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null | classification | Classify each of these car manufacturers as either French, German, American, Japanese, or other: Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, DS, Ford, Tesla, Fiat, KIA | French: DS
German: Mercedes-Benz
American: Ford, Tesla
Japanese: Toyota
other: Fiat, KIA | null | null | null | 3900 |
|
null | brainstorming | Provide a bulleted list of 5 cool things to do in Europe | The following are 5 cool things to do in Europe:
1. Go running with the bulls in Pamplona, Spain.
2. Go to a Real Madrid vs Barcelona soccer game.
3. Party in the night clubs of Ibiza.
4. Go to yacht week in Croatia.
5. Go to Germany for Oktoberfest. | null | null | null | 3901 |
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null | open_qa | What is Ruby? | Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. | null | null | null | 3902 |
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null | information_extraction | From the text, extract the ships commanded by Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell | Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell was born in Hingham, Massachusetts on February 24, 1823. He entered the navy as midshipman February 27, 1838, and became lieutenant September 4, 1852. He commanded the USS Vandalia in the US Navy's second Fiji expedition, an 1859 punitive expedition against Waya Island warriors who had cannibalized two American traders. In 1862, he commanded the gun-boat Itasca, of the western gulf blockading squadron, and took part in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. On the night of April 20, his gun-boat, with the Pinola, was sent on an expedition under the command of Fleet-Capt. Bell, to make a passage for the fleet through the chain obstructions near the forts. Lieut. Caldwell and his party boarded one of the hulks that held the chains, and succeeded in detaching the latter, in spite of the heavy fire to which they were subjected. The Itasca was then swept on shore by the current, in full sight of the forts, and it was half an hour before she was afloat again. She was unable to pass the forts with the rest of the fleet, owing to a shot that penetrated her boiler. Lieut. Caldwell was in the action at Grand Gulf, June 9, 1862, and was promoted to commander on July 16.
He commanded the iron-clad Essex, of the Mississippi squadron in 1862–63, and took part in the operations at Port Hudson, from March to July 1863, in command of the Essex and the mortar flotilla.
He commanded the Glaucus of the North Atlantic blockading squadron from 1863 till 1864, and the R. R. Cuyler, of the same squadron, from 1864 till 1865. He became captain, December 12, 1867, chief of staff of the North Atlantic fleet in 1870, and commodore on June 14, 1874.
He died on November 30, 1877. | Vandalia, Itasca, Essex, Glaucus, R. R. Cuyler | null | null | null | 3903 |
null | information_extraction | What is the typical lifespan of a dog? | The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs. | The median lifespan of most dogs is between 10 and 13 years. It varies depending on the breed of the dog. | null | null | null | 3904 |
null | general_qa | Is C++ hard to learn? | That depends on your current ability to program and how easily you will be able to understand C++ concepts. C++ can be a very powerful language, but it also has many pitfalls which can make learning it more difficult than some other languages. | null | null | null | 3905 |
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null | brainstorming | Tell me who the first three countries to give women the vote were. Give it to me in a bulleted list. | The first three countries to grant the right of women to an equal vote were:
- New Zealand (1893)
- Australia (1902)
- Finland (1906) | null | null | null | 3906 |
|
null | brainstorming | What are the best Sherlock Holmes short stories? | While "best" can be subjective, the author of the Sherlock Holmes series, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, selected his own list of 12 short stories that he thought were the best. His list was this:
1. The Speckled Band
2. The Red-Headed League
3. The Dancing Men
4. The Final Problem
5. A Scandal in Bohemia
6. The Empty House
7. The Five Orange Pips
8. The Second Stain
9. The Devil’s Foot
10. The Priory School
11. The Musgrave Ritual
12. The Reigate Squires | null | null | null | 3907 |
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null | classification | Classify the below companies based on their market capitalization.
Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Tanla, Globus Spirits, Apollo Hospitals, NELCO, Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd | Small Cap - Tanla, Globus Spirits, NELCO
Mid Cap - Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd
Large Cap - Reliance, Adani Enterprise, Apollo Hospitals | null | null | null | 3908 |
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null | open_qa | Who are the best golfers of all time? | Golf is a sport that has been around for hundreds of years. In modern golf (1900 - Present) there have been a few really great players. In the early half of the 20th century, Bobby Jones from Atlanta, GA was probably the best in the world. Then Ben Hogan from Texas came along and was another great player. From there, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are likely the best since. Winning major championships is really what defines greatness in golf. Major championships include: The Masters, The US Open, The British Open and the PGA Championship. Jack Nicklaus holds the record for most majors won. | null | null | null | 3909 |
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null | classification | You and your friends are discussing the best tier ratings of common London-based football teams. You are trying to determine whether Chelsea F.C., Arsenal F.C., Tottenham Hotspur F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C. are considered by fans to be the 'best', 'ok' and 'worst'. | best: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.
ok: Chelsea F.C., West Ham United F.C., Fulham F.C. and Crystal Palace F.C.
worst: Arsenal F.C. | null | null | null | 3910 |
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null | information_extraction | List the architects who designed Klovska station | Klovska — is a station on Kyiv Metro's Syretsko-Pecherska Line. Originally the station was a temporary terminus of the line between its opening date 31 December 1989 and prior to the expansion of the line to Vydubichy in December 1991.
Designed by architects A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk the station is a standard pylon trivault, but with aesthetics resembling the metallic Prague Metro stations, rather than the traditional marble-clad Soviet ones. The emphasis was to give the station monumentalism, which is achieved by giving a bright high contrast gleam to the appearance. The vault ceilings are covered by set of green aluminium planes. Highly contrasting with this are the black niches which hold a line of powerful fluorescent lighting elements. White marble is used for the walls. | A. Krushinskiy, L. Kachalova, O. Cherevko and M. Solyanyk | null | null | null | 3911 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, tell me when he was appointed patriarch and when he died. | José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, or rather, Mendoça (Lisbon, October 2, 1725 - Lisbon, February 11, 1808), was the fifth Patriarch of Lisbon under the name of D. José II.
Biography
He was the son of Nuno Manuel de Mendoça, 4th Count of Vale de Reis, and his wife, D. Leonor Maria Antónia de Noronha. He was the younger brother of the 5th Count and 1st Count of Azambuja, and of D. João Rafael de Mendonça, Bishop of Porto.
He graduated in canon law, having been canon of the Patriarchal See of Lisbon, Monsignor and still principal of the same church.
José Mendonca succeeded D. Francisco de Lemos as rector of the University of Coimbra from 1780 to 1785. During his tenure he attempted introduce a number of reforms.
In 1786, he was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon. By 1792 he was still trying to get permission from the Real Mesa Censória (Royal Censorial Court) to publish two pastoral letters. A law passed on April 5, 1768 reaffirmed the right of "temporal sovereignty" over the prohibition of "pernicious books and papers" in the interest of political defense. As the Mesa had jurisdiction over all printed materials, this included pastoral letters.
Pope Pius VI made him a cardinal in 1788. He died in 1808 and his body is buried in the Convent of Grace. | José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon in 1786 and died in 1808. | null | null | null | 3912 |
null | general_qa | Explain the answer to this riddle: What has four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and three legs in the evening? | This riddle is referring to a human. A human in infancy (morning) crawls using four limbs. A human adult (afternoon) walks on two legs. An elderly person (evening) walks on two legs and a cane. | null | null | null | 3913 |
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null | open_qa | Kingsway a 3 km stretch was built as a ceremonial boulevard by whom? | Edwin Lutyens & Herbert Baker | null | null | null | 3914 |
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null | open_qa | Why are plants green? | Green coloration comes from the reflection of light off of a plant's cells. The plants cells are full of photosynthesizing chemicals called chlorophyll which reflect a green color. Not all plants look green though, due to the ability to reflect other wavelengths of light. When plants lose chlorophyll they will tend to lose the green color. This is why plants lose their green color in the fall and turn into red, orange, and yellow. | null | null | null | 3915 |
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null | classification | Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Reptil, Beast Boy | Beast Boy is DC, Reptil is Marvel | null | null | null | 3916 |
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null | brainstorming | What would you suggest as to how someone could sell a bike? | There are a number of ways to sell a bike. The simplest way is to ask friends or family if someone would be interested in purchasing, next look at your closest community. Usually in apartments, or even in towns, there are community noticeboards that you could use to advertise your bike. Finally, there are many online community sites on platforms such as Facebook, where you could list your bike for sale. | null | null | null | 3917 |
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null | closed_qa | Where is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems? | The Adobe World Headquarters is the corporate headquarters of Adobe Systems, located in San Jose, California.
The buildings are known for their green design. The West Tower is listed as an Energy Star labeled building by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In 2006, all three towers were awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum certification by the United States Green Building Council for environmental sustainability. | San Jose, California | null | null | null | 3918 |
null | brainstorming | We all know the saying "what goes up must come down," but what goes up but does not come down? | Age | null | null | null | 3919 |
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null | open_qa | How do I make a traditional Bolognese sauce? | Bolognese sauce, sometimes called Bolognese Ragu has many variations, so I will provide the most common method. Dice one brown onion and then sauté in 25g of butter and 4 tablespoons of olive oil. Once the onions start to colour add 35 grams of diced pancetta and let the fat render. Add a mix of 1 chopped carrot, 1 chopped celery stick and 1 diced clove of garlic, stirring for 3-4 minutes. Add 500g of ground beef, seasoning the beef with salt and pepper. Next evaporate 1 cup of red wine, making sure the mixture reduces. Then evaporate 3/4 of a cup of fresh milk, also reducing the mixture. Add 4 chopped and peeled fresh tomatoes, 1 bay leaf and 1/4 tsp of chopped fresh thyme leaves and then simmer the sauce on low to medium heat for 1 and a half to two hours. Season again before serving with pasta. | null | null | null | 3920 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Violetta, Kaval | Violetta is string, Kaval is woodwind. | null | null | null | 3921 |
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null | open_qa | List some American candy bars that have chocolate and caramel. | Twix, Snickers, Rolo, Caramel M&Ms, Milky Way, Milk Duds | null | null | null | 3922 |
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null | closed_qa | Given this paragraph about the domestication of mammals, tell me the earliest known time period in which dairying occurred and also give me the location. | Humans first learned to consume the milk of other mammals regularly following the domestication of animals during the Neolithic Revolution or the development of agriculture. This development occurred independently in several global locations from as early as 9000–7000 BC in Mesopotamia to 3500–3000 BC in the Americas. People first domesticated the most important dairy animals – cattle, sheep and goats – in Southwest Asia, although domestic cattle had been independently derived from wild aurochs populations several times since. Initially animals were kept for meat, and archaeologist Andrew Sherratt has suggested that dairying, along with the exploitation of domestic animals for hair and labor, began much later in a separate secondary products revolution in the fourth millennium BC. Sherratt's model is not supported by recent findings, based on the analysis of lipid residue in prehistoric pottery, that shows that dairying was practiced in the early phases of agriculture in Southwest Asia, by at least the seventh millennium BC. From Southwest Asia domestic dairy animals spread to Europe (beginning around 7000 BC but did not reach Britain and Scandinavia until after 4000 BC), and South Asia (7000–5500 BC). The first farmers in central Europe and Britain milked their animals. Pastoral and pastoral nomadic economies, which rely predominantly or exclusively on domestic animals and their products rather than crop farming, were developed as European farmers moved into the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the fourth millennium BC, and subsequently spread across much of the Eurasian steppe. Sheep and goats were introduced to Africa from Southwest Asia, but African cattle may have been independently domesticated around 7000–6000 BC. | The earliest known dairying occurred between 9000-7000 BC in Mesopotamia. | null | null | null | 3923 |
null | general_qa | How does increasing interest rates impact inflation? | Increased interest rates raises the cost of borrowing money, which tends to reduce spending and ultimately inflation. | null | null | null | 3924 |
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null | brainstorming | Give me some tips for increase my savings | To increase the savings, one needs to always strike a mindful balance between wants and needs and more importantly, it also depends on individual circumstances. Here are some things that one can start doing to increase the savings
1. Try to pay off the debt as soon as possible.
2. The principal of "Pay oneself first". It doesn't mean spend this money on wishes, but on the contrary, first put the fixed amount in the savings accounts and then try to go by your expenses.
3. Track your expenses. Sometimes we just don't know that we have so many useless subscriptions that are squeezing your hard earned money under your own eyes.
4. Try to cook at home rather than going to the restaurants or ordering food online on frequent basis. | null | null | null | 3925 |
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null | classification | Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Bass guitar, Duduk | Bass guitar is string, Duduk is woodwind. | null | null | null | 3926 |
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null | open_qa | Name three national parks in California. | Three national parks in California are Yosemite, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree. | null | null | null | 3927 |
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null | open_qa | Why is the University of Waterloo the best school for software engineering? | The University of Waterloo boasts an impressive history of successful alumni in the software industry. One major reason for this success is its cooperative education program. It implements a system in which six four month internships are spread across a four year degree, combining experiential learning with theoretical education. Because of this, Waterloo's students, who are selected from the brightest in Canada, gain extensive exposure to the software engineering industry prior to graduation. | null | null | null | 3928 |
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null | closed_qa | Who were the Ottomans? | The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. | The Ottomans belonged to the Ottoman empire which was founded in Anatolia, a region in Turkey and over the centuries spread more vastly to become a transcontinental empire. | null | null | null | 3929 |
null | summarization | What teams were a part of the 2021 Valletta Cup? | The 2021 Valletta Cup was a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament held in Malta between 21 and 24 October 2021. It was the second edition of the Valletta Cup. The matches were played at the Marsa Sports Club in Marsa. The participating teams were the hosts Malta along with Bulgaria, Gibraltar and Switzerland.
This was the first international tournament for Switzerland since the introduction of global T20I status in January 2019, and their re-admittance to the International Cricket Council (ICC) in July 2021. Cricket Switzerland (previously known as the Swiss Cricket Association), had been suspended by the ICC in 2012 due to non-compliance following the formation of a second organization also claiming to oversee cricket in the country. They were one of three nations to gain Associate membership after the ICC's annual general meeting in July 2021.
Switzerland finished on top of the round-robin stage with three wins. Malta defeated Switzerland in the final, after Bulgaria defeated Gibraltar in the third-place playoff. After the tournament, Malta and Gibraltar played a rain-affected two-match bilateral T20I series that was shared after one game was lost to the weather and the other finished as a DLS method tie. | Malta, Bulgaria, Gibraltar & Switzerland were of the participating teams in the 2021 Valletta Cup. | null | null | null | 3930 |
null | classification | I'm putting together an exercise plan that needs to have both cardio and strength exercises, but I want to separate exercises into each category. Running, deadlifts, cycling, pushups, swimming, jump rope, lunges and squats. | Running, cycling, swimming and jump rope are all forms of cardio exercise. Deadlifts, pushups, lunges and squats are forms of strength exercise. | null | null | null | 3931 |
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null | open_qa | What is the mona lisa? | The Mona Lisa is one of the rarest and most valuable paintings in history. It was painted by Leonardo da Vinci in 1503. Appraisers also say the Mona Lisa is priceless, but if it was ever auctions that it would be worth more than a billion dollars. The Mona Lisa is currently on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. You can pay for a tour of the Louvre Museum and at the end of the tour or walk through you get to see the Mona Lisa. | null | null | null | 3932 |
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null | open_qa | Who is the prime minister of India | The prime minister of India is Narendra Modi who has been in power since 2014. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He is the 14th prime minister of India. | null | null | null | 3933 |
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null | general_qa | What is VTEC? | VTEC stands for "Variable Valve Timing & Lift Electronic Control." It is a technology used by some Honda cars for changing the way an engine runs based on the engine speeds. It works by using oil pressure to activate a different camshaft profile at higher engine speeds. The camshaft profile allows more air to enter the engine cylinders, and thus causes more effective combustion and more power. At lower engine speeds, VTEC disengages and uses a default camshaft profile, which is optimized for fuel efficiency. | null | null | null | 3934 |
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null | information_extraction | What was the result and impact of the First Battle of Tannenberg? | The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris, or First Battle of Tannenberg, was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership were killed or taken prisoner.
Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the subsequent siege of the Malbork Castle and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Treaty of Melno in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant regional political and military force.
The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. It has been used as a source of romantic legends and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi German and Soviet propaganda campaigns. Only in recent decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation. | The Teutonic Order was defeated in the First Battle of Tannenberg and the subsequent decline of the Teutonic Order led to Polish–Lithuanian union becoming the dominant regional force. | null | null | null | 3935 |
null | open_qa | On television what was Flipper | Dolphin | null | null | null | 3936 |
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null | information_extraction | From the passage below, extract the first five member countries of OPEC | The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries, in order to collectively influence the global market and maximise profit. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.
The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply. | The first five members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. As of September 2018, OPEC officially has 13 member countries. | null | null | null | 3937 |
null | open_qa | World Wrestling Championship 2022 was held in | Belgrade, Serbia | null | null | null | 3938 |
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null | closed_qa | Which era of counterculture were the Beatles pivotal to? | he Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements | The Beatles were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture | null | null | null | 3939 |
null | closed_qa | Given a reference text about Listeriosis, tell me how how the bacterium is transfered into animals, and people. | Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, far more common in domestics animals (domestic mammals and poultry), especially ruminants, than in human beings. It can also occur in feral animals—among others, game animals—as well as in poultry and other birds.
The causative bacterium lives in the soil and in poorly made silage, and is acquired by ingestion. It is not contagious; over the course of a 30-year observation period of sheep disease in Morocco, the disease only appeared in the late 2000s (decade) when feeding bag-ensiled corn became common.[better source needed] In Iceland, the disease is called "silage sickness". | Listeriosis is most often associated with animals but can also infect people and is primarily transferred by ingestion. | null | null | null | 3940 |
null | open_qa | How do airplanes fly? | Planes fly because of two forces - thrust and lift.
Thrust is generated by the engines and moves the plane forward.
When the wind passes the wings, there is a pressure differential created by the shape of the wings such that there is lift | null | null | null | 3941 |
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null | creative_writing | How can introverts maintain friendship. | Introverts like to be themselves. They dont like being forced to things why dont like to do. This is extremely difficult for them. They respect their friends space and expect the same in return. Introverts need to find friends who respect them for what they are and dont push them to do things they dont like and have said no to once. Generally extroverts tend to bring people to follow them, hence extroverts are not great friends for introverts, but its generally not true completely. Introverts may need to be little extrovert to express their line which their friends should push them over. | null | null | null | 3942 |
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null | classification | Are these blue or red colors? Pink, navy, maroon, mahogany, teal, sky, robin, scarlet | Pink: red, navy: blue, maroon: red, mahogany: red, teal: blue, sky: blue, robin: blue, scarlet: red | null | null | null | 3943 |
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null | closed_qa | Where can I find Leptodactylus tapiti? | Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. | Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog that are native to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. | null | null | null | 3944 |
null | general_qa | Give me a simpler way to tell someone that Layli and Majnun is Persian literature that borrows storytelling techniques from Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin. | The Persian literary story Layli and Majnun is based on several other pieces of literature, such as Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin. | null | null | null | 3945 |
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null | classification | Tell me which of the following items are trees and which ones are weeds: aspen, ash, chickweed, crabgrass, oak, almond, dandelion | tree: aspen, ash, oak, almond
weed: chickweed, crabgrass, dandelion | null | null | null | 3946 |
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null | general_qa | Why do people enjoy baseball? | Baseball requires skill, practice, hard work, hand eye coordination and grit. There are one hundred and fifty plus games per year in the major league, and most players will be on the field for 70% of those games. There are few thrills better than being in the stands watching your home team win a game in the last inning by hitting a game-winning homerun. | null | null | null | 3947 |
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null | creative_writing | Write do's and don'ts for handling a PR crisis. Make them directive and easy for anyone to understand and follow. | Do:
Assume "worst-case" outcomes for planning purposes.
Inform key audiences regularly and accurately from the outset.
Ensure communications are candid, accurate and timely.
Focus on concrete actions being taken to understand or address the issue.
Retain control of the story. Both positive and negative information needs to come from the company to help assure a transparent posture.
Provide information that's relevant to the public's interest rather than just the company's.
Consider seeking third-party support to help explain the crisis to various audiences.
Explain the situation directly to key audiences using the channels that are familiar to them.
Where appropriate, contact public officials and leaders proactively. Keep them informed throughout the process.
Don't:
Be silent or make “no comment” statements — they are often interpreted as admissions of guilt and lack of preparation.
Make "off-the-record" statements — there is no such thing in a crisis situation.
Speculate on anything or provide incomplete information. Stick to the facts.
Let erroneous information or ill-informed opinions go unchallenged.
Release sensitive or proprietary information.
Try to minimize the problem, but also don’t make it a bigger deal than it is. Match the level of your response to the severity of the issue.
Rely on communications alone to fix a crisis. You have to address the issue that led to the PR crisis in the first place. | null | null | null | 3948 |
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null | general_qa | Why do people need sunshine? | Ultraviolet waves from sunlight are absorbed through the skin as part of the process of producing Vitamin D. This is a critical vitamin for the immune system's ability to ward off disease, as well as for a person's hormonal balance. So sunshine can help make people both healthier and happier. On the other hand, too much sunshine can cause sunburn, which can make a person both unhealthy and unhappy. | null | null | null | 3949 |
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null | brainstorming | What is the best northeast mountain for skiing? | Hunter mountain has the most diversity in trails and is an easy trip from New York. | null | null | null | 3950 |
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null | open_qa | Who are the main songwriters for the Grateful Dead? | The main song writers for the Grateful Dead were Jerry Garcia, Bob Weir, Phil Lesh, Robert Hunter, and John Perry Barlow.
Typically, Jerry Garcia and Robert Hunter worked on songs together, and Bob Weir and John Perry Barlow worked together.
A lot of song credits are credited as Garcia/Hunter, or Weir/Barlow. | null | null | null | 3951 |
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null | open_qa | What day is Halloween? | Halloween is October 31st | null | null | null | 3952 |
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null | open_qa | What is standard guitar tuning? | E, B, G, D, A, E | null | null | null | 3953 |
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null | information_extraction | From the following passage, extract 3 common phenomena related to electricity. | Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
The presence of either a positive or negative electric charge produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field. In most applications, a force acts on a charge with a magnitude given by Coulomb's law. Electric potential is typically measured in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
Electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;
Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society. | 3 common phenomena related to electricity are:
1. Lightning
2. Static electricity
3. Electric heating | null | null | null | 3954 |
null | brainstorming | Please provide a list of best movies from Shahrukh Khan. | Not all these movies might have made big box office warnings but they brought acclaim to Shahrukh Khan.
My Name is Khan
Pathaan
Baazigar
Duplicate
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Kabhi Alvida Naa Ho
Dil Toh Pagal Hai
Dilwaale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham
Main Hoon Na
Don
Chakh De India
Veer Zara
And many others. | null | null | null | 3955 |
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null | open_qa | What is C? | C is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers, protocol stacks, though decreasingly for application software. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems. | null | null | null | 3956 |
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null | open_qa | What is a merchant bank? | A merchant bank is historically a bank dealing in commercial loans and investment. In modern British usage it is the same as an investment bank. Merchant banks were the first modern banks and evolved from medieval merchants who traded in commodities, particularly cloth merchants. Historically, merchant banks' purpose was to facilitate and/or finance production and trade of commodities, hence the name "merchant". Few banks today restrict their activities to such a narrow scope.
In modern usage in the United States, the term additionally has taken on a more narrow meaning, and refers to a financial institution providing capital to companies in the form of share ownership instead of loans. A merchant bank also provides advice on corporate matters to the firms in which they invest. | null | null | null | 3957 |
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null | open_qa | What is the nickname for Spokane, Washington? | Spokane's official nickname is "Hooptown USA" which it received from hosting Hoopfest which is the world's largest basketball tournament. Spokane is also known as the "Lilac City." | null | null | null | 3958 |
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null | general_qa | The French flair is the way the French see life, it has to be grandiose in the sense that even the small thing can be beautiful, stylish, and unique. There is a special French flair in Rugby, where it comes with the sense that anything can happen, even the more desperate attack would be fully supported and played like a final rally, full of bravery. This type of behavior is feared as it is based on improvisation, and has been in the past very efficient even against the very best. | What is the French Flair? | null | null | null | 3959 |
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null | information_extraction | What is the TSA church? | The Salvation Army (TSA) is a Protestant Christian church and an international charitable organization headquartered in London, England that is aligned with the Wesleyan-Holiness movement. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7 million, comprising soldiers, officers and adherents collectively known as Salvationists. Its founders sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs". It is present in 133 countries, running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief, and humanitarian aid to developing countries. | The TSA church typically stands for The Salvation Army (TSA) and it is a Protestant Christian church, as well as an international charitable organization with head quarters in England. | null | null | null | 3960 |
null | information_extraction | From the passage provided, extract the founders of Bloomberg L.P. Separate them with a comma. | Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was co-founded by Michael Bloomberg in 1981, with Thomas Secunda, Duncan MacMillan, Charles Zegar, and a 12% ownership investment by Bank of America through their brokerage subsidiary Merrill Lynch. | Michael Bloomberg, Thomas Secunda, Duncan MacMillan, Charles Zega | null | null | null | 3961 |
null | general_qa | Why are people migrating in the US from the NE and Mid-West to the South and SE? | Remote work has eliminated the requirement to live close to the office | null | null | null | 3962 |
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null | brainstorming | What is the best indoor plant? | Money plant. | null | null | null | 3963 |
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null | open_qa | What are the top 3 GDP countries in 2022? | They are the United States ($20.89 trillion), China ($14.72 trillion), and Japan ($5.06 trillion). | null | null | null | 3964 |
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null | open_qa | What is Power BI? | Power BI is a dashboard reporting tool that enables users and customers to interact with data using interactive and custom visualizations, custom calculations, and queries. You can build data models in Power BI, and you can run Power BI in direct query or import mode. Direct Query queries the data directly from the system of record it connects to and import mode makes a copy of that data locally in Power BI. Depending on the size of the dataset this can affect performance. | null | null | null | 3965 |
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null | open_qa | What are some ways to tenderize beef? | There are several techniques used to tenderize beef. These include the following:
1. Pounding the beef with a mallet
2. Seasoning the beef with salt and allowing it to rest for a while
3. A good approach for tenderizing beef for stir frying beef to cut it into thin strips and coating it with cornstarch | null | null | null | 3966 |
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null | closed_qa | Explain the Montessori Method of education in pre-school and kindergarten | Montessori classrooms for children from 2+1⁄2 or 3 to 6 years old are often called Children's Houses, after Montessori's first school, the Casa dei Bambini in Rome in 1906. A typical classroom serves 20 to 30 children in mixed-age groups, staffed by a fully trained lead teacher and assistants. Classrooms are usually outfitted with child-sized tables and chairs arranged singly or in small clusters, with classroom materials on child-height shelves throughout the room. Activities are for the most part initially presented by the teacher, after which they may be chosen more or less freely by the children as interest dictates. A teacher's role within a Montessori classroom is to guide and consult students individually by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Classroom materials usually include activities for engaging in practical skills such as pouring and spooning, washing up, scrubbing tables and sweeping. Also materials for the development of the senses, mathematical materials, language materials, music, art and cultural materials, including more science-based activities like 'sink and float', Magnetic and Non magnetic and candle and air.
Activities in Children's Houses are typically hands-on, tactile materials to teach concepts. For example, to teach writing, students use sandpaper letters. These are letters created by cutting letters out of sandpaper and placing them on wooden blocks. The children then trace these letters with their fingers to learn the shape and sound of each letter. Another example is the use of bead chains to teach math concepts, specifically multiplication. Specifically for multiples of 10, there is one bead that represents one unit, a bar of ten beads put together that represents 1×10, then a flat shape created by fitting 10 of the bars together to represent 10×10, and a cube created by fitting 10 of the flats together to represent 10×10×10. These materials help build a concrete understanding of basic concepts upon which much is built in the later years. | The Montessori Method for Education in pre-school and kindergarten is a unique approach to teaching children to build self-confidence and independence. Learning takes place in Children's Houses and are fully staffed with a mixture of qualified teachers and teaching assistants who guide and consult the individual child by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Activities are introduced by the teacher, but there is no requirement for a child to complete the activity until they are ready, as what the child learns is fully guided by an individual child's interest. Classrooms are equipped with child-sized tables and chairs with learning materials on child height shelves.
Education covers a variety of areas, for example completing practical tasks including pouring water, washing up, cleaning tables and sweeping floors. They will have access to materials relating to mathematics, languages, music, art and culture. They are taught to learn basic concepts of mathematics and writing through a hands-on approach using tactile materials. | null | null | null | 3967 |
null | closed_qa | Given these paragraphs about Large language models, what popular neural network architecture architecture are they based on? | A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.
Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.
Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.
Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.
Emergent abilities
On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.
Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.
The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.
LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.
A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).
Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.
Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).
Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:
Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative
Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:
If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".
Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.
Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model | The Transformer architecture. | null | null | null | 3968 |
null | open_qa | Who invented the first car? | Karl Benz invented the first car in 1896 AD. It was a petrol-powered engine designed to travel slowly. Made entirely by hand, the number of cars on roads did not surge as the supply was limited. However, the first popular car was the Model T, built-in 1908 by Ford in the USA. Ford sold over 15 million units of Model T worldwide. | null | null | null | 3969 |
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null | summarization | Provide a brief summary of how the ISO 27001 standard works | Most organizations have a number of information security controls. However, without an information security management system (ISMS), controls tend to be somewhat disorganized and disjointed, having been implemented often as point solutions to specific situations or simply as a matter of convention. Security controls in operation typically address certain aspects of information technology (IT) or data security specifically; leaving non-IT information assets (such as paperwork and proprietary knowledge) less protected on the whole. Moreover, business continuity planning and physical security may be managed quite independently of IT or information security while Human Resources practices may make little reference to the need to define and assign information security roles and responsibilities throughout the organization.
ISO/IEC 27001 requires that management:
Systematically examine the organization's information security risks, taking account of the threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts;
Design and implement a coherent and comprehensive suite of information security controls and/or other forms of risk treatment (such as risk avoidance or risk transfer) to address those risks that are deemed unacceptable; and
Adopt an overarching management process to ensure that the information security controls continue to meet the organization's information security needs on an ongoing basis.
What controls will be tested as part of certification to ISO/IEC 27001 is dependent on the certification auditor. This can include any controls that the organisation has deemed to be within the scope of the ISMS and this testing can be to any depth or extent as assessed by the auditor as needed to test that the control has been implemented and is operating effectively.
Management determines the scope of the ISMS for certification purposes and may limit it to, say, a single business unit or location. The ISO/IEC 27001 certificate does not necessarily mean the remainder of the organization, outside the scoped area, has an adequate approach to information security management.
Other standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards provide additional guidance on certain aspects of designing, implementing and operating an ISMS, for example on information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005). | The ISO 27001 standard works by requiring management of the information security management system to examine security risks, implement a comprehensive suite of security controls to manage the identified risks, and operate ongoing processes to measure control effectiveness and risk levels. | null | null | null | 3970 |
null | general_qa | Why do my plants keep dying? | The most common causes is too much water (flood), followed by too little water (drought). If the plants are indoors, ensure they receive sufficient sunlight. | null | null | null | 3971 |
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null | brainstorming | What are the10 best NCAA Basketball programs all-time? | UCLA, Kansas, Duke, North Carolina, Connecticut, Michigan State, Kentucky, Louisville, Indiana and Arizona | null | null | null | 3972 |
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null | classification | Tell me whether these are Major League Baseball or National Basketball Association teams: Yankees, Astros, Dodgers, Pirates and Padres. | These five teams are all part of Major League Baseball and are not National Basketball Association teams. | null | null | null | 3973 |
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null | information_extraction | From the paragraph provided, extract the recurring characters from Final Fantasy. Separate them with a comma. | The series features a number of recurring character archetypes. Most famously, every game since Final Fantasy II, including subsequent remakes of the original Final Fantasy, features a character named Cid. Cid's appearance, personality, goals, and role in the game (non-playable ally, party member, villain) vary dramatically. However, two characteristics many versions of Cid have in common are being a scientist or engineer, and being tied in some way to an airship the party eventually acquires. Every Cid has at least one of these two traits.
Biggs and Wedge, inspired by two Star Wars characters of the same name, appear in numerous games as minor characters, sometimes as comic relief. The later games in the series feature several males with effeminate characteristics. Recurring creatures include Chocobos, Moogles, and Cactuars. Chocobos are large, often flightless birds that appear in several installments as a means of long-distance travel for characters. Moogles are white, stout creatures resembling teddy bears with wings and a single antenna. They serve different roles in games including mail delivery, weaponsmiths, party members, and saving the game. Cactuars are anthropomorphic cacti with haniwa-like faces presented in a running or dashing pose. They usually appear as recurring enemy units, and also as summoned allies or friendly non-player characters in certain titles. Chocobo and Moogle appearances are often accompanied by specific musical themes that have been arranged differently for separate games | Cid, Biggs, Wedge, Chocobos, Moogles, Cactuars | null | null | null | 3974 |
null | open_qa | What is Mexico? | Mexico is a country on the North American continent. | null | null | null | 3975 |
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null | general_qa | What happened to Captain Bligh after the Mutiny on the Bounty? | The mutineers put then-Lieutenant Bligh and eighteen other crew into a small, open boat and set them adrift in the middle of the South Pacific ocean. Bligh and his men had just a small amount of food and water. Bligh used his memory of navigation charts to plan a course westward to the Dutch colony of Timor.
They initially tried stopping at an island to gather supplies. The island was inhabited, however, and they were attacked. One crew member was killed and the rest barely escaped. From then on they dared not stop at any island until reaching the Great Barrier Reef of Australia (then called New Holland by the Europeans).
In a remarkable achievement of seamanship, Bligh and his men sailed and rowed their open boat for 41 days over a distance of 3618 miles, in sometimes harsh weather conditions. Food and drink had to be strictly rationed, and the men suffered greatly from hunger and thirst. Except for the death of the crewman at the hands of the islanders, all the remaining crew reached Timor alive. Sadly, some men died of disease contracted at the colony town of Batavia or on the final return voyage to Europe. Of the original nineteen men set adrift by the Bounty mutineers, twelve returned alive to England.
Bligh continued his career in the British Navy. He was assigned a new ship and once again sailed to Tahiti take breadfruit to British colonies in the Caribbean. This time, the mission was completed successfully. Bligh commanded additional ships, including fighting in several major naval battles. In 1805, Bligh was appointed Governor of New South Wales. He ended his British Naval career as a Vice Admiral. William Bligh died in London on Dec 12, 1817. | null | null | null | 3976 |
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null | closed_qa | Why was Tamazulapam del Espíritu Santo placed under quarantine? | Tamazulapam del Espíritu Santo is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality is at an altitude of 2,040 meters. It is part of the Sierra Mixe district within the Sierra Norte de Oaxaca Region.
The municipality has a total population of 6,908, and the town has a population of 2,372.
Municipal President Artemio Ortiz Ricardez died on May 13, 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. The town had been placed under quarantine after its first reported case on May 10. | Tamazulapam del Espíritu Santo was placed under quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | null | null | null | 3977 |
null | open_qa | how many times did India won the cricket world cup | Indian cricket team won world cup 2 times. In addition to winning the 1983 Cricket World Cup, Indian team also won the Cricket World Cup on home soil in 2011. | null | null | null | 3978 |
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null | creative_writing | Write a journal entry from the pandemic. | I can’t remember the last time I kept a journal. I used to write constantly as a little girl: in colorful notebooks gifted to me at Christmas or on my birthday. I always abandoned them when they were half full. Maybe a quarter if I was “busy.” The truth is, I abandoned them when I realized no one but me cared about what I had to say; when I had stopped caring; when I realized I wasn’t particularly profound. That may happen this time around, too.
The difference now is that even if I don’t say anything profound: the timing is profound. We’re living through a global pandemic, hiding in our homes, hoping we aren’t infected and unknowingly infecting others. Avoiding people on the sidewalk when we go for walks, immediately wanting to wash our hands when picking something up after the grocery store after waiting in line for an hour.
Yesterday, it was my turn to go grocery shopping. My partner had been making the majority of our runs. The last time I joined him was weeks ago, before you could expect a line around the block. We had woken up early on a Saturday, and it was lightly raining, so I convinced him we should go to the Mollie Stones up the street to beat everyone there. About 12 people were lined up when we arrived, and we huddled under a tiny floral umbrella that lives in the trunk of our car.
I had charged this particular umbrella to my corporate card when on a work trip to London, and even though it’s barely functional, I won’t throw it out. Opening it to cover us while waiting outside Mollie Stones, I daydreamed of going back to London. Of traveling at all. Of being able to run into a grocery store for brunch ingredients, and nothing more. Mollie Stones was always our destination for brunch ingredients after a particularly aggressive night out. I missed nights out: crowded bars where you had to raise your voice just to be heard, and yet were still annoyed when your best friend would scream into your ear.
I managed to get through that trip to Mollie Stones without crying. The last time my partner and I went to that Mollie Stones, it was the Sunday before Mayor Breed directed San Francisco to shelter in place. There weren’t any social distancing requirements, and the store was overrun by frantic shoppers. People bumped into each other in the aisles. The paper goods had been ransacked. The oat milk was nowhere to be found. We chose Mollie Stones because it’s the most expensive grocery store in San Francisco, and we didn’t think everyone would be stocking up there. But this is San Francisco, so we were wrong. I saw an elderly woman moving slowly through the store and started to hyperventilate. My partner wasn’t far, so I managed to find him and take a few deep breaths so I could avoid a panic attack.
So, you can understand why I wasn’t looking forward to my first solo grocery run. I chose the Costco in SOMA because so few people live south of Market, and it was the middle of the work week: maybe you can sneak away from Zoom meetings for a quick trip to Whole Foods or Trader Joe’s, but Costco is an adventure, a commitment. Well, hundreds were as committed as I was. Probably to securing 30 rolls of toilet paper.
I pulled into the Costco parking garage at 10am as it was opening. No cars waiting to enter, which I took as a good sign. Note to self: there are no good signs in a pandemic. After I finally found a parking spot, I meandered around the lot only to find myself at the back of what felt like a makeshift never-ending airport security line, hastily created with caution tape and lazily monitored by a Costco employee in a face mask with megaphone. Every few minutes, he would remind us to stay six feet apart.
Despite being hopeful about the wait, I came prepared. My face was completely covered by a N95 mask, which I admit, I felt guilty about. Healthcare workers all over America needed PPE, and here I was, waiting in line at Costco wearing one piece of the ensemble. I had purchased a 10-pack after the last fire season and had broken the seal on the pack, making them impossible to donate. My mask makes me feel like a child or a cartoon character: it spans from my chin to the bottom of my eyelids. To complement it, I’m rocking ski gloves (plastic are almost impossible to come by), and have multiple episodes of The Daily downloaded on my phone. I take my spot at the back of the line, which has six or so switchbacks, and settle in to catch up with Michael Barbaro.
I’ve been listening to The Daily for over a year now: almost everyday, either on my commute or while working out in the morning. But since quarantining, I’ve sadly kicked the habit. Without a gym or a ride to work, it doesn’t easily fit into my schedule. I miss Michael’s “and here’s what else you need to know today.”
The first episode up features a conversation with Paul Mozur, a technology reporter based in Asia — originally Shanghai. He, along with a handful of other American reporters, were unceremoniously banned from China and forced to leave the country, and he shared both his emotional reaction and the reasons why.
I then chose “voices of the pandemic,” an episode cut into four parts: reporters talking to Americans impacted by the pandemic in Pittsburgh, Kansas City, New York and Seattle. Parents who are now homeschooling their screaming toddlers. A former waitress now living in her car trying to get a job at a grocery store, but unable to locate her birth certificate. A nurse who can no longer see her grandchildren because she’s treating COVID patients. I teared up listening to her recall the first night in the hospital when they confirmed two cases of COVID-19. She felt a sense of purpose and camaraderie with her coworkers, but realized almost immediately that it meant she wouldn’t be able to host her weekly sleepover with her grandchildren. She described in detail the room she decorated for them in her house, and how their beds will remain empty for weeks.
Three Daily episodes in, and I’m finally making progress in the Costco line, winding up the ramp, where red tape at our feet clearly marks the required 6-foot gap between you and the people in front and behind you. Once inside the massive warehouse, I chart a course to the paper goods and make it my mission to secure toilet paper and paper towels. A success on that front makes the wait feel worthwhile, and I start to check items off my list with purpose. Although Costco employees are strategically placed throughout the warehouse, every so often lifting a megaphone to remind shoppers to stay six feet apart, there are a few ways that make this Costco trip rather typical: I pack my shopping cart to the brim, spend far too much money, and rush out the door. More than anything, I can’t wait to take my mask off. | null | null | null | 3979 |
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null | information_extraction | Extract the members of the band Radiohead in a comma separated list. | Radiohead are an English rock band formed in Abingdon, Oxfordshire, in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards); brothers Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments) and Colin Greenwood (bass); Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals); and Philip Selway (drums, percussion). They have worked with the producer Nigel Godrich and the cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. Radiohead's experimental approach is credited with advancing the sound of alternative rock. | Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Colin Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, Philip Selway | null | null | null | 3980 |
null | summarization | Tell me about the life and career of Alison Calder | Alison Calder (born 21 December 1969) is a Canadian poet, literary critic and educator.
Life and career
Calder was born in London, England on 21 December 1969 and grew up in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. She studied at the University of Saskatchewan, where she earned a BA, and at the University of Western Ontario where she earned an MA and a PhD in English Literature. She was also a Distinguished Junior Scholar in Residence at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia.
In 2004, she won the RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers.
She wrote a collection of essays in 2005 called History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies which examines literary critism.
Her debut collection of poetry was called Wolf Tree and was published in 2007. It won the 2008 Aqua Books Lansdowne Prize for Poetry and the Eileen McTavish Sykes Award for Best First Book by a Manitoba Author at the 2008 Manitoba Book Awards. It was a finalist for the Pat Lowther Memorial Award and the Gerald Lampert Memorial Award. Her second collection, In the Tiger Park, was published in 2014 and was a finalist for the Lansdowne Prize for Poetry.
She also co-wrote the chapbook Ghost Works: Improvisations in Letters and Poems, with Jeanette Lynes.
She lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba and works at the University of Manitoba where she teaches literature and creative writing. She is married to writer Warren Cariou. | Alison Calder (born 21 December 1969) is a Canadian poet, literary critic and educator.
Calder was born in London, England on 21 December 1969 and grew up in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. She studied at the University of Saskatchewan, where she earned a BA, and at the University of Western Ontario where she earned an MA and a PhD in English Literature. She was also a Distinguished Junior Scholar in Residence at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia.
In 2004, she won the RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers.
She wrote a collection of essays in 2005 called History, Literature, and the Writing of the Canadian Prairies which examines literary critism.
Her debut collection of poetry was called Wolf Tree and was published in 2007. It won the 2008 Aqua Books Lansdowne Prize for Poetry and the Eileen McTavish Sykes Award for Best First Book by a Manitoba Author at the 2008 Manitoba Book Awards. It was a finalist for the Pat Lowther Memorial Award and the Gerald Lampert Memorial Award. Her second collection, In the Tiger Park, was published in 2014 and was a finalist for the Lansdowne Prize for Poetry.
She also co-wrote the chapbook Ghost Works: Improvisations in Letters and Poems, with Jeanette Lynes.
She lives in Winnipeg, Manitoba and works at the University of Manitoba where she teaches literature and creative writing. She is married to writer Warren Cariou. | null | null | null | 3981 |
null | open_qa | In World Athletic Championship Eugene, Oregon, Neeraj Chopra won the Silver medal by throwing how many meters | 88.13m | null | null | null | 3982 |
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null | general_qa | What is SQL? | SQL is short for Structured Query Language, which is a declarative programming language typically used for querying, exploring, and interacting with structured data. | null | null | null | 3983 |
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null | classification | Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Ghost Rider, Atomic Skull | Ghost Rider is Marvel, Atomic Skull is DC | null | null | null | 3984 |
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null | open_qa | What are teeth? | Teeth are a part of your digestive system. They are used to mash and grind food to allow your digestive system to be able to process it into nutrients and energy for the body. Most humans have 32 teeth, and enamel is the protective outer layer of the teeth. Teeth attach the the mandible bone and are very strong. If you eat a lot of sugar the enamel on the teeth will break down causing cavities that have to be fixed and repaired at the dentist. | null | null | null | 3985 |
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null | summarization | Please list all the countries having hosted a Rugby World Cup before 2023 according to the text | Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd (RWCL), which is itself owned by World Rugby. The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members.The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors, and the voting kept secret. The host nation is generally selected five or six years before the competition.
The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations. For example, the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand. World Rugby requires that the hosts must have a venue with a capacity of at least 60,000 spectators for the final. Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup, such as Millennium Stadium – purpose built for the 1999 tournament – and Eden Park, upgraded for 2011. The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was 2019 host Japan. France will host the 2023 tournament. The next tournament to be hosted by a nation outside the traditional nations will be the 2031 tournament in the United States. | Australia, New Zealand, Japan | null | null | null | 3986 |
null | summarization | How is CAC 40 selected? | The CAC 40 index composition is reviewed quarterly by an independent Index Steering Committee (French: Conseil Scientifique). If any changes are made, they are effected a minimum of two weeks after the review meeting. At each review date, the companies listed on Euronext Paris are ranked according to free float market capitalization and share turnover over the prior 12 months. From the top 100 companies in this ranking, forty are chosen to enter the CAC 40 such that it is "a relevant benchmark for portfolio management" and "a suitable underlying asset for derivatives products". If a company has more than one class of shares traded on the exchange, only the most actively traded of these will be accepted into the index (generally this will be the ordinary share) | CAC 40 is selected from top 100 of the companies listed on Euronext Paris are benchmarked and selected by Conseil Scientifique. Considering the weighted average of stock prices over a certain period and some indicators, only the most actively traded of these will be accepted into the index. | null | null | null | 3987 |
null | classification | Which of the following numbers are prime?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 2^11-1, 14, 17, 29, 47 | Out of that list, the following numbers are prime: 2, 3, 5, 7, 17, 29, 47 | null | null | null | 3988 |
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null | information_extraction | Name the affiliates of the Tata Group. | The Tata Group (/ˈtɑːtɑː/) is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1868, it is India's largest conglomerate, with products and services in over 150 countries, and operations in 100 countries across six continents. Acknowledged as the founder of the Tata Group, Jamsetji Tata is sometimes referred to as the "father of Indian industry".
Each Tata company operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors and shareholders. Philanthropic trusts control over 66% of the Tata holding company Tata Sons, while the Tata family is a very small shareholder.
The group's annual revenue for fiscal year 2021–22 was reported to be US$128 billion. There are 29 publicly-listed Tata Group companies with a combined market capitalisation of $311 billion as of March 2022. The company has operations across Asia, Africa, America, and Middle East. Significant Tata Group affiliates include Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Consumer Products, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Tata Steel, Voltas, Titan Company, Tanishq, Tata Chemicals, Tata Communications, Trent, Tata Elxsi, Indian Hotels Company, Air India, TajAir, Tata Cliq, Tata Advanced Systems, Tata Capital, Cromā, BigBasket and Tata Starbucks. | Significant Tata Group affiliates include Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Consumer Products, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Tata Steel, Voltas, Titan Company, Tanishq, Tata Chemicals, Tata Communications, Trent, Tata Elxsi, Indian Hotels Company, Air India, TajAir, Tata Cliq, Tata Advanced Systems, Tata Capital, Cromā, BigBasket and Tata Starbucks. | null | null | null | 3989 |
null | summarization | Who is Carol Banawa? |
Carol Claire Aguilar Banawa-Crisostomo (born March 4, 1981), better known in the Philippines as Carol Banawa, is a US-based Filipina singer, actress, and nurse. She is a Star Magic Batch 4 alumna.
Raised in Batangas, she has two siblings, Alexander and Cherry. Banawa started singing when she was a little girl while her family lived in Saudi Arabia. Her family then moved back to the Philippines. There, she was invited to join the new roster of ABS-CBN stars through the children-oriented show Ang TV.
She has performed at the Madison Square Garden in New York City at the 2003 New York Music Festival.
In 2010, she made her comeback in the music industry, and starred in the hit Philippine TV series, Mara Clara, where she sang the opening song of the said TV series. She also covered Till My Heartaches End, the theme song of the 2010 film of the same name.
In 2016, her song "Bakit 'Di Totohanin" was featured in one of the scenes of the U.S. drama series The Vampire Diaries. | Carol Claire Aguilar Banawa-Crisostomo is a US-based Filipina singer, actress, and nurse. She is a Star Magic Batch 4 alumna. Her song "Bakit 'Di Totohanin" was featured in one of the scenes of the U.S. drama series The Vampire Diaries. | null | null | null | 3990 |
null | closed_qa | Based on the information below, when might people have started baking bread? | Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the twentieth century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output. | There is not enough information in the passage to determine exactly when this would have happened, but because bread requires grain, it could not have been made prior to 105,000 years ago when humans first started gathering grain. | null | null | null | 3991 |
null | closed_qa | Can animals like dog and cat get Kidney Stones ? | Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. Occurrence in other species, including tortoises, has been reported as well. The stones form in the urinary bladder in varying size and numbers secondary to infection, dietary influences, and genetics. Stones can form in any part of the urinary tract in dogs and cats, but unlike in humans, stones of the kidney are less common and do not often cause significant disease, although they can contribute to pyelonephritis and chronic kidney disease. Types of stones include struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. Bladder stones are not the same as bladder crystals but if the crystals coalesce unchecked in the bladder they can become stones. | Yes animals like humans can get Kidney Stones. Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. Types of stones include struvite, cystine, calcium oxalate, urate, calcium phosphate, and silicate. Struvite and calcium oxalate stones are by far the most common. | null | null | null | 3992 |
null | general_qa | Where can I learn more about Kubernetes? | The Kubernetes docs themselves are very good - https://kubernetes.io/. Many folks also enjoy course material from Coursera or Udemy - such as this course from Mumshad https://www.udemy.com/course/certified-kubernetes-administrator-with-practice-tests/ | null | null | null | 3993 |
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null | summarization | In relation to working out, what is a bench press, and how do you perform it? | The bench press, or chest press, is a weight training exercise where the trainee presses a weight upwards while lying on a weight training bench. Although the bench press is a full-body exercise, the muscles primarily used are the pectoralis major, the anterior deltoids, and the triceps, among other stabilizing muscles. A barbell is generally used to hold the weight, but a pair of dumbbells can also be used | The bench press is a weight training exercise targeting the chest and triceps. The trainee begins by lying down on a flat bench with a straight barbell directly on top of them. The trainee lifts the bar to extend directly above the head, and then slowly descends the bar until it touches their chest. The bar is then pressed upward until the arms are once again fully extended. | null | null | null | 3994 |
null | summarization | What kind of newspaper is the Secolo d'Italia | Secolo d'Italia ([ˈsɛːkolo diˈtaːlja]; "Century of Italy") is a daily, conservative, online newspaper in Italy, published since 1952, formerly supporting neo-fascism. In 2012, it ceased its print edition and continued as an online-only publication. | The Secolo d'Italia, Century of Italy, is a daily, conservative, online newspaper in Italy, published since 1952, formerly supporting neo-fascism. In 2012, it ceased its print edition and continued as an online-only publication. | null | null | null | 3995 |
null | brainstorming | Provide a list of ten countries that don't have any ocean borders, in alphabetical order. | The following countries are landlocked and have no coastal borders: Afghanistan, Austra, Bhutan, Bolivia, Hungary, Laos, Nepal, Serbia, Switzerland and Zimbabwe. | null | null | null | 3996 |
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null | open_qa | What is the scientific name for a jaguar? | Panthera onca | null | null | null | 3997 |
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null | classification | Which of the following numbers are used in numbered golf irons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | null | null | null | 3998 |
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null | general_qa | How do you care for a pet? | It really depends on the type of pet. But generally, they require food, exercise, water, a place to live and sleep appropriate to their species, and attention. Some pets require more attention than others. For example, a turtle is probably pretty self-sufficient, while a border collie will expect significant interaction. | null | null | null | 3999 |
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