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How does cutting work?
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**NOTE:** This is **NOT** a thread about the self-harm phenomenon known as "cutting."
How does cutting work? Example: cutting a piece of paper in two.
* Is it a mechanized form of tearing?
* What forces are involved?
* At what level (naked eye, microscopic, molecular, etc.) does the plane of the cut happen?
This question has confounded me for some time, so if someone could explain or to me, I would be grateful.
| 946 |
Cutting a piece of paper in two is a result of shearing: an upward force extremely close to a downward force causing material to separate. The tearing isn't completely even on a microscopic level, but when you line an even distribution of force along a line, and an equal and opposite distribution of force along another line parallel and very near to the first, you make a "clean cut" to the naked eye.
Edit: The shear force is named after scissors.
Source: Statics class
| 574 |
ELI5 why is it not possible to have a yy chromosome?
| 24 |
The X chromosome is a sandwich. Two slices of bread, some lettuce, tomato, ham, cheese. Plenty of different parts, that all do different things to comprise the sandwich.
The Y chromosome is a pickle.
If you have half a sandwich, and add a pickle, you have a sandwich with a pickle. If you have two pickles, you have pickles, but there’s no sandwich for them to attach to.
You can have a sandwich with or without pickles, but you can’t make a sandwich with only the pickles.
| 60 |
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Does a double hull on a pressurized vehicle, where the space between two hulls is kept at a pressure halfway between the interior and exterior pressure, actually reduce strain?
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To clarify, this is a situation where you reduce the difference in pressure on any one piece of hull by having the inner hull only need to handle some of the difference, and the outer hull handle the other half of the difference. It makes sense to me that it would, but it also seems like one of those really reasonable sounding fallacies, where there's actually a pretty simple reason that it somehow wouldn't work at all. This could be a submarine or a spacecraft, although obviously the pressure strains on a spacecraft are very tame compared to those on a submarine.
| 16 |
A partially pressurized double hull would indeed reduce the forces on each of the hulls if designed that way. However, most double hulls are there for redundancy, not for reducing the forces involved. Double hulls are complicated to design and manufacture; it’s practically always easier and cheaper to overbuild one hull than to make one hull inside another.
That double hull is extremely useful for telling if a hull breach has happened. If that intermediate pressure deviates from its set pressure, then that means either the interior or exterior hull has been breached, and they can tell which one failed by the measurement. Even in non-pressurized applications, it’s useful to tell if underground tanks or other tanks with dangerous materials inside are leaking before the leak actually makes it into the open.
| 20 |
ELI5: How much of a Pixar/Dreamworks movie is actually drawn by a human?
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I never really understood what the work of the computer is. Are there algorithms for locomotion, gravity, fluid mechanics, etc., or are these things drawn directly on the scene by an artist?
Basically, is creating a Pixar scene closer to drawing in Paint or designing a video game?
| 67 |
> Are there algorithms for locomotion, gravity, fluid mechanics, etc.,
Yes!
> or are these things drawn directly on the scene by an artist?
Animators place the 3-D models into scenes and define how they move, then the computer actually animates them.
Some scenes, like characters moving, are practically animated entirely by hand - because there are no algorithms to get across certain movements.
Sometimes the "real" equations for things like, e.g., gravity or magnetism aren't as much "fun". Animators sometimes come up with their own algorithms for these things that look real enough to be believable, but maybe a bit cartoony.
One example is Rapunzel's hair - the animators tried using real gravity and real physics of motion but her hair would have been too heavy and unwieldy. So they gave it physics of its own that looks beautiful even though it's not realistic.
| 36 |
ELI5: How is The Pirate Bay still up and running when all the founders are in prison?
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Who is keeping the website running, anonymous contributors? Also where are the servers located that no one has confiscated them?
| 163 |
To answer the latter part of your question: a little while back TPB moved to a highly distributed cloud architecture. You can't confiscate a server that doesn't physically exist, and thanks to the way they designed the system nobody knows which cloud providers are actually hosting the servers (not even the providers themselves know).
| 135 |
[Marvel] Can Kurt Wagner stay inside his transitory dimension for a length of time, or does he almost instantly get forced back into ours?
| 275 |
In X-Men Evolution, they used some kind of technology to let Kurt stay in the brimstone dimension for longer. It traumatized him and also somehow keep the portals open long enough for creatures from that dimension to escape.
| 172 |
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ELI5: What makes things bouncy?
| 50 |
Oooh, awesome question!
There's a few things, but first, what does it mean for something to be bouncy?
It means that when an object collides with something else (for now, let's imagine a perfectly rigid wall), it leaves with the a lot of the same kinetic energy it had before the collision. A "perfectly elastic" (100% bouncy) is one where the ball has the same kinetic energy it had before and after the collision.
There's a few ways to lose energy, but mainly they are: sound, heat, and deformation.
So when something is super bouncy, it rebounds really well, and doesn't lose a lot of energy doing so. The big item on that list is deformation. Throw a rubber ball against a wall, and it bounces right back. But also, it's still totally ball shaped afterwards. Contrast that with a ball of Play-Doh. It won't bounce, and it will flatten a lot. These things are related--the play doh can't voice because almost all of its original energy went into changing shape (this consumes energy because it has to break a lot of molecular bonds and move a lot of material around).
So some things are not bouncy because they're really squishy and change shape easily, like play doh. Other things aren't bouncy, but are still pretty hard. Metal doesn't bounce much because most metal is made up of tiny crystals. When you deform a metal, these tiny crystals move around a lot, changing the overall shape and using up that rebound energy.
Some things are bouncy though, like glass. Glass is surprisingly bouncy. The reason it is is because it doesn't have a crystal structure, so it can't really change shape the same way metal can. Either the energy goes right back out as bouncing, or it goes into shattering the whole object. This tendency to shatter is part of why we don't normally think of glass as bouncy.
Now rubber, that's some cool stuff, and probably what everyone thinks of as bouncy. One thing it has going for it is that its molecules are really long and intertwined. These molecules fold and coil and do all sorts of things, but when stressed, they straighten out and elongate. Basically, rubber is made up of molecular springs. This works differently from the grains of a metal that all shift around permanently. As long as you don't break the chains, the molecules in rubber will bounce back to a similar shape after being stretched or compressed, so the energy from the impact gets released and the material recovers its shape. This is another part of why we think of rubber as bouncy, because it's really good at distributing stress. So when you throw a rubber ball against a wall, the point that hits the wall doesn't break, it instead spreads the load around.
| 57 |
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ELI5: Why haven't we been able to develop drugs that don't harm us?
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There are a lot of things in life that make us happy; however, drugs can stimulate this feeling to reach a peak. Why haven't we been able to develop drugs like MDMA and cocaine that don't harm our bodies? Is it just not scientifically possible?
| 381 |
Drugs only have effects by making our bodies release or decrease chemicals that we already use on a daily basis. The problem is when you start messing with our natural systems it causes them to change.
So for MDMA and cocaine they cause massive releases of chemicals in our brain that give us the stimulated euphoric feeling. The problem is they release so much that our bodies try to compensate by reducing out response to these drugs. After a while our bodies are so "turned down" that out normal day to day levels aren't enough and it becomes very difficult to feel good or even to feel normal without the massive doses the drugs are giving you. After time even the large releases from the drugs aren't enough and you have to take more and more.
Drugs themselves are not necessarily dangerous but the problem come from changing the way our bodies function. So no there is not really a way to make a drug that will not alter out body chemistry.
| 236 |
[Harry Potter] What was Dumbledore thinking would happen when he hired Lupin?
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By *Chamber of Secrets*, it is obvious that something is up with the Defence Against the Dark Arts job. Hagrid guesses that the job is jinxed, and Gilderoy Lockhart is literally the only candidate who applies.
*Prisoner of Azkaban* rolls round and Lockhart has naturally got his mind wiped and Dumbledore needs a new DADA teacher. He settles on Remus Lupin. If *Half-Blood Prince* any indication, Dumbledore had had an idea for a while that Voldemort had cursed the position. In that case, why hire Lupin? Lupin was an old comrade from the first war with Voldemort and would definitely be wanted when he returned, so why put such a valuable man in an obviously-cursed position? What did he think was going to happen?
| 110 |
He needed a DADA teacher, and Lupin was desperate for a job (it is incredibly hard to get a job as a Werewolf). So they both ended up helping each other.
What else do you think Lupin should have been doing?
| 123 |
ELI5: If my cell phone camera supposedly shoots 4k video, why does the "4k" video it shoots look so bad?
| 17 |
One possible reason is sensor size. The larger the sensor, the better the image. The Sony a7iii can record 4k, and the physical dimensions of it's image sensor is 35mm x 28mm, while the image sensor in your phone is somewhere around 5mm x 5mm. The physical dimensions of the image sensor can make a big difference in image quality.
| 27 |
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ELI5: How can a heart operate for such a long time without faltering.
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It just amazes me how we can have a pumping muscle that barely fails in the space of 50-70 years. I am a missing something obvious to how it can operate for so long?
| 69 |
Frankly, because it's designed that way. Heart muscle contains more mitochondria than skeletal muscle (arms, legs, etc) which generate energy for the muscle. The heart also gets first go at the fresh supply of oxygen coming from your lungs, so it's literally swimming in oxygen and energy - essentially, the rest of your muscles get the heart's leftovers.
The heart can still falter, however. Long-distance, endurance-type cardio exercise can cause damage to the heart, since it will continue to pump blood, rather than succumbing to muscle failure as skeletal muscles would due to lack of oxygen/energy.
It's also not a good idea to think of the heart like an engine. Engine (and heart) parts wear out over time, but engine parts aren't replaced until they fail. Heart parts (cells) can slowly die and be replaced by new ones, so hearts don't seize up like an engine would.
| 51 |
ELI5: Why do they measure internet speeds in megabit/s and gigabit/s instead of megabyte/s and gigabyte/s?
| 54 |
Bytes have no meaning for serial data transfer. First of all, the data is sent one bit at a time. Also, not all of the bits are data - some of them are control information and not always in 8 bit blocks. The control information is usually something like "here comes some data, get ready!". There is no way to measure the bytes per second transferred. The bits per second measurement of digital bandwidth makes sense, because it allows you to compare it against other network media accurately. Throughput (or "goodput") is usually measured in bytes per second - that's the measurement of download and upload speed. Why isn't that measured in bits? Because you can't store one bit at a time in a file - it takes a byte to store one bit, so all files are in bytes.
| 32 |
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[Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance] How do cyborgs like Raiden and Sam... live outside of missions? Like, can they relax and enjoy entertainment? Don't all the modifications on their body make it impossible to live a full life outside fighting?
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Settings with millitary-focused body modification (Camille from LoL, cyborgs in Metal Gear, things like that) always confused me... as those mods seem to make living a normal life impossible.
| 40 |
Sam isn't a cyborg, the only cybernetics he has is his arm. He can just take his strength suit off and be a normal dude. He'll still have his cyborg arm but it's not a huge inconvenience.
Raiden' situation is a bit different, he's fully cybernetic except for like...an eye. He does have a wife and child however, so when he's off a mission he just spends time with them. Also Raiden after MGR gets a much more human looking body than the custom cyborg body he had during his fight against world marshal. He can blend in just fine.
But you have to keep in mind. Fighting is their life, they love doing that shit.
| 36 |
ELI5: The "$200 billion rip-off" of the 1990s that was supposed to bring the US high speed networks but never came to fruition.
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Was this really as bad as it sounds? If so, why isn't it more well known?
| 194 |
It wasn't a rip-off in the sense that there were $200 billion worth of checks written for a product that was never delivered. It was more of a Regulatory Capture situation where the big Telcos basically said "The only way we'll ever be able to build these nice networks is if you pass a bunch of laws that make things cheaper for us, or let us make more money."
So, over time various government bodies did a bunch of stuff that was supposed to make it possible for this really great fiber optic network to be built. Things like reclassifying easement rights as tax-exempt, elimination of taxes/fees paid on poles in the public right-of-way, Tariff adjustments that let them charge more for existing services, etc.
Somebody has come along and slapped a $200B price tag as the value of all of those advantages that were granted.
| 35 |
How are complicated mathematical operations like logs, square roots, floating point division, and trigonometric functions performed with primative operations like addition and bitwise operations?
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My apologies in advance if my question doesn't make sense or isn't clear.
I'm currently working through Nand2Tetris Part 1 as well as the CS:APP textbook, and it is my understanding that CPU designers generally strive to minimize the hardware complexity as best as they can, since it's relatively expensive to try and fit more units/bus lines/whatever it may be into a chip. For example, instead of having a separate instruction for both integer addition and subtraction, the complier can just convert the number that is subtracting to a negative, then do addition on the two numbers instead. 5 - 8, for instance, can be converted to 5 + (-8). For more complicated operations like the ones mentioned in the title, how does the OS or complier convert this to a series of primative instructions that the processor can then read?
Another example that I hope illustrates my question is a scientific calculator, any regular one you can buy from the store for $20. Its CPU is relatively simple, and I'm assuming it wouldn't have dedicated units for complicated mathematical operations. How does this device break complex expressions into simple instructions?
| 19 |
Ultimately, the way the computer does it is not, in principle, all that different from the way you would do it by hand. When you pick up paper and pen and do long division or calculate a square root using Newton's method, what you are doing is exactly "perform[ing the operation] with primitive operations." The optimal method for a computer might not be quite the same as what you do on paper, but it's basically the same idea.
These are then written as software and made available in the standard library for applications to use. Or maybe even in the microcode, for important functions like integer division.
| 22 |
ELI5: If our atmosphere is blue when sun light hits it, why does the moon look white when it’s visible during the day and not blue?
| 21 |
The moon is reflecting a lot of white light directly at you. The atmosphere between you and the moon is just as blue as other bits of sky, but this white light from the moon is also reaching you from that bit. The result is you have a lot of sky with no moon that looks blue, then a bit of sky *which also has the moon in it* which is blue but with a lot of extra white. Compared to the rest of the sky, that bit looks white even though there's just as much blue light coming from it as everywhere else. Your brain just sees it as "relatively a lot more white than anywhere else but still a tiny bit blue" and turns that into "white".
It's sort of like if you had a thin blue cloth but someone was shining a white torch through a bit of it. The bit with the torch would be just as blue as the rest of the cloth, but it would seem white to you because of the very white light shining through it.
| 19 |
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ELI5: What makes us fall asleep and why can't we decide when to fall asleep?
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I mean we just lay there for 5 to 30 minutes and out of nowhere we just fall asleep. Why can't I decide when to fall asleep?
| 17 |
There's the physiological "why can't we", and then the evolutionary "why can't we" part to answer.
The physiological answer is, as already noted, that we gradually lose control of our consciousness and our muscles by hormones that we secrete when the time to sleep arrives. The hormonal secretion also in turn depends on our body's state of excitation and mental state. So it all kind of has to wind itself down in a recursive manner.
As for the evolutionary reason, that's a really good question. Given how detrimental sleep deprivation can be to health, you'd think we'd have evolved the ability to just force ourselves to sleep over our worries, overthinking, loud noise, lights whatever. For many of us insomniacs it would help if we could just push a mental button and send ourselves out to dreamland.
It might be that during most of our evolution, it was more important for your survival to *not* sleep if you had concerns and worries (about hungry animals in the dark, for example..., or enemies attacking). Maybe this was more important for survival than getting a good night's sleep, so nature made it so that you couldn't just ignore it all and succumb to the desire for shut-eye.
| 13 |
[Lord of the Rings] Are Balrogs sentient?
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In the movie, it seemed like little more than an animal. I know it's a corrupted Maiar, like Gandalf. Did the corruption process turn it crazy to the point of being non-sentient?
If it found the ring, would it know what to do with it?
| 71 |
Yes they were sentient.
Gothmog was a Balrog in the First Age and Lieutenant to Morgoth. He was Sauron's equal in the army of Morgoth.
He was put in command of the siege of Gondolin, which was the source of his master's ire for centuries. Thats not something you put in the hands of an animal.
Durin's Bane attacked and destroyed the greatest kingdom of Dwarves, and laid dormant for centuries. Hibernating maybe?
Imagine being woken up from a nap by a group of vagrants, you'd probably be pretty pissy too.
Instinctively everyone knows what to do with the ring, keep it and use it for your own good. While Sauron, Gandalf and the Balrogs were all Maiar its fair to say the Balrogs were a lesser order of them, all but one were unnamed. So while Durin's Bane would be able to claim the ring, it would still be bound to Sauron's Will.
| 76 |
ELI5: The world record for the men's 100m is 9.58s. However, the world record for the 4x100m relay is 36.84s, an average of 9.21s per leg. How is this possible?
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This is really confusing me. Either they're running at superhuman speeds in the relay, or I'm missing something about the way these races are run.
| 19 |
The 100 is a very short race and it has a standing start, so a large portion f the total race time is spent getting up to speed. In the 4x100 only one of the 4 runners has a standing start, the rest are handed the baton at as close to full speed as possible. So the standing start is less of the total time.
If you wanted direct comparison you could look at the first split in the relay. That includes the standing start; you would find it's slower than the 100 runners since you want your fastest sprinter anchoring.
| 35 |
CMV: Stoicism in its original form, while pragmatically helpful for daily living, cannot be grounded in sound logic at its foundation due to its teleological roots.
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I've been contemplating whether or not I should embrace Stoicism as a life philosophy recently, and the primary stumbling block for me is that it is an inherently teleological ethical philosophy at its core. That is, it relies on the idea that what is natural is what is good, ultimately. The philosophy itself seems to offer many valuable techniques for living one's life pragmatically speaking, but the justification of it as a life philosophy is hard for me to swallow logically.
In summary, here are my issues with Stoicism despite my instinctual desire to adopt it as a life philosophy-
1- Stoicism equates what is natural with what is good. How can this be justified?
2- Stoicism incorporates a concept known as the "dichotomy of control." That is, some things are in our control, and some things are not. The things within our control are the only things we should ultimately concern ourselves with. But how do you know what's ultimately in your control vs. what is not? It seems like finding the demarcation point is extremely difficult in every day life, or perhaps I am just over thinking it.
3- Stoicism posits that nature is guided by reason, and therefore, since nature is reasonable, we should be reasonable. Just because we can explain many aspects of nature within an ordered, scientific, logical framework, that does not mean that nature is inherently guided by reason. That is, observed regularity within nature doesn't mean that it's somehow guided by reason necessarily. This aspect of Stoicism seems to be somewhat similar to intelligent design. How can this be justified?
4- From SEP, "The perfection of one's rational nature is the condition of being virtuous and it is exercising this, and this alone, which is good. Since possession of that which is good is sufficient for happiness, virtuous agents are happy even if they do not attain the preferred indifferents they select." How does living rationally necessarily guarantee a happy life? It seems as though there are a number of happy people in the world who live quite irrationally. It seems more intuitive to me that emotions play a more significant role in one's well being, not how rational you are. Then again, maybe I misunderstand what rationality is.
5- Stoicism seems to have a lot to say about participating in the world and engaging as a social being with others. Why is this preferable to living a socially withdrawn life if that's what you prefer as an individual?
I am quite interested in hearing responses to these issues, as Stoicism seems to be a somewhat useful life philosophy. I guess one could argue that if something is instrumentally useful to you, that's all that really matters at the end of the day (sort of like William James' flavor of pragmatism). But I have a hard time embracing a philosophy without being able to justify it logically to myself.
_____
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| 42 |
As for point 2, In the first sentences of The Handbook, Epictatus straight up, in black and white, spells out what is up to you and what is not. The only things that are up to you are your opinions, desires, impulses, and aversions. Everything else is out of your control and not worth obsessing or worrying over.
What it boils down to is not fretting over things that are not within your control. To make the best of a situation regardless of how it is. To play your role in the production that is life to the best of your ability.
| 22 |
ELI5: Why is the average height so much greater in certain parts of the world? Why aren't people in general about the same height?
| 15 |
Genetically, almost all have similar potential.
But nutrition plays a big part. Nutrition in them, their parents and even grandparents affects height.
Ever notice that second and third generation immigrants to Western countries are usually a lot taller than their first generation grandparents?
| 30 |
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ELIF: If viruses like Ebola can devestate the human population (who have knowledge, can take measures to prevent it's spread, and can devise treatment/vaccines) why don't they completely wipe out the animal populations they originate from?
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With modern medicine, the ability to comprehend advanced concepts like transmission and prevention viruses like Ebola can still tear through a population and cause mass chaos, death and destruction. Ebola is said to have been transmitted from animals, who don't necessarily posses these skills.. and who we typically think of as "animals" who eat raw food, never wash their hands, have unproctected sex, and who move freely though the jungle/forest.
How are animals able to avoid being completely wiped out by things like Ebola? Why don't see hear about complete populations of monkey's dying, dead monkey bodies littering the forest etc.
The only thing I can think of is that due to their limited mobility (no airplanes, cars, etc) the outbreaks naturally "burn out", which makes sense.. however, they also have a big disadvantage of that, without the knowledge of how the virus works, when a monkey does die, it's left in the forest to rot and be eaten by other animals which I would think would be a possible re-contamination source until it's decomposed and infected tissue/fluids are gone. I just can't wrap my head around it. Thanks.
| 51 |
Because the source of Ebola (we believe that to be Fruit Bats, bus aren't absolutely sure about that) isn't affected the same way. They are carriers, and the effects of the disease in a carrier can be a minor nuisance or even no symptoms at all.
More over, the most successful evolutionary strategy for most diseases is not to be fatal like Ebola, but to let the host live as long as possible in order to spread the infection as widely as possible. If a disease is as infectious and deadly as Ebola, it gets dealt with one way or another. Either the remaining population will be immune, or the population of possible vectors will be extinct and the disease along with it.
| 14 |
CMV: Google is a monopoly and needs to be regulated like a government agency.
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# Change My View: Google is a monopoly and needs to be regulated like a government agency.
Google stifles search results to places that are not Google-owned and promotes links to sites that they do own like YouTube.
If there were five options like Google that had a more or less equal share of the market, this would be completely understandable, but there isn't. You have Google, the number one website on the Internet by far. Then you have Bing and Yahoo much, much, lower below in terms of market share.
The effect of this is that when companies like YouTube ban people, they don't have anywhere to go.
I know they have their own websites, but that's BS, and we all know it. Youtube is where things get seen, shared, and responded too.
Think of it this way, how many times, from how many people, have you heard that it would be a great thing if someone would create an alternative YouTube or an uncensored YouTube or just competition for YouTube? Well, where is it?
In anything even close to a fair market, Google and Youtube would have a ton of competitors. But they don't, things like Twitter and Facebook are competitors, and because of that, they're continually improving themselves.
Even when the big sources try to compete with Google it shuts them down. When Facebook try to integrate a video feature to compete with Youtube, it was struck down.
Think about how well Vine did, and that was limited to seven-second videos. They were never going to leave anything but the comedy sphere. That has to show how much the market is demanding a competitor, and yet there's still nothing.
It's like the issue we had with the railroads in the United States, except in a world where the only people allowed to build new railroads are the people who already own the existing railroads. Any time someone does try to make an alternative, it's bought by the establishment. On the rare occasion where it stays independent, Google renders it effectively nonexistent, Suppressing it so even when people search for it, it only shows up on page 3 or 4 of Google. Alternatively, they promote any negative news about it to show up first. So a potential new user must look through 4 or 5 articles about how it promotes racism or hates women or something before finding a link to the site.
I usually don't like the idea of the government messing with the market like this, but I don't think there is another way. Even if you split Youtube and other parts off of Google it wouldn't help, the remaining portion would just start buying new companies and suppressing their competitors. **The only way I think this could be solved is if Google (the search engine) is separated and considered a public utility**.
I've tried to talk about this with people, but every time I get blank looks or hostility. I understand that Google is a cool company, I like them a lot more than most, but that doesn't make me ok with them owning the keys to the internet.
| 47 |
Well Bing makes 500 million a year in revenue, There are also sites like Vimeo, bitshute , liveleak. When the justice department broke up bell telephone in the early 80s you had to use them, there were no other choices at all.
| 22 |
Is there a maximum energy of a photon?
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I've read about a [biggest cosmic explosion in history](https://nautil.us/brightest-ever-space-explosion-reveals-possible-hints-of-dark-matter-244346/) and it caused photons with at least 18 TeV of energy. Since frequency and energy are connected, it looks like that amount of energy would correspond to approx. 10\^24 Hz, which is unimaginably a lot. The wavelength for this frequency should be on the order of 10\^-16 m. Planck length is 10\^-34 m so there's still a lot of room to go there, but by that logic, there's absolutely a (huge) upper limit for a photon to have. Going backwards, Planck length to frequency, that's 10\^43 Hz and energy of about 7 GJ, or about 10\^16 TeV. Is this reasoning sound? If so, is that the absolute maximum energy a photon can have?
Playing around with numbers, that means each photon has a relativistic mass of 80 ug, which is huge. Is the only thing stopping us from generating photons of such ("maximum") energy, that there are no particles with that kinds of mass which we could annihiliate?
| 597 |
There's no maximum energy of a photon. Energy is frame dependent, so you can always pick a reference frame in which any photon has an arbitrarily high energy.
In practice, a photon with more than a few PeV of energy (a few thousand TeV), with respect to the cosmic rest frame, would have difficulty getting anywhere in our universe because it would scatter off cosmic microwave background light to produce electron-positron pairs.
| 333 |
[The Culture]A Mind has to chose between protecting a space habitat with a few billion Culture citizens on it, or destroying an attacking ship which has a universe simulation running with countless sentients in it. What does it do?
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The attacker is doing the sort of thing the Culture frowns on, running a universe simulation on "full" accuracy. So within it are a universe worth of sentients. The Culture ship can't talk down the attackers or rescue the simulated sentients nor run. The only option is to destroy the enemy ship in a way which will end the simulation, or, let it's own habitat be destroyed.
What should the Culture mind do?
Let's add another wrinkle. The attack is apparently of a misunderstanding, alas, one which cannot be clarified or corrected in time. Not only that but the attacker is "nice", morally clean, has no idea it is killing something sentient and will know what it has done so right after it inspects the wreckage. It will never be a threat to anyone again when it realizes its mistake.
| 130 |
We have an empirical answer for this: they would destroy the ship.
Most Culture minds quietly mess around with what the call "Infinite Fun Space", aesthetically-pleasing simulated universes which often evolve life:
>This was the way the Minds spent their time. They imagined entirely new universes with altered physical laws, and played with them, lived in them and tinkered with them, sometimes setting up the conditions for life, sometimes just letting things run to see if it would arise spontaneously, sometimes arranging things so that life was impossible but other kinds and types of bizarrely fabulous complication were enabled.
It's not clear how Minds square this with their usual dislike of overly-detailed simulation - maybe they back up any sentients contained therein, or something. But we see Culture ships fighting each other in *Excession*, and they show no squeamishness whatsoever as long as their cause in the Real is just.
| 86 |
CMV: Wanting to be a different gender is no different than wanting to be a different race or age
|
If I was to say that I always relate more to women, and in my heart feel that I should have been born a woman, how is that any different than saying that I feel like a Mexican stuck in a white man's body? Or a 65 year old stuck in a 32 year old's body?
If I started wearing a poncho and sombrero and asking people to call me Pedro, I'd be laughed at and ignored (or beat up). If told people that I feel 65 (or even went as far as having surgery to make me look 65), AARP still wouldn't accept me. It wouldn't matter if, deep in my heart, I truly wanted to be a 65 year-old Mexican. Why would my desire to be a woman be respected?
I don't mean to come across offensive or callous, and I have no problem with people dressing as another gender (or even having surgery to make them more closely resemble another gender). I just don't think that the government should classify somebody based on their desires, but rather on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome.
_____
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| 37 |
Gender is a real proven thing that exists in the brain. It is possible for a physically male body to have a girl brain.
There is no such thing as being mentally Mexican. Because of stereotypes and other societal pressures, race may effect how a person is, but they won't give them a different brain. The brain of a Japanese man and the brain of a British man are not different from birth.
Age is literally an exact measurement of time, and you can follow stereotypes of any age group without identifying as someone born in a different year.
| 35 |
[Witcher] If Geralt decides to kill Whoreson Junior, Dudu later assumes his identity and uses his wealth to start a legitimate enterprise. Why is Dudu not overcome with Whoreson Junior's sadistic urges like when he shapeshifted into Caleb Menge?
|
Dudu explained that dopplers also assume the personality of the people they shapeshift into. He mentioned in the quest where Geralt frees Dandelion that he felt uncomfortable in Menge's form and was almost overcome with the desire to torture mages. Why didn't the same thing happen to him when he became Whoreson Junior even though he spent a much longer time as him?
| 38 |
Perhaps the willpower of the person affects how strongly their personality imposes on you? Whoreson enjoyed killing women and such, but Caleb's desire to torture mages came from a deep, dark, fanatical place. Dudu may be able to suppress and ignore Whoreson's urges (which Whoreson himself could have done, but couldn't be bothered to because he was a shithead), but Caleb's insanity ran too deep to suppress.
| 18 |
In babies and small kids what is the reason of timing vaccines with age? Why can't all vaccines be given at the same age?
| 5,390 |
Babies survive initially on their mother's natural antibodies (shared through the placenta and then through breastmilk) until the baby itself has developed an immune system capable of protecting itself. The thymus in particular is an organ that needs to develop for a while before it can handle any vaccines. Otherwise, without a functional immune system, the vaccine can just make the baby sick and won't result in the development of any immunity.
It then comes down to A) whether the vaccine is attenuated, dead, or a toxin vaccine, which each require the developing body to be a certain age/immune strength to be effective. B) The age of administration of the vaccine is also relevant to the diseases the baby will encounter at that age. Many are given at 6, 12, 18 months etc because babies are very prone to whooping cough, measels, pertussis, polio, with lethal outcomes. On the other hand, the gardasil vaccine isn't really necessary until the child is much older (I think the current age is 12, may soon be 10), because it is unlikely that a 12mo baby will encounter a sexually transmitted virus.
The vaccine scheduled has been refined to make sure the greatest amount of immunity can be achieved at the earliest time possible.
| 3,608 |
|
What impact do those long and low cold temperatures have on insect populations like ticks, mosquitos, chiggers, butterflies, bees, in temperate regions?
|
I’m a hiking, camping and trail running enthusiasts who often deals with ticks, chiggers, mosquitos, etc. I was wondering what will those low temperatures for the past 2 weeks will have on those populations.
| 47 |
Some species of ticks can tolerate the cold for long periods, like the Deer tick. Others will freeze to death. Chiggers die below 42, but the eggs can survive. Mosquitos will die below 40, but if they have laid their eggs in water, the eggs will survive till the spring thaw.
Butterflies can die if ice crystals form on their wings and body. Most that don't migrate to warmer climates will die.
Bees that have hives create their own heat source and can easily survive winter time. They are inactive because of the lack of flowers, but active in the hive while waiting out their frosty lockdown.
| 30 |
[D&D/GeneralFantasy] Can adventurers "breathe" a tamed Air Elemental?
|
If yes, bonus questions:
* How long would it take a human adventurer to consume all of the oxygen contained in a large-sized Air Elemental?
* Would doing this be fatal or injurious to said Elemental?
* Could this method be used for deep-sea and/or space travel? Can the Elemental hold itself together in these extremes, or would it compress or dissipate?
* Rather than such extreme travel arrangements, could you store an Air Elemental in a Bag of Holding, allowing you to transport living things without them suffocating?
Thank you in advance for all of your outside-the-box-of-holding thinking! =)
| 59 |
depends on the lore, but I've allowed it in shadowrun for example, where our creative summoner filled a room with water via a water elemental, sealed us hermetically in rock via earth elemental and filled the chamber with air via an air elemental. He then used another air elemental to zap the water outside and kill everyone in the room.
He's not allowed to play summoners anymore.
| 30 |
[Digimon] Why do so many Digidestined wear gloves?
|
It doesn't seem to be a common style for other kids they know. Its common with two generations. They don't seem to have a common function, liked it's not cold there. Why do so many of them bother? What's the connection
| 21 |
Well, in the first series, they were at camp so maybe they wore gloves for protection.
In the second series, the clothes are provided for them by the Digital World itself. Otherwise, the kids don’t wear gloves.
In Frontier, Takuya is the only one to wear gloves.
| 23 |
Why does E=mc^2 not have the 1/2 coefficient that KE=1/2 mv^2 has?
|
I understand the 1/2 for many energy formulas comes from calculus integration. Why do some formulas like E=mc^2 not have the half, and what is the non-math way to explain the significance of having that coefficient (in layman's terms)
| 20 |
The full relativistic expression for the energy (combining rest energy and kinetic energy) for a particle of mass m and speed v is:
mc^(2) / sqrt{1-v^(2)/c^(2)}
When v is small compared to c, as it is for every material object we encounter in day-to-day life, that above expression takes the
approximate form
mc^(2) +(1/2)mv^(2)
That's how the factor of 1/2 arises. The first term is the rest energy, and the second term is classical kinetic energy.
If v gets larger, the next, slightly better approximation is
mc^(2) +(1/2)mv^(2)+(3/8)mv^(4)/c^(2)
so that next term has a 3/8 in it!
| 27 |
How does body shape relate to swimming
performance ?
|
Here is a question from my swimming class. We have noted that girls are usually faster with kick exercises, whereas boys are faster with arm practice.
Boys think it has to do with the distribution of body fat (or possibly body shape), and girls think we are just lazy (and that we shouldn't be so rude!).
Has there been studies on the differences between male/female swimming?
Is there a numerical way to compare men's and women's records?
Is swimming more, or less "gender imbalanced" than other spots such as athletics?
| 49 |
Disclaimer: the mechanics of a human body -- with all of its density variations, oddly shaped limbs with multiple joints, varying cross sectional area, etc -- moving through a fluid like water can get pretty complicated if you try to break it down and analyze how men and women might be better at one type of stroke or movement compared to another. That being said, the difference in "arm practice" performance may be as simple as men generally having superior upper body strength to women.
| 20 |
Eli5: why do black people have extremely curly hair?
|
Not all black people. But a large majority of them have super curly hair. I'm not racist either this is a serious question
| 247 |
Straight hair that lies flat tends to hold in heat. That's an advantage in cold climates.
Curly hair allows heat to escape while still providing protection from the sun to the skin underneath. That's an advantage in hot climates.
Melanin in skin (the part that makes it dark) tends to block what's needed to make vitamin D while offering some protection from sunburn - this is why people who live closer to the polar regions have far lighter skin: less danger of sunburn, and since they get so much less sunlight, they need to produce vitamin D much easier. People who live closer to the equator get a lot more sunlight, so they have all the vitamin D from sunlight they need, but the protection from sunburn is far more important.
| 208 |
ELI5: Why do some survivalists hoard gold and silver?
|
Question is inspired by reading this *excellent* New Yorker long read, [Doomsday Prep for the Super Rich](http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/01/30/doomsday-prep-for-the-super-rich).
There are a few passing mentions that hoarding gold, specifically in the form of South African Krugerrands, is a wise decision to make.
But this doesn't make any sense to me. I can't see the justification for having a currency post-apocalypse. Though I guess an obvious answer would be that neoliberal elites cannot perceive a future, even a stateless and lawless society, that doesn't have capitalism.
| 29 |
They seem to think that gold and silver are valuable all by themselves, as opposed to money - which is valuable because the government/banks *say* that it is valuable. What they fail to see is that they are valuable because they are rare *and* that lots of people want it only because it is rare, and they have time to sit around and think about stuff like that.
But if there is some sort of near-doomsday scenario, that stuff is going to be useless. You can't hunt food, keep yourself warm, or fend off wild animals or attacking humans with gold and silver. The stuff that does will be what's valuable.
| 61 |
ELI5: Why does my wifi signal go from full to nothing and back even when I'm not moving?
|
Campus wifi, specifically. I know that signal strength varies, but why? Even when sitting in a dorm room, not moving about, why does it vary?
I've looked up technical explanations, but they're a bit over my head.
| 106 |
Noise due to other wireless devices. Your signal strength is actually a measure of your signal to noise ratio. If extra noise is added, your signal strength decreases. That noise is coming from other devices in your vicinity.
Additionally, in a complex wifi network like a university campus, there are multiple access points. You might have been handed off to another one due to higher signal strength or for load balancing.
| 48 |
[Lucky Luke] Why does Luke always ride off into the sunset? Wouldn't it be better to stay the night in a hotel room, and set off in the morning?
| 25 |
Lucky Luke isn't really a peoples person, like he's charismatic and has no problems working with people.
But he rather spends his nights sleeping under the stars together with his best friend his horse.
| 23 |
|
ELI5: How do registered sex offenders go to grocery stores and malls etc, where children just are naturally?
| 1,715 |
The only restrictions are schools and parks: places where children are likely to congregate, especially unsupervised.
Malls/stores are fine; as long as they aren't within the radius of a school/park.
| 1,467 |
|
ELI5:Why is 70-75% alcohol a better antiseptic than that of a higher concentration?
| 3,940 |
Basically, it is composed of 30% water which helps it penetrate the membrane. When you have 100% alcohol, it is very difficult to get the alcohol into the cell. Even then, 100% evaporates quite fast which makes it not as useful.
edit: changed dissolved to evaporate which is the correct term
| 2,765 |
|
ELI5: Why aren't noise cancelling headphones as effective in cancelling high pitch sounds as their in cancelling low pitch sounds?
| 1,505 |
The way noise cancelling works is that it has a microphone pick up some noise and then a speaker produce that noise phase shifted 180 degrees. The resulting waveforms precisely cancel out.
However, the microphone can only pick up the noise as it's passing by and there's a delay before it can generate the phase-shifted sound. This means that you have to 'guess' what the future will hold in some sense.
High frequency waves embed more information and shift more often, meaning it's a lot harder to make guesses about them than low frequency waves.
| 703 |
|
[Mavel] If Spider-Man was a villain, who's rogue gallery would he be in?
|
I could see him being a Daredevil or Wolvie foe.
Whose*
| 119 |
Evil Spider-Man would probably be a Fantastic Four villain since they go way back historically, and Peter's combined mental acumen plus physical prowess would make him a plausible threat against the entire team, ala Doctor Doom.
| 164 |
Eli5: What happens if somebody gets a blood transfusion with blood that doesn’t match their body?
|
Just curious.
| 208 |
The immune system attacks the new blood often clotting around it. This can lead to a stroke, heart attack, or necrosis of tissues it get stuck in.
Oddly one of the first and most remarkable symptoms of incorrect blodd is "an impending sense of doom" in the patient which is appropriate for the situation
| 371 |
ELI5: what forces us to wake up and how does it work?
|
You can wake up naturally or be forced to wake up by e.g. loud noise, pain, water.
How does it work?
Bonus question: Why is it possible to cut your blood supply to your arm and not be woken up for hours? (I slept on my arm for 6 hours, felt no arm after waking up)
| 32 |
A part of your brain is always active even while you’re sleeping. That part can monitor for natural dangers, which a loud noise, pain, water would all be perceived as, and wake you up.
edit: for your bonus question, you’re not cutting off the blood supply to your arm when you sleep on it, you’re squeezing a nerve, but I’m not sure of the details so maybe someone else can take over that one!
| 35 |
ELI5:How do we know how certain battles took place?
|
I just watched the newest HistoryMarche video and it got me thinking. How do we know the details of a battle so thoroughly that we can make a video and present it? Like what flank collapsed, what flank held on.
​
I understand primary sources, secondary sources etc. but how would someone know. Was there a guy just interviewing the survivors after the battle, sitting on the hill watching and noting the battle?
| 16 |
Depends on the battle. For more recent conflicts like the colonial wars of the 18th century and later there is often meticulous note-keeping by commanders on both sides.
During the imperial age nations understood the immense value of detailed understanding of your army, your opponents army, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. Military leadership tasked officers with this specifically, and commanders filed post-combat reports detailing their actions and thoughts.
As a result, we have *extremely* detailed records of battles in conflicts like the US Civil War and WWI, right down to the exact number of men and what time of day things occurred.
Once you get into pre-industrial conflicts the record quickly gets a lot spottier. Records are sparse, lost, incomplete, and/or heavily embellished. Many medieval and classical battles are known only from a single secondary source and some archaeological evidence, and the numbers and details some guy wrote about 45 years after the fact are deeply suspect.
| 17 |
I've never read anything about feminism. Should I read The Second Sex, or go right to something more contemporary?
|
I did take a race and gender course and dealt with many feminist activists in my heyday as a college activist, but I never sat down and read a whole book on feminism.
Also I found Sam Harris' Free Will in the women's studies section where it's been hiding for god knows how long. It was so unbecoming that I personally had to go put it back. I just had to tell someone.
| 43 |
I think you should read "Masculine Domination" from Pierre Bourdieu, one of the greastest sociologist of all time. The sociology of bourdieu is.. can't find the word.. impressive and puzzling. It will probably totally change the way you see the social word and in this case the status of wowen in the society. You'll understand that the oppression of women is way more insidious, therefore legitimized, then we usualy think.
(excuse the poor english, croissant here)
| 28 |
[Back to the Future III] Why does Maggie McFly look like Loraine?
|
In Part III of Back to the Future, Marty goes back to 1885 and meets his ancestors on his father's side of the family: The McFly's.
So, why does Maggie McFly look almost exactly like Loraine McFly?
Loraine's maiden name is Baines. She's not related to the McFly's at all, as far as heredity is considered.
Is this just a result of Marty's time-warped mind trying to make sense of what must be a very "heavy" week? Or are the McFly's and the Baines' more closely related than they thought?
| 17 |
Seamus and George McFly obviously have similar taste in women.
There's also the chance that Loraine and Maggie are related to each other besides their husbands as there's no mention of Maggie's family which she left in Ireland, after Maggie and Seamus settled in other family members could have emigrated as well.
| 30 |
There is no way to morally justify the idea of an eternal-suffering 'hell'. CMV.
|
I am aware that many religious people today do not believe in the concept of hell - or if they do, it isn't the fire-and-brimstone hell of tradition, but an abstract one of 'separation from god' or suchlike. My argument is not about the existence or non-existence of this place, but rather: it's about whether or not it can ever be moral to send someone to a place of eternal torture. Many people - even if they don't believe that this place exists - think that if it did exist, it would be just to send murderers and rapists there. I would argue that through logic, such a place cannot *possibly* be morally justifiable.
---------
So here's the thing. When we talk about 'justice', we mean that the wrongdoer gets a punishment befitting of his crime, right? If a child steals a cookie from the cookie jar, a just punishment might be to send him to his room. Cutting off his hand for stealing the cookie would be *un*just and immoral because it is grossly disproportionate to the crime committed. I would argue that any crime - any immoral activity - has a point where the punishment would start to outweigh the crime (and thus be more immoral than it). For tiny crimes like stealing a cookie, that point is pretty obvious to see. But for massive crimes - like murder - the threshold at which the punishment begins to outweigh the crime (and thus become unjust) is quite hard to distinguish. However, the point is that this threshold *does exist* somewhere. *And logically - a hell of eternal suffering has to - by very definition - reach that point, and then go beyond it.*
For example, maybe we hypothetically say that 100 years of suffering is a morally just punishment for a murder. Imagine a dripping tap in the bathroom of the 50th floor of a skyscraper. Imagine it dripping for hundreds of thousands of years. When that tap eventually wears away the sink it is dripping against, and wears away all the floors of the skyscraper below it, guess what? That's just a day - a minute - a *second* of time in eternity. Now imagine that happening all over again a million times more. Forever. Now think how disproportionate the punishment is now to the threshold we set as a reasonable punishment. Think how much it has eclipsed the point we set as 'just' punishment (100 years). Logically, eternal punishment HAS to go beyond the point of being more unjust than chopping off a child's hand for stealing a cookie - and it will keep going, and get more and more unjust and immoral over time.
Essentially: it can never be moral to use an infinite punishment for a finite crime. And so regardless of whether this hell exists or not, it can never be a morally justified place. CMV.
| 114 |
I think your issue is that you're applying utilitarian morality to a non-utilitarian philosophy. Christianity isn't a religion in which one weighs good deeds against bad deeds in order to determine the fate of one's soul. You can rape and murder all you like and still get into heaven so long as you truly repent your sins and ask for forgiveness, because God has an infinite capacity for forgiveness. So, trying to reason about how severe a punishment Hell is compared to the harm caused by sin totally misses the point, which is that any sin (without forgiveness) is the same as any other. God created the world for humans, we fucked up our own lives, God gives us a sort of release valve for all our bullshit, and all we have to do is ask to use it. From this view, it seems ridiculous to think that anyone could possibly complain about being placed in Hell, everyone is given the easiest possible way out and it's their own fault for not taking it.
| 29 |
[Star Wars] Destruction of Alderaan's effect on the Death Star
|
Earth's tiny moon is enough to alter the ebb and flow of the planet's water. Shouldn't the sudden dispersal of matter of Alderaan's destruction be enough to toss everyone on board the Death Star away from the planet with such force that every storm trooper is a can of [tomato soup](https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-X5s8jV-1AJU/UrUpPNSWoLI/AAAAAAABQD8/ngi3-D7Gdro/w480-h480/TREE.jpg), and every officer into a matching wall stain?
What also happens to Alderaan's solar system when it is destroyed?
| 24 |
There's a couple of things going on here.
First and foremost, gravity doesn't work that way, it's a very weak force. Even if the planet completely disappeared, all that would happen is the Death Star would undergo a change in acceleration of about 10 ms^2, which is a force human bodies are well capable of enduring. Most of us do it all our lives.
Second, the planet didn't completely disappear, most of the mass is still there, just expanding away. This means the acceleration we were feeling from the planet is going to slowly taper off.
Third, the Death Star uses artificial gravity easily capable of handling these kinds of mild effects.
As for what happens to Alderaan's system. Not much. The planets wobble a tiny bit, and either a new slightly smaller planet forms in Alderaan's place, or the system gets a new asteroid belt.
| 33 |
[My Hero Academia] How does Midoriya calculate what percentage of One For All he’s using?
|
And for that matter how can All Might deduce how much power of One For All is being used?
Is it similar to how a person lifts weights or jogs for a long time?
| 18 |
I don't think it's a literal calculation of the amount of OFA applied, it's more of an estimation of how much effort he feels he's putting into it.
Like he isn't literally putting 1,000,000% into it when he does his 1,000,000% Smash, he's throwing his perceived limits out the window and putting everything into it.
All Might is a good judge of it because he's in the unique position of having gone through almost exactly what Deku's going through, going from a quirkless weak kid to having one of the most powerful quirks in the world.
| 21 |
Is there anything in nature which can be considered as being infinite?
| 93 |
We *consider* the universe to be infinite in size (thus infinite stars, infinite galaxies, planets, etc.{No, this does not imply that there must be copies of Earth out there}). We *cannot show* that it is such, but the data is reasonably suggestive of this case.
| 56 |
|
[General] What is the creepiest story arc in a super heroes comic you know about?
| 41 |
The Sandman: 24 Hour Diner (Dr. Destiny). No question. The arc with the serial killer convention was pretty rough too.
The "Death of the Family" arc in Batman had it's moments, mostly thanks to the grotesque Joker design and some really gross implications that (fortunately) didn't come to pass.
"The Wolves of St. August" from Hellboy was a good one. "Crooked Man" too. Hellboy has always been a horror-themed setting but those stood out to me.
| 36 |
|
ELI5 why does sugar turn brown when melted?
| 5,470 |
Sugar is a molecule made of a particular arrangement of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. When you heat up the sugar, this adds energy to the system that can be used to fuel chemical reactions that rearrange the bonds between these atoms. Some of these compounds are dark brown in color and add caramel flavors to the sugar. Similar reactions occur in meat when you cook it and get a tasty brown crust.
| 3,279 |
|
ELI5: What is the historical difference between monks, priests, and friars.
|
I was watching The Name of the Rose with Sean Connery, and the other day I was reading World Without End by Ken Follett. I'm confused by the difference between these classes of religious people. What were their roles? Are some higher ranked than others? Do their roles overlap?
| 19 |
A monk takes his vows and commits to a particular self-sufficient community consisting only of monks. He serves the church through devotion.
A friar takes his vows and commits to a larger area, a province, and is supported through donations. They will usually travel about their area and stay in a variety of places in the province they are committed to. He serves the church by working among laypeople.
A priest can be a friar, monk, or neither. He is an ordained member of the church which means he can perform rites and rituals such as giving mass, performing marriages, and giving last rites, things that a non ordained friar or monk cannot do.
| 14 |
[WH40K] What if the Emperor of Man was put in a dreadnought when he was critcally injured, instead of the Golden Throne?
|
How powerful would he be in a dreadnought? Would he still be as potent a Psyker?
| 18 |
No, he would die instantly, and with him the Imperium. The throne is from the *Dark Age of Technology*, which is the only thing that keeps the body of the Emperor alive.. more or less.
Also without him on the throne, a warp storm will consume Segmentum Solar and end the Imperium for good.
| 27 |
[Harry Potter] Any other fine print I need to read ?
|
I am Lord Voldemort. I keep getting defeated by a child without any notable talent because I haven't read the fine print for my equipment.
I have read up on mother's love, wandlore and horcruxes. Anything else I need to know ?
| 30 |
Usually it's not the fine print that saves Harry from Voldemort, but it's the simple thing that tends to separate heroes from villains - friendship and cooperation.
Harry gets fine-print saved thrice - Mother's Love, Mother's Love Redux, and Elder Wand Ownership
The rest of the time he gets saved because he is willing to trust others, and work with others, and act selflessly when required. These all give him and the Order of the Phoenix a significant advantage over Voldemort. Voldemort can take Harry 1-on-1 in raw skill, but Harry has too many advantages through friendship to really lose.
| 21 |
CMV: The Wall is a horrible idea
|
The Mexican border wall would be nearly impossible to build, would cut through pre-existing infrastructure, and would cost a ridiculous amount (25 billion), and is therefore not a good idea. It stems from increasing fear of otherness and will likely not even work because of ladders, tunnels, etc; not to mention that most illegal Mexican immigrants arrive in the states legally and simply overstay their Visas. All in all, there is not a single convincing argument that the border wall is a good idea. CMV.
_____
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| 23 |
>It stems from increasing fear of otherness
Perhaps it stems from an increasing love of self preservation?
Forget the wall for a moment, and just consider the Right's motives. They don't literally "fear" otherness, rather they fear (often justifiably) that their own values are under threat - this is an ideological and cultural battle for them rather than a racial or ethnic one.
The evidence for this is considering who the general enemies of the right are. It's not "other" identities (there are plenty of sexual/racial/ethnic minorities in the GOP, and the right welcomes foreigners who adopt/love American values) the commonality of their enemy is *not* brown/mexican/etc skin, its "other ideologies". You know this because the right is also fighting against the progressive social justice movement (who are American) for the same reasons they are fighting illegal immigration, or the acceptance of Islamic culture and Sharia Law, or the acceptance of pro socialist or pro communist ideas (because their conservative values are under threat). And if taxes must be paid, they want them to go back to enrich their own lives, not those who didn't earn/pay for them (such as illegals), and not those who are their ideological enemies. So it's a culture war.
The motive for the wall is not fear of those in Mexico (Americans do not fear Mexicans!), it's protection of their own conservative-American values, an act of self-defence and getting control back of a border that appears broken. That motive isn't horrible is it?
| 19 |
[General] if you expose an already sentient machine (such as a starship with a AI/identity of its own) to an animating object, such as the allspark or various other objects, what happens?
|
By "animating object", im referring to anything that turns inanimate objects into robots with some kind of identity of their own. Possibly using toonforce, if applicable.
| 19 |
The setting of the *Apprentice Adept* series is a two-parter. One planet, two dimensions. Technology only works in one dimension, while magic only works in the other dimension.
When a robot character first crossed over, she was rendered inanimate. She needed to be enchanted into a golem before she could live in the magic dimension.
| 18 |
How is a man made item dated to 3000 or 40,000 years ago? I understand carbon dating to a degree but that would just tell us the age of the material, not when it was fashioned into say, a crystal dagger, would it?
| 29 |
Carbon dating tells you when a living thing died. It stopped taking in new carbon and all the existing carbon starts to decay if its carbon 14. The ratio of total carbon to carbon 14 is what tells you how hold it is. Less carbon 14, the older it is because carbon 14 has decayed away.
For a rock, they may use uranium isotope ratios in a similar way.
For the dagger that's in the news, they may have found stuff made of previously living material around the dagger and carbon-dated those things, then used their age for the dagger.
| 36 |
|
ELI5: What specifically do people mean when they say a song/abum has good "production"?
|
I hear this thrown around a lot. More money pumped into it? More skill? Better quality?
| 19 |
The producer edits together the various sounds, taking the ones that will sound best, and mixing the loudness levels so that you hear the right amount of each thing. For example, the various instruments and the vocals are almost always recorded separately and then combined. In many cases, the producer is also responsible for deciding where the microphones should be located, and other decisions about the environment where the recording is being done.
In a song with good production, these have been done well.
| 12 |
ELI5 : Why do headaches hurt even through there are no pain receptors in the brain?
|
I just had a severed headache. And recently I watched a video of a brain surgery where the patient was awake, and they said the brain doesn't feel pain because of the lack of pain receptors. How is it then, that we can feel headaches?
| 24 |
Bc it has to do with the muscles and blood stream and difference in temperature (in case of certain headaches, sometimes it’s muscle tension or lack of sleep or water) the actual pain isn’t in the brain but in the muscles In your head
| 26 |
[Star Trek] How good a chef do I have to be before my cooking is preferable to a replicator? How fresh/ripe do ingredients have to be?
|
Presumably, the replicator pattern for an orange is based on using one of the most perfectly ripe, fresh oranges available as a template, then duplicating that (with some degree of error perhaps). The replicator pattern for ratatouille is based on having the one of the finest Provençal chefs cook the dish with the finest ingredients, then duplicating.
I guess I'm wondering how much the "replication error" factor makes replicated food less desirable.
Is it actually essentially undetectable, with the snobs who claim replicated food isn't up to the standards of "real" food being unable to tell the difference in double-blinded studies?
Or is there a slight difference, so that the most perfectly ripe, juicy orange is better than a replicated orange, but the replicated orange is still better than an average orange? Or a top French chef's ratatouille is better than replicated ratatouille, but an average amateur home cook wouldn't be able to beat the replicator?
Or would an average home cook/average fresh ingredient be able to beat a replicator after all, with replicated meals having a notably worse flavor, texture, etc?
How would a home cook of varying skill levels, or various qualities of fresh ingredients, compare to a circa 2160 protein resequencer, a 2260 food synthesizer, or a 2360 replicator?
| 74 |
Honestly, depends on individual taste.
Some people will prefer even a bad cook over replicator food, because replicator food tastes exactly, perfectly, consistently identical every time-- the molecules are in the exact same arrangement, like building a lego kit according to the instructions. Standard replicator patterns are selected to be delicious, but the inevitable result is that they become monotonous. Whereas with food cooked by hand, there will always be little imperfections and variants so that it never tastes exactly the same twice-- the onion you used is slightly bigger here, the shrimp had a different diet there, you used one more grind of pepper than normal in the other, etc. Especially with species that prefer variety or novelty, such as humans, this can make a big difference in their enjoyment of a meal.
| 62 |
ELI5: How "hackers" can find all of somebodys personal information so easily, with nothing to go off of but a reddit account, or something similar.
|
I've heard of people getting all of their personal information like birthdate, full name, and location released on the internet because of a controversial reddit post or something similar.
How is it possible for someone to gain all of somebody else's information like this seemingly so easily?
Note: Not looking to do this to anyone, just genuinely interested and looking to learn how to better protect myself.
| 23 |
Look through a person entire comment history. Most likely they have given out tons of information like their age, location, educational history, name, etc over time. Any photos uploaded from a digital camera will have EXIF data which contains information like location so thats always a valuable source of information. From here they can just Google and search social media sites with the information that they have until they hit a match or just can't find anything.
How is it so easy? People are just unaware of how reckless they are with their data. People really are just beginning to fully realize the implications of the fact that something stays on the internet forever.
| 23 |
ELI5: Why is acting not considered child labor?
|
Given the fact that childhood stardom often has large negative effects on the kids - whether from exploitation from the parents, other adults, or society at large - why is acting not considered child labor?
| 49 |
>Why is acting not considered child labor?
It is. Child labor is not illegal. Child labor is *heavily regulated*. Child actors have very strict limits to how frequently they can work, and for how long, based on their age. It is also required that their acting not interfere with their education.
| 91 |
CMV: I believe civilians should be able to own AR15s.
|
No one needs to own it, but that's not the question. The question is whether the government ought to prohibit you from having it.
There's plenty of things which we don't need but which we also don't think they government has any right to ban. Take Wild Turkey 101. Do you really need a 101 proof whiskey? No. Or what about a 7.9% beer? Don't need that either.
But, modern western democracy starts with the premise of individual liberty. You can have whatever you want; you're not limited to just that which you need. The burden is on the government to make the case that something needs to be forbidden.
So, I believe civilians should be able to own AR15s. Change my view.
Edit: This post only about the US, and want to keep most of the current restrictions on them today.
| 34 |
If your argument boils down to: the government should allow citizens to own anything regardless of its destructive potential (unless doing so would create diplomatic tension with other nations), then you seem to be ignoring the entire field of consumer protection. For the same reason you can't drive a car without headlights. Owning certain items poses so much of a danger to others, that freedoms need to be curtailed for the sake of having a safe society. You can argue over whether the AR specifically falls into that category, but you can't deny the government has a responsibility to regulate the safety of products sold to the public.
| 11 |
How did we discover that space was a vacuum?
|
Who first proposed that space was a vacuum?
What did they base their hypothesis on?
How did we ultimately prove space was a vacuum?
| 212 |
"greek understanding of physics also progressed under Strato of Lampascus (c.335 - 269BCE.). He rejected the idea of a force pushing light objects, such as air, upwards to counter the force that pulls heavy objects down. He argues for the existence of a vacuum and showed that, because air can be compressed, voids must exist between the particles of which it is made up." - Source, a DK "Science Year by Year" Encyclopedia/book.
Later on it describes this "[Blaise] Pascal (1640's) also predicted that this pressure would diminish as higher altitudes. He asked his bother in law Florin Perier, who lived near a mountain, to test the idea. Receiving proof, Pascal suggested that air would thin out into a vacuum at still greater altitudes."
It also says this. "for centuries, it was believed that air had no weight. But in fact it exerts a measurable force per surface area of the earth. Blaise Pascal demonstrated atmospheric pressure by inverting a mercury filled glass tube over a mercury reservoir. The tube's mercury falls to create an airless space (a vacuum), but atmospheric pressure pushes down on the reservoir to maintain a column: the bigger the pressure, the taller the column."
I hope this provides you with some of the insight you wanted.
| 136 |
[XMEN] So If wolverine can grow his bone claws back in a matter of minutes, why doesn’t he constantly need a haircut or a shave?
| 15 |
He does need to shave and get hair cuts more often than most people do, and since he has claws at the ready, he can shave and give himself that awful haircut whenever he needs to. He likes how it looks somehow.
| 20 |
|
ELI5: What happens to the data from an install if I stop the install before it's complete?
|
I tried googling it, but I can't find any answers to this. Basically, if I am installing a game, for example, and it gets to 91% done, but then I have to stop the install because I need to go someplace and can't leave my computer on the whole time, what happens to that 91% downloaded/installed?
Does it stay, so I could finish the install later? Does it completely reset?
| 514 |
the downloaded files will usually be stored in a folder designated by the system as temporary storage*. Some installers will check for this already downloaded data and resume where you left off. Others (e.g. Origin client) simply start over from the beginning.
The install itself (copying files from temp storage, creating registry entries, etc.) will almost always have to be restarted from scratch simply because it's easier (for the programmer) to just make the necessary changes than it is to check what changes have been made already.
*temporary storage just means the operating system is allowed to delete those files if it needs the space (some will even clear this area of old files on a regular basis)
| 189 |
[Lord of the Rings] An addition to the fellowship.
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1. How would the events of the books have differed had Glorfindel also been a part of the fellowship? What about Glorfindel, Elladan and Elrohir?
2. Same as above but the movies instead of the books.
| 16 |
I wrote this years ago but never finished it. Maybe you'll enjoy the read!
---
So Merry and Pippin, as per Elrond's first desire, return to the Shire (much to their chagrin) in order to start preparing the defenses for the War of the Ring. We'll come back to them later, but they have their own adventures.
Meanwhile, the Fellowship coalesces: Frodo, Gandalf, Aragorn, Boromir, Legolas, Gimli, Glorfindel, and some ninth member. (Note that Elrond was a big fan of the Nine Walkers to work against the Nine Riders, so it's likely that he'd have found *somebody* to fill the ninth slot, likely his own Erestor or perhaps Galdor since in this way the Grey Havens would get representation.)
The Nine move south. Everything is as we know it until the disaster at the Pass of Caradhras. Here, as we remember, the Mountain unleashes an onslaught of winter storms, forcing back the Fellowship and eventually leading them through the Mines of Moria. But that was when they had *four* Hobbits to carry and manage; now there's only two - and in the book it is Merry and Pippin who are seemingly most at risk due to cold.
Glorfindel's strength, prowess, and simple presence are more than enough to break through the storm to the other side. The Mountain is defeated and suddenly the Fellowship is on the eastern slopes of the Misty Mountains, unencumbered by the dangers of Moria. Durin's Bane sleeps. Gandalf remains the Grey Wizard. Gollum, who at this time is starting to wander through the Mines (obviously sensing the Ring nearby), suddenly turns around and leaves, doubtful now of his road.
The Fellowship heads south to Lothlorien (why not?) and are greeted with open arms by Haldir and his kinsmen. There is contention concerning the presence of Gimli, but being vouched for by Legolas *and* Glorfindel is enough to placate these doubts. Gandalf also won't be bothered by such pettiness.
Considering the ease of the road so far, the Fellowship tarries in Lothlorien. But eventually they get under way again, after receiving gifts of boats and treasures from the Lord and Lady of the Wood. While traveling south on the Anduin, the Fellowship suffers its first attack: at night, they come under fire by Orcs along the eastern shores. Frodo is struck in the chest by an arrow (this is where the Fellowship discovers his Mithril-coat), and Legolas blindly shoots the unknown beast from the sky, but Glorfindel correctly identifies it as one of the Nazgul. The Winged Threat is revealed before its Master's design.
At Amon Hen, Boromir attempts to take the Ring from Frodo - but Gandalf, having also seen into the young man's heart, intervenes in time before Frodo can escape and their relationship is saved. And then Saruman's forces attack them. Gandalf and Boromir defend Frodo (who is specifically targeted, being a Halfling and all) while the rest of the Fellowship, scattered, must fend for themselves. Sam is captured. The ninth Fellowship member is killed (but because we'll have known this person it's a meaningful death). The Uruk-hai cannot overpower Gandalf and Boromir, and so abandon their hope of capturing both Halflings. Ugluk and his party escape.
The Fellowship, now seven, quickly convene to determine what to do. Frodo desperately desires to pursue the Uruk-hai to help rescue Sam but understands that it is beyond his control - he must go to Mordor, and his heart tells him that the eastern road is the right one. Gandalf agrees, but understands that *his* road is to the west. Glorfindel goes with Frodo across the river. Gandalf, Aragorn, Boromir, Legolas, and Gimli set off to rescue Sam from the Uruk-hai.
Recap: Merry and Pippin are back in the Shire. The unnamed ninth member of the Fellowship has died upon Amon Hen. Neither Gandalf nor Boromir have died, and they - along with Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli - are pursuing the Uruk-hai into Rohan in an effort to save Sam's life. Meanwhile, Frodo and Glorfindel are journeying into the Emyn Muil.
On the eve of the Five Hunters' (probably not a suitable name) pursuit of Ugluk's band of Uruk-hai, Gandalf calls a halt. He whistles, and from the distance approaches Shadowfax, more than ready to be reunited with his Wizard friend. Gandalf leaves the party at this time, encouraging the remaining members of the Fellowship to hold to their purpose, and to get to Edoras as soon as they can after Sam is rescued.
Gandalf races away, leaving Aragorn in charge. Their race across the Riddermark is considerably slowed, at first due to Gandalf's lack of speed, and later due to Boromir's limited stamina (he's a burly fighter, not a lithe runner). Not only this, but Sam never gets a chance to leave any signs for our Ranger - he is thoroughly out of his element and completely, desperately, alone.
Sam's situation is incredibly perilous. The Orcs under Ugluk's command *know* that they only snagged a single Halfling; they have not followed orders and are now returning to Isengard with but half of their prize. Dissent spreads, and most of the Orcs want to eat Sam and be done with it. Ugluk stands fast, killing many of the naysayers in the process. But he himself takes to watching the Halfling, trusting none but himself to see things through. Sam is heartbroken and resigned to a slow and painful death, feeling that it was never his fate to be separated from Frodo. He doesn't once wish to be back in the Shire, as his destiny wasn't there, either.
A long day of running ends in disaster for Ugluk, however, as he and his followers are encircled by the riders of Rohan near the borders of Fangorn Forest. Poor Sam is stuck right in the middle of things, Ugluk's foul hand never letting go of the back of his neck. The Rohirrim charge, and only as Ugluk's life is on the line does he let go of his Halfling prize. Sam drops to the ground, expecting to be trampled any moment, but not much caring if he dies.
Eventually he looks out into the battle, still raging all around but obscured by the night. Suddenly he sees a faint trickle of soft light coming from within Fangorn Forest, but it's only there for a moment. It reminds him of the Phial of Galadriel that was given to his master Frodo, and that stirs his heart to try and escape. He manages to sneak away from the battle and he enters the forest. By now dawn is approaching, and he heads towards a large outcrop of rock. He climbs it to see if he can catch a second glimpse of the white light - failing to do so, he makes up a shoddy snatch of poetry relating the light to his time in Lorien.
Of course, Treebeard - who was about to mistake Sam for a lone Orc and squash him - hears the poem and comes to his aid. Almost immediately a strange and wonderful bond is established between two amateur poets, and Treebeard whisks Sam off into Fangorn Forest, revitalized for the first time in perhaps thousands of years.
The next day, Aragorn and Company approach the place of Ugluk's last stand. Legolas spots a large column of Rohirrim warriors riding off into the distance, but they are too far away now to be intercepted. Yet the fires of their victory cannot be missed, and by that afternoon they all are grieving for Sam. Yet somehow Aragorn finds the evidence of Sam's escape ("his bonds were cut!" would work just fine here) and the tracks of the Hobbit's feet lead them to the edge of Fangorn.
It is here that their purposes become divided. Aragorn and Legolas wish to follow Treebeard's 'strange tracks' deeper into Fangorn, seeing as they have no way of knowing whether or not Sam is still alive. Gimli and Boromir wish to leave - after all, Gimli does *not* like the place and Boromir can't help but think of his country to the south, possibly already at war. Aragorn eventually caves, and for a time he considers this decision a massive error, and wonders if he is cursed to always lack the right information.
So the four compatriots leave Fangorn Forest and begin their long, slow march towards Edoras. They hope that Gandalf is there already. En route, they are intercepted by the same contingent of Rohirrim that they saw in the morning - Eomer and his loyal men. Apparently, Eomer himself had only just encountered Gandalf the Grey hours before, and the Wizard had strongly urged all Men to make haste for Edoras. Extra horses are found for the Four Hunters, and together they and Eomer's group return to Edoras.
| 43 |
Highly cited lab with high dropout rate
|
I am an international student in US in a lab which has very high citations per paper but the advisor is demanding, the research is vastly vastly independent and the drop out rate is very high, 60%+ . Some of the dropouts had extensive research exp before coming in. The topics in the lab are very interesting to me and is in high demand but It is completely different than my masters or under grad. The Prof is not easy to work with and I am not sure if I am good enough, I am just more than 6 months in. Shall I switch advisor and go to someone where it will be easy to work with or struggle at the risk of dropping out, ruining mental health and everything in between!! I don't know how to weigh this high risk to high reward situation. The who are graduating are happy and had dream output
| 64 |
This is not a good lab. The PI obviously exploits students and tosses them aside when they run out of juice. That will probably be you too. The high pressure environment also produces incentives to commit fraud.
| 184 |
ELI5: Why is Stan Lee generally seen as the face and mind of Marvel Comics when the likes of Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and even Chris Claremont barely get any credit despite they all contributed just as much, if not more, as him?
| 5,481 |
Pick up an old Marvel comic and in many of them, there is a letter to the readers about this and that in the Marvel comics universe (Excelsior!) Stan Lee wrote most of these letters and often has a drawing or photo of himself beside it. Also, he has often willingly put himself in the spotlight to speak for Marvel and comics in general. So in a sense, Stan Lee is (and has been) the public voice and face of Marvel. And lastly, ask any fan who the other people you listed are and they will know them immediately, if not intimately, so they do get credit by fandom, if not the general public.
Also, Ditko is a notorious recluse who does not want to be photographed or talk to anyone-look up the documentary In Search of Steve Ditko.
| 4,941 |
|
ELI5: why do anesthetics send you to sleep?
|
And why is there a risk of not waking up again?
| 53 |
* There are several kinds of anesthetics (such as inhaled and intravenous) and even within those groups are several different agents (nitrous oxide vs sevoflurane or etomidate vs ketamine) and among those agents there are several receptors in the brain that are affected (such as GABA or NMDA). The easiest way to break it down is that anesthetics "turn up your turn-down system" in the brain. For example propofol, although it has many effects, binds gaba receptors, turning them on like a light switch. When enough switches get flicked, the cells of the cortex (part of the brain that is "you") become inhibited to a point where they just aren't active. And you are thus "asleep." Interestingly, on EEG you can see a shift towards primarily alpha waves thought to be a recurrent signaling loop of the thalamus attempting to wake the cortex.
* So, to wake up, the drug redistributes away from the site of action and when enough light switches go back, you wake up. So when you talk about not waking up from anesthesia, it's not from the drug. Wake up can be slow if there is a lot of drug around keeping switches flipped. Sometimes this can happen if the drug requires the kidneys to be removed but the patient's kidneys don't work as well so the drug builds up more than anticipated. Eventually after the drug is stopped the patient will wake up though, even if slowly. Other things like really low blood pressure, low blood sugar, low oxygen, stroke, abnormal electrolytes, being really cold (anesthetics impair your body's defenses to stay warm), abnormal heart rhythms , etc also can prolong wake up. But again, it is exceedingly unlikely that someone would never wake up because of the anesthetic agent in the same way that you are not pain free for life after one dose of Tylenol (paracetamol for you non 'Murcians) or ibuprofen.
Sorry for crap attempt. Hope this at least maybe helps a bit.
Source: it's muh job
| 21 |
ELI5: What purpose do toenails serve?
|
I understand the purpose of fingernails, but you can't do with your toes what you can do with your fingers.
| 22 |
I would wager to say that they're largely vestigial at this point. They originally served the same purpose as fingernails because our distant ancestors likely actually used their feet for things aside from walking (kind of like moneys).
At this point, it really just provides an extra layer of protection from falling objects and a point of frustration for when they become ingrown.
Edit: In case anyone hasn't come across the word, "Vestigial" is a term used to describe a feature or behavior which once had a biological purpose but is no longer used and has become "useless" to the organism that possesses it. A few other examples (some of which Darwin pointed out) are: wisdom teeth (they used to be very important because most humans would lose some of their teeth during their lifetime), male nipples, body hair (it used to be much thicker and helped keep us warm), ear muscles, tonsils, and the tail bone (coccyx).
| 22 |
[The Duck Song] I am a respectable lemonade seller. A talking duck has been coming up to business asking for grapes when all I have to offer is lemonade. What gives?
| 833 |
You have three choices. One is to see a psychologists to determine if you're suffering from paranoia.
Second is to try and capitalize on this situation by letting people meet/greet the talking duck, by luring the duck with grapes everyday.
Third is to kill or capture the duck in order to keep it from visiting you everyday.
| 389 |
|
CMV: Past political hyperbole by Democrats is now coming back to haunt them because legitimate criticisms of Trump just sound like the same old tire rhetoric.
|
Trump is a bully and an asshole. That's all I needed to know about him in order to determine I wouldn't vote for him. There are clearly reasonable arguments to be made that he is a misogynist and a racist. In short, a tone of criticism can be lobbed at Trump and there's a good chance that it will be justifiable.
But as I've heard criticism of Trump from his political opponents, it struck me that it sounds no different than criticisms I heard about Romney, Bush I, Bush II, Paul Ryan and other Republican leaders. Unlike Trump, these other Republican leaders are not misogynistic, racist assholes. They are good and honorable men who happen to have political ideologies that differ from Democrats.
So if the criticism of Trump and the others sounds pretty much the same, doesn't that mean that the criticisms of good and decent Republicans is nothing more than political bloviating and posturing that the Democrats don't actually believe? Doesn't it mean that it is just bullshit that they're spewing to fuel the flames of their supporters against their political opponents?
What really got me thinking about this was Pelosi's (legitimate) statement of complaint about the Steve Bannon appointment:
> Bringing Steve Bannon into the White House is an alarming signal that President-elect Trump remains committed to the hateful and divisive vision that defined his campaign. There must be no sugarcoating the reality that a white nationalist has been named chief strategist for the Trump Administration.
I went back to see what kind of response Pelosi had to Bush's nomination of Alito to the Supreme Court. Her statement on that nomination contains what is, in my opinion, similar rhetoric
> Last week after Harriet Miers withdrew her nomination, I asked the President: Who was in charge? Today, the President answered: the radical conservative right is in charge of this Administration.
I'd like to believe that our political leaders actually have the best interest of America and heart and don't simply trump up unwarranted criticism against their political opponents. But with Trump being such a criticizable figure, it really brings to light that Democrats are unable to criticize him more strongly and with stronger language than what they have used against good and decent Republicans with a difference of opinion.
Of course, I have no doubt that Republicans do the same thing. Fortunately, we've never been in a situation where we've been able to compare Republican criticism of a rational Democrat to that of an irrational Democrat.
**EDIT / UPDATE**
I've basically come to the conclusion that my view is correct and I'm unlikely to change it. Most of the confirmation of my view came from /u/FireRavenLord. If Deltas could be awarded for confirming a view, he'd get one.
https://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/comments/5czlzz/cmv_past_political_hyperbole_by_democrats_is_now/da0zcfa/ <--- One of several posts that cemented my view.
| 507 |
I've never heard anyone say that Romney or McCain was unfit for office. I've never ever heard that idea from people on the right.
People didn't like Romney or McCain for their ideas, but they didn't think those two men were dangerous.
There is a difference in disagreeing about tax policy and thinking that one person is unfit for office.
| 233 |
[Star Trek] How "famous" are Kirk, Spock, Picard etc. in their world?
|
I used to think that Spock, Kirk, Picard etc. were somewhat household names in that universe, but compared to our world, I couldn't name any modern day naval Captains or admirals and I certainly can't name any Ambassadors. In "Star Trek Generations" There's press covering Kirk at the launch of Enterprise B, and Picard is interviewed on the news in "Star Trek Picard" but are they mainly obscure figures known in certain military and diplomatic circles, or house hold names? Are the cover-story person-of-the-year types, or back page news? Curious to hear some opinions.
| 81 |
Concerning PIC, he can walk into Starfleet Command and is not recognized by the receptionist. Now, that isn't a verdict, because recognizing someone you only know from the news, can be rather difficult.
Janeway is maybe more popular than Picard, as her journey back home makes for a good story and they had nice fireworks, when they got back. She was probably at every front page or equivalent location, when they got back.
Archer of course became president, beating them all.
| 66 |
Does it mean anything if professors at a university got their PhD at that same university?
|
Im looking at engineering PhD programs \(US universities\) and notice at one university in particular that several professors \(at least 5\) within the department got their PhD from that same department. Three of them even all had the same PhD advisor. They range from early career to mid\-late career \(30 to 50 years old\). It is well known US university ranked in the top\-10 for many areas of engineering.
Some people have told me this is a bad sign. Is it? why or why not?
| 25 |
It's not necessarily a bad sign, but usually the feeling is that an academic should leave their graduate institution for the next steps in their career for a few reasons:
* Exposure to other philosophies at other institutions, broadening one's experiences.
* Flip side of this, the department usually wants to bring in people from other institutions to benefit from their different perspective learned at their previous department.
* To spread the prestige of the graduate institution (not always a factor, but some people care about this).
* Probably the big one is to spread out collaborator networks and more importantly funding. If you have several professors at a university working in the same area as their advisor, that can make it more difficult to bring in funding - either you have multiple separate teams competing in the same field, or you have fewer external collaborators to strengthen a multiple-PI proposal (especially if you haven't gone beyond your first university to build a network). You may also see higher competition for grad students with several professors working in such closely-related areas.
* There can sometimes be an issue with nepotism if several of these faculty have the same advisor who is a very senior member of the department. Even if they're not a department head, that advisor may have an excess of political power in the department due to having essentially lackeys to back them up.
All that said, these are just benefits from leaving your graduate institution (except the last factor) - it's not a *bad* thing to stay put, if you like the location for living in (a very underrated factor!) or the institution is a completely premiere location for your kind of research and simply the best option. Alternatively, some professors will have moved around a few times, e.g. after earning a PhD, someone might do a postdoc somewhere, go into industry for a while, spend a few years at a national lab, and then return to their first institution as a faculty member. So it may not mean anything, but if you see other warning flags it could be a bad sign in combination with those.
| 42 |
ELI5: Why do people feel comfortable at different temperatures?
|
For example, I feel most comfortable with the thermostat set to around 80 degrees. I have a friend that will literally start sweating when he comes over if I don't change it. He sets his to 69, which I find unbearably cold.
We're both about the same size and build (5'10 ~165lbs) and both have lived in the same city (Orlando) for 30+ years.
| 34 |
There are a few different things at work here - different people have different levels of metabolism even if their physical sizes are similar. Also, there's the psychological aspect - the ambient temperature at which an individual *feels* comfortable, called the "thermal comfort". There are a variety of other factors as well, such as, clothing, recent activity levels, etc..
| 14 |
When talking about photons, what does "wavelength" actually mean?
|
When I think of waves, I'm accustomed to thinking of s-waves and p-waves, but it occurs to me that neither of these make any sense in regards to photons that are supposed to travel in a perfectly straight line with a constant speed. Individual photons don't have fluctuations of energy that I know of, either. So where does the idea of a "wavelength" fit in?
| 145 |
s- and p-waves in quantum mechanics refer to the orbital angular momentum (s means ℓ = 0 and p means ℓ = 1).
Photons can certainly carry orbital angular momentum, but that's not what wavelength is.
For *any* particle, the relationship between its wavelength and its *linear* momentum is:
λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant.
For a particle with no mass, like a photon, E = pc.
So λ = hc/E. The wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy.
| 37 |
[Office Space] How likely were the guys to get away with their scam had they not messed up the decimal place?
| 34 |
At the time, in a smallish company, probably good odds. Today? Not at all. Software looks for that sort of thing. Which was true back then, but it was less common and with a smaller company they wouldn't expect someone to target them, especially for such a small payoff that would have taken years to add up.
| 31 |
|
Eli5 Why does the shower curtain try to grab me?
|
Why does the shower curtain come into the shower and even try to cling to you? Seems to do it most when its cold and the showers hot so i assume it has something to do with that.
| 658 |
Hot air rises which suck new colder air in from beneath the shower curtain dragging it along.
If you don't pull the shower curtain to completely cover the whole opening it can suck in air easier and it won't try to grab you as much.
| 395 |
ELI5: when an atomic bomb goes off, why does "dust" fall off of surfaces such as on buildings immediately when the bomb goes off, before the shockwave even arrives at that location?
|
an example can be seen here: [https://youtu.be/p2S3F2MUMwY?t=18](https://youtu.be/p2S3F2MUMwY?t=18)
| 19 |
What you're seeing in this video is smoke caused by the incredibly intense light and radiant heat of the fireball. Light travels and the speed of light which is about 300,000 km/second. The speed of sound is glacial by comparison.
This is the same as putting toast in the toaster for too long. But just imagine if your toaster was 100x more powerful. It would cause the bread to char and smolder almost immediately. Would also likely blind you if you looked at the slot directly.
The cameras have dark filters similar to a welding mask, that were timed to activate moments before the bomb was triggered, otherwise the film would have been damaged.
| 28 |
[Indiana Jones] What, in the end, finally ends the adventures of the great Dr. "Indiana"Jones Jr.?
|
He has had one of the most adventurous and interesting lives on earth. He has nearly died countless times. He has rescued countless artifacts in the name of archaeology and the preservation of our history. I am wondering if anyone has come across any records or source material that have catalogues this great man's final adventure and leap into the unknown?
| 25 |
What stopped 'Indiana' Jones from his life of adventure? The usual- his knees.
The man eventually got too old to be in the field chasing cryptoartifacts. For a long while he supported his son Mutt and his adventures all over the globe, and could be occasionally found providing logistical to Mutt's team, and helping with his vast global connections and substantial financial assets. Instead of writing grants, he got to fund them.
As well, he had a long career in academia, and was often happy to be found hanging out a dig sites and regaling younger archaeologists with tales of old. He was published, as is necessary to maintain a career as a professor, but only as much as was required.
The quirkiest quality of Professor Henry Jones was his complete willingness to travel at the drop of a pin. If he so much as received even a vague invitation for his friends or associates, he would fly off and go see them. It was during one of those trips that he disappeared.
A friend called from Argentina asking him to check out legends of some artifacts from the pre-colonization days of the country, and never returned. One legend is that because of a curse put on him in the name of Kali, an anaconda claimed his life while he was sleeping in an indigenous peoples' campsite. The more popular theory is that refugee remnants of the National Socialist party living in Argentina finally got their revenge.
The simple truth is, like the many artifacts he chased, he was lost to history.
| 26 |
Why can gravitational lensing result in both Einstein Crosses and Einstein Rings despite gravity being a symmetrical force?
|
Me and a colleague were looking at [this](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Cross) earlier, and it struck us as odd.
We have been familiar with [Einstein's Rings](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_ring) for many years, and this does not seem problematic to either of us as the symmetrical nature of gravity around the massive object causing the lensing would result in the gravitationally warped light making a ring from our perspective. But when we look at the Einstein's Cross, we can't help but wonder why is that image not smeared similar to the ring?
*Also, sorry for posting the same question again, it got buried last time and I am very curious.
| 1,368 |
It depends on the projected mass distribution of the lensing object.
If everything is aligned perfectly, and you have a spherically symmetric mass distribution in the lensing object, you get an Einstein Ring.
If instead of a spherically symmetric lens, you have an ellipsoid symmetry, you get the Einstein cross. The four objects will indicate the major and minor axes of the lens' mass distribution.
| 260 |
[MCU] Why didn't Captain Marvel take the gauntlet to space?
|
Why not fly up and put it on the moon or something? She's fast enough. Leave it there and come back and defeat Thanos's army. She's more than a match for Thanos himself and his army is fodder to her.
| 415 |
She is a soldier (Airmen) and arrived late to the fight. All she knows is there is a plan and that plan is get the gauntlet to Scott and Hope. She knows Cap is in charge and isn't in a position at the moment to clarify orders or question his plan.
| 609 |
Do insects sweat or show any other type of physical signs to excessive heat?
| 21 |
Death?
Okay, seriously now. Insects are generally better at handling cold than heat. Honey bees actually exploit this for protection/defense. The Asian Giant Hornet can devastate a bee hive that is unable to defend itself during an attack on the hive. Native Japanese bees, however, have evolved a defensive swarming technique where they envelope en mass the intruding hornet before furiously beating their wings. The heat given off by their flight muscles, when accumulated in the swarm ball, can raise the temperature at the center beyond what the hornet can tolerate, thus killing it. Professional/hobbyist beekeepers are also familiar with "balling" of a queen bee where the same swarming attack is used against an aging queen no longer able to lay eggs, a foreign queen that has somehow stumbled into the wrong hive, or just sometimes for no obvious reason a colony would reject a queen.
| 15 |
|
If no authority is just, should authority even exist?
|
Hi. I’m not a philosophy student or graduate or anything, I’m just a high-school student and poet who can’t help but overthink.
The titled question is something which i’ve summed up as my understanding of how no single person or position of authority can ever be perfectly just, because no human being is perfect. This can range from a parent to the a government to the Supreme Court of a country. None of these positions of authority are completely just or fair. If this is the case, what is the argument to give these authorities so much power, without a guarantee of justice. It’s a question which makes me think a lot and i’d like to know what this community feels about this.
| 18 |
Well there seems to be two questions here. One is if no authority is just, should there be authority? To which the answer would seem to be no.
But the question in the body of your text seems quite different, as it asks, if there is no perfectly just authority, should there be authority? To which it seems reasonable to say yes, if there are authorities which are broadly just then this can be perfectly acceptable.
| 10 |
How do we all recover from paper rejection?
|
A paper I worked on for several years was rejected after multiple rounds of review over almost a year. I went for a hike and am now on Reddit, drinking beer and eating crisps in bed (feeling quite disillusioned).
(Postdoc in materials science in a European university)
| 75 |
> drinking beer and eating crisps in bed
This sounds completely appropriate.
Allow yourself a day or two to sulk and wallow, that's fair. But then get back on the horse and start working through the comments, talk with colleagues for their input/advice in addressing them, polish up your story, try presenting posters/orally at conferences for more feedback, polish it some more, and resubmit.
| 73 |
ELI5: What exactly does it mean for an object to have "intrinsic" angular momentum? How can angular momentum be intrinsic instead of dependent on the frame of reference?
| 15 |
Spin as a quantum property (aka intrinsic angular momentum) can be thought of as analogous to angular momentum in the macro world, but it's not even close to a decent analogy. There is nothing actually spinning in an elementary particle like there is in a rotating macroscopic object. Electrons, quarks, photons, etc. all have "spin" and the math really makes it seem like there's something moving in a way that we would see as spinning around an axis if it were scaled up to a large object. But there's nothing actually spinning or rotating in any way. Truth is, other than the math working so well, we have no idea what the property we call "spin" actually is. What we do know is that the cumulative effect of lots and lots of electrons in an iron object (for example) spinning when exposed to a magnetic field can make the iron object spin on a macro level to preserve angular momentum. So, bizarrely, even though nothing spins in an electron, put enough of them together and influence their quantum spin with a magnetic field, you can make a macro-sized object actually spin. Quantum mechanics is weird. No matter how strange you think it is, it's actually far stranger.
| 29 |
|
You have a completely sealed container of air and a completely sealed container of honey. They both weigh the same. If both are completely submerged in water, would their buoyancies differ?
|
*You have a completely sealed container of air and a completely sealed container of honey. They both weigh the same. If both are completely submerged in water, would their buoyancies differ?*
In other words, would the one with air rise? If so, why? If it's completely sealed and the water doesn't 'know' that there's air in there, why would it float?
I'm probably missing something really basic here. I'm sorry if this seems like a stupid question.
Image semi-related: http://i.imgur.com/7ngyAZA.jpg
| 19 |
If the Jars are otherwise identical, then to make them weigh the same you have to have compressed enough air into the jar to make it as dense as honey to make it weigh the same. (note: This means you are already starting off with a heavy container to contain the force of compressing that much air, the difference between air and honey would be minor even before compression as you are making the containers match.)
If you are not compressing the air, then the jars are not identical. If the air-jar is a heavier, denser jar of the same size, designed to weight the same as the honey jar, they will act the same (total average density is equal)
If you simply have a larger jar of air to match the weight of air to the weight of honey, then the bigger jar is lessdense and displaces more water for the same amount of mass, thus will continue to float.
Boats float because most of their volume is stuff that weighs less than water (namely air). Fuel/oil tankers can afford to have much of their volume taken up with fuel or oil because those both weight less than water, though not as much less as air does.
| 10 |
[Starwars] who decided that droids should have their own language?
|
All of the astromechs I see in starwars and some other droids speak in their own language that not all people seem to understand while there are other droids that speak in english is there a reason for that? Because I think it would be much more helpful if all droids spoke English (or any other starwars language) not just their own language
| 832 |
Industrial Automaton's, the company that makes the R series including the famous R2D2, had a standard language they made called Binary which droids used to communicate. It was more useful for them than English (Galactic Basic, in star wars terms) because they could effectively communicate complicated sensory data in it. English (Galactic Basic) isn't set up for droids.
| 775 |
ELI5: Why aren't countries named universally in their native language?
|
For example, why does English language call it Germany rather than Deutschland and call it Japan rather than Nippon? It just seems like this adds confusion in language barriers.
EDIT:
Thanks for your input everybody.
**Explanation I deem satisfactory (paraphrased)**: Throughout history, worlds were so separated that you had to have a name for another place. These names could be derived from geographic locations, arts, writing, mannerisms, etc. This is unlike now where the world is so small (read: interconnected) and it is less of an issue to learn about other cultures and their languages as to what they call their land.
**Explanation I find unsatisfactory**: Because each language has different kinds of pronunciation.
I find this unsatisfactory because you can, and do, learn to pronounce words as you learn the words themselves. Just as you learn to pronounce the first and last names of people you meet which come from a variety of cultures and language origins. Then there are many instances like in this thread where you never pronounce it. You type and read it.
| 135 |
Most of the countries' names are that way for historical purposes. A prime example would be Georgia (the country). Georgians actually call their country Sakartvelo, which can be approximated with Latin characters just fine.
But since they spoke a unique language and wrote in unique text ( საქართველო ), people just started calling them "Those guys that like St George a lot" and the name stuck.
| 43 |
ELI5: What is the role of cold temperatures in to make people more susceptible to getting sick eg. “catching a cold”?
|
When I was a child, my mother would tell us not to be in the cold for too long as we would “catch a cold” — but it seems inconsistent with germ theory..
| 100 |
Ooh, this one is interesting and multifaceted. It's not actually being out in the cold itself that does it, although there is some evidence that cold weather hampers our immune response.
But for one thing, most viruses replicate and survive more easily at cold temperatures. It's why the flu seems to disappear in the summer and why a fever can be helpful. A viral particle in cold weather stays infectious for longer.
Winter means fewer hours of sunlight, which means less chance to boost your vitamin D production, which can reduce your immune response.
And to top it off, cold air holds less moisture, and the heaters we use inside dry the air out further. This dries out your sinuses, which makes them less effective at trapping viral particles - and considering we all spend more time inside during the winter, that means extra time for you to sniff up a viral particle sneezed out by your family member or to pick up some snot your friend who came in with a wintery running nose smeared on some surface.
| 111 |
ELI5: How exactly does a preservative preserve food and what exactly is a preservative?
| 7,431 |
Echoing what the others say, it's all about "available water".
Salt and sugar does the same thing - draw water away, or make the water too salty/sugary for bacteria to live in it.
Things that change the acidity kind of does the same thing - they make the water inhospitable, so the bacteria can't live in it.
You can also make a mix of the two, using a bit of vinegar and a bit of sugar.
Drying something also takes away the water.
* This is what is done with jellies and jam and fruit preserve and a lot of other things - olives too.
The only thing that's different from all of these only works on things that are sterile - you can cover the outside in something that's toxic.
The toxic thing can be a mold, strangely enough - because the mold makes toxins to protect itself, so other bacteria and molds can't survive. But it means you have to cut the outside away when you want to use it, and then you can't leave it, because you've opened a door for bacteria and different molds to "enter".
* Camembert is like this - the outer layer is a living mold that kills everything else.
The toxic thing can also be residue from smoke because the thin outer layer is toxic, the bacteria can't enter. We can take a big bite of it, though, because the layer is very thin, so there's not enough toxin to affect us.
* bacon and fish are often preserved like this
| 2,332 |
|
What's the minimum statistically significant amount for difference in income pay between genders where you could say that it's truly unequal?
|
*of difference, and in percentage
As in, at what percentage difference does it become clear that employers are systematically paying women less than men for the same job?
| 44 |
I think you're confusing statistical significance with practical significance. In theory, you could find a 0.01% difference in pay to be statistically significant with a large enough sample size. What you're asking is at what point do we say the magnitude of difference is no longer reflective of inequality. That's an ideological question, not a statistical one.
| 57 |
[Star Wars] What happens when someone gets hit by a blaster bolt?
|
I have been doing some research lately to try and answer the aforementioned question: what is the effect on someone who gets hit by a blaster bolt? For the purposes of the question, let's say the bolt is hitting bare flesh, not armor of some kind.
Are blasters just made out of the same stuff as lightsabers, and therefore go right through the flesh? Is it just a heavy hit, like getting struck by a rapidly moving solid object?
And how is it that armor of any kind would be able to protect against these bolts?
| 27 |
Depends on what you have it set to, kind of like the Dominator in Psycho-Pass. Various levels of pain like the trainer droid Luke fights while on the Millennium Falcon. Various levels of stun for the various types of beings in the galaxy, various levels of kill, fire blasters, blasters that use tibanna gas as ammo and are really more of a pulsegun, lasguns, etc.
Armor can be ablative, so it is just stuff in the way meant to evaporate when hit. It can be reflective material, it can be stuff like cortosis weave which is really really good at dissipating heat and shorting out lightsabers, it can just be insanely strong/dense metal, etc.
Or, yknow, personal shield devices.
| 14 |
How quickly does the temperature change from the surface of the sun to the near absolute zero of the interstellar medium?
|
I've often come across references to the average temperature "at the surface of the sun" being ridiculously high and have also come across references to the average temperature of interstellar medium being near absolute zero.
What I have not read before, however, is how quickly the temperature changes from one extreme to the other. For instance, what is the average temperature one kilometer above the surface of the sun? 10 kilometers? 100 kilometers? And so on...
| 80 |
Temperature as we know it breaks down in space. There simply isn't enough molecules/atoms/particles to define a temperature. Background radiation accounts for 3 degrees Kelvin above absolute zero, but it's important to know that even exposed to the vacuum of space you wont freeze instantly like you would in a substance at 3degrees kelvin.
The temperature barrier would then be right around where the corona stops iirc. Solar wind, or other groups of particles jettisoned from the sun will have temperature but other than that there isn't enough particles around to define a temperature.
| 16 |
ELI5: How does Grooveshark play whatever song you want for free while Pandora requires you to listen to radio stations with mandatory commercials?
| 34 |
Pandora operates completely legitimately, while Grooveshark technically does not. Grooveshark has been involved in the occasional lawsuit, and more will likely come. Its more a matter of the fact that Grooveshark has remained more under the radar, and with so many different sources of what may be called copyright infringement on the internet, it takes massive popularity for one roll into the spotlight enough so that it is targeted specifically by the RIAA or whoever else may be involved.
| 26 |
|
CMV:"X Privilege" as a phrase is no longer useful and the terminology should be abandoned in an effort to actually solve the issues presented by privilege.
|
" Insert-Prefix Privilege" Is no longer useful for accomplishing it's goals or reminding people of their privilege. Furthermore in the broader discussions with people unawares, mentioning privilege merely polarizes the argument to the point that discussion is impossible, which is exactly counter intuitive to the goals set by using the phrase in the first place. Also, while I am aware the proper use of the phrase is merely a jab at informing people that their decisions are informed or motivated by anecdotal evidence, the general population and thus the actual vocal majority of people who use "X privilege" as a phrase merely do so to invalidate other parties from offering their outsiders perspective on an issue. I.E. "You can't understand what I'm going through, check your privilege." If people who support privilege as an idea, desire to actually see results, you can't coin a phrase that just upsets the people who you are actually trying to cause change in to describe them because as far as they are concerned, it's all they've ever known and thus you are effectively insulting them. It's not effective.
Please, CMV.
| 15 |
I dunno, do people react badly to the term privilege because its become somehow toxic, or will those people react with hostility to any argument that implies that they have had a systemic advantage in life, when they derive a huge portion of their self worth from the (likely) mistaken notion that they "made it all on their own" or some such?
That's kind of what worries me about abandoning useful terminology just because certain folks decide its "insulting".
| 24 |
[MCU] does Iron Mans new armor surpass Wakandan technology?
|
Both the bleeding edge and panther amor use nanites, but iron mans armor also has strength enhancement, flight etc.
L
| 117 |
The Mark 50 took dozens of punches and energy blasts from Thanos and took the impact of a building-sized meteor.
T'Challa got one-shotted by Thanos.
I'd say every just about every Iron Man suit except the Mk 1 was more advanced than the Panther Habit.
| 148 |
ELI5: Why is the order of operations in math PEMDAS? Why not another order?
| 28 |
The higher-priority operations are also the higher-order operations -- i.e. you construct multiplication out of repeated addition, you construct exponentiation out of repeated multiplication. So the ordering is high-order stuff first, then lower order stuff.
| 31 |
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