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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#4_4673064 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| As with irrigation dams, mistakes or changes at early points of project development are strongly correlated with delays in reaching anticipated power generation goals at the initial years of operation [8]. The initial stages of project development are especially important, and improvements and organization at these phases could improve the ability of dams of attaining their set goals within their intended timeframe. Supply Water
The water in the reservoirs can be sent to treatment plants to make it suitable for drinking. The reservoir already provides some filtration since silts and other particles settle to the base of the reservoir and algae and aerobic bacteria destroy harmful microorganisms [9]. Water supply dams are not very good at reaching their intended levels of operation even after a decade of operation: 70 percent of the WCD’s 52 sample dams did not reach their targets even after long periods of time with around 25 percent of water supply dams have reached less than half their supply goals [8]. Inefficient taxation and pricing of the water is responsible for this issue. In WCD’s examined samples [SM3], 38 of 50 utilities used tariffs to fund their operational and maintenance costs. The funds generated from these tariffs were not high enough, and these dams will not be able to function properly. Studies have shown that even in underdeveloped nations, people are willing to pay to have a steady and good supply of water and sanitation services [8]. | 3,486 | 4,966 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#5_4675608 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| 70 percent of the WCD’s 52 sample dams did not reach their targets even after long periods of time with around 25 percent of water supply dams have reached less than half their supply goals [8]. Inefficient taxation and pricing of the water is responsible for this issue. In WCD’s examined samples [SM3], 38 of 50 utilities used tariffs to fund their operational and maintenance costs. The funds generated from these tariffs were not high enough, and these dams will not be able to function properly. Studies have shown that even in underdeveloped nations, people are willing to pay to have a steady and good supply of water and sanitation services [8]. For example, according to a study done by Ramnath Subbaraman and his colleagues in a slum in Mumbai, India, the residents paid 33 times more for water from informal vendors than residents in the surrounding areas who were provided with water supplied from the government. The residents told Subbaraman that they were willing to pay for improved water access [10]. People are willing to pay for a stable water supply and better sanitation services provided that their money is used efficiently and effectively. Therefore, Mission 2017 proposes to increase taxation in this sector. Flood Control
Reservoirs can act to prevent floods downstream by holding and regulating the flow during major flood events. | 4,313 | 5,670 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#6_4678030 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| For example, according to a study done by Ramnath Subbaraman and his colleagues in a slum in Mumbai, India, the residents paid 33 times more for water from informal vendors than residents in the surrounding areas who were provided with water supplied from the government. The residents told Subbaraman that they were willing to pay for improved water access [10]. People are willing to pay for a stable water supply and better sanitation services provided that their money is used efficiently and effectively. Therefore, Mission 2017 proposes to increase taxation in this sector. Flood Control
Reservoirs can act to prevent floods downstream by holding and regulating the flow during major flood events. Reservoirs can also be used to balance flow during different weather conditions, such as decreasing the flow by holding water back during heavy rainfall and releasing more water during droughts [8]. Multipurpose Dams
Some dams combine two or more of the uses stated above, but a majority of large dams, as registered by ICOLD, are single purpose. Multi-purpose dams are complex and tend not to perform as well as single-function dams. Also, for certain combination of functions, a delicate balance has to be maintained For example, irrigation, hydroelectric and water supply dams require the reservoir to be at full capacity for efficient functioning while flood control requires water levels to be lower than maximum to hold the extra surging waters [8]. Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Dams have many uses in the human community, but they also have large impacts on the environment and populations living close to the dams, which can be disastrous. | 4,967 | 6,628 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#7_4680748 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| Reservoirs can also be used to balance flow during different weather conditions, such as decreasing the flow by holding water back during heavy rainfall and releasing more water during droughts [8]. Multipurpose Dams
Some dams combine two or more of the uses stated above, but a majority of large dams, as registered by ICOLD, are single purpose. Multi-purpose dams are complex and tend not to perform as well as single-function dams. Also, for certain combination of functions, a delicate balance has to be maintained For example, irrigation, hydroelectric and water supply dams require the reservoir to be at full capacity for efficient functioning while flood control requires water levels to be lower than maximum to hold the extra surging waters [8]. Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Dams have many uses in the human community, but they also have large impacts on the environment and populations living close to the dams, which can be disastrous. The following discusses these effects. Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Habitat loss is the biggest cause of extinction. Freshwater habitats are thought to be the habitats face the highest loss of biodiversity [11]. Building a dam in a river causes great changes within the river and leads to great changes in the river systems, leading to habitat loss. The structure of the dam itself acts as a barrier preventing fish populations from migrating along the river. | 5,671 | 7,109 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#8_4683244 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| The following discusses these effects. Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Habitat loss is the biggest cause of extinction. Freshwater habitats are thought to be the habitats face the highest loss of biodiversity [11]. Building a dam in a river causes great changes within the river and leads to great changes in the river systems, leading to habitat loss. The structure of the dam itself acts as a barrier preventing fish populations from migrating along the river. The formation of a large still body of water in place of a small rapidly moving body of water changes the dynamics of the water system, which makes it less suitable for the original species to survive, which may lead to extinction [8]. The temperature and chemical composition of water in the reservoir is also different from that of the flowing river. The reduced water flowing downstream causes the water downstream to be more saline, making it less suitable for certain fish nurseries and also enables predators to reach them. The water running off from the catchment areas upstream carry with them sediments and nutrients. Human activity upstream can increase the nutrient level in the reservoir with may lead to eutrophication, which eventually leads to the loss of most species in the reservoir [8] [12]. | 6,629 | 7,920 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#9_4685591 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| The formation of a large still body of water in place of a small rapidly moving body of water changes the dynamics of the water system, which makes it less suitable for the original species to survive, which may lead to extinction [8]. The temperature and chemical composition of water in the reservoir is also different from that of the flowing river. The reduced water flowing downstream causes the water downstream to be more saline, making it less suitable for certain fish nurseries and also enables predators to reach them. The water running off from the catchment areas upstream carry with them sediments and nutrients. Human activity upstream can increase the nutrient level in the reservoir with may lead to eutrophication, which eventually leads to the loss of most species in the reservoir [8] [12]. For example, river dolphins of the Yangtze were lead to extinction after the Three Gorges Dam was built; the variety of fishes dolphins in the Mekong region are also at risk or extinction [11]. The Glines Canyon Dams in the Elwha River in Washington, USA, has been responsible for almost wiping out the entire steelhead trout and salmon population [29]. This loss of fish populations can also lead to loss of economy from fisheries [8]. Sedimentation
The decrease in water flow due to the reservoir leads to water losing the sediments it carries, to the bottom of the reservoir. | 7,110 | 8,499 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#10_4688035 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| For example, river dolphins of the Yangtze were lead to extinction after the Three Gorges Dam was built; the variety of fishes dolphins in the Mekong region are also at risk or extinction [11]. The Glines Canyon Dams in the Elwha River in Washington, USA, has been responsible for almost wiping out the entire steelhead trout and salmon population [29]. This loss of fish populations can also lead to loss of economy from fisheries [8]. Sedimentation
The decrease in water flow due to the reservoir leads to water losing the sediments it carries, to the bottom of the reservoir. This decreases the water storing potential of the reservoir and also decreases the silt and nutrients from being carried downstream, makes soil downstream less fertile, which harms the plants and animals that live and grow there, since the reduced fertility will reduce the number of plants and trees that can grow downstream and so, cause the number of animal habitat to drop, decreasing the biodiversity of the area. Because of the drop in the number of trees that can grow and hold soil together, the soil is more prone to erosion, meaning the structure of the soil is lost, making it less and less suitable for human or animal habitation [8]. Greenhouse gas emission
The condition at the base of the reservoir is anaerobic, meaning that vegetation under the reservoir are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria that give out greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide [8]. According to the WDC, if the area being flooded during the reservoir filling is not cleared out, the amount of greenhouse gases produced could be higher for the same amount of energy produced by a coal powered station [9]. However, power generation from the dams does not cause emission of gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide which are responsible for acid rain and blood poisoning, making them more eco-friendly in this sense than fossil fuels such as coal, which does produce these gases when burned [9]. | 7,920 | 9,913 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3686321#11_4691084 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/dams-and-reservoirs/ | Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all | Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
| This decreases the water storing potential of the reservoir and also decreases the silt and nutrients from being carried downstream, makes soil downstream less fertile, which harms the plants and animals that live and grow there, since the reduced fertility will reduce the number of plants and trees that can grow downstream and so, cause the number of animal habitat to drop, decreasing the biodiversity of the area. Because of the drop in the number of trees that can grow and hold soil together, the soil is more prone to erosion, meaning the structure of the soil is lost, making it less and less suitable for human or animal habitation [8]. Greenhouse gas emission
The condition at the base of the reservoir is anaerobic, meaning that vegetation under the reservoir are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria that give out greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide [8]. According to the WDC, if the area being flooded during the reservoir filling is not cleared out, the amount of greenhouse gases produced could be higher for the same amount of energy produced by a coal powered station [9]. However, power generation from the dams does not cause emission of gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide which are responsible for acid rain and blood poisoning, making them more eco-friendly in this sense than fossil fuels such as coal, which does produce these gases when burned [9]. Evaporation
Reservoirs have large open surfaces that facilitate water loss by evaporat | 8,500 | 10,000 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#0_4693642 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
South Africa faces several problems with ensuring that its water resources are clean and plentiful enough for use. For example, there is a growing problem of toxicity of South Africa’s water resources due to increased bacterial growth, including Escherichia coli, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio spp [1]. The quantity of bacteria found in 2010 was more than five times the amount that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends [2]. This pathogenic amount of bacteria causes intestinal deterioration, bacterial diarrhea, arthritis, and severe kidney disease [1]. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is also a huge contributor to South Africa’s toxic water. In the last 100 years, more than 120 mining companies have left large tailings dumps, which have been spilling uranium, sulfides, low-grade ores, and other heavy metals. [ 3]. Since many of the tailings dumps resulted from gold mining, the toxicity from uranium has been a big issue. In 2002, surface water in South African lakes had 40,000 times the natural level of uranium in freshwater, and this is still a problem today [4]. With uranium exposure so high, people are prone to kidney disease and cancer [5]. | 0 | 1,275 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#1_4695383 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| In the last 100 years, more than 120 mining companies have left large tailings dumps, which have been spilling uranium, sulfides, low-grade ores, and other heavy metals. [ 3]. Since many of the tailings dumps resulted from gold mining, the toxicity from uranium has been a big issue. In 2002, surface water in South African lakes had 40,000 times the natural level of uranium in freshwater, and this is still a problem today [4]. With uranium exposure so high, people are prone to kidney disease and cancer [5]. In addition, rural municipalities lack efficient and effective water cleaning facilities, causing rural areas to not have enough potable water. The small water treatment plants need improvements in their communication and water transfer systems to function at a higher level of efficiency. As of 2005, 60 percent of rural South Africa has been affected by waterborne illnesses. South Africa also faces challenges with water management and mining. South Africa is the fourth largest mining nation in the world [6]. | 765 | 1,789 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#2_4696862 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| In addition, rural municipalities lack efficient and effective water cleaning facilities, causing rural areas to not have enough potable water. The small water treatment plants need improvements in their communication and water transfer systems to function at a higher level of efficiency. As of 2005, 60 percent of rural South Africa has been affected by waterborne illnesses. South Africa also faces challenges with water management and mining. South Africa is the fourth largest mining nation in the world [6]. It is the source of 70 percent of the world’s platinum, and also is a large supplier of gold, diamonds, and other minerals [7]. Mining, however, uses large amounts of water, and because of this, the South African government has limited the amount of water that can be used in the mining industry. From 2011 to 2012, South African mines reduced output by 15 percent [8]. Growing water resource toxicity
Recently, there has been a large growth in biofilm coliforms – layers of bacteria – in South Africa’s water resources. During an eight-month study in 2010 in Limpopo, Africa, water containers had excessive biofilm coliforms. | 1,275 | 2,416 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#3_4698478 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| It is the source of 70 percent of the world’s platinum, and also is a large supplier of gold, diamonds, and other minerals [7]. Mining, however, uses large amounts of water, and because of this, the South African government has limited the amount of water that can be used in the mining industry. From 2011 to 2012, South African mines reduced output by 15 percent [8]. Growing water resource toxicity
Recently, there has been a large growth in biofilm coliforms – layers of bacteria – in South Africa’s water resources. During an eight-month study in 2010 in Limpopo, Africa, water containers had excessive biofilm coliforms. To be safe for consumption, water should have no more than 200 coliform colonies per 100mL, but the actual amount present was more than five times the safe amount [2]. The bacterial growth occurs during the transport of water through pipes and into the households of the people. Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should make major modifications to its water distribution systems using pipes. The most cost-effective method of distributing water will depend on the population density. The eastern parts of the nation, including the provinces of Northern Transvaal, Kwa-Zulu Natal, and Eastern Transvaal, are most densely populated. | 1,790 | 3,053 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#4_4700217 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| To be safe for consumption, water should have no more than 200 coliform colonies per 100mL, but the actual amount present was more than five times the safe amount [2]. The bacterial growth occurs during the transport of water through pipes and into the households of the people. Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should make major modifications to its water distribution systems using pipes. The most cost-effective method of distributing water will depend on the population density. The eastern parts of the nation, including the provinces of Northern Transvaal, Kwa-Zulu Natal, and Eastern Transvaal, are most densely populated. For these areas, it would be more effective for them to have centralized water distribution systems. These centralized water distribution systems would be handled by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which put a private operator in charge of building and maintaining the distribution system. The benefit of this would be that the local government will only need to set the guidelines for keeping the pipes clean, and the private operator will be responsible for meeting the guidelines. The provincial governments will have contracts with the IFC (International Finance Corporation, an organization affiliated with the World Bank) or NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), and will distribute the funds to the PPPs to manage the pipes. The projects will be medium-scale, since the highly populated parts of South Africa are not very large. | 2,417 | 3,894 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#5_4702149 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| For these areas, it would be more effective for them to have centralized water distribution systems. These centralized water distribution systems would be handled by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which put a private operator in charge of building and maintaining the distribution system. The benefit of this would be that the local government will only need to set the guidelines for keeping the pipes clean, and the private operator will be responsible for meeting the guidelines. The provincial governments will have contracts with the IFC (International Finance Corporation, an organization affiliated with the World Bank) or NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), and will distribute the funds to the PPPs to manage the pipes. The projects will be medium-scale, since the highly populated parts of South Africa are not very large. The cost of implementation will be around $15 per person initially for each centralized water treatment distribution system. To make sure that the pipes are clean, the PPPs will disinfect the pipes monthly using chlorine. Western provinces of South Africa, such as Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape, will need to employ different water distribution systems. Since these regions are more sparsely populated, it will be more expensive to maintain a very large centralized water distribution system between these communities. Therefore, communities in these regions should have their own decentralized water distribution systems. | 3,054 | 4,533 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#6_4704083 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| The cost of implementation will be around $15 per person initially for each centralized water treatment distribution system. To make sure that the pipes are clean, the PPPs will disinfect the pipes monthly using chlorine. Western provinces of South Africa, such as Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape, will need to employ different water distribution systems. Since these regions are more sparsely populated, it will be more expensive to maintain a very large centralized water distribution system between these communities. Therefore, communities in these regions should have their own decentralized water distribution systems. There are several options for decentralized water distribution systems including wells, pumps, and rainwater collection tanks. The local governments will decide which system they want, and community members will be employed to maintain the water systems. Funding will come from NGOs and local businesses. Similar to the PPPs in the eastern part of the nation, the community members will use chlorine to prevent the water from being contaminated. This will be implemented in the next five to ten years, since forming the PPPs in the communities may take three years, and then reconstructing and fixing the water distribution systems may take another two or three years. | 3,895 | 5,202 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#7_4705845 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| There are several options for decentralized water distribution systems including wells, pumps, and rainwater collection tanks. The local governments will decide which system they want, and community members will be employed to maintain the water systems. Funding will come from NGOs and local businesses. Similar to the PPPs in the eastern part of the nation, the community members will use chlorine to prevent the water from being contaminated. This will be implemented in the next five to ten years, since forming the PPPs in the communities may take three years, and then reconstructing and fixing the water distribution systems may take another two or three years. Contracts between the local governments and private operators will last anywhere from five to 25 years, depending on the degree of construction. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is another source of water toxicity. Acid mine drainage is the outflow of water from old, abandoned mines. This contamination has been gradually increasing around multiple dams, such as the Middelburg, Witbank, and Boesmanspruit Dam. A case study conducted in January 2012 looked specifically at the acid mine drainage with the Boesmanspruit Dam, which supplies potable water to the town of Carolina. | 4,534 | 5,773 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#8_4707539 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| Contracts between the local governments and private operators will last anywhere from five to 25 years, depending on the degree of construction. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is another source of water toxicity. Acid mine drainage is the outflow of water from old, abandoned mines. This contamination has been gradually increasing around multiple dams, such as the Middelburg, Witbank, and Boesmanspruit Dam. A case study conducted in January 2012 looked specifically at the acid mine drainage with the Boesmanspruit Dam, which supplies potable water to the town of Carolina. Chemical analyses from the study showed that during an unusually heavy downpour, tailings ponds containing coalmine runoff overflowed and water contaminants (iron, manganese, and aluminum) flowed into the reservoir behind the dam [9]. These minerals oxidize and greatly lower the water’s pH, resulting in serious biological side effects. Because over 120 major mining companies have worked in the region over the last 100 years, there are many abandoned mines throughout the nation, and therefore there are many sources of acid mine drainage. South Africa currently has two solutions to this problem. The first is the capping and sealing openings in the mines and monitoring already-contaminated water. | 5,203 | 6,476 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#9_4709272 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| Chemical analyses from the study showed that during an unusually heavy downpour, tailings ponds containing coalmine runoff overflowed and water contaminants (iron, manganese, and aluminum) flowed into the reservoir behind the dam [9]. These minerals oxidize and greatly lower the water’s pH, resulting in serious biological side effects. Because over 120 major mining companies have worked in the region over the last 100 years, there are many abandoned mines throughout the nation, and therefore there are many sources of acid mine drainage. South Africa currently has two solutions to this problem. The first is the capping and sealing openings in the mines and monitoring already-contaminated water. Capping and sealing openings prevents flow of toxic water out of the mines. For already-contaminated water, efforts will be made to first neutralize the water through removing heavy metals, and then desalinize the water with chemical treatment [3]. The second is the PUMP (passive underground mine-water purification) system. This system utilizes geo-bio-engineering models with modern technology to reduce sulfate concentrations and increase the pH of water. The projected cost of this plan is 360 billion Rand, or $35.5 billion [10]. | 5,774 | 7,012 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#10_4710970 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| Capping and sealing openings prevents flow of toxic water out of the mines. For already-contaminated water, efforts will be made to first neutralize the water through removing heavy metals, and then desalinize the water with chemical treatment [3]. The second is the PUMP (passive underground mine-water purification) system. This system utilizes geo-bio-engineering models with modern technology to reduce sulfate concentrations and increase the pH of water. The projected cost of this plan is 360 billion Rand, or $35.5 billion [10]. South Africa’s Department of Water Affairs, however, currently only has $33 million for funding the project [3]. Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should instead use passive treatment, as it is a more cost-effective way to solve the acid-mine drainage problem. Passive treatment makes use of already-existing biological and chemical processes. Constructing wetlands near the abandoned mines can be used to mitigate the effects of acid mine drainage. This consists of flooded gravel, soil, organic matter, and wetland plants. | 6,477 | 7,543 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#11_4712497 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| South Africa’s Department of Water Affairs, however, currently only has $33 million for funding the project [3]. Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should instead use passive treatment, as it is a more cost-effective way to solve the acid-mine drainage problem. Passive treatment makes use of already-existing biological and chemical processes. Constructing wetlands near the abandoned mines can be used to mitigate the effects of acid mine drainage. This consists of flooded gravel, soil, organic matter, and wetland plants. When mine water collects in these “wetlands,” the plants oxidize heavy metals and they settle out. Another type of constructed wetland includes a layer of limestone in the organic sediments. This is used to neutralize the acid mine drainage. The cost of implementing this will be $15 for every square meter of wetlands constructed. Constructing two million square meters of wetland will still cost less than South Africa’s current solution described in the previous paragraph. | 7,013 | 8,020 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#12_4713980 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| When mine water collects in these “wetlands,” the plants oxidize heavy metals and they settle out. Another type of constructed wetland includes a layer of limestone in the organic sediments. This is used to neutralize the acid mine drainage. The cost of implementing this will be $15 for every square meter of wetlands constructed. Constructing two million square meters of wetland will still cost less than South Africa’s current solution described in the previous paragraph. This is because each efficiently constructed wetland will have an area of 2500 square meters [11], and if South Africa deals with the acid mine drainage of mines from the last 100 years, South Africa will need to invest around $5 million into constructing the wetlands. This money will come from the South African government’s Department of Water Affairs, because it has already allocated $33 million into mitigating the effects of acid mine drainage. There will most likely be social implications of pursuing this method of acid mine drainage treatment. People’s surroundings will definitely change to include more biodiversity from the constructed wetlands. The population of mosquitoes and other nuisance organisms will not grow to concerning levels, however. | 7,544 | 8,783 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#13_4715700 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| This is because each efficiently constructed wetland will have an area of 2500 square meters [11], and if South Africa deals with the acid mine drainage of mines from the last 100 years, South Africa will need to invest around $5 million into constructing the wetlands. This money will come from the South African government’s Department of Water Affairs, because it has already allocated $33 million into mitigating the effects of acid mine drainage. There will most likely be social implications of pursuing this method of acid mine drainage treatment. People’s surroundings will definitely change to include more biodiversity from the constructed wetlands. The population of mosquitoes and other nuisance organisms will not grow to concerning levels, however. According to a study conducted in southern Sweden, there are fewer mosquitoes present in constructed wetlands than in natural wetlands [12]. In addition, Mission 2017 suggests that the people of the communities decide where wetlands are constructed, as long as they are located where mine water drains. In addition, the leftover money of the government’s $33 million budget can be used towards maintaining the wetlands, compensating the communities, and funding other water management projects. Faulty rural water management system
In order to improve water quality management, South Africa administered a program in 2009 in which local municipalities monitored and managed water quality policies based on international standards. Under this system, urban municipalities improved their water quality while rural municipalities faced opposite results. | 8,021 | 9,634 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3721168#14_4717785 | http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/water-treatment-in-south-africa/ | Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all | Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
| According to a study conducted in southern Sweden, there are fewer mosquitoes present in constructed wetlands than in natural wetlands [12]. In addition, Mission 2017 suggests that the people of the communities decide where wetlands are constructed, as long as they are located where mine water drains. In addition, the leftover money of the government’s $33 million budget can be used towards maintaining the wetlands, compensating the communities, and funding other water management projects. Faulty rural water management system
In order to improve water quality management, South Africa administered a program in 2009 in which local municipalities monitored and managed water quality policies based on international standards. Under this system, urban municipalities improved their water quality while rural municipalities faced opposite results. A research team from the University of Cape Town’s Department of Civil Engineering conducted a case study to figure out why this was happening. The results of the study showed that the decentralization of water quality monitoring is what caused the rural water quality to decline rather than to improve. The study concluded that this was due to the lack of communic | 8,784 | 10,000 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#0_4719469 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X? What Are the Factors of X? What are the prime factors of X? What is the prime factorization of X ? Warning: A non-numeric value encountered in /nfs/c03/h06/mnt/58204/domains/what-are-the-factors.com/html/index.php on line 192
What Are the Factors of 1? What Are the Factors of 2? What Are the Factors of 3? What Are the Factors of 4? What Are the Factors of 5? | 0 | 387 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#1_4720112 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
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What Are the Factors of 1? What Are the Factors of 2? What Are the Factors of 3? What Are the Factors of 4? What Are the Factors of 5? What Are the Factors of 6? What Are the Factors of 7? What Are the Factors of 8? What Are the Factors of 9? What Are the Factors of 10? | 135 | 523 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#2_4720758 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of 6? What Are the Factors of 7? What Are the Factors of 8? What Are the Factors of 9? What Are the Factors of 10? What Are the Factors of 11? What Are the Factors of 12? What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 14? What Are the Factors of 15? | 387 | 663 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#3_4721290 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of 11? What Are the Factors of 12? What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 14? What Are the Factors of 15? What Are the Factors of 16? What Are the Factors of 17? What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 19? What Are the Factors of 20? | 523 | 803 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#4_4721826 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of 16? What Are the Factors of 17? What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 19? What Are the Factors of 20? What Are the Factors of 21? What Are the Factors of 22? What Are the Factors of 23? What Are the Factors of 24? What Are the Factors of 25? | 663 | 943 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3739050#5_4722362 | http://12.what-are-the-factors.com/ | What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of X?
What Are the Factors of X? | What Are the Factors of 21? What Are the Factors of 22? What Are the Factors of 23? What Are the Factors of 24? What Are the Factors of 25? What Are the Factors of 26? What Are the Factors of 27? What Are the Factors of 28? What Are the Factors of 29? What Are the Factors of 30? ... | 803 | 1,087 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#0_4722903 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT? Iowa Algebra Aptitude Test (IAAT), a test developed by the University of Iowa, is a placement exam given to middle school students during or at the beginning of the year. The test assesses students’ ability of: Pre-Algebraic Number Skills and Concepts
Interpreting Mathematical Information
Representing Relationships
Using Symbols
IAAT Prepare test examples
eBook – $8.95
A First Book in Algebra
eBook – $5.99
A Text Book of Geometry
eBook – $0.99
2. Why should I take the IAAT? In Fairfax county, AAP ( previous called Gifted and Talented program) students in 6th graders will take IAAT in January. Students have to pass with at least 91% percentile in IAAT test. The students also have to pass 7th Grade math SOL with advanced score to qualify to take Algebra I in 7th grade. The Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology admission data in recent years shows that if a student takes Algebra I in 8th grade, his/her chance of admitted into TJ is about 30%. | 0 | 1,136 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#1_4724542 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| Why should I take the IAAT? In Fairfax county, AAP ( previous called Gifted and Talented program) students in 6th graders will take IAAT in January. Students have to pass with at least 91% percentile in IAAT test. The students also have to pass 7th Grade math SOL with advanced score to qualify to take Algebra I in 7th grade. The Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology admission data in recent years shows that if a student takes Algebra I in 8th grade, his/her chance of admitted into TJ is about 30%. On the other hand, if a student takes Geometry or Algebra II etc in 8th grade, his/her chance of admitted into TJ is 60%. If you want to take Geometry in 8th grade, you must take Algebra I in 7th grade. All that means is that if your child cannot score very well in IAAT, he/she will most likely not be in the top class for math or science in high school. His/her chance of getting into his/her dream school (s) will be lower than if your child scores well on the IAAT. Start early for your child’s future now by preparing for the IAAT as early as possible. | 616 | 1,694 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#2_4726092 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| On the other hand, if a student takes Geometry or Algebra II etc in 8th grade, his/her chance of admitted into TJ is 60%. If you want to take Geometry in 8th grade, you must take Algebra I in 7th grade. All that means is that if your child cannot score very well in IAAT, he/she will most likely not be in the top class for math or science in high school. His/her chance of getting into his/her dream school (s) will be lower than if your child scores well on the IAAT. Start early for your child’s future now by preparing for the IAAT as early as possible. 3. Where will I take the IAAT? Your child’s school, 6th grade math class will arrange the test. 4. Does your practice work? | 1,137 | 1,818 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#3_4727251 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| 3. Where will I take the IAAT? Your child’s school, 6th grade math class will arrange the test. 4. Does your practice work? The answer is Yes and No. After nearly one year of preparation, we released our first edition IAAT practice tests. We then updated the practice tests several times base on the feedbacks. These practice tests will sharpen your child’s newly acquired Algebra senses and let him/her be more confident when taking the IAAT test. However, it might still not enough. | 1,694 | 2,179 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#4_4728213 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| The answer is Yes and No. After nearly one year of preparation, we released our first edition IAAT practice tests. We then updated the practice tests several times base on the feedbacks. These practice tests will sharpen your child’s newly acquired Algebra senses and let him/her be more confident when taking the IAAT test. However, it might still not enough. We strongly recommend that you help your child by studying the first half of the ‘ First Algebra Book ’. It is a very good study guide to prepare for the IAAT. 5. IAAT Sample Test
IAAT Prepare test examples
eBook – $8.95
A First Book in Algebra
eBook – $5.99
A Text Book of Geometry
eBook – $0.99
Click Here
to get the full version of IAAT Prepare test examples. You
will get a PDF file instantly after you send payment. | 1,818 | 2,607 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3740378#5_4729515 | http://120perhour.com/iaat-practice-test-sample/ | IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs |
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT Sample Test
1. What is the IAAT?
2. Why should I take the IAAT?
3. Where will I take the IAAT?
4. Does your practice work?
5. IAAT Sample Test
| We strongly recommend that you help your child by studying the first half of the ‘ First Algebra Book ’. It is a very good study guide to prepare for the IAAT. 5. IAAT Sample Test
IAAT Prepare test examples
eBook – $8.95
A First Book in Algebra
eBook – $5.99
A Text Book of Geometry
eBook – $0.99
Click Here
to get the full version of IAAT Prepare test examples. You
will get a PDF file instantly after you send payment. Math Quant Q test for
SCAT test Examples to
IAAT Prepare Test, IAAT
CogAT Test Examples for
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SCAT Verbal Test
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#0_4730749 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Desert-Climate
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Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
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CLIMATE
Thar
This desert has an extreme type of climate. During the daytime it is extremely hot and during nights it is cooler. The region is extremely dry and receives about little to no rainfall. This is due to the fact that there are no high hills which may cause rain. Also, the rain bearing winds from the Bay of Bengal almost always lose their moisture by the time they reach this area. Arabian Desert
Climate of this desert is extremely harsh with summers having temperature as high as 129 ºF
And in winters mercury reaches below 10 ºF . Karakum Desert
It is just like the other Deserts. It has a very hot climate during day time and chilling climate during the nights. Sahara Desert
Sahara desert experiences extreme climate. In the last few hundred years climate of the desert has gone rapid change. | 0 | 1,602 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#1_4732613 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Arabian Desert
Climate of this desert is extremely harsh with summers having temperature as high as 129 ºF
And in winters mercury reaches below 10 ºF . Karakum Desert
It is just like the other Deserts. It has a very hot climate during day time and chilling climate during the nights. Sahara Desert
Sahara desert experiences extreme climate. In the last few hundred years climate of the desert has gone rapid change. Sahara tops the list of hottest place in world here temperature goes as high as 56 degree Celsius in summer, although its dryness not the temperature that make Sahara the hottest desert. Now, the desert has become bigger as compared to the size of yesteryear due to lack of precipitation. Sahara's climate is broadly divided into parts: dry subtropical climate and dry tropical climate. Kalahari Desert
Temperature in summer can reach upto 40ºC. Annual rainfall is around 50-100 mm. | 1,156 | 2,086 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#2_4733758 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Sahara tops the list of hottest place in world here temperature goes as high as 56 degree Celsius in summer, although its dryness not the temperature that make Sahara the hottest desert. Now, the desert has become bigger as compared to the size of yesteryear due to lack of precipitation. Sahara's climate is broadly divided into parts: dry subtropical climate and dry tropical climate. Kalahari Desert
Temperature in summer can reach upto 40ºC. Annual rainfall is around 50-100 mm. Heavy rainfall in the months of December to April convert the desert into a green oasis with colorful flowers. During winters, climate is pleasant, air is dry and average temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. Nights are very cold (temperature is around -12º C). The northeastern portion receives a lot of rainfall and thus cannot be called a desert. Still it lacks in surface water. | 1,603 | 2,469 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#3_4734829 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Heavy rainfall in the months of December to April convert the desert into a green oasis with colorful flowers. During winters, climate is pleasant, air is dry and average temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. Nights are very cold (temperature is around -12º C). The northeastern portion receives a lot of rainfall and thus cannot be called a desert. Still it lacks in surface water. The sands drains the water instantly and it leads to drought. Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert has extreme climate conditions. It is the driest and the warmest desert in China, yet extreme low temperatures are recorded in wintertime. It has recorded low temperatures upto -25.7 degrees Fahrenheit during February 2008 and was covered with a thin layer of snow exceeding 1.5 inches in depth. desert is located in a region where the effects of the Asian monsoon are completely cut off. | 2,086 | 2,965 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#4_4735907 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | The sands drains the water instantly and it leads to drought. Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert has extreme climate conditions. It is the driest and the warmest desert in China, yet extreme low temperatures are recorded in wintertime. It has recorded low temperatures upto -25.7 degrees Fahrenheit during February 2008 and was covered with a thin layer of snow exceeding 1.5 inches in depth. desert is located in a region where the effects of the Asian monsoon are completely cut off. Because of the Taklamakan's severe lack of water, visitors are dissuaded by scientists from trying to cross this seemingly boundless desert. Most explorers venture only in winter, with teams of camels carrying ice blocks
. North American Desert
The deserts of North America, very much like the other deserts, experience extreme temperatures and distinct seasons. In winters, temperature usually hovers between 27ºC and -7ºC; whereas during summers it is between 32ºC and 54ºC. The annual rainfall received is only about 117.3mm. | 2,470 | 3,494 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#5_4737149 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Because of the Taklamakan's severe lack of water, visitors are dissuaded by scientists from trying to cross this seemingly boundless desert. Most explorers venture only in winter, with teams of camels carrying ice blocks
. North American Desert
The deserts of North America, very much like the other deserts, experience extreme temperatures and distinct seasons. In winters, temperature usually hovers between 27ºC and -7ºC; whereas during summers it is between 32ºC and 54ºC. The annual rainfall received is only about 117.3mm. South American Desert
The Atacama Desert
The Andes are so high that they block clouds, which may bring precipitation, shaped above the Amazon Basin from entering the desert from the east. The rain that would change the climate of the land mostly falls at sea instead. Largely this is caused by the cold waters of the Humboldt Current just off shore. The temperature change causes most of the clouds and the rain to occur over the ocean instead of over the land. This water that makes the western sea breezes cold, reducing evaporation and creating a thermal inversion -cold air powerless under a cover of lukewarm air--, preventing the formation of large clouds which produce rain. | 2,966 | 4,176 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#6_4738578 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | South American Desert
The Atacama Desert
The Andes are so high that they block clouds, which may bring precipitation, shaped above the Amazon Basin from entering the desert from the east. The rain that would change the climate of the land mostly falls at sea instead. Largely this is caused by the cold waters of the Humboldt Current just off shore. The temperature change causes most of the clouds and the rain to occur over the ocean instead of over the land. This water that makes the western sea breezes cold, reducing evaporation and creating a thermal inversion -cold air powerless under a cover of lukewarm air--, preventing the formation of large clouds which produce rain. The Monte Desert
Due to the region lying on the eastern, or lower, side of the Andes and west of the Sierra de Córdoba, it experiences very little rain. These Rain shadow effects are the primary reason for the dryness of the area and the creation of The Monteand other nearby deserts. The Patagonial Desert
Diverse climates of Patagonial Desertcan be notable: the coast north of the 45th parallel is much milder because of the warm currents from Brazil, and the entire northern half of the region is significantly warmer in the summer, when sunny weather predominates. Daily temperatures in the summer reach 31ºC in the Rio Colorado region
Australian Desert
The Australian Desert experience the average desert climate. | 3,494 | 4,898 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#7_4740194 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | The Monte Desert
Due to the region lying on the eastern, or lower, side of the Andes and west of the Sierra de Córdoba, it experiences very little rain. These Rain shadow effects are the primary reason for the dryness of the area and the creation of The Monteand other nearby deserts. The Patagonial Desert
Diverse climates of Patagonial Desertcan be notable: the coast north of the 45th parallel is much milder because of the warm currents from Brazil, and the entire northern half of the region is significantly warmer in the summer, when sunny weather predominates. Daily temperatures in the summer reach 31ºC in the Rio Colorado region
Australian Desert
The Australian Desert experience the average desert climate. Rain fall is low throughout the coast and far north. Many drought years end with a monsoon cloud mass or tropical cyclone. Rainfall does seem high by desert standards, because even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below 250 mm (9.8 in). Almost all rain comes from monsoon thunderstorms, or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression
On average for most of the area, there are about 20 to 30 days where thunderstorms form. However, in the north bordering the Kimberley, 30-40 per year is the average. | 4,176 | 5,412 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#8_4741641 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Rain fall is low throughout the coast and far north. Many drought years end with a monsoon cloud mass or tropical cyclone. Rainfall does seem high by desert standards, because even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below 250 mm (9.8 in). Almost all rain comes from monsoon thunderstorms, or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression
On average for most of the area, there are about 20 to 30 days where thunderstorms form. However, in the north bordering the Kimberley, 30-40 per year is the average. Summer daytime temperatures are some of the hottest in Australia. In summers the average temperature ranges from 37-48ºc, while in winters it is 25-30ºc. Frost does not occur in most of the area. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far south east may record a light frost or two every yea]. Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days. | 4,899 | 5,800 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3743804#9_4742748 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html | Summer daytime temperatures are some of the hottest in Australia. In summers the average temperature ranges from 37-48ºc, while in winters it is 25-30ºc. Frost does not occur in most of the area. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far south east may record a light frost or two every yea]. Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days. SMS,Janakpuri,New DElhi,India
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Flora and Fauna
Lifestyle
Interesting Facts
Grassland
Location
Climate
Flora and Fauna
Lifestyle
Interesting Facts
Forest
Location
Climate
Flora and Fauna
Lifestyle
Interesting Facts
Games
Videos
Reflections
Helping Focus
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
FLORA AND FAUNA
Desert Biomes
Location
Climate
Flora and Fauna
Lifestyle
Interesting Facts
Credits
Flora And Fauna
Thar
The Thar
Flora - The fauna of this area is termed as Northern Desert Thorn Forest, consisting of various trees, shrubs and herbs. These plants are prone to wind erosion. Names of some plants found in this desert- Acacia Jacquemontii, Calligonum Polygonoides, Dactyloctenium Scindicum etc. Fauna- This region is rich in diversified flora and fauna. Several endemic snakes and lizards are found here. Animals such as the Blackbuck, the Indian Gazelle and the Indian Wild Ass, which are fast declining in other areas, are found in this desert. Camels are one of the most popular means of transport. Arabian Desert
FLORA
Flora of this desert is such that it can survive in a limited water supply and tolerate salt. Oasis are surrounded by the 'Tamarisk Tree' . It accommodates flowering plants such as convolvulus, mustard, pea, daisy, caper, iris, and milkweed families. | 0 | 1,697 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#1_4745541 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Animals such as the Blackbuck, the Indian Gazelle and the Indian Wild Ass, which are fast declining in other areas, are found in this desert. Camels are one of the most popular means of transport. Arabian Desert
FLORA
Flora of this desert is such that it can survive in a limited water supply and tolerate salt. Oasis are surrounded by the 'Tamarisk Tree' . It accommodates flowering plants such as convolvulus, mustard, pea, daisy, caper, iris, and milkweed families. FAUNA
Fauna of this desert includes many different kind of species. It comprises of Insects such as Anopheles mosquito, Caterpillar, Scorpions, Spiders, Lice, Ants, Butterflies, Moths and Roaches. Snakes such as Vipers and Sand Cobra are commonly found. It constitutes of Mammals such as Ratel, Fox, Wild Goat. Karakum Desert
Flora
The vegetation in the desert is quite diverse, consisting mainly of grass, small shrubs, bushes, and trees. | 1,200 | 2,138 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#2_4746681 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | FAUNA
Fauna of this desert includes many different kind of species. It comprises of Insects such as Anopheles mosquito, Caterpillar, Scorpions, Spiders, Lice, Ants, Butterflies, Moths and Roaches. Snakes such as Vipers and Sand Cobra are commonly found. It constitutes of Mammals such as Ratel, Fox, Wild Goat. Karakum Desert
Flora
The vegetation in the desert is quite diverse, consisting mainly of grass, small shrubs, bushes, and trees. The humid early spring allows the extensive growth of ephemeral plants-the main animal fodder-while in the barchan dune areas the classic vegetation consists of grasses, the wormwood shrub, and trees of the species Ammodendron conollyi. The most widespread bushes are species of Astragalus,Calligonum, and saltwort . In places of deep underground water, white saxaul is the most typical plant, but, in regions where water is nearer to the surface, the black saxaul is found. The plant life of the Turkmen Karakum can be used as food in winter by camels, sheep, and goats. Fauna
Animals are not abundant in the Karakum, but they are of many kinds. | 1,697 | 2,786 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#3_4747969 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | The humid early spring allows the extensive growth of ephemeral plants-the main animal fodder-while in the barchan dune areas the classic vegetation consists of grasses, the wormwood shrub, and trees of the species Ammodendron conollyi. The most widespread bushes are species of Astragalus,Calligonum, and saltwort . In places of deep underground water, white saxaul is the most typical plant, but, in regions where water is nearer to the surface, the black saxaul is found. The plant life of the Turkmen Karakum can be used as food in winter by camels, sheep, and goats. Fauna
Animals are not abundant in the Karakum, but they are of many kinds. The insects include ants, termites, ticks, beetles, darkling beetles, dung beetles, and spiders. Various species of lizards, snakes, and turtles are also found. The most regular birds are skylarks, saxaul sparrows, wagtails, desert sparrows, and Pander's ground jays .The rodents found are gophers and jerboas. Such mammals as the tolai hare, hedgehog, barchan cat, corsac fox, and goitered gazelle usually exist on the plains. Sahara Desert
Flora
Due to sparsity of water there is no or small amount of flora present there. | 2,139 | 3,313 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#4_4749342 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | The insects include ants, termites, ticks, beetles, darkling beetles, dung beetles, and spiders. Various species of lizards, snakes, and turtles are also found. The most regular birds are skylarks, saxaul sparrows, wagtails, desert sparrows, and Pander's ground jays .The rodents found are gophers and jerboas. Such mammals as the tolai hare, hedgehog, barchan cat, corsac fox, and goitered gazelle usually exist on the plains. Sahara Desert
Flora
Due to sparsity of water there is no or small amount of flora present there. Before the Sahara became a desert it was full of Mediterranean vegetation and now only cypruss and laurel can be sighted there. Plants here are adopted such that there is minimum water loss and lot of water absorption takes place. To this they have spines called the modified leaves from which transpiration is very less they have very long and strong so that they can reach the most humid layers of the earth and suck water, their water accumulating tissue is covered with wax layer so that there is less water wastage and also they make their roots uneatable. Date palms trees are essential for the people to live in oasis because they are an energetic source of food, tress are used for making baskets, mats, ropes, covers for the huts and the most essential use that it protects the nomads from the sun's heat. Fauna
Today, due to abridgement of water and vegetation the scope for the living of animals is infitesmial. | 2,787 | 4,237 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#5_4750991 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Before the Sahara became a desert it was full of Mediterranean vegetation and now only cypruss and laurel can be sighted there. Plants here are adopted such that there is minimum water loss and lot of water absorption takes place. To this they have spines called the modified leaves from which transpiration is very less they have very long and strong so that they can reach the most humid layers of the earth and suck water, their water accumulating tissue is covered with wax layer so that there is less water wastage and also they make their roots uneatable. Date palms trees are essential for the people to live in oasis because they are an energetic source of food, tress are used for making baskets, mats, ropes, covers for the huts and the most essential use that it protects the nomads from the sun's heat. Fauna
Today, due to abridgement of water and vegetation the scope for the living of animals is infitesmial. There are some exceptions to this this statement: the Nile River valley, northern highland, and some oases where some Mediterranean plants such as olive have been sighted. Around in 200 AD the use of camel was started in region because they were more advantageous than horse they could easily move on sand and could for a rangy period without food and water. The desert is home to multifarious macabre scorpions, snakes and rodents. One of the renowned cadaverous creature found in the desert is the death stalker scorpions which is very venomous. | 3,314 | 4,785 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#6_4752659 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | There are some exceptions to this this statement: the Nile River valley, northern highland, and some oases where some Mediterranean plants such as olive have been sighted. Around in 200 AD the use of camel was started in region because they were more advantageous than horse they could easily move on sand and could for a rangy period without food and water. The desert is home to multifarious macabre scorpions, snakes and rodents. One of the renowned cadaverous creature found in the desert is the death stalker scorpions which is very venomous. There are 40 plus species of rodents. Screw horn antelope is one of largest indigenous mammal. It remains in herds and the most interesting thing about this animal is that it does not drink water but sucks the moisture from the desert grasses and bushes. The carnivores blotched there are jackals and several types of hyenas. Another carnivores spotted there is Mall Fennec fox who house themselves in the sand dunes during the day and at night they come out to encapture their prey. | 4,238 | 5,269 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#7_4753886 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | There are 40 plus species of rodents. Screw horn antelope is one of largest indigenous mammal. It remains in herds and the most interesting thing about this animal is that it does not drink water but sucks the moisture from the desert grasses and bushes. The carnivores blotched there are jackals and several types of hyenas. Another carnivores spotted there is Mall Fennec fox who house themselves in the sand dunes during the day and at night they come out to encapture their prey. Kalahari Desert
Flora
Most common types of trees found in the Kalahari Desert are the camel thorn and shepherd's trees. The southwestern Kalahari, with very low precipitation, has few trees or large bushes. The central Kalahari, with more rain, has scattered trees and some shrubs and grasses. The northern Kalahari has open woodlands, palm trees growing among thorn brush, and forests. It has no apppearence of a desert. | 4,786 | 5,695 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#8_4754993 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Kalahari Desert
Flora
Most common types of trees found in the Kalahari Desert are the camel thorn and shepherd's trees. The southwestern Kalahari, with very low precipitation, has few trees or large bushes. The central Kalahari, with more rain, has scattered trees and some shrubs and grasses. The northern Kalahari has open woodlands, palm trees growing among thorn brush, and forests. It has no apppearence of a desert. One of the largest and most unusual of the trees found here is the baobab. Kalahari desert melon is a valuable, edible resource for humans and other animals in the desert because of its hydrating properties. The seeds can be pressed to make oil, which is used to moisturize skin and hair. The Kalahari melon looks much like watermelon, and it can be eaten raw or cooked. Ghaap, or hoodia cactus, is a flowering cactus that is used by hunters and gatherers to suppress hunger and thirst during hunting trips through the desert. | 5,269 | 6,222 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#9_4756143 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | One of the largest and most unusual of the trees found here is the baobab. Kalahari desert melon is a valuable, edible resource for humans and other animals in the desert because of its hydrating properties. The seeds can be pressed to make oil, which is used to moisturize skin and hair. The Kalahari melon looks much like watermelon, and it can be eaten raw or cooked. Ghaap, or hoodia cactus, is a flowering cactus that is used by hunters and gatherers to suppress hunger and thirst during hunting trips through the desert. The plant in the Kalahari's harsh conditions are smaller plants such as grasses or the flowering Devil's Claw, which have tubers or corms that remain underground and enable the plant to flourish when water is available. In some areas, larger plants such as the camel thorn and the black thorn have adapted to the climate. Cacti thrive in the heat due to their ability to store moisture. Fauna
Southern Kalahari is home to multifarious amphibious animals as it recieves satisfactory rain. Bushveldt rain frog and the tremolo sand frog are found in immense numbers. | 5,696 | 6,786 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#10_4757430 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | The plant in the Kalahari's harsh conditions are smaller plants such as grasses or the flowering Devil's Claw, which have tubers or corms that remain underground and enable the plant to flourish when water is available. In some areas, larger plants such as the camel thorn and the black thorn have adapted to the climate. Cacti thrive in the heat due to their ability to store moisture. Fauna
Southern Kalahari is home to multifarious amphibious animals as it recieves satisfactory rain. Bushveldt rain frog and the tremolo sand frog are found in immense numbers. The giant bullfrog buries itself during the dry season, drops its metabolism to one-quarter of the normal rate and sustains itself using moisture stored in its digestive tract. Flamingos and vultures are found close to river areas. Black and white rhinos, elephants and wild dogs, meerkats and lions are also found in this desert. Antelope species gemsbok and springbok are hunted. The Kalahari lion hunts small species, maintains a large territory and lives in a small pride. | 6,223 | 7,263 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#11_4758668 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | The giant bullfrog buries itself during the dry season, drops its metabolism to one-quarter of the normal rate and sustains itself using moisture stored in its digestive tract. Flamingos and vultures are found close to river areas. Black and white rhinos, elephants and wild dogs, meerkats and lions are also found in this desert. Antelope species gemsbok and springbok are hunted. The Kalahari lion hunts small species, maintains a large territory and lives in a small pride. Males have a black mane instead of a golden mane. The northern Kalahari has a large number of giraffes, zebras, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes, predators such as lions, cheetahs, leopards, wild hunting dogs, and foxes, mammals such as jackals, hyenas, warthogs, baboons, badgers, anteaters, ant bears, hare, and porcupines, small rodents, several types of snakes and lizards, and a wealth of birdlife. Taklimakan Desert
Flaura n fauna
• The Taklamakan Desert supports small populations of animals like
wild Bactrian camels,
Asian wild asses,
wolves,
foxes,
gazelles and
wild boars. • Camels, in particular, can tolerate the dryness of the desert area, and they are able to seal their slit-like nostrils closed, keeping out sand and dust. • The Taklamakan Desert is almost devoid of vegetation. | 6,787 | 8,073 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#12_4760182 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Males have a black mane instead of a golden mane. The northern Kalahari has a large number of giraffes, zebras, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes, predators such as lions, cheetahs, leopards, wild hunting dogs, and foxes, mammals such as jackals, hyenas, warthogs, baboons, badgers, anteaters, ant bears, hare, and porcupines, small rodents, several types of snakes and lizards, and a wealth of birdlife. Taklimakan Desert
Flaura n fauna
• The Taklamakan Desert supports small populations of animals like
wild Bactrian camels,
Asian wild asses,
wolves,
foxes,
gazelles and
wild boars. • Camels, in particular, can tolerate the dryness of the desert area, and they are able to seal their slit-like nostrils closed, keeping out sand and dust. • The Taklamakan Desert is almost devoid of vegetation. Tamarisk,
nitre bushes and
reeds
are the only types of greenery found in the depressions between the dunes; however, plant life is much richer along the edges of the desert area. • Because the fertility of the soil is so low to begin with, the fallow fields have tended to become desert rather than to revert to grassland. • In addition, the more recent market-oriented rural reforms have encouraged a rapid expansion of herd sizes, which in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. | 7,264 | 8,686 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#13_4761849 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Tamarisk,
nitre bushes and
reeds
are the only types of greenery found in the depressions between the dunes; however, plant life is much richer along the edges of the desert area. • Because the fertility of the soil is so low to begin with, the fallow fields have tended to become desert rather than to revert to grassland. • In addition, the more recent market-oriented rural reforms have encouraged a rapid expansion of herd sizes, which in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. North American Desert
Flora
Soil of the North American desert is akin to that in humid region but the soil is not blessed with the organisms that enrich the soil. Most of the older surfaces belong to the dry-soil order called arid sols. In this Desert moisture presence in the soil is one of the most significant factor in deciding the texture of the plants communities. Many of the desert plants are xerophytes or phreatophytes. Sagebrush and saltbush are some of the trees found in that region. | 8,073 | 9,183 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#14_4763174 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | North American Desert
Flora
Soil of the North American desert is akin to that in humid region but the soil is not blessed with the organisms that enrich the soil. Most of the older surfaces belong to the dry-soil order called arid sols. In this Desert moisture presence in the soil is one of the most significant factor in deciding the texture of the plants communities. Many of the desert plants are xerophytes or phreatophytes. Sagebrush and saltbush are some of the trees found in that region. Sonoran desert has many trees that prevent the moisture from getting lost, one such example is cacti. Arizona desert is known for its massive saguaro and the barrel cacti. Chihuahuan desert is also one of the parts of North American desert which consist of massive scattering of large trees and shrubby undergrowth. Peculiar temperature and moisture conditions make the lichens, mosses and insects more complex. Fauna
The desert has many of multifarious animals from all around the world. | 8,686 | 9,672 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3750145#15_4764359 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html | Sonoran desert has many trees that prevent the moisture from getting lost, one such example is cacti. Arizona desert is known for its massive saguaro and the barrel cacti. Chihuahuan desert is also one of the parts of North American desert which consist of massive scattering of large trees and shrubby undergrowth. Peculiar temperature and moisture conditions make the lichens, mosses and insects more complex. Fauna
The desert has many of multifarious animals from all around the world. Due to harsh day time climate that occur from the month of May to the month of October, so many animals like the bats, scorpions, screech owls, mice and lizards all comes out to enjoy the coolness of the evening and hunt for their prey. As we go by the pathways in the North American desert we can notice plethora of birds of p | 9,184 | 10,000 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3763746#0_4765374 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_loc.html | Desert-Location
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Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts
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To learn more about biomes please click here
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Desert Map
Desert Biomes
Location
Climate
Flora and Fauna
Lifestyle
Interesting Facts
Credits
Location
Thar
The Thar Desert is located in the Indian subcontinent, stretching from the Great Rann of Kutch in Rajasthan in India to Sindh in Pakistan. Arabian Desert
Arabian Desert located in Western Asia occupies a very large area of about 900,000 sq. miles covering almost the entire Arabian Peninsula
Karakum Desert
East of the Caspian Sea Lies The Karakum Desert with the Aral Sea to the north and the Kyzyl Kum desert to the northeast . Aral Karakum has an estimated area of 15,440 sqmi/40,000 km². Sahara Desert
The largest hot desert of the world is located in Africa. The desert covers a major 10% of the total area. It is surrounded by the red sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Northern boundary begins from the Mediterranean Sea and marks at the Sahel, an area where the sandy desert turns into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Sahara covers plethora of African countries including Tunisia, Libya, Mali, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Niger, Morocco and Algeria. Plenty of its area is undeveloped and it shows an assorted topography. | 0 | 2,048 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3763746#1_4767685 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_loc.html | The desert covers a major 10% of the total area. It is surrounded by the red sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Northern boundary begins from the Mediterranean Sea and marks at the Sahel, an area where the sandy desert turns into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Sahara covers plethora of African countries including Tunisia, Libya, Mali, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Niger, Morocco and Algeria. Plenty of its area is undeveloped and it shows an assorted topography. Wind is the leading factor behind shaping the desert which includes sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Kalahari Desert
One of the largest deserts, Kalahari Desert is located in South Africa and covers parts of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. It lies on a high plateau (910 meters). It is a part of a sand basin from Orange River to Angola, in the west to Namibia and in the east to Zimbabwe. It covers an area of 900,000 square kilometers. | 1,572 | 2,549 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3763746#2_4768857 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_loc.html | Wind is the leading factor behind shaping the desert which includes sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats. Kalahari Desert
One of the largest deserts, Kalahari Desert is located in South Africa and covers parts of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. It lies on a high plateau (910 meters). It is a part of a sand basin from Orange River to Angola, in the west to Namibia and in the east to Zimbabwe. It covers an area of 900,000 square kilometers. Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert innorthwest China. It is surrounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) to the west and north. North American Desert
The Chihuahuan Desertis the largest desert in the continent. It is located in the American southwest and northern Mexico. The Sonoran Desertis the second largest desert in North America. | 2,049 | 3,016 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3763746#3_4770021 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_loc.html | Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert innorthwest China. It is surrounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) to the west and north. North American Desert
The Chihuahuan Desertis the largest desert in the continent. It is located in the American southwest and northern Mexico. The Sonoran Desertis the second largest desert in North America. It covers Mexico, Arizona and California. The Great Basin Desertis located within the Great Basin, it is usually mistaken as the largest desert in North America due to disorientation between the area of the Great Basin and the area of the Great Basin Desert. The Mojave Desert located fundamentally in southeastern California, the hottest desert in the continent. South American Desert
The Atacama Desert is located on the lower side of the Chilean coast range, very little amount moisture from the Pacific Ocean can reach the desert. The Monte Desert is a South American ecoregion, lying completely within Argentina. | 2,549 | 3,635 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3763746#4_4771303 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_loc.html | It covers Mexico, Arizona and California. The Great Basin Desertis located within the Great Basin, it is usually mistaken as the largest desert in North America due to disorientation between the area of the Great Basin and the area of the Great Basin Desert. The Mojave Desert located fundamentally in southeastern California, the hottest desert in the continent. South American Desert
The Atacama Desert is located on the lower side of the Chilean coast range, very little amount moisture from the Pacific Ocean can reach the desert. The Monte Desert is a South American ecoregion, lying completely within Argentina. Patagonian Desert occupies 673,000 square kilometers (260,000 mi²). It is located mainly in Argentina with small parts in Chile and is bounded by the Andes, to its west, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east, in the state of Patagonia southern Argentina. Australian Desert
The Great Victoria Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Gibson Desert and The Little Sandy Desert lie in western Australia. SMS,Janakpuri,New DElhi,India
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TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
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TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
T here is a wild variation in the climate of the Grasslands depending on their distance from the ocean. NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
As you move from east to west, the rainfall in the prairies decreases. Being located far from the moderating effects of oceans causes a wide
range of temperatures, with hot summers and cold winters. The climate of the prairies is also influenced by the sheltering effect of the Rocky Mountains. Strong winds blow across the endless plains during both summer and winter. SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
The climate in the pampas is humid and warm. The average temperature in the Pampas is 18° C. The 'high sun' or dry season is in the summer, which is in December in the Southern Hemisphere. There is wind blowing most of the time. ASIAN STEPPE
There isn't much humidity in the air because Steppe is located away from the ocean and close to mountain barriers. The average rainfall is 10-30 inches per year but in May, June, and August, the Steppe can get up to 4-5 inches a month. | 0 | 1,436 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3768272#1_4774668 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/grassland_clim.html |
TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
Winners Education, athens, Greece
| SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
The climate in the pampas is humid and warm. The average temperature in the Pampas is 18° C. The 'high sun' or dry season is in the summer, which is in December in the Southern Hemisphere. There is wind blowing most of the time. ASIAN STEPPE
There isn't much humidity in the air because Steppe is located away from the ocean and close to mountain barriers. The average rainfall is 10-30 inches per year but in May, June, and August, the Steppe can get up to 4-5 inches a month. If it got more rain, it would become a forest. If it got less, it would become a desert. There is also a lot of wind in the Steppe because there are few trees. AFRICAN SAVANNAH
Savannas have warm temperatures all year round. There are actually two very different seasons in a savanna; | 936 | 1,721 |
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3768272#2_4775872 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/grassland_clim.html |
TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
Winners Education, athens, Greece
| If it got more rain, it would become a forest. If it got less, it would become a desert. There is also a lot of wind in the Steppe because there are few trees. AFRICAN SAVANNAH
Savannas have warm temperatures all year round. There are actually two very different seasons in a savanna; a very long dry season (winter) with temperatures around 21C (70° F) and very little rain, and a very
wet season (summer). The monsoon rains begin in May. It gets hot and very humid during the rainy season. SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
The climate of the veld is highly variable, but generally winters from May to September are mild and summers from November to March hot or
very hot. The daily temperatures may vary considerably during the day and there is abundant sunshine. The rainy season is in the summer
months with high-energy thunderstorms. | 1,437 | 2,262 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3768272#3_4777120 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/grassland_clim.html |
TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
Winners Education, athens, Greece
| a very long dry season (winter) with temperatures around 21C (70° F) and very little rain, and a very
wet season (summer). The monsoon rains begin in May. It gets hot and very humid during the rainy season. SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
The climate of the veld is highly variable, but generally winters from May to September are mild and summers from November to March hot or
very hot. The daily temperatures may vary considerably during the day and there is abundant sunshine. The rainy season is in the summer
months with high-energy thunderstorms. NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
The climate in the Australian grasslands is very tropical. It tends to be an average of 18C (64F) in the winter but temperatures remain well over 28C (80° F) in the summer. Australian savannas receive only 18 inches (46 centimeters) of rain a year. The summer is considered the rainy season. Rain clouds form over the savanna as warm, moist air arrives from the equator and strong storms. | 1,722 | 2,682 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3768272#4_4778508 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/grassland_clim.html |
TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
Winners Education, athens, Greece
| NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
The climate in the Australian grasslands is very tropical. It tends to be an average of 18C (64F) in the winter but temperatures remain well over 28C (80° F) in the summer. Australian savannas receive only 18 inches (46 centimeters) of rain a year. The summer is considered the rainy season. Rain clouds form over the savanna as warm, moist air arrives from the equator and strong storms. Winners Education, athens, Greece | 2,262 | 2,716 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3771420#0_4779380 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/grassland_fact.html |
important links
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INTERESTING FACTS
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-About one quarter of the earth's land is in the grasslands. -Grasslands receive about 10 to 30 inches of rain per year, depending ontheir location in the world. If they received more rain, the grasslands wouldbecome a forest. If they received less, they would become a desert. -Grasslands are often located in the zone between deserts and forests. -Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica. -Wildfires are a vital life factor for grasslands and local plants haveadapted to them growing extensive underground systems. Fires kill mostsaplings, and remove the thatch of dead grasses, rejuvenating plants and allowingearly flowering spring species to grow. -Today less than 1% of the native Australian grasslands survive and are nowconsidered one of the most threatened Australian habitats. | 0 | 1,429 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3773155#0_4781158 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_fact.html |
Links
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National Geographic
BCC nature
Top 10 Interesting Facts about the Tundra Biome:
| The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Links
CNN
Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome. National Geographic
Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration. BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here. Top 10 Interesting Facts about the Tundra Biome: The Tundra Biome is the 2nd most deadliest environment. The Tundra Biome has only 6 weeks of summer. There is little to no precipitation. The soil has very little nutrients for plants. It the least inhabited by humans biome. The Tundra Biome is the biome most affected by human pollution. | 0 | 577 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3773155#1_4782027 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_fact.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Top 10 Interesting Facts about the Tundra Biome:
| The Tundra Biome has only 6 weeks of summer. There is little to no precipitation. The soil has very little nutrients for plants. It the least inhabited by humans biome. The Tundra Biome is the biome most affected by human pollution. The sun is almost 24 hours up a summer day, meaning that there are mostly no nights. During the winter, this biome has few hours of sunlight. The Tundra Biome is covered permanently by a frozen layer of soil. The Tundra Biome is the most vital role in keeping global temperature at a stable place. Credits | 344 | 883 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3774297#0_4782853 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_flora.html |
Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
| The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Flora: ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
ANTARCTIC PEARLWORT
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
Arctic Tundra: Because the climate in the Tundra Biome is particularly inhospitable settings, the flowers found within the biome are very few. Within the Arctic Biome, the majority of plants are mosses, grasses, lichens, sedges, and shrubs. Cotton grass is very common in this region. This vegetation has been able to adapt to its environment. Alpine Tundra: The plants that grow within this Tundra Biome are called Alpine Plants. It’s primarily consists of mosses, lichens, sedges, perennial grasses, and cushion plants. The most abundant plant is the Caribou moss. | 0 | 680 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3774297#1_4783864 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_flora.html |
Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
| This vegetation has been able to adapt to its environment. Alpine Tundra: The plants that grow within this Tundra Biome are called Alpine Plants. It’s primarily consists of mosses, lichens, sedges, perennial grasses, and cushion plants. The most abundant plant is the Caribou moss. Antarctic Tundra: Because the Arctic Tundra’s climate is very cold and dries, the region is primarily ice fields. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, the plants that grow there are aquatic and terrestrial, for example algae, liverworts, reindeer mosses, sedges, shrubs, pearlwort, hair grass, and lichens. TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Arctic Tundra: Within the Arctic Tundra there are herds of reindeer, polar bears, foxes, wolves, migrating birds, and rabbits. | 399 | 1,128 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3774297#2_4784927 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_flora.html |
Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
| Antarctic Tundra: Because the Arctic Tundra’s climate is very cold and dries, the region is primarily ice fields. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, the plants that grow there are aquatic and terrestrial, for example algae, liverworts, reindeer mosses, sedges, shrubs, pearlwort, hair grass, and lichens. TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Arctic Tundra: Within the Arctic Tundra there are herds of reindeer, polar bears, foxes, wolves, migrating birds, and rabbits. There is only about 48 species, which is very large given their low biodiversity. Alpine Tundra: The majority of the animals in this specific biome are goats, caribou, marmots, elks and pikas. Antarctic Tundra: The Antarctic Tundra has several birds and sea animals. | 680 | 1,395 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3774297#3_4785970 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_flora.html |
Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
| There is only about 48 species, which is very large given their low biodiversity. Alpine Tundra: The majority of the animals in this specific biome are goats, caribou, marmots, elks and pikas. Antarctic Tundra: The Antarctic Tundra has several birds and sea animals. These animals include penguins, seals, and a variety of fish species that circulate this Tundra region. Fauna: ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
ANTARCTIC PENGUINS | 1,129 | 1,559 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3776156#0_4786726 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_lifestyle.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Tundra lifestyle
| The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Links
CNN
Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome. National Geographic
Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration. BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here. Tundra lifestyle
The arctic tundra has very little population due to its low temperatures and low vegetation. The people that inhabit this biome made a living from mining, fishing, hunting and nomadic herding. Most people herded animals for a living more specifically the sheep. The most known tribe that inhabits the tundra is the Inuit tribe. This beautiful biome attracts people from different parts of the world because of its unique animals and attraction parks. In the past, igloos were lived in during the winter months and various animals' skins were wore to keep them warm. Now people in the north wear 'normal' clothes and live in homes like everywhere else. | 0 | 907 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3776156#1_4787900 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_lifestyle.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Tundra lifestyle
| Most people herded animals for a living more specifically the sheep. The most known tribe that inhabits the tundra is the Inuit tribe. This beautiful biome attracts people from different parts of the world because of its unique animals and attraction parks. In the past, igloos were lived in during the winter months and various animals' skins were wore to keep them warm. Now people in the north wear 'normal' clothes and live in homes like everywhere else. The arctic tundra is a great place for mountain climbing and hiking. Thanks to the Biology 11 class at Attagoyuk Ilisavik High School in Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada for the contemporary update. | 450 | 1,102 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3777481#0_4788815 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_loc.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Tundra's Location
| The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Links
CNN
Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome. National Geographic
Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration. BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here. Tundra's Location
The artic tundra’s are mostly found in the Northern Hemisphere but some have been found in the Southern Hemisphere in islands near Antarctica and in the Antarctica Peninsula. There are five main arctic tundra’s in the world and they lie in North America, Northern Europe and Northern Asia. They are called Northern Alaska, Scandinavian, Siberian, Canada and Greenland tundra. The Tundra is about 3 million square miles long and covers about 20% of the earth's surface. The latitude of which the tundra is located is 55 degrees-75 degrees N. They are in one way all connected. They share the same location, climate, flora and fauna. The Alaskan tundra lies in Northern Alaska covering all of the state of Alaska. | 0 | 969 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3777481#1_4790055 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_loc.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Tundra's Location
| They are called Northern Alaska, Scandinavian, Siberian, Canada and Greenland tundra. The Tundra is about 3 million square miles long and covers about 20% of the earth's surface. The latitude of which the tundra is located is 55 degrees-75 degrees N. They are in one way all connected. They share the same location, climate, flora and fauna. The Alaskan tundra lies in Northern Alaska covering all of the state of Alaska. The Scandinavian tundra lies in the largest peninsula in Europe, Scandinavia and it extends from the Arctic Circle to the North and Baltic Sea. The Siberian tundra lays in Siberia a vast region of Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The Canadian tundra lies in the beautiful country of Canada and the tundra extends from the Mackenzie delta to the Hudson Bay and NE Labrador. The Greenland tundra lies in Northern Greenland and it’s about 11,563,300 km2 (4,464,600 sq. | 548 | 1,467 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3777481#2_4791236 | http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/tundra_loc.html |
Links
CNN
National Geographic
BCC nature
Tundra's Location
| The Scandinavian tundra lies in the largest peninsula in Europe, Scandinavia and it extends from the Arctic Circle to the North and Baltic Sea. The Siberian tundra lays in Siberia a vast region of Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The Canadian tundra lies in the beautiful country of Canada and the tundra extends from the Mackenzie delta to the Hudson Bay and NE Labrador. The Greenland tundra lies in Northern Greenland and it’s about 11,563,300 km2 (4,464,600 sq. mi) in space. | 969 | 1,481 |
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#0_4792009 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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| FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network
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FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
Posted by truth on November 19, 2013 at 6:35pm in Current News/Events
View Discussions
On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods. [CT] Fw: [ OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Released on 2013-10-10 00:00 GMT
Email-ID
1915766
Date
2011-04-14 16:44:28
From
[email protected]
To
[email protected]
RIP. Keep forgetting to look into these
----------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Adam Wagh <[email protected]>
Sender: [email protected]
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2011 09:42:18 -0500 (CDT)
To: | 0 | 1,494 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#1_4794183 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Community resources
ADD a Disqus Comment here
| OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Released on 2013-10-10 00:00 GMT
Email-ID
1915766
Date
2011-04-14 16:44:28
From
[email protected]
To
[email protected]
RIP. Keep forgetting to look into these
----------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Adam Wagh <[email protected]>
Sender: [email protected]
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2011 09:42:18 -0500 (CDT)
To: The OS List<[email protected]>
ReplyTo: The OS List <[email protected]>
Subject: [ OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received
death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from
Jewish gang
http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murde...
15:45 14.04.11
Files released Thursday by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the 1996
murder of rapper Tupac Shakur state that the star had received death
threats from the Jewish Defense League, an organization that has been
characterized as terrorist group. Shakur was shot dead in Las Vegas in September 1996, in a murder case
which remain unsolved. Tupac Shakur - AP
Murdered rap star Tupac Shakur. | 1,047 | 2,223 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#2_4796046 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Community resources
ADD a Disqus Comment here
| The OS List<[email protected]>
ReplyTo: The OS List <[email protected]>
Subject: [ OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received
death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from
Jewish gang
http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murde...
15:45 14.04.11
Files released Thursday by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the 1996
murder of rapper Tupac Shakur state that the star had received death
threats from the Jewish Defense League, an organization that has been
characterized as terrorist group. Shakur was shot dead in Las Vegas in September 1996, in a murder case
which remain unsolved. Tupac Shakur - AP
Murdered rap star Tupac Shakur. Photo by: AP
"The JDL... have been extorting money from various rap music stars via
death threats," the FBI file on the case states. The report then goes on
to describe how the group would make the death threats, and then call the
rap star and offer protection for a fee. According to the documents, Shakur was a victim of this scheme, as was
another late rapper, Eazy-E.
Although the documents refer to the JDL extortion scheme, they don't make
a direct connection between the group and the murder of Shakur. The FBI files were released as part of the Freedom of Information and
Privacy Acts. | 1,495 | 2,817 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#3_4798050 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Community resources
ADD a Disqus Comment here
| Photo by: AP
"The JDL... have been extorting money from various rap music stars via
death threats," the FBI file on the case states. The report then goes on
to describe how the group would make the death threats, and then call the
rap star and offer protection for a fee. According to the documents, Shakur was a victim of this scheme, as was
another late rapper, Eazy-E.
Although the documents refer to the JDL extortion scheme, they don't make
a direct connection between the group and the murder of Shakur. The FBI files were released as part of the Freedom of Information and
Privacy Acts. The JDL was founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane, who once served in the Knesset,
but whose party was later banned for its extreme right-wing beliefs, which
included transferring Arabs out of Israel. Kahane was murdered in New York
The Global Intelligence Files,
5543061
emails released so far
Search the GI Files
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:48pm
The year is 2027. The enemies of the rap industry have declared war on hip hop, deploying the classic divide and conquer plan. | 2,223 | 3,573 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#4_4800094 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Community resources
ADD a Disqus Comment here
| The JDL was founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane, who once served in the Knesset,
but whose party was later banned for its extreme right-wing beliefs, which
included transferring Arabs out of Israel. Kahane was murdered in New York
The Global Intelligence Files,
5543061
emails released so far
Search the GI Files
Community resources
Supporters Support Wikileaks Follow us on Twitter Twitter this
ADD a Disqus Comment here
Check out the member blogs, videos, and discussions http://12160.info/
Tags: Favorite
1 member favorited this
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Views: 9036
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:48pm
The year is 2027. The enemies of the rap industry have declared war on hip hop, deploying the classic divide and conquer plan. Those who survived were left with two choice, sell out or be forever silenced. YouTube
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#5_4801965 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:52pm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_%28rapper%29
YouTube
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FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:52pm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_%28rapper%29
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:56pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#7_4805736 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:56pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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Eminem ft Tupac 50 Cent & Nate Dogg Till I Collapse remix
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:57pm
This last one goes hard as fuck. | 4,658 | 5,732 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#8_4807542 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:57pm
This last one goes hard as fuck. Been listenin to it for fkin 10+ years now. The middle is Eminem's song about Proof (murder conspiracy). The top, behind the scenes, tupac. ▶ Reply
Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:05pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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Tupac, Eminem, & 50 Cent - Hail Mary
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If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Full screen is unavailable. | 5,233 | 6,182 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#9_4809205 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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| Been listenin to it for fkin 10+ years now. The middle is Eminem's song about Proof (murder conspiracy). The top, behind the scenes, tupac. ▶ Reply
Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:05pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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KTX Productionz
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Tupac, Eminem, & 50 Cent - Hail Mary
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:10pm
Back in the day I used to have to burn this stuff to CD's and pass out copies to friends to get the underground material distributed to sheep. | 5,733 | 6,792 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3779199#10_4810978 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murder-show-he-received-death-threats-f | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network | FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:10pm
Back in the day I used to have to burn this stuff to CD's and pass out copies to friends to get the underground material distributed to sheep. NOOO, don't listen to backstreet boys, listen to this, its crunk, trust. ▶ Reply
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#0_4812372 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
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‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
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Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Posted by 14300 on May 28, 2013 at 8:20am in Current News/Events
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FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Archaeologists in Iraq believe they may have found the lost tomb of King Gilgamesh – the subject of the oldest “book” in history. The Epic Of Gilgamesh – written by a Middle Eastern scholar 2,500 years before the birth of Christ – commemorated the life of the ruler of the city of Uruk, from which Iraq gets its name. Now, a German-led expedition has discovered what is thought to be the entire city of Uruk – including, where the Euphrates once flowed, the last resting place of its famous King. “I don’t want to say definitely it was the grave of King Gilgamesh, but it looks very similar to that described in the epic,” Jorg Fassbinder, of the Bavarian department of Historical Monuments in Munich, told the BBC World Service’s Science in Action programme. Magnetic
In the book – actually a set of inscribed clay tablets – Gilgamesh was described as having been buried under the Euphrates, in a tomb apparently constructed when the waters of the ancient river parted following his death. “We found just outside the city an area in the middle of the former Euphrates river¿ the remains of such a building which could be interpreted as a burial,” Mr Fassbinder said. Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say, like Gilgamesh, I am king? The Epic Of Gilgamesh
He said the amazing discovery of the ancient city under the Iraqi desert had been made possible by modern technology. | 0 | 1,713 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#1_4814849 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
| Magnetic
In the book – actually a set of inscribed clay tablets – Gilgamesh was described as having been buried under the Euphrates, in a tomb apparently constructed when the waters of the ancient river parted following his death. “We found just outside the city an area in the middle of the former Euphrates river¿ the remains of such a building which could be interpreted as a burial,” Mr Fassbinder said. Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say, like Gilgamesh, I am king? The Epic Of Gilgamesh
He said the amazing discovery of the ancient city under the Iraqi desert had been made possible by modern technology. “By differences in magnetisation in the soil, you can look into the ground,” Mr Fassbinder added. “The difference between mudbricks and sediments in the Euphrates river gives a very detailed structure.” This creates a magnetogram, which is then digitally mapped, effectively giving a town plan of Uruk. ‘Venice in the desert’
“The most surprising thing was that we found structures already described by Gilgamesh,” Mr Fassbinder stated. Iraq has long been the site of some of the most important historical finds
“We covered more than 100 hectares. | 1,085 | 2,261 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#2_4816780 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
| “By differences in magnetisation in the soil, you can look into the ground,” Mr Fassbinder added. “The difference between mudbricks and sediments in the Euphrates river gives a very detailed structure.” This creates a magnetogram, which is then digitally mapped, effectively giving a town plan of Uruk. ‘Venice in the desert’
“The most surprising thing was that we found structures already described by Gilgamesh,” Mr Fassbinder stated. Iraq has long been the site of some of the most important historical finds
“We covered more than 100 hectares. We have found garden structures and field structures as described in the epic, and we found Babylonian houses.” But he said the most astonishing find was an incredibly sophisticated system of canals. “Very clearly, we can see in the canals some structures showing that flooding destroyed some houses, which means it was a highly developed system. “ [It was] like Venice in the desert.” SOURCE ARTICLE LINK: | 1,713 | 2,668 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#3_4818483 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
| We have found garden structures and field structures as described in the epic, and we found Babylonian houses.” But he said the most astonishing find was an incredibly sophisticated system of canals. “Very clearly, we can see in the canals some structures showing that flooding destroyed some houses, which means it was a highly developed system. “ [It was] like Venice in the desert.” SOURCE ARTICLE LINK: http://news.bbc.co. (NOTE FROM AUTHOR: This is particularly interesting considering that Gilgamesh was believed to be part human/part alien/angel; notably what we would call a hybrid. It is also intersting to note that Gilgamesh has been compared to and could very well be King Nimrod; | 2,262 | 2,954 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#4_4819877 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
| http://news.bbc.co. (NOTE FROM AUTHOR: This is particularly interesting considering that Gilgamesh was believed to be part human/part alien/angel; notably what we would call a hybrid. It is also intersting to note that Gilgamesh has been compared to and could very well be King Nimrod; who was the son of Cush and a descendant of Noah and the king of Babylon. The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God. I mention this regarding the over whelming amount of information that has come to light recently of DNA genetic manipulation and it’s use in science and technology. Was the Iraq ‘invasion’ a forward smoke screen for the enablement of Western powers to gain ancient ‘alien’ technologies and possible DNA for ‘future’ engineering and a ‘possible’ resurrection/cloning of angel DNA (Gilgamesh/Nimrod)?) LINK TO EPIC OF GILGAMESH PDF: | 2,669 | 3,556 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_3786972#5_4821511 | http://12160.info/forum/topics/gilgamesh-tomb-found-in-iraq-2003-giant-skeleton-found-retrieved | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved) - 12160 Social Network | Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
| who was the son of Cush and a descendant of Noah and the king of Babylon. The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God. I mention this regarding the over whelming amount of information that has come to light recently of DNA genetic manipulation and it’s use in science and technology. Was the Iraq ‘invasion’ a forward smoke screen for the enablement of Western powers to gain ancient ‘alien’ technologies and possible DNA for ‘future’ engineering and a ‘possible’ resurrection/cloning of angel DNA (Gilgamesh/Nimrod)?) LINK TO EPIC OF GILGAMESH PDF: eog.pdf
“Keep your nose to the ground and your eyes to the sky.” JP
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Permalink Reply by 14300 on May 28, 2013 at 8:22am
NOTE FROM AUTHOR: This is particularly interesting considering that Gilgamesh was believed to be part human/part alien/angel; | 2,955 | 3,890 |
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