permit requirements to own any exotic animal. While Wyoming prohibits certain game animals from being owned as pets, the state does not include nor exclude alligators in specific listings, so presumably, one can own a pet alligator unpermitted in Wyoming. | null | null | null | 12955 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the different types of fees that are charged in the US National Park? | Experiencing a US National park to it's fullest may require different kinds of fees and charges. The entree fee to the park, can vary based on vehicle and visitor type, and also can be different across parks. If one has plans of visiting multiple national parks/preserves within 12 months, the national park pass can be a good purchase. Many national parks offer activities within the facilities with an extra fee. Some of the parks are equipped with restaurants and lodges for a proper meal or stay, and the fees are charged accordingly. Most of the parks, if not all would have convenience store in / attached / near to the visitor center, which can offer frozen meals and other merchandizes for a cost. | null | null | null | 12956 |
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null | classification | Choose the word which is different from the rest: Raid, Attack, Assault, Defence, Ambush | All except Defence are forms of attack. | null | null | null | 12957 |
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null | classification | Categorize the following as hot or cold. | Fire, snow, sun, ice | null | null | null | 12958 |
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null | classification | Is this a list of universities or companies: Alphabet, Microsoft, Dell, John Deere, and JP Morgan Chase? | That is a list of companies. | null | null | null | 12959 |
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null | information_extraction | Correct the typos in this passage | Teh Museum of Lifestyle & Fshion Histor was fnded in 1999. | The Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History was founded in 1999. | null | null | null | 12960 |
null | creative_writing | Provide instructions on making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich | Making the perfect peanut butter and jelly sandwich is part art and part science. One must must be judicious in the quantity of ingredients while ensuring proper coverage to ensure each bite is equal to the one before and after it. Here, both measurement and distribution of ingredients serves as the scientific aspect of constructing your delicious and timeless lunchtime meal. Jars of peanut utter suggest a serving size as 2 tablespoons, which, when applied to the critical soft white bread, may prove too much to hold and cause soak through or tearing of the bread. We think 1.5 tablespoons is the proper amount to ensure there is coverage of the bread slice to the crust without compromising the integrity of the bread. Jelly application is even more precarious, as it holds more fluid and can soak through the bread quicker; equally, jelly has a tendency to congeal. To ensure proper application, heat the jar of jelly closer to room temperature if refrigerated, then apply using a clean butter knife or small spatula. Again, one must ensure it reaches to the crust and is evenly distributed. Once you have complete coverage of peanut butter on one slice and jelly on the other, place the peanut butter side of the first slice on top of the upward-facing jelly slice. This ensure none of the jelly slips or drips. Once together, gently compress the sandwich. Slice delicately from one corner to the opposite corner. Gently press the crust edge of each triangle, and plate for serving. | null | null | null | 12961 |
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null | brainstorming | what are some things you can do with a glass jar? | - you can use it as a cup and drink out of it
- you can use it to store coffee beans
- you can use it to pickle vegetables
- you can use it to catch fireflies
- you can use it to make moonshine
- you can use it as a planter
- you can use it as an ant-farm
- you can use it as a lamp shade | null | null | null | 12962 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a list of some best Action movies | Some of the action movies that never gets old are
1. The Dark Knight: Its not just another Batman but some people consider it the best Batman and Joker movie
2. The Lord of the Rings: It is a movie of three parts sequence, so a great candidate for binge watching over a weekend. However, "The Return of the King" might be considered the best one of all.
3. "The Matrix" series: This Keanu Reeves classic is a must watch that only grows better with age like a good wine.
4. Terminator 2: Judgement Day: Well o well. This movie is a great blend of sci-fi and action and one of its kind in early 90s movie.
5. Gladiator: This box office hit is a drama all around life of a general turned Gladiator, Maximus. Goosebumps guaranteed. | null | null | null | 12963 |
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null | summarization | Summarize Roosevelt's accomplishments described in this paragraph. | Beginning in 1925, Roosevelt spent most of his time in the Southern United States, at first on his houseboat, the Larooco. Intrigued by the potential benefits of hydrotherapy, he established a rehabilitation center at Warm Springs, Georgia, in 1926. To create the rehabilitation center, he assembled a staff of physical therapists and used most of his inheritance to purchase the Merriweather Inn. In 1938, he founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, leading to the development of polio vaccines. | Roosevelt established a rehabilitation center in Georgia and founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. The latter accomplishment led to the development of polio vaccines. | null | null | null | 12964 |
null | open_qa | Name a few cities worldwide where traffic congestion is an issue | Los Angeles, Mumbai, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, Sao Paulo | null | null | null | 12965 |
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null | general_qa | What is the typical color of each of following objects: stop sign, school bus, traffic cone, pickle, banana, tooth? | stop sign: red
school bus: yellow
traffic cone: orange
pickle: green
banana: yellow
tooth: white | null | null | null | 12966 |
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null | general_qa | Who is the most influential president in history? | Abraham Lincoln is mostly regarded as the greatest president for his leadership during the Civil War and the abolition of slavery. His main contender is Franklin D. Roosevelt, for leading the country out of the Great Depression and during World War II. | null | null | null | 12967 |
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null | summarization | What are the benefits of a barre workout? | Barre classes attract people who want to develop the lean muscle tone of a ballerina. Supposed benefits include improved strength, posture, flexibility, balance, stability, endurance, and muscle definition, together with weight loss and reduced stress. The exercises target muscles that support and stabilise the body and which are often neglected in everyday life and by other forms of exercise. | Barre workouts help create a lean body, such as that of a ballerina. The workout helps with improving strength, posture, balance, flexibility, endurance, stability , endurance, muscles definition and promotes weight loss by focusing on muscles that are ignored in everyday life or other exercises | null | null | null | 12968 |
null | open_qa | How to do forecasting with small dataset? | Forecasting with small datasets can be challenging, as many traditional methods require larger amounts of data for accurate predictions.
Here are few approaches that can help you.
Simple moving average: This involves taking the average of a certain number of past data points, and using it as the forecast for the next period. This method can be effective for stable time series with no trend or seasonality.
Exponential smoothing: This method assigns exponentially decreasing weights to past observations, with more recent observations being given more weight. This method can be effective for time series with trend and/or seasonality.
ARIMA: The AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is a popular choice for time series forecasting. It can be effective for small datasets if the underlying data follows a pattern that can be modeled using an ARIMA model. | null | null | null | 12969 |
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null | closed_qa | Can someone drive on Black Bear Road during the winter? | Black Bear Road is open a few months of the year, from late summer (usually the last week of July) to early fall. The road is traveled only downhill from Red Mountain Pass — except for the annual Jeeper's Jamboree in which travel is reversed for one day only. The start of the trail was formerly marked along U.S. 550 with a sign that read: | No, it is only open from late summer to early fall. | null | null | null | 12970 |
null | information_extraction | How big is the Atlas Moth? | The Atlas moth is one of the largest lepidopterans, with a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm (9.4 in) and a wing surface area of about 160 cm2 (≈25 in2). It is only surpassed in wingspan by the white witch (Thysania agrippina) and Attacus caesar, and in wing surface area by the Hercules moth (Coscinocera hercules). As in most silk moths, females are noticeably larger and heavier than males, while males have broader antennae. | The Atlas Moth has a wingspan measuring up to 24 cm. | null | null | null | 12971 |
null | general_qa | What is it like be a father? | Being a father is an experience that will fill you with a terrific sense of wonderment, purpose, and love. It's an experience that goes by entirely too fast, yet also sometimes too slow. Being a father is the pinnacle of our lives and nothing will ever come close to that experience and the achievement that it awards to those who hold it with sacred regard. | null | null | null | 12972 |
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null | brainstorming | Where should I keep my car keys when I'm home? | It's best to have a single designated spot for your car keys so you never lose them. Some good places in your home might be:
- On a key rack near the door
- On a console table near the door
- In a decorative tray on your dresser
- A knickknack bowl in the kitchen | null | null | null | 12973 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract the name of the person who first proposed and tested the law of conservation of energy. | In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. This law, first proposed and tested by Émilie du Châtelet, means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another. For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite. | Émilie du Châtelet first proposed and tested the law of conservation of energy. | null | null | null | 12974 |
null | creative_writing | Write a stern email to your dog asking him not to chew on the couch leg anymore. | Dear Mr. Cody,
I was hoping this issue would be taken care of by now, but it seems you still haven't learned your lesson. You can imagine how disappointed I was to come home yesterday and see new bite marks on the couch legs.
If this was the first time maybe I wouldn't need to write this email, but this has been an ongoing problem ever since we brought home the new couch. I feel like I can't trust you anymore, which is a terrible feeling for me.
Consider this your final warning before more drastic action is taken (e.g. kenneling, the cone). I have taken pictures of every angle of the couch legs and I'll be able to tell if you even put one tooth into that wood.
On the other hand, if you show me that I can trust you, I might be able to pick up some more Beggin' Strips next time at the store.
I appreciate your cooperation and I hope we can get past this.
Regards,
Your Owner | null | null | null | 12975 |
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null | open_qa | How many cents do I have if I have two nickels? | If you have two nickels, you have 10 cents. | null | null | null | 12976 |
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null | open_qa | In what part of the United States is the New England region? | New England is located in the northeast of the United States. | null | null | null | 12977 |
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null | general_qa | Which good habits can help you live healthy life | Living healthy life requires structured approach and control your mind with positive thoughts. Doing Yoga in the morning may help you to clear all negative energy, doing breathing excercises will help clean the organs and remove acid reflexes in the body
Eating at regular intervals will help maintaining the metabolism. Eating balanced food with proterins, fiber, iron, sugar and fat will help getting neutrens in the body. | null | null | null | 12978 |
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null | open_qa | Will stock price go up or go down tomorrow? | It's not possible to predict the stock market. However, you probably will feel that the stocks going up are the ones you hesitated and didn't buy. | null | null | null | 12979 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me a bulleted list of the seven most team with the most english premier league title | Here are the seven teams with the most premier league titles-
1. Manchester United - 20 premier league titles
2. Liverpool FC - 13 premier league titles
3. Arsenal FC - 20 premier league titles
4. Everton FC - 9 premier league titles
5. Manchester City - 8 premier league titles
6. Aston Villa - 7 premier league titles
7. Chealse FC and Sunderland AFC - 6 premier league titles | null | null | null | 12980 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these companies are banks or car manufacturers: Chase, Wells Fargo, GMC, Ford, Tesla, Truist | Chase: Bank
Wells Fargo: Bank
GMC: Car Manufacturer
Ford: Car Manufacturer
Tesla: Car Manufacturer
Truist: Bank | null | null | null | 12981 |
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null | general_qa | What is the best way to eat a steak? | Medium-Rare is the best way to eat a steak where the internal temperature is about 130-135 degrees F. The outside carmelizes, the fat renders, and the juice remains within the meat for the most enjoyable steak eating experience. Cooking the meat past 135 degrees F will cause moisture to be released rapidly, drying out the piece of meat quickly. | null | null | null | 12982 |
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null | closed_qa | Were the months that Shirley C. Guthrie Jr. was born and died in the same month or different months? | Shirley C. Guthrie Jr. (9 October 1927 – 23 October 2004) was a minister of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and J.B. Green Professor of Systematic Theology at Columbia Theological Seminary for nearly 40 years. He was well known for his book, Christian Doctrine, which was originally written for an Adult Sunday School Book in the old PCUS Covenant life curriculum. | The same. Shirley C. Guthrie Jr. was born in October 1927 and died in October 2004. | null | null | null | 12983 |
null | closed_qa | What therapies are available for Autism? | Autism therapies include a wide variety of therapies that help people with autism, or their families. Such methods of therapy also seek the increase of functional independence in autistic people. Many therapies marketed towards autistic people and/or their parents claim outcomes that have not been supported by Level of Research (LOE) Level 1 (highest level assigned based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care). Level 1 research includes evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs (randomized controlled trial) or evidence-based clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews of RCTs or three or more RCTs of good quality that have similar results.
Autism is a neurotype characterized by sensory and communication difference, when compared to neurotypical and allistic individuals.None of these therapies eliminate autism within someone, let alone to a high degree of viability. Autistic children grow up to become autistic adults at risk of burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) inflicted during childhood and adolescence, often overlooked by those who prioritize the elimination of autism over the common well-being of autistic people. Treatment is typically catered to the person's needs. Treatments fall into two major categories: educational interventions and medical management. Training and support are also given to families of those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
Studies of interventions have some methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy.Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the systematic reviews have reported that the quality of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options.Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills,and often can improve functioning, and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors;Available approaches include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation.They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waiting for a response from the child.Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children,and is well established for improving intellectual performance of young children.Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided.The limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results.
Many medications are used to treat problems associated with ASD.More than half of U.S. children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants.Aside from antipsychotics,there is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD.A person with ASD may respond atypically to medications, the medications can have adverse effects, and no known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments.
As of 2008 the treatments prescribed to children with ASD were expensive;indirect costs are more so. For someone born in 2000, a U.S. study estimated an average discounted lifetime cost of $4.66 million (2023 dollars, inflation-adjusted from 2003 estimate), with about 10% medical care, 30% extra education and other care, and 60% lost economic productivity.A UK study estimated discounted lifetime costs at £1.9 million and £1.23 million for an autistic person with and without intellectual disability, respectively(2023 pounds, inflation-adjusted from 2005/06 estimate). Legal rights to treatment are complex, vary with location and age, and require advocacy by caregivers. Publicly supported programs are often inadequate or inappropriate for a given child, and unreimbursed out-of-pocket medical or therapy expenses are associated with likelihood of family financial problems;one 2008 U.S. study found a 14% average loss of annual income in families of children with ASD, and a related study found that ASD is associated with higher probability that child care problems will greatly affect parental employment. | There are multiple therapies available for Autism depending on the spectrum.
Intensive, sustained special education programs and behaviour therapy early in life can help children with ASD acquire self-care, social, and job skills, and often can improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviours; Available approaches include applied behaviour analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Occupational therapists work with autistic children by creating interventions that promote social interaction like sharing and cooperation. They also support the autistic child by helping them work through a dilemma as the OT imitates the child and waits for a response from the child. Educational interventions have some effectiveness in children: intensive ABA treatment has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing global functioning in preschool children and is well-established for improving the intellectual performance of young children. | null | null | null | 12984 |
null | brainstorming | Give me 5 ways to reduce my electricity bill. | The following are 5 ways you can reduce your electricity bill:
1. Turn off your air conditioning or heating
2. Install insulation
3. Take shorter showers
4. Turn off the lights when not in use
5. Buy energy efficient appliances | null | null | null | 12985 |
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null | open_qa | What is ICD-9 in medical terminology? | ICD-9 stands for International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision. The popular version that is in use is ICD-9-CM. ICD-9 is a set of codes used to communicate the diagnosis of a patient made by the doctor or a procedure ordered by a doctor. The standard terminology is followed across the industry so that different players or parts, like the hospitals, labs, payers, providers, all talk the common knowledge and have a common definition of what a particular diagnosis means. | null | null | null | 12986 |
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null | open_qa | Why do some countries call football soccer? | Football started in England and was governed by the Football Association. The term Soccer was used at an abbreviation of the the word Association to help distinguish it from Rugby. | null | null | null | 12987 |
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null | summarization | Please let me know the details of 1MDB saga and scandal. | The 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, often referred to as the 1MDB scandal or just 1MDB, describes a corruption, bribery and money laundering conspiracy in which the Malaysian sovereign wealth fund 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) was systematically embezzled, with assets diverted globally by the perpetrators of the scheme. It had a global scope, implicated institutions and individuals in politics, banking, and entertainment, and sparked criminal investigations across a number of nations. The 1MDB scandal has been described as "one of the world's greatest financial scandals" and declared by the United States Department of Justice as the "largest kleptocracy case to date" in 2016. | Originally 1MDB stands for of 1Malaysia Development Berhad was a Malaysian state fund, set up in 2009 to promote development through foreign investment and partnerships. The then prime minister, Najib Razak, was its chairman.
The fund has since been at the heart of one of the biggest corruption scandals in the world. The US justice department believes more than $4.5bn was stolen by Jho Low and the resulting scandal has been responsible for the toppling of a government this year and the arrest of Najib, his wife, Rosmah Mansor, and a growing number of close associates. | null | null | null | 12988 |
null | open_qa | What is a derivative in finance? | In finance, a derivative is a contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying entity. This underlying entity can be an asset, index, or interest rate, and is often simply called the "underlying". Derivatives can be used for a number of purposes, including insuring against price movements (hedging), increasing exposure to price movements for speculation, or getting access to otherwise hard-to-trade assets or markets. | null | null | null | 12989 |
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null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about the adverse affects of Foley catheters, please list the main risks. | Catheterized bladders become colonized by microorganisms very quickly, with a daily incidence of 3-10%; after four days, between 10-30% of patients develop bacteriuria. Whilst the presence of a catheter does increase the incidence of bloodstream infections secondary to a urinary origin, there is a huge amount of unnecessary, and likely harmful, antimicrobial prescribing on the basis of detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The industry is moving to silver-coated catheters in an attempt to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections, although there is limited evidence of efficacy. An additional problem is that Foley catheters tend to become coated over time with a biofilm that can obstruct the drainage. This increases the amount of stagnant urine left in the bladder, which further contributes to urinary tract infections. When a Foley catheter becomes clogged, it must be flushed or replaced. There is currently not enough adequate evidence to conclude whether washouts are beneficial or harmful.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_catheter | The risks of a Foley catheter include urinary tract and bloodstream infections. In addition, overprescribing of medications to treat infections leads to what is likely additional risk. | null | null | null | 12990 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about Magic the Gathering decks, please suggest cards I should consider in a Midrange deck. | Most classifications of Magic the Gathering decks begin from one of four major strategies: aggro, control, combo and midrange.
Aggro
Aggro (short for "aggressive") decks attempt to reduce their opponents from 20 life to 0 life as quickly as possible, rather than emphasize a long-term game plan. Aggro decks focus on converting their cards into damage; they prefer to engage in a race for tempo rather than a card advantage-based attrition war. Aggro generally relies upon creatures as its accumulative source of damage. Aggro decks can quickly overwhelm unprepared opponents and proceed to eke out the last bit of damage they need to end the game. Aggro decks also generally have access to disruptive elements, which can inhibit the opponent's attempts to respond.
Example cards: Savannah Lions, Bitterblossom, Lightning Bolt, Rogue Elephant, Incinerate
Example decks:
White Weenie, which uses small, efficient creatures such as Savannah Lions, Icatian Javelineers, and Mother of Runes
Affinity, which uses the affinity mechanic and large numbers of artifacts to quickly play spells such as Thoughtcast and Frogmite, while efficiently dealing damage using Disciple of the Vault and Arcbound Ravager.
Zoo, which uses low-cost, high power creatures such as Tarmogoyf and Wild Nacatl to kill the opponent quickly.
Sligh, which utilizes its mana as efficiently as possible to kill the opponent quickly, using low-cost cards such as Jackal Pup and Lightning Bolt.
Suicide Black, which uses efficient but dangerous cards that cost life such as Thoughtseize, Dark Confidant, Grim Tutor, and Bitterblossom. Suicide Black epitomizes Black's philosophy—win at all costs—and treats even its life total as an expendable resource.
Control
Control decks avoid racing. They attempt to slow the game down by executing an attrition plan. As the game progresses, control decks are able to take advantage of their slower, more powerful, cards. The primary strength of control decks is their ability to devalue the opponent’s cards. They do this in four ways:
Answering threats at a reduced cost. Given the opportunity, Control decks can gain card advantage by answering multiple threats with one spell ("clearing"/"wiping" the board), stopping expensive threats with cheaper spells, and drawing multiple cards or forcing the opponent to discard multiple cards with one spell.
Not playing threats to be answered. By playing few proactive spells of their own, control decks gain virtual card advantage by reducing the usefulness of opposing removal cards.
Disrupting synergies. Even if control decks do not deal with every threat directly, they can leave out whichever ones stand poorly on their own; e.g., an enchantment which gives a bonus to creatures will never need attention if all enemy creatures are quickly neutralized.
Dragging the game out past opposing preparations. An opponent's faster, efficient cards will become less effective over time.
Example cards: Force of Will, Duress, Wrath of God, Pernicious Deed, Void
Example decks:
Tezzeret Control, which controls the game using counterspells such as Mana Drain, builds card advantage with cards such as Dark Confidant, and ends the game using Tezzeret the Seeker to find Time Vault and activate it for infinite turns.
Mono Blue Control, which uses a heavy suite of counterspells alongside card-drawing such as Thirst for Knowledge, removal such as Echoing Truth, and a win condition such as Tezzeret the Seeker. This class of deck is nicknamed "Draw-Go," because most of its players' spells are instants designed to be played during his or her opponents' turns.
Blue-White Control, which is similar to Mono-Blue Control, but features more board-control cards such as Wrath of God, and Pacifism.
Psychatog, supplemented by card-drawing like Fact or Fiction and a number of disruptive spells.
Astral Slide, which uses large numbers of cards with cycling, including those with added benefits such as Eternal Dragon and Slice and Dice, to power Astral Slide and Lightning Rift.
Mono-Black Control, which uses removal spells such as Innocent Blood and Barter in Blood to control the board, and Cabal Coffers to kill the opponent with spells such as Consume Spirit. It can also use cards like Underworld Dreams to put the opponent on a timer.
The Deck, which uses card drawing such as Fact or Fiction and deck searching cards such as Demonic Tutor to find powerful cards that are highly effective against particular strategies (such as The Abyss, Diabolic Edict, and Balance), alongside a Blue base of counterspells to control the game and obtain an insurmountable lead.
Combo
Combo decks use the interaction of two or more cards (a "combination") to create a powerful effect that either wins the game immediately or creates a situation that subsequently leads to a win. Combo decks value consistency, speed, and resilience: the deck should be reliable enough to produce the combo on a regular basis, the deck should be able to use the combo fast enough to win before the opponent, and the deck should be able to withstand disruption and still win.
Many decks have smaller, combo-like interactions between their cards, which is better described as synergy.
Example cards: Flash, Tendrils of Agony, Empty the Warrens, Aluren, Painter's Servant.
Example decks:
The Perfect Storm, which utilizes Dark Ritual and artifact mana to draw cards and fuel a lethal Tendrils of Agony, all the while disrupting the opponent with Duress and Force of Will.
Painter Combo, which uses Painter's Servant and chooses Blue to permit Red Elemental Blast to destroy any permanent or counter any spell, while also allowing Grindstone to put the opponent's entire library into their graveyard.
Worldgorger Dragon Combo, which revolves around the infinite loop triggered when Worldgorger Dragon is animated from the graveyard using an enchantment such as Animate Dead. The loop generates mana and card drawing which is then used to end the game.
Belcher Combo, which uses free and efficient mana acceleration to play and activate Goblin Charbelcher, preferably on the first turn. Because the deck has two or fewer lands, one activation of Goblin Charbelcher will almost always kill the opponent.
Hulk-Flash, which is dedicated to casting Flash and putting a Protean Hulk into play and then into the graveyard, allowing the player to find a combination of creatures which will kill the opponent instantly. Summoner's Pact and Merchant Scroll are used to find the combo pieces, while Force of Will and Pact of Negation protect the combo.
Steel City Vault, which uses "Draw 7" spells such as Timetwister to rapidly assemble the Time Vault-Voltaic Key combo for infinite turns. The deck also uses several cards such as Force of Will and Ancient Grudge to efficiently deal with Null Rod, the most effective answer to the Vault-Key combo.
Hexmage Depths, which uses Vampire Hexmage to inexpensively remove the counters from Dark Depths and put a flying, indestructible 20/20 creature token into play as early as the first turn.
Midrange
A typical midrange deck has an early game plan of mana ramp and control, but begins to play threats once it reaches four to six mana. A midrange deck will often seek to play a reactive, attrition-based game against aggro decks and a more proactive, tempo-based game against control decks. Colloquially, this is referred to as "going bigger" than aggro and "getting in under" control.
Example cards: Huntmaster of the Fells Thragtusk, Sakura-Tribe Elder
Example decks:
Jund Midrange (BRG), a powerful and flexible deck with virtually zero bad matchups thanks to the access of the most powerful cards that each color can offer: black gives Liliana of the Veil and powerful discard cards like Thoughtseize and Inquisition of Kozilek, red a reliable removal in Lightning Bolt and the green some of the best creatures like Tarmogoyf and Scavenging Ooze.
Abzan Midrange (WBG), which is similar to Jund, but trades speed for powerful white based cards like Path to Exile, Lingering Souls and Siege Rhino.
Jeskai Midrange (UWR), which has more control elements, using Sphinx's Revelation to draw into a very large number of cards and Assemble the Legion to end up swarming the board with tokens.
Temur Emerge (GUR), which leverages the Emerge mechanic introduced in Eldritch Moon to efficiently use ramp creatures such as Pilgrim's Eye and Primal Druid for their land-smoothing abilities while sacrificing them to Emerge board-stalling threats such as Elder Deep-Fiend as early as turn 4, also filling the graveyard to make Emrakul, the Promised End playable on turn 7.
Tron, which tries to build the triplet of lands known as "Urzatron" (Urza's Tower, Urza's Mine and Urza's Power Plant) as quickly as possible and then uses the massive amount of mana to play powerful cards like Karn Liberated and Wurmcoil Engine as early as turn 3. | You should consider Huntmaster of the Fells Thragtusk and Sakura-Tribe Elder | null | null | null | 12991 |
null | classification | Categorize these modes of transportation into "would use to go across continents" "would use for daily commuting" "would use for fun": car, bicycle, boat, airplane, dune buggy, skateboard, rv, truck, sled, train | Would use to go across continents: airplane, car, truck, train, boat
Would use for daily commuting:car, truck, train, bicycle, skateboard, boat
Would use for fun: sled, rv, dune buggy, sled, skateboard, bicycle, car, truck, boat | null | null | null | 12992 |
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null | classification | Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Iron Man, Batman, Steel | Batman and Steel are DC, Iron Man is Marvel | null | null | null | 12993 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these animals are herbivores or carnivores: deer, rabbits, cows, elephants, lions, wolves, polar bears, cheetahs | Deer are herbivores.
Rabbits are herbivores.
Cows are herbivores.
Elephants are herbivores.
Lions are carnivores.
Wolves are carnivores.
Polar bears are carnivores.
Cheetahs are carnivores. | null | null | null | 12994 |
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null | creative_writing | Write a letter to my landlord, Dave, asking them to hire a plumber to repair a leaking faucet. | Hi Dave, I'm reaching out about our leaking sink faucet. The sink has been leaking for about a week now, and I've tried tightening the faucet and making sure that the faucet is fully closed, but it still seems to be leaking. It is a pretty constant drip, and is filling a cup up every hour. I think it probably needs to be seen by a plumber who can decide if it is fixable or needs to be replaced. Could you call a plumber and ask them to step by? | null | null | null | 12995 |
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null | open_qa | What is heavier, 1 centimetre or 5 miles? | Unfortunately, I can't answer that question. A centimetre and a mile are both units of measurement and therefore don't have an associated weight. | null | null | null | 12996 |
|
null | information_extraction | When is Croatian Independence Day? | The Croatian referendum on independence was held in May 1991, with 93% of voters supporting independence. On 25 June, the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) proclaimed Croatian independence. Seven days later, on 7 July, Croatia and Slovenia both signed the Brioni Declaration, in which the two countries agreed to suspend all declarations and acts passed by the Croatian and Slovenian parliaments related to those states' secession from Yugoslavia for a period of three months. During that time, the Croatian War of Independence started.
On 8 October, the Croatian Parliament decided to end relations with Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in the Decision on the termination of the state and legal ties with other republics and provinces of Yugoslavia. That session was not held in the House of Parliament but instead in the basement of an INA building, because of the possibility of the repeat of an incident such as the bombing of Banski dvori.
The Government of Ivica Račan moved the Independence Day to 8 October in 2002, and 25 June was marked as a memorial day (working) under the name Statehood Day.
On 14 November 2019, the Croatian Parliament adopted a new law on holidays, and moved Independence Day back to 25 June. Previous date, 8 October, became a working memorial day under the name Day of the Croatian Parliament.. | Croatian Independence Day (Dan Neovisnosti) is celebrated on June 25th. The holiday was established in 2001, but was celebrated on October 8th from 2002 to 2019 which was the day in 1991 when Croatian Parliament declared to end relations with all of the Socialist Republics of Yugoslavia. June 25th, 1991 was the day when Croatian Parliament declared independence from Socialist Federal Republics of Yugoslavia. | null | null | null | 12997 |
null | information_extraction | Extract the the materials used to build beaver dams from the following passage and separate them with a comma. | Beavers need trees and shrubs to use as building material for dams, which restrict flowing water to create a pond for them to live in, and for lodges, which act as shelters and refuges from predators and the elements. Without such material, beavers dig burrows into a bank to live. Dam construction begins in late summer or early fall, and they repair them whenever needed. Beavers can cut down trees up to 15 cm (5.9 in) wide in less than 50 minutes. Thicker trees, at 25 cm (9.8 in) wide or more, may not fall for hours. When chewing down a tree, beavers switch between biting with the left and right side of the mouth. Tree branches are then cut and carried to their destination with the powerful jaw and neck muscles. Other building materials, like mud and rocks, are held by the forelimbs and tucked between the chin and chest. | Beavers use the following materials to build their dams: trees, shrubs, mud, rocks. | null | null | null | 12998 |
null | general_qa | Why do little boys jump in a puddle of water or mud? | Because they can. Because it was there. Because they have a sense their mother or father will disapprove so they are naturally inclined to do so. | null | null | null | 12999 |
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