response
stringlengths 1
33.1k
| instruction
stringlengths 22
582k
|
|---|---|
Saves all processed images to a series of files. | def save_cmd(images, filename):
"""Saves all processed images to a series of files."""
for idx, image in enumerate(images):
try:
fn = filename.format(idx + 1)
click.echo(f"Saving '{image.filename}' as '{fn}'")
yield image.save(fn)
except Exception as e:
click.echo(f"Could not save image '{image.filename}': {e}", err=True) |
Opens all images in an image viewer. | def display_cmd(images):
"""Opens all images in an image viewer."""
for image in images:
click.echo(f"Displaying '{image.filename}'")
image.show()
yield image |
Resizes an image by fitting it into the box without changing
the aspect ratio. | def resize_cmd(images, width, height):
"""Resizes an image by fitting it into the box without changing
the aspect ratio.
"""
for image in images:
w, h = (width or image.size[0], height or image.size[1])
click.echo(f"Resizing '{image.filename}' to {w}x{h}")
image.thumbnail((w, h))
yield image |
Crops an image from all edges. | def crop_cmd(images, border):
"""Crops an image from all edges."""
for image in images:
box = [0, 0, image.size[0], image.size[1]]
if border is not None:
for idx, val in enumerate(box):
box[idx] = max(0, val - border)
click.echo(f"Cropping '{image.filename}' by {border}px")
yield copy_filename(image.crop(box), image)
else:
yield image |
Transposes an image by either rotating or flipping it. | def transpose_cmd(images, rotate, flip):
"""Transposes an image by either rotating or flipping it."""
for image in images:
if rotate is not None:
mode, degrees = rotate
click.echo(f"Rotate '{image.filename}' by {degrees}deg")
image = copy_filename(image.transpose(mode), image)
if flip is not None:
mode, direction = flip
click.echo(f"Flip '{image.filename}' {direction}")
image = copy_filename(image.transpose(mode), image)
yield image |
Applies gaussian blur. | def blur_cmd(images, radius):
"""Applies gaussian blur."""
blur = ImageFilter.GaussianBlur(radius)
for image in images:
click.echo(f"Blurring '{image.filename}' by {radius}px")
yield copy_filename(image.filter(blur), image) |
Applies a smoothening filter. | def smoothen_cmd(images, iterations):
"""Applies a smoothening filter."""
for image in images:
click.echo(
f"Smoothening {image.filename!r} {iterations}"
f" time{'s' if iterations != 1 else ''}"
)
for _ in range(iterations):
image = copy_filename(image.filter(ImageFilter.BLUR), image)
yield image |
Embosses an image. | def emboss_cmd(images):
"""Embosses an image."""
for image in images:
click.echo(f"Embossing '{image.filename}'")
yield copy_filename(image.filter(ImageFilter.EMBOSS), image) |
Sharpens an image. | def sharpen_cmd(images, factor):
"""Sharpens an image."""
for image in images:
click.echo(f"Sharpen '{image.filename}' by {factor}")
enhancer = ImageEnhance.Sharpness(image)
yield copy_filename(enhancer.enhance(max(1.0, factor)), image) |
Pastes the second image on the first image and leaves the rest
unchanged. | def paste_cmd(images, left, right):
"""Pastes the second image on the first image and leaves the rest
unchanged.
"""
imageiter = iter(images)
image = next(imageiter, None)
to_paste = next(imageiter, None)
if to_paste is None:
if image is not None:
yield image
return
click.echo(f"Paste '{to_paste.filename}' on '{image.filename}'")
mask = None
if to_paste.mode == "RGBA" or "transparency" in to_paste.info:
mask = to_paste
image.paste(to_paste, (left, right), mask)
image.filename += f"+{to_paste.filename}"
yield image
yield from imageiter |
This script works similar to the Unix `cat` command but it writes
into a specific file (which could be the standard output as denoted by
the ``-`` sign).
Copy stdin to stdout:
inout - -
Copy foo.txt and bar.txt to stdout:
inout foo.txt bar.txt -
Write stdin into the file foo.txt
inout - foo.txt | def cli(input, output):
"""This script works similar to the Unix `cat` command but it writes
into a specific file (which could be the standard output as denoted by
the ``-`` sign).
\b
Copy stdin to stdout:
inout - -
\b
Copy foo.txt and bar.txt to stdout:
inout foo.txt bar.txt -
\b
Write stdin into the file foo.txt
inout - foo.txt
"""
for f in input:
while True:
chunk = f.read(1024)
if not chunk:
break
output.write(chunk)
output.flush() |
Naval Fate.
This is the docopt example adopted to Click but with some actual
commands implemented and not just the empty parsing which really
is not all that interesting. | def cli():
"""Naval Fate.
This is the docopt example adopted to Click but with some actual
commands implemented and not just the empty parsing which really
is not all that interesting.
""" |
Manages ships. | def ship():
"""Manages ships.""" |
Creates a new ship. | def ship_new(name):
"""Creates a new ship."""
click.echo(f"Created ship {name}") |
Moves SHIP to the new location X,Y. | def ship_move(ship, x, y, speed):
"""Moves SHIP to the new location X,Y."""
click.echo(f"Moving ship {ship} to {x},{y} with speed {speed}") |
Makes SHIP fire to X,Y. | def ship_shoot(ship, x, y):
"""Makes SHIP fire to X,Y."""
click.echo(f"Ship {ship} fires to {x},{y}") |
Manages mines. | def mine():
"""Manages mines.""" |
Sets a mine at a specific coordinate. | def mine_set(x, y, ty):
"""Sets a mine at a specific coordinate."""
click.echo(f"Set {ty} mine at {x},{y}") |
Removes a mine at a specific coordinate. | def mine_remove(x, y):
"""Removes a mine at a specific coordinate."""
click.echo(f"Removed mine at {x},{y}") |
Repo is a command line tool that showcases how to build complex
command line interfaces with Click.
This tool is supposed to look like a distributed version control
system to show how something like this can be structured. | def cli(ctx, repo_home, config, verbose):
"""Repo is a command line tool that showcases how to build complex
command line interfaces with Click.
This tool is supposed to look like a distributed version control
system to show how something like this can be structured.
"""
# Create a repo object and remember it as as the context object. From
# this point onwards other commands can refer to it by using the
# @pass_repo decorator.
ctx.obj = Repo(os.path.abspath(repo_home))
ctx.obj.verbose = verbose
for key, value in config:
ctx.obj.set_config(key, value) |
Clones a repository.
This will clone the repository at SRC into the folder DEST. If DEST
is not provided this will automatically use the last path component
of SRC and create that folder. | def clone(repo, src, dest, shallow, rev):
"""Clones a repository.
This will clone the repository at SRC into the folder DEST. If DEST
is not provided this will automatically use the last path component
of SRC and create that folder.
"""
if dest is None:
dest = posixpath.split(src)[-1] or "."
click.echo(f"Cloning repo {src} to {os.path.basename(dest)}")
repo.home = dest
if shallow:
click.echo("Making shallow checkout")
click.echo(f"Checking out revision {rev}") |
Deletes a repository.
This will throw away the current repository. | def delete(repo):
"""Deletes a repository.
This will throw away the current repository.
"""
click.echo(f"Destroying repo {repo.home}")
click.echo("Deleted!") |
Sets the user credentials.
This will override the current user config. | def setuser(repo, username, email, password):
"""Sets the user credentials.
This will override the current user config.
"""
repo.set_config("username", username)
repo.set_config("email", email)
repo.set_config("password", "*" * len(password))
click.echo("Changed credentials.") |
Commits outstanding changes.
Commit changes to the given files into the repository. You will need to
"repo push" to push up your changes to other repositories.
If a list of files is omitted, all changes reported by "repo status"
will be committed. | def commit(repo, files, message):
"""Commits outstanding changes.
Commit changes to the given files into the repository. You will need to
"repo push" to push up your changes to other repositories.
If a list of files is omitted, all changes reported by "repo status"
will be committed.
"""
if not message:
marker = "# Files to be committed:"
hint = ["", "", marker, "#"]
for file in files:
hint.append(f"# U {file}")
message = click.edit("\n".join(hint))
if message is None:
click.echo("Aborted!")
return
msg = message.split(marker)[0].rstrip()
if not msg:
click.echo("Aborted! Empty commit message")
return
else:
msg = "\n".join(message)
click.echo(f"Files to be committed: {files}")
click.echo(f"Commit message:\n{msg}") |
Copies one or multiple files to a new location. This copies all
files from SRC to DST. | def copy(repo, src, dst, force):
"""Copies one or multiple files to a new location. This copies all
files from SRC to DST.
"""
for fn in src:
click.echo(f"Copy from {fn} -> {dst}") |
This script showcases different terminal UI helpers in Click. | def cli():
"""This script showcases different terminal UI helpers in Click."""
pass |
Demonstrates ANSI color support. | def colordemo():
"""Demonstrates ANSI color support."""
for color in "red", "green", "blue":
click.echo(click.style(f"I am colored {color}", fg=color))
click.echo(click.style(f"I am background colored {color}", bg=color)) |
Demonstrates using the pager. | def pager():
"""Demonstrates using the pager."""
lines = []
for x in range(200):
lines.append(f"{click.style(str(x), fg='green')}. Hello World!")
click.echo_via_pager("\n".join(lines)) |
Demonstrates the progress bar. | def progress(count):
"""Demonstrates the progress bar."""
items = range(count)
def process_slowly(item):
time.sleep(0.002 * random.random())
def filter(items):
for item in items:
if random.random() > 0.3:
yield item
with click.progressbar(
items, label="Processing accounts", fill_char=click.style("#", fg="green")
) as bar:
for item in bar:
process_slowly(item)
def show_item(item):
if item is not None:
return f"Item #{item}"
with click.progressbar(
filter(items),
label="Committing transaction",
fill_char=click.style("#", fg="yellow"),
item_show_func=show_item,
) as bar:
for item in bar:
process_slowly(item)
with click.progressbar(
length=count,
label="Counting",
bar_template="%(label)s %(bar)s | %(info)s",
fill_char=click.style("█", fg="cyan"),
empty_char=" ",
) as bar:
for item in bar:
process_slowly(item)
with click.progressbar(
length=count,
width=0,
show_percent=False,
show_eta=False,
fill_char=click.style("#", fg="magenta"),
) as bar:
for item in bar:
process_slowly(item)
# 'Non-linear progress bar'
steps = [math.exp(x * 1.0 / 20) - 1 for x in range(20)]
count = int(sum(steps))
with click.progressbar(
length=count,
show_percent=False,
label="Slowing progress bar",
fill_char=click.style("█", fg="green"),
) as bar:
for item in steps:
time.sleep(item)
bar.update(item) |
Opens a file or URL In the default application. | def open(url):
"""Opens a file or URL In the default application."""
click.launch(url) |
Opens a file or URL In the default application. | def locate(url):
"""Opens a file or URL In the default application."""
click.launch(url, locate=True) |
Opens an editor with some text in it. | def edit():
"""Opens an editor with some text in it."""
MARKER = "# Everything below is ignored\n"
message = click.edit(f"\n\n{MARKER}")
if message is not None:
msg = message.split(MARKER, 1)[0].rstrip("\n")
if not msg:
click.echo("Empty message!")
else:
click.echo(f"Message:\n{msg}")
else:
click.echo("You did not enter anything!") |
Clears the entire screen. | def clear():
"""Clears the entire screen."""
click.clear() |
Waits for the user to press a button. | def pause():
"""Waits for the user to press a button."""
click.pause() |
Shows a simple menu. | def menu():
"""Shows a simple menu."""
menu = "main"
while True:
if menu == "main":
click.echo("Main menu:")
click.echo(" d: debug menu")
click.echo(" q: quit")
char = click.getchar()
if char == "d":
menu = "debug"
elif char == "q":
menu = "quit"
else:
click.echo("Invalid input")
elif menu == "debug":
click.echo("Debug menu")
click.echo(" b: back")
char = click.getchar()
if char == "b":
menu = "main"
else:
click.echo("Invalid input")
elif menu == "quit":
return |
Validation.
This example validates parameters in different ways. It does it
through callbacks, through a custom type as well as by validating
manually in the function. | def cli(count, foo, url):
"""Validation.
This example validates parameters in different ways. It does it
through callbacks, through a custom type as well as by validating
manually in the function.
"""
if foo is not None and foo != "wat":
raise click.BadParameter(
'If a value is provided it needs to be the value "wat".',
param_hint=["--foo"],
)
click.echo(f"count: {count}")
click.echo(f"foo: {foo}")
click.echo(f"url: {url!r}") |
List all the subcommands of a group that start with the
incomplete value and aren't hidden.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the group.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty. | def _complete_visible_commands(
ctx: Context, incomplete: str
) -> cabc.Iterator[tuple[str, Command]]:
"""List all the subcommands of a group that start with the
incomplete value and aren't hidden.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the group.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
"""
multi = t.cast(Group, ctx.command)
for name in multi.list_commands(ctx):
if name.startswith(incomplete):
command = multi.get_command(ctx, name)
if command is not None and not command.hidden:
yield name, command |
Context manager that attaches extra information to exceptions. | def augment_usage_errors(
ctx: Context, param: Parameter | None = None
) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
"""Context manager that attaches extra information to exceptions."""
try:
yield
except BadParameter as e:
if e.ctx is None:
e.ctx = ctx
if param is not None and e.param is None:
e.param = param
raise
except UsageError as e:
if e.ctx is None:
e.ctx = ctx
raise |
Given a sequence of parameters in the order as should be considered
for processing and an iterable of parameters that exist, this returns
a list in the correct order as they should be processed. | def iter_params_for_processing(
invocation_order: cabc.Sequence[Parameter],
declaration_order: cabc.Sequence[Parameter],
) -> list[Parameter]:
"""Given a sequence of parameters in the order as should be considered
for processing and an iterable of parameters that exist, this returns
a list in the correct order as they should be processed.
"""
def sort_key(item: Parameter) -> tuple[bool, float]:
try:
idx: float = invocation_order.index(item)
except ValueError:
idx = float("inf")
return not item.is_eager, idx
return sorted(declaration_order, key=sort_key) |
Check if the value is iterable but not a string. Raises a type
error, or return an iterator over the value. | def _check_iter(value: t.Any) -> cabc.Iterator[t.Any]:
"""Check if the value is iterable but not a string. Raises a type
error, or return an iterator over the value.
"""
if isinstance(value, str):
raise TypeError
return iter(value) |
Marks a callback as wanting to receive the current context
object as first argument. | def pass_context(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[Context, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
"""Marks a callback as wanting to receive the current context
object as first argument.
"""
def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
return f(get_current_context(), *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f) |
Similar to :func:`pass_context`, but only pass the object on the
context onwards (:attr:`Context.obj`). This is useful if that object
represents the state of a nested system. | def pass_obj(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
"""Similar to :func:`pass_context`, but only pass the object on the
context onwards (:attr:`Context.obj`). This is useful if that object
represents the state of a nested system.
"""
def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
return f(get_current_context().obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f) |
Given an object type this creates a decorator that will work
similar to :func:`pass_obj` but instead of passing the object of the
current context, it will find the innermost context of type
:func:`object_type`.
This generates a decorator that works roughly like this::
from functools import update_wrapper
def decorator(f):
@pass_context
def new_func(ctx, *args, **kwargs):
obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
return decorator
:param object_type: the type of the object to pass.
:param ensure: if set to `True`, a new object will be created and
remembered on the context if it's not there yet. | def make_pass_decorator(
object_type: type[T], ensure: bool = False
) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]], t.Callable[P, R]]:
"""Given an object type this creates a decorator that will work
similar to :func:`pass_obj` but instead of passing the object of the
current context, it will find the innermost context of type
:func:`object_type`.
This generates a decorator that works roughly like this::
from functools import update_wrapper
def decorator(f):
@pass_context
def new_func(ctx, *args, **kwargs):
obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
return decorator
:param object_type: the type of the object to pass.
:param ensure: if set to `True`, a new object will be created and
remembered on the context if it's not there yet.
"""
def decorator(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
ctx = get_current_context()
obj: T | None
if ensure:
obj = ctx.ensure_object(object_type)
else:
obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
if obj is None:
raise RuntimeError(
"Managed to invoke callback without a context"
f" object of type {object_type.__name__!r}"
" existing."
)
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
return decorator |
Create a decorator that passes a key from
:attr:`click.Context.meta` as the first argument to the decorated
function.
:param key: Key in ``Context.meta`` to pass.
:param doc_description: Description of the object being passed,
inserted into the decorator's docstring. Defaults to "the 'key'
key from Context.meta".
.. versionadded:: 8.0 | def pass_meta_key(
key: str, *, doc_description: str | None = None
) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]], t.Callable[P, R]]:
"""Create a decorator that passes a key from
:attr:`click.Context.meta` as the first argument to the decorated
function.
:param key: Key in ``Context.meta`` to pass.
:param doc_description: Description of the object being passed,
inserted into the decorator's docstring. Defaults to "the 'key'
key from Context.meta".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
"""
def decorator(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
ctx = get_current_context()
obj = ctx.meta[key]
return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
if doc_description is None:
doc_description = f"the {key!r} key from :attr:`click.Context.meta`"
decorator.__doc__ = (
f"Decorator that passes {doc_description} as the first argument"
" to the decorated function."
)
return decorator |
Creates a new :class:`Command` and uses the decorated function as
callback. This will also automatically attach all decorated
:func:`option`\s and :func:`argument`\s as parameters to the command.
The name of the command defaults to the name of the function, converted to
lowercase, with underscores ``_`` replaced by dashes ``-``, and the suffixes
``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are removed. For example,
``init_data_command`` becomes ``init-data``.
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying command class.
For the ``params`` argument, any decorated params are appended to
the end of the list.
Once decorated the function turns into a :class:`Command` instance
that can be invoked as a command line utility or be attached to a
command :class:`Group`.
:param name: The name of the command. Defaults to modifying the function's
name as described above.
:param cls: The command class to create. Defaults to :class:`Command`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.2
The suffixes ``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are
removed when generating the name.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
The ``params`` argument can be used. Decorated params are
appended to the end of the list. | def command(
name: str | _AnyCallable | None = None,
cls: type[CmdType] | None = None,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> Command | t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Command | CmdType]:
r"""Creates a new :class:`Command` and uses the decorated function as
callback. This will also automatically attach all decorated
:func:`option`\s and :func:`argument`\s as parameters to the command.
The name of the command defaults to the name of the function, converted to
lowercase, with underscores ``_`` replaced by dashes ``-``, and the suffixes
``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are removed. For example,
``init_data_command`` becomes ``init-data``.
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying command class.
For the ``params`` argument, any decorated params are appended to
the end of the list.
Once decorated the function turns into a :class:`Command` instance
that can be invoked as a command line utility or be attached to a
command :class:`Group`.
:param name: The name of the command. Defaults to modifying the function's
name as described above.
:param cls: The command class to create. Defaults to :class:`Command`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.2
The suffixes ``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are
removed when generating the name.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
The ``params`` argument can be used. Decorated params are
appended to the end of the list.
"""
func: t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], t.Any] | None = None
if callable(name):
func = name
name = None
assert cls is None, "Use 'command(cls=cls)(callable)' to specify a class."
assert not attrs, "Use 'command(**kwargs)(callable)' to provide arguments."
if cls is None:
cls = t.cast("type[CmdType]", Command)
def decorator(f: _AnyCallable) -> CmdType:
if isinstance(f, Command):
raise TypeError("Attempted to convert a callback into a command twice.")
attr_params = attrs.pop("params", None)
params = attr_params if attr_params is not None else []
try:
decorator_params = f.__click_params__ # type: ignore
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
del f.__click_params__ # type: ignore
params.extend(reversed(decorator_params))
if attrs.get("help") is None:
attrs["help"] = f.__doc__
if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
assert cls is not None
assert not callable(name)
if name is not None:
cmd_name = name
else:
cmd_name = f.__name__.lower().replace("_", "-")
cmd_left, sep, suffix = cmd_name.rpartition("-")
if sep and suffix in {"command", "cmd", "group", "grp"}:
cmd_name = cmd_left
cmd = cls(name=cmd_name, callback=f, params=params, **attrs)
cmd.__doc__ = f.__doc__
return cmd
if func is not None:
return decorator(func)
return decorator |
Creates a new :class:`Group` with a function as callback. This
works otherwise the same as :func:`command` just that the `cls`
parameter is set to :class:`Group`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses. | def group(
name: str | _AnyCallable | None = None,
cls: type[GrpType] | None = None,
**attrs: t.Any,
) -> Group | t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Group | GrpType]:
"""Creates a new :class:`Group` with a function as callback. This
works otherwise the same as :func:`command` just that the `cls`
parameter is set to :class:`Group`.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = t.cast("type[GrpType]", Group)
if callable(name):
return command(cls=cls, **attrs)(name)
return command(name, cls, **attrs) |
Attaches an argument to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Argument`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Argument` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
For the default argument class, refer to :class:`Argument` and
:class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
:param cls: the argument class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Argument`.
:param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
``cls``.
:param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``. | def argument(
*param_decls: str, cls: type[Argument] | None = None, **attrs: t.Any
) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Attaches an argument to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Argument`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Argument` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
For the default argument class, refer to :class:`Argument` and
:class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
:param cls: the argument class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Argument`.
:param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
``cls``.
:param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = Argument
def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
_param_memo(f, cls(param_decls, **attrs))
return f
return decorator |
Attaches an option to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Option`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Option` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
For the default option class, refer to :class:`Option` and
:class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
:param cls: the option class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Option`.
:param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
``cls``.
:param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``. | def option(
*param_decls: str, cls: type[Option] | None = None, **attrs: t.Any
) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Attaches an option to the command. All positional arguments are
passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Option`; all keyword
arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Option` instance manually
and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
For the default option class, refer to :class:`Option` and
:class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
:param cls: the option class to instantiate. This defaults to
:class:`Option`.
:param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
``cls``.
:param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``.
"""
if cls is None:
cls = Option
def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
_param_memo(f, cls(param_decls, **attrs))
return f
return decorator |
Add a ``--yes`` option which shows a prompt before continuing if
not passed. If the prompt is declined, the program will exit.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--yes"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`. | def confirmation_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--yes`` option which shows a prompt before continuing if
not passed. If the prompt is declined, the program will exit.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--yes"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value:
ctx.abort()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--yes",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("callback", callback)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("prompt", "Do you want to continue?")
kwargs.setdefault("help", "Confirm the action without prompting.")
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs) |
Add a ``--password`` option which prompts for a password, hiding
input and asking to enter the value again for confirmation.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--password"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`. | def password_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--password`` option which prompts for a password, hiding
input and asking to enter the value again for confirmation.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--password"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--password",)
kwargs.setdefault("prompt", True)
kwargs.setdefault("confirmation_prompt", True)
kwargs.setdefault("hide_input", True)
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs) |
Add a ``--version`` option which immediately prints the version
number and exits the program.
If ``version`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it using
:func:`importlib.metadata.version` to get the version for the
``package_name``.
If ``package_name`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it by
inspecting the stack frames. This will be used to detect the
version, so it must match the name of the installed package.
:param version: The version number to show. If not provided, Click
will try to detect it.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--version"``.
:param package_name: The package name to detect the version from. If
not provided, Click will try to detect it.
:param prog_name: The name of the CLI to show in the message. If not
provided, it will be detected from the command.
:param message: The message to show. The values ``%(prog)s``,
``%(package)s``, and ``%(version)s`` are available. Defaults to
``"%(prog)s, version %(version)s"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
:raise RuntimeError: ``version`` could not be detected.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Add the ``package_name`` parameter, and the ``%(package)s``
value for messages.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Use :mod:`importlib.metadata` instead of ``pkg_resources``. The
version is detected based on the package name, not the entry
point name. The Python package name must match the installed
package name, or be passed with ``package_name=``. | def version_option(
version: str | None = None,
*param_decls: str,
package_name: str | None = None,
prog_name: str | None = None,
message: str | None = None,
**kwargs: t.Any,
) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--version`` option which immediately prints the version
number and exits the program.
If ``version`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it using
:func:`importlib.metadata.version` to get the version for the
``package_name``.
If ``package_name`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it by
inspecting the stack frames. This will be used to detect the
version, so it must match the name of the installed package.
:param version: The version number to show. If not provided, Click
will try to detect it.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--version"``.
:param package_name: The package name to detect the version from. If
not provided, Click will try to detect it.
:param prog_name: The name of the CLI to show in the message. If not
provided, it will be detected from the command.
:param message: The message to show. The values ``%(prog)s``,
``%(package)s``, and ``%(version)s`` are available. Defaults to
``"%(prog)s, version %(version)s"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
:raise RuntimeError: ``version`` could not be detected.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Add the ``package_name`` parameter, and the ``%(package)s``
value for messages.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Use :mod:`importlib.metadata` instead of ``pkg_resources``. The
version is detected based on the package name, not the entry
point name. The Python package name must match the installed
package name, or be passed with ``package_name=``.
"""
if message is None:
message = _("%(prog)s, version %(version)s")
if version is None and package_name is None:
frame = inspect.currentframe()
f_back = frame.f_back if frame is not None else None
f_globals = f_back.f_globals if f_back is not None else None
# break reference cycle
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack
del frame
if f_globals is not None:
package_name = f_globals.get("__name__")
if package_name == "__main__":
package_name = f_globals.get("__package__")
if package_name:
package_name = package_name.partition(".")[0]
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
return
nonlocal prog_name
nonlocal version
if prog_name is None:
prog_name = ctx.find_root().info_name
if version is None and package_name is not None:
import importlib.metadata
try:
version = importlib.metadata.version(package_name)
except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
raise RuntimeError(
f"{package_name!r} is not installed. Try passing"
" 'package_name' instead."
) from None
if version is None:
raise RuntimeError(
f"Could not determine the version for {package_name!r} automatically."
)
echo(
message % {"prog": prog_name, "package": package_name, "version": version},
color=ctx.color,
)
ctx.exit()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--version",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show the version and exit."))
kwargs["callback"] = callback
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs) |
Add a ``--help`` option which immediately prints the help page
and exits the program.
This is usually unnecessary, as the ``--help`` option is added to
each command automatically unless ``add_help_option=False`` is
passed.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--help"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`. | def help_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
"""Add a ``--help`` option which immediately prints the help page
and exits the program.
This is usually unnecessary, as the ``--help`` option is added to
each command automatically unless ``add_help_option=False`` is
passed.
:param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
value ``"--help"``.
:param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
"""
def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
return
echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
ctx.exit()
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--help",)
kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show this message and exit."))
kwargs["callback"] = callback
return option(*param_decls, **kwargs) |
A helper function that intelligently wraps text. By default, it
assumes that it operates on a single paragraph of text but if the
`preserve_paragraphs` parameter is provided it will intelligently
handle paragraphs (defined by two empty lines).
If paragraphs are handled, a paragraph can be prefixed with an empty
line containing the ``\b`` character (``\x08``) to indicate that
no rewrapping should happen in that block.
:param text: the text that should be rewrapped.
:param width: the maximum width for the text.
:param initial_indent: the initial indent that should be placed on the
first line as a string.
:param subsequent_indent: the indent string that should be placed on
each consecutive line.
:param preserve_paragraphs: if this flag is set then the wrapping will
intelligently handle paragraphs. | def wrap_text(
text: str,
width: int = 78,
initial_indent: str = "",
subsequent_indent: str = "",
preserve_paragraphs: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""A helper function that intelligently wraps text. By default, it
assumes that it operates on a single paragraph of text but if the
`preserve_paragraphs` parameter is provided it will intelligently
handle paragraphs (defined by two empty lines).
If paragraphs are handled, a paragraph can be prefixed with an empty
line containing the ``\\b`` character (``\\x08``) to indicate that
no rewrapping should happen in that block.
:param text: the text that should be rewrapped.
:param width: the maximum width for the text.
:param initial_indent: the initial indent that should be placed on the
first line as a string.
:param subsequent_indent: the indent string that should be placed on
each consecutive line.
:param preserve_paragraphs: if this flag is set then the wrapping will
intelligently handle paragraphs.
"""
from ._textwrap import TextWrapper
text = text.expandtabs()
wrapper = TextWrapper(
width,
initial_indent=initial_indent,
subsequent_indent=subsequent_indent,
replace_whitespace=False,
)
if not preserve_paragraphs:
return wrapper.fill(text)
p: list[tuple[int, bool, str]] = []
buf: list[str] = []
indent = None
def _flush_par() -> None:
if not buf:
return
if buf[0].strip() == "\b":
p.append((indent or 0, True, "\n".join(buf[1:])))
else:
p.append((indent or 0, False, " ".join(buf)))
del buf[:]
for line in text.splitlines():
if not line:
_flush_par()
indent = None
else:
if indent is None:
orig_len = term_len(line)
line = line.lstrip()
indent = orig_len - term_len(line)
buf.append(line)
_flush_par()
rv = []
for indent, raw, text in p:
with wrapper.extra_indent(" " * indent):
if raw:
rv.append(wrapper.indent_only(text))
else:
rv.append(wrapper.fill(text))
return "\n\n".join(rv) |
Given a list of option strings this joins them in the most appropriate
way and returns them in the form ``(formatted_string,
any_prefix_is_slash)`` where the second item in the tuple is a flag that
indicates if any of the option prefixes was a slash. | def join_options(options: cabc.Sequence[str]) -> tuple[str, bool]:
"""Given a list of option strings this joins them in the most appropriate
way and returns them in the form ``(formatted_string,
any_prefix_is_slash)`` where the second item in the tuple is a flag that
indicates if any of the option prefixes was a slash.
"""
rv = []
any_prefix_is_slash = False
for opt in options:
prefix = _split_opt(opt)[0]
if prefix == "/":
any_prefix_is_slash = True
rv.append((len(prefix), opt))
rv.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
return ", ".join(x[1] for x in rv), any_prefix_is_slash |
Returns the current click context. This can be used as a way to
access the current context object from anywhere. This is a more implicit
alternative to the :func:`pass_context` decorator. This function is
primarily useful for helpers such as :func:`echo` which might be
interested in changing its behavior based on the current context.
To push the current context, :meth:`Context.scope` can be used.
.. versionadded:: 5.0
:param silent: if set to `True` the return value is `None` if no context
is available. The default behavior is to raise a
:exc:`RuntimeError`. | def get_current_context(silent: bool = False) -> Context | None:
"""Returns the current click context. This can be used as a way to
access the current context object from anywhere. This is a more implicit
alternative to the :func:`pass_context` decorator. This function is
primarily useful for helpers such as :func:`echo` which might be
interested in changing its behavior based on the current context.
To push the current context, :meth:`Context.scope` can be used.
.. versionadded:: 5.0
:param silent: if set to `True` the return value is `None` if no context
is available. The default behavior is to raise a
:exc:`RuntimeError`.
"""
try:
return t.cast("Context", _local.stack[-1])
except (AttributeError, IndexError) as e:
if not silent:
raise RuntimeError("There is no active click context.") from e
return None |
Pushes a new context to the current stack. | def push_context(ctx: Context) -> None:
"""Pushes a new context to the current stack."""
_local.__dict__.setdefault("stack", []).append(ctx) |
Removes the top level from the stack. | def pop_context() -> None:
"""Removes the top level from the stack."""
_local.stack.pop() |
Internal helper to get the default value of the color flag. If a
value is passed it's returned unchanged, otherwise it's looked up from
the current context. | def resolve_color_default(color: bool | None = None) -> bool | None:
"""Internal helper to get the default value of the color flag. If a
value is passed it's returned unchanged, otherwise it's looked up from
the current context.
"""
if color is not None:
return color
ctx = get_current_context(silent=True)
if ctx is not None:
return ctx.color
return None |
Given an iterable of arguments and an iterable of nargs specifications,
it returns a tuple with all the unpacked arguments at the first index
and all remaining arguments as the second.
The nargs specification is the number of arguments that should be consumed
or `-1` to indicate that this position should eat up all the remainders.
Missing items are filled with `None`. | def _unpack_args(
args: cabc.Sequence[str], nargs_spec: cabc.Sequence[int]
) -> tuple[cabc.Sequence[str | cabc.Sequence[str | None] | None], list[str]]:
"""Given an iterable of arguments and an iterable of nargs specifications,
it returns a tuple with all the unpacked arguments at the first index
and all remaining arguments as the second.
The nargs specification is the number of arguments that should be consumed
or `-1` to indicate that this position should eat up all the remainders.
Missing items are filled with `None`.
"""
args = deque(args)
nargs_spec = deque(nargs_spec)
rv: list[str | tuple[str | None, ...] | None] = []
spos: int | None = None
def _fetch(c: deque[V]) -> V | None:
try:
if spos is None:
return c.popleft()
else:
return c.pop()
except IndexError:
return None
while nargs_spec:
nargs = _fetch(nargs_spec)
if nargs is None:
continue
if nargs == 1:
rv.append(_fetch(args))
elif nargs > 1:
x = [_fetch(args) for _ in range(nargs)]
# If we're reversed, we're pulling in the arguments in reverse,
# so we need to turn them around.
if spos is not None:
x.reverse()
rv.append(tuple(x))
elif nargs < 0:
if spos is not None:
raise TypeError("Cannot have two nargs < 0")
spos = len(rv)
rv.append(None)
# spos is the position of the wildcard (star). If it's not `None`,
# we fill it with the remainder.
if spos is not None:
rv[spos] = tuple(args)
args = []
rv[spos + 1 :] = reversed(rv[spos + 1 :])
return tuple(rv), list(args) |
Perform shell completion for the given CLI program.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param ctx_args: Extra arguments to pass to
``cli.make_context``.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
the completion instruction.
:param instruction: Value of ``complete_var`` with the completion
instruction and shell, in the form ``instruction_shell``.
:return: Status code to exit with. | def shell_complete(
cli: Command,
ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
prog_name: str,
complete_var: str,
instruction: str,
) -> int:
"""Perform shell completion for the given CLI program.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param ctx_args: Extra arguments to pass to
``cli.make_context``.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
the completion instruction.
:param instruction: Value of ``complete_var`` with the completion
instruction and shell, in the form ``instruction_shell``.
:return: Status code to exit with.
"""
shell, _, instruction = instruction.partition("_")
comp_cls = get_completion_class(shell)
if comp_cls is None:
return 1
comp = comp_cls(cli, ctx_args, prog_name, complete_var)
if instruction == "source":
echo(comp.source())
return 0
if instruction == "complete":
echo(comp.complete())
return 0
return 1 |
Register a :class:`ShellComplete` subclass under the given name.
The name will be provided by the completion instruction environment
variable during completion.
:param cls: The completion class that will handle completion for the
shell.
:param name: Name to register the class under. Defaults to the
class's ``name`` attribute. | def add_completion_class(
cls: ShellCompleteType, name: str | None = None
) -> ShellCompleteType:
"""Register a :class:`ShellComplete` subclass under the given name.
The name will be provided by the completion instruction environment
variable during completion.
:param cls: The completion class that will handle completion for the
shell.
:param name: Name to register the class under. Defaults to the
class's ``name`` attribute.
"""
if name is None:
name = cls.name
_available_shells[name] = cls
return cls |
Look up a registered :class:`ShellComplete` subclass by the name
provided by the completion instruction environment variable. If the
name isn't registered, returns ``None``.
:param shell: Name the class is registered under. | def get_completion_class(shell: str) -> type[ShellComplete] | None:
"""Look up a registered :class:`ShellComplete` subclass by the name
provided by the completion instruction environment variable. If the
name isn't registered, returns ``None``.
:param shell: Name the class is registered under.
"""
return _available_shells.get(shell) |
Split an argument string as with :func:`shlex.split`, but don't
fail if the string is incomplete. Ignores a missing closing quote or
incomplete escape sequence and uses the partial token as-is.
.. code-block:: python
split_arg_string("example 'my file")
["example", "my file"]
split_arg_string("example my\")
["example", "my"]
:param string: String to split.
.. versionchanged:: 8.2
Moved to ``shell_completion`` from ``parser``. | def split_arg_string(string: str) -> list[str]:
"""Split an argument string as with :func:`shlex.split`, but don't
fail if the string is incomplete. Ignores a missing closing quote or
incomplete escape sequence and uses the partial token as-is.
.. code-block:: python
split_arg_string("example 'my file")
["example", "my file"]
split_arg_string("example my\\")
["example", "my"]
:param string: String to split.
.. versionchanged:: 8.2
Moved to ``shell_completion`` from ``parser``.
"""
import shlex
lex = shlex.shlex(string, posix=True)
lex.whitespace_split = True
lex.commenters = ""
out = []
try:
for token in lex:
out.append(token)
except ValueError:
# Raised when end-of-string is reached in an invalid state. Use
# the partial token as-is. The quote or escape character is in
# lex.state, not lex.token.
out.append(lex.token)
return out |
Determine if the given parameter is an argument that can still
accept values.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by the
parsed complete args.
:param param: Argument object being checked. | def _is_incomplete_argument(ctx: Context, param: Parameter) -> bool:
"""Determine if the given parameter is an argument that can still
accept values.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by the
parsed complete args.
:param param: Argument object being checked.
"""
if not isinstance(param, Argument):
return False
assert param.name is not None
# Will be None if expose_value is False.
value = ctx.params.get(param.name)
return (
param.nargs == -1
or ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name) is not ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
or (
param.nargs > 1
and isinstance(value, (tuple, list))
and len(value) < param.nargs
)
) |
Check if the value looks like the start of an option. | def _start_of_option(ctx: Context, value: str) -> bool:
"""Check if the value looks like the start of an option."""
if not value:
return False
c = value[0]
return c in ctx._opt_prefixes |
Determine if the given parameter is an option that needs a value.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param param: Option object being checked. | def _is_incomplete_option(ctx: Context, args: list[str], param: Parameter) -> bool:
"""Determine if the given parameter is an option that needs a value.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param param: Option object being checked.
"""
if not isinstance(param, Option):
return False
if param.is_flag or param.count:
return False
last_option = None
for index, arg in enumerate(reversed(args)):
if index + 1 > param.nargs:
break
if _start_of_option(ctx, arg):
last_option = arg
return last_option is not None and last_option in param.opts |
Produce the context hierarchy starting with the command and
traversing the complete arguments. This only follows the commands,
it doesn't trigger input prompts or callbacks.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value. | def _resolve_context(
cli: Command,
ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
prog_name: str,
args: list[str],
) -> Context:
"""Produce the context hierarchy starting with the command and
traversing the complete arguments. This only follows the commands,
it doesn't trigger input prompts or callbacks.
:param cli: Command being called.
:param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
"""
ctx_args["resilient_parsing"] = True
ctx = cli.make_context(prog_name, args.copy(), **ctx_args)
args = ctx._protected_args + ctx.args
while args:
command = ctx.command
if isinstance(command, Group):
if not command.chain:
name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
if cmd is None:
return ctx
ctx = cmd.make_context(name, args, parent=ctx, resilient_parsing=True)
args = ctx._protected_args + ctx.args
else:
sub_ctx = ctx
while args:
name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
if cmd is None:
return ctx
sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(
name,
args,
parent=ctx,
allow_extra_args=True,
allow_interspersed_args=False,
resilient_parsing=True,
)
args = sub_ctx.args
ctx = sub_ctx
args = [*sub_ctx._protected_args, *sub_ctx.args]
else:
break
return ctx |
Find the Click object that will handle the completion of the
incomplete value. Return the object and the incomplete value.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by
the parsed complete args.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty. | def _resolve_incomplete(
ctx: Context, args: list[str], incomplete: str
) -> tuple[Command | Parameter, str]:
"""Find the Click object that will handle the completion of the
incomplete value. Return the object and the incomplete value.
:param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by
the parsed complete args.
:param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
:param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
"""
# Different shells treat an "=" between a long option name and
# value differently. Might keep the value joined, return the "="
# as a separate item, or return the split name and value. Always
# split and discard the "=" to make completion easier.
if incomplete == "=":
incomplete = ""
elif "=" in incomplete and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
name, _, incomplete = incomplete.partition("=")
args.append(name)
# The "--" marker tells Click to stop treating values as options
# even if they start with the option character. If it hasn't been
# given and the incomplete arg looks like an option, the current
# command will provide option name completions.
if "--" not in args and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
return ctx.command, incomplete
params = ctx.command.get_params(ctx)
# If the last complete arg is an option name with an incomplete
# value, the option will provide value completions.
for param in params:
if _is_incomplete_option(ctx, args, param):
return param, incomplete
# It's not an option name or value. The first argument without a
# parsed value will provide value completions.
for param in params:
if _is_incomplete_argument(ctx, param):
return param, incomplete
# There were no unparsed arguments, the command may be a group that
# will provide command name completions.
return ctx.command, incomplete |
Prompts a user for input. This is a convenience function that can
be used to prompt a user for input later.
If the user aborts the input by sending an interrupt signal, this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the text to show for the prompt.
:param default: the default value to use if no input happens. If this
is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
:param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
be hidden.
:param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
value. Can be set to a string instead of ``True`` to customize
the message.
:param type: the type to use to check the value against.
:param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
is invoked instead of the type conversion to
convert a value.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
:param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
``confirmation_prompt`` can be a custom string.
.. versionadded:: 7.0
Added the ``show_choices`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 6.0
Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter. | def prompt(
text: str,
default: t.Any | None = None,
hide_input: bool = False,
confirmation_prompt: bool | str = False,
type: ParamType | t.Any | None = None,
value_proc: t.Callable[[str], t.Any] | None = None,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
show_choices: bool = True,
) -> t.Any:
"""Prompts a user for input. This is a convenience function that can
be used to prompt a user for input later.
If the user aborts the input by sending an interrupt signal, this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the text to show for the prompt.
:param default: the default value to use if no input happens. If this
is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
:param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
be hidden.
:param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
value. Can be set to a string instead of ``True`` to customize
the message.
:param type: the type to use to check the value against.
:param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
is invoked instead of the type conversion to
convert a value.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
:param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
.. versionadded:: 8.0
``confirmation_prompt`` can be a custom string.
.. versionadded:: 7.0
Added the ``show_choices`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 6.0
Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
"""
def prompt_func(text: str) -> str:
f = hidden_prompt_func if hide_input else visible_prompt_func
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(text.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
return f(" ")
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
# getpass doesn't print a newline if the user aborts input with ^C.
# Allegedly this behavior is inherited from getpass(3).
# A doc bug has been filed at https://bugs.python.org/issue24711
if hide_input:
echo(None, err=err)
raise Abort() from None
if value_proc is None:
value_proc = convert_type(type, default)
prompt = _build_prompt(
text, prompt_suffix, show_default, default, show_choices, type
)
if confirmation_prompt:
if confirmation_prompt is True:
confirmation_prompt = _("Repeat for confirmation")
confirmation_prompt = _build_prompt(confirmation_prompt, prompt_suffix)
while True:
while True:
value = prompt_func(prompt)
if value:
break
elif default is not None:
value = default
break
try:
result = value_proc(value)
except UsageError as e:
if hide_input:
echo(_("Error: The value you entered was invalid."), err=err)
else:
echo(_("Error: {e.message}").format(e=e), err=err)
continue
if not confirmation_prompt:
return result
while True:
value2 = prompt_func(confirmation_prompt)
is_empty = not value and not value2
if value2 or is_empty:
break
if value == value2:
return result
echo(_("Error: The two entered values do not match."), err=err) |
Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the question to ask.
:param default: The default value to use when no input is given. If
``None``, repeat until input is given.
:param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Repeat until input is given if ``default`` is ``None``.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the ``err`` parameter. | def confirm(
text: str,
default: bool | None = False,
abort: bool = False,
prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
show_default: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
) -> bool:
"""Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
:param text: the question to ask.
:param default: The default value to use when no input is given. If
``None``, repeat until input is given.
:param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
:param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
:param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
:param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Repeat until input is given if ``default`` is ``None``.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
"""
prompt = _build_prompt(
text,
prompt_suffix,
show_default,
"y/n" if default is None else ("Y/n" if default else "y/N"),
)
while True:
try:
# Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
# coloring through colorama on Windows
echo(prompt.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
# Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
# readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
value = visible_prompt_func(" ").lower().strip()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
raise Abort() from None
if value in ("y", "yes"):
rv = True
elif value in ("n", "no"):
rv = False
elif default is not None and value == "":
rv = default
else:
echo(_("Error: invalid input"), err=err)
continue
break
if abort and not rv:
raise Abort()
return rv |
This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
pager on stdout.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
Added the `color` flag.
:param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
generator emitting the text to page.
:param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection. | def echo_via_pager(
text_or_generator: cabc.Iterable[str] | t.Callable[[], cabc.Iterable[str]] | str,
color: bool | None = None,
) -> None:
"""This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
pager on stdout.
.. versionchanged:: 3.0
Added the `color` flag.
:param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
generator emitting the text to page.
:param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection.
"""
color = resolve_color_default(color)
if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(text_or_generator):
i = t.cast("t.Callable[[], cabc.Iterable[str]]", text_or_generator)()
elif isinstance(text_or_generator, str):
i = [text_or_generator]
else:
i = iter(t.cast("cabc.Iterable[str]", text_or_generator))
# convert every element of i to a text type if necessary
text_generator = (el if isinstance(el, str) else str(el) for el in i)
from ._termui_impl import pager
return pager(itertools.chain(text_generator, "\n"), color) |
This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
to iterate over something while showing a progress bar. It will
either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
up). While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
to calculate remaining time and more. By default, this progress bar
will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
The context manager creates the progress bar. When the context
manager is entered the progress bar is already created. With every
iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
advanced and the bar is updated. When the context manager exits,
a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
Note: The progress bar is currently designed for use cases where the
total progress can be expected to take at least several seconds.
Because of this, the ProgressBar class object won't display
progress that is considered too fast, and progress where the time
between steps is less than a second.
No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
destroyed.
Example usage::
with progressbar(items) as bar:
for item in bar:
do_something_with(item)
Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
iterating over the progress bar. The update method accepts the number
of steps to increment the bar with::
with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
for chunk in chunks:
process_chunk(chunk)
bar.update(chunks.bytes)
The ``update()`` method also takes an optional value specifying the
``current_item`` at the new position. This is useful when used
together with ``item_show_func`` to customize the output for each
manual step::
with click.progressbar(
length=total_size,
label='Unzipping archive',
item_show_func=lambda a: a.filename
) as bar:
for archive in zip_file:
archive.extract()
bar.update(archive.size, archive)
:param iterable: an iterable to iterate over. If not provided the length
is required.
:param length: the number of items to iterate over. By default the
progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
length, which might or might not work. If an iterable is
also provided this parameter can be used to override the
length. If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
will iterate over a range of that length.
:param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
:param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display. This is
automatically disabled if the length cannot be
determined.
:param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display. The
default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
`False` if not.
:param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display. The
default is `False`.
:param item_show_func: A function called with the current item which
can return a string to show next to the progress bar. If the
function returns ``None`` nothing is shown. The current item can
be ``None``, such as when entering and exiting the bar.
:param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
progress bar.
:param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
the progress bar.
:param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
info section.
:param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
:param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
terminal width
:param file: The file to write to. If this is not a terminal then
only the label is printed.
:param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection. This is only needed if ANSI
codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
which is not the case by default.
:param update_min_steps: Render only when this many updates have
completed. This allows tuning for very fast iterators.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Output is shown even if execution time is less than 0.5 seconds.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
``item_show_func`` shows the current item, not the previous one.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Labels are echoed if the output is not a TTY. Reverts a change
in 7.0 that removed all output.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Added the ``update_min_steps`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter. Added the ``update`` method to
the object.
.. versionadded:: 2.0 | def progressbar(
iterable: cabc.Iterable[V] | None = None,
length: int | None = None,
label: str | None = None,
show_eta: bool = True,
show_percent: bool | None = None,
show_pos: bool = False,
item_show_func: t.Callable[[V | None], str | None] | None = None,
fill_char: str = "#",
empty_char: str = "-",
bar_template: str = "%(label)s [%(bar)s] %(info)s",
info_sep: str = " ",
width: int = 36,
file: t.TextIO | None = None,
color: bool | None = None,
update_min_steps: int = 1,
) -> ProgressBar[V]:
"""This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
to iterate over something while showing a progress bar. It will
either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
up). While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
to calculate remaining time and more. By default, this progress bar
will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
The context manager creates the progress bar. When the context
manager is entered the progress bar is already created. With every
iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
advanced and the bar is updated. When the context manager exits,
a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
Note: The progress bar is currently designed for use cases where the
total progress can be expected to take at least several seconds.
Because of this, the ProgressBar class object won't display
progress that is considered too fast, and progress where the time
between steps is less than a second.
No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
destroyed.
Example usage::
with progressbar(items) as bar:
for item in bar:
do_something_with(item)
Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
iterating over the progress bar. The update method accepts the number
of steps to increment the bar with::
with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
for chunk in chunks:
process_chunk(chunk)
bar.update(chunks.bytes)
The ``update()`` method also takes an optional value specifying the
``current_item`` at the new position. This is useful when used
together with ``item_show_func`` to customize the output for each
manual step::
with click.progressbar(
length=total_size,
label='Unzipping archive',
item_show_func=lambda a: a.filename
) as bar:
for archive in zip_file:
archive.extract()
bar.update(archive.size, archive)
:param iterable: an iterable to iterate over. If not provided the length
is required.
:param length: the number of items to iterate over. By default the
progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
length, which might or might not work. If an iterable is
also provided this parameter can be used to override the
length. If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
will iterate over a range of that length.
:param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
:param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display. This is
automatically disabled if the length cannot be
determined.
:param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display. The
default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
`False` if not.
:param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display. The
default is `False`.
:param item_show_func: A function called with the current item which
can return a string to show next to the progress bar. If the
function returns ``None`` nothing is shown. The current item can
be ``None``, such as when entering and exiting the bar.
:param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
progress bar.
:param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
the progress bar.
:param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
info section.
:param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
:param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
terminal width
:param file: The file to write to. If this is not a terminal then
only the label is printed.
:param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not. The
default is autodetection. This is only needed if ANSI
codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
which is not the case by default.
:param update_min_steps: Render only when this many updates have
completed. This allows tuning for very fast iterators.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Output is shown even if execution time is less than 0.5 seconds.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
``item_show_func`` shows the current item, not the previous one.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Labels are echoed if the output is not a TTY. Reverts a change
in 7.0 that removed all output.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Added the ``update_min_steps`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter. Added the ``update`` method to
the object.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
color = resolve_color_default(color)
return ProgressBar(
iterable=iterable,
length=length,
show_eta=show_eta,
show_percent=show_percent,
show_pos=show_pos,
item_show_func=item_show_func,
fill_char=fill_char,
empty_char=empty_char,
bar_template=bar_template,
info_sep=info_sep,
file=file,
label=label,
width=width,
color=color,
update_min_steps=update_min_steps,
) |
Clears the terminal screen. This will have the effect of clearing
the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
top left. This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
.. versionadded:: 2.0 | def clear() -> None:
"""Clears the terminal screen. This will have the effect of clearing
the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
top left. This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
# ANSI escape \033[2J clears the screen, \033[1;1H moves the cursor
echo("\033[2J\033[1;1H", nl=False) |
Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string. By
default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
of the string a reset code is issued. This can be prevented by
passing ``reset=False``.
Examples::
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
click.echo(click.style('More colors', fg=(255, 12, 128), bg=117))
Supported color names:
* ``black`` (might be a gray)
* ``red``
* ``green``
* ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
* ``blue``
* ``magenta``
* ``cyan``
* ``white`` (might be light gray)
* ``bright_black``
* ``bright_red``
* ``bright_green``
* ``bright_yellow``
* ``bright_blue``
* ``bright_magenta``
* ``bright_cyan``
* ``bright_white``
* ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
If the terminal supports it, color may also be specified as:
- An integer in the interval [0, 255]. The terminal must support
8-bit/256-color mode.
- An RGB tuple of three integers in [0, 255]. The terminal must
support 24-bit/true-color mode.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_color and
https://gist.github.com/XVilka/8346728 for more information.
:param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
:param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
:param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
:param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
:param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode. This is
badly supported.
:param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
:param overline: if provided this will enable or disable overline.
:param italic: if provided this will enable or disable italic.
:param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
:param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
rendering (foreground becomes background and the
other way round).
:param strikethrough: if provided this will enable or disable
striking through text.
:param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
string which means that styles do not carry over. This
can be disabled to compose styles.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added support for 256 and RGB color codes.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``strikethrough``, ``italic``, and ``overline``
parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 7.0
Added support for bright colors.
.. versionadded:: 2.0 | def style(
text: t.Any,
fg: int | tuple[int, int, int] | str | None = None,
bg: int | tuple[int, int, int] | str | None = None,
bold: bool | None = None,
dim: bool | None = None,
underline: bool | None = None,
overline: bool | None = None,
italic: bool | None = None,
blink: bool | None = None,
reverse: bool | None = None,
strikethrough: bool | None = None,
reset: bool = True,
) -> str:
"""Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string. By
default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
of the string a reset code is issued. This can be prevented by
passing ``reset=False``.
Examples::
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
click.echo(click.style('More colors', fg=(255, 12, 128), bg=117))
Supported color names:
* ``black`` (might be a gray)
* ``red``
* ``green``
* ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
* ``blue``
* ``magenta``
* ``cyan``
* ``white`` (might be light gray)
* ``bright_black``
* ``bright_red``
* ``bright_green``
* ``bright_yellow``
* ``bright_blue``
* ``bright_magenta``
* ``bright_cyan``
* ``bright_white``
* ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
If the terminal supports it, color may also be specified as:
- An integer in the interval [0, 255]. The terminal must support
8-bit/256-color mode.
- An RGB tuple of three integers in [0, 255]. The terminal must
support 24-bit/true-color mode.
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_color and
https://gist.github.com/XVilka/8346728 for more information.
:param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
:param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
:param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
:param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
:param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode. This is
badly supported.
:param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
:param overline: if provided this will enable or disable overline.
:param italic: if provided this will enable or disable italic.
:param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
:param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
rendering (foreground becomes background and the
other way round).
:param strikethrough: if provided this will enable or disable
striking through text.
:param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
string which means that styles do not carry over. This
can be disabled to compose styles.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added support for 256 and RGB color codes.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
Added the ``strikethrough``, ``italic``, and ``overline``
parameters.
.. versionchanged:: 7.0
Added support for bright colors.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if not isinstance(text, str):
text = str(text)
bits = []
if fg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(fg)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {fg!r}") from None
if bg:
try:
bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(bg, 10)}m")
except KeyError:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {bg!r}") from None
if bold is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{1 if bold else 22}m")
if dim is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{2 if dim else 22}m")
if underline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{4 if underline else 24}m")
if overline is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{53 if overline else 55}m")
if italic is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{3 if italic else 23}m")
if blink is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{5 if blink else 25}m")
if reverse is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{7 if reverse else 27}m")
if strikethrough is not None:
bits.append(f"\033[{9 if strikethrough else 29}m")
bits.append(text)
if reset:
bits.append(_ansi_reset_all)
return "".join(bits) |
Removes ANSI styling information from a string. Usually it's not
necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
automatically remove styling if necessary.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param text: the text to remove style information from. | def unstyle(text: str) -> str:
"""Removes ANSI styling information from a string. Usually it's not
necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
automatically remove styling if necessary.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param text: the text to remove style information from.
"""
return strip_ansi(text) |
This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
call. As such the following two calls are the same::
click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
depending on which one they go with.
Non-string types will be converted to :class:`str`. However,
:class:`bytes` are passed directly to :meth:`echo` without applying
style. If you want to style bytes that represent text, call
:meth:`bytes.decode` first.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string. Bytes are
passed through without style applied.
.. versionadded:: 2.0 | def secho(
message: t.Any | None = None,
file: t.IO[t.AnyStr] | None = None,
nl: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
color: bool | None = None,
**styles: t.Any,
) -> None:
"""This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
call. As such the following two calls are the same::
click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
depending on which one they go with.
Non-string types will be converted to :class:`str`. However,
:class:`bytes` are passed directly to :meth:`echo` without applying
style. If you want to style bytes that represent text, call
:meth:`bytes.decode` first.
.. versionchanged:: 8.0
A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string. Bytes are
passed through without style applied.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
"""
if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (bytes, bytearray)):
message = style(message, **styles)
return echo(message, file=file, nl=nl, err=err, color=color) |
Edits the given text in the defined editor. If an editor is given
(should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
the detected editor. Optionally, some environment variables can be
used. If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned. In
case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
`require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa. As such,
the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
:param text: the text to edit.
:param editor: optionally the editor to use. Defaults to automatic
detection.
:param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
:param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
will make the return value become `None`.
:param extension: the extension to tell the editor about. This defaults
to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
highlighting.
:param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
provided text contents. It will not use a temporary
file as an indirection in that case. | def edit(
text: t.AnyStr | None = None,
editor: str | None = None,
env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
require_save: bool = True,
extension: str = ".txt",
filename: str | None = None,
) -> t.AnyStr | None:
r"""Edits the given text in the defined editor. If an editor is given
(should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
the detected editor. Optionally, some environment variables can be
used. If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned. In
case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
`require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa. As such,
the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
:param text: the text to edit.
:param editor: optionally the editor to use. Defaults to automatic
detection.
:param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
:param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
will make the return value become `None`.
:param extension: the extension to tell the editor about. This defaults
to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
highlighting.
:param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
provided text contents. It will not use a temporary
file as an indirection in that case.
"""
from ._termui_impl import Editor
ed = Editor(editor=editor, env=env, require_save=require_save, extension=extension)
if filename is None:
return ed.edit(text)
ed.edit_file(filename)
return None |
This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
viewer application for this file type. If this is an executable, it
might launch the executable in a new session. The return value is
the exit code of the launched application. Usually, ``0`` indicates
success.
Examples::
click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
:param wait: Wait for the program to exit before returning. This
only works if the launched program blocks. In particular,
``xdg-open`` on Linux does not block.
:param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
application associated with the URL it will attempt to
launch a file manager with the file located. This
might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
the filesystem. | def launch(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
"""This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
viewer application for this file type. If this is an executable, it
might launch the executable in a new session. The return value is
the exit code of the launched application. Usually, ``0`` indicates
success.
Examples::
click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
:param wait: Wait for the program to exit before returning. This
only works if the launched program blocks. In particular,
``xdg-open`` on Linux does not block.
:param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
application associated with the URL it will attempt to
launch a file manager with the file located. This
might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
the filesystem.
"""
from ._termui_impl import open_url
return open_url(url, wait=wait, locate=locate) |
Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it. This
will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
circumstances this might return more than one character. The
situations which more than one character is returned is when for
whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
standard input was not actually a terminal.
Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
is piped into the standard input.
Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
the terminal. The default is to not show it. | def getchar(echo: bool = False) -> str:
"""Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it. This
will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
circumstances this might return more than one character. The
situations which more than one character is returned is when for
whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
standard input was not actually a terminal.
Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
is piped into the standard input.
Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
the terminal. The default is to not show it.
"""
global _getchar
if _getchar is None:
from ._termui_impl import getchar as f
_getchar = f
return _getchar(echo) |
This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
key to continue. This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
command. If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
will instead do nothing.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
:param info: The message to print before pausing. Defaults to
``"Press any key to continue..."``.
:param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo. | def pause(info: str | None = None, err: bool = False) -> None:
"""This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
key to continue. This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
command. If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
will instead do nothing.
.. versionadded:: 2.0
.. versionadded:: 4.0
Added the `err` parameter.
:param info: The message to print before pausing. Defaults to
``"Press any key to continue..."``.
:param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
``stdout``, the same as with echo.
"""
if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(sys.stdout):
return
if info is None:
info = _("Press any key to continue...")
try:
if info:
echo(info, nl=False, err=err)
try:
getchar()
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
pass
finally:
if info:
echo(err=err) |
Find the most appropriate :class:`ParamType` for the given Python
type. If the type isn't provided, it can be inferred from a default
value. | def convert_type(ty: t.Any | None, default: t.Any | None = None) -> ParamType:
"""Find the most appropriate :class:`ParamType` for the given Python
type. If the type isn't provided, it can be inferred from a default
value.
"""
guessed_type = False
if ty is None and default is not None:
if isinstance(default, (tuple, list)):
# If the default is empty, ty will remain None and will
# return STRING.
if default:
item = default[0]
# A tuple of tuples needs to detect the inner types.
# Can't call convert recursively because that would
# incorrectly unwind the tuple to a single type.
if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)):
ty = tuple(map(type, item))
else:
ty = type(item)
else:
ty = type(default)
guessed_type = True
if isinstance(ty, tuple):
return Tuple(ty)
if isinstance(ty, ParamType):
return ty
if ty is str or ty is None:
return STRING
if ty is int:
return INT
if ty is float:
return FLOAT
if ty is bool:
return BOOL
if guessed_type:
return STRING
if __debug__:
try:
if issubclass(ty, ParamType):
raise AssertionError(
f"Attempted to use an uninstantiated parameter type ({ty})."
)
except TypeError:
# ty is an instance (correct), so issubclass fails.
pass
return FuncParamType(ty) |
Wraps a function so that it swallows exceptions. | def safecall(func: t.Callable[P, R]) -> t.Callable[P, R | None]:
"""Wraps a function so that it swallows exceptions."""
def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R | None:
try:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
except Exception:
pass
return None
return update_wrapper(wrapper, func) |
Converts a value into a valid string. | def make_str(value: t.Any) -> str:
"""Converts a value into a valid string."""
if isinstance(value, bytes):
try:
return value.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
except UnicodeError:
return value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
return str(value) |
Returns a condensed version of help string. | def make_default_short_help(help: str, max_length: int = 45) -> str:
"""Returns a condensed version of help string."""
# Consider only the first paragraph.
paragraph_end = help.find("\n\n")
if paragraph_end != -1:
help = help[:paragraph_end]
# Collapse newlines, tabs, and spaces.
words = help.split()
if not words:
return ""
# The first paragraph started with a "no rewrap" marker, ignore it.
if words[0] == "\b":
words = words[1:]
total_length = 0
last_index = len(words) - 1
for i, word in enumerate(words):
total_length += len(word) + (i > 0)
if total_length > max_length: # too long, truncate
break
if word[-1] == ".": # sentence end, truncate without "..."
return " ".join(words[: i + 1])
if total_length == max_length and i != last_index:
break # not at sentence end, truncate with "..."
else:
return " ".join(words) # no truncation needed
# Account for the length of the suffix.
total_length += len("...")
# remove words until the length is short enough
while i > 0:
total_length -= len(words[i]) + (i > 0)
if total_length <= max_length:
break
i -= 1
return " ".join(words[:i]) + "..." |
Print a message and newline to stdout or a file. This should be
used instead of :func:`print` because it provides better support
for different data, files, and environments.
Compared to :func:`print`, this does the following:
- Ensures that the output encoding is not misconfigured on Linux.
- Supports Unicode in the Windows console.
- Supports writing to binary outputs, and supports writing bytes
to text outputs.
- Supports colors and styles on Windows.
- Removes ANSI color and style codes if the output does not look
like an interactive terminal.
- Always flushes the output.
:param message: The string or bytes to output. Other objects are
converted to strings.
:param file: The file to write to. Defaults to ``stdout``.
:param err: Write to ``stderr`` instead of ``stdout``.
:param nl: Print a newline after the message. Enabled by default.
:param color: Force showing or hiding colors and other styles. By
default Click will remove color if the output does not look like
an interactive terminal.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
Support Unicode output on the Windows console. Click does not
modify ``sys.stdout``, so ``sys.stdout.write()`` and ``print()``
will still not support Unicode.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 3.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Support colors on Windows if colorama is installed. | def echo(
message: t.Any | None = None,
file: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None,
nl: bool = True,
err: bool = False,
color: bool | None = None,
) -> None:
"""Print a message and newline to stdout or a file. This should be
used instead of :func:`print` because it provides better support
for different data, files, and environments.
Compared to :func:`print`, this does the following:
- Ensures that the output encoding is not misconfigured on Linux.
- Supports Unicode in the Windows console.
- Supports writing to binary outputs, and supports writing bytes
to text outputs.
- Supports colors and styles on Windows.
- Removes ANSI color and style codes if the output does not look
like an interactive terminal.
- Always flushes the output.
:param message: The string or bytes to output. Other objects are
converted to strings.
:param file: The file to write to. Defaults to ``stdout``.
:param err: Write to ``stderr`` instead of ``stdout``.
:param nl: Print a newline after the message. Enabled by default.
:param color: Force showing or hiding colors and other styles. By
default Click will remove color if the output does not look like
an interactive terminal.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
Support Unicode output on the Windows console. Click does not
modify ``sys.stdout``, so ``sys.stdout.write()`` and ``print()``
will still not support Unicode.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``color`` parameter.
.. versionadded:: 3.0
Added the ``err`` parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 2.0
Support colors on Windows if colorama is installed.
"""
if file is None:
if err:
file = _default_text_stderr()
else:
file = _default_text_stdout()
# There are no standard streams attached to write to. For example,
# pythonw on Windows.
if file is None:
return
# Convert non bytes/text into the native string type.
if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
out: str | bytes | None = str(message)
else:
out = message
if nl:
out = out or ""
if isinstance(out, str):
out += "\n"
else:
out += b"\n"
if not out:
file.flush()
return
# If there is a message and the value looks like bytes, we manually
# need to find the binary stream and write the message in there.
# This is done separately so that most stream types will work as you
# would expect. Eg: you can write to StringIO for other cases.
if isinstance(out, (bytes, bytearray)):
binary_file = _find_binary_writer(file)
if binary_file is not None:
file.flush()
binary_file.write(out)
binary_file.flush()
return
# ANSI style code support. For no message or bytes, nothing happens.
# When outputting to a file instead of a terminal, strip codes.
else:
color = resolve_color_default(color)
if should_strip_ansi(file, color):
out = strip_ansi(out)
elif WIN:
if auto_wrap_for_ansi is not None:
file = auto_wrap_for_ansi(file) # type: ignore
elif not color:
out = strip_ansi(out)
file.write(out) # type: ignore
file.flush() |
Returns a system stream for byte processing.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'`` | def get_binary_stream(name: t.Literal["stdin", "stdout", "stderr"]) -> t.BinaryIO:
"""Returns a system stream for byte processing.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
"""
opener = binary_streams.get(name)
if opener is None:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
return opener() |
Returns a system stream for text processing. This usually returns
a wrapped stream around a binary stream returned from
:func:`get_binary_stream` but it also can take shortcuts for already
correctly configured streams.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
:param encoding: overrides the detected default encoding.
:param errors: overrides the default error mode. | def get_text_stream(
name: t.Literal["stdin", "stdout", "stderr"],
encoding: str | None = None,
errors: str | None = "strict",
) -> t.TextIO:
"""Returns a system stream for text processing. This usually returns
a wrapped stream around a binary stream returned from
:func:`get_binary_stream` but it also can take shortcuts for already
correctly configured streams.
:param name: the name of the stream to open. Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
:param encoding: overrides the detected default encoding.
:param errors: overrides the default error mode.
"""
opener = text_streams.get(name)
if opener is None:
raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
return opener(encoding, errors) |
Open a file, with extra behavior to handle ``'-'`` to indicate
a standard stream, lazy open on write, and atomic write. Similar to
the behavior of the :class:`~click.File` param type.
If ``'-'`` is given to open ``stdout`` or ``stdin``, the stream is
wrapped so that using it in a context manager will not close it.
This makes it possible to use the function without accidentally
closing a standard stream:
.. code-block:: python
with open_file(filename) as f:
...
:param filename: The name of the file to open, or ``'-'`` for
``stdin``/``stdout``.
:param mode: The mode in which to open the file.
:param encoding: The encoding to decode or encode a file opened in
text mode.
:param errors: The error handling mode.
:param lazy: Wait to open the file until it is accessed. For read
mode, the file is temporarily opened to raise access errors
early, then closed until it is read again.
:param atomic: Write to a temporary file and replace the given file
on close.
.. versionadded:: 3.0 | def open_file(
filename: str,
mode: str = "r",
encoding: str | None = None,
errors: str | None = "strict",
lazy: bool = False,
atomic: bool = False,
) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
"""Open a file, with extra behavior to handle ``'-'`` to indicate
a standard stream, lazy open on write, and atomic write. Similar to
the behavior of the :class:`~click.File` param type.
If ``'-'`` is given to open ``stdout`` or ``stdin``, the stream is
wrapped so that using it in a context manager will not close it.
This makes it possible to use the function without accidentally
closing a standard stream:
.. code-block:: python
with open_file(filename) as f:
...
:param filename: The name of the file to open, or ``'-'`` for
``stdin``/``stdout``.
:param mode: The mode in which to open the file.
:param encoding: The encoding to decode or encode a file opened in
text mode.
:param errors: The error handling mode.
:param lazy: Wait to open the file until it is accessed. For read
mode, the file is temporarily opened to raise access errors
early, then closed until it is read again.
:param atomic: Write to a temporary file and replace the given file
on close.
.. versionadded:: 3.0
"""
if lazy:
return t.cast(
"t.IO[t.Any]", LazyFile(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
)
f, should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
if not should_close:
f = t.cast("t.IO[t.Any]", KeepOpenFile(f))
return f |
Format a filename as a string for display. Ensures the filename can be
displayed by replacing any invalid bytes or surrogate escapes in the name
with the replacement character ``�``.
Invalid bytes or surrogate escapes will raise an error when written to a
stream with ``errors="strict". This will typically happen with ``stdout``
when the locale is something like ``en_GB.UTF-8``.
Many scenarios *are* safe to write surrogates though, due to PEP 538 and
PEP 540, including:
- Writing to ``stderr``, which uses ``errors="backslashreplace"``.
- The system has ``LANG=C.UTF-8``, ``C``, or ``POSIX``. Python opens
stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
- None of ``LANG/LC_*`` are set. Python assumes ``LANG=C.UTF-8``.
- Python is started in UTF-8 mode with ``PYTHONUTF8=1`` or ``-X utf8``.
Python opens stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
:param filename: formats a filename for UI display. This will also convert
the filename into unicode without failing.
:param shorten: this optionally shortens the filename to strip of the
path that leads up to it. | def format_filename(
filename: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes],
shorten: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""Format a filename as a string for display. Ensures the filename can be
displayed by replacing any invalid bytes or surrogate escapes in the name
with the replacement character ``�``.
Invalid bytes or surrogate escapes will raise an error when written to a
stream with ``errors="strict". This will typically happen with ``stdout``
when the locale is something like ``en_GB.UTF-8``.
Many scenarios *are* safe to write surrogates though, due to PEP 538 and
PEP 540, including:
- Writing to ``stderr``, which uses ``errors="backslashreplace"``.
- The system has ``LANG=C.UTF-8``, ``C``, or ``POSIX``. Python opens
stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
- None of ``LANG/LC_*`` are set. Python assumes ``LANG=C.UTF-8``.
- Python is started in UTF-8 mode with ``PYTHONUTF8=1`` or ``-X utf8``.
Python opens stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
:param filename: formats a filename for UI display. This will also convert
the filename into unicode without failing.
:param shorten: this optionally shortens the filename to strip of the
path that leads up to it.
"""
if shorten:
filename = os.path.basename(filename)
else:
filename = os.fspath(filename)
if isinstance(filename, bytes):
filename = filename.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), "replace")
else:
filename = filename.encode("utf-8", "surrogateescape").decode(
"utf-8", "replace"
)
return filename |
Returns the config folder for the application. The default behavior
is to return whatever is most appropriate for the operating system.
To give you an idea, for an app called ``"Foo Bar"``, something like
the following folders could be returned:
Mac OS X:
``~/Library/Application Support/Foo Bar``
Mac OS X (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Unix:
``~/.config/foo-bar``
Unix (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Windows (roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Foo Bar``
Windows (not roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Foo Bar``
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param app_name: the application name. This should be properly capitalized
and can contain whitespace.
:param roaming: controls if the folder should be roaming or not on Windows.
Has no effect otherwise.
:param force_posix: if this is set to `True` then on any POSIX system the
folder will be stored in the home folder with a leading
dot instead of the XDG config home or darwin's
application support folder. | def get_app_dir(app_name: str, roaming: bool = True, force_posix: bool = False) -> str:
r"""Returns the config folder for the application. The default behavior
is to return whatever is most appropriate for the operating system.
To give you an idea, for an app called ``"Foo Bar"``, something like
the following folders could be returned:
Mac OS X:
``~/Library/Application Support/Foo Bar``
Mac OS X (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Unix:
``~/.config/foo-bar``
Unix (POSIX):
``~/.foo-bar``
Windows (roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Foo Bar``
Windows (not roaming):
``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Foo Bar``
.. versionadded:: 2.0
:param app_name: the application name. This should be properly capitalized
and can contain whitespace.
:param roaming: controls if the folder should be roaming or not on Windows.
Has no effect otherwise.
:param force_posix: if this is set to `True` then on any POSIX system the
folder will be stored in the home folder with a leading
dot instead of the XDG config home or darwin's
application support folder.
"""
if WIN:
key = "APPDATA" if roaming else "LOCALAPPDATA"
folder = os.environ.get(key)
if folder is None:
folder = os.path.expanduser("~")
return os.path.join(folder, app_name)
if force_posix:
return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.{_posixify(app_name)}"))
if sys.platform == "darwin":
return os.path.join(
os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Application Support"), app_name
)
return os.path.join(
os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", os.path.expanduser("~/.config")),
_posixify(app_name),
) |
Determine the command used to run the program, for use in help
text. If a file or entry point was executed, the file name is
returned. If ``python -m`` was used to execute a module or package,
``python -m name`` is returned.
This doesn't try to be too precise, the goal is to give a concise
name for help text. Files are only shown as their name without the
path. ``python`` is only shown for modules, and the full path to
``sys.executable`` is not shown.
:param path: The Python file being executed. Python puts this in
``sys.argv[0]``, which is used by default.
:param _main: The ``__main__`` module. This should only be passed
during internal testing.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Based on command args detection in the Werkzeug reloader.
:meta private: | def _detect_program_name(
path: str | None = None, _main: ModuleType | None = None
) -> str:
"""Determine the command used to run the program, for use in help
text. If a file or entry point was executed, the file name is
returned. If ``python -m`` was used to execute a module or package,
``python -m name`` is returned.
This doesn't try to be too precise, the goal is to give a concise
name for help text. Files are only shown as their name without the
path. ``python`` is only shown for modules, and the full path to
``sys.executable`` is not shown.
:param path: The Python file being executed. Python puts this in
``sys.argv[0]``, which is used by default.
:param _main: The ``__main__`` module. This should only be passed
during internal testing.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
Based on command args detection in the Werkzeug reloader.
:meta private:
"""
if _main is None:
_main = sys.modules["__main__"]
if not path:
path = sys.argv[0]
# The value of __package__ indicates how Python was called. It may
# not exist if a setuptools script is installed as an egg. It may be
# set incorrectly for entry points created with pip on Windows.
# It is set to "" inside a Shiv or PEX zipapp.
if getattr(_main, "__package__", None) in {None, ""} or (
os.name == "nt"
and _main.__package__ == ""
and not os.path.exists(path)
and os.path.exists(f"{path}.exe")
):
# Executed a file, like "python app.py".
return os.path.basename(path)
# Executed a module, like "python -m example".
# Rewritten by Python from "-m script" to "/path/to/script.py".
# Need to look at main module to determine how it was executed.
py_module = t.cast(str, _main.__package__)
name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
# A submodule like "example.cli".
if name != "__main__":
py_module = f"{py_module}.{name}"
return f"python -m {py_module.lstrip('.')}" |
Simulate Unix shell expansion with Python functions.
See :func:`glob.glob`, :func:`os.path.expanduser`, and
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.
This is intended for use on Windows, where the shell does not do any
expansion. It may not exactly match what a Unix shell would do.
:param args: List of command line arguments to expand.
:param user: Expand user home directory.
:param env: Expand environment variables.
:param glob_recursive: ``**`` matches directories recursively.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
Invalid glob patterns are treated as empty expansions rather
than raising an error.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
:meta private: | def _expand_args(
args: cabc.Iterable[str],
*,
user: bool = True,
env: bool = True,
glob_recursive: bool = True,
) -> list[str]:
"""Simulate Unix shell expansion with Python functions.
See :func:`glob.glob`, :func:`os.path.expanduser`, and
:func:`os.path.expandvars`.
This is intended for use on Windows, where the shell does not do any
expansion. It may not exactly match what a Unix shell would do.
:param args: List of command line arguments to expand.
:param user: Expand user home directory.
:param env: Expand environment variables.
:param glob_recursive: ``**`` matches directories recursively.
.. versionchanged:: 8.1
Invalid glob patterns are treated as empty expansions rather
than raising an error.
.. versionadded:: 8.0
:meta private:
"""
from glob import glob
out = []
for arg in args:
if user:
arg = os.path.expanduser(arg)
if env:
arg = os.path.expandvars(arg)
try:
matches = glob(arg, recursive=glob_recursive)
except re.error:
matches = []
if not matches:
out.append(arg)
else:
out.extend(matches)
return out |
Checks if a given encoding is ascii. | def is_ascii_encoding(encoding: str) -> bool:
"""Checks if a given encoding is ascii."""
try:
return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == "ascii"
except LookupError:
return False |
Returns the default stream encoding if not found. | def get_best_encoding(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> str:
"""Returns the default stream encoding if not found."""
rv = getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or sys.getdefaultencoding()
if is_ascii_encoding(rv):
return "utf-8"
return rv |
A stream is misconfigured if its encoding is ASCII. | def _stream_is_misconfigured(stream: t.TextIO) -> bool:
"""A stream is misconfigured if its encoding is ASCII."""
# If the stream does not have an encoding set, we assume it's set
# to ASCII. This appears to happen in certain unittest
# environments. It's not quite clear what the correct behavior is
# but this at least will force Click to recover somehow.
return is_ascii_encoding(getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or "ascii") |
A stream attribute is compatible if it is equal to the
desired value or the desired value is unset and the attribute
has a value. | def _is_compat_stream_attr(stream: t.TextIO, attr: str, value: str | None) -> bool:
"""A stream attribute is compatible if it is equal to the
desired value or the desired value is unset and the attribute
has a value.
"""
stream_value = getattr(stream, attr, None)
return stream_value == value or (value is None and stream_value is not None) |
Check if a stream's encoding and errors attributes are
compatible with the desired values. | def _is_compatible_text_stream(
stream: t.TextIO, encoding: str | None, errors: str | None
) -> bool:
"""Check if a stream's encoding and errors attributes are
compatible with the desired values.
"""
return _is_compat_stream_attr(
stream, "encoding", encoding
) and _is_compat_stream_attr(stream, "errors", errors) |
Handles not passing ``encoding`` and ``errors`` in binary mode. | def _wrap_io_open(
file: str | os.PathLike[str] | int,
mode: str,
encoding: str | None,
errors: str | None,
) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
"""Handles not passing ``encoding`` and ``errors`` in binary mode."""
if "b" in mode:
return open(file, mode)
return open(file, mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors) |
Decide what method to use for paging through text. | def pager(generator: cabc.Iterable[str], color: bool | None = None) -> None:
"""Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
stdout = _default_text_stdout()
# There are no standard streams attached to write to. For example,
# pythonw on Windows.
if stdout is None:
stdout = StringIO()
if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(stdout):
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
pager_cmd = (os.environ.get("PAGER", None) or "").strip()
if pager_cmd:
if WIN:
return _tempfilepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
return _pipepager(generator, pager_cmd, color)
if os.environ.get("TERM") in ("dumb", "emacs"):
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
if WIN or sys.platform.startswith("os2"):
return _tempfilepager(generator, "more <", color)
if hasattr(os, "system") and os.system("(less) 2>/dev/null") == 0:
return _pipepager(generator, "less", color)
import tempfile
fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(fd)
try:
if hasattr(os, "system") and os.system(f'more "{filename}"') == 0:
return _pipepager(generator, "more", color)
return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
finally:
os.unlink(filename) |
Page through text by feeding it to another program. Invoking a
pager through this might support colors. | def _pipepager(generator: cabc.Iterable[str], cmd: str, color: bool | None) -> None:
"""Page through text by feeding it to another program. Invoking a
pager through this might support colors.
"""
import subprocess
env = dict(os.environ)
# If we're piping to less we might support colors under the
# condition that
cmd_detail = cmd.rsplit("/", 1)[-1].split()
if color is None and cmd_detail[0] == "less":
less_flags = f"{os.environ.get('LESS', '')}{' '.join(cmd_detail[1:])}"
if not less_flags:
env["LESS"] = "-R"
color = True
elif "r" in less_flags or "R" in less_flags:
color = True
c = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, env=env)
stdin = t.cast(t.BinaryIO, c.stdin)
encoding = get_best_encoding(stdin)
try:
for text in generator:
if not color:
text = strip_ansi(text)
stdin.write(text.encode(encoding, "replace"))
except (OSError, KeyboardInterrupt):
pass
else:
stdin.close()
# Less doesn't respect ^C, but catches it for its own UI purposes (aborting
# search or other commands inside less).
#
# That means when the user hits ^C, the parent process (click) terminates,
# but less is still alive, paging the output and messing up the terminal.
#
# If the user wants to make the pager exit on ^C, they should set
# `LESS='-K'`. It's not our decision to make.
while True:
try:
c.wait()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
else:
break |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.