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[ "Stingrays do this by agitating the sand and hiding beneath it .", "Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it ." ]
[ "The stinger is covered with a thin layer of skin , the integumentary sheath , in which the venom is concentrated .", "The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin , the sheath , in which the venom is held ." ]
[ "Because their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides , stingrays can not see their prey ; instead , they use smell and electroreceptors ( ampullae of Lorenzini ) similar to those of sharks .", "Because their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides , stingrays can not see their prey ." ]
[ "Most stingrays have one or more barbed stingers ( modified from dermal denticles ) on the tail , which are used exclusively in self-defense .", "Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail , which is used only for self-defense ." ]
[ "Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world , and also includes species found in warmer temperate oceans , such as Dasyatis thetidis , and those found in the deep ocean , such as Plesiobatis daviesi .", "Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world ." ]
[ "This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry , particularly genetics and biochemistry .", "The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry , particularly cell biology , genetics , biophysics and biochemistry ." ]
[ "Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell , including the interactions between the different types of DNA , RNA and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions are regulated .", "Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell , including the interrelationship of DNA , RNA and protein biosynthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated ." ]
[ "Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular biology but increasingly combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry .", "Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques that are typical for molecular biology , but they combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry ." ]
[ "There is not a defined line between these disciplines .", "There is no hard & fast line between these disciplines , as there once was ." ]
[ "As of the early 2000s , the study of gene structure and function , molecular genetics , has been among the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology .", "Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level ." ]
[ "For their achievements Cornell , Wieman , and Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics .", "Cornell , Wieman , and Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT were then given the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics ." ]
[ "As of June 2006 , Stripped had sold over 12 million copies worldwide .", "The album sold over 13 million copies ." ]
[ "Stripped is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Christina Aguilera , released on October 25 , 2002 by RCA Records .", "Stripped is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera ." ]
[ "Therefore , a cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible like a random function while still being deterministic and efficiently computable .", "A cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible like a random function while still being deterministic and efficiently computable ." ]
[ "Most cryptographic hash functions are designed to take a string of any length as input and produce a fixed-length hash value .", "A hash function takes a string of any length as input and produces a fixed length string which acts as a kind of `` signature '' for the data provided ." ]
[ "The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main properties : Cryptographic hash functions have many information security applications , notably in digital signatures , message authentication codes ( MACs ) , and other forms of authentication .", "The ideal hash function has three main properties : Functions with these properties are used as hash functions for a variety of purposes , not only in cryptography ." ]
[ "A cryptographic hash function is a hash function that takes an arbitrary block of data and returns a fixed-size bit string , the cryptographic hash value , such that any ( accidental or intentional ) change to the data will ( with very high probability ) change the hash value .", "A cryptographic hash function is a transformation that takes an input ( or ` message ' ) and returns a fixed-size string , which is called the hash value ( sometimes called a message digest , a digital fingerprint , a digest or a checksum ) ." ]
[ "A stroke , sometimes referred to as a cerebrovascular accident ( CVA ) , cerebrovascular insult ( CVI ) , or colloquially brain attack is the loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain .", "A stroke , or cerebrovascular accident ( CVA ) , is the rapid loss of brain function ( s ) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain ." ]
[ "A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage or death .", "It can cause permanent damage ." ]
[ "As a result , the affected area of the brain can not function normally , which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body , failure to understand or formulate speech , or a vision impairment of one side of the visual field .", "Symptoms might include : hemiplegia ( an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body ) , aphasia ( inability to understand or use speech ) , or an inability to see one side of the visual field ." ]
[ "The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch , 40-50 million years ago .", "The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch , between 40-50 million years ago ." ]
[ "These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that help them grip the substrate .", "The prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of the each foot ." ]
[ "Butterflies are a chiefly diurnal group of the order Lepidoptera ( which also includes moths ) .", "Butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet ." ]
[ "Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their head to appear snake-like .", "The caterpillars also have colors with similar functions ." ]
[ "Butterflies may have one or more broods per year .", "A butterfly has two pairs of wings ." ]
[ "Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer .", "The butterfly then hatches out and lays more eggs ." ]
[ "New Line Film Productions Inc. , often simply referred to as New Line Cinema , is an American film studio .", "New Line Film Productions Inc. , often called New Line Cinema , is an American movie studio ." ]
[ "Robert Shaye and Michael Lynne said that they would step down with a letter to their employees .", "It was founded in 1967 by Robert Shaye and Michael Lynne ." ]
[ "are verifiable by other editors Sources are ( nearly ) everything Your topic might be notable , but without good references , nobody else can review it and agree with you , or verify the information in your article .", "What to do now Sources are ( nearly ) everything Your topic might be notable , but without good references , nobody else can review it and agree with you , or verify the information in your article ." ]
[ "When you feel your article is ready , please consider using this wizard again ( just go back to the beginning ) ; alternatively , you can create a draft whilst you get the article ready ( see below ) .", "When you think your article is ready , please consider using this wizard again ( just go back to the start ) ." ]
[ "If you 'd like to try to find the reliable sources needed for your proposed article , these links may help : This wizard is under active development .", "If you want to try to find the sources needed for your article , these links may help :" ]
[ "Although your proposed article might not be ready now , it could possibly be improved with some work .", "Your article might not be ready now , but it could be improved with some work ." ]
[ "The key thing you 'll need is ( more ) reliable sources , which are also independent of the subject .", "The main thing you will need is ( more ) reliable sources that are not associated with the subject ." ]
[ "In any case , we encourage you to continue to participate in the project in other ways , such as working on improving existing articles .", "Whatever you choose , we encourage you to keep helping the Simple English Wikipedia in other ways , such as working on improving existing articles ." ]
[ "Vladimir Aleksandrovich Teplyakov ( Russian : Владимир Александрович Тепляков ) ( November 6 , 1925 - December 10 , 2009 ) was a Russian physicist best known for his work on particle accelerators .", "Vladimir Aleksandrovich Teplyakov ( Russian : Владимир Александрович Тепляков ) ( November 6 , 1925 - December 10 , 2009 ) was a Russian physicist who is best known for his work with particle accelerators ." ]
[ "From 1959 to 1966 he worked at Chelyabinsk-70 , where he studied high-current proton linear accelerators .", "From 1959-1966 , he worked at Chelyabinsk-70 , where he kept up his study of high-current proton accelerators ." ]
[ "After the war , he graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute in Moscow and got a job at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences .", "After the war ended , he went to and graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute in Moscow ." ]
[ "He , working with I.M. Kapchinsky , invented the principle of the Radio Frequency Quadrupole ( RFQ ) , which revolutionized the acceleration of low energy ion beams .", "He , working with his friend I.M. Kapchinsky , created the Radio Frequency Quadrupole ( RFQ ) principle , which was very important dealing with the speed of low energy ion beams ." ]
[ "He was drafted into the Red Army in January 1943 to fight in the Second World War , serving as part of the 3rd Ukrainian Front , and participated in the Vienna Offensive .", "He was made to join the Red Army in January 1943 and fought in the Second World War on the Ukrainian front ." ]
[ "V.A. Teplyakov was born in Tambov , Russian SFSR , USSR , on November 6 , 1925 .", "Teplyakov was born in the USSR on November 6 , 1925 ." ]
[ "Backpacking is a form of low-cost , independent international travel .", "Backpacking is a form of low-cost and basically independent travel ." ]
[ "Saxony is divided into 10 districts : 1 .", "Saxony is divided into 3 administrative districts ( Chemnitz , Dresden and Leipzig ) ." ]
[ "These lands became the Prussian province of Saxony , incorporated today in Saxony-Anhalt .", "In the north of Saxony is Brandenburg , another German state ." ]
[ "Aromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials , known as essential oils , and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person 's mind , mood , cognitive function or health .", "Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils ." ]
[ "Boult was followed in 1932 by Reginald Jacques , who had been a pupil of Hugh Allen at Oxford .", "Boult was replaced by Reginald Jacques ( pronounced : `` Jakes '' ) , who had been a pupil of Hugh Allen at Oxford ." ]
[ "Founded in 1876 to give the first performance of J. S. Bach 's Mass in B minor in Britain , The Bach Choir has long been established as one of the world 's leading choirs .", "The Bach Choir gave its first concert on 26 April 1876 with a performance of Bach 's Mass in B minor ." ]
[ "From the beginning there had been a connection with royalty and Queen Victoria became patron in 1879 .", "Queen Victoria became Patron of the choir in 1879 ." ]
[ "In addition to his Bach Choir appointment , he is also chief conductor of the BBC Singers .", "As well as spending much of his time with The Bach Choir , he is also conductor of the BBC Singers ." ]
[ "The Bach Choir is a large independent musical organization based in London , UK , with around 220 active members .", "The Bach Choir is a world-famous amateur choir based in London ." ]
[ "Goldschmidt resigned in 1885 to be replaced by Stanford , organist of Trinity College , Cambridge and conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society , who had recently been appointed professor of composition at the Royal College of Music .", "Stanford had already become well known as organist of Trinity College , Cambridge and conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society ." ]
[ "Allen inherited a choir that included Ralph Vaughan Williams and later Adrian Boult among the singing members .", "Hugh Allen found himself conducting a choir which included the young Ralph Vaughan Williams , who had joined in 1903 and Adrian Boult , who joined around 1914 ." ]
[ "Money magazine in 2006 also ranked Greenwich # 1 in the `` Biggest Earner '' category .", "Money magazine also ranked Greenwich # 1 in the `` Biggest Earner '' category ." ]
[ "One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop , daughter-in-law of John Winthrop , founder and Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony .", "One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop , daughter-in-law of John Winthrop ." ]
[ "Greenwich \\ / ˈɡrɛnɨtʃ \\ / is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States .", "Greenwich is a town in Fairfield County , Connecticut , United States ." ]
[ "Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost municipality in Connecticut and is 38 + minutes by train ( express ) from Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan .", "Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost town in Connecticut ." ]
[ "As of the 2010 census , the town had a total population of 61,171 .", "As of the 2010 census , the town had 61,171 people ." ]
[ "The town is named after Greenwich , a borough of London in the United Kingdom .", "The town is named after Greenwich , England ." ]
[ "In July 2005 , CNN\\/Money and Money magazine ranked Greenwich 1st on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States .", "In July 2005 , CNN\\/Money and Money magazine listed Greenwich 4th on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States ." ]
[ "Greenwich was declared a township by the General Assembly in Hartford on May 11 , 1665 .", "Greenwich was officially made a town on May 11 , 1665 ." ]
[ "Island Beach or `` Little Captain Island '' once was the venue for the town 's annual Island Beach Day .", "The town has four beaches on Long Island Sound : Greenwich Point , Byram Beach , Island Beach ( Little Captain 's Island ) , and Great Captain Island ." ]
[ "Coordinates : 45 ° 4 ′ 14 ″ N 7 ° 41 ′ 16 ″ E \\ / 45.07056 ° N 7.68778 ° E \\ / 45.07056 ; 7.68778 The Teatro Regio ( ` Royal Theatre ' ) is a prominent opera house and opera company in Turin , Italy .", "Coordinates : 45 ° 4 ′ 14 ″ N 7 ° 41 ′ 16 ″ E \\ / 45.07056 ° N 7.68778 ° E \\ / 45.07056 ; 7.68778 The Teatro Regio ( ` Royal Theatre ' ) is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin , Italy ." ]
[ "Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898 , during which time several production of works of Wagner were given Italian premieres .", "Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898 , during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances ." ]
[ "Other theaters were built and presented seasons of opera in Turin .", "Other theaters were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin ." ]
[ "With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theater was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally , after Napoleon 's ascent to Emperor , renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale .", "With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theater was renamed the Teatro Nazionale and finally , after Napoleon became emperor , renamed again as the Teatro Imperiale ." ]
[ "The rebuilt theater , with its striking contemporary interior design but hidden behind the original facade , was inaugurated on 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi 's I Vespri Siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano .", "The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi 's I Vespri Siciliani directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano ." ]
[ "It too was acquired by the municipality in 1932 and , after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936 , the Carignano was to serve as the main venue for opera in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973 .", "It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and , after the destruction by fire of the Teatro Regio in 1936 , the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the Regio reopened in 1973 ." ]
[ "However , the theater was closed on royal order in 1792 and it became a warehouse .", "In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse ." ]
[ "The new house seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes around its perimeter .", "The new house , which uses the original frontage , seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes ." ]
[ "Work was completed in 1905 but the theater closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919 .", "The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theater closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919 ." ]
[ "The thesis was proposed by Jim O'Neill , global economist at Goldman Sachs .", "The acronym was invented by Jim O'Neill , an economist who worked for Goldman Sachs ." ]
[ "The acronym was coined by Jim O'Neill in a 2001 paper entitled `` Building Better Global Economic BRICs '' .", "In 2001 , he wrote an article that he called `` Building Better Global Economic BRICs '' ." ]
[ "It is typically rendered as `` the BRICs '' or `` the BRIC countries '' or `` the BRIC economies '' or alternatively as the `` Big Four '' .", "When people write about these countries , they usually write `` BRICs '' or the `` BRIC countries '' ." ]
[ "Cha Tae-hyun ( born March 25 , 1976 ) is a South Korean actor and singer .", "Cha Tae-hyun is a South Korean actor ." ]
[ "Cha Tae-hyun started his career as a silver medalist in a 1995 KBS Talent Contest .", "His start was in the KBS Talent Contest ." ]
[ "The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range in size from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day .", "The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range from 15 to 150 members , although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day ." ]
[ "It is considered more robust than the bonobo , weighing between 40 and 65 kg ( 88 and 143 lb ) and measuring approximately 1.3 to 1.6 m ( 4 ft 3 in to 5 ft 3 in ) from head to tail .", "The common chimpanzee is more robust than the bonobo , weighing between 40 and 65 kg ( 88 and 143 lb ) and measuring approximately 1.3 to 1.6 m ( 4 ft 3 in to 5 ft 3 in ) from head to tail ." ]
[ "The species lives in a male-dominated , strict hierarchy , which means disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence .", "The species lives in a male-dominated , strict hierarchy , so disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence ." ]
[ "The common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , also known as the robust chimpanzee , is a species of great ape .", "The common chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) , or robust chimpanzee , is a species of great ape ." ]
[ "Colloquially , the common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee ( or `` chimp '' ) , though this term can be used to refer to both species in the genus Pan : the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo , formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee .", "The common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee ( or `` chimp '' ) , though this can be used to refer to both species in the genus Pan : the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo ." ]
[ "Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show both species of chimpanzees are the sister group to the modern human lineage .", "Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show both species of chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to modern humans ." ]
[ "Formed in 1918 immediately after World War I as the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes by union of the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia .", "From 1918 until 1928 it was called the Kingdom of the Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes ." ]
[ "Various dates are considered the end of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia : As the Yugoslav Wars raged through Croatia and Bosnia , the republics of Serbia and Montenegro , which remained relatively untouched by the war , formed a rump state known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( FRY ) in 1992 .", "In 1992 , they formed a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( FRY ) ." ]
[ "The constituent six Socialist Republics and two Socialist Autonomous Provinces that made up the country were SR Bosnia and Herzegovina , SR Croatia , SR Macedonia , SR Montenegro , SR Slovenia , and SR Serbia ( including the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo , which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation ) .", "After the WW 2 it was renamed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia with six republics , 2 autonomous provinces : Bosnia-Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia and Slovenia and two autonomous provinces in Serbia : Vojvodina in the north , and Kosovo , next to Albania ." ]
[ "Bank and Monument are interlinked London Underground and Docklands Light Railway stations that form a public transport complex spanning the length of King William Street in the City of London .", "The complex spans the length of King William Street in the City of London ." ]
[ "It ran from October 1 , 2009 , including four games in Europe on October 2 and 3-until April 11 , 2010 , with the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs , all the way up to early June 2010 .", "It ran from October 1 , 2009 , including four games in Europe on October 2 and 3-until April 11 , 2010 , with the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs currently being played , all the way up to early June 2010 ." ]
[ "The 2009-10 NHL season was the 93rd season of operation ( 92nd season of play ) of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , and the 100th season since the founding of the predecessor National Hockey Association ( NHA ) .", "The 2009-10 NHL season was the 92nd season of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the 100th season since the founding of the predecessor National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ." ]
[ "GP = Games Played , W = Wins , L = Losses , OTL = Overtime\\/Shootout Losses , GF = Goals For , GA = Goals Against , Pts = Points bold - Qualified for playoffs ; y - Won division p - Won Presidents ' Trophy ( and division ) bold - Qualified for playoffs ; y - Won division ; p - Won Presidents ' Trophy ( and division ) AT - Atlantic Division , NE - Northeast Division , SE - Southeast Division bold - Qualified for playoffs ; y - Won division ; z - Won conference ( and division ) If two or more clubs are tied in points during the regular season , the ranking of the clubs is determined in the following order :", "GP - Games Played W - Wins L - Losses OTL - OT\\/Shootout Losses GF - Goals For GA - Goals Against PTS - Points \\* - Division Leader x - Clinched Playoff spot y - Clinched Division z - Clinched Conference p - Clinched Presidents ' Trophy e - Eliminated from Playoff Contention GP - Games Played W - Wins L - Losses OTL - OT\\/Shootout Losses GF - Goals For GA - Goals Against PTS - Points \\* - Division Leader x - Clinched Playoff spot y - Clinched Division z - Clinched Conference p - Clinched Presidents ' Trophy e - Eliminated from Playoff Contention GP - Games Played W - Wins L - Losses OTL - OT\\/Shootout Losses GF - Goals For GA - Goals Against PTS - Points \\* - Division Leader x - Clinched Playoff spot y - Clinched Division z - Clinched Conference p - Clinched Presidents ' Trophy e - Eliminated from Playoff Contention Teams are ranked ( ordered by how many games they won ) at the end of the regular season ." ]
[ "The ward refers to itself in English as Chūō City .", "The municipality calls itself `` Chūō City '' in English ." ]
[ "Chūō is physically the second-smallest ward in Tokyo , with a total area of just 10.15 km ² ; only Taitō is smaller .", "In area , Chūō is the second-smallest ward in Tokyo ." ]
[ "Its name is a reference to the Iranian government 's repeated attempts to jam foreign satellite programming .", "Its name comes from the Iranian government 's repeated tries to jam foreign satellite programming ." ]
[ "However , as of January 2011 , the show 's YouTube channel is viewed 45,000 times a week , while their Facebook page is visited 17 million times a month .", "However since January 2011 , the show 's YouTube channel is watched 45,000 times a week and its Facebook page is visited 17 million times a month ." ]
[ "Parazit ( Persian : پارازیت , pārāzit , meaning `` static '' ) was a weekly half-hour Persian-language satirical television show broadcast on Voice of America 's Persian service .", "Parazit ( Persian : پارازیت , pārāzit , meaning `` static '' ) was a weekly half-hour Persian language satirical television show on Voice of America 's Persian service ." ]
[ "Kambiz Hosseini and Saman Arbabi , Iranian expatriates living in Washington , DC , started the show as a 10-minute segment in another show influenced by the American satirical news show The Daily Show .", "Kambiz Hosseini and Saman Arbabi started the show as a 10-minute show ." ]
[ "Parazit was launched before the June 2009 presidential elections in Iran .", "Parazit was started before the June 2009 presidential elections in Iran ." ]
[ "Because it is distributed through unofficial channels , it is impossible to determine the audience .", "Because it is shown through unofficial channels , it is impossible to say how many people have seen it ." ]
[ "Venda , also known as Tshivenḓa or Luvenḓa , is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa .", "Venda , also called Tshivenḓa or Luvenḓa , is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa ." ]
[ "The letters C , J and Q are used only in quoting foreign words and names .", "The letters C , J , and Q are used when writing foreign words and names ." ]
[ "During the Apartheid era of South Africa , the bantustan of Venda was set up to cover the Venda speakers of South Africa .", "During the Apartheid era of South Africa , Venda speakers lived in the bantustan of Venda ." ]
[ "The majority of Venda speakers live in the northern part of South Africa 's Limpopo Province , but about 10 % of its speakers live in Zimbabwe .", "Most Venda speakers live in South Africa , but some speakers live in Zimbabwe ." ]
[ "The Venda language is related to Kalanga ( Western Shona , different from Shona , official language of Zimbabwe ) which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe .", "The Venda language is very similar to the Kalanga language , which is spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe ." ]