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How do you write a very efficient code?
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While doing some LeetCode exercises I noticed that they also included the total runtime of my algorithm. Quite disappointing that I write a runtime inefficient code.
I noticed that most of the fastest running algorithms used data structures, some are very compact code. Although I noticed that some of the fastest algorithms are copy pasted from the net, which I guess defeats the purpose of LeetCode (for me LeetCode is to test you algorithm writing skills)?
Also any reading materials for Big O notation?
| 52 |
This comes with experience. Note that Big-O notations can sometimes be misleading due to the way hardware is designed.
At the end of the day, if you really want to write very efficient code, learn how different data structures mean to cache locality, registers, heaps and SSE. This is not an easy task either.
| 46 |
ELI5:If sodium benzoate mixed with vitamin C creates cancerous benzene, why is Sriracha sauce considered safe? AFAIK chilli contains insane amounts of vitamin C.
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I've been asking this myself for a long time, and internet has zero answers about benzene in hot sauces.
| 20 |
Because only a tiny amount of sodium benzoate would be used as a preservative, much of the vitamin C will be destroyed by the cooking process so there's less for it to react with, benzene doesn't always form just because the two molecules are present in the same food and food itself is a lot less efficient as a chemical factory than an aqueous solution - which is why there is a lot more concern about benzoates in drinks than in food.
Also, you inhale a lot more benzene than you're ever likely to ingest and there are 'safe' limits set where exposure to toxic chemicals below that amount are unlikely to have a noticeable effect.
| 16 |
[Back to the Future] Wouldn't the DeLorean need some kind of positioning/location device to account for the movement of the Milky Way?
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I just watched BTTF and it dawned on me that if they went back to 1955 from the same location, wouldn't the Earth be somewhere else in the universe due to the movement of the Milky Way, causing Marty to wind up in the middle of space? Or even the Earths orbit might have an impact. Did the DeLorean have some feature to explain this or am I wrong and this wouldn't be an issue?
| 68 |
What no one seems to understand here is that there is no absolute metric from which everything else can measure it's position and velocity from. That was proved back in 1887 by Michelson and Morley showed there was no luminiferous aether that matter traveled through. This lack of absolute position of velocity was further cemented in 1905 with Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity which showed that the speed of light was the same from any reference frame. Then Einstein's Theory of General Relativity in 1915 laid the framework for Emmet Brown to create the General Theory of Time (unpublished) which he used to then design the Tri-Flux Capacitor.
What Dr. Brown understood was that mass, energy, space, time, gravity, and velocity are *all* relative. This enables the Tri-Flux Capacitor to warp space-time so that the worldline travelled by the Delorean intersects with its position in the past or future. As it warps spacetime along the time dimension, the fold naturally follows the already-existing surface of the gravitational space-time Reimannian manifold, so that the Delorean doesn't have to account for motion like the rotation of the earth, movement of the earth around the sun, motion of the sun in the Milky Way, the motion of the Milky Way in our galactic local group, the motion of our local group compared to other galactic clusters, etc. Since the fold naturally follows the already-existent geodesic, the worldline of the Delorean simply intersects at a different location along the geodesic manifold, so that the Delorean (and it's passengers) have effectively traveled through time *relative* to its surroundings.
| 112 |
Why do surgeons use intermittent pneumatic compression devices even during short surgeries?
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Sorry if this is the wrong subreddit. A couple years ago I had a surgery that only lasted about 1.5 hours, but my surgeons put an IPC machine (the leg squeezy thing that prevents blood clots) on my legs anyway. wouldn’t it take more time to develop a blood clot than lying down for a few hours? Is it more of a liability thing?
| 16 |
Yes the chances of a dvt or blood clot are likely low, but there is virtually no harm in using the compression devices, so you might as well use them. If patients are expected to be bed-bound for days post-op, then anticoagulation drugs are often used as well.
| 22 |
ELI5: Why is a 50hz TV considered bad?
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I just bought a 50 inch TV for a very affordable price, the only "downside" is that it's 50hz. I'll use the TV to watch Blu-Rays (which are 24hz) and play PS3.
Why do people say 50hz is bad? I personally hate the smoothing effect that some high frequency TV's have.
edit: I'm from Finland, that's why it's 50hz, not 60hz.
| 15 |
There isn't a major problem with 50Hz screens. They will display movies fine, as well as most console games. However, these screens are pretty poor for PC gaming, as you can't achieve higher than 50 frames per second.
| 13 |
[Harry Potter] Would it have been more productive if Voldemort made Harry's name taboo
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We learn near the end of the great Wizarding War that Voldemort made his name taboo so that any who dared speak his name would be quickly found and killed. Obviously, he did this for two reasons. 1, to create fear, as most people were already scared to speak his name and now anyone who did would be killed. But secondly, people who would speak it would most likely be part of the order so they could find more info on Harry. But wouldn't it work even better if he made Harry's name taboo? Are there limitations on naming taboos? can you not do someone else's name?
| 32 |
No one really knows where the Taboo came from. We have absolutely no idea how it works. Fan-canon points to it being a personal invention of Voldemort's, but again, we simply don't know. Therefore the only real way to answer this question is (you guessed it) to wildly speculate.
Harry Potter is a common enough name that you would get unfortunate misfires irritatingly often. In addition to that, most people close to him are going to use his first name, which is even more common. Seriously, the one person who refers to Harry by his full name the most is Voldemort. Not entirely helpful. The first two points combined open up a 3rd possibility; Resource allocation. The Death Eaters had to deploy "Snatchers" to round up every instance of someone saying "Voldemort." Can you imagine how many people they would have needed to check up on every instance of people saying "Harry Potter?" Even with Ministry resources, it seems a bit outside of their scope.
Voldemort's name already had a stigma on it. Telling people it's illegal to say Voldemort's name is basically telling them not to do something they already weren't doing. As you pointed out, at that stage, the only people left using the V word were members of the order. And while the Death Eaters did manage to (temporarily) capture Harry with the taboo, its true goal was just to cast a wide net. Finding Harry was a happy coincidence.
| 39 |
[Marvel] Do reality warpers (Wanda, Mad Jim Jaspers, Franklin Richards, Reality Stone) only create an illusion of reality or do they actually change reality?
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I am assuming there is a difference between them according to their power level, but this question stems from Thanos using the reality stone to “mask” his destruction in the collectors hideout.
While the stone was being used, the room was as if nothing had happened, but then it “switched back” to the “real reality”. In this case, reality manipulation is really just a really good illusion. If the reality stone manipulates reality itself, couldn’t he manifest a reality where his opponents don’t exist?
We move to Wanda, who creates the hex where her constructs are so powerful they can fight with “real” beings like the Vision fight. But as explained, its also all an illusion, or a spell.
Now if we move to Mad Jim Jaspers, or Franklin Richards, they manipulate reality on an cosmic level. Is what they do really binding? Meaning couldn’t they just wish for example Thanos to not exist and he just doesn’t exist anymore. Or is it all an illusion while they maintain control? If they alter reality, can they reverse death?
| 15 |
They actually change reality.
The reality stone by itself *does* alter reality, it just doesn't alter reality *permanently.* Thanos could manifest a reality where his opponents don't exist- and he does, he effectively makes Drax and Mantis disappear- it's just that when he stops concentrating it snaps back. Wanda, meanwhile, is actually altering reality with the Hex- the fact this isn't just an illusion but an actual changing of reality is a major plot point.
The more powerful reality warpers can and do change reality, including reversing death and erasing thanos.
Basically, yes, there is a difference between an illusion and a reality warp, even a temporary or localised one.
| 27 |
[Fallout] with all these raiders out there it makes me wanna know where are their numbers coming from?
| 23 |
The raiders aren't a single cohesive organization like the Enclave or the BoS or the NCR or whatever, it's a catch-all term for all the random assholes out there in the waste who take up the raider lifestyle. Anyone who foregoes the traditional concept of civilized society and runs around the wastes to be an asshole-at-large, whether out of choice or circumstance, is a raider.
| 37 |
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[Skyrim] Why did skeevers increase in size?
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Quoted from a talk page on wikia.
>Skeever Size
>So, that one guy in The Winking Skeever mentioned that Skeevers used to be smaller. Not quite sure how old he is, but assuming he is around 30, that means Skeevers apparently got larger (not quite sure how larger, but I would assumine it is a very noticable difference, like maybe 200-300% their original size) in the last 20-30 years in Skyrim. Now, seeing as how its a Video Game, I am going to apply Video Game logic and assume this is not natural.
>So, the question. Has anyone found anything that might imply what made them big? I have considered the madman in Honningbrew Meadery, who made those Venomous Skeevers (From what I can tell), but that seemed to be focused around Venom, not size. Considering the time discrepensy, I sort of think that the Aldimeri Dominion caused it, because Skeevers are annoying and so are they. Giant Skeevers are more annoying, and the more annoyed Skyrim gets, the more primed it is for a fight. Because, you know, mostly Nords. And I am sure you all get where I am going with this. The Aldermiri Dominion was clearly already supporting keeping the Imperial Legion and the Stormcloaks at war based on the evidence of the dossier found in the embassy. The Great War ended 30 years ago, which fits the time constraint. I am just wondering if anyone has found anything else that supports this explanation or another one if I am wrong. So, any ideas/evidence?
| 17 |
Nothing as nefarious as that, it was simple natural selection. Skeevers are seen as pests, as sources of food for people and other species, and as a source of alchemical ingredients (such as their tails). This led to skeevers being hunted quite extensively. As a result, only the biggest and meanest skeevers could avoid being killed by exterminators, hunters, and alchemists.
The idea that the Aldmeri Dominion would create giant skeevers to annoy people is cute, but does not fit their style. They see themselves as the rightful rulers of Tamriel, and would not deign to use rodents for their purposes. They are also careful planners and schemers, preferring to know the causes and effects of every step of their plans. "Release giant rats to annoy people" is far too chaotic and unpredictable a method for the likes of the Thalmor.
| 17 |
ELI5:Why we tend to have less friends as we grow older?
| 20 |
Fewer. As we get older, the number of responsibilities in life grows. At the same time, we also spend less and less time in environments surrounded by other people in the same life stage. What this means is that we spend a lot more time with people in different life stages, and those people we do spend time with often have growing responsibilities that impede the amount of time they can just hang out.
| 64 |
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[Star Wars] What's the coolest thing Scout troopers/commandos have done?
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We've seen stormtroopers pull off near perfect boarding actions and snow troopers take a base that gave nearly every advantage to the defenders in an hour or so. So what have the scouts/imperial commandos done? Let's hear some stories!
EDIT: So I'm guessing from this there aren't any EU novels focusing on the scouts?
| 87 |
Scout troopers were mostly used in reconnaissance, spy work, & assassination. Because their work isn't flashy by nature, they were naturally kept away from the spotlight. What is known however is that every major groundside action involving the Stormtrooper Corps had their groundwork prepped by the Scout Troopers. The Battle of Hoth would not have been a swift victory if the Scout Troopers hadn't found a secondary entrance that allowed Darth Vader and the 501st to infiltrate Echo Base.
| 46 |
Will there be a temperature difference between: hot tea that I let sit for 5 minutes and then add cold milk to, or hot tea that I immediately add cold milk to then let sit for 5 minutes?
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I'm speaking in general here, but if you want specifics. Let's say the tea is 10 ounces, and starts at 100C, the milk is 2 ounces at 3C, and room temperature is 23C.
The different scenarios are:
* one in which I immediately add the milk, and
* one in which I wait till the five minutes is up before adding the milk.
In both cases I would take the temperature **after** five minutes have elapsed.
| 17 |
I would think think the temperature where you add cold milk @ 5 minutes would be colder.
Rate of heat flow is proportional to the difference in temperatures between two objects. Thus, a higher difference results in a higher rate of heat exchange.
Thus, if you don't add the milk you have a temp difference of 77 degrees (tea and RT). If you add milk, this temp difference will be different smaller and thus you'd have a slower heat exchange between the drink and the environment. The greater the heat exchange betwenn the room and your tea, the more it cools.
Though, there coud be an argment made that increasing the volume with the milk could have an additional effect that makes adding milk first result in cooler tea.
| 21 |
Where do Newtonian physics stop and Einsteins' physics start? Why are they not unified?
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Edit: Wow, this really blew up. Thanks, m8s!
| 4,102 |
As a rule of thumb there are three relevant limits which tells you that Newtonian physics is no longer applicable.
1. If the ratio v/c (where v is the characteristic speed of your system and c is the speed of light) is no longer close to zero, you need special relativity.
2. If the ratio 2GM/c^(2)R (where M is the mass, G the gravitational constant and R the distance) is no longer close to zero, you need general relativity.
3. If the ratio h/pR (where p is the momentum, h the Planck constant and R the distance) is no longer close to zero, you need quantum mechanics.
Now what constitutes "no longer close to zero" depends on how accurate your measurement tools are. For example in the 19th century is was found that Mercury's precession was not correctly given by Newtonian mechanics. Using the mass of the Sun and distance from Mercury to the Sun gives a ratio of about 10^(-8) as being noticeable.
Edit: It's worth pointing out that from these more advanced theories, Newton's laws do "pop back out" when the appropriate limits are taken where we expect Newtonian physics to work. In that way, you can say that Newton isn't *wrong*, but more so incomplete.
| 2,429 |
As a star begins to die, what are the effects on orbiting planets before the supernova?
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Say an Earth-like planet (read: Earth) is orbiting a star of 1 solar mass that is nearing it's death. At what point does life on this planet cease to exist (read: no longer habitable)? What exactly happens to scour all possibilities of survival? Or would all be well and good until the supernova begins?
| 16 |
All life on Earth will cease to exist when the sun is still clearly on mainastage. Despite the fact that sun will not become a red giant before 4billion more years, the sun is steadily becomming more luminous. After about 1billion years from now, the sun is so hot that all life on earth is compleatly impossible. After that the sun becomes a red giant and possibly destroyes the entire planet. After that the sun goes through some up and downs in power (so severe that life at any distance orbiting the sun is impossible.), and then finally shrinks to a white dwarf.
A 1 solar mass star will never explode.
Stars that do go supernova go through phase transitions aswell but MUCH faster, at an increasing rate. One a year before explosion, one a week before and a final one 24h before. So no, one would not be well and good before the supernova. A super nova is just the grand finale of a destructive dance the star performs.
| 14 |
ELI5: Why can't long cables be stretched perfectly straight?
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I'm thinking about electricity cables for example.
| 765 |
Its 3 things combined. Weight, malleability, gravity.
The wires themselves are heavy, and gravity is always trying to pull them down. In order to attempt to keep a wire stretched straight across you need to put on enough tension to over come gravitys attempts to pull it down, however all metals used for powerlines will stretch if enough tension is placed on them.
The amount of tension required to over come gravity is more then what the wires will tolerate before they can't hold themselves together anymore and snap.
Edit: as u/OVERHEAD1 points out below, there is also the issue of expansion and contraction due to temperature.
| 428 |
What is the worst thing you have heard an academic say in a highly public, professional setting?
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I just want some good stories. Outrageous, blunt, callous, etc. I think they are hilarious.
| 141 |
This old professor gave a goodbye speech to his secretary of 30 years, in front of faculty and PhD students. He commented on how in the olden days, her good looks made everyone's work day much happier.
I've never heard a collective cringe as loud as the silence that followed.
| 213 |
Preaching against homosexuality and gay marriage is basically hate speech. CMV
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Modern day christians who preach "hate the sin but not the sinner" use the same religious texts, and the dehumanizing language of the old testament, to condemn homosexuality, as the the christians/jews/muslims who for last two thousand years systematically persecuted and exterminated gay people all around the world. As such, these texts are fundamentally inhumane and most clearly a form of hate speech.
EDIT: grammar
| 30 |
Following this logic *being against anything* is hate speech. You're against it, aren't you? So you hate it.
Which is of course total bullshit, like 100% of this hate speech idiocy. It is nothing more than a dishonest attempt at censoring free speech. Either you have the right to have your own opinion and to talk about it, or you live in a dictatorship where your rulers define what you can or can't talk about. There is no enlightened dictatorship of the good guys where only bad stuff are banned. Even the notion is silly.
| 11 |
ELI5: If your stomach acid so acidic that it can melt almost anything, why do other foreign organisms and objects still pass through like nothing happen? Why do tapeworms continue to survive and other bacteria?
| 35 |
Lots of focus on the acidity of the stomach and too little focus on the tapeworm going on here.
Tapeworm eggs/larvae (can't remember exactly) are inside a cyst, basically a little fatty bubble, inside of meat. When that meat is eaten, the fatty wall of the cyst is broken down in the stomach, but the tapeworm is safe inside it's bubble. It can then move into the intestine, which is a much friendlier environment for a parasite.
For other pathogens, it depends a bit. Salmonella actually is very sensitive to our stomach acid and will not survive it if you just swallowed a solution with it mixed in. However, if that bacteria can hide out in some meat you eat (fat/protein), it can survive the acidity and move on the gut to wreak havoc.
| 47 |
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CMV: The existence of anxious breeds of dogs is just cruel on the face of it.
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We have been preferentially breeding dog traits we like for thousands of years. One thing essentially all dog breeds have in common, because we’ve created the trait through hundreds of generations of purposeful choices, is the emotional need to be near us. It’s so pronounced in some breeds (and individuals) that, in my view, it really borders on cruelty. To create and own an animal that is constantly depressed when we’re not around, then leave it alone for eight to ten hours a day, (WFH notwithstanding) simply because we enjoy the emotional rush of its happiness and relief when we return and temporarily relieve its misery, is unforgivably selfish and borderline sadistic.
I don’t know what remedy exists for this beyond ceasing to breed the most anxious and nervous little dogs. In the far future, I can see a more enlightened culture condemning us for being so blind to what we were doing to this wonderful species.
Edit: A number of people are focused on the “remedy” I mentioned, which I think is a bit of an afterthought. I would amend it to acknowledge that another acceptable solution might be convincing humanity on the whole that we need to be aware of the essential cruelty of imprisoning a very social animal in isolation for long periods of time. Many individual dogs, and presumably some breeds on the whole, are far more emotionally needy than others, and this should be understood.
The view I’m asking you to change isn’t how we fix this, but the fact that it is a serious problem that most dog owners fail to acknowledge or take into account when they choose to get a dog, and that the fact that anxious dogs are anxious is our responsibility. When they were wolves, they lived in packs and their social needs were met. We seized on their pack mentality, redirected it toward ourselves, and preferentially bred individuals who were more attached to us. (That’s domestication) The most extreme forms of this are tantamount to cruelty.
| 82 |
This is not an issue of the existence of the breed per your own account:
> To create and own an animal that is constantly depressed when we’re not around, then leave it alone for eight to ten hours a day
It's an issue of mismatches of dog to person.
There are people who are suited for dogs that are basically attention sponges, but the issue is that people tend to pick dogs based on appearance or misinformation or status instead of appropriate temperament, energy level, drives, etc.
This extends beyond just anxious dogs.
That people can and do mistreat dogs does not demonstrate that dogs shouldn't exist, since the obvious alternative is that people should treat them better - and some people demonstrate this is possible.
| 18 |
ELI5: With the advancement of driverless cars and other autonomous aspects growing daily, what exactly stops somebody from hacking into the network and controlling it?
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I've seen plenty of apocalyptic or otherwise sci-fi movies/games where it all started with a a society core networks being hijacked and otherwise. I also read about the advancement of quantum computers which would really render all current forms of cyber security obsolete due to the amazing processing power they would have to break the security. So really what I'm getting at is if in 10 years we all have driverless cars, all from differing car companies with differing software and some evil genius creates a powerful quantum computer on his own, what's stopping him from taking control of all the cars or similarly disastrous technologies?
Obviously I only read articles on the matter and really as I type this just sound incredibly paranoid but still.
| 53 |
billion dollars industries spend a lot on security. the answer is the same as if you'd have asked "now that all money is digital, how come someone just doesn't hack millions of dollars into their account"
| 41 |
Why does topical alcohol make skin dry?
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Hello. I'm getting into skin care and I was wondering about what makes topical alcohol dry the skin.
Does it make the water in your skin evaporate? Does is dissolve lipids in your skin? Does it make the lipids evaporate? Does it make the water in your skin retreat back into your body? Does it not do anything to the water or lipids in your skin but makes it feel dry because of the damage it does to it? In any case, how so?
Thanks for the help!
| 1,182 |
Simpler explanation from a chrmist: Alcohols can dissolve / mix with both water and oils. If you put isopropyl alcohol or ethanol on your skin, it will absorb both oils and water from your skin. If you then wipe the alcohol off, you wipe off the oils and water along with the alcohol.
This can also happen with soaps and detergents in general because they also dissolve both oils and water. This is why hand soaps will normally have moisturizers added to compensate.
Alcohols also easily evaporate, so any alcohol leftover after cleaning will quickly disappearing instead of forming an oily layer like a moisturizer.
| 606 |
ELI5: How did the word 'radio' get mixed up in so maybe nuclear-related terms, "radioisotope", "radioactive", "radiologist". Does this imply some direct connection between electromagnetic waves and alpha/beta/gamma rays?
| 62 |
It is the other way around. Radiation or radio comes from the energy going radially out from the source. We use "radio" as a shorthand for electromagnetic radiation under 300GHz but there are lots of different radiation in addition to electromagnetic radiation. Gamma radiation is by the way also electromagnetic but in the 100EHz range. So there is a direct connection between radios and gamma rays and other forms of radiation.
| 72 |
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[Harry Potter] Are spells invented, created or discovered?
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Is it tapping in to some basic root programming language of the universe (discovered)? Taking parts of existing languages and applying some sort of rules to them (invented)? Or is just coming up with some nice sounding words and pairing them with the idea (created)?
| 21 |
A little from column A, a little from column B (and C). Remember the instances of underage magic that we've seen, like Harry blowing up his aunt or making the glass disappear in the zoo? There are no direct spells for these things, the ability to them does exist in the magic aether though. Let's say Harry really likes being able to make glass disappear. He's essentially performing both wandless and wordless magic the first time he does so, which is really difficult and he won't be able to replicate it reliably. So he comes up with a mnemonic, let's say Avada Speculum. As he does this repeatedly, he is actually shaping the magics of the universe. As such, someone down the line might be able to stumble on the spell he created by uttering the words with a basic idea of what the spell does (seen with Sectumsempre). So, a root programming language of a sort does exist, but it's like binary (discovered). Applying rules and creating incantation is like creating a program in C++ (invented) and someone later can get lucky wth the right pairing.
| 28 |
ELI5: Why does exposure to radiation kill my body? What exactly does it do to me?
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I think it is about time I understand how radiation kills a human being and why is it bad after all the Hollywood films I've watched over the years and the research into Chernobyl I've done. Why is it so deadly?
| 55 |
Radiation is bits and pieces of atoms that fly around at high velocity. When they hit the molecules in your body, they can destroy them by knocking atoms out of alignment. Most molecules can easily be repaired or replaced. DNA can also be repaired, for the most part. But if too much damage is done to DNA in too short of a time, your body can't keep up with the repairs. When this happens, the DNA accumulates errors, which can eventually lead to cell death or cancer.
| 37 |
ELI5: Can a president in the US run twice if they weren't elected the first time?
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For example if a president is assassinated and the Vice President gets the position and then runs for president the following term and wins the election, can that person run the term after that since they technically didn't run the first time?
| 17 |
It's not about how many times you have run, it is about how many terms you have served. You can only serve two terms as president, and in the case of succession, like an assassination, the cutoff for deciding whether or not a term has been completed is two years. If the VP becomes president the day after halfway through the president's term, then it does not count. The day before halfway, and it would.
| 31 |
[40k/Star trek] Would a Holodeck type simulator work on Orks?
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If Orkz were to invade the Trek Verse could the federation use Holo decks to satisfy the Ork warlust? Would the Orkz be happy fighting holograms?
| 18 |
Orks don't lust for violence, violence is a part of who they are, what they were built to do.
You could easily trick Orks to fight holograms, but the smarter more cunning ones will eventually figure it out and find a way of breaking the simulation. But this isn't going to happen right away, and only after the Orks spend decades or more fighting everything they can find, including themselves.
God help you if the Orks manage to loot the federations technology, while not on the same scale of the stuff you find in the 40K universe it still often has capabilities and functions that totally go beyond what any one from that place could ever dream of.
Matter replication? Warp-less warp drives? Easy access of VERY powerful personal energy weapons? The universe is their oyster if they break free into a waaagh!
| 18 |
[Star Wars] What exactly were the Jedi hoping would happen when the Chosen One showed up?
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In Episode I, at the end, the Jedi express surprise that there was a Sith (Maul) running around, believing them extinct. The Jedi couldn't have been hoping the Chosen One prophecy was about destroying the Sith, then, because they didn't think there were any Sith.
If "balance the force" meant clean up the decadent Jedi Order, couldn't they have tried to reform themselves? Yoda, Windu, et. al., are quite proficient force users, diplomats, and leaders; I find it hard to believe they couldn't focus some of their time on reforms to the Order. Unless they didn't see themselves as needing reformation, in which case why would they be hoping for a Chosen One that reforms?
Not only that, but the Jedi were basically at the height of their power and influence around the time of Episode I. The Chosen One couldn't, then, be a great leader who will bring relevance/greatness/influence to the benevolent Order, right? The Jedi were already the preeminent peacekeepers and renowned diplomats.
So what exactly did they think the prophecy of the Chosen One would bring?
| 146 |
Before Qui-Gon speaks to the Council about Anakin and floats his Chosen One theory (which is immediately dismissed as batshit nuts), he reports that he was attacked by a Sith with a lightsaber. At no point were the Council considering the idea of a Chosen One without also entertaining the notion that the Sith had returned.
| 129 |
ELI5:If nurses have to be so careful not to oversedate patients, why is it so hard for executioners to overdose a prisoner?
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What I mean is, why are there so many botched executions? Couldn't be the vein every time, could it?
| 44 |
A conventional lethal injection protocol consists of thiopentone, pancuronium and potassium chloride. Either of those is pretty much guaranteed to be lethal on its own, as long as it is given intravenously.
Unfortunately, both thiopentone and potassium chloride are extremely irritant and painful when injected into subcutaneous tissue.
They get into trouble in executions because executioners are terrible at obtaining intravenous access. They inject these drugs into an incorrectly placed cannula, so instead of killing the prisoner they give him an excruciatingly painful burn around the injection site.
| 39 |
ELI5: how did the term XXX originate?
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Whoops, forgot to specify. I meant pornography.
| 95 |
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) is responsible for rating movie content in the US -- G, PG, PG-13, R, and so on -- so that people have some idea what they might be getting into. The system has been tweaked over the years, and used to feature an "X" rating.
Some highly acclaimed movies were rated X, including *The Evil Dead* and *Midnight Cowboy*, but over time the rating started to be associated with pornographic films. To attract attention, some of those films would claim to be "XX" rated or even "XXX" rated. No XX or XXX ratings officially existed, but it can be an effective marketing ploy anyway.
The MPAA no longer uses the X rating, but the idea of it remains.
| 63 |
[WH40K] I enjoy sleeping in sometimes. Who is the Chaos god for me?
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I'm a Space Marine. I would just like to get a couple hours more sleep some nights and I'm willing to forsake the Emperor to get it.
| 71 |
Slannesh.
Have all the sleep, ALL OF IT!
Eat enough sleeping pills to put out a Carnifex.
Sleep for so long your muscle decay to nothing.
Heck, go in a dreadnought and sleep for thousands years at the time.
Slannesh is excess.
| 74 |
[Naruto] How is it that most people don't know Naruto's family the Uzumaki Clan the Sister family of the Legendary Senju Clan?
|
Its one thing if his father was the 4th Hokage and no one knew because it was covered up but the Senju clan literally founded Konoha.
Naruto even wears his clan logo on his attire.
| 21 |
What I'd like to know is how did no one (aside from main characters like jiriyah, kakashi, itachi, 3rd hokage & probably some jonin) know Naruto was Minato's son? He was hokage, so everyone knew who he was, and everyone would have known Kushina was his wife, and everyone seems to understand that Naruto is Kushina Uzumaki's son so do the villagers just not care that he's Minato's son or are they just retarded?
| 21 |
Is there a correlation between wealth/ income / social status and morality?
|
Any studies are welcome. Thank you
| 39 |
Just to complicate the picture further, folks like Michelle Alexander of *The New Jim Crow* would point out that things like morality and criminality are defined by groups that have power in society. These definitions tend to protect that power by disproportionately targeting minorities and protecting the power elite. in other words, yes, there would be a correlation, but it would be because morality would be codified in such a way that it privileges the wealthy/powerful.
| 22 |
CMV:There is no way that Wesley would have been a better swordsman than Inigo Montoya
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After Inigo's father is killed, he devotes his life to training to become the best swordsman ever. According to the 30th anniversary edition, "After ten years of training, Inigo becomes the greatest swordsman of his generation and the only living man to hold the rank of "wizard".
In addition, he's using the sword that his father, the greatest sword-maker, crafted for the Six Fingered Man, his best sword ever.
Yet Wesley, who has frittered away his time as a cabin-boy, and then with all the distraction of being the Dread Pirate Roberts. Sure, there would be *some* swordplay involved, but it certainly wouldn't have compared to Inigo's training.
Wesley beat Inigo Montoya? Inconceivable. (Sorry)
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 433 |
One does not need to be a more skilled swordsman to win. Inigo, at his best, is the better of the two.
Inigo loses not because he isn't better. He loses because of two things. One, he underestimates Wesley's skill (which, while lesser, is formidable). And two, when Wesley proves that he knows what he's doing, Inigo panics. Note how he switches to using two hands and wildly flailing while Wesley remains calm. At no point is Inigo actually outmatched, but when he cannot easily pierce Wesley's defenses, he loses his cool, and thus loses the battle.
It's those qualities - underestimating his opponent and then losing his composure - that undo him. Wesley, on the other hand, is motivated by true love, and thus has a goal beyond Inigo - to reach Buttercup. Inigo is just a hired sword. And one that is barely sober. One that hasn't been challenged in ages. And one that is mentally unprepared for the fight.
Sure, Inigo is the better swordsman. But he loses because his heart isn't in it, so he doesn't take it seriously enough to give it his best and he panics.
| 256 |
Why was it so much harder for a welder to weld my 2 pieces of Aluminum together than for 2 equivalent pieces of basically any other popular metal?
|
I recently had something welded for part of a project. 2 pieces of Aluminum. I talked to a local welder who said he wouldn't touch Aluminum but would have welded my design if it was stainless steel and that I needed to find someone else.
Why is Aluminum so much more challenging to weld? What physical properties for Al are different that make it that much harder?
**EDIT: Mine is 6061 Aluminum.**
| 337 |
It requires a special welding machine. TIG *
(Tungsten Inert Gas). It requires a shielding gas (Argon). Aluminum oxide which forms over time on the surface of aluminum melts at a much higher temperatures than aluminum and must be removed with acetone prior to welding. Aluminum also has higher thermal conductivity and a low melting point alowing it to be easily burned through. If aluminum is anodized it becomes even more diificult to weld. Welding aluminum is not more difficult, just different and requires some experience. The welder you brought it to may not have had the proper equipment, or viewed the work as to risky to take on.
| 165 |
ELI5: What is the difference between 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE?
| 18 |
That's gonna depend on what part of the world you're in. 2G, 3G and 4G relate to specification of each wireless standard for GSM technology. They indicate generations "G" of the wireless standard. 2G was essential EDGE data and 3G included HSPA and HSUPA, and so forth. However in the USA some carriers, think it was T-Mobile, started marketing 3G HSUPA as 4G for marketing reasons... So when they started rolling out actual 4G technology they had to call it something new... That's where terms like 4G LTE come from.
| 12 |
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I think the widespread adoption of Bitcoin would be economically disastrous. CMV.
|
I want to make clear that I'm not talking about whether Bitcoin will become a (or the) global currency, nor am I talking about its merits as a speculative investment. I am imagining a world where a sizeable fraction of the world's transactions (let's say >40%) are made in Bitcoin, and Bitcoin is used as a reserve currency by at least some governments, etc. Basically, it becomes as universally accepted as USD, Euro or RMB.
I think that this would be a disastrous economic trap for the world to fall into because of deflation and the Tobin Effect.
Bitcoin prices are rising at the moment because people like it or they want to use it as a speculative investment, but this effect will level off with fewer new buyers if Bitcoin becomes a stable, global currency. This is not what I am concerned about.
Since the supply of new Bitcoin is designed to drop off asymptotically according to a pre-set algorithm, the rate of creation of new Bitcoin will rapidly drop below the rate of real growth of the world economy. At this point ([given that PV=MY](http://www.investopedia.com/articles/05/010705.asp)), there are a few possibilities:
1- velocity of money could increase steadily at a pace which will make up for the difference between real growth and growth in money supply. While there are many factors which can cause velocity to increase or decrease, I know of no way that a long-term, stable, predictable increase in velocity year after year can be created.
2- The world will go into zero-growth mode. GWP flattens out, we simply stop growing our productive capacities as a species.
3- Bitcoin goes into long term deflation at a rate approaching real GWP growth ([about 4% per annum for the last decade](http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=xx&v=66).)
I think that 3 is by far the most likely, and I think we have very good reason to believe it would be a disaster. First, I think that once this deflation begins in earnest, most people are going to convert their savings from inflationary currencies to Bitcoin - why not hold your money in the currency that appreciates?
As nice as it is to have your money become more valuable year after year, it would destroy a huge swathe of useful investment opportunities.
Imagine you wanted to loan some money to your friend. Deflation is 4%, but you think that 4% is too high a rate to charge a friend, so you agree on 2%. How will this work? You give your friend the money, and she pays you back later... with less money. You have paid her for not letting you access your own money.
This might already be true when lending below interest rate, but think about what this does to a global market when nominal interest rates will routinely drop below zero. You will keep finding situations where parties with money to invest and parties with profitable investments seeking capital will be unable to come to the same sorts of mutually beneficial deals they would be able to make with an inflationary currency.
This effectively will wipe out the viability of even the safest investments if the rate of return is less than the rate of deflation. The higher yield investments will not be spared this drying up of liquidity either - high return can only be maintained by high risk, and the average investor is going to be much more wary of investing in a long shot for higher returns if the effort-free, risk-free default of hoarding cash has such a high return.
Basically, this is like the difference between investing in capital and investing in land - investing in capital actually brings new productive capacities into being, buying land merely reshuffles the ownership of a fixed resource and pumps up prices.
I think that the net result of all this will be a higher rate of aggregate savings, but without the nice by-product of having lots of nice new productive capital making us richer and keeping up aggregate demand, as happens with an inflationary currency.
It would also be extremely difficult to undo this transition if we switched to Bitcoin - any individual or group (presuming they didn't have some massive market power to affect others' incentives) which switched back to inflationary currency would only impoverish themselves for no greater benefit if everyone else stuck with Bitcoin.
**TL;DR - I think the deflationary nature of Bitcoin would impede useful investments and drive the world back to the high-tech equivalent of stuffing their money under the mattress.**
| 74 |
Some people believe that deflationary economies won't work because there will be a tendency to resist spending because you can buy more tomorrow than you can today. But the same logic can be applied to inflationary economies: They won't work because there will be a tendency to resist *selling* because you can *receive* more tomorrow than you can today.
But inflationary economies *do* work.
The issue is the predictability of inflation/deflation, not the -flation itself.
| 93 |
ELI5: Why is it that some of the worlds most caustic chemicals and liquids do not interact with the glass beakers they're contained in while they dissolve pennies like cotton candy in water.
| 20 |
Glass is not very reactive and thats why it is used to contain those chemicals. There are some chemicals that react with glass and they obviously can't be held in glass containers.
On the other hand metals are strong and heavy but most of them all very reactive for example they oxidate easily (rust). So it actually doesn't take a lot from chemical to dissolve some metals.
Why some materials are reactive with others comes mainly from their electron structure.
| 15 |
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ELI5: Why do you feel heavy in the chest when you hear loud bass sounds?
| 16 |
Because low frequency noise is much better at being absorbed by surfaces and transferring energy into solid materials. That heavy chest feeling is literally your body absorbing sound energy and vibrating. Higher frequency sound is more reflective.
This is why when you work with humans and acoustics you don't measure sound in dB, you measure in a scale called dBA, which is like "wind chill" in temperature. It's the way sound makes you feel, vs the absolutely power of the sound.
| 44 |
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[META] I believe the desire to have a view changed often reflects a desire to revert to the mainstream and is therefore close-minded and anti-intellectual. CMV
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A lot of the posts in CMV seem to begin with a view that rests outside conventional thought. While discussions of these are interesting, I believe that the fact that they are posted in the first place represents a fear of one's unorthodox ideas and that subsequent efforts to 'correct' these positions only serve to reinforce this fear. I'm not saying that all views are equally valid or correct, only that I feel that people wanting their views changed simply because they're uncomfortable holding views that others don't agree with underpins much of this subreddit and that this sort of attitude is not necessarily a good thing. I do find CMV really interesting but this still bothers me. I understand that this post is a bit ironic.
| 196 |
But the alternative--not wanting to have your view changed--is also close-minded, is it not?
Perhaps people post their views here because they want to know if there's any critical evidence that they've overlooked, or simply want to get a "second opinion", as it were, towards their view.
I think very few people who post here literally want their view changed--rather, they want to see what the, as you admitted, interesting discussion that would follow is.
| 155 |
ELI5: How friction causes heat
| 27 |
To understand friction, we have to zoom into the microscopic level of what's going on between surfaces. *No surface — not even slippery ice — is perfectly smooth. All surfaces have irregularities on the molecular level, and when two touching surfaces move relative to each other, they get caught in each other's little hills and valleys.* Not only that, but the molecules from one surface actually start attracting molecules from the other surface, and they form chemical bonds with each other. Breaking these bonds and pushing past the hills and valleys takes considerable work.
When you push a couch across the floor, much of your energy is wasted pushing the surface of the couch along the surface of the floor, but that energy doesn't just disappear. *The law of conservation of energy states that it can't be created or destroyed. Friction converts useful kinetic energy (also called ordered energy) into thermal energy (disordered energy), or heat.*
| 13 |
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Eli5: why do laptop and PC manufacturers install all of this useless software that slows the computer down so much?
| 16 |
$$$
You'll notice that a lot of the software has a premium version and it tries to get you to upgrade after the trial period is over. These software companies pay the OEMs to load the trials onto the prebuilt machines in hopes that a small percentage of those who buy them will buy the premium version when the trial runs out.
HP, Dell, and other OEMs load the software on the machine because it lets them charge less for the machine while still making the same amount of money and lets them move more machines that way.
| 27 |
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Filing a complaint against PI for mistreatments of employees
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In past I worked for a bad PI. I left the lab without asking for her recommendation. A year later, I am witnessing another employee (a technician) of hers leave the lab after working for 2 years. He asked for her recommendation and she is saying negative things about his work ethics. She is lying. She has lied on multiple occasions in past, for petty things to very serious matters. Should he complain to HR about her in his exit interview? Or is it not worth it? Do they every take any action against PIs? I left without complaining but I want to do so now, so future employees don’t suffer. It’s been an year since I left. Should I file a complaint?
| 100 |
Speaking as a senior administrator, yes, you should complain. You will get zero satisfaction in the sense that you will never see the impact of your complaints, but good institutions have memory and when the opportunity comes, repeat offenders will be kept from positions of authority and/or pushed out altogether.
| 96 |
ELI5: How does a high change in pressure “turn your organs to jello” and kill you?
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I️ just saw an argument about people dying inside tanks during WWII from bombs that didn’t directly hit the tank. Their bodies were fine, but they were dead.
Also from what I️ understand this is the same way a high velocity round from a rifle will kill something. The tiny hole from the bullet isn’t the killer, it’s the pressure change, and that’s why slow rounds like hand guns don’t kill as effectively. Is this true?
how does pressure change turn you to jello?
edit: aiming this more towards the tank question
| 51 |
I take it they meant they died from the shock wave. Yes, strong shock waves can kill you, as they act almost like a supersonic brick wall that can enter your body.
Hitting a brick wall at high speed would kill you because your organs get squished and stop working. Similarly, a shock wave would squish your organs as it travels through you. It won't literally turn them to jello, but would rather tear them up.
| 35 |
ELI5: How can the universe constantly expand with no end?
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I'm not sure if text is allowed here but I would love this explained like im five, basically throw it at me in a really simple way.
Surely an explosion cannot continue forever and would have to end at some time, right? So why does it not?
| 24 |
Firstly, the big bang is **not** an explosion. Nor is the universe expanding like some kind of ball or balloon, getting bigger and bigger, displacing more and more of the atmosphere. Instead, think of the expansion of the universe like the surface of the balloon as it expands. Or hell, skip the balloon part, imagine an infinite plane expanding.
Each point on the universe is expanding away from every other point on the universe, with the rate of expansion proportional to the distance between said points.
>Surely an explosion cannot continue forever and would have to end at some time, right? So why does it not?
This idea is based around a "explosion" model which doesn't reflect reality. The expansion of the universe despite the pull of gravity is caused by dark energy, which causes negative pressure and "pushes" things apart.
Now, you may say, what about conservation of energy? Doesn't this violate that?
Yes, and there's no problem in that. The universe does not conserve energy. The conservation laws come from Noether's theorem. The tl;dr is that if a system is time-translationally invariant (in simpler words, things work the same no matter what time it is), then there is conservation of energy. An expanding universe does not fit this criteria.
The ultimate fate of the universe depends on its curvature. For now, we think it's flat from empirical observations, which means a heat death is in store for us.
| 25 |
[MCU] What was going on that necessitated the existence of an agency on the scale of S.H.I.E.L.D before the events that led up to the battle of New York?
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I'm glad S.H.I.E.L.D. was around to protect us during the battle of New York, but before Thor showed up and the found Captain America, S.H.I.E.L.D. had been around for years. What the hell were they doing the whole time? Once weird shit started happening we should have formed an orginization, but we shouldn't have been funding their questionably nefarious actions for years. As a tax payer I think we all deserve some explanations about this.
| 22 |
I would guess they did similar things to other covert organizations like the CIA, but have the additional authority to deal with matters like alien attacks and super-soldiers. Remember, SHIELD came out of the SSR, which Captain America was part of during WWII. They acted much like a normal military unit that also dealt with more unusual things, which is why they created Captain America and went after HYDRA.
| 28 |
[Harry Potter] Did Harry get the equivalent of 2 brand new Ferraris as his first two broomsticks as a kid? (Nimbus 2000 and Firebolt)
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If these are the fastest, nicest broomsticks out there, then would they be even nicer than a Ferrari, like up in Bugatti territory? And as his first broomsticks at that? Is there some wild insurance payment McGonnagel had to pay during those 2 years where she was responsible for giving a small child the fastest broomstick ever? Could an adult wizard with all the necessary safeties taken theoretically fly a broomstick in outer space?
| 730 |
I’d compare it more to that kid who had the top of the line bike in school, your parents could likely afford to get you it too but it’s just an unnecessary waste of money for most families. It’s like a Ferrari in the way it’s a luxury item but it’s not absurdly expensive
I don’t think the wizard world cares all that much about insurance, Hogwarts is a death trap
| 560 |
ELI5: Why humans cry when they're really happy.
| 149 |
|Recent psychological theories of crying emphasize the relationship of crying to the experience of perceived helplessness.[10] From this perspective, an underlying experience of helplessness can usually explain why people cry. For example, a person may cry after receiving surprisingly happy news, ostensibly because the person feels powerless or unable to influence what is happening.
A theory from the Wikipedia article on crying. The source is a non-free paper
| 65 |
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[Venture Bros] Why did the OSI think the Guild was gone in the late 80s?
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They had such a public presence in the field of costumed aggression. Why did that not used to be the case?
| 26 |
Because they killed most of them and the rest went over to Sphinx or one of the low budget operators. The sovereign and a few others like his were able to keep it going underground until they came back a few decades later.
| 11 |
ELI5: Can someone explain who Getty Images is and why their name is under almost every photo online?
| 505 |
Getty Images, Inc. is stock photo agency, which is also a supplier of stock images for business and consumers.
So Whenever book uses their images they need to give credits.
P.S. *Who is Mr. Page you see in every corner of every damn sheet.*
Edit: Agency's owners name is MARK GETTY.
| 249 |
|
ELI5: How the body knows when to start digesting food and when the food exits the stomach?
| 38 |
When you eat something, it goes in your stomach. In your stomach, the acids eat away at the food, but not all of your food. Then it gets thrown into your small intestine, the intestines have little things kinda like an antennae which touch the food and go, "We got food in here from the stomach, bring the chisels and the hammers". The stuff that came down now breaks up the food in your intestine. Then tentacle like things grab onto the smashed up food and eat it with smaller tentacle things. What doesn't get eaten goes into your large intestine and water gets taken out, and little bacteria eat the food and poop out other stuff we need. Then we poop out the stuff we don't need. And if you eat a lot of beets, it turns red. So don't eat a lot of beats.
TL;DR eat food, antennae tell body to send stuff to break food, food gets broken up, tentacles eat food, we poop it out.
| 10 |
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[Tropic Thunder] Kirk Lazarus picks up the role of Simple Jack before Tugg Speedman. Does he go "Full-Retard?"
| 24 |
No. The thing about Lazarus is that he will go as crazy as he has to to execute *his vision* for the character, and his vision won't include going "full". He'd craft an "inspirationally challenged" persona per his conversations in the jungle, and be ready to fight tooth and nail against any attempt to shove him into "full" from the production (and would use all his wits and knowledge to fight that push; he talks a lot of shit about not breaking character until they record the commentary, but he breaks character a *lot* in the jungle). If push came to shove, there's a high chance he'd go full primadonna, storm off the set, lawyer up, or otherwise engage in high profile shenanigans. Instead of becoming an infamous box office flop, Simple Jack might instead become an infamous troubled production as either A) Lazarus wins, Jack is effectively rewritten into a Forest Gump/Rain Man-esque character against the director's wishes (a la Cool World) or B) the director wins, Lazarus gets shitcanned, the "Full Jack" version is made with a different actor at great expense, and people argue forever over which version would have been better (a la Superman 2).
| 19 |
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How do twisted pair wires reduce electromagnetic interference?
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I've scoured the web and I just keep finding sources that elaborate what a twisted pair is or their history. I cannot find anything that explains how twisting 2 wires around each other insulates them and prevents magnetic fields affecting them. Are they creating their own protective magnetic field? What is happening?
Edit: what a great turnout! Seriously thank you everyone for the replies. Everyone explained it a little differently, but in the end it helped visualize it for me.
| 15 |
The signals are transmitted over both wires in opposing polarity, but the EM interference picked up will have the same polarity. When both signals reach the other end, one is inverted and the signals are summed. What you end up with is “noise cancellation” of the interference. This happens because both wires will carry a mostly identical interference signal, but by ‘re-inverting’ the original signal, you’ve now inverted one of the interference signals. When those are summed, the opposite interference cancels out, while the signal you want to keep gets added together and becomes stronger.
| 28 |
ELI5 Why eyes hurt when you're up till late
| 25 |
Your eyes use muscles for focusing and direction. Like all muscles, they can get tired. It doesn't help that if you're up late, you're probably doing things that aren't great for your eyes either: drinking, in a smoke-filled environment, staring at a screen.
| 12 |
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[Star Wars] How does hyperspace work?
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Why is it that you can punch the coordinates of your destination and get there safely from anywhere (at anywhere around a certain planet) Shouldn't you have to make your way to a very specific point so as not to collide with objects?
| 17 |
You can't just punch in coordinates and go from anywhere. Hyperspace is a separate dimension from realspace that the ship travels through in order to hop over wrinkles in the fabric of realspace. Large objects like stars create mass shadows in hyperspace that you have to navigate around. Since you have to avoid those areas, there are well known hyperspace routes that most people use to get around without having to make new complex route calculations.
This also explains Han Solo's impressive Kessel Run. He was able to make the trip in 12 parsecs. At first glance that statement seems stupid, because a parsec is a unit of disrance, not time. Solo was able to make it in 12 parsecs because he was able to calculate a shorter hyperspace route than the one smugglers normally used, resulting in a much faster trip.
| 27 |
[Walking Dead] Could you use a Walker on wheel or treadmill to generate energy or maybe a mill?
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Let's say I capture a few walkers... I cover up their mouths to prevent accidental biting and I cuff them just to be safe. Could I strap them to something like a waterwheel and have them constantly walking toward a food source (like a goat). Do they generate enough pull to turn a mill or generate electricity?
| 545 |
I would say yes. And if it's not enough pull you can always add more of them. It's not like they are that rare to find. Just make sure they don't get distracted by other food sources or loud noises and you should be fine.
| 285 |
[Edge of Tomorrow] Why was Major Cage reset to the point of him arriving in the UK after he killed the Omega? Was it an act of good will from the Omega or did his psyche automatically do this when the blood of the Omega touched him?
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Something like: you passed the test of defeating me human, here's your life back?
| 90 |
No, the Omega was wholly inimical to humanity. It wouldn't reward one for killing it.
The Omega blood was more powerful than the Alpha blood. When Cage absorbed it he was reset farther back in time than the typical one day that the Alpha blood caused.
| 81 |
CMV: You shouldn't get free things based on your gender.
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I saw on my Facebook feed today that there is going to be a **free concert for women but men have to pay**. It kind of made me upset because why should a person be able to get **something for free based on their gender**
^((unless it's something essential or something that the other gender can't get of course)^)
In this case it's women, women are often demanding equality especially with the whole feminism movement. Yet this doesn't feel like equality it feels like the opposite. I would like to add if the band were to do a free concert for men they would get shit on by the media/people/everyone.
I think this quote is a relevant.
"To learn who rules over you, simply find out who you are not allowed to criticize"
_____
> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!*
| 32 |
This whole thing about having women go for free has nothing to do with equality but everything to do with business. Think of mainstream clubs, for example, the higher the female:male ratio the more drinks will be sold (since men typically buy drinks for women they find attractive at the club). Furthermore, lots of women attract more men to the club, so more $$$ to be earned. The reverse trend does not typically work for women.
This concept is even extended out to the gay/lesbian community. Notice how there are way more bars that cater to gay men than women? Think about that for a second. If you have a house full of women, typically, they will consume less alcohol versus a house full of men. Now add gay men who are single and looking for some fun? Kaboom, you get way more $$$.
| 73 |
ELI5: How is blood created in the human body?
| 16 |
Bone marrow, a tissue within your bones, contains special stem cells, These are the cells that can reproduce and then mature into specific types of cells. They form your blood cells and then release them into the bloodstream.
| 13 |
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ELI5: How is video evidence supposed to be taken seriously as technology advances?
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They can some pretty incredible things today with camera tricks and computer programming. Also how can you trust that its unedited video?
| 16 |
It is a long time since photos and video on its own have been admissible in court. What is needed for photos to be used in court today is a well documented chain of custody that describes who have handled the data and what exactly they did with it. Anyone in the chain of custody may have an opportunity to change the photos so they need to be evaluated for any potential bias in the case.
| 13 |
[Harry Potter] has anyone ever changed houses? Is there anything special, relating to magic, going on with the sorting hat's method? Like would a squib or even a muggle throw it off or is it looking deeper than magical ability? Do the paintings move around or just the people inside them?
| 26 |
It's basically just reading your mind (and maybe soul?) and deciding where would be the best fit for you.
It sometimes predicts trouble, but it's unclear if it can actually see something of the future, or if it's just a very clever hat that pieces together what will probably happen.
| 19 |
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[Halo] Are Spartans trained with Covenant weapons?
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I'm just curious how they can handle some of the functions such as ammo count and weapon loading, despite having just found the freaking things on their enemies' corpses.
| 79 |
Now, most definitely. The UNSC has no doubt looted thousands of Covenant weapons for R&D and training.
However, Spartans are trained to adapt to a situation in the event there is a new weapon or vehicle present, to avoid it or utilize it against the enemy such as with all of the new Forerunner weaponry.
| 70 |
CMV: If people voted for who they actually wanted to instead of following others, then we'd probably have had much less of a two-party system.
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In the last couple times that I've been able to vote, pretty much everyone I know has voted either republican or democrat. Many vote for who they traditionally feel their family goes for, others seem to be very socially influenced by those around them, and a good amount for a republican or democratic candidate because they don't think that the candidate in a party outside of those two would win.
**I'm not so knowledgeable in the political realm, so take it easy lol.** Overall though, I seem to be pretty politically neutral. Maybe I'm wrong, but I feel if everyone actually voted for who they wanted we'd have a president or other elected officials who represent the American people a bit better.
| 833 |
The two-party system is a consequence of our electoral system. First Past the Post naturally leads to a two-party system. If you want to have multiple parties, you have to change how we conduct elections.
People vote for who they prefer (generally) in primaries. People vote for who they dislike less in the general election.
| 218 |
CMV: libertarians are more logically and ethically consistent than Republicans in general.
|
Speaking as a Liberal who have been trying to reach outside of my bubble for news and opinions, I have found that libertarians have more consistent political stances that are founded in simple principles. Even if they take them too far sometimes.
From religion, to free speech, to the military and pretty much all policies, they are more consistent. Republican today seem all over the map when it comes to states rights, debt, and grabbing pussies.
I would love to hear what Republicans actually stand for and provide evidence that it is more consistent with their actions, compared to libertarians in general.
| 58 |
Ask a libertarian what is libertarian ism and you get an answer. Ask 7 of them and they will give you 7 different answers.
I find when you push people on what libitarianism means to them you often get a wide range of answers.
| 36 |
Do you agree with the sentiment that “every student learns and grows at their own pace”?
|
And do you think the current state of academia encourages this type of growth and development?
| 200 |
Students do learn and grow at their own pace, however, their exposure to potential new interests is often external. So academia does play a role in inspiring students, but the learning and growth in that interest is up to the student.
| 154 |
ELI5: How do Solid State Hybrid Drives work?
|
I don't understand how a regular hard drive can work with a solid state drive at the same time.
| 1,944 |
Imagine the sshd (solid state hybrid drive) is a refrigerator.
A few times a day, you come back to the fridge to get a glass of juice. You take the juice out. Pour some in a glass and put the juice back. Presumably near the front of the shelf. Because its at the front of the shelf, you can access it very quickly. But there is not much space on the front shelf, so you only put a few things there.
Now, its time to make some dinner. You need pickles, which you only use maybe once a week. So they are in the back of the fridge, where there is a lot more space, but its harder to reach them. So it takes a little longer for you to get at them. But you eventually succeed, and put them right back where you found them to be used next week.
Now, to explain how an sshd works, replace the food items above with computer files, front shelf with ssd, and back shelf with hdd.
| 1,600 |
If there is nothing in space, how do spacecraft not constantly overheat when they have nowhere to dump their heat?
| 142 |
Everything that exists produces radiation caused by its temperature. Radiation is a form of energy, just like temperature, so by producing radiation, which travels away from the thing, it loses energy and therefore the temperature decreases.
So long as it loses energy at the same rate as it absorbs energy from stars or produces energy itself, it won't overheat.
| 90 |
|
ELI5 - What does the Quran actually say about acts of terror against infidels?
| 22 |
The thing with the Quran, like the Bible, is you can find peaceful parts that utterly condemn any violence and you can find angry parts that preach wars of conquest against nonbelievers. The holy texts don't have a coherent message all the way through. So it's hard to say what conclusions you would come to if you just went by the book, without any outside interpretations or teachings.
Why is Jewish and Christian militant extremism less common? They're older for one thing, they've mellowed out over the centuries. Christianity is about 600 years older than Islam, and if you look at how extreme and violent Christianity was 600 years ago, it's not a pretty sight. Also they're mostly followed by people in more secular countries, where religion plays a more minor role in society. And they're followed by people in richer, freer countries. Jews and Christians live better lives, they don't have as much to be angry about. Muslims in much of the world live under dictatorial regimes, aggressive wars waged by the US and Israel, and they're treated unfairly even when they emigrate to Europe or the United States. This unfair treatment breeds anger and sometimes it causes people to retreat to religion and they become religious fundamentalists and some small minority of religious fundamentalists will become violent people who want to attack others in the name of their religion.
| 10 |
|
ELI5: Why does resetting a router make it magically faster?
|
What causes it to slow down and seem buggy? And what happens when you reset or turn everything off and back on to make it work better?
| 43 |
Software crashes and bugs occur in any reasonably complex program. While good programming will allow you to minimize disruption to the program, the cumulative effect of those bugs can have an overall negative performance impact. Resetting allows everything to get cleared the software to start fresh, restoring performance to normal.
| 57 |
CMV: Begum should not have had her British citizenship revoked
|
Hey guys! I believe Begum should not have had her British citizenship revoked. I'm American but I've been reading up on this situation, and I'm deeply against the Reddit consensus on this issue. My stance is that giving the government the power to mess with people's citizenship, even a bit, opens the door to a wide variety of human rights abuses. It may be an unsympathetic character in Begum today, but it could be Just Stop Oil protesters tomorrow. The British government has shown through recent laws that they're okay trampling the right to protest. Giving them extra power over citizenship is just begging to be abused against political opponents.
On a more philosophical note, I find it giving the government the power to abandon its own disturbing. Once you have citizenship you should be considered 100% apart of that country, you should no longer be considered a guest like someone on a visa or residency. Removing it because of political convenience or because the citizen is an unsympathetic character undermines that purpose and makes second class citizens out of those entitled to another passport. Begum should have never had her citizenship revoked and it should be reinstated, effective immediately. CMV!
| 365 |
Typically, it's against international law to strip someone of their citizenship and make them stateless. *However*, we generally recognize an exception for when a citizen gives aid to an enemy or foments war against the country of their nationality.
The justification basically goes like this: if you turn traitor against your own people, you aren't really a part of that people anymore and should seek citizenship with the people you do identify with.
| 400 |
Why do we feel more details when we touch something with the tips of our finger, than the rest of our body?
|
Why do we feel more details when we touch something with the tips of our finger, than the rest of our body?
Is this because we have different kind of nerves (sensors) on the tips of our fingers than the rest of our body? Or is it our brain thats somehow causing this to happen?
| 47 |
Your fingers are made to touch! It's useful to be able to get very detailed tactile sensations. Your fingertips have a higher concentration of mechanoreceptors. A popular high school experiment is to place a blindfold on someone and pick a part of their body with two pencils varying distances apart. You'll find that you can distinguish there are two separate points of contact if you do it on your hand, while your back will require them to be much father apart before you can sense two points of contact!
| 23 |
ELI5: Art heists. How do the criminals sell their goods when it's obvious they were stolen and whoever buys them will never be able to show them?
| 15 |
Whoever buys them *in a country with honest police forces and international extradition treaties* will never be able to show them.
Typically stolen art, exotic cars, and artifacts end up in private collections in slightly less than reputable nations. Yes a billionaire in the US or France can't get away with showing off a dubiously acquired sculpture for very long, but one in Russia or Malaysia can.
| 37 |
|
[W40k/Star Trek] An Explorator Fleet meets the Enterprise, how many minutes until the federation is conquered?
|
The Enterprise-D under Picard I should say.
Personally I'd say at least 20 minutes. After all, they'd probably send every ship the Federation has against this new strain of "Borg"
| 43 |
An Exploratory fleet isn't big enough to defeat the Federation.
But once a Space Marine Chapter(or God-Emperor forbid, the Black Templars) find out that xenos are camping out on Holy Terra, the Federation is FUCKED.
| 65 |
ELI5: Why did nature make us intelligent instead of strong?
| 75 |
We are actually quite large and strong. We are not as strong as some other primates, but we have a lot more stamina, and we can run farther (although not faster) than just about any land animal in existence. While we lack the innate weapons of other large predators, we can still kill many smaller animals with our bare hands or with extremely simple tools.
The theories behind the evolution of intelligence are varied. One idea is that at some point intelligence became sexually attractive and so increased over time. A similar theory states that intelligence was used to succeed in complex social environments, and so more intelligent individuals would have more progeny.
So, to answer your question, we are reasonably strong and have incredible stamina and intelligence. Some scientists have proposed that the shift from strength to stamina (relative to other large primates) occurred when our primate ancestors left the forest and began living in grassland environments.
| 63 |
|
Concerning the lifespan of hunter-gatherers:
|
[This](http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/gurven/papers/pdrdraft04182006.pdf) suggests that they lived almost as long as modern people; conventional wisdom has them dying at 30. Is there something wrong with that study, or is the short-lived hunter gatherer just a myth?
| 23 |
There are two aspects to this:
(1) A lot of people died in infancy, childhood, early adulthood, or middle age. This drives down the *average* age.
(2) If you didn't die young, you might live to be old. There were still old people, it's just that a much higher percentage of people didn't live to be old.
| 25 |
[Harry Potter] How could Voldemort kill a dementer?
|
I saw an older post here where someone said Voldemort could kill dementers... But a cursory look at the wiki implies they can't actually be destroyed?
EDIT: I stumbled on the original post on this subreddit, researching and wondering why they fought for him, how he 'controlled' them, during the Deathly Hallows movie.
| 89 |
He couldn't. Dementors aren't immortal, they're basically magical manifestations of misery and suffering. They weren't alive to begin with. The only known way to fight them is defensively, with the Patronus.
Pure speculation, but it's possible that concentrated happiness/joy/love could unmake them. Certainly any real permanent solution would be outside of Voldemort's power.
| 81 |
Is it technically inaccurate to say that objects different mass fall at the same rate in a frictionless environment? (i.e. bowling ball vs feather on the moon)
|
I'm not quite sure how to articulate this, however this is something that has troubled me for sometime now. Why is it that a feather and a bowling ball would fall at the same rate on the moons surface? Considering that all objects of mass in a system have gravitational effects on all other objects, wouldn't the bowling ball, having a higher mass than the feather, have a greater gravitational pull on the moon thus causing the bowling ball to impact first?
| 46 |
Yes, that's exactly right. However, this effect depends on pulling the moon toward the falling object, and because the moon is so much heavier, it doesn't move much. So the difference in falling times for the ball and feather, while nonzero, is very small, and so we observe approximately simultaneous impacts.
It might be interesting to try and calculate the time difference, if you have the math background.
Edit: To people saying that the bowling ball and feather do indeed fall at exactly the same rate, because F = ma: you are missing the point the OP is making. Consider that for a falling mass near the surface of a planet, we know that the mass of the planet affects the rate of acceleration of a falling object. But the laws of physics make no distinction between the planet and the object! So the mass of the object must have some impact on the falling rate (albeit a very small one). As bluebiscuit says,
> Considering that all objects of mass in a system have gravitational effects on all other objects, wouldn't the bowling ball, having a higher mass than the feather, **have a greater gravitational pull on the moon** thus causing the bowling ball to impact first?
Emphasis mine. The answer is yes.
| 38 |
ELI5: How does "restoring anticavity fluoride rinse" work?
| 37 |
Fluoride ions bind to enamel and turn hydroxyapatite into fluoroapatite. Fluoroapatite is much more resilient to acids and a low pH environment. Therefore bacteria cannot thrive and demineralize the tooth.
| 27 |
|
ELI5: in baseball, why does the catcher call out pitches to the pitcher? What does the catcher know that the pitcher does not
| 145 |
The pitcher and the catcher both need to know the pitch. One of them has to call it out. The batter is looking directly at the pitcher, so it makes more sense for the catcher to call them out. The pitcher will then nod or shake his head to accept or reject the pitch suggestion.
| 293 |
|
A month ago we made available publicly via the CERN Open Data Portal 300 TB of research data from the CMS Experiment at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. AUA about our open data!
|
Hi /r/AskScience!
As the title of the /r/technology post said, we [dropped 300 Terabytes of LHC data to the internet](https://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/4g3xvx/cern_just_dropped_300_terabytes_of_raw_collider/) a month ago via the [CERN Open Data Portal](http://opendata.cern.ch). The data, from the [Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS)](http://cms.web.cern.ch) Experiment, are now in the public domain under the CC0 waiver. The datasets include over 100 TB of data from proton collisions at 7 TeV, making up half the data collected by the CMS detector in 2011. The data are provided in the format that is used by CMS scientists for performing physics analyses. We have also provided 200 TB of simulated data (*Monte Carlo*) generated with the same software version that should be used to analyse the primary datasets. [Read more about the data release.](http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/cms-releases-new-batch-research-data-lhc)
A year and a half ago, when we first launched the CERN Open Data Portal, we conducted an [AMA about the first release of open data on the portal and about open science in general](https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/2nxwkb/a_few_days_ago_cern_launched_an_open_data_portal/). Today, we want to talk to you not just about our motivations for making such large datasets available openly and the challenges involved in doing so, but also about how our data are being used for research as well as in education. We are:
- From [CERN Information Technology](http://cern.ch/it-dep):
- **Tibor Simko** (ts), Technology Lead for the Open Data Portal
- From [CERN Scientific Information Service](http://cern.ch/library):
- **Anxhela Dani** (ad), Data librarian
- From the [CMS Experiment](http://cms.web.cern.ch):
- **Kati Lassila-Perini** (klp), Physicist and Co-ordinator of the CMS Data Preservation and Open Data project, Helsinki Institute of Physics
- **Tom McCauley** (tpm), Physicist and Developer of CMS education/outreach tools, University of Notre Dame
We’ll sign our posts with our initials (see above) so you know who said what. Just to be clear, we are speaking with you in our personal capacities and neither CERN nor our home institutes necessarily support the views expressed during the AMA. We are also joined by:
- **Julie Haffner** (/u/julie_haffner), CERN Press Officer and Social-Media Officer
- **Achintya Rao** (/u/RaoOfPhysics), CMS science communicator and Science Communication doctoral student
We’ll answer your questions from [16:00 CEST](http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20160526T1600&p1=87&ah=2) until around 18:00 CEST (UTC+02).
**[Proof!](https://twitter.com/CERN/status/735465195171119104)**
**About the CERN Open Data Portal**
> The CERN Open Data portal is the access point to a growing range of data produced through the research performed at CERN. It disseminates the preserved output from various research activities, including accompanying software and documentation that is needed to understand and analyse the data being shared.
> The portal adheres to established global standards in data preservation and Open Science: the products are shared under open licences; they are issued with a digital object identifier (DOI) to make them citable objects in the scientific discourse.
**About CERN**
> [CERN](http://home.cern) is the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, located in Geneva, Switzerland. Its flagship accelerator is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which has four main particle detectors: [ALICE](http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html), [ATLAS](http://atlas.cern), [CMS](http://cms.web.cern.ch) and [LHCb](http://cern.ch/lhcb-public).
For updates, news and more, head over to our unofficial home on reddit: /r/CERN!
**CERN projects you can join**
- [LHC@home](http://cern.ch/lhcathome)
- [Higgs Hunters](http://www.higgshunters.org/)
---
**EDIT**: Thanks for all your questions, all! We're signing out now, but some of us may answer your questions later as well. :)
| 4,598 |
I love hearing about stuff like this. So what is the most important information that has come from this data from a person outside of CERN? Or was all this data processed internally before being made publicly available? Just seems like a lot of data to go through.
| 225 |
Why is pay as you go retirement not considered a pyramid scheme?
|
Definition of the former
> In social insurance, PAYGO refers to an unfunded system in which current contributors to the system pay the expenses for the current recipients. In a pure PAYGO system, no reserves are accumulated and all contributions are paid out in the same period. The opposite of a PAYGO system is a funded system, in which contributions are accumulated and paid out later (together with the interest on it) when eligibility requirements are met.
Definition of the latter
> A pyramid scheme is a business model that recruits members via a promise of payments or services for enrolling others into the scheme, rather than supplying investments or sale of products. As recruiting multiplies, recruiting becomes quickly impossible, and most members are unable to profit; as such, pyramid schemes are unsustainable and often illegal.
Life expectancy is increasing due technological progress (or other reasons, but life expectancy is growing steadly), which means a higher number of beneficiaries, and birth per population is decreasing, which means a lower number of entry. It is believed that world population will get older and it will start to decrease at some point.
So, what are the differences between both?
| 21 |
The government can require people to put more money in and reduce outflows. Pyramid schemes collapse because they are unsustainable, *because* they can't recruit without expenditures and *because* they are dependent on inflows that they have to convince people to give. A government pay-go scheme isn't bound by those constraints.
| 17 |
ELI5: What does "Cunt" mean that makes it so much more offensive than other slurs?
|
I have researched this, looked up the various "askreddits" on this subject and just none of the answers sound reasonable at all. The top ranking google result said it's because it is an anglo saxon word, and short, as opposed to a latin word with fancy syllables. I don't buy this. I heard a woman say once that there is no other equivalent for a man. It might have been Liz Lemon. Still don't get it.
| 2,220 |
Interestingly enough, "cunt" comes to us from some related Germanic/Frisian words (kunte, kunton) and ultimately from the Latin "cunnus," which was a slang term for the vulva. (Cf. "cunnilingus.")
"Vagina," on the other hand, comes straight from the Latin "vagina," meaning "sheath" or "scabbard." (The "sword" getting sheathed in this euphemism should be obvious.)
I say "interestingly" because, etymologically, "vagina" seems a lot more offensive than "cunt," since it basically defines the female genitals according to their use by men during the sex act.
| 1,665 |
[ELI5] Why is it ok to eat cheese if it's moldy but not other foods?
| 5,735 |
Well, there’s two things here.
First, for Cheeses that you are meant to eat moldy, like Bleu cheese, they are very specific kinds of mold that are grown and cultivated like other foods then mixed in/added with the cheese. It isn’t just random mold growing on it. These are known to be safe and are used to enhance smell/flavor.
Then, for other cheeses when if you find mold on a block of it you can just cut it off and eat the rest, this is because since blocks of cheese are typically harder/denser. The tendrils and spores of the mold can’t spread very deep into the cheese, so you can just cut off the bad area.
| 5,455 |
|
[Star Wars] Are there any prejudices against interspecies relationships and their offspring?
| 19 |
We haven't seen any so far, but we haven't seen very many interspecies relationships at all in canon (a few offspring thereof, but only one relationship actually shown), to be fair, and only a small number in Legends.
| 14 |
|
[Marvel] Are there any known cases of people dying trying to recreate the accidents that gave heroes their powers?
| 65 |
Random whackos trying to recreate the conditions on their own time? Not many. It isn't public information how a lot of the "freak-accident" heroes developed their powers.
People dying while trying to recreate the accidents in laboratory conditions with the backing of a government? Quite often. It was weapon X's whole shebang. You could fill a small town with all the slain "volunteers" of attempts to recreate the exact balance of the super soldier serum or Banner's Gamma bombing.
| 77 |
|
ELI5 why are there so many B vitamins?
| 22 |
B vitamins is just a classification grouping of vitamins. They are only B vitamins because someone decided they fit in that group. Importantly they are water soluble playing roles metabolism and red cell production.
Converting food to ATP is an important and complex process. And being complex has many steps and many needed chemicals to achieve that goal.
| 15 |
|
Can I separate UV/IR from sunlight with a prism?
|
If a prism separates all wavelengths from a light source, does this mean that the UV and IR component of sunlight is separated as well? When sunlight is passed through a prism, is UV concentrated next to violet and IR next to red?
| 20 |
Yes, and that was in fact how IR was discovered. Sir Frederick William Herschel did an experiment where put thermometers in the different colors of light separated through a prism. He found that the temperatures increased when going from blue to red, so he put a thermometer right next to the red light, and found that it showed an even hotter temperature than the thermometer in the red light.
| 20 |
[General]what exactly IS a "Death Ray"?
|
is it just a really big version of your typical disintegrating laser weapon, or is there some unique property of it that actually causes instant death in biological organisms?
| 38 |
I suspect it's an energy weapon with enough output to guarantee that any planet or structure it fires on is completely demolished/disintegrated. It might also be that they considered the name Mass Extinction Event Weapon and went, "nah."
| 23 |
[Back to the Future] In the original timeline, how did Marty and Doc meet?
|
Talking about the starting timeline that Marty is from since it can be assumed that Doc knowing Marty is his friend in the future seeks him out in the post time travel timeline. Strictland doesn't seem to like Doc so unless it was a grade school visit it seems doubtful that it was from some kind of lecture by Doc and even if it was how would it have evolved into Marty being Doc's somewhat assistant. Did Marty maybe apply for some kind of job listing that Doc could have posted?
| 25 |
At age 14, Marty, ever eager to prove he wasn't a chicken, curiosity piqued by all the rumors about the weird old dangerous lunatic who lived there, decided to sneak into the old Brown place. Naturally he got caught red-handed, but was so visibly and openly impressed with Doc's many inventions that Doc actually found someone to talk to for the first time in... well, a long time.
Marty kept finding excuses to pop in and see Doc, usually on the pretext of helping him clean out his garage, take care of Einstein, hold test tubes, etc.
Long story short, two outcasts bumped into each other and saw they were kindred spirits
| 47 |
ELI5: Why haven't the new black panthers been charged for the $10k bounty on Zimmerman ?
|
I really didn't want to get into the actual shooting case, but only talk about the bounty. I heard someone talk about the bounty in passing and kind of assumed that you couldn't just announce a bounty on another person and offer up 10k, figured someone else knew the deal.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/blog/watercooler/2012/mar/30/doj-new-black-panther-party-zimmerman-bounty-no-co/
| 159 |
The bounty is stated as being for a "citizen's arrest", which in the United States is only legal if the citizen(s) performing the arrest actually witnessed the crime being committed.
Assuming the NBP are planning to adhere to the law completely, the bounty is as much for a witness to the shooting to come forward as it is for anyone to detain Zimmerman. If this is what happens, there may not necessarily be any crime committed.
| 93 |
ELI5:How does Estonia have relatively low income inequality despite having a flat tax?
| 29 |
Estonia, and a lot of former Soviet countries have a lot of foreign direct investment, so the insanely rich people benefitting from their economy are in Germany and Sweden.
Also as part of the conversion from Communism, many employees of those countries received shares or other forms of equity or profit sharing in the companies they worked for, helping distribute income.
Estonia also has a land and property tax system which offsets the flat tax on income, so you pay less on income taxes, but if you own rental properties or factories or other things like that, you'll be paying tax, while in some places like the US often large tax breaks are given to encourage that type of thing.
The small size or Estonia also plays some part, with only 1.35 Million people 'The top 1% of the top 1%' is like 100 dudes, and those dudes are very likely to leave the country.
| 13 |
|
ELI5: Why do we feel the urge to keep throwing up even if there is nothing left?
| 61 |
It's because of the physiological mechanisms involved in throwing up.
When you first start, it's in response to the body trying to expel something. The muscles around your stomach contract and squeeze it to propel the contents out (there are other elements involved, but they're not relevant to the question).
After a while these muscles start spasming despite the fact that the stomach is empty, which is what leads to the continued retching afterwards.
| 23 |
|
ELI5: I hate the taste of raisins. My friend on the other hand, loves them. Are we both experiencing the same 'taste'?
| 460 |
No. There are a lot of things that effect appreciation of different flavors including your own memories, your tongue shape, smoking vs not smoking, nose function and shape, genetics, texture, and way more.
| 240 |
|
ELI5: When giving CPR, how can you give oxygen to the victim through breaths if what you're breathing out is CO2?
|
Edit: Thank you everyone for your explanations. It seems that its kind of split as to whether or not you give breaths during CPR. But as many have already mentioned, CPR as taught to lay people are instructed to do just chest compressions while rescue breaths should only be attempted by those who are trained and/or know what they're doing. However, one user pointed out that it really depends on the situations and, like it or not, peoples first instinct when giving CPR is rescue breaths whether trained or not. As for my original question about breathing out CO2, thanks to those that answered that! I didn't expect this to turn out to have so many comments. ALSO if anyone is seeking more information about CPR please see legitimate(while I know some of you are legitimate health care professional, you just never know with others) sources outside of reddit like your local Red Cross!
| 374 |
About 16% of the air you breathe out is oxygen.
But anyway, you don't need to give breaths when performing CPR. It actually wastes time. The chest compressions themselves will cause the lungs to inflate and deflate and thus draw in air.
| 281 |
How is having an increased heart rate from caffeine/other drugs different from a cardiovascular workout?
| 84 |
During exercise, the heart rate is not only increased, but the force of contraction is as well. This is necessary to supply your body with oxygen. When you drink caffeine it only increases the rate of your heart, but not the force of contraction.
| 27 |
|
[DBZ] why is Dragonball gt non canonical?
|
I've never seen it but I've seen it be posted about in whowouldwin and r/dbz
| 39 |
Basically Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z were adapted directly from Akira Toriyama's Manga and had his input. Dragon Ball Gt was created solely by Toei Animation without Toriyama. The situation is pretty similar to the Star Wars expanded universe. It was never officially canon but some people accepted it as such. It wasn't until Dragon Ball Online that GT was officially declared non-canon and the recent movies have only concreted its position as such.
| 56 |
ELI5: Why is the air at night more 'fresh' than in the day?
|
title, all I can think of is traffic but me and others have experienced it in multiple cities?
| 57 |
I think it has to do with a change in temperature. The air cools, especially relative to a hot day, and feels 'fresher.'
Edit: the drop in temperature will also usually reduce the amount of moisture in the air. High humidity generally feeling 'thick' or 'heavy'.
| 36 |
How small and detailed could we make a Fresnel lens?
|
Seeing them in the wild, you either look at it from a distance or they're quite grainy, I know they're cheap.
So, probably the image might look slightly like the way insect-vision is portrayed in movies, segmented like, but if we can make the tiny tiny little mirrors and sensors in DLP projectors and smartphone camera sensors, (I don't know if the features are smaller on phone cams or pro 16k cams or what) is there any way, expensive and convoluted it may be, to manufacture a super small scale fresnel lens that would provide a clear picture.
I understand this would likely never be profitable in a smartphone or anything but I just love the idea of a telescope that's much wider than it is long, or a pair of binoculars that's scarcely thicker than some thick glasses.
In case you can't tell I don't know how optics work.. I flaired it for Engineers because I suppose that's closest? Rather than physics?
I also just imagined a microtelescope could be made using a DLP mirror module as the collecting mirror with a little sensor in front of it, the uses however, escape me, aside from proof of concept or just messing about.
| 91 |
In an ordinary Fresnel lens, the step changes in thickness are not especially damaging to their performance; you can mostly ignore them. But as the steps get closer together, they start to really matter. You end up in a regime where the device would be considered a diffractive optical element (DOE).
The steps should have a height that depends on the wavelength, and on the angle of incidence. A "blazed grating" is an example of a diffractive element that has a simple sawtooth pattern. The main use of such a device is to disperse different wavelengths into different directions, and to do so with a high efficiency into one direction in particular.
DOEs are very useful devices, and they can be cheaply manufactured. You heat up a soft material, and you press a hard stamp into it - that's a form of nanoimprint lithography (NIL). It's not out of the question to find a DOE in a consumer product. (For example, many credit cards have a plastic hologram.)
Unfortunately there is a catch to making a diffractive lens: the exact shape of the DOE has to be tuned to the wavelength of interest. A DOE that efficiently focusses one wavelength to a tiny point, will be unlikely to focus another wavelength to the same point. So that's a challenge to using them in a colour camera.
| 19 |
If I won the lottery and suddenly invested 95% of my lump sum into a market sector index fund, would it actually be noticeable on any market indicator?
|
So let's say I won a $800 million dollar jackpot and took the lump sum, giving me about $400 million. I keep $20million in a swiss bank account just in case something catastrophic happens, so I will at least be relatively ok if the economic apocalypse comes.
Would that $380million I invest all at once make a difference to stock prices? Let's say I chose the fast food sector or *maybe* IT.
| 68 |
Yes.
No market would be able to deal with a buy order that big as a single order. So you'd need to buy in multiple tranches, and other market participants would notice there was a lot of money buying and the price would go up.
Exactly how much depends on the size of the fund being bought.
This would raise the fund price above the value of the index, so assuming the fund is an ETF, this is where things get interesting. Various financial institutions would start buying the underlying stocks, to exchange for shares of the ETF to sell at the higher price, essentially arbitrage, but in doing so the price of the underlying stocks of the index would rise to meet the value of the ETF (well, technically they would meet in the middle).
So yes, buying a large amount of an index fund will move the underlying index.
| 75 |
[Diablo series] So the world of Sanctuary doesn't really get better does it?
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I mean in the long term. It seems like every generation some new evil crawls its way from the depths to unless death and destruction against humanity. The heroes who manage to avert absolute destruction acts as more of a short reprieve than long term stability.
| 18 |
I think it's rather the other way around. Sanctuary being a long lived and relatively stable world. Not paradise by any means, but people can get by well enough.
This relative stability is occasionally interrupted by short periods of abject horribleness and terror when the war between heaven and hell bleeds over into their realm, with a hero arising to put things right in fairly short order.
| 15 |
Is our solar system self sufficient?
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In a hypothetical universe where our solar system was the only thing that happened to form would everything turn out the same?
| 451 |
*After it formed*, yes, our Solar System is pretty much independent of the rest of the galaxy
But the formation of our Solar System depended on a lot of influence from many sources, with a lot of interaction. Our Solar System formed from the fragmentation and collapse of a molecular cloud, but these clouds are massive and actually collapse into a number of stars, forming a loosely bound "open" star cluster. The biggest brightest stars blow away the remaining gas with their intense light and winds, and then quickly go supernova. With the free gas, the cluster then doesn't have enough mass to be bound together by gravity, and the stars drift apart, until they're across the galaxy from each other. If the solar system formed by itself, it would have to be through a completely different mechanism.
And this molecular cloud has also been polluted by generations of stellar winds and supernovae, which have spread heavy elements throughout the gas in the galaxy. Without this history of billions of years of stars living and dying and expelling their gas into the galaxy, the chemical makeup of the Solar System would be totally different - we wouldn't have rocky planets for a start!
Additionally, supernovae have a role in both triggering and preventing star formation. Basically, they stir up the nearby gas. This can dissipate and blow away the gas, or because the shockwave made some bits a bit denser, it can cause a runaway gravitational collapse. Looking at the elements of our solar system, it looks like we were polluted by a nearby supernova really close to around the time our Sun formed, which makes us suspect that maybe this supernova triggered the collapse of the molecular cloud that formed our Sun.
But after all that is done and the Solar System is formed, there's very little interaction with other stars, or with the remaining interstellar gas in the galaxy. The Sun's wind does impact the interstellar gas and make a little bubble, but all this gas is so thin it doesn't affect very much - we're far more dominated by the Sun's light and wind than anything else. We do get some light and cosmic rays from other stars, but not a great deal. Anything like a supernova would have to be really close to directly affect us. In general, stars evolve by themselves, independent of their environment. This is actually a convenient feature that makes stars easier to understand, because a star's entire life can be predicted just from its initial mass and how much heavy elements it starts with.
| 461 |
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