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msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#1_2440254910
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
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How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
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How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
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One suggestion to make these intermittent sources more reliable is to use batteries to store electricity when the intermittent sources are producing electricity and then use the electricity when the sun goes down or the wind stops. The issue has always been that the battery back-up is expensive, particularly with regard to the scale of the grid or cost of batteries for home use. Tesla claims that they have overcome much of these problems with its Powerwall battery. Powerwall is a daily use battery that is produced and marketed by Tesla to provide power to homes or businesses for part of the day, off-setting some electricity costs. [ i] The issue that remains is the cost. How much does Powerwall cost initially, how much does it cost to operate, how much electricity will be offset, and how many years will it take to pay back the initial capital and installation costs? These costs must be considered in order to fairly compare our current electrical system to those that government policies are promoting through their push for renewable sources of energy. This article provides answers to those questions and a tool to estimate the payback period based on local electricity costs. Powerwall Cost and Operation
Buying a Powerwall and inverter, as well as having it installed is estimated to cost $7,340 by SolarCity [ii] (like Tesla, Elon Musk is the CEO of SolarCity). The daily use Powerwall for homes is rated at 7 kilowatt hours, [1] with round trip battery efficiency estimated at 92 percent, and inverter efficiency estimated at 95 percent.
| 514 | 2,069 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#2_2440256898
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
How much does Powerwall cost initially, how much does it cost to operate, how much electricity will be offset, and how many years will it take to pay back the initial capital and installation costs? These costs must be considered in order to fairly compare our current electrical system to those that government policies are promoting through their push for renewable sources of energy. This article provides answers to those questions and a tool to estimate the payback period based on local electricity costs. Powerwall Cost and Operation
Buying a Powerwall and inverter, as well as having it installed is estimated to cost $7,340 by SolarCity [ii] (like Tesla, Elon Musk is the CEO of SolarCity). The daily use Powerwall for homes is rated at 7 kilowatt hours, [1] with round trip battery efficiency estimated at 92 percent, and inverter efficiency estimated at 95 percent. About 7.5 kilowatt hours is needed to charge the Powerwall, providing about 6.5 kilowatt hours of power once charged. With some utilities, consumers can choose between flat-rate electricity pricing (the price is the same no matter the time or day or demand on the electricity grid) and peak-rate pricing. With peak-rate pricing, electricity rates are low during off-peak hours and higher during peak hours. To make optimal use of Powerwall, it should be charged using lower cost off-peak electricity, then operated when peak rates are in effect. If the home or business has solar panels or wants to invest in them, Powerwall can be charged with the solar power during the day, then used to power the home in the evening, night and/or morning.
| 1,193 | 2,812 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#3_2440258950
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
About 7.5 kilowatt hours is needed to charge the Powerwall, providing about 6.5 kilowatt hours of power once charged. With some utilities, consumers can choose between flat-rate electricity pricing (the price is the same no matter the time or day or demand on the electricity grid) and peak-rate pricing. With peak-rate pricing, electricity rates are low during off-peak hours and higher during peak hours. To make optimal use of Powerwall, it should be charged using lower cost off-peak electricity, then operated when peak rates are in effect. If the home or business has solar panels or wants to invest in them, Powerwall can be charged with the solar power during the day, then used to power the home in the evening, night and/or morning. As an example, assume peak rates at $0.15 per kilowatt hour and off-peak rates at $0.06 per kilowatt hour. At the off-peak rate, it would cost $0.45 to charge the Powerwall each night. Operating the Powerwall for 6.5 kilowatt hours the next day, saves $0.98 of electricity charges. Factoring in the charging costs, saves $0.53 a day of electricity costs, or $193 a year, requiring a payback period of 38 years, which is almost 4 times the warranty period of 10 years for the Powerwall. If solar power was used to charge the Powerwall, it would save the charging fee of $0.45 a day, making the Powerwall savings each year $358.
| 2,070 | 3,439 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#4_2440260751
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
As an example, assume peak rates at $0.15 per kilowatt hour and off-peak rates at $0.06 per kilowatt hour. At the off-peak rate, it would cost $0.45 to charge the Powerwall each night. Operating the Powerwall for 6.5 kilowatt hours the next day, saves $0.98 of electricity charges. Factoring in the charging costs, saves $0.53 a day of electricity costs, or $193 a year, requiring a payback period of 38 years, which is almost 4 times the warranty period of 10 years for the Powerwall. If solar power was used to charge the Powerwall, it would save the charging fee of $0.45 a day, making the Powerwall savings each year $358. Factoring in the installed solar panel cost of $3,570 [2] for a 1.5 kilowatt system [iii], makes the payback period 31 years, still 3 times the warranty period. According to a 2012 study, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission found that only 1 percent of U.S. residences have off-peak vs. on-peak electricity rates. [ iv] If a U.S. household has a single electricity rate at say $0.12 cents per kilowatt hour, it will cost more to charge the Powerwall than it provides in electricity. In this example, it will cost the household $0.12 more a day ($44 a year) to use Powerwall than if the household purchased all its electricity directly from its utility company. In other words, the Powerwall must be charged at a low electricity rate or by a solar panel system, in order to make Powerwall economic.
| 2,812 | 4,241 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#5_2440262612
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
Factoring in the installed solar panel cost of $3,570 [2] for a 1.5 kilowatt system [iii], makes the payback period 31 years, still 3 times the warranty period. According to a 2012 study, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission found that only 1 percent of U.S. residences have off-peak vs. on-peak electricity rates. [ iv] If a U.S. household has a single electricity rate at say $0.12 cents per kilowatt hour, it will cost more to charge the Powerwall than it provides in electricity. In this example, it will cost the household $0.12 more a day ($44 a year) to use Powerwall than if the household purchased all its electricity directly from its utility company. In other words, the Powerwall must be charged at a low electricity rate or by a solar panel system, in order to make Powerwall economic. And, even then, the payback period for U.S. electric utility rates would be much greater than the Powerwall warranty period. The tool below allows the user two options for determining the payback period for using Powerwall to offset electricity rates—either charging Powerwall using off-peak rates or via a solar system. Both options require the installed cost of Powerwall. The user needs to select the option, then either input the off-peak and on-peak electricity rates, or the installed cost of the solar system and the on-peak utility rate. The tool will then provide the user with the payback period.
| 3,440 | 4,848 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#6_2440264458
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
And, even then, the payback period for U.S. electric utility rates would be much greater than the Powerwall warranty period. The tool below allows the user two options for determining the payback period for using Powerwall to offset electricity rates—either charging Powerwall using off-peak rates or via a solar system. Both options require the installed cost of Powerwall. The user needs to select the option, then either input the off-peak and on-peak electricity rates, or the installed cost of the solar system and the on-peak utility rate. The tool will then provide the user with the payback period. Please note that the tool does not work for a single utility rate because, as noted above, it would cost more to charge Powerwall than to purchase power from the local electric utility. With the Obama Administration pushing policies to convert more of our electricity to intermittent renewable sources like wind and solar, it is important that the public understands the costs and tradeoffs from our current system, which in most people’s minds, works well across a wide range of demands and uses. This blog answers some of the questions of the mysteries of energy storage and serves as a tool for consumers to judge the government’s experiment and the costs that may be hidden by the hype promoted by those involved in providing “fixes” to the use of intermittent renewable energy in place of our normal, on-demand, reliable electrical system. [1] There is a 10 kilowatt hour model for businesses to use instead of a backup generator. The cost to installers is $3,000 or $3,500 for the 7 and 10 kilowatt hour Powerwall, respectively.
| 4,242 | 5,883 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#7_2440266556
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
Please note that the tool does not work for a single utility rate because, as noted above, it would cost more to charge Powerwall than to purchase power from the local electric utility. With the Obama Administration pushing policies to convert more of our electricity to intermittent renewable sources like wind and solar, it is important that the public understands the costs and tradeoffs from our current system, which in most people’s minds, works well across a wide range of demands and uses. This blog answers some of the questions of the mysteries of energy storage and serves as a tool for consumers to judge the government’s experiment and the costs that may be hidden by the hype promoted by those involved in providing “fixes” to the use of intermittent renewable energy in place of our normal, on-demand, reliable electrical system. [1] There is a 10 kilowatt hour model for businesses to use instead of a backup generator. The cost to installers is $3,000 or $3,500 for the 7 and 10 kilowatt hour Powerwall, respectively. [2] The $3,570 is for a 1.5 kilowatt installed system after government rebates. The cost can range between $2,000 and $6,000, depending on the quality and longevity of the system. [i] Gizmodo, Tesla Powerwall: A Battery for Your Home, May 1, 2015, http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/05/tesla-powerwall-a-battery-for-your-home/
[ii] Lifehacker, Tesla’s Powerwall: Crunching the Numbers for Australia, May 25, 2015, http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/05/tesla-powerwall-crunching-the-numbers-for-an-australian-suburban-home/
[iii] Solar Choice, 1.5 kilowatt solar system:
| 4,849 | 6,448 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665207377#8_2440268614
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/payback-on-teslas-powerwall-battery/
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall? - IER
|
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
How Long Does It Take to Pay Off a Tesla Powerwall?
Powerwall Cost and Operation
Tags
|
[2] The $3,570 is for a 1.5 kilowatt installed system after government rebates. The cost can range between $2,000 and $6,000, depending on the quality and longevity of the system. [i] Gizmodo, Tesla Powerwall: A Battery for Your Home, May 1, 2015, http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2015/05/tesla-powerwall-a-battery-for-your-home/
[ii] Lifehacker, Tesla’s Powerwall: Crunching the Numbers for Australia, May 25, 2015, http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/05/tesla-powerwall-crunching-the-numbers-for-an-australian-suburban-home/
[iii] Solar Choice, 1.5 kilowatt solar system: Pricing, outputs and returns, October 18, 2012, http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/1-5kw-solar-system-pricing-outputs-and-returns/
[iv] Friedman, Consumer-Friendly and Environmentally-Sound Electricity Rates for the Twenty-First Century, March 1, 2012, https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Friedman_HOOP_retail_electricity_pricing_1.1.pdf
Tags
battery,
electric grid,
electricity,
Powerwall,
renewable energy,
tesla
| 5,883 | 6,881 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#0_2440270058
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? By IER
There are 17 rare earth elements that are used in the production of high tech devices such as smart phones and computers, defense equipment such as radar systems and guided missiles, and energy technologies such as electric cars and wind turbines. The elements are found in tiny concentrations and are mixed together, making them difficult to isolate. China has the most global reserves of rare earth elements ( 42 percent) [i] and produces around 89 percent of global output, which it uses to fuel its high-tech industries, exporting the remainder. Global consumption of rare earth elements in 2016 is expected to be about 155,000 tons—almost 3.5 times greater than the 45,000 tons used 25 years ago. [
| 0 | 816 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#1_2440271424
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
Who Has Them? By IER
There are 17 rare earth elements that are used in the production of high tech devices such as smart phones and computers, defense equipment such as radar systems and guided missiles, and energy technologies such as electric cars and wind turbines. The elements are found in tiny concentrations and are mixed together, making them difficult to isolate. China has the most global reserves of rare earth elements ( 42 percent) [i] and produces around 89 percent of global output, which it uses to fuel its high-tech industries, exporting the remainder. Global consumption of rare earth elements in 2016 is expected to be about 155,000 tons—almost 3.5 times greater than the 45,000 tons used 25 years ago. [ ii]
According to the Energy Information Administration, reserves are “estimated quantities of energy sources that analysis of geologic and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions. The location, quantity, and grade of the energy source are usually considered to be well established in such reserves”. Thus, reserves are not the entire resource base since more sources are bound to be found with additional exploration. Source: Statista
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
China is the global leader in the production of rare-earth elements, producing 105,000 tons in 2015, of which it exports about 30 percent.
| 92 | 1,516 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#2_2440273413
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
ii]
According to the Energy Information Administration, reserves are “estimated quantities of energy sources that analysis of geologic and engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty are recoverable under existing economic and operating conditions. The location, quantity, and grade of the energy source are usually considered to be well established in such reserves”. Thus, reserves are not the entire resource base since more sources are bound to be found with additional exploration. Source: Statista
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
China is the global leader in the production of rare-earth elements, producing 105,000 tons in 2015, of which it exports about 30 percent. Because of their value and its near monopoly, in 2010, China cut its exports by 40 percent and cut off supplies to Japan over a territorial dispute, causing prices to soar. These actions were challenged by the United States, the European Union, and Japan, resulting in a ruling against the country’s export quotas by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO ruled that the quotas represented an unfair export restriction that allowed China to control global rare earth prices. [ iii] Because China does not impose the regulations on mining rare earths that other countries do, “toxic wastes from rare-earth facilities have poisoned water, ruined farmlands, and made people sick”. [ iv]
Australia, the second largest producer of rare earth elements, beginning operation in 2007.
| 816 | 2,295 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#3_2440275469
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
Because of their value and its near monopoly, in 2010, China cut its exports by 40 percent and cut off supplies to Japan over a territorial dispute, causing prices to soar. These actions were challenged by the United States, the European Union, and Japan, resulting in a ruling against the country’s export quotas by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO ruled that the quotas represented an unfair export restriction that allowed China to control global rare earth prices. [ iii] Because China does not impose the regulations on mining rare earths that other countries do, “toxic wastes from rare-earth facilities have poisoned water, ruined farmlands, and made people sick”. [ iv]
Australia, the second largest producer of rare earth elements, beginning operation in 2007. It produced 10,000 tons in 2015. Australia has the third largest known reserves of rare earth elements—after China and Brazil. Australia based Lynas Corporation is the only operating rare earth miner outside of China, operating the Mt Weld mine and concentration plant in Australia and the rare earth refining and processing plant in Malaysia. The United States produced 4,100 tons of rare earth elements in 2015—about 25 percent less than in 2014. Molycorp’s Mountain Pass mine in California was the only producing rare earth mine in the United States and its production was reduced when the company filed for bankruptcy protection last summer and shuttered its Mountain Pass operations later in the year.
| 1,517 | 3,002 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#4_2440277534
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
It produced 10,000 tons in 2015. Australia has the third largest known reserves of rare earth elements—after China and Brazil. Australia based Lynas Corporation is the only operating rare earth miner outside of China, operating the Mt Weld mine and concentration plant in Australia and the rare earth refining and processing plant in Malaysia. The United States produced 4,100 tons of rare earth elements in 2015—about 25 percent less than in 2014. Molycorp’s Mountain Pass mine in California was the only producing rare earth mine in the United States and its production was reduced when the company filed for bankruptcy protection last summer and shuttered its Mountain Pass operations later in the year. When Molycorp filed for chapter 11 protection, it had over $1.7 billion in debt, much of it occurring when rare earth prices were high due to Chinese trade restrictions. [ 1] Before bankruptcy, Molycorp invested over $1 billion into the Mountain Pass mine. [ v]
Russia produced 2,500 tons of rare earth elements in 2015—the same amount as in 2014–after having invested $1 billion in its production in 2013. The country’s production goal is to meet its own demand in 2017. Russian companies are working on new technologies to recover rare earths from uranium ore.
| 2,296 | 3,563 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#5_2440279381
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
When Molycorp filed for chapter 11 protection, it had over $1.7 billion in debt, much of it occurring when rare earth prices were high due to Chinese trade restrictions. [ 1] Before bankruptcy, Molycorp invested over $1 billion into the Mountain Pass mine. [ v]
Russia produced 2,500 tons of rare earth elements in 2015—the same amount as in 2014–after having invested $1 billion in its production in 2013. The country’s production goal is to meet its own demand in 2017. Russian companies are working on new technologies to recover rare earths from uranium ore. Thailand increased its production by almost 40 percent in 2015, producing 1,100 tons. It is not clear how much reserves the country contains. Malaysia produced 200 tons of rare earths in 2015. Malaysia has the world’s largest rare earth refinery, Lynas Corporation’s Lynas Advanced Materials Plant that handles refining for Lynas’s mines in Australia. Source:
| 3,003 | 3,923 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#6_2440280881
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
Thailand increased its production by almost 40 percent in 2015, producing 1,100 tons. It is not clear how much reserves the country contains. Malaysia produced 200 tons of rare earths in 2015. Malaysia has the world’s largest rare earth refinery, Lynas Corporation’s Lynas Advanced Materials Plant that handles refining for Lynas’s mines in Australia. Source: http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/top-rare-earth-producing-countries-2013-usgs-2/
Conclusion
China has almost a virtual monopoly on rare earth elements that are needed for high tech (smart phones and laptops), defense equipment, and energy technologies. It not only produces the majority of rare earth elements, but it has the most rare earth reserves. The United States had one operating mine in California up until last year when Molycorp filed for bankruptcy protection and idled the mine. Australia is the only other country with major production of rare earths at a tenth of China’s production last year. Russia hopes to produce enough rare earth elements to satisfy its own demand in 2017.
| 3,563 | 4,682 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665214697#7_2440282568
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/rare-earth-elements/
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them? - IER
|
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Rare Earth Elements: What Are They? Who Has Them?
Top 6 Countries Producing Rare-Earth Elements
Conclusion
Tags
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
|
http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/top-rare-earth-producing-countries-2013-usgs-2/
Conclusion
China has almost a virtual monopoly on rare earth elements that are needed for high tech (smart phones and laptops), defense equipment, and energy technologies. It not only produces the majority of rare earth elements, but it has the most rare earth reserves. The United States had one operating mine in California up until last year when Molycorp filed for bankruptcy protection and idled the mine. Australia is the only other country with major production of rare earths at a tenth of China’s production last year. Russia hopes to produce enough rare earth elements to satisfy its own demand in 2017. [1] Molycorp’s ending stock price of 35 cents per share was less than one two-hundredth of its all-time high: $79.16, on May 3, 2011. [i] Statista, Rare earth reserves worldwide as of 2015, by country, http://www.statista.com/statistics/277268/rare-earth-reserves-by-country/
[ii] Foreign Policy, Rare Earth Market, July 12, 2016, https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/12/decoder-rare-earth-market-tech-defense-clean-energy-china-trade/
[iii] Rare Earth Investing News, 6 Top Rare Earth-producing Countries: A Look at Rare Earth Production, July 14, 2016, http://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/top-rare-earth-producing-countries-2013-usgs-2/
[iv] Foreign Policy, Rare Earth Market, July 12, 2016, https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/12/decoder-rare-earth-market-tech-defense-clean-energy-china-trade/
[v] Wall Street Journal, Molycorp Wins Approval to Exit Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, March 30, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/molycorp-wins-approval-to-exit-chapter-11-bankruptcy-1459379840
Tags
Australia,
Brazil,
China,
elements,
India,
minerals,
rare earth,
Thailand
July 2016
Study: Wind & Solar up to 5X More Costly than Existing Coal and Nuclear
July 2016
Do You Suffer From Range Anxiety?
| 3,924 | 5,928 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665221237#0_2440285148
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/the-hidden-costs-of-wind-power/
|
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
|
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
By IER
As part of its response to the so-called “fiscal cliff” Congress passed a one-year extension of the Production Tax Credit (PTC) for wind power requested by President Obama and backed by Senator’s Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) and John Thune (R-S.D.) and at a total cost of more than $12 billion [i] to U.S. taxpayers, necessitating more deficit spending over the next ten years. But that figure doesn’t begin to represent the full cost of wind power. The American Tradition Institute recently took a look at just what such wind power is really costing the nation. [ ii] They found the cost of wind power to be as much as double the cost that the Energy Information Administration (EIA) is using in its models due to hidden, but true-embedded costs of using wind power. The authors find that ratepayers are paying an extra $8.5 billion to $10 billion per year for using wind energy, which generates 3.5 percent of our electricity, rather than other cost effective forms of generation. This is in addition to the tax credits, which the Obama Administration insisted be extended as part of the tax agreement. The American Tradition Institute added the hidden costs that include the cost of fossil fuel power as back-up when the wind is dormant, the additional cost of transmission that frequently occurs with wind farms due to the inaccessibility of the best wind resources, the cost of wind’s favorable tax benefits in ‘accelerated depreciation’, and a shorter estimated life of a wind turbine of 20 years to the per-kilowatt-hour cost of generating electricity from wind power that includes capital costs and operating costs, as determined by EIA and the Department of Energy. They found the cost of wind power to be 15.1 cents per kilowatt hour if natural gas is used to back-up the wind energy or 19.2 cents per kilowatt hour if coal is used as the back-up fuel. These costs are 1.5 to 2 times the 9.6 cents per kilowatt hour estimate the EIA is using for generating electricity from wind in its models. [ iii]
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
American Tradition Institute started with an estimated levelized cost of wind power from government sources and added to it an estimate of the hidden costs of wind power.
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
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This is in addition to the tax credits, which the Obama Administration insisted be extended as part of the tax agreement. The American Tradition Institute added the hidden costs that include the cost of fossil fuel power as back-up when the wind is dormant, the additional cost of transmission that frequently occurs with wind farms due to the inaccessibility of the best wind resources, the cost of wind’s favorable tax benefits in ‘accelerated depreciation’, and a shorter estimated life of a wind turbine of 20 years to the per-kilowatt-hour cost of generating electricity from wind power that includes capital costs and operating costs, as determined by EIA and the Department of Energy. They found the cost of wind power to be 15.1 cents per kilowatt hour if natural gas is used to back-up the wind energy or 19.2 cents per kilowatt hour if coal is used as the back-up fuel. These costs are 1.5 to 2 times the 9.6 cents per kilowatt hour estimate the EIA is using for generating electricity from wind in its models. [ iii]
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
American Tradition Institute started with an estimated levelized cost of wind power from government sources and added to it an estimate of the hidden costs of wind power. Levelized costs are the net present value of the total cost of new construction (including finance charges), maintenance, and operation of a generating plant over its lifetime, expressed in dollars per unit of output, i.e. dollars per kilowatt hour. They are used to compare various generating sources to see which sources are the most cost-effective when constructing new plants. The starting levelized cost was 8.2 cents per kilowatt hour that reflects installation costs of $2,000 per kilowatt of capacity and is based on information from EIA and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at the Department of Energy. Then, assuming a 20-year life of a turbine rather than the optimistic 30-year life assumed increases the levelized cost to 9.3 cents per kilowatt hour (a recent study using empirical information from the U.K. found that the useful life of wind turbines is actually lower—only 10 to 15 years ). After backing out the effect of accelerated depreciation for wind investments that the study authors assumed were hidden costs, the levelized cost increases to 10.1 cents per kilowatt hour.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/the-hidden-costs-of-wind-power/
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
Levelized costs are the net present value of the total cost of new construction (including finance charges), maintenance, and operation of a generating plant over its lifetime, expressed in dollars per unit of output, i.e. dollars per kilowatt hour. They are used to compare various generating sources to see which sources are the most cost-effective when constructing new plants. The starting levelized cost was 8.2 cents per kilowatt hour that reflects installation costs of $2,000 per kilowatt of capacity and is based on information from EIA and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at the Department of Energy. Then, assuming a 20-year life of a turbine rather than the optimistic 30-year life assumed increases the levelized cost to 9.3 cents per kilowatt hour (a recent study using empirical information from the U.K. found that the useful life of wind turbines is actually lower—only 10 to 15 years ). After backing out the effect of accelerated depreciation for wind investments that the study authors assumed were hidden costs, the levelized cost increases to 10.1 cents per kilowatt hour. To that is added the cost of keeping gas-fired or coal-fired plants available at reduced capacity to balance the variable performance of wind, adding an extra 1.7 cents per kilowatt hour for natural gas and 5.5 cents per kilowatt hour for coal. Extra fuel for natural-gas fired plants adds 0.6 cents, and for coal-fired plants adds 0.9 cents per kilowatt-hour. Lastly, transmission line investment costs to get new wind power to the electricity grid add 2.7 cents per kilowatt hour. Thus, the total cost for wind power, including the hidden costs, averages 15.1 cents per kilowatt hour for natural-gas fired back-up and 19.2 cents per kilowatt-hour for coal-fired back-up. ( See table below.)
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
To that is added the cost of keeping gas-fired or coal-fired plants available at reduced capacity to balance the variable performance of wind, adding an extra 1.7 cents per kilowatt hour for natural gas and 5.5 cents per kilowatt hour for coal. Extra fuel for natural-gas fired plants adds 0.6 cents, and for coal-fired plants adds 0.9 cents per kilowatt-hour. Lastly, transmission line investment costs to get new wind power to the electricity grid add 2.7 cents per kilowatt hour. Thus, the total cost for wind power, including the hidden costs, averages 15.1 cents per kilowatt hour for natural-gas fired back-up and 19.2 cents per kilowatt-hour for coal-fired back-up. ( See table below.) Source: American Tradition Institute, The Hidden Costs of Wind Electricity, December 2012, http://www.atinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Hidden-Cost.pdf
The Production Tax Credit
Note that the effect of the PTC is not included in the above calculations. The PTC has been extended for one year by Congress and the President, but that one year extension means 10 years of subsidy going to wind operators that have begun construction of their turbines in calendar year 2013. [ iv] The PTC provides wind operators with 2.2 cents per kilowatt hour for every kilowatt hour that the wind turbines generate over the next ten years, which is worth about 3.4 cents per kilowatt hour in pre-tax income since the PTC is applied after taxes. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the one year extension will cost American taxpayers over $12 billion.
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
Source: American Tradition Institute, The Hidden Costs of Wind Electricity, December 2012, http://www.atinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Hidden-Cost.pdf
The Production Tax Credit
Note that the effect of the PTC is not included in the above calculations. The PTC has been extended for one year by Congress and the President, but that one year extension means 10 years of subsidy going to wind operators that have begun construction of their turbines in calendar year 2013. [ iv] The PTC provides wind operators with 2.2 cents per kilowatt hour for every kilowatt hour that the wind turbines generate over the next ten years, which is worth about 3.4 cents per kilowatt hour in pre-tax income since the PTC is applied after taxes. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the one year extension will cost American taxpayers over $12 billion. Comparison to Other Technology Costs
According to the EIA, the levelized cost of an advanced natural gas-fired combined cycle plant is 6.3 cents per kilowatt hour and that of an advanced coal-fired plant and nuclear plant are each 11.1 cents per kilowatt hour. Thus, the full cost of wind power is 140 percent higher than an advanced natural gas-fired plant and over 70 percent higher than an advanced coal or nuclear plant. Thus, assertions made by the wind industry that wind power is becoming cost competitive with fossil fuel-generated power are not the case from these cost estimates. According to Forbes, a power company in South Carolina is investing about $11 billion to construct two 1,100 megawatt nuclear reactors on roughly 1,000 acres. To get the same amount of electricity out of wind power that operates at a 30 to 40 percent capacity factor due to its intermittency, would require more than 1,700 turbines stretched across 200,000 acres, for an upfront investment of $8.8 billion, but providing less reliable power. [
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
According to the EIA, the levelized cost of an advanced natural gas-fired combined cycle plant is 6.3 cents per kilowatt hour and that of an advanced coal-fired plant and nuclear plant are each 11.1 cents per kilowatt hour. Thus, the full cost of wind power is 140 percent higher than an advanced natural gas-fired plant and over 70 percent higher than an advanced coal or nuclear plant. Thus, assertions made by the wind industry that wind power is becoming cost competitive with fossil fuel-generated power are not the case from these cost estimates. According to Forbes, a power company in South Carolina is investing about $11 billion to construct two 1,100 megawatt nuclear reactors on roughly 1,000 acres. To get the same amount of electricity out of wind power that operates at a 30 to 40 percent capacity factor due to its intermittency, would require more than 1,700 turbines stretched across 200,000 acres, for an upfront investment of $8.8 billion, but providing less reliable power. [ v]
According to the study authors at the American Tradition Institute,
“At the current price of natural gas and before counting any costs of transmission, wind’s cost is 6-7 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) more than its benefit—the cost of the fossil fuel it can save and the conventional generation facilities it can replace. For wind’s existing 3.5% share of all U.S. generation, that 6-7 cents/kWh translates into $8.5 to $10 billion extra that ratepayers have paid this year, and will continue paying every year for as long as existing wind facilities (or their replacements) remain in operation.” Conclusion
According to the American Tradition Institute, there are numerous hidden costs to wind power, including the cost of back-up power, the cost of extra transmission, and the cost of favorable tax benefits. And, the assumption of a 30-year life used in government calculations for wind power is optimistic given reports from European countries that have invested early in wind power. [ vi] Including these hidden costs in calculating the cost of wind power increases its cost by a factor of 1.5 or 2, depending on the power system that is used as back-up.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/the-hidden-costs-of-wind-power/
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power - IER
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The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Hidden Costs of Wind Power
The Wind Power Cost Calculation
The Production Tax Credit
Comparison to Other Technology Costs
Conclusion
Tags
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
|
v]
According to the study authors at the American Tradition Institute,
“At the current price of natural gas and before counting any costs of transmission, wind’s cost is 6-7 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh) more than its benefit—the cost of the fossil fuel it can save and the conventional generation facilities it can replace. For wind’s existing 3.5% share of all U.S. generation, that 6-7 cents/kWh translates into $8.5 to $10 billion extra that ratepayers have paid this year, and will continue paying every year for as long as existing wind facilities (or their replacements) remain in operation.” Conclusion
According to the American Tradition Institute, there are numerous hidden costs to wind power, including the cost of back-up power, the cost of extra transmission, and the cost of favorable tax benefits. And, the assumption of a 30-year life used in government calculations for wind power is optimistic given reports from European countries that have invested early in wind power. [ vi] Including these hidden costs in calculating the cost of wind power increases its cost by a factor of 1.5 or 2, depending on the power system that is used as back-up. The Institute calculates that ratepayers are paying an extra $8.5 to $10 billion a year for wind power compared to natural gas-fired generation, and this will only grow as more capacity is added. Add to this the more than $12 billion that the American taxpayer is paying for the ‘one-year’ extension for the PTC, and one can see that the wind industry is getting a real boondoggle at the expense of taxpayers and ratepayers. [i] Wall Street Journal, Renewable-Energy Tax Breaks Pass Despite Headwind, January 1, 2013, http://professional.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323635504578215790054677734.html?mg=reno64-wsj
[ii] [ii] American Tradition Institute, The Hidden Costs of Wind Electricity, December 2012, http://www.atinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Hidden-Cost.pdf
[iii] Energy Information Administration, Levelized Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2012, July 12, 2012, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm
[iv] The Hill, Issa takes aim at revised wind credit, January 2, 2013, http://thehill.com/blogs/e2-wire/e2-wire/275301-issa-wind-power-credit-of-serious-interest
[v] Forbes, Why It’s the End of the Line for Wind Power, December 21, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2012/12/21/why-its-the-end-of-the-line-for-wind-power/
[vi] Energy Tribune, Wind Turbines ‘Only Lasting For Half As Long As Previously Thought’, January 2, 2013, http://www.energytribune.com/69566/wind-turbines-lasting-for-half-as-long
Tags
Chuck Grassley,
EIA,
electricity,
fiscal cliff,
John Thune,
natural gas,
Obama,
production tax credit,
wind power
January 2013
Developing Countries Subsidize Fossil Fuels, Artificially Lowering Prices
January 2013
Post-Mortem: The Fiscal Cliff Deal
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-oil-gas-production-continues-increase-due-hydraulic-fracturing/
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
By IER
A decade ago, it was believed that wells that had been hydraulically fractured would have a short life span, that the oil and gas industry would need to keep drilling to keep output up, and that the oil and gas boom would dissipate fairly quickly. But, recent data show that not to be the case. Production is still increasing despite a slowing in oil and gas rig growth, which indicates that the early skeptics who thought this was a temporary production boom requiring numerous new wells to keep output up were wrong. Rather than drilling in new shale formations, oil and gas producers are finding ways to get more out of the formations they have already found. [ i]
Through the use of hydraulic fracturing, the United States has become the world’s largest oil and gas producer, keeping natural-gas prices low for U.S. consumers, and keeping crude oil prices in check around the world. Without the U.S. oil production boom, it is predicted that oil prices would be around $150 a barrel, rather than $100 per barrel. If this estimate is correct, the United States is saving the global economy about $4.9 billion a day in oil spending. [ ii]
Source: Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/articles/fracking-gives-u-s-energy-boom-plenty-of-room-to-run-1410728682
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
It is estimated that without the additional supply from the United States, the world oil market would be about 3 million barrels short of the over 90 million barrels of oil it currently demands. That shortage would drive up the price of oil to well over $100 per barrel.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
|
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
Without the U.S. oil production boom, it is predicted that oil prices would be around $150 a barrel, rather than $100 per barrel. If this estimate is correct, the United States is saving the global economy about $4.9 billion a day in oil spending. [ ii]
Source: Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/articles/fracking-gives-u-s-energy-boom-plenty-of-room-to-run-1410728682
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
It is estimated that without the additional supply from the United States, the world oil market would be about 3 million barrels short of the over 90 million barrels of oil it currently demands. That shortage would drive up the price of oil to well over $100 per barrel. Since 2011, U.S. oil production has increased by almost 3 million barrels a day, with total production at 8.5 million barrels in July 2014, due to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling in shale oil fields. That is less than the volume of oil production that has been disrupted in world markets from the Arab Spring and follow-on uprisings, the chaos in Nigeria, Iran sanctions, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and unrest in Iraq. About 3.5 million barrels of oil a day have been off the market since last fall. The increase in U.S. oil production coupled with the increase in Canadian oil production of around 1 million barrels per day has made up for these oil disruptions. [ iii]
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the number of rigs drilling in the United States is basically flat, but production continues to increase, and this drilling productivity shows no sign of slowing.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
Since 2011, U.S. oil production has increased by almost 3 million barrels a day, with total production at 8.5 million barrels in July 2014, due to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling in shale oil fields. That is less than the volume of oil production that has been disrupted in world markets from the Arab Spring and follow-on uprisings, the chaos in Nigeria, Iran sanctions, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and unrest in Iraq. About 3.5 million barrels of oil a day have been off the market since last fall. The increase in U.S. oil production coupled with the increase in Canadian oil production of around 1 million barrels per day has made up for these oil disruptions. [ iii]
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), the number of rigs drilling in the United States is basically flat, but production continues to increase, and this drilling productivity shows no sign of slowing. U.S. production of tight oil, of which shale oil is a component, increased from less than 1 million barrels per day in 2010 to more than 3 million barrels per day in the second half of 2013. [iv] Source: Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling/
EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2014 expects growth in tight oil production, which includes oil from shale formations, to continue. EIA projects that the production of crude oil and lease condensate will increase from 6.5 million barrels per day in 2012 to 9.6 million barrels per day in 2019, 22 percent higher than in the agency’s previous year’s forecast, as producers locate and target the sweet spots of plays currently under development and find additional tight formations that can be developed with the latest technologies. After 2019, EIA projects that domestic crude oil production will decline, but remain at or above 7.5 million barrels per day through 2040.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
U.S. production of tight oil, of which shale oil is a component, increased from less than 1 million barrels per day in 2010 to more than 3 million barrels per day in the second half of 2013. [iv] Source: Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling/
EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2014 expects growth in tight oil production, which includes oil from shale formations, to continue. EIA projects that the production of crude oil and lease condensate will increase from 6.5 million barrels per day in 2012 to 9.6 million barrels per day in 2019, 22 percent higher than in the agency’s previous year’s forecast, as producers locate and target the sweet spots of plays currently under development and find additional tight formations that can be developed with the latest technologies. After 2019, EIA projects that domestic crude oil production will decline, but remain at or above 7.5 million barrels per day through 2040. Tight oil production increases from 2.3 million barrels per day in 2012 (35 percent of total crude oil production) to 4.8 million barrels per day in 2021 (51 percent of the total). Tight oil production declines after 2021 in EIA’s reference case, as the agency assumes in that case that development moves into less-productive areas. With more optimistic assumptions in resource development that EIA assumes in its High Oil and Gas Resource case, tight oil production growth continues through 2035. In this case, domestic crude oil production increases to nearly 13 million barrels per day and net U.S. oil imports decline through 2036 and remain at or near zero from 2037 through 2040, the end of EIA’s projection period. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, higher well productivity reduces development and production costs per unit, which results in more and earlier development of tight oil resources than in the reference case.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
|
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
Tight oil production increases from 2.3 million barrels per day in 2012 (35 percent of total crude oil production) to 4.8 million barrels per day in 2021 (51 percent of the total). Tight oil production declines after 2021 in EIA’s reference case, as the agency assumes in that case that development moves into less-productive areas. With more optimistic assumptions in resource development that EIA assumes in its High Oil and Gas Resource case, tight oil production growth continues through 2035. In this case, domestic crude oil production increases to nearly 13 million barrels per day and net U.S. oil imports decline through 2036 and remain at or near zero from 2037 through 2040, the end of EIA’s projection period. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, higher well productivity reduces development and production costs per unit, which results in more and earlier development of tight oil resources than in the reference case. The greater abundance of tight oil resources in the High Oil and Gas Resource case causes tight oil production to peak later in the projection, at 8.5 million barrels per day in 2035. From 2012 through 2040, cumulative tight oil production in the High Oil and Gas Resource case amounts to 75 billion barrels, compared with 44 billion barrels in the reference case. Likewise, shale gas production drives EIA’s natural gas forecast. Dry gas production increases from 24 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 37.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040 due to continued growth in shale gas production resulting from horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Shale gas production increases from 9.7 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 19.8 trillion cubic feet in 2040 in EIA’s reference case.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
|
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
The greater abundance of tight oil resources in the High Oil and Gas Resource case causes tight oil production to peak later in the projection, at 8.5 million barrels per day in 2035. From 2012 through 2040, cumulative tight oil production in the High Oil and Gas Resource case amounts to 75 billion barrels, compared with 44 billion barrels in the reference case. Likewise, shale gas production drives EIA’s natural gas forecast. Dry gas production increases from 24 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 37.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040 due to continued growth in shale gas production resulting from horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Shale gas production increases from 9.7 trillion cubic feet in 2012 to 19.8 trillion cubic feet in 2040 in EIA’s reference case. In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, total natural gas production reaches 45.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040, and shale gas production is 59 percent of that total, 26.95 trillion cubic feet. Conclusion
Drilling productivity is driving record production for both oil and natural gas in shale formations. Producers are able to get more production from existing wells than many thought. This increased drilling productivity is the reason for more optimistic forecasts of domestic oil and gas production. This production renaissance is taking place on private and state lands, despite President Obama trying to take credit for it.
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking - IER
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U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
U.S. Oil & Gas Production On the Rise Thanks to Fracking
North American Oil Production Makes Up for World Market Disruptions
Drilling Productivity Continues to Increase
Conclusion
Tags
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
|
In the High Oil and Gas Resource case, total natural gas production reaches 45.5 trillion cubic feet in 2040, and shale gas production is 59 percent of that total, 26.95 trillion cubic feet. Conclusion
Drilling productivity is driving record production for both oil and natural gas in shale formations. Producers are able to get more production from existing wells than many thought. This increased drilling productivity is the reason for more optimistic forecasts of domestic oil and gas production. This production renaissance is taking place on private and state lands, despite President Obama trying to take credit for it. While federal lands have enormous resource potential, this Administration policies have decreased rather than increased oil and natural gas production on federal lands and waters. [i] Wall Street Journal, Fracking Gives U.S. Energy Boom Plenty of Room to Run, September 14, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/articles/fracking-gives-u-s-energy-boom-plenty-of-room-to-run-1410728682
[ii] Quartz, The US shale oil boom is saving the world almost $5 billion a day, September 15, 2014, http://qz.com/265580/the-us-shale-oil-boom-is-saving-the-world-almost-5-billion-a-day/
[iii] Quartz, Oil prices aren’t coming down any time soon, and Iraq is just the latest reason, June 12, 2014, http://qz.com/220082/oil-prices-arent-coming-down-any-time-soon-and-iraq-is-just-the-latest-reason/
[iv] Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2014, May 7, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/
Tags
energy boom,
gas,
hydraulic fracturing,
oil
September 2014
Obama Continues With Onerous Regulations Despite Lull in Warming
September 2014
Why China and India’s Leaders Won't Attend the UN Climate Summit
| 5,330 | 7,052 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#0_2440321273
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
By IER
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Bank of America, the United States is now the world’s largest oil and natural gas liquids producer and will remain so for awhile, overtaking both Saudi Arabia and Russia. U.S. production of crude oil, along with liquids separated from natural gas, surpassed all other countries with daily output exceeding 11 million barrels during the first 5 months of this year. Oil production is soaring from shale formations in Texas and North Dakota using hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling technology. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), those two states produced almost 50 percent of the nation’s oil in April 2014. [ i]
The United States became the world’s largest natural gas producer in 2010, ousting Russia for the top spot. The United States also ranks as the world’s largest producer of oil and natural gas combined. Now, it is also the largest producer of oil and natural gas liquids. Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
The United States produced 8.4 million barrels per day of oil in April 2014—the highest monthly production volume in 27 years –with Texas and North Dakota accounting for nearly half of the total. Texas oil production reached over 3.0 million barrels per day for the first time since the late 1970s, more than doubling production in the past three years, and North Dakota production reached 1.0 million barrels per day for the first time in history, nearly tripling its production over the last 3 years. Combined crude oil production volumes from Texas and North Dakota reached 4.0 million barrels per day in April.
| 0 | 1,765 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#1_2440323749
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
The United States also ranks as the world’s largest producer of oil and natural gas combined. Now, it is also the largest producer of oil and natural gas liquids. Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
The United States produced 8.4 million barrels per day of oil in April 2014—the highest monthly production volume in 27 years –with Texas and North Dakota accounting for nearly half of the total. Texas oil production reached over 3.0 million barrels per day for the first time since the late 1970s, more than doubling production in the past three years, and North Dakota production reached 1.0 million barrels per day for the first time in history, nearly tripling its production over the last 3 years. Combined crude oil production volumes from Texas and North Dakota reached 4.0 million barrels per day in April. From April 2010 to April 2014, crude oil production volumes in North Dakota and Texas grew at average annual rates of 37 percent and 28 percent, respectively, compared to 2 percent average annual growth for the rest of the United States. During this period, North Dakota and Texas’s combined share of total U.S. crude oil production rose from 26 percent to 48 percent. By comparison, the Gulf of Mexico’s crude oil production share declined from 27 percent to 17 percent due to Obama Administration policies increasing the red tape for oil production on federal lands and waters. Gains in Texas crude oil production come primarily from unconventional tight oil and shale reservoirs in the Eagle Ford Shale in the Western Gulf Basin and the Permian Basin in West Texas. North Dakota’s increased oil production comes primarily from the Bakken shale formation in the Williston Basin.
| 950 | 2,646 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#2_2440326153
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
From April 2010 to April 2014, crude oil production volumes in North Dakota and Texas grew at average annual rates of 37 percent and 28 percent, respectively, compared to 2 percent average annual growth for the rest of the United States. During this period, North Dakota and Texas’s combined share of total U.S. crude oil production rose from 26 percent to 48 percent. By comparison, the Gulf of Mexico’s crude oil production share declined from 27 percent to 17 percent due to Obama Administration policies increasing the red tape for oil production on federal lands and waters. Gains in Texas crude oil production come primarily from unconventional tight oil and shale reservoirs in the Eagle Ford Shale in the Western Gulf Basin and the Permian Basin in West Texas. North Dakota’s increased oil production comes primarily from the Bakken shale formation in the Williston Basin. Since April 2011, the Eagle Ford has seen the largest monthly average increase in production exceeding 32,000 barrels per day, more than twice the 14,000 barrels per day increase in the Permian. Production from the Bakken increased 19,000 barrels per day on average each month over the same period. Source: Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16931
World Oil Prices
Generally, the increased supply of shale oil in the United States would have resulted in lowering world oil prices; but global events in oil markets have restricted production in several oil-producing nations.
| 1,766 | 3,268 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#3_2440328350
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
Since April 2011, the Eagle Ford has seen the largest monthly average increase in production exceeding 32,000 barrels per day, more than twice the 14,000 barrels per day increase in the Permian. Production from the Bakken increased 19,000 barrels per day on average each month over the same period. Source: Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16931
World Oil Prices
Generally, the increased supply of shale oil in the United States would have resulted in lowering world oil prices; but global events in oil markets have restricted production in several oil-producing nations. Protests in Libya and oil theft in Nigeria have reduced global supply and violence in Iraq has led to concerns that oil production may be cut from the country in the future. These events, among others, had raised the price of Brent crude, traded in London, to its highest daily level of the year of $115 a barrel on June 19 th. It has since receded and EIA expects it to average less than $110 per barrel for the year. Increased U.S. oil production has resulted in balancing the supply gaps and keeping prices at a fairly constant level. However, West Texas Intermediate crude oil is expected to remain about $7 to $10 per barrel below that of Brent crude oil.
| 2,647 | 3,929 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#4_2440330312
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
Protests in Libya and oil theft in Nigeria have reduced global supply and violence in Iraq has led to concerns that oil production may be cut from the country in the future. These events, among others, had raised the price of Brent crude, traded in London, to its highest daily level of the year of $115 a barrel on June 19 th. It has since receded and EIA expects it to average less than $110 per barrel for the year. Increased U.S. oil production has resulted in balancing the supply gaps and keeping prices at a fairly constant level. However, West Texas Intermediate crude oil is expected to remain about $7 to $10 per barrel below that of Brent crude oil. Future Expectations
According to the Bank of America, the United States is expected to hold its spot as the top “oil”-producing country this year because production in the second half of the year is expected to increase further. EIA in its latest Short Term Energy Outlook expects crude oil production in 2014 to average 8.46 million barrels per day and to increase to 9.28 million barrels per day in 2015 . [ ii] That production will lower oil imports to a 22 percent share of consumption—the lowest share in 45 years. According to the IEA, U.S. oil and natural gas liquids production will reach 13.1 million barrels per day by 2019, a bit higher than EIA’s forecast of 12.28 million barrels per day in its Annual Energy Outlook 2014 . [ iii] However, the IEA expects the United States to lose its top spot in global “oil” production in the 2030s with the Middle East re-emerging as a top force due to its abundant and low-cost resources. [
| 3,269 | 4,869 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#5_2440332623
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
Future Expectations
According to the Bank of America, the United States is expected to hold its spot as the top “oil”-producing country this year because production in the second half of the year is expected to increase further. EIA in its latest Short Term Energy Outlook expects crude oil production in 2014 to average 8.46 million barrels per day and to increase to 9.28 million barrels per day in 2015 . [ ii] That production will lower oil imports to a 22 percent share of consumption—the lowest share in 45 years. According to the IEA, U.S. oil and natural gas liquids production will reach 13.1 million barrels per day by 2019, a bit higher than EIA’s forecast of 12.28 million barrels per day in its Annual Energy Outlook 2014 . [ iii] However, the IEA expects the United States to lose its top spot in global “oil” production in the 2030s with the Middle East re-emerging as a top force due to its abundant and low-cost resources. [ iv]
Conclusion
The shale oil boom due to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling has resulted in large volume gains in U.S. oil production on private and state lands where federal policies have little effect on output. That production has helped the United States regain its stature as the world’s largest oil and natural gas liquids producer in the world, overtaking Saudi Arabia and Russia. It is also expected to reduce our dependence on oil imports to 22 percent in 2015—the lowest level in 45 years. While that production has not resulted in lower world oil prices due to unrest in several oil-producing countries, it has had a stabilizing effect on those prices. According to Francisco Blanch, the head of commodities research for the Bank of America, “The shale boom is playing a key role in the U.S. recovery.
| 3,929 | 5,692 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665238544#6_2440335114
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/analysis/u-s-overtakes-saudi-arabia-russia-worlds-biggest-oil-producer/
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer - IER
|
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
U.S. Overtakes Saudi Arabia and Russia as Largest Oil Producer
Texas and North Dakota Oil Production
World Oil Prices
Future Expectations
Conclusion
Tags
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
|
iv]
Conclusion
The shale oil boom due to hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling has resulted in large volume gains in U.S. oil production on private and state lands where federal policies have little effect on output. That production has helped the United States regain its stature as the world’s largest oil and natural gas liquids producer in the world, overtaking Saudi Arabia and Russia. It is also expected to reduce our dependence on oil imports to 22 percent in 2015—the lowest level in 45 years. While that production has not resulted in lower world oil prices due to unrest in several oil-producing countries, it has had a stabilizing effect on those prices. According to Francisco Blanch, the head of commodities research for the Bank of America, “The shale boom is playing a key role in the U.S. recovery. If the U.S. didn’t have this energy supply, prices at the pump would be completely unaffordable.” [ v]
[i] Energy Information Administration, North Dakota and Texas now provide nearly half of U.S. crude oil production, July 1, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16931
[ii] Energy Information Administration, Short Term Energy Outlook, July 8, 2014, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/
[iii] Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2014, http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/
[iv] Bidness Etc, US Ahead of Saudi Arabia as Largest Oil Producer in the World, July 7, 2014, http://www.bidnessetc.com/22429-us-ahead-of-saudi-arabia-as-largest-oil-producer-in-the-world/
[v] Bloomberg, U.S. Seen as Largest Oil Producer after Overtaking Saudi Arabia, July 4, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-07-04/u-s-seen-as-biggest-oil-producer-after-overtaking-saudi.html
Tags
north dakota,
oil production,
Russia,
saudi arabia,
Texas
July 2014
DOE Provides Cape Wind with $150 Million Loan Guarantee
July 2014
Germany’s Angst Over Hydraulic Fracturing and Emissions Targets
| 4,869 | 6,785 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#0_2440337756
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electric utilities in New England are requesting rate increases for this winter. Over the past decade, coal-and oil-fired power plants in New England have closed and now the region is dependent on natural gas for generation and has limited infrastructure to get the gas to markets. In Massachusetts, the two largest electric utilities have requested rate increases from state officials. National Grid received approval for a 37 percent rate increase over last winter’s rates, effective November 1, 2014, and NStar has requested a 29 percent increase, effective January 1, 2015. The rate increases affect more than 2.3 million consumers in Massachusetts. These high winter electricity prices are likely to continue in New England until new pipelines are built, which could be three to four more years, as heating markets compete with electric generators for limited natural gas supplies. [ 1] Unfortunately for consumers, cold weather has already arrived in many parts of the United States [2], including New England. Sample Rate Increases
According to NStar, the monthly bill for the average household it serves will increase about $28 a month with supply costs increasing 60 percent from 9.379 per kilowatt hour to 14.972 cents per kilowatt-hour . Supply costs are the costs that the electric utility pays for the generation that it purchases, which reflects only about half of consumers’ bills. The other half is the cost of delivering the power to their homes and that part of the bill is not changing.
| 0 | 1,606 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#1_2440339846
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
These high winter electricity prices are likely to continue in New England until new pipelines are built, which could be three to four more years, as heating markets compete with electric generators for limited natural gas supplies. [ 1] Unfortunately for consumers, cold weather has already arrived in many parts of the United States [2], including New England. Sample Rate Increases
According to NStar, the monthly bill for the average household it serves will increase about $28 a month with supply costs increasing 60 percent from 9.379 per kilowatt hour to 14.972 cents per kilowatt-hour . Supply costs are the costs that the electric utility pays for the generation that it purchases, which reflects only about half of consumers’ bills. The other half is the cost of delivering the power to their homes and that part of the bill is not changing. This is the highest level that NStar’s one million customers in metropolitan Boston and Cape Cod have paid for supply costs since 1998, when Massachusetts overhauled its electricity market. Source: http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/11/07/nstar-raise-electric-rates-percent/pAFfYV5SjYJQHr1ISJPQkN/story.html
Effective November 1, 2014, electricity rates for National Grid’s Massachusetts customers are 37 percent higher than last winter and almost 50 percent higher than in October. National Grid’s new winter rate is 24.24 cents per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, the average electricity rate in the United States is 46 percent cheaper than the National Grid’s rate at only 13.01 cents per kilowatt-hour.
| 756 | 2,317 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#2_2440341907
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
This is the highest level that NStar’s one million customers in metropolitan Boston and Cape Cod have paid for supply costs since 1998, when Massachusetts overhauled its electricity market. Source: http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/11/07/nstar-raise-electric-rates-percent/pAFfYV5SjYJQHr1ISJPQkN/story.html
Effective November 1, 2014, electricity rates for National Grid’s Massachusetts customers are 37 percent higher than last winter and almost 50 percent higher than in October. National Grid’s new winter rate is 24.24 cents per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, the average electricity rate in the United States is 46 percent cheaper than the National Grid’s rate at only 13.01 cents per kilowatt-hour. The monthly bill for a typical National Grid customer will be slightly more than $150 [3] –a monthly increase of $33 for a homeowner or business using 500 kilowatt-hours of power. According to National Grid, two-thirds of the cost is from the purchase of electricity from power plants, which is up from just over half of the bill cost last winter. The supply cost is 16.2 cents per kilowatt-hour, up 62 percent from the 10 cents of last winter, and about twice the 8.3 cents under the current warm-weather rates. National Grid serves about 1.3 million residential and business customers in 172 of Massachusetts 351 cities and towns. [ 4]
Source:
| 1,607 | 2,962 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#3_2440343763
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
The monthly bill for a typical National Grid customer will be slightly more than $150 [3] –a monthly increase of $33 for a homeowner or business using 500 kilowatt-hours of power. According to National Grid, two-thirds of the cost is from the purchase of electricity from power plants, which is up from just over half of the bill cost last winter. The supply cost is 16.2 cents per kilowatt-hour, up 62 percent from the 10 cents of last winter, and about twice the 8.3 cents under the current warm-weather rates. National Grid serves about 1.3 million residential and business customers in 172 of Massachusetts 351 cities and towns. [ 4]
Source: http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/09/25/national-grid-projects-percent-increase-for-winter-electricity-rates/MBl81NGxTljzr56PZCD7QK/story.html
National Grid is also the dominant utility in Rhode Island serving 486,000 customers there. National Grid has requested a 23.6 percent rate increase over last winter’s rates in Rhode Island. The monthly increase for a household that uses 500 kilowatt hours of power is expected to be $21, increasing the monthly bill from $88 to $109. The percentage increases for commercial and industrial users is expected to be similar. In Rhode Island, about half of a customer’s electric bill is for the supply cost of power and the other half is for delivery — transition, transmission and distribution charges — and fees for renewable energy and energy efficiency.
| 2,318 | 3,767 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#4_2440345713
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/09/25/national-grid-projects-percent-increase-for-winter-electricity-rates/MBl81NGxTljzr56PZCD7QK/story.html
National Grid is also the dominant utility in Rhode Island serving 486,000 customers there. National Grid has requested a 23.6 percent rate increase over last winter’s rates in Rhode Island. The monthly increase for a household that uses 500 kilowatt hours of power is expected to be $21, increasing the monthly bill from $88 to $109. The percentage increases for commercial and industrial users is expected to be similar. In Rhode Island, about half of a customer’s electric bill is for the supply cost of power and the other half is for delivery — transition, transmission and distribution charges — and fees for renewable energy and energy efficiency. As in Massachusetts, almost the entire proposed increase is due to higher supply costs. If the R.I. Public Utilities Commission approves the proposal, the new rates will go into effect January 1, 2015, and remain in place until June 30. The pattern for electric rates in New England is an increase in the colder months and a decrease in the warmer ones when home heating and electric utilities are not competing for available gas supplies. [ 5]
Western Massachusetts Electric Co. filed for an increase in its basic supply rate, which would raise the average residential customer’s bill by 29 percent for six months beginning January 1, 2015, increasing the average residential customer’s monthly bill by about $26. The rate increase would raise the supply charge to 14.015 cents per kilowatt hour.
| 2,963 | 4,564 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#5_2440347820
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
As in Massachusetts, almost the entire proposed increase is due to higher supply costs. If the R.I. Public Utilities Commission approves the proposal, the new rates will go into effect January 1, 2015, and remain in place until June 30. The pattern for electric rates in New England is an increase in the colder months and a decrease in the warmer ones when home heating and electric utilities are not competing for available gas supplies. [ 5]
Western Massachusetts Electric Co. filed for an increase in its basic supply rate, which would raise the average residential customer’s bill by 29 percent for six months beginning January 1, 2015, increasing the average residential customer’s monthly bill by about $26. The rate increase would raise the supply charge to 14.015 cents per kilowatt hour. Customers using an average of 500 kilowatt hours per month will see their monthly bill increase from $90.40 to $116.26 after January 1. Western Massachusetts Electric supplies electricity to 15 of Berkshire County’s 32 communities. [ 6]
Connecticut Light & Power requested a 26 percent increase for residential customers starting next year. Generation rates (supply costs) are expected to be 12.629 cents per kilowatt hour from January 1 to June 30, 2015, for residential customers, an increase from 9.99 cents per kilowatt hour in the last six months of 2014. The generation rates or supply costs pay for the production of electricity at power plants and make up about half of household monthly bills.
| 3,768 | 5,266 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#6_2440349810
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
Customers using an average of 500 kilowatt hours per month will see their monthly bill increase from $90.40 to $116.26 after January 1. Western Massachusetts Electric supplies electricity to 15 of Berkshire County’s 32 communities. [ 6]
Connecticut Light & Power requested a 26 percent increase for residential customers starting next year. Generation rates (supply costs) are expected to be 12.629 cents per kilowatt hour from January 1 to June 30, 2015, for residential customers, an increase from 9.99 cents per kilowatt hour in the last six months of 2014. The generation rates or supply costs pay for the production of electricity at power plants and make up about half of household monthly bills. The transmission and distribution rates are also under regulatory review and are expected to increase early next year as well. The increase in generation prices will result in higher monthly bills of more than $18 for a typical customer who uses 700 kilowatt hours. The transmission and distribution increase is expected to increase bills nearly $10 more for the same usage customer. [ 7]
Generation Rates
Source: http://www.courant.com/business/hc-electric-rates-increase-2015-20141107-story.html
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Although shale gas from the Marcellus formation is plentiful and inexpensive, getting it to New England from Pennsylvania is a huge challenge.
| 4,565 | 5,941 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665246088#7_2440351671
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
|
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
The transmission and distribution rates are also under regulatory review and are expected to increase early next year as well. The increase in generation prices will result in higher monthly bills of more than $18 for a typical customer who uses 700 kilowatt hours. The transmission and distribution increase is expected to increase bills nearly $10 more for the same usage customer. [ 7]
Generation Rates
Source: http://www.courant.com/business/hc-electric-rates-increase-2015-20141107-story.html
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Although shale gas from the Marcellus formation is plentiful and inexpensive, getting it to New England from Pennsylvania is a huge challenge. The six New England states are supplied by only two major pipelines and both are at full capacity. This limited infrastructure in an area with growing natural gas demand has increased the price of electricity in the winter when natural gas is also used for heating. Natural gas for January delivery is trading at almost $19 per million BTUs. In contrast, natural gas in Japan, which relies entirely on imported liquefied natural gas is forecast to cost less than $18 per million BTUs this winter. [ 8]
Energy experts have warned New England that it would pay a price for using more natural gas for heating and electric power generation without making investments in expanding natural gas pipelines.
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
The six New England states are supplied by only two major pipelines and both are at full capacity. This limited infrastructure in an area with growing natural gas demand has increased the price of electricity in the winter when natural gas is also used for heating. Natural gas for January delivery is trading at almost $19 per million BTUs. In contrast, natural gas in Japan, which relies entirely on imported liquefied natural gas is forecast to cost less than $18 per million BTUs this winter. [ 8]
Energy experts have warned New England that it would pay a price for using more natural gas for heating and electric power generation without making investments in expanding natural gas pipelines. Kinder Morgan, for example, is facing environmentalist opposition to constructing a new 177-mile pipeline across the northern side of Massachusetts, with a cost of about $3 billion. Northeast Utilities and Sempra Energy have proposed a $3 billion plan to upgrade the capacity of existing pipelines that transverse Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, serving dozens of gas-fired electric generators. It is likely to be several winters, however, before either plan receives federal approval, is constructed, and is put into operation. [ 9] In fact, the expected in-service date for these two projects is November 2018 provided environmental opposition is limited. [ 10]
Conclusion
More stringent environmental regulations and low natural gas prices have combined to entice many electricity generators in New England to retire aging coal- and oil-fired plants for natural gas-fired plants, which now generate over half of the region’s electricity mix, an increase from less than 15 percent in 2000.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
|
Kinder Morgan, for example, is facing environmentalist opposition to constructing a new 177-mile pipeline across the northern side of Massachusetts, with a cost of about $3 billion. Northeast Utilities and Sempra Energy have proposed a $3 billion plan to upgrade the capacity of existing pipelines that transverse Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts, serving dozens of gas-fired electric generators. It is likely to be several winters, however, before either plan receives federal approval, is constructed, and is put into operation. [ 9] In fact, the expected in-service date for these two projects is November 2018 provided environmental opposition is limited. [ 10]
Conclusion
More stringent environmental regulations and low natural gas prices have combined to entice many electricity generators in New England to retire aging coal- and oil-fired plants for natural gas-fired plants, which now generate over half of the region’s electricity mix, an increase from less than 15 percent in 2000. The situation will only get worse as New England is in the process of shuttering more coal-fired units and the Vermont Yankee nuclear plant. The lack of a diversified fuel mix for electricity generation along with insufficient pipeline capacity to move the natural gas to markets has caused the electric rate increases as the New England energy markets compete for the available natural gas. Clearly, New England needs new natural gas pipelines to prevent electricity prices from overwhelming families and small businesses, especially the 10 percent of New England families that rely on electricity for heat. [ 11] But, environmental opposition is slowing the process for getting new pipelines approved and built. [ 12] In the mean time, New England families need to pray for warm weather.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/electricity-rate-increases-begin-new-england/
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England - IER
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Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Electricity Rate Increases Begin in New England
Sample Rate Increases
Generation Rates
New Natural Gas Pipelines in Limbo
Conclusion
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The situation will only get worse as New England is in the process of shuttering more coal-fired units and the Vermont Yankee nuclear plant. The lack of a diversified fuel mix for electricity generation along with insufficient pipeline capacity to move the natural gas to markets has caused the electric rate increases as the New England energy markets compete for the available natural gas. Clearly, New England needs new natural gas pipelines to prevent electricity prices from overwhelming families and small businesses, especially the 10 percent of New England families that rely on electricity for heat. [ 11] But, environmental opposition is slowing the process for getting new pipelines approved and built. [ 12] In the mean time, New England families need to pray for warm weather. [1] Boston Globe, NSTAR seeks 29 percent hike in electric rates, November 7, 2014, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/11/07/nstar-raise-electric-rates-percent/pAFfYV5SjYJQHr1ISJPQkN/story.html
[2] Reuters, Biggest U.S. power grid PJM hits monthly record due to cold snap, November 19, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/19/us-utilities-pjm-record-idUSKCN0J32BO20141119
[3] Boston Globe, Electric bills heading up this winter, September 25, 2014, http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/09/25/national-grid-projects-percent-increase-for-winter-electricity-rates/gVya8QtLFa4nCRJLmy0SIJ/story.html
[4] NECN, Massachusetts’ Electric Rates, Soar, September 25, 2014, http://www.necn.com/news/business/Massachusetts-Electric-Rates-Soar-277009371.html
[5] Providence Journal, National Grid seeks 23.6-percent rate hike for Rhode Island electric customers, November 20, 2014, http://www.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/content/20141119-national-grid-seeks-23.6-percent-rate-hike-for-rhode-island-electric-customers.ece
[6] The Berkshire Eagle, Western Massachusetts Electric eyes 29 percent rate hike, November 15, 2014, http://www.berkshireeagle.com/local/ci_26942074/western-massachusetts-electric-eyes-rate-hike
[7] Hartford Courant, CL&P Electric Rates To Jump 26 Percent Starting in January, November 7, 2014, http://www.courant.com/business/hc-electric-rates-increase-2015-20141107-story.html
[8] NPR, New England Electricity Prices Spike as Gas Pipelines Lag, November 5, 2014, http://www.npr.org/2014/11/05/361420484/new-england-electricity-prices
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Electricity Transmission - IER
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Electricity Transmission
How Electricity Transmission Works
The Economics of Electricity of Transmission
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Electricity makes our lives better, brighter, and cleaner. After electricity is generated at a power plant, it needs to be transmitted on high-voltage power lines before it can be distributed to our homes and businesses. This page focuses on the middle stage— electricity transmission from power plants to local distribution grids. In many ways, electricity transmission is the unsung hero of our modern, electrified economy. The U.S. transmission grid delivers power so reliably that widespread blackouts—like the Northeast blackouts of 1965 and 2003—are rare, unforgettable moments in U.S. history. In the past, the transmission grid has been reliable. Yet in the future, that might not be the case, as new laws and regulations threaten to make the grid unstable. History of Transmission
In the 1880s, electric lighting systems were some of the first applications of electricity to modern American life. In those early systems—like Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Station in Manhattan, which energized America’s first power grid—electric power stations served customers in a small network that covered only a few city blocks. One of the biggest differences between the small electricity grid at Pearl Street and the electricity we use today is that Edison used direct current (DC), while today’s grids use alternating current (AC).
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
In the past, the transmission grid has been reliable. Yet in the future, that might not be the case, as new laws and regulations threaten to make the grid unstable. History of Transmission
In the 1880s, electric lighting systems were some of the first applications of electricity to modern American life. In those early systems—like Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Station in Manhattan, which energized America’s first power grid—electric power stations served customers in a small network that covered only a few city blocks. One of the biggest differences between the small electricity grid at Pearl Street and the electricity we use today is that Edison used direct current (DC), while today’s grids use alternating current (AC). Early power grids were small by today’s standards, in part because of the physics of direct current networks. DC networks had to operate at low voltages in order to be safe, the downside being that transmitting low-voltage power is inefficient. Much of the power is lost in the form of heat, and the power simply cannot be transmitted very far. [ 1]
In fact, Edison’s Pearl Street Station had no “transmission” component, as we use that term today. Copper wires buried underground carried power only a short distance from the station to the electric lamps of Edison’s customers.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Early power grids were small by today’s standards, in part because of the physics of direct current networks. DC networks had to operate at low voltages in order to be safe, the downside being that transmitting low-voltage power is inefficient. Much of the power is lost in the form of heat, and the power simply cannot be transmitted very far. [ 1]
In fact, Edison’s Pearl Street Station had no “transmission” component, as we use that term today. Copper wires buried underground carried power only a short distance from the station to the electric lamps of Edison’s customers. Pearl Street was a huge leap forward—some call it “the beginning of modernity”—but grids powered by direct current only worked in densely populated areas like lower Manhattan. [ 2] It was nearly impossible for anyone to implement on a wider scale. The Alternating Current Breakthrough
A Serbian-American inventor named Nikola Tesla is the most famous of the electrical engineers who revolutionized the way we transmit electricity. Working with entrepreneur George Westinghouse, Tesla and the early AC engineers made long-distance electricity transmission possible. [ 3] Instead of generating DC power, their solution was to generate a completely different kind of electric power—AC—and to use new transformers to increase and decrease the voltage.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Pearl Street was a huge leap forward—some call it “the beginning of modernity”—but grids powered by direct current only worked in densely populated areas like lower Manhattan. [ 2] It was nearly impossible for anyone to implement on a wider scale. The Alternating Current Breakthrough
A Serbian-American inventor named Nikola Tesla is the most famous of the electrical engineers who revolutionized the way we transmit electricity. Working with entrepreneur George Westinghouse, Tesla and the early AC engineers made long-distance electricity transmission possible. [ 3] Instead of generating DC power, their solution was to generate a completely different kind of electric power—AC—and to use new transformers to increase and decrease the voltage. That was the beauty of the AC breakthrough: it meant that electricity could be transformed from low to high voltage and back, which increased the efficiency of transmission and allowed Westinghouse’s early transmission lines to span longer distances. Westinghouse’s AC generators at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons
In 1893, Westinghouse and Tesla saw an opportunity to prove that AC was the system of the future to an audience of millions at the Chicago World’s Fair. The Westinghouse Corporation underbid General Electric (Edison’s former company) to win the contract to light the fair, and Westinghouse and Tesla went on to produce a spectacular display of nearly 100,000 electric lights for President Grover Cleveland and 27 million other visitors over the course of the fair. [
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
That was the beauty of the AC breakthrough: it meant that electricity could be transformed from low to high voltage and back, which increased the efficiency of transmission and allowed Westinghouse’s early transmission lines to span longer distances. Westinghouse’s AC generators at the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons
In 1893, Westinghouse and Tesla saw an opportunity to prove that AC was the system of the future to an audience of millions at the Chicago World’s Fair. The Westinghouse Corporation underbid General Electric (Edison’s former company) to win the contract to light the fair, and Westinghouse and Tesla went on to produce a spectacular display of nearly 100,000 electric lights for President Grover Cleveland and 27 million other visitors over the course of the fair. [ 4]
The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair was lit by Westinghouse’s AC system
Photo Credit: Chicago History Museum/Getty Images; Source: IEEE Spectrum
“The lamps that laced every building and walkway produced the most elaborate demonstration of electric illumination ever attempted and the first large-scale test of alternating current. The fair alone consumed three times as much electricity as the entire city of Chicago.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
4]
The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair was lit by Westinghouse’s AC system
Photo Credit: Chicago History Museum/Getty Images; Source: IEEE Spectrum
“The lamps that laced every building and walkway produced the most elaborate demonstration of electric illumination ever attempted and the first large-scale test of alternating current. The fair alone consumed three times as much electricity as the entire city of Chicago. These were important engineering milestones, but what visitors adored was the sheer beauty of seeing so many lights ignited in one place, at one time.” The Devil in the White City, by Erik Larson [5]. Later in 1893, the Niagara Falls Power Company awarded Westinghouse a contract to harness the power of Niagara Falls and to deliver it to Buffalo, New York—22 miles away—using his new AC technology. With the help of Tesla and other electricity innovators, Westinghouse Electric Corporation built a hydroelectric power station at Niagara that would again test AC technology. The team of engineers at Westinghouse’s company had to build custom transformers to increase the voltage of the power generated at Niagara from 2,200 to 11,000 volts before placing it on transmission lines.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
These were important engineering milestones, but what visitors adored was the sheer beauty of seeing so many lights ignited in one place, at one time.” The Devil in the White City, by Erik Larson [5]. Later in 1893, the Niagara Falls Power Company awarded Westinghouse a contract to harness the power of Niagara Falls and to deliver it to Buffalo, New York—22 miles away—using his new AC technology. With the help of Tesla and other electricity innovators, Westinghouse Electric Corporation built a hydroelectric power station at Niagara that would again test AC technology. The team of engineers at Westinghouse’s company had to build custom transformers to increase the voltage of the power generated at Niagara from 2,200 to 11,000 volts before placing it on transmission lines. Westinghouse’s new transformers allowed him to send power efficiently first to Buffalo, New York, and ultimately all the way to New York City as more generators came online at the station. “ Broadway was ablaze with lights” powered from hundreds of miles away by the station at Niagara. [ 6] As the Niagara Falls Power Company recounted in 1927: “ At Niagara the great step was taken in the transition from…local mechanical power to the new era of universal electrical power.” [ 7] No longer would power need to come from the factory floor or a generator nearby— instead, generators could supply power from hundreds of miles away.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Westinghouse’s new transformers allowed him to send power efficiently first to Buffalo, New York, and ultimately all the way to New York City as more generators came online at the station. “ Broadway was ablaze with lights” powered from hundreds of miles away by the station at Niagara. [ 6] As the Niagara Falls Power Company recounted in 1927: “ At Niagara the great step was taken in the transition from…local mechanical power to the new era of universal electrical power.” [ 7] No longer would power need to come from the factory floor or a generator nearby— instead, generators could supply power from hundreds of miles away. Large generators at the power station at Niagara Falls
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons
Universal Electric Power
Samuel Insull, a pioneering young businessman who had worked as Edison’s assistant and then business partner, had a breathtaking vision for electricity in the era of long-distance transmission. Edison encouraged Insull to test the boundaries of their business. “ Do it big, Sammy,” he instructed. “ Make it either a big success or a big failure.” [
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Large generators at the power station at Niagara Falls
Photo Credit: Wikipedia Commons
Universal Electric Power
Samuel Insull, a pioneering young businessman who had worked as Edison’s assistant and then business partner, had a breathtaking vision for electricity in the era of long-distance transmission. Edison encouraged Insull to test the boundaries of their business. “ Do it big, Sammy,” he instructed. “ Make it either a big success or a big failure.” [ 8] In 1892, Insull left Edison’s former company in the New York area to pave his own way with a growing electricity company in Chicago (Chicago Edison, now Commonwealth Edison). [ 9]
Pushing the physical and economic limits of the high-voltage AC transmission system, Insull revolutionized the electricity industry by building larger generators and by transmitting power over longer distances. Year after year, his Chicago-based company brought the cost of electricity down while significantly increasing the number of people with access to it. By 1911, Insull’s AC grids spanned entire states. [ 10] At the same time, Insull was influential in creating the regulatory framework for electric utilities, which is still generally intact.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
8] In 1892, Insull left Edison’s former company in the New York area to pave his own way with a growing electricity company in Chicago (Chicago Edison, now Commonwealth Edison). [ 9]
Pushing the physical and economic limits of the high-voltage AC transmission system, Insull revolutionized the electricity industry by building larger generators and by transmitting power over longer distances. Year after year, his Chicago-based company brought the cost of electricity down while significantly increasing the number of people with access to it. By 1911, Insull’s AC grids spanned entire states. [ 10] At the same time, Insull was influential in creating the regulatory framework for electric utilities, which is still generally intact. Insull’s focus on spreading electricity to new customers made him one of the great “democratizers” in American history. By the end of the 1920s, his companies were serving more than four million customers in 32 states. [ 11] He would go on to network his transmission facilities with those of other companies, creating an interconnected web of electricity that powered cities and farms alike and laid the foundation for today’s power grid. Back to Top
How Electricity Transmission Works
The characteristic feature of modern electricity transmission is the high-voltage power lines that stretch across the entire continent. In the U.S., there are over 200,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines (i.e., 230,000 volts and above)—enough to wrap around the Earth more than eight times. [
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
Insull’s focus on spreading electricity to new customers made him one of the great “democratizers” in American history. By the end of the 1920s, his companies were serving more than four million customers in 32 states. [ 11] He would go on to network his transmission facilities with those of other companies, creating an interconnected web of electricity that powered cities and farms alike and laid the foundation for today’s power grid. Back to Top
How Electricity Transmission Works
The characteristic feature of modern electricity transmission is the high-voltage power lines that stretch across the entire continent. In the U.S., there are over 200,000 miles of high-voltage transmission lines (i.e., 230,000 volts and above)—enough to wrap around the Earth more than eight times. [ 12] All of these lines networked together create a type of superhighway that moves electricity from the power plants where it is generated to local distribution systems, which ultimately deliver it to homes and businesses. In the continental U.S., we have three large, independent AC grids: the Eastern Interconnection, which covers the eastern two-thirds of the US; the Western Interconnection, which covers the western third; and the Texas Interconnection, which covers 85 percent of the state of Texas. [
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
12] All of these lines networked together create a type of superhighway that moves electricity from the power plants where it is generated to local distribution systems, which ultimately deliver it to homes and businesses. In the continental U.S., we have three large, independent AC grids: the Eastern Interconnection, which covers the eastern two-thirds of the US; the Western Interconnection, which covers the western third; and the Texas Interconnection, which covers 85 percent of the state of Texas. [ 13] Each has multiple utilities and independent power producers supplying electricity to the grid, and different pieces of the grid are owned by a patchwork of utilities, municipalities, federal power marketers, and independent transmission companies. [ 14] The three interconnections each represent synchronized machines humming at the same frequency (60 hertz) and are considered some of the largest machines on the planet. [ 15]
Grid Balancing
The grid is actively monitored 24 hours a day by various grid operators, also called balancing authorities. These balancing authorities work to keep the electric grid in balance at all times by making sure that the supply of electricity meets demand in real time. Currently, no technology exists that can store electricity cost-effectively on a large scale. [
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
13] Each has multiple utilities and independent power producers supplying electricity to the grid, and different pieces of the grid are owned by a patchwork of utilities, municipalities, federal power marketers, and independent transmission companies. [ 14] The three interconnections each represent synchronized machines humming at the same frequency (60 hertz) and are considered some of the largest machines on the planet. [ 15]
Grid Balancing
The grid is actively monitored 24 hours a day by various grid operators, also called balancing authorities. These balancing authorities work to keep the electric grid in balance at all times by making sure that the supply of electricity meets demand in real time. Currently, no technology exists that can store electricity cost-effectively on a large scale. [ 16] For that reason, balancing authorities rely on generators to respond to changes in demand at a moment’s notice. In the video below, the BBC explores the challenge of keeping the British National Grid grid in balance in the face of demand fluctuations. In the U.S., the same fundamentals are at work at grid operation centers across the country—each day, grid operators carefully match available supply to the demand on the grid. We don’t experience the “tea time pick-up” shown in the video above, but demand on grids in the U.S. does fluctuate throughout the day. Below, we see a typical “load curve,” which is an illustration of the level of demand at different times of day.
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Electricity Transmission - IER
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Electricity Transmission
Electricity Transmission
Contents
History of Transmission
The Alternating Current Breakthrough
Universal Electric Power
How Electricity Transmission Works
Grid Balancing
Why High Voltage?
The Economics of Electricity Transmission
Wholesale Electricity Markets
The Future of Electricity Transmission
Conclusion
|
16] For that reason, balancing authorities rely on generators to respond to changes in demand at a moment’s notice. In the video below, the BBC explores the challenge of keeping the British National Grid grid in balance in the face of demand fluctuations. In the U.S., the same fundamentals are at work at grid operation centers across the country—each day, grid operators carefully match available supply to the demand on the grid. We don’t experience the “tea time pick-up” shown in the video above, but demand on grids in the U.S. does fluctuate throughout the day. Below, we see a typical “load curve,” which is an illustration of the level of demand at different times of day. It is the task of grid operators to increase and decrease supply to follow this curve, second by second. Illustration of a “load curve” depicting electricity demand for a typical day
Why High Voltage? About 6 percent of the power generated today is lost in transit (converted to heat by resistance from wires). [ 17] We transmit power at high voltage because it makes for more efficient transmission by limiting these so-called “line losses.” Even materials that are excellent conductors of electricity (such as meta
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
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Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
Why Are Gas Prices So High? Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising? “Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
As of March 9, 2021, gasoline prices in the United States are averaging $2.80, 13 percent higher than a month ago. The purpose of this post is to explain why this increase is occurring. Gasoline prices are composed of four main components: 1.) supply and demand for oil in a global market, 2.) taxes levied by federal, state and local government, 3.0) distribution and market costs, such as the costs incurred by local gas station owners, and 4.) the cost of refining crude oil to turn it into gasoline.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
Gasoline prices are composed of four main components: 1.) supply and demand for oil in a global market, 2.) taxes levied by federal, state and local government, 3.0) distribution and market costs, such as the costs incurred by local gas station owners, and 4.) the cost of refining crude oil to turn it into gasoline. The largest component of the price of gasoline is the price of oil, which made up 52 percent of the price at the pump in January 2021. This is followed by taxes that represent 21 percent of the price, distribution and marketing costs at 15 percent, and refining costs at 12 percent. The cost of distribution varies with seasonal changes as refineries retool to switch from winter grade to summer grade gasoline, perform regular maintenance on their facilities, and fix any break-down of equipment. It also varies as global markets change (e.g. the coronavirus pandemic) and as government taxes increase. Currently, several refineries have been down due to freezing weather that hit Texas and a number of other oil and gas producing states that also have refineries.
| 405 | 1,489 |
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
The largest component of the price of gasoline is the price of oil, which made up 52 percent of the price at the pump in January 2021. This is followed by taxes that represent 21 percent of the price, distribution and marketing costs at 15 percent, and refining costs at 12 percent. The cost of distribution varies with seasonal changes as refineries retool to switch from winter grade to summer grade gasoline, perform regular maintenance on their facilities, and fix any break-down of equipment. It also varies as global markets change (e.g. the coronavirus pandemic) and as government taxes increase. Currently, several refineries have been down due to freezing weather that hit Texas and a number of other oil and gas producing states that also have refineries. During mid-spring, refineries also close for maintenance and switchover to summer fuels required to meet air quality standards that is a result of normal operations. With limited refinery capacity in the United States, the removal of some refineries from the production of gasoline results in higher prices. Along with refinery outages, gasoline prices increase due to higher prices for oil on world markets because of increasing world demand, and production quotas by OPEC+ countries (OPEC and its partners) and geopolitical events such as the Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi rebels attacking a major Saudi Arabian oil port on the Persian Gulf (Ras Tanura) with drones and missiles on March 7. The result is the gasoline price increases we have seen over the past several weeks. Lowering world oil demand or increasing world oil supplies would lower oil prices, but the United States can neither affect the oil demand of other countries nor can it increase the supply of oil from other oil producing countries.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
During mid-spring, refineries also close for maintenance and switchover to summer fuels required to meet air quality standards that is a result of normal operations. With limited refinery capacity in the United States, the removal of some refineries from the production of gasoline results in higher prices. Along with refinery outages, gasoline prices increase due to higher prices for oil on world markets because of increasing world demand, and production quotas by OPEC+ countries (OPEC and its partners) and geopolitical events such as the Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi rebels attacking a major Saudi Arabian oil port on the Persian Gulf (Ras Tanura) with drones and missiles on March 7. The result is the gasoline price increases we have seen over the past several weeks. Lowering world oil demand or increasing world oil supplies would lower oil prices, but the United States can neither affect the oil demand of other countries nor can it increase the supply of oil from other oil producing countries. It can increase its own oil supplies, which are coming back to production after the downturn during the height of the coronavirus pandemic and the recent freeze. However, President Biden’s policies of placing a moratorium on drilling on federal lands in order to review drilling policy will put a damper on future U.S. oil production. And, the signal that Biden sent to markets with the cancellation of the Keystone XL pipeline on his Inauguration Day is a strong indication that producing oil and gas in America is going to become more difficult during his administration. Besides reducing oil demand or increasing oil supply, U.S. gasoline prices can be lowered by lowering refining costs, decreasing gasoline taxes, or decreasing marketing and distribution costs, but as the figure above shows, these components of the cost of gasoline are small compared to the price of oil. 1) Supply and Demand for oil
a) World Oil Demand Growth :
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
It can increase its own oil supplies, which are coming back to production after the downturn during the height of the coronavirus pandemic and the recent freeze. However, President Biden’s policies of placing a moratorium on drilling on federal lands in order to review drilling policy will put a damper on future U.S. oil production. And, the signal that Biden sent to markets with the cancellation of the Keystone XL pipeline on his Inauguration Day is a strong indication that producing oil and gas in America is going to become more difficult during his administration. Besides reducing oil demand or increasing oil supply, U.S. gasoline prices can be lowered by lowering refining costs, decreasing gasoline taxes, or decreasing marketing and distribution costs, but as the figure above shows, these components of the cost of gasoline are small compared to the price of oil. 1) Supply and Demand for oil
a) World Oil Demand Growth : World crude oil and liquid fuels demand increased after the height of the coronavirus pandemic and is 8 million barrels per day greater than production. Demand has recovered in China and India and is on the upward spiral in the United States and Europe. U.S. petroleum demand, as measured by total petroleum products supplied, was 19.4 million barrels per day in January 2021, according to the latest monthly statistical report by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), a 4 percent increase from December and a decrease of only 2.3 percent compared with January 2020. If world demand for oil rises faster than oil companies can produce the crude, oil prices will go up, which is what is occurring now. b) Domestic Supply:
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
World crude oil and liquid fuels demand increased after the height of the coronavirus pandemic and is 8 million barrels per day greater than production. Demand has recovered in China and India and is on the upward spiral in the United States and Europe. U.S. petroleum demand, as measured by total petroleum products supplied, was 19.4 million barrels per day in January 2021, according to the latest monthly statistical report by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), a 4 percent increase from December and a decrease of only 2.3 percent compared with January 2020. If world demand for oil rises faster than oil companies can produce the crude, oil prices will go up, which is what is occurring now. b) Domestic Supply: According to the EIA, the United States produced 3 million barrels per day of crude oil natural gas liquids in January 2021, down from 17.9 million barrels per day in January 2020 before the pandemic — a 26 percent decline. Only a small portion of federal lands are leased to oil and gas drilling. More domestic oil could be produced if the federal government permitted it and if its regulatory procedures were commensurate with state regulation that is more conducive to exploration and drilling. This is exasperated by President Biden’s moratorium on drilling on U.S. federal lands to review domestic policy mentioned above. c) OPEC Production Restraints:
| 3,435 | 4,820 |
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
According to the EIA, the United States produced 3 million barrels per day of crude oil natural gas liquids in January 2021, down from 17.9 million barrels per day in January 2020 before the pandemic — a 26 percent decline. Only a small portion of federal lands are leased to oil and gas drilling. More domestic oil could be produced if the federal government permitted it and if its regulatory procedures were commensurate with state regulation that is more conducive to exploration and drilling. This is exasperated by President Biden’s moratorium on drilling on U.S. federal lands to review domestic policy mentioned above. c) OPEC Production Restraints: OPEC and its partners have restricted the production of oil in order to increase prices which fell when demand bottomed out during the pandemic. OPEC and its allies indicated that they will rollover current production cuts to the end of April. Russia and Kazakhstan were the only exceptions and were allowed to increase production by 130,000 and 20,000 barrels per day, respectively, due to “continued seasonal consumption patterns”. Saudi Arabia also extended its voluntary output cut of one million barrels per day, which was due to expire at the end of March, through the month of April. OPEC+ appears to be responding to the uncertainty around the demand outlook by taking a more cautious approach.
| 4,163 | 5,523 |
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
OPEC and its partners have restricted the production of oil in order to increase prices which fell when demand bottomed out during the pandemic. OPEC and its allies indicated that they will rollover current production cuts to the end of April. Russia and Kazakhstan were the only exceptions and were allowed to increase production by 130,000 and 20,000 barrels per day, respectively, due to “continued seasonal consumption patterns”. Saudi Arabia also extended its voluntary output cut of one million barrels per day, which was due to expire at the end of March, through the month of April. OPEC+ appears to be responding to the uncertainty around the demand outlook by taking a more cautious approach. Further, OPEC+ does not believe that U.S. oil production will be able to respond to the higher price environment any time soon. Forecasters are looking at $75 or $80 a barrel oil in the 2nd and 3rd quarters of this year. OPEC exporting nations possess much of the world’s known conventional oil reserves, and as such, have excess production capacity. However, in order to maintain favorably high oil prices to fund their governments and sustain their production capabilities, these nations agree on production targets that curtail the supply of oil from member states. In addition, oil prices are buoyed due to unrest in the Middle East.
| 4,821 | 6,161 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#8_2440404601
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
Further, OPEC+ does not believe that U.S. oil production will be able to respond to the higher price environment any time soon. Forecasters are looking at $75 or $80 a barrel oil in the 2nd and 3rd quarters of this year. OPEC exporting nations possess much of the world’s known conventional oil reserves, and as such, have excess production capacity. However, in order to maintain favorably high oil prices to fund their governments and sustain their production capabilities, these nations agree on production targets that curtail the supply of oil from member states. In addition, oil prices are buoyed due to unrest in the Middle East. Recently, Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi rebels attacked a major Saudi Arabian oil port on the Persian Gulf (Ras Tanura) with drones and missiles. Despite Saudi authorities indicating the strike caused no casualties or damage, oil prices increased after the market opened in New York following the attack. Brent crude added more than 2.5 percent, rising above $71 a barrel. Prices surged to their highest level since May 2019, due to rising demand as the global economy reopens from shutdowns caused by the coronavirus and supply curtailments in many producing countries. Saudi Arabia responded by dropping bombs on Yemen’s rebel-held capital San’a.
| 5,524 | 6,808 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#9_2440406511
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
Recently, Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi rebels attacked a major Saudi Arabian oil port on the Persian Gulf (Ras Tanura) with drones and missiles. Despite Saudi authorities indicating the strike caused no casualties or damage, oil prices increased after the market opened in New York following the attack. Brent crude added more than 2.5 percent, rising above $71 a barrel. Prices surged to their highest level since May 2019, due to rising demand as the global economy reopens from shutdowns caused by the coronavirus and supply curtailments in many producing countries. Saudi Arabia responded by dropping bombs on Yemen’s rebel-held capital San’a. The coalition blamed the Biden administration for the attacks by Iran-backed Houthi rebels after a decision to remove them from U.S. terror lists. The price of Brent crude was down to $68.76 a barrel, after hitting a high of $71.38 a barrel. It was the first time the global benchmark has traded above $70 since January 2020. The Houthis stepped up aerial attacks on Saudi Arabia following the inauguration in January of President Biden, who pledged to end the six-year-old civil war in Yemen and recalibrate Washington’s relationship with Riyadh . Much has happened to world and U.S. oil markets since the advent of the Biden Administration.
| 6,162 | 7,451 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#10_2440408426
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
The coalition blamed the Biden administration for the attacks by Iran-backed Houthi rebels after a decision to remove them from U.S. terror lists. The price of Brent crude was down to $68.76 a barrel, after hitting a high of $71.38 a barrel. It was the first time the global benchmark has traded above $70 since January 2020. The Houthis stepped up aerial attacks on Saudi Arabia following the inauguration in January of President Biden, who pledged to end the six-year-old civil war in Yemen and recalibrate Washington’s relationship with Riyadh . Much has happened to world and U.S. oil markets since the advent of the Biden Administration. d) Oil Imports and North American Oil Supplies: Petroleum is a globally-traded commodity. On net, the United States exported more oil and petroleum products than it imported in 2020 and in the first month of 2021 due to hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling greatly increasing U.S. oil production. The United States still imports some crude oil and petroleum products due mostly to geography and type of crude oil, since U.S. refineries are set up to use heavier crude oil. For example, the United States purchases crude oil from Canada, its largest foreign supplier, and sells Canada a small amount of crude oil produced in Alaska.
| 6,809 | 8,091 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#11_2440410320
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
d) Oil Imports and North American Oil Supplies: Petroleum is a globally-traded commodity. On net, the United States exported more oil and petroleum products than it imported in 2020 and in the first month of 2021 due to hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling greatly increasing U.S. oil production. The United States still imports some crude oil and petroleum products due mostly to geography and type of crude oil, since U.S. refineries are set up to use heavier crude oil. For example, the United States purchases crude oil from Canada, its largest foreign supplier, and sells Canada a small amount of crude oil produced in Alaska. The United States also purchases crude oil from Mexico and sells Mexico gasoline in return. Canada, our neighbor and ally to the North, has the third largest reserves of oil in the world at 170 billion barrels. It currently sells us about 4 million barrels per day and could easily sell us more if the transportation infrastructure were in place to move it to U.S. refineries. However, with the Biden administration shutting down construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, more expensive forms of transportation such as rail are moving some of this oil to U.S. markets. Because Canadian crude is currently land-locked, its price is much below that of Brent crude, making more expensive rail transportation economic.
| 7,451 | 8,806 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#12_2440412281
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
The United States also purchases crude oil from Mexico and sells Mexico gasoline in return. Canada, our neighbor and ally to the North, has the third largest reserves of oil in the world at 170 billion barrels. It currently sells us about 4 million barrels per day and could easily sell us more if the transportation infrastructure were in place to move it to U.S. refineries. However, with the Biden administration shutting down construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, more expensive forms of transportation such as rail are moving some of this oil to U.S. markets. Because Canadian crude is currently land-locked, its price is much below that of Brent crude, making more expensive rail transportation economic. U.S. crude oil that is land-locked in North Dakota and at Cushing, Oklahoma storage terminals also is lower priced than foreign overseas oil. Ships could be used to move this lower priced oil to East Coast markets where overseas oil is used if the 1920 Jones Act were repealed. The Jones Act requires that shipments from one U.S. port to another be carried on vessels built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and operated by a U.S. crew. 2) Federal and State Taxes
The second main cost of the price of gasoline is federal and state taxes. In January 2021, federal, state and local taxes accounted for 21 percent of the price of gasoline.
| 8,092 | 9,455 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665279254#13_2440414252
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/gas/why-are-gas-prices-so-high/
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Why Are Gas Prices So High? - IER
|
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gas Prices So High?
Why Are Gasoline Prices High and Rising?
“Our demand was so low last year that we basically had nowhere to go but up,” according to AAA spokesman Clay Ingram
1) Supply and Demand for oil
2) Federal and State Taxes
3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
4) Refining Costs
Conclusion
|
U.S. crude oil that is land-locked in North Dakota and at Cushing, Oklahoma storage terminals also is lower priced than foreign overseas oil. Ships could be used to move this lower priced oil to East Coast markets where overseas oil is used if the 1920 Jones Act were repealed. The Jones Act requires that shipments from one U.S. port to another be carried on vessels built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and operated by a U.S. crew. 2) Federal and State Taxes
The second main cost of the price of gasoline is federal and state taxes. In January 2021, federal, state and local taxes accounted for 21 percent of the price of gasoline. The federal tax on gasoline accounts for 18.4 cents per gallon, while the volume-weighted average state and local tax is 36.8 cents per gallon as of January 2021. This amounts to a 55.2 cent nationwide average tax on gasoline that governments get each time you pump a gallon. 3) Distribution and Marketing Costs
The third component of the price of gasoline is the retail dealer’s costs and profits, which constituted a combined 15 percent of the cost of a gallon of gasoline in January 2021. From the refinery, most gasoline is shipped first by
| 8,806 | 10,000 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#0_2440416060
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
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History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
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History of Electricity - IER
History of Electricity
Affordable, reliable electricity is fundamental to modern life. Electricity provides clean, safe light around the clock, it cools our homes on hot summer days (and heats many of them in winter), and it quietly breathes life into the digital world we tap into with our smartphones and computers. Although hundreds of millions of Americans plug into the electric grid every day, most of us don’t give the history of electricity a second thought. Where does it come from? What’s its story? When we take a fresh look at electricity, we see that keeping America powered up is actually an amazing feat—an everyday miracle. Here’s the Story of Electricity. Contents
Part 1: Revolutionary Power
Part 2: The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
Part 3:
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
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History of Electricity - IER
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History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
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When we take a fresh look at electricity, we see that keeping America powered up is actually an amazing feat—an everyday miracle. Here’s the Story of Electricity. Contents
Part 1: Revolutionary Power
Part 2: The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
Part 3: The Rise of an Industry
Part 4: Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Part 5: Electricity Becomes Politicized
Part 6: A Powerful Vision
Revolutionary Power
Although people have known about electricity since ancient times, they’ve only been harnessing its power for about 250 years. Benjamin Franklin’s electricity experiments – including his famous kite experiment in 1752 – showed just how little we knew about electricity in the era of the American revolution and the first industrial revolution. [
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History of Electricity - IER
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History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
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The Rise of an Industry
Part 4: Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Part 5: Electricity Becomes Politicized
Part 6: A Powerful Vision
Revolutionary Power
Although people have known about electricity since ancient times, they’ve only been harnessing its power for about 250 years. Benjamin Franklin’s electricity experiments – including his famous kite experiment in 1752 – showed just how little we knew about electricity in the era of the American revolution and the first industrial revolution. [ 1] In the time since Franklin’s experiments, our grasp of electricity has grown tremendously, and we are constantly finding new ways to use it to improve our lives. Ben Franklin’s famous kite experiment
One of the first major breakthroughs in electricity occurred in 1831, when British scientist Michael Faraday discovered the basic principles of electricity generation. [ 2] Building on the experiments of Franklin and others, he observed that he could create or “induce” electric current by moving magnets inside coils of copper wire. The discovery of electromagnetic induction revolutionized how we use energy. In fact, Faraday’s process is used in modern power production, although today’s power plants produce much stronger currents on a much larger scale than Faraday’s hand-held device.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
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History of Electricity - IER
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History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
1] In the time since Franklin’s experiments, our grasp of electricity has grown tremendously, and we are constantly finding new ways to use it to improve our lives. Ben Franklin’s famous kite experiment
One of the first major breakthroughs in electricity occurred in 1831, when British scientist Michael Faraday discovered the basic principles of electricity generation. [ 2] Building on the experiments of Franklin and others, he observed that he could create or “induce” electric current by moving magnets inside coils of copper wire. The discovery of electromagnetic induction revolutionized how we use energy. In fact, Faraday’s process is used in modern power production, although today’s power plants produce much stronger currents on a much larger scale than Faraday’s hand-held device. In the era of modern power plants, coal has always generated more electricity in the U.S. than any other fuel source. In recent decades, we have seen other sources compete for second place: first hydroelectricity, then natural gas, nuclear power, and natural gas again. Source: Energy Information Administration
Electricity generation mix by fuel type, 1949-2011
We also use electricity to power an increasing number of devices.
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
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History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
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In the era of modern power plants, coal has always generated more electricity in the U.S. than any other fuel source. In recent decades, we have seen other sources compete for second place: first hydroelectricity, then natural gas, nuclear power, and natural gas again. Source: Energy Information Administration
Electricity generation mix by fuel type, 1949-2011
We also use electricity to power an increasing number of devices. Our modern electric world began with applications like the telegraph, light bulb, and telephone, and continued with radio, television, and many household appliances. Most recently, electrons have powered the digital age to create what energy expert Vaclav Smil calls our “instantaneously interconnected global civilization.” [ 3] Technology expert Mark Mills points out that electricity powers an increasing portion of our economy. The always-on data centers that support the internet and “cloud computing” will continue to increase demand for electricity, overwhelming the modest decreases in electricity use in other parts of the economy, such as manufacturing processes. [ 4] [5]
The ever-growing applications of electricity explain the increasing use of fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal in power generation as opposed to direct uses such as heating or transportation.
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History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
Our modern electric world began with applications like the telegraph, light bulb, and telephone, and continued with radio, television, and many household appliances. Most recently, electrons have powered the digital age to create what energy expert Vaclav Smil calls our “instantaneously interconnected global civilization.” [ 3] Technology expert Mark Mills points out that electricity powers an increasing portion of our economy. The always-on data centers that support the internet and “cloud computing” will continue to increase demand for electricity, overwhelming the modest decreases in electricity use in other parts of the economy, such as manufacturing processes. [ 4] [5]
The ever-growing applications of electricity explain the increasing use of fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal in power generation as opposed to direct uses such as heating or transportation. In 1900, for example, less than two percent of natural gas, oil, and coal were used to make electricity. A century later, 30 percent of our use of natural gas, oil, and coal was devoted to electric power. [ 6] Smil explains electricity’s appeal: “ Electricity is the preferred form of energy because of its high efficiency, instant and effortless access, perfect and easily adjustable flow, cleanliness, and silence at the point of use.” [ 7]
Increased electricity access has lit corners of the world that were once dark.
| 2,514 | 3,907 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#6_2440452715
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
In 1900, for example, less than two percent of natural gas, oil, and coal were used to make electricity. A century later, 30 percent of our use of natural gas, oil, and coal was devoted to electric power. [ 6] Smil explains electricity’s appeal: “ Electricity is the preferred form of energy because of its high efficiency, instant and effortless access, perfect and easily adjustable flow, cleanliness, and silence at the point of use.” [ 7]
Increased electricity access has lit corners of the world that were once dark. As international development groups and economists point out, access to electricity is a hallmark of advanced societies and a basic requirement for economic progress. [ 8] “Next to the increasing importance of hydrocarbons as sources of energy,” economist Erich Zimmermann wrote in 1951, “the rise of electricity is the most characteristic feature of the so-called second industrial revolution.” [ 9] In recent years, people in countries from China to Kenya have experienced rising living standards, as more people are able to use electricity to keep their homes and schools cool during torrid summers, to refrigerate food that would have otherwise spoiled, and to purify water that would have otherwise been unsafe to drink. There is, of course, still much more to be done. In 2009, the International Energy Agency estimated that nearly 70 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa lacked access to electricity.
| 3,389 | 4,816 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#7_2440459129
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
As international development groups and economists point out, access to electricity is a hallmark of advanced societies and a basic requirement for economic progress. [ 8] “Next to the increasing importance of hydrocarbons as sources of energy,” economist Erich Zimmermann wrote in 1951, “the rise of electricity is the most characteristic feature of the so-called second industrial revolution.” [ 9] In recent years, people in countries from China to Kenya have experienced rising living standards, as more people are able to use electricity to keep their homes and schools cool during torrid summers, to refrigerate food that would have otherwise spoiled, and to purify water that would have otherwise been unsafe to drink. There is, of course, still much more to be done. In 2009, the International Energy Agency estimated that nearly 70 percent of people in Sub-Saharan Africa lacked access to electricity. That means 585.2 million people remain in the dark. [ 10]
Source: NASA
Many parts of the world remain in the dark. Back to Top
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
One of the greatest pioneers in electricity was Thomas Edison, who saw electricity as his “field of fields” to “reorganize the life of the world.” Working tirelessly on electricity from his laboratory in New Jersey in the 1870s, America’s greatest inventor brought the incandescent electric light bulb into practical use by the end of that decade and patented the incandescent light bulb in 1880. [
| 3,908 | 5,380 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#8_2440465599
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
That means 585.2 million people remain in the dark. [ 10]
Source: NASA
Many parts of the world remain in the dark. Back to Top
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
One of the greatest pioneers in electricity was Thomas Edison, who saw electricity as his “field of fields” to “reorganize the life of the world.” Working tirelessly on electricity from his laboratory in New Jersey in the 1870s, America’s greatest inventor brought the incandescent electric light bulb into practical use by the end of that decade and patented the incandescent light bulb in 1880. [ 11] “When Edison…snatched up the spark of Prometheus in his little pear-shaped glass bulb, ”German historian Emil Ludwig observed, “it meant that fire had been discovered for the second time, that mankind had been delivered again from the curse of night.” [ 12] Yet Edison’s electric light was even better than fire—it was brighter, more consistent, and safer than the flame of candles or lamps. Edison’s light bulb was one of the first applications of electricity to modern life. He initially worked with J. P. Morgan and a few privileged customers in New York City in the 1880s to light their homes, pairing his new incandescent bulbs with small generators. Edison’s electric lighting systems were basic by today’s standards but bold at the time—they not only threatened the existing gas lighting industry but radically challenged the status quo by introducing people to an entirely new type of energy.
| 4,817 | 6,283 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#9_2440472098
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
11] “When Edison…snatched up the spark of Prometheus in his little pear-shaped glass bulb, ”German historian Emil Ludwig observed, “it meant that fire had been discovered for the second time, that mankind had been delivered again from the curse of night.” [ 12] Yet Edison’s electric light was even better than fire—it was brighter, more consistent, and safer than the flame of candles or lamps. Edison’s light bulb was one of the first applications of electricity to modern life. He initially worked with J. P. Morgan and a few privileged customers in New York City in the 1880s to light their homes, pairing his new incandescent bulbs with small generators. Edison’s electric lighting systems were basic by today’s standards but bold at the time—they not only threatened the existing gas lighting industry but radically challenged the status quo by introducing people to an entirely new type of energy. In a few short years, Edison transformed electricity from a science experiment into an exciting, safe, and coveted luxury. The light bulb—a symbol of innovation and the invention that sparked the electricity revolution. Back to Top
The Rise of an Industry
In order for the magic of electricity to truly take hold in American life, new industries were needed to build the generators to supply electric power, as well as the new appliances and electric lights that used it. In 1882, with J.P. Morgan funding his efforts, Edison launched the businesses that would later be known as General Electric. In September of that year, he opened the United States’ first central power plant in lower Manhattan—the Pearl Street Station.
| 5,380 | 7,007 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#10_2440478744
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
In a few short years, Edison transformed electricity from a science experiment into an exciting, safe, and coveted luxury. The light bulb—a symbol of innovation and the invention that sparked the electricity revolution. Back to Top
The Rise of an Industry
In order for the magic of electricity to truly take hold in American life, new industries were needed to build the generators to supply electric power, as well as the new appliances and electric lights that used it. In 1882, with J.P. Morgan funding his efforts, Edison launched the businesses that would later be known as General Electric. In September of that year, he opened the United States’ first central power plant in lower Manhattan—the Pearl Street Station. Pearl Street was a stroke of genius. Edison connected a large bank of generators to homes and businesses (including the New York Times) in the immediate area through a network of buried copper wires. At that time, there was no “electric grid.” Before Pearl Street, customers who wanted power for electric lights or motors relied on generators located on-site, typically in the basement. Pearl Street’s “central” power plant design was an important shift from small-scale, on-site generation to industrial-scale power, and soon became the model for the entire power generation industry. [
| 6,284 | 7,595 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#11_2440485044
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
Pearl Street was a stroke of genius. Edison connected a large bank of generators to homes and businesses (including the New York Times) in the immediate area through a network of buried copper wires. At that time, there was no “electric grid.” Before Pearl Street, customers who wanted power for electric lights or motors relied on generators located on-site, typically in the basement. Pearl Street’s “central” power plant design was an important shift from small-scale, on-site generation to industrial-scale power, and soon became the model for the entire power generation industry. [ 13]
Source: Deutsches Museum Bildarchiv
The Dynamo Room at the Pearl Street Station, the first power plant in the U.S.
Back to Top
Enter Samuel Insull
Although Edison was a brilliant inventor, he was a disorganized businessman. His inventions came to him faster than the financial capital necessary to carry them out, and Edison preferred to focus on the inventions themselves rather than the paperwork they created. The inventor needed a managerial counterpart. That counterpart arrived in 1881, in the form of a promising 21-year-old from England.
| 7,007 | 8,144 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#12_2440491158
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
13]
Source: Deutsches Museum Bildarchiv
The Dynamo Room at the Pearl Street Station, the first power plant in the U.S.
Back to Top
Enter Samuel Insull
Although Edison was a brilliant inventor, he was a disorganized businessman. His inventions came to him faster than the financial capital necessary to carry them out, and Edison preferred to focus on the inventions themselves rather than the paperwork they created. The inventor needed a managerial counterpart. That counterpart arrived in 1881, in the form of a promising 21-year-old from England. Samuel Insull, who began his career in the U.S. as a personal assistant to Edison, astounded the inventor with his business prowess—so much so that Edison soon granted Insull power of attorney over his businesses. [ 14] But the work with Edison would be just the beginning for Insull—over the next four decades, he built an electricity business that made him the Henry Ford of the modern electricity industry. Electricity required a different business model because it was different than virtually every other commodity. Electricity had to be consumed the moment it was produced. ( Storage was very costly and limited—and still is.)
| 7,595 | 8,775 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#13_2440497307
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
Samuel Insull, who began his career in the U.S. as a personal assistant to Edison, astounded the inventor with his business prowess—so much so that Edison soon granted Insull power of attorney over his businesses. [ 14] But the work with Edison would be just the beginning for Insull—over the next four decades, he built an electricity business that made him the Henry Ford of the modern electricity industry. Electricity required a different business model because it was different than virtually every other commodity. Electricity had to be consumed the moment it was produced. ( Storage was very costly and limited—and still is.) In order for electricity to become accessible and affordable, someone needed to bring together mass efficiencies in production and consumption. Insull saw the opportunities in front of him. Whoever mastered the engineering and the economics of the power grid could take the reins of the rising electricity industry—an industry that was already toppling the stocks of gas light companies and attracting big investors like J.P. Morgan. In 1892, Insull left his job as an executive at the lighting company Edison started (General Electric near New York City) for Chicago Edison (an electricity generation/distribution company, later known as Commonwealth Edison). [ 15] It was a move that would indelibly change the industry.
| 8,145 | 9,497 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665293062#14_2440503629
|
http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/history-electricity/
|
History of Electricity - IER
|
History of Electricity
History of Electricity
Revolutionary Power
The Dawn of Electric Light in the U.S.
The Rise of an Industry
Enter Samuel Insull
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Electricity Becomes Politicized
A Powerful Vision
Footnotes
[1] Carl Van Doren, An Account of the Kite Experiment, UShistory.org, http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/kite.htm
[2] Engineering timelines, Faraday’s work- the electrical generation, http://www.engineering-timelines.com/how/electricity/generator.asp
[3]Vaclav Smil, The Energy Question, Again, Current History, December 2000, p. 408.
[4] Mark P. Mills, The Cloud Begins With Coal, August 2013, http://www.tech-pundit.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Cloud_Begins_With_Coal.pdf?c761ac
[5] Energy Information Administration, Manufacturing Energy Consumption Data Show Large Reductions in Both Manufacturing Energy Use and the Energy Intensity of Manufacturing Activity between 2002 and 2010, March 19, 2013, http://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/reports/2010/decrease_use.cfm
[6]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[7]Vaclav Smil, “The Energy Question, Again,” Current History, December 2000, p. 409.
[8] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[9] Erich Zimmermann, World Resources and Industries (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951), p. 596.
[10] International Energy Agency, Access to Electricity, http://www.iea.org/publications/worldenergyoutlook/resources/energydevelopment/accesstoelectricity/
[11] National Archives and Records Administration, Thomas Edison’s Patent drawing for an improvement in electric lamps, patented January 27, http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/images/thomas_edison/patent_drawing.html
[12] These quotations are taken from Robert Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 30.
[13] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 42.
[14] Conot, Robert. Thomas A. Edison: A Streak of Luck. New York: Da Capo, 1979. (p. 273)
[15] ComEd, Carrying On a History of Innovation and Service, https://www.comed.com/about-us/company-information/Pages/history.aspx
[16] Australian Department of Industry, Energy Efficiency Exchange, http://eex.gov.au/energy-management/energy-procurement/procuring-and-managing-energy/understanding-your-energy-requirements/#Why_are_demand_profiles_important
[17] Thomas Edison: His Electrifying Life, Time Magazine Special Edition, 2013.
[18] R. Richard Geddes, A Historical Perspective on Electric Utility Regulation, Winter 1992 http://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/1992/1/v15n1-8.pdf
[19] Emergence of Electric Utilities in America: State Regulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h1main.htm
[20] Forrest McDonald, Insull (University of Chicago, 1962).
[21] Ibid., p. 333.
[22] Robert L. Bradley, Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies. (Hoboken, NJ: Scrivener Publishing and John Wiley & Sons, 2011), p. 219, 513.
[23] Travis Fisher, PURPA: Another Subsidy for Intermittent Energies, January 22, 2013, http://www.masterresource.org/2013/01/purpa-renewable-energy-subsidies/
[24] Market Economics: The Push for Deregulation, http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/h5main.htm
[25] Clyde Wayne Crews, Rethinking Electricity Deregulation: Does Open Access Have It Wired- Or Tangled, June 24, 1999, http://cei.org/outreach-regulatory-comments-and-testimony/rethinking-electricity-deregulation-does-open-access-have
[26] Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, History of FERC, http://www.ferc.gov/students/ferc/history.asp
[27] Institute for Energy Research, EPA’s Power Plant Carbon Dioxide Reduction Mandate, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/studies/111d-emissions-map
[28] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/epa-regs#
[29] Institute for 21 st Century Energy, Assessing the Impact of Proposed New Carbon Regulations in the United States, http://www.energyxxi.org/sites/default/files/file-tool/Assessing_the_Impact_of_Potential_New_Carbon_Regulations_in_the_United_States.pdf
[30] Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of Leviathan. Chapter XIII Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning Their Felicity and Misery, The Harvard Classics 1909-14, http://www.bartleby.com/34/5/13.html
|
In order for electricity to become accessible and affordable, someone needed to bring together mass efficiencies in production and consumption. Insull saw the opportunities in front of him. Whoever mastered the engineering and the economics of the power grid could take the reins of the rising electricity industry—an industry that was already toppling the stocks of gas light companies and attracting big investors like J.P. Morgan. In 1892, Insull left his job as an executive at the lighting company Edison started (General Electric near New York City) for Chicago Edison (an electricity generation/distribution company, later known as Commonwealth Edison). [ 15] It was a move that would indelibly change the industry. Early transmission lines in rural America. Photo Credit: Towers
Back to Top
Insull Builds the Modern Power Grid
Insull was able to achieve what economists call “economies of scale” (cost savings from large-scale operations) by consolidating the mom-and-pop electricity providers and closing small generators in favor of larger, more efficient units manufactured by General Electric. He also found efficiencies in customer sales—the more customers he had, the more efficiently he could run his generator
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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Colorado - IER
Colorado
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Select Economic and Energy Data †
Value
State Rank
Real Gross Domestic Product, per capita
$41,102
10th highest
Unemployment
7.7%
16th lowest
Gasoline Price, per gallon
$2.70
12th lowest
Electricity Price, per kWh
8.36¢
22th lowest
Colorado has moderately affordable electricity with average prices lower than the national average. Over 60 percent of Colorado’s electricity is generated by coal, the most inexpensive source of electricity. About a quarter of Colorado’s electricity is generated by natural gas. Hydroelectric and wind power combined account for almost 10 percent of the state’s electricity generation. Major rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains offer hydroelectric power resources. Colorado has substantial fossil resources, with reserves of oil, coal, and natural gas. The state currently produces about 1 percent of the nation’s domestic oil supply, but Colorado’s oil shale deposits hold an estimated one trillion barrels of oil resources, nearly as much oil as the entire world’s proven reserves. Colorado currently provides more than 5 percent of natural gas production in the United States. About half of the state’s natural gas supply comes from coalbed methane, representing about a quarter of the nation’s coalbed methane supply. Colorado imports coal from Wyoming, but also exports about three-quarters of its production to other states.
| 0 | 1,403 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#1_2440511529
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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Colorado has substantial fossil resources, with reserves of oil, coal, and natural gas. The state currently produces about 1 percent of the nation’s domestic oil supply, but Colorado’s oil shale deposits hold an estimated one trillion barrels of oil resources, nearly as much oil as the entire world’s proven reserves. Colorado currently provides more than 5 percent of natural gas production in the United States. About half of the state’s natural gas supply comes from coalbed methane, representing about a quarter of the nation’s coalbed methane supply. Colorado imports coal from Wyoming, but also exports about three-quarters of its production to other states. Although affordable energy is a vital component of a healthy economy, regulations frequently increase energy costs. Regulations imposed in the name of reducing carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions are especially costly. Carbon dioxide is a natural byproduct of the combustion of all carbon-containing fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum, coal, wood, and other organic materials. Today, there is no cost-effective way to capture the carbon dioxide output of the combustion of these fuels, so any regulations that limit carbon dioxide emissions will either limit the use of natural gas, petroleum, and coal, or dramatically increase their prices. Below are some facts about Colorado’s regulatory environment that are likely to increase the cost of energy or the cost of using energy.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#2_2440513250
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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Although affordable energy is a vital component of a healthy economy, regulations frequently increase energy costs. Regulations imposed in the name of reducing carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions are especially costly. Carbon dioxide is a natural byproduct of the combustion of all carbon-containing fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum, coal, wood, and other organic materials. Today, there is no cost-effective way to capture the carbon dioxide output of the combustion of these fuels, so any regulations that limit carbon dioxide emissions will either limit the use of natural gas, petroleum, and coal, or dramatically increase their prices. Below are some facts about Colorado’s regulatory environment that are likely to increase the cost of energy or the cost of using energy. Colorado does not cap greenhouse gas emissions. Colorado is an observer of the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), a regional agreement among some American governors and Canadian premiers to target greenhouse gas reductions. The central component of this agreement is the eventual enactment of a cap-and-trade scheme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. As an observer of the WCI, Colorado would not be bound to agreements made by WCI members. Colorado requires utilities to generate a certain percentage of electricity from renewable sources.
| 1,403 | 2,772 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#3_2440514859
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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Colorado does not cap greenhouse gas emissions. Colorado is an observer of the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), a regional agreement among some American governors and Canadian premiers to target greenhouse gas reductions. The central component of this agreement is the eventual enactment of a cap-and-trade scheme to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 15 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. As an observer of the WCI, Colorado would not be bound to agreements made by WCI members. Colorado requires utilities to generate a certain percentage of electricity from renewable sources. The state’s renewable portfolio standard requires investor-owned utilities to provide 30 percent of their electricity sales from renewables by 2020. [ i] Similarly, electric cooperatives and municipal utilities serving customers of over 40,000 must provide 10 percent of their retail electricity sales from renewables by 2020. Colorado does not require gasoline to be mixed with renewable fuels. However, the Denver/Boulder and Ft. Collins metropolitan areas must use oxygenated motor gasoline, which is a de facto requirement to blend ethanol with motor fuel. [
| 2,194 | 3,334 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#4_2440516240
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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The state’s renewable portfolio standard requires investor-owned utilities to provide 30 percent of their electricity sales from renewables by 2020. [ i] Similarly, electric cooperatives and municipal utilities serving customers of over 40,000 must provide 10 percent of their retail electricity sales from renewables by 2020. Colorado does not require gasoline to be mixed with renewable fuels. However, the Denver/Boulder and Ft. Collins metropolitan areas must use oxygenated motor gasoline, which is a de facto requirement to blend ethanol with motor fuel. [ ii]
Colorado requires new residential and commercial buildings to meet energy efficiency standards. The state mandates the 2003 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) as the minimum energy code for any locality that has adopted a building code. [ iii] For localities without a building code, the 1993 Model Energy Code (MEC) is mandatory for hotels, motels, and multi-family dwellings. The IECC, like its MEC precursor, is a model code developed by the International Code Council and mandates certain energy efficiency standards. House Bill 1149, enacted in 2009, requires builders of single family homes to offer solar equipment as a standard feature to all prospective buyers. [
| 2,773 | 4,020 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#5_2440517732
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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ii]
Colorado requires new residential and commercial buildings to meet energy efficiency standards. The state mandates the 2003 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) as the minimum energy code for any locality that has adopted a building code. [ iii] For localities without a building code, the 1993 Model Energy Code (MEC) is mandatory for hotels, motels, and multi-family dwellings. The IECC, like its MEC precursor, is a model code developed by the International Code Council and mandates certain energy efficiency standards. House Bill 1149, enacted in 2009, requires builders of single family homes to offer solar equipment as a standard feature to all prospective buyers. [ iv] Additionally, Senate Bill 51, enacted in 2007, established mandatory sustainability requirements for state-owned and state-assisted building. It also required the Office of the State Architect to adopt an energy efficiency standard. [ v]
Colorado does not impose state-based appliance efficiency standards. However, House Bill 1207, enacted in 2008, implemented a purchasing preference for “environmentally preferable” products for state agencies. [ vi] State agencies must purchase Energy Star equipment when it is available.
| 3,334 | 4,548 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#6_2440519198
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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iv] Additionally, Senate Bill 51, enacted in 2007, established mandatory sustainability requirements for state-owned and state-assisted building. It also required the Office of the State Architect to adopt an energy efficiency standard. [ v]
Colorado does not impose state-based appliance efficiency standards. However, House Bill 1207, enacted in 2008, implemented a purchasing preference for “environmentally preferable” products for state agencies. [ vi] State agencies must purchase Energy Star equipment when it is available. Colorado does not allow electric utilities to “decouple” revenue from the sale of electricity but does allow natural gas utilities to decouple revenue from the sale of natural gas. Decoupling allows utilities to increase their revenue by selling less electricity and natural gas. † Data Sources: Real GDP per capita 2008: Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release:
| 4,020 | 4,913 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_01_1665325050#7_2440520355
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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Colorado does not allow electric utilities to “decouple” revenue from the sale of electricity but does allow natural gas utilities to decouple revenue from the sale of natural gas. Decoupling allows utilities to increase their revenue by selling less electricity and natural gas. † Data Sources: Real GDP per capita 2008: Bureau of Economic Analysis, News Release: GDP by State (June 2, 2009), http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_ state/gsp_newsrelease.htm; Unemployment: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Regional and State Employment and Unemployment–February 2010 (Mar. 10, 2010); Gasoline Prices: American Automobile Association, AAA Daily Fuel Gauge Report (Mar. 30, 2010);
| 4,548 | 5,230 |
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http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/states/colorado/
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Colorado - IER
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Colorado
Colorado
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GDP by State (June 2, 2009), http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_ state/gsp_newsrelease.htm; Unemployment: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Regional and State Employment and Unemployment–February 2010 (Mar. 10, 2010); Gasoline Prices: American Automobile Association, AAA Daily Fuel Gauge Report (Mar. 30, 2010); Electricity Prices: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.6.B., Average Retail Price of Electricity, (March 15, 2010), http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.html; Electricity Generation Data: Energy Information Administration, Electricity Generation 2009, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/generation_state_mon.xls. [i] H.B. 10-1001 (Colo. 2010), http://www.leg.state.co.us/CLICS/CLICS2010A/csl.nsf/fsbillcont3/47C157B801F26204872576AA00697A3F?Open&file=1001_enr.pdf.
| 4,914 | 5,756 |
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