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ELI5:How a site can display something in place of an ad that says "You are blocking our add and this hurts us" instead of just posting the ad | 58 | Ads are typically delivered by an "ad delivery network". This allows the ads to be targeted to you based on what is known about you from lots of other sites you visit (and that are served by the same ad delivery network). So...the way that ads are blocked is to block images and other content being delivered to your browser from known ad delivery networks.
In order to swap in another ad, the site would then had to get it from _somewhere_ and that would be another place that would be blocked. They know they can't really win this cat and mouse game so they chose to show a local image, not delivered from an ad network. | 44 |
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Is the Unit Circle and the Complex Plane related at all? | When learning trigonometry, the idea of the unit circle was the main mechanism to describe the effects of angles and the sine and cosine functions. Now that I'm learning about Q.M. and Euler's formula, etc, it's pretty evident that the imaginary plane and trigonometric functions are intertwined. How did these two sort of distinct ways to look at trigonometric functions (I.e the unit circle vs complex plane) come to be? Did one come from the other, or are they related? Is there a reason euler's formula and complex relations baren't taught in tandem with trigonometry? Thanks in advance! | 298 | I think you have it backwards. The unit circle is not the main mechanism to describe the trigonometric functions, the trigonometric functions are the main tool to describe the unit circle! Circles are what we want to know about, and trigonometric functions are one of the main ways that we do this.
With this in mind, note that circles are one of the most important things in Euclidean planar geometry. They geometrically keep track of distance. The Complex Plane is an ordinary Euclidean plane, and so the circles on it will help us keep track of distances on the complex plane. In fact, complex conjugation gives us a really direct way to access distance through the arithmetic of complex numbers (telling us that geometry and the complex numbers go hand-in-hand). The most basic of these circles is the circle centered at 0 of radius one which is just the Unit Circle as seen as a subset of the Complex Plane. So we have a setup where we've found a unit circle and we want to study it, and our main tool for this it trigonometry and the trigonometric functions.
So, because the Complex Numbers have a very, very close relationship with planar geometry, and trigonometry is how we analytically investigate planar geometry, we find that trigonometry and the Complex Numbers are often seen hand-in-hand. | 87 |
Could I have wireless electricity if my whole house was wrapped in an induction coil? | and my electronics had a coil too?
I.e., couldn't I turn my house into a giant wireless electronic toothbrush? | 27 | Yes. Tesla had a similar setup in his lab powering wireless work lights.
However the entire setup would be horribly inefficient, terribly expensive to build (copper isn't cheap), and would interfere with some electronics.
Not to mention pots and pans may stick to your walls. Oh wait, that would actually be really cool. | 37 |
CMV: Political discussion between the right and left amounts to nothing but 'You're wrong.' 'No, you're wrong.' | I'm talking about literally all of the political discussion by the public (i.e. 'civilians'), including the press and academics and internet etc. A good example would be megathreads on /r/politics with thousands of comments all debating eagerly. What they generally come down to is 'A is bad. B is good (or vice versa).' Now—Regardless of who is actually (the most) right in any particular case—my question is this: Say group A is indeed right. Then what is actually accomplished by asserting that? Surely not the agreement of the other party (even though we view that as the supposed 'goal' of the whole discussion)? All it accomplishes is for group A to affirm 'See, we were right.' (i.e., something they already believed) while group B keeps denying.
Sure, a minute portion of the whole might be swayed the other way (rare instances of someone being really receptive and the other party being adequately convincing). But I do not believe it will be decisive or even significant on the overall level; e.g. in actual voting results. The ratio doesn't really change. Behind all the pretense it comes down to 'The other party is stupid.' with no further effect than to find approval and confirm the beliefs one already holds. Especially with the rise of identity politics it becomes little different from trying to convince someone their preferred song is stupid.
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> *This is a footnote from the CMV moderators. We'd like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 49 | If you don't put the Democratic and Republican labels on these issues, they still exist, it isn't just people arguing for the sake of arguing.
You also need to realize that change does happen, 10 years ago it would be unimaginable that Gay marriage would be legal in every state today, and 100 years ago it would be unimaginable that women would have the same rights as men. During these time periods there were people passionately debating these issues on both sides in the same way as they are being discussed today, but people still changed their minds. | 28 |
ELI5: What prevents people in a coma from waking up? | Probably a very stupid question but I can’t wrap my head around it. For instance if someone had head trauma, why can they not wake up after a few days or so? What is it that keeps them unconscious for such a duration of time with nothing to wake them?
Edit: i’m confused why this got so many upvotes but thanks😁 | 5,499 | A coma is a state of minimal brain function, it's not like being awake or asleep. Neurons that should be firing and signals that should be transmitted aren't, during a coma. This is usually due to some sort of damage.
We use the Glasgow Coma Scale to judge whether someone is in a coma. It measures things like responses to pain and whether someone can open their eyes. A score of 8 or lower indicates someone is officially "in a coma", though the typical "laying in bed totally non responsive" imagery of a coma is usually indicative of a very low score on the Glasgow Coma Scale.
To sum up, a coma is when the brain can't function properly due to damage. This damage can have effects that cause them to not respond to their senses, and unconsciousness. | 4,653 |
In your institution, what are the odds of a PhD candidate getting a pay raise? | Hi all,
Some background to this question. My PhD candidacy is as an internal employee of the university, so in that position we get full salary, benefits and so on. Now, with that as a starting point. Within this position things have been going quite well and I have luckily been involved in things above and beyond the regular 'workload' of a PhD candidate, e.g. My supervisor and I do a project involving big names in our field from Stanford and Harvard and I've personally had numerous (national) media report on my work, always with of course our faculty's name attached.
While I enjoy my job a lot, obviously none of us work just for fun. So I'm contemplating discussing with my direct supervisor or HR to ask for an increase in salary that fits with the work I am doing that benefits both the law faculty and me.
My main worry is that they will say: 'Yes you've been doing many things but that is part of any PhD candidacy and does not warrant extra salary.'. However, in that case, no PhD could ever get a salary increase, and that seems ridiculous. So how do you look at this matter? | 48 | I know that given inflation etc some universities are giving raises at the moment. However, sometimes PhD salaries are set centrally or PIs are strongly discouraged from changing them (or led to believe that we can't but maybe we can).
Honestly it sounds like you're doing well. If you are really keen on a pay raise your best bet may be focussing on writing up and getting a new job. | 76 |
What is actually taking place in the brain/mind of someone suffering from body dysmorphia? How is it they can "see" others as the are but not themselves ? | That's basically it, just wondering how the mind is able to distort an image so drastically. It's as though you are showing them a circle and they swear it is a triangle. How does that happen ? | 36 | The distortion isn’t the mind interpreting different images objectively differently. There is cognitive distortion due to emotional hyper vigilance.
High anxiety with body image leads to hyperfocus on parts of owns own body in a way that a person is scanning parts of their image that feel threatening. Another person’s body isn’t threatening, so that highly critical hyperfocus distortion isn’t going to be there for others. | 39 |
CMV:If you go to someone’s place and they allow you to smoke your weed there, you should share with them for free. | I’ve noticed quite a few people don’t believe in this rule.
If you go to someone’s place and they allow you to smoke weed there, you are required to share with them, regardless of if they have their own or not.
It’s just common sense, you come into my house, you start smoking weed in my house, you better let me smoke with you or else you can go somewhere else.
There is no reason someone who brings weed to your place shouldn’t share with you. It is your house, if they want to smoke in your house, they should share with you, free of charge. | 2,205 | >There is no reason someone who brings weed to your place shouldn’t share with you.
I agree with you only if they're smoking recreationally. In that case, it's like bringing a bag of chips to your place and not sharing. They're being a douchebag.
But if they're smoking for medicinal reasons, it's different. They're not smoking as a fun activity, and it's not a given that you should be able to smoke as a fun activity because they're doing it for pain relief or whatever. On top of that, people who smoke for medicinal reasons often stop experiencing a high without increasing the dosage, so you'd be getting high while they're just normal. That just goes to show that you're partaking in totally different activites if you ask a marihuana patient to share with you. Finally, there are a whole host of other problems that may or may not apply with medicinal strains, such as
- it may not actually get you high
- it may be expensive
- it may be hard to get enough to share with people
- Sharing is likely illegal and they may not be comfortable with that. | 964 |
Why do dogs prefer to pee on vertical objects? | 85 | Animals navigate in much the same way that we do and use significant landmarks as waypoints and aids; like like boulders and tall trees. And in a modern context, lampposts and fire hydrants.
Urination is used as a navigational aid, a literal breadcrumb trail when exploring new places, as well as for marking out territory or signalling presence, or just urinating.
If you watch a dog on familiar territory after a heavy snowfall, their reaction can range from excitement to anger. Even though they know the territory well, all of the landmarks are "gone" as well as the scents, which results in a lot of confusion. | 37 |
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Would a Kevlar vest protect as well against crossbow bolts as it does small-arms fire? | 414 | It depends on whether the body armor is "soft" - woven, or "hard" - resin coated ballistic plates.
No way in hell does a crossbow go through a hard plate - those things can stop a 5.56 round and don't have the holes to slip through like the soft vests do.
The soft vest probably wouldn't stop it. Those things can't stop knife attacks a lot of times, and can be cut with scissors. Their ability to stop bullets doesn't translate into stopping slower-moving sharp objects. Spreading force from a fired round is different than stopping a crossbow bolt; the bolt would be able to spread the fibers and penetrate.
There is also special body armor specifically designed to stop sharp object attacks, usually used in prisons and the like. Those types can't stop bullets at all, but may be able to stop a crossbow bolt. Not sure, though, a fired bolt is different than a knife attack. | 319 |
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[DC] What ridiculous science fiction gym equipment would Superman have in his Fortress of Solitude? | 30 | It's been shown; ordinary equipment in a room that mimics Krypton. Superman makes himself 'normal' and trains like an average Kryptonian. iirc when he is injured under these conditions he heals super fast once he gets back to yellow sunlight. That means he can combat train on a daily basis. | 29 |
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[Final Destination Series] What happens to Death’s design if one of the survivors commit suicide? | 46 | It won't work, circumstance (Death) will work against them.
In the second film, Eugene (the biker) tries to shoot himself with Thomas Burkes gun, and it didn't fire, all six bullets loaded were duds, which is extremely unlikely to impossible to actually happen.
You won't die unless you subvert the rules or Death allows it, even then, subverting the rules seems to lead to a much more painful Death, cheat it once, it might let you off with an instant death, cheat it twice, it's going to make sure it hurts. | 67 |
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[Marvel/Death Note] So lets say The Punisher gets a Death Note, what happens? | Does anyone make it alive? Do the Avengers try to stop the Punisher and where does he draw the line between those he kills and those he saves? Does possessing a Death Note have any effect on Frank's psyche given that the Death Note [seems to warp the user's personality to make them addicted to killing](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mv4E9175EOY&feature=youtu.be&t=1m12s)?
**EDIT. Added how it works for those that haven't seen Death Note.**
The notebook has a death god bound to it and has the ability to kill anyone whose name is written on it. It can either kill them of a hearth attack 40 seconds after writing the name or you can actually take control of how they'll die up to a month.
For example the user can write "After giving all his fortune to charity, a week from now Lex Luthor gets on top of a skyscrapper and falls to his death" and the notebook will basically take control of Luthor and make him do it.
It has certain limitations:
- The user must know the full name of the person it will kill.
- The user must know the face of the person it will kill, a photograph can suffice.
- It seems to have a certain corruptive effect in that the user's of the Death Note tend to go insane and addicted to killing more and more people the longer they hold onto the artifact.
- It comes with a Death God called Shinigami and there's a magical contract that says when your time's up the Shinigami will write your name in the note and you'll die. It can happen at anytime and as such its better not to piss off the Shinigami bound to it but its inevitable, sooner or later it kills you. Afterwards your soul is eaten and doesn't reincarnate nor goes to hell or heaven. Also the Shinigami gains all the years of life of all the people killed with the notebook which is how they manage to stay alive.
- Can't make someone do something impossible like traveling the world to die on the other side in 5 minutes or having someone build nuclear fusion without the knowledge of it before dying. This only causes them to die of the default heart attack 40 secs later. | 242 | Frank draws the line between good and evil by severity of crime and intentions. A murderer in self defense would be approved of in Castle's eyes, but a murderer for revenge would be considered evil. Frank views the world as black and white, and shades of grey aren't something he acknowledges.
While possessing a Death Note may influence his methods, the Punisher is very strong willed. As such, he is unlikely to murder any innocents because it goes against everything he stands for.
The Avengers may notice the string of deaths of evil men and connect it to the Punisher, there is no way that Frank could be caught unless he became sloppy. And sloppy isn't a term that normally describes Frank Castle.
The thing is, Frank isn't an evil man. He just has a very strong moral code and strict terms of Good and Evil. Murder to him is simple a means to an end, rather than something that he enjoys. As such, he would be a man who doesn't abuse this new power beyond using it to kill men who he feels make the world a worse place. | 212 |
ELI5: Why do we take off our hats during the national anthem? | 223 | It supposedly stems from medieval times when knights would remove their helmets to show trust. But really, it's just tradition. Each generation is taught that taking their hat off is respectful. There's no good reason. We could just as easily say taking your wristwatch off is a sign of respect. | 232 |
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CMV: Journalism should be a licensed profession. | We require licensure for plumbers, electricians, doctors, engineers, etc., why not journalists? We are living in an an age when a single individual can address millions of viewers and readers simultaneously and near instantly. Surely the consequences of poor, unethical, or intentionally misrepresentative journalism could be just as destructive as an electrician without a license? Taking it a step further, there are several states where you can't even have the word "Engineering" in you company name unless you have a Professional Engineer on staff with a valid license. Why not do the same with the word "News?" | 15 | No it shouldn't.
Who gives the licenses? If there was corruption in the licensing process, who would expose it?
Freedom of the press is a very fundamental aspect of a free society. Anyone should be able to report news on what they see. Journalists should absolutely strive for integrity and honesty and bipartisanship, and consumers should support the journalists who live up to these standards. But there has to be freedom. | 45 |
[Pokemon] Did humans evolve from Mankeys? | Or Primeapes for that matter? Although they're not particularly humanoid. Perhaps we all came from Tyrogue; Hitmonchan is fairly human-like. I just found [this list of human-like Pokemon](http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Human-Like_(Egg_Group\)) on Bulbapedia but nothing seems conclusive. I'm curious what the human evolutionary line looks like in the Pokemon world. | 58 | There have been varying theories on how humans came to be in the Pokemon universe, some books in the Canalave City library document legends and stories that humans are Pokemon.
*"There lived a Pokémon in a forest.*
*In the forest, the Pokémon shed its hide to sleep as a human.*
*Awakened, the human dons the Pokémon hide to roam villages."*
Or even this...
*"There once were Pokémon that became very close to humans.*
*There once were humans and Pokémon that ate together at the same table.*
*It was a time when there existed no differences to distinguish the two."*
Some Pokedex entries state that one day a boy woke up as a Kadabra. Strange though it may seem, it's not untrue to say that humans could be Pokemon. But they are definitely not evolved forms of Primeape or Mankey. It is more likely that we evolved from a breed of Normal type Pokemon that shares a common ancestor with the humanoid Pokemon. This is similar to how the different the common normal/flying type bird Pokemon (Pidgey, Taillow, Starly, Pidove and Fletchling) appear to have the same basic form but are completely different from region to region. | 28 |
[Warhammer 40K] Okay. what's the catch about the Tau? | So far, from what I've seen, they're basically the only sensible people in the entire setting.
What's their dark secret?
For me - loss of culture isn't bad.
What I care for is free will and movement. | 31 | No. You are pretty much right. People like to overemphasize the negative aspects from various bits of lore because everything has to be grim and dark. There is one small, minor race who are not complete dicks. The Tau. And yes, their leadership does use some mind control. But the degree to which it is used is wildly overblown. They are not mind controlling everyone all the time, though they probably are using it to control the higher echelons of society. Which compared to what the other factions do, is still kind and benevolent. They abhor the kind of pointless slaughter and waste of lives which the Imperium embraces. the greater good is not simply whatever the ethereals decide, it is as much good for everyone in society as possible. A very utilitarian view. The typical Tau grunt or human worker or soldier anywhere is likely far better off on any Tau World than they would be almost anywhere in the Imperium and has more security and more freedom. The amount of freedom the typical worker in the Empire has compared to the typical worker in the Imperium would absolutely blow the mind of the average citizen of the Imperium. Their mind control is used strategically to maintain power, not to turn their entire race into zombies. So long as the job that you want to do needs to be done and you have the skills, you can probably change your job. There are elements of a command economy but it is not actual slavery. The typical member of the empire is just not important enough to ever have their mind messed with. And the rest of the galaxy is such a tremendously shity place that it very much makes them the good guys. People dislike the idea of there being any good guys because the setting is grim and dark, there are some good guys. The Tau. However, they are a very, very minor vase which holds very limited power. | 44 |
Do we assume the axioms of logic because they coincide with reality? | 74 | It's more complicated than that, but yes.
The axioms of a given logical system are chosen by those who create and/or use the logic. There are a number of reasons that might motivate accepting an axiom, but usually the story goes like this:
We have in mind some set of arguments that we think are good arguments, and we want a formal system to capture them. So, we build (or utilize existing) formalisms to represent those natural language arguments symbolically. Then, we agree on some basic axioms that seem plausible on their own such that when we string them together, we can prove the target arguments are good ones. Then, we test our resulting system for other good-making features of a logic: soundness and completeness, usually. | 41 |
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ELI5: How do doctors put you into an induced coma? | 19 | Well, it would be simpler to talk about a coma first. Being in a coma means you are comatose, meaning you don't respond to other stimuli (Being poked, bright lights, smells, dropping your hand on your face, etc). Now to achieve this comatose state is difficult. Our bodies have so much internal "hard" wiring that functions 24/7. For example, if you were sleeping, and someone picked up your hand and tried to drop it on your face, you would either wake up or subconsciously move your hand so it would not hit your face. Being in a coma just means that your body is so close to death, and is moving so slowly, that even such things as that example don't work.
To put someone into a medically induced coma, doctors inject a barbiturate into your body. Barbiturates are drugs that depress your central nervous system (Not make it sad, depress as in calming it down, and making the system not do everything it can). Barbiturates come in different types, but the two that are most commonly used are pentobarbital and thiopental. Doctors account for your body mass and give you a dose of these drugs that could nearly kill you. Instead, it just slows your body down so slow that only the most basic functions (heart beat, breathing) still function properly.
Td;dr: They give you drugs that bring you within an inch of your life. The drugs slow your body down to the point where higher bodily functions cannot work, so you're put into a comatose state. | 16 |
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ELI5: What prevents a molecule from instantly returning to its base elements? | Why does any molecule, like water for example, stay water rather than going back to hydrogen and oxygen? And what prevents the reverse, say water cannibalizing all the hydrogen and oxygen it comes in contact with to make more water? | 84 | Because it's more stable to be in molecule form than to react in the first case. It's like a ball rolling up a small hill, and then rolling down a bigger hill. It won't spontaneously teleport back up to the top of the hill. You have to push it back up, in a process called electrolysis for your water example.
And in your second case, that's not how chemical reactions work. You have to have a minimum energy in order to react things. That's the rolling up the small hill. It's not always spontaneous, even if the molecular form is more stable.
And the product of the reaction being present does nothing to the rest of the reaction. | 100 |
CMV: I think the American military is bad | My son want's to join, he's 22 and out of college with a BS. He has tried to convince me that even though the military institution is abused by the politicians govern it, and is itself filled with toxic leadership, that it's good to have progressive minded people working there. He wants to do it; he believes that this is what will make him happy, despite the cost. He says that more intelligent and qualified people need to join, who are less nationalistic (different than being patriotic), less hateful, and less racist.
My wife and I think we're being a bit more realistic. You can't change the military. You have no voice. You are a pawn used in game played by the elite who do not represent the base population very well. The military polices the world, and our soldiers appear more like Imperial storm troopers from Star Wars than anything else. There is no benefit in sending our sons and daughters to fight for mere economic gain. Maybe I'm pessimistic because of the last 13 years or so of conflict in the middle east, which seems more like money wars than anything else.
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 287 | >He has tried to convince me that even though the military institution is abused by the politicians govern it, and is itself filled with toxic leadership, that it's good to have progressive minded people working there. He wants to do it; he believes that this is what will make him happy, despite the cost. He says that more intelligent and qualified people need to join, who are less nationalistic (different than being patriotic), less hateful, and less racist.
This is a much more mature viewpoint than most have on the military. The fact is that any organization, including the military, only becomes rotten and corrupt when good people cease trying to make it noble.
I would certainly argue that the majority of what the military has done and continues to do is noble and positive. It is easy to pick out the minor conflicts over the past 20, 30, or 40 years and see the military as oppressive and bad. However, it is much more difficult to put those conflicts into their historical context. They *are* minor. The world has seen decades upon decades of what amounts to a golden age under the watch of the US military. Lambast "world policing" if you want, but as the dominant military force in the world the US is responsible for a lot more than people realize. Free trade and exchange between nations is largely due to the US Navy keeping the oceans free, for instance. The US military has ensured that most people can go about their lives without fearing obliteration by weapons of mass destruction. These jobs are difficult, and nearly impossible to do effectively without stepping on someone's toes. The alternative to the US continuing to hold this role would be to hand it over to another nation who is much less likely to give the same weight to things like human rights. Someone *will* hold the reins of the world if or when the US ceases to do so.
Consider that your son has never known a world which has had war on the scale that your parents understood it. It was common in the world wars for more soldiers to die in a single day than have died in the past decade in these modern conflicts. The destruction wrought by war is tragic, but the very fact that so little death (on a global scale) is so shocking and tragic is testament to the reality of the age of peace we live in.
Getting away from the existential need for the US military and the need for good people in it, have you considered what your son will personally get out of it? The military is a good opportunity on a personal level, and need not necessarily become a lifelong career. Your son will likely be under a 4-6 year service obligation during which he'll essentially be paid to become better. He'll be given opportunities to learn new things, he'll be expected to maintain himself physically, he'll receive excellent healthcare. Perhaps most valuable of all, he'll have networking opportunities with those in his field. If after this initial obligation he decides the military isn't something he wants to make a career of, he'll still have all that education, the contacts he's made, (hopefully) good exercise habits, and last but not least the opportunity to continue his education with the GI Bill. If you're absolutely right about his decision and he is unable to achieve his goals in the military, it means he'll be out before he's 30 with every asset he could possibly want to start a successful civilian career. | 178 |
ELI5: Why does adderall calm down ADHD people and make non ADHD people hyperactive? | 70 | Imagine your brain is like a television set. When you are doing a task, your brain is set to a specific channel. It's receiving information, processing that information, and being active. The channel doesn't change often, unless you want it to. People who have a set of neurological issues we call ADHD have a television whose channel flips randomly, especially if the channel it's on doesn't have enough information to receive and process. ADHD medications add a level of background noise to the televisions reception, so that even if the program that is currently on doesn't have enough information, the channel won't change because the television is getting additional information. A person with a neurotypical brain, will instead have their television channels change more quickly with the medication because they are getting too much information for the television to handle. | 89 |
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Played guitar for the first time in a while which resulted in a blister on my fingertip. Almost immediately, there was fluid in it. Where does that fluid come from? | 37 | It's basically blood plasma--the liquid part of blood without any red blood cells, which is water with sugars, proteins, and some other things dissolved in it. Pretty much all of the cells in your body are floating in a bath of this stuff all the time, which leaks out from the capillaries in your body. This is how cells get and exchange gas and nutrients.
Essentially the deeper layers of your skin got damaged from the pressure from the strings. When you get tissue damage, the small blood vessels around the area start opening up their walls a bit to let more of the fluid out along with a few white blood cells to clean up anything that got into the wound. Since the top layer of your skin didn't get damaged, the fluid just kinda collects underneath it as it leaks out. The reason it's not filled with blood is because there wasn't enough damage to the tissue to break any blood vessels, which would lead to red blood cells getting out. | 64 |
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If the Moon is slowly moving away from us, what will happen to the Earth when this actually happens? | It seems the moon is moving farther and farther away from the Earth every year. When the moon is no longer in orbit, what will happen to the Earth and the moon? | 36 | The Moon will never leave orbit. Its track widens at a rate of only a few centimeters per year, and given current rates of change, the Earth will become tidally locked with the Moon (keeping the same face constantly toward each other) long before it can to leave orbit. At that point its orbit will stop expanding, so we'll still have the Moon when the Sun expands into a red giant and engulfs us in its last days. | 40 |
ELI5: How does a graveyard stay in business after it's full? | 45 | Even after a cemetery is full there are still maintenance costs for things like landscaping and security. Cemeteries have a few ways to keep paying those fees.
In many states in the United States, cemeteries have to set aside a portion of each purchase for a perpetual trust. The interest earned on that trust is supposed to be enough to continue operating the cemetery once it fills up.
In some places like Germany graves are leased for about 20 years or so. After 20 years if no one renews the lease the headstone is removed and the grave becomes open to a new occupant. Under this system cemeteries are always making sales because graves either open up or get re-leased.
In some places like England they go for double decker graveyards. Some cemeteries will dig a grave deeper so that another coffin can be fit above while still buried.
Not every cemetery is financially successful. What happens when a cemetery goes bankrupt is pretty highly dependent on the specific situation and applicable laws.
| 36 |
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[Roger Rabbit/ general cartoon question] we see Roger kiss Eddy because he thinks it’s funny. We’ve seen lots of looney tunes do that too. Thing is, that Eddy takes offense from that. We know that toons don’t condone murder but where do the toons draw the line on sexual harassment/ assault? | 81 | The same as everything else- they support it when it's funny. Or more accurately, they support it when *they think it's funny*. Note that Judge Doom *can* use his powers to commit murder because he finds murdering people hilarious, while other toons can't because they're not sadistic monsters. So it depends on the toon and the prevailing toon culture.
In Roger Rabbit, it's your standard 1940s approach- rape isn't funny, but unwanted kissing is. Consent is something easily overlooked in pursuit of a punchline. The toons are, after all, very literally a product of their times, and have the same opinions of the humans of the 1940s.
More modern toons likely have more enlightened views as to the funniness of these actions- see the quiet dropping of Pepe Le Pew. Like any species, their views have developed, and what was once wacky hi-jinks are no longer funny. Although of course you've still got your Cartmen and Peter Griffins arguing that this is all PC Correctness Gone Mad.
In short, where they draw the line is very similar to where we draw the line- it depends on who you ask. | 61 |
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[A New Hope] When Obi Wan drives off the Tusken Raiders, he says, "We'd better get indoors, the Sand People are easily startled..." Is there any reason to believe that the Tusken Raiders would not attack you, just because you're inside? | *Howls in distance* | 130 | It's not so much that you're inside, as if a Tusken Raider is going to be stymied by a thin wall. Rather it's that Obi-Wan, as most folks would, had his home in a place that's unlikely to come under attack from Raiders.
Though the biggest factor is the second part of what Obi-wan said there: "They'll soon be back, and in greater numbers." Raiders were coming back to that spot. They weren't going to Obi-wan's house. | 142 |
[Avatar: TLA] Would a full scale invasion as originally planned have even worked with only 8 minutes on the eclipse? | So let's say that Zuko joins the Gaang during the Book 2 finale, Azula and the Dai Li are captured, and the Fire Nation never learns about the invasion ahead of time. Basically the absolute best case scenario. Even with all this I'm doubtful if a full scale invasion would have worked.
The actual invasion force in the show proper only got as far as it did because they were small enough to sneak right up to the captial city's shore. A massive army would have to deal with the blockade and the Gates of Azulon. In "The Avatar State", General Fong claims that the Earth Kingdom wouldn't even be able to make it to the Fire Nation's shore under normal circumstances, which means that they'd need the eclipse just to reach the mainland. But by then the eclipse will be over, and they'll need to deal with the most powerful Firebenders, including the Fire Lord, without any assistance.
Overall, I just don't see the invasion ever succeeding even with all the advantages on their side. | 21 | There's a reason it's a small army and not an invasion force.
The idea isn't to take down the entire fire nation. As you say, 8 minutes isn't enough time. The idea is to kill the *Fire Lord* while he's defenseless, hopefully damaging the fire nation (which seems to be a total autocracy and cult of personality) enough for an *actual* invasion to be plausible. There's a reason Azula's defence was to waste their time to prevent them going after the Fire Lord.
It's not a battle-winning thing itself. It's a surgical strike on the leadership, hopefully throwing the nation into enough disarray for a more conventional invasion to be on the table. | 39 |
ELI5: How did they come up with the theory that a Mars sized planet, Theia, collided with early Earth creating the moon? | Watching The Universe on H2 and they told about a Mars sized planet, Theia, colliding with Earth and creating the moon. Is there any proof of this? If not what lead to that theory? | 26 | It's impossible for a satellite the size of the Moon to be caught in a planet the size of Earth's gravity. Plus the material make up of the moon is similar to that of our crust/mantle.
Couple that with lots of simulations showing that another planet had to swipe by the Earth a couple times to put up enough material without destroying them both, and it's the best theory we've found thus far. | 12 |
Jobs for economics majors? | I’m currently attending community college for another 3 quarters until I transfer to a 4 year, and I only have class twice a week. I was curious as to what part-time jobs would be most beneficial to any future endeavors in economics? (I’m not sure exactly what I want to do after I graduate, I’m interested in financial advising if that helps.) I’ve applied to a few banks for teller positions but other than that I’m out of ideas. I appreciate any input, thanks! | 17 | Sounds nerdy, but data entry. Hopefully you’ll be able to work on some data analyst level projects that you can apply a lot of the economic models you learn throughout your degree. I.e. regression models you’ll learn from econometrics. | 12 |
[DCU] How do I join the justice leauge? | Guess who's got two thumbs and lightning powers? This gal!
I have a codename, I have a costume, I've stopped a few major schemes and even got my own (somewhat small) rouges gallery! But I think it's time to step up to the big team to go futther into superheroing. So I'd like to join the Justice League. Like, i recognize I can't get in with the big seven but I assume there's a b-team or support staff something?
So...how do I go about this? Do they have an email I can submit an application to? A secretary? Or is it just a case of I stop crimes until I'm invited? If I bump into the Flash, can i ask him to put in a good word for me, or is that too gauche? Do I need a proper archnemesis? Do i have to save the world first?
I need to jump my superhero career into its next step. How do I get in to the Big Boy's club of superheroing? | 464 | Fastest way is impress Batman. His opinion carries the most weight, because he's Batman! Impressing anyone else, even Superman, would be good, but they'd probably just put in a good word and say you are someone to watch and perhaps use for a few trial runs. But if Batman says your good enough to be League and then anyone questions him, he'll just use that Bat-Stare and they'll change their mind immediately... Because he's Batman!!! | 371 |
[Star Wars] what was the significance/advantage behind Dooku's curved saber hilt? | Dooku had a lot going for him, 1. He was played by Christopher Lee and 2. He had that awesome curved saber hilt. As someone who's interested but never experienced much of the EU, why exactly did he have such a hilt? And how was his fighting style changed by it? | 96 | From a fencing perspective, it brings the blade forward when he grips it (instead of pointing up). It's not a huge difference in angle, but it can have a pretty distinct difference in style.
First, think of how you block with a lightsaber. You hold it next to you, creating a sort of wall that the enemy blade lands on. When you're gripping a straight hilt and keeping your blade up, you can block like that to the left and right very quickly. With Dooku's grip, you have to move the blade much farther, and it won't be as strong. Instead, you have to catch the blade while it's still moving forward and guide its momentum from the outside, deflecting the attack.
When attacking, the blade stays mostly pointed at the enemy. This allows it to make quick, small circles around the grip. For someone accustomed to the kinds of blocks described above, these can be very tricky to stop. To stop an attack near the hilt, you really have to move the hilt out of the way and *then* block. This movement is different enough from your standard block that it's going to throw a lot of people off.
The curved grip lends itself to a specific style, one that is based heavily on finesse and small movements. The lightsaber, generally, is a weapon based on very large motions aided by the lightweight nature of the weapon. Most Jedi fight by making large circles - the weightless blade allows the Jedi to cover their whole body in an instant. There's a reason for that - it's just better. Dooku's style is just not as good.
*But*
In fighting like that, there are more important considerations than what is "best." His style is different, and likely one that is rarely encountered by most Jedi. His own speed and skill (and natural finesse) allow him to compensate for many of the style's weaknesses, and most of his opponents are unprepared for it's unorthodox nature.
Tl;dr: He essentially uses the saber as less of a slashing weapon and more of a stabbing weapon. A master swordsman can adapt to that style, but most simply won't know how to defend against it.
Final note: This is basically based on the idea of an epeeist fencing saber, or a saber with a pistol grip. | 131 |
ELI5: What about honey makes it not expire? | 37 | The main reason is because honey is almost completely sugar. That high sugar concentration dehydrates any cells that try to take up residence through osmosis. (Osmosis being like a gravitational pull toward balance.) If there's water inside of a cell that falls into the honey, the honey will pull water out of the cell until the proportion of water to sugar inside the cell is equal to the proportion outside the cell.
Since the honey had such a high sugar content, a single cell just doesn't have enough water in it to make a dent in that so the honey ends up pulling nearly all the water out of the cell, killing it in the process.
There are some things that can survive without any water; botulism spores have already been brought up and are a great example of why we pasteurise honey, despite how well it kills bacteria on its own.
There are other properties that play lesser roles like a chemical secreted by the bees called defensin-1 which works as an antibiotic but these other properties pale in comparison to the mighty osmotic pressure.
What this means, though, is that, yes, honey has antimicrobial properties but the main one (osmosis) goes away the moment you dilute it because the balance mentioned earlier is much easier to reach if the overall solution has a lower percentage of sugar.
In turn, that means that honey does not pass it's abilities on to you by drinking it since you dilute it with your saliva and stomach acid. In other words, if someone tells you it will help fight off a cold because of its antimicrobial properties, they don't know what they're talking about.
It will, however, make your throat feel better temporarily but that's another ELI5. | 61 |
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CMV: Inheritance tax is ridiculous. | I am not a "tax is theft" libertarian or even any kind of libertarian. If anything I learn more towards socialist, but I cannot get behind the idea of inheritance tax. Society and sound government requires taxes and I think it's absolutely fair to have taxes on income, sales, purchases, whatever. But for government to come in when a dying person passes on their belongings or money to someone they care about and snatch away a piece of it is a step too far.
I am currently living in Spain and was chatting to some Spanish people today. They mentioned that if you inherit a house you are required to pay a portion of the value as tax. However since Spain is in recession it is extremely difficult to sell the house, and some people are forced to forfeit the property in order to be aligned with the law. This is not the basis of my belief, but it is what motivated me to post this to CMV.
I want someone to give me a good reason to CMV since I think taxes are overall a positive thing. This is just one instance I think is outrageous.
**TL; DR** I understand the need for and support taxation but I cannot support government interference in a dying person's gift to another person. CMV!
EDIT: A few people are bringing up the situation in the US, where inheritance tax doesn't apply to amounts under 5 and a half million. That's fine. Well done USA. But just because it's adjusted and applied like that in the US doesn't make the concept any more agreeable when used throughout the rest of the world. I am not interested in talking about the US example if your argument is based around "the US has this special set of circumstances and therefore the tax is ok".
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 99 | If we want to live in a merit based society, then allowing some people to inherit large sums of money will result in the misallocation of resources and unfair starting points.
For instance a person might become a farmer simply because they inherited land and operating capital, whereas a person more adept at farming but without the advantage of inheritance might face far steeper or even reasonably insurmountable start up costs. Thus the rewards for production would be unfairly distributed and human capital would be inefficiently employed.
[Note: this is a reason why an inheritance tax would be good - fairness and resource allocation. Implementation is a whole other problem.] | 40 |
ELI5: Why can the sound volume of commercials on internet TV be double the actual show's volume? | 15 | The commercials are allowed to be as loud as the shows. That means if the show has a gunshot, or an explosion, or a big dramatic music swell, then the commercial is allowed to be as loud as that. Thing is, the loudest sound in the show lasts for a few seconds at most, whereas the volume in the commercial is as high as that for the whole 30 seconds. | 22 |
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ELI5: Anakin's Force Ghost | Why is it that Yoda and Obi-Wan's force ghosts show them near the end of their life while Anakin's is when he was young? Anakin repented and denounced the dark side of himself fell back on being a Jedi before his death. Why doesn't he look like that? | 32 | You may not know this, but in the original version of Return of the Jedi, they did in fact show Anakin's force ghost as an old man. They changed it when they cast Hayden Christensen as young Anakin. The original old Anakin force ghost was played by Sebastian Shaw (who played Vader without his mask on.)
I always thought of the force ghost as a representation of the best parts of that person's personality. Yoda and Obi-Wan were wise, and so they are represented as old. In the original, old Anakin's force ghost was shown, which represents him as a man who finally chooses family over evil. The new version, which shows young Anakin, shows the good Anakin before he went evil. | 34 |
ELI5: Why 3G Is Worthless On My LTE Phone, But 3G Was Fine On My 3G Phone | I have an LTE/4G phone which while receiving an LTE signal is fast and fine. However, sometimes it drops to 3G coverage and data is almost unusable. Up until about 2 months ago I was using a 3G phone with no LTE capabilities. While it wasn't as fast as LTE, I also had no complaints, it worked.
So why does my LTE phone become near useless in the same 3G only coverage areas?
Edit: Verizon, iPhone 4s to 5s, in case it matters. | 32 | In the default mode, the phone will prefer a 4G network over a 3G network, and any time it drops to 3G, it will begin searching for a 4G network to connect to instead. Depending on how well that particular search logic is implemented, it may end up expending a lot of resources in a fruitless search for a signal that just isn't there, or is just barely there, resulting in very high signal failure rates (where the signal is just good enough to detect its existence, but not good enough to function, which then requires multiple attempts to send the same data). If your phone has the option to select the radio mode, try turning it to 3G instead of 4G/3G. Disabling 4G entirely will give you a much better point of comparison, and probably a better result as well. | 12 |
[Jurassic Cinematic Universe] Regarding the Tyrannosaurus Rex and combat | [Spoilers for *Jurassic Park*, *Jurassic Park III*, and *Jurassic World*]
Now that we've gotten another wave of leaked reports about another incident involving the engineered/recreated dinosaurs causing trouble and killing, something odd stuck out to me.
The Kirby interviews back in 2002 talked about how they witnessed a fight between a tyrannosaurus rex and the spinosaurus, which lasted less than a minute and in which the tyrannosaurus was seemingly dispatched quite easily.
Now, however, the leaked Owen Grady report talks about how the 'indomitous rex' had real trouble fighting a tyrannosaurus, despite being genetically engineered to be physically superior (stronger, much smarter, more dexterous, larger jaw, camouflaging, etc.).
What accounts for the disparity? Is the spinosaurus really that capable in combat with other super predators? Can we determine that the spinosaurus could have killed the indomitous rex easily? Or were there other factors at play, like the inexperience of the indomitous rex or the significant experience of the now-older tyrannosaurus from the first Jurassic Park incident? Or are two fights simply too small a small size from which we can draw conclusions? | 38 | The Tyrannosaurus dispatched by the Spinosaurus was, effectively, a teenager. Smaller, less experienced, cocky.
The Adult Tyrannosaurus is more wily and experienced, it's fought Raptors, it's mated (and Tyrannosaurus mating believe you me involves a fight, the male has to force the female to submit the first time). It's fought Carnotasaurus', which also have the camouflage ability, etc.. Basically, the adult T-Rex is king for good reason. | 28 |
ELI5: A circle is 360°. Is that arbitrary? Could we divide a circle by 100? | Thanks guys, that's a shitton more info than I was hoping for! | 4,227 | Yes, and there have been other divisions.
Some engineers use grads, which divide a right angle into 100, and maths often uses radians, of which there are 2Pi in a circle.
EDIT: Many people have rightly pointed out that suggesting radians are arbitrary is wrong. Yes - you're right - it's part of fundamentals of the universe.
| 3,733 |
[Star Wars] Someone made a post about why would Palpatine want Luke to kill him (to goad him to the Dark Side). But what if Luke had actually succeeded in just randomly striking the Emperor down right then and there in the throne room? | 52 | Vader probably would have made the pitch for he & Luke to rule the galaxy together as father & son, and this time without the Emperor it might have held more weight; they could end the battle within a couple of minutes, and then start sorting out a general truce between the Empire and the Rebellion as a preliminary to trying to re-establish the Republic...the unreformed Vader and Luke will probably clash more than once as they deal with unexpected political and social pressures, emotions running high, difficulty controlling the two sides of the galactic civil war, and some incident may be triggered where one or both of the pre-eminent Force users is forced to order some brutal reprisal or massacre...
...and that's probably about the time the Emperor will make his startling comeback, since he was a serious body-hopper in the old Expanded Universe. | 42 |
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Breaking a bar magnet in half creates two new bar magnets with a north and south pole. How many times can a bar magnet be broken in half until the poles of the new parts are no longer discernible? | *Well this has been blown up quite a bit so I'll leave it at that.*
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Pretty much as the question states.
Basically, how many times can [this](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CuttingABarMagnet.svg/540px-CuttingABarMagnet.svg.png) be done until the poles of the new pieces are no longer discernible, or will they always be there?
~~edit: I'm studying for my physics midterm tomorrow - which actually prompted this question - so I'll get back to replying soon. It's all making much more sense though, thank you!~~
The answer seems to be: ~~... **until you are left with an atom**~~. Well, the question still stands. Discussion of [magnetic domain](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_domain) has been brought up as a possible conclusion.
A follow-up question involving magnetic domains: [this gif](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Moving_magnetic_domains_by_Zureks.gif/220px-Moving_magnetic_domains_by_Zureks.gif) shows many magnetic domains become one big magnetic domain, or a magnetic crystal. What properties does a magnetic crystal have since it's only in one alignment? What else is happening here?
...
An easy answer to the main question would be a singular atom, due to a single atom's own magnetic field. However, for purposes of practicality, magnetic domains are the components of a magnet and are what we would be splitting. Indeed, an atom can kind of pose as its own magnetic domain but that's reaching.
________
*Related Papers on theoretical & experimental results of magnetic monopoles via Spin Ice*
Sciencemag: "[Dirac Strings and Magnetic Monopoles in the Spin Ice Dy2Ti2O7]
(http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5951/411.abstract)"
arXiv: "[Spin Ice](http://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.2772v1.pdf)" (PDF)
Nature: "[Magnetic Monopoles](http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v305/n5936/abs/305673a0.html)" | 2,167 | The poles aren't physical things. The magnets are made of atoms, and each atom can be thought of as producing a tiny magnetic dipole field. When they're all pointing randomly, they cancel out, but when they are aligned, there is a net magnetic field. So if you cut a magnet again and again and again, you'll eventually have a lot of atoms. | 756 |
[lotr] what is the fertility rate of elves? | 17 | Relatively low. Elves rarely had more than four children even in the Elder Days, and this number only grew lower as the centuries passed. The record high number of children is believed to be the seven born to Feanor and Nerdanel. | 23 |
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Is sales/consumption tax actually regressive? | I asked [a question](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEconomics/comments/yfutpq/what_is_the_best_paybyuse_scheme_for_public_roads/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3) on this sub a while ago where I brought up sales tax and [one commenter](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEconomics/comments/yfutpq/comment/iu6lb56/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3) told me it was regressive. The logic was that lower income brackets have a higher marginal propensity to consume, and so would pay more in sales tax.
What I don't get, though, is how that ultimately makes it regressive. Saved money has to be spent at some point. If you just stuck it under a mattress and kept it there forever it would eventually be lost to inflation. So when the saved money is finally spent, the tax on consumption is the same. I would expect the only difference to be *when* the tax gets paid. Am I wrong on that? | 16 | The other commentor is right in that in any given low income worker will likely be saving less in any given year and thus will be paying a larger share of their income in that year as taxes. You are right that this evens out over the life cycle given people eventually spend their savings.
There are a few flies in this ointment however. One related to gifts and inheritances. A wealthy person might derive value from giving gifts to family, charities, politicians, etc. The value of being able to make such a transfer escapes taxation, even though the recipient is eventually taxes when they spend the gift.
Another relates to investment. A wealthy person might be able to invest a larger share of their income and receive a return on it. In one sense, this is irrelevant since spending the return leads it to be taxed. But if you think relative to initial income, the lack of an income tax allows the wealthy person to translate their initial income into a larger post investment income, giving them an edge the low income person doesn't have in terms of the ability to increase their income. This isn't necessarily bad but one might view this as unfair and regressive in some broader sense. | 18 |
[The Hobbit] - What exactly is the Arkenstone? | Is it magical, radioactive, or merely a gemstone of exceptional clarity and quality? Do we know what type of gem it is? or really anything else/more specific about it? | 67 | It's just a honkin big gemstone. It's exceptional cut and quality are not all natural, it's just as much a product of dwarven craftsmanship as it is natural beauty. That's one of the reasons its so important as an heirloom, it really represents what the dwarves of Erebor were capable of. That they could find one of the most beautiful gemstones in the world and make it even better.
As for Why everyone seems to go nuts for it, it's not magic. It's just greed. | 90 |
[Into the Spider-Verse] what the hell was MJ doing at a spider themed party held by Wilson Fisk? She definitely would’ve known that they were enemies | 342 | Unfortunately, with Parker's death, she and Aunt May were thrust into public light, so even though SHE knows that Wilson Fisk is the Kingpin, for wider public it would be weird if she for unknown reason snubbed invitation from wealthy philanthropist to honor her fallen fiance. | 340 |
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ELI5: Why do livestreams take 15-30 seconds from being sent to being seen, but videogames can send complex movements of many players near instantaneously? | 25 | Because video games are being rendered on your local machine. The World of Warcraft servers aren't sending frames to your computer, they're sending "player "loldude" x=2563 y=4403 NPC "person mcPersonson" x=2582 y=4430 ...", and your computer uses that information to inform how it builds the screen that gets shown to you.
When you're streaming, then you are actually sending frames over the internet. You need to send the color data for every single pixel on the screen, as well as the audio that goes with it. | 75 |
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ELI5: How does my 5 month old daughter know sad songs are sad? | My wife and I found this out by accident but without fail really sad songs/ songs in a minor key with a slow tempo will make her start crying with real tears. How does she know they are sad without any context for what a happy or sad song is? Edit: this song in particular gets to her the most https://youtu.be/zZkih54evUs Edit Edit: here's some video proof, https://youtu.be/5okkn23JZ68 is her listening to the song and https://youtu.be/LQp6kwtMMhg is immediately after. | 332 | Specific keys and modes carry emotional cues independent of culture. The brain just reads them as jubilant, sad, angry, tense/scared, etc innately. Now these are then reinforced by culture in the way the people around us react and what we choose to play the music with as well and at a point this cultural component may be larger that the base, but the base is still there. Your child is likely picking up on these base cues as well as your reactions to it. | 179 |
[General Sci-Fi] What are some effective and realistic ways to defend the solar system from an alien invasion? | Assume the governments of Earth are willing to share their resources. The invasion is not imminent, so Earth has lots of prep time, but for some reason we've been convinced that we have to start preparing for an attack now. The defenses can be set up as early as the present day, but any reasonable technological advances that could be expected to come about in the next century can be implemented as they arrive.
How should we arrange our defenses to protect our star system (and most importantly, our planet) from outsiders if we have no specific details about them?
Edit: Autocorrect thinks everything is possessive, I swear I know how to use apostrophes. | 35 | Well just the act of the worlds governments coming together to agree on something will go a long way, in and of itself. If we don't have to worry about defending nation from nation then we can instead direct all those resources into developing space based weapons platforms and soldiers.
Given our current understanding of physics, conventional weapons will still be our best hope. And hope that whoever is invading doesn't have some shielding against that. We'd basically be the Minmatar in the Eve online universe.
Once Earth is fortified with orbiting bases, we can concentrate on expanding to the outer and inner planets as we can; although its best to not get spread too thin most of the other planets are relatively useless to us anyway except for possible mining operations or weapons platforms. | 31 |
[Terminator] What is the best or viable way for a pregunpowder civilization to best deal with a T-800 Terminator bent on disrupting history? | Assuming the Terminator is sent back and has to use the technology of that time.
For example if a T800 was sent back to the times of King Leonidas and the famed 300 battle, the Terminator will be using the equipments and weapons of the Persian army, or maybe the hoplite gear, depending on its programming of disrupting human history. | 20 | Repeatedly burn it enough to destroy the meat bits (makes it easier to identify and track) then try to lure it someplace where you can drop boulders on it. Do that enough and eventually it will be broken in a way that cannot be repaired using available technology. Then stick what's left on a boat and drop it into the ocean. | 23 |
How could the world eventually run out of water?
| There's always talk about the world running out of water. It's an intriguing situation to me, but do we ever really think what would happen if it did? I know that Earth may not be *running* out of water, but rather, the distribution of it has become rather complicated. But please, humor me:
What are some scientific/natural reasons why the planet could run out of water, or how the chemistry of the world's water can be changed to something undrinkable?
I'd like to know if there are any scientific bases for such a scenario, and the timeline on which one could occur. | 20 | As others have pointed out, the issue is potable water, and we are not "running out" but overtaxing the supply.
Water, even when consumed or used for irrigation, does not magically disappear. Some of it gets stored in the tissues of living organisms, some trickles down into the water table, some evaporates and becomes atmospheric water vapor, some runs off into streams and from there eventually to the ocean.
The "water cycle" we learned about in grade school is essentially a "factory" with a finite capacity. As demand grows, it outpaces the capacity of the factory. The factory still produces the same amount of potable water, but there is not enough to meet growing demand.
| 21 |
[General Sci-Fi] Do universal translators improve interpersonal relationships by smoothing out flukes of language/mistakes? | Do universal translators (babelfish, ST and so on) translate the meaning of the spoken words, or the intent behind the words as they are constructed in the speakers mind before they are spoken ?
It’s been made evident in some stories that the grammar and languages of alien civilisations are so different that straight up, live translation of words as they come by would either be impractical, or impossible. I have read about theories according to which the translator devices/systems were actually relying on brain waves/nervous system and other clues to determine the message without having to rely on the words themselves. Assuming this is true, what would that mean for any random interactions where words can get jumbled and the normal spoken message be muddied ?
I’m thinking of any interaction leading a human experiencing a lapse of reason to say “sorry, this came out wrong / I used the wrong word / can’t remember the name for this thing here/I mixed two sentences together”)
Would a translator literally translate the mistakes? Or would they, by being closer to the original intent, short circuit the mechanism by which people get their words messed up? And if this was true, would it not greatly improve relationships overall, diminishing the hurtful phrases, misunderstandings and frustrations of daily life? | 24 | Probably depends on how advanced the translator is. For example the TARDIS in Doctor Who is capable of translating almost all languages fluently and into whatever contemporary version of the language the listener understands and there's never been any cultural clashes as a result of this translation. | 15 |
[Halo] Walk me through the financial, resource, and human logistics of constructing a UNSC heavy cruiser. | 55 | It costs more than a frigate (making them a bit less popular with politics) but it's not as difficult as you think. Since the UNSC has been mining asteroids and taking resources off other worlds, it's easy enough to get enough material. To build one is also easy. Just support it on something and let worker drones take care of it. | 19 |
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[Star Wars] How expensive would Dexter's Diner's estate be? This diner is located on a planet that is entirely covered in buildings with a population of 1 trillion, going deep down into a lightless sub-city. It has only one story and has direct sunlight shining on it? | Also Dexter has four arms and that's cool. | 181 | Being on the surface is an advantage that most don't get on Coruscant, but at the same time the district Dex's is located in is a kind of run down industrial district, and the diner is meant to cater to the working class folks who are staffing the factories there, so it's still your basic low-end greasy spoon kind of place. The food is very affordable. | 112 |
[Arkham Knight/Injustice] Why does batman fake his death in Arkham Knight but doesnt in Iniustistice, also How does Batman keep his intimiation factor if every one knows hes bruce wayne ? | 19 | Faking his death in Injustice wasn't going to do any good. The rest of the League knows him well enough to realize that if Batman seems to die in a very public and dramatic way... he must be staging it.
​
>How does Batman keep his intimidation factor if everyone knows he's Bruce Wayne?
Yeah. Ever since the world learned he's a highly trained expert in basically every form of martial arts, can move faster than the human eye can track, with near unlimited resources (including multiple high-tech tanks, drones, tracking equipment, monitoring equipment, voice concealing technology, and implausible hand-to-hand combat weaponry) devoted entirely to violently combating crime, has *beat up an entire hostile invading army,* and now apparently **came back from the dead as a vengeful ghost,** he just doesn't seem as scary. | 31 |
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CMV: Twitter and any other social networking site are private companies that can ban any person they want. | The First amendment gives you the right to free speech but it does note give you the right to a megaphone or a newspaper or an audience. Nobody has the inalienable right to a twitter, facebook, or youtube account. I do agree that obviously there is a bias towards conservative voices on social networks but I don't believe that anything can be done about it because these networks are not government agents therefore they have no duty to the public to do anything. If a person is banned from a social network they can always just make their own IE Alex Jones being kicked off of all social networking sites in some capacity but still having [INFOWARS.com](https://INFOWARS.com). Why are people especially conservatives even entertaining the idea of having the government force a private corporation to allow any person on their platform. Isn't this like owning a business and having a person who is screaming conspiracy theories and harassing female customers and making the other customers uncomfortable and kicking him out of the business. People don't have the right to say whatever they want in someone elses house. | 24 | There is the distinction between a platform and publisher which is relevant. To be classified as a platform, which YouTube, Twitter, etc... are, you are not held liable for what is posted by users of the platform. For example if a user posts libel or slander, YouTube cannot be held responsible. A publisher on the other hand is responsible for what they publish, since they are actively curating the content.
The real argument here is, since it seems that these platforms have begun curating the content that is posted, ie banning, limiting, and suppresing opposing viewpoints and those they disagree with. They have turned from being platforms to being publishers. Thus as publishers they should have different legal standing. And should be held accountable for what is posted. | 14 |
CMV: The corporate income tax should be eliminated. | Mitt Romney was right when he said "corporations are people". When a corporation is taxed, it is ultimately people (not some nonhuman entity) that pay the price for that taxes... at some point the burden of paying that tax falls on shareholders, employees, and/or consumers. I believe the fairest way to fund the government is for those who have more resources to pay more... even a larger percentage of their total wealth. With that aim in mind, taxing corporations seems to be an extremely poor way of targeting the right people to pay the larger share... as there seems to be no particular reason to think that those carrying the burden of corporate income taxes fit the "fairness" model I described as well as if we were to generate the revenue by a progressive individual income or consumption tax.
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Are syllabi allowed to be changed after they’ve been handed to students? | My Organic Chemistry professor handed us a syllabus on the second day of class so we went over it. When we got to the exam portion, he told us to ignore the part where we were allowed to drop an exam because he copy pasted it from somewhere. He uploaded a revised copy a few days later. I just wanted to know if this is permissible? I’ve been told that a syllabus is like a contract so it seemed interesting that he was allowed to change such a major part of the grading system.
Just fyi I got an A in the class so I’m not really salty or mad. Just curious, and I do want to be a professor in the future | 60 | Short answer: yes, we absolutely are allowed to change the syllabus at any time. Most of us (myself included) will include a 'syllabis subject to change at prof's discretion' disclaimer.
I think it's pretty shitty that your prof couldn't be bothered to change the information about the lowest test score that they copied and pasted. Smacks of unprofessionalim that they didn't take twenty seconds to edit that part before handing out the document. | 133 |
Is there an 'opposite' of ADHD? | 83 | disorders of the brain do not generally fall along a neat linear continuum the way that some disorders of the rest of the body (eg endocrine hypo or hyper activity) do. this is because disorders of behavior are incredibly complex.
there is no such thing as the opposite of ADHD or schizophrenia or personality disorders. you could make some argument for depression being the opposite of mania, but even that is an oversimplification. | 59 |
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ELI5: Why do spiders stay still all day? | I sometimes will see a spider or two in the house during the day and it doesn't move at all. However the next day the spider has moved when I next check up on it (as weird as it sounds I grow an attachment to them). Please could someone explain this to me :) | 265 | Energy conservation. Spiders only move when necessary and movement takes up energy which means they need to eat more. Food for spiders is not hugely abundant, they rely mainly on making webs and waiting for food to be caught to eat, so they don't know when they will next eat like other animals do. So they decide to not use their energy until they can move uninterrupted and safely. They are also safer if they don't move as a lot of their predators rely on seeing movement to catch them. Human eyes are very good at seeing contrast in colours, so spiders are really obviously there, but for birds and rodents their vision is worse for contrast but better at seeing movement. Spiders move in the dark, i.e. night time, or when they feel safe | 245 |
What causes some cultures to adopt western styles of dress and others to forgo it? And why do men tend to adopt it moreso than women? | I was looking at [this post](http://tv.reddit.com/r/HistoryPorn/comments/1bjvhs/an_indian_woman_a_japanese_woman_and_a_syrian/) over in /r/HistoryPorn and got to thinking - why is it that the Indian and Syrian women in those photos would likely be wearing a similar style of dress today (perhaps not so fancy for the Syrian woman), yet the Japanese lady would not?
My initial gut reaction would be 'wealth', but 1) Japan seems to have adopted Western fashion before it became wealthy and 2) Certain other wealthy countries, such as the countries on the Arabian Peninsula, have become wealthy without abandoning their traditional dress.
Colonialism seems to be out, as Japan only went through a short occupation period, whereas Syria was colonized for decades by the French and India for centuries by the British.
Religion would also be out, as plenty of followers of both Hinduism and Islam seem to do fine maintaining their modesty laws with Western-style clothing.
And as a corollary to this question, why is it that men seem to abandon traditional dress so much more often than women in a culture? Whereas I can think of multiple cultures in which traditional dress would be acceptable for a business meeting for women (West Africa, the Middle East, India, etc.) I can think of very few where traditional attire would be acceptable in such contexts for men (only the Arabian Peninsula and Burma come to mind).
So what is it that makes a culture more likely to adopt Western clothing? And why do men do so more than women? | 18 | This going to be woefully short but you can break out the googe scholar for the rest. There's a good explanation from Institutional Theory. The business dress and the common western dress could be seen as the institutionalisation of a norm.
Basic idea is that societies and organisations are built on sets of norms - or ideas that are seen as intrinsically "right" and "legitmate"(Weber, 1978; Meyer, JW and Rowan, B 1977; Powell and DiMaggio, 1984). It can be anything, the language, the titles, the relationships, the dress, the food and the structure of the day.
So, once an idea is seen as giving you legitimacy with the framework of society or the organisation, that idea is then adopted and extensively enforced.
Another important idea from Bourdieu (1989, 2006) is the idea of social capital. He argues that capitalism not only create capital but the structure of it create norms and codes that are socially valuable and thus can be called social capital (Portes, A 1998, 2000; Adler, P.S and Kwon, S.W 2002. )
So put those together , take the norms that you need to accept to be considered legitimate and then consider the following of those norms a creation of social capital.
The dominant creation of norms has been the "Western" form of capitalism and that brings with it notions of social capital that are intrinsic. In both the case of colonialism , which was a direct intervention of Western norms into other societies, and international global capitalism the way you dress is an important norm and bring you social capital.
This is basically how it became "normal" to wear western cloths, especially a suit. Those who wore that attire had more legitimacy and social capital than those that did not. (Ladgegard, G 2006; Behtoui, A; 2006; Hartmann M, 2000) | 12 |
[Star Wars] Is there a particular reason Protocol Droids are so stiff and inflexible? | C-3PO always looks like he’s having a very difficult time moving around. Is there any practical reason for this? | 15 | Someone's going to respond "because he was built in a tatooine slave hovel with a box of scraps" but we see the same thing with other protocol droids of the same model as well.
I think the most realistic answer is because he's designed to be a diplomatic aide, not a bodyguard. He's supposed to set the other party at ease by obviously being not a threat.
It's obviously not a universal design scheme - there are plenty of menacing and threatening diplomatic droids across the galaxy - but it's the one that explains his behavior the best to me. | 52 |
A vaccine is 94% effective. What, exactly does that mean? | Does that mean a vaccinated person, exposed 100 times, will be fine 94 times? Or does that mean the severity of the resulting disease is reduced by 94%? or does that mean that 94% of subjects are 100% immune for this disease for a period of time? | 342 | It means that during the trial period, there were 94% fewer cases in the vaccine group than in the placebo group.
So if you would two equally sized groups with either the vaccine or a placebo and in the placebo group 100 would fall ill, in the vaccine group only 6 would fall ill. | 345 |
As wine, whiskey, scotch ages, is there anything chemically changing to make it taste better/smoother? | 257 | During the fermentation process, there are chemical changes that happen as sugars are converted to alcohol (then whisk(e)ys and other liquors are distilled to concentrate the alcohol). During aging however, the liquid mostly leeches flavors like tannins out of the wooden casks they are stored in. Temperature and pressure changes throughout the years aid in the flow of chemicals into and out of the wood. This is why aged whisk(e)ys and tequila are golden, while vodkas, gins, and un-aged tequilas are clear.
Manipulating the wood used is often very important to developing flavors. For instance, scotch is aged in charred oak bourbon or sherry barrels (meaning they had previously been used to age bourbon or sherry). | 76 |
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ELI5 - Why do skeletons teeth not fall out? | Our gums help keep our teeth in place and they can fall out so how so skeletons keep theirs? | 34 | Teeth fall out when bacteria have so thoroughly destroyed the root that they break off. Gums keep them out, but the gum tissue doesn't provide any structural strength.
Those bacteria are slow workers and rely on your body heat and food intake to do their nasty business. When you die, they usually die too long before they can do much damage to the teeth and bone.
Other bacteria can eventually work through the bone over time though, depending on where your body ends up. Not all skeletons survive indefinitely, and those that do can be badly damaged. Teeth do sometimes fall out. | 32 |
ELI5: How do speedometers work on boats? | 41 | Besides GPS, a ship uses a speed log to determine speed. There are multiple types of speed logs:
- Impeller log: A small device with a propeller is towed or attached to the ship. When the ship moves along the water, the force turns the propeller. The rotational speed of the propeller is proportional to the speed of the ship
- Pitometer: A tube faces the direction of the ship and another tube faces 90 degrees. When the ship moves, the water pressure builds up in the forward facing tube while the 90 degree tube remains at static water pressure. The meter calculates the difference in pressure between the two tubes, which is proportional to the speed of the vessel.
- Doppler log: The Doppler log emits a sonar wave (TX). The wave travels out, bounces back, and returns to the receiver of the log (RX). If the ship is still, the TX and RX have the same and frequency. However, due to the Doppler effect, the forward motion of a ship compresses the waves closer together, changing the frequency. The change in frequency is proportional to the change in speed.
Finally, on larger ships, you can determine the speed by doing calculations using the engine RPM, the pitch, and the load. This will give you the mathematical speed, but won't account for friction and other variables. | 49 |
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[Star Wars] What was the plan for the clones after the Clone Wars? | Obviously Palpatine’s plan was to incorporate them into his new Empire, but what did the rest of the Grand Republic or even the Jedi plan? Did they plan to keep them as soldiers for another war? Station them on various planets basically as police? Would they have been allowed to leave and just lead normal civilian lives?
Which reminds me of another question. What do they do with clones that can’t fight anymore? Would they just be given less demanding clone jobs, like medics? Or would they be let go? | 61 | The Separatist threat proved the need for not just a standing army, but an incredibly powerful, overwhelming one. And considering how little resistance there was to a clone army in the first place, discharge for any clone seems remarkably unlikely. The optimist in me wants to say that the voices of dissent would eventually win out, but Darth Sidious was right about one thing; the Republic was a bloated, corrupt beast that simply needed to die.
In all likelihood, the Republic fully intended to keep the army. Perhaps a more humane one; a decent wage, leave opportunities, and with enough time possibly even a way to phase out into civilian life if they so chose. But there was no way in hell they would simply disband them. | 48 |
[Superman] Can Superman dry my couch with his heat vision without destroying it in the process? | My kid just spilled water in the sofa. My wife and I started discussing the idea. | 26 | It depends. Probably yes, but the success rate and effectiveness could vary based on his age, experience, mood, the universe in which it is occurring, etc. But I've seen both him and Supergirl use it to do mundane things like dry out an article of clothing or heat up a coffee in multiple different iterations of the character. | 35 |
What is it about being cold/wet that increases the odds you get sick? | I get that germs make you sick, and that being cold/wet increases your likelihood to get sick, but why? Does is weaken your immune system? How? Do germs spread easier when its cold/wet? What are the mechanics? | 15 | It's a misconception that cold/wet makes you get sick. During the cold seasons (winter/fall) people will spend more time indoors and in close contact with many other people. This is what usually causes the increase of influenza during winter.
Edit: added the first sentence | 20 |
ELI5: How do anti-virus scanners "quarantine" viruses to prevent them from working? | 63 | Details depend on the individual anti-virus software. Quarantine sounds very fancy/advanced but most AV use very simple techniques to "quarantine" viruses.
I'd say following steps will be sufficient to "quarantine" malware
* Tell operating system to stop the malicious process
* Move the infected file, e.g. an `.exe` to a "safe" location
The safe location is just a directory where users don't normally go. AV might take additional steps to make the file unrunnable. A simple way would be to rename the file from `.exe` to `.exe.virus`. Windows uses filename extensions like `.exe` to determine what to do with a file. Changing that file extensions means, that Windows does not recognize the file as program anymore and will not attempt to run the virus.
The important part here is, that all these measures are easily reversable. In case the AV has falsely flagged a legit file, the "quarantined" file can be quickly restored. | 28 |
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How can adding a neutron to atomic nuclei make them unstable? | The traditional model for atomic nuclei is that they're a balance of the strong force between nucleons and the electrical repulsion of the protons. This model cannot explain why adding in an additional neutron would make it fall apart since this only increases the effect of the strong force while letting the protons move further away from eachother to decrease electrical repulsion. In fact, the prediction is that the more neutrons, the more stable the nucleus. What is going on? Why is this not the case?
EDIT: Conclusion (that I think is correct):
Neutrons cannot be in the same state because of Pauli exclusion princible. Neutrons differ from one another via spin and energy. You can only have two neutrons of the same energy (spin up and spin down), after that an added neutron must be at a higher energy state than the last two. So therefore, every other neutron added goes into a higher energy level than the ones before. At some point this energy is so high, that a neutron decaying into a proton releases energy (neutron's energy is higher than the energy of the resulting proton (electrical repulsion) and other decay products). Please someone who actually knows refute or confirm. | 49 | You can't consider a nucleus in isolation, you have to think about what other nuclei it can break apart into. If its possible that there is an arrangement of the same neutrons and protons into two nuclei that are more stable, then the original nucleus will eventually decay to that.
For small numbers of protons and neutrons a model call the shell-model works pretty well for thinking about nuclei. In the shell model, protons and neutrons fill up energy levels just like electrons in an atom. However, protons and neutrons have separate "towers" of levels; so, no matter how empty the proton tower is, if you want to add more neutrons they have to go in the neutron tower. The neutrons higher in the neutron tower have higher energy, and thus the nuclei as a whole is less tightly bound. If it's possible for the system to break apart into two nuclei where the protons and neutrons are more tightly bound, that system will be more stable and so the original nucleus will eventually decay. | 17 |
Is the ionic radius of Cu2+ bigger than Cu as an atom? If so then why? | I could not find any help on the internet. Any help would be very much appreciated :) | 16 | No, Cu2+ has fewer electrons than Cu. Whenever electrons are removed from an atom its radius gets smaller. This happens because electrons push against each other so as electrons are removed the outer ones can move closer. If you want to think about orbitals, Cu has an electron in the 4s1 orbital and Cu2+ does not. | 15 |
ELI5: What makes marijuana smoke safer than cigarette smoke? | 182 | Holy shit, folks, the stupid in this thread is about ready to give me a stroke. People who think pot has any where near the ADDITIVES that cigarettes have are out of their mind. Yes. It's a fact. Tobacco companies ADD chemicals, tons of chemicals, to cigarettes to make them addicting. This is a fact. Sure, burning plant matter is worse than you than not smoking, but it is no where near the chemical cocktail that is proven to kill you that is in cigarettes. If you believe that pot has the same stuff in it. You are wrong, and you are ignorant. | 94 |
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[Pokemon] Some Pokémon seem intelligent enough to be sentient and sapient. Some can talk. Has any Pokémon tried to free itself from its trainer by the Courts? If there was Poké-Dredd Scott case, what did the court decide? | Edit: Typo. Dred Scott, not Dredd Scott. Please don't throw me in an Isocube, thanks. | 101 | I think you're vastly overestimating a trainer's ability to coerce their Pokémon. Let's be perfectly clear: Pokémon are not held in Pokéballs against their will in some form of legal slavery. We have seen multiple instances of Pokémon breaking free of their balls, seemingly at will. Ash was incapable of keeping Pikachu inside his Pokéball. Misty's Psyduck broke out whenever it felt like. Jesse's Wobbufet broke out all the time. Pokémon are perfectly free creatures that *choose* to serve their trainers. The trainer does not and cannot legally "own" a Pokémon.
If a trainer and their Pokémon have such a falling out, or the Pokémon no longer feels happy or safe with their trainer, they can just leave at night when the trainer is sleeping. Or whenever they like, because honestly what's the trainer going to do? Physically wrestle them back in?! As if some puny kid is going to pose any threat to a Pokémon like Machamp or Charizard.
Pokémon stay with trainers because they've proven their worth through the battle to "catch" them, and through subsequent battles by their trainers side it's the fastest lane to evolution and their growing as beings. Pokémon aren't like humans, they enjoy battle and literally change for the better through it. Also, as time goes on they form a strong bond of friendship with their trainer that some say transcend all other bonds.
Do abuses happen? Yes of course, which is why it's up to all conscientious trainers to keep a lookout for the welfare of all Pokémon and why we have police stations to report offences at. | 53 |
[Aladdin] When the Genie made Aladdin a prince, were hundreds of people mind-controlled into servitude, or fabricated whole? | And what happened to them after Jafar took away Aladdin's prince-ness? Did they all go poof? Lose their memories? What if he'd stayed a prince as wished-for, would they live out the rest of their lives in service to Aladdin? | 48 | I believe in the deleted/unproduced scene where Jafar makes Genie to take it all away (with a song!) Genie confesses that the parade and servants are in fact polymorphed mice and similar small critters. | 56 |
ELI5: Why do sellers on Amazon sell books for a penny? | So I've been buying a lot of books for college recently, and I noticed that there is a lot of booksellers who sell books for 1 cent (plus $3.99 shipping). I'm really baffled by this, I can't see how they will turn a profit. Can anyone explain it? | 38 | Mostly to get rid of excess inventory and old editions. You are basically paying $4 to throw the book away for them, and they are still making a little money on the S&H.
Otherwise, they would have to ship the books back to the publisher (hardcover) or rip off the covers and ship those (paperback). You are just saving them the hassle, and paying for the privilege.
| 29 |
ELI5: What exactly are we smelling (breathing in) when we smell an odor/fragrance etc... What makes something smell the way it does. | I was cooking chicken and I started wondering how does the smell of anything get from the source to our noses, like the smell of chicken as I was cooking it. Also how can an odor manage to fill up an entire room/area. | 19 | Imagine inside your nose there are millions of tiny "slots" or "keyholes." Only certain types of molecules will fit just right. When a molecule fits, it registers a certain smell.
There are only seven different types of "base" smells and every thing you smell is basically a mixture of these seven smells. Kind of similar to how you can make thousands of different colors just by mixing primary colors.
In order to smell something it has to be chemically volatile, which simply means there is some kind of chemical breakdown spewing molecules into the air. When you're cooking, there is a large amount of heat (energy) involved which means the molecules which break free during the cooking process have a lot of speed and can travel farther than other smells. | 11 |
[Winnie the Pooh]Where did the tigger come from? | If it is to be believed, it is "the only one". Also it has a body composed of both rubber and metal (springs).
Are tiggers an almost-extinct species (or bio-mechanical life form)? Has there always only been one Tigger? Or is the tigger merely prone to self-aggrandizement and inaccurate population estimates? Where did the tigger come from and from where does it derive its power? | 21 | Tigger, like all members of the Hundred Acre Wood, is a psychic manifestation of Christopher Robin's childhood, more specifically his innocence and creativity. It is uncertain whether this is some sort of magic or just in Christopher's head (think Calvin and Hobbes rules). So, Tigger is a psychic being. He is 'the only one', probably because Christopher has only ever seen one of the toy he was based upon. The same goes for his... unorthodox composition. | 12 |
[Star Wars CU] How does "speeder"-type levitation even work? | It seems to be a constant thing whether the conveyance is off or on. Usually, they seem to maintain basically a constant height over whatever surface they are on, but sometimes people can go over other people on speeders. It doesn't seem to take power to operate but crashed speeders crash to the ground. What is it? How does it work? | 17 | Gravity is a *solved* technology in Star Wars.
Even the two gun turrets in the *Falcon* have their own gravity, separate from the rest of the ship. Even TIE Fighters, mass produced and so cheap they don't even get shields, have the bottom of the cockpit be *down*.
Now, that doesn't mean these systems can't be damaged or fail. But as long as it is intact, it seems like the only reason a hovering craft would need to touch the ground is for long-term storage. | 37 |
How did we draw maps without modern technology? | Following a redditor's comment, I started looking for ancient world maps and found some really impressive works, such as the [Tabula Rogeriana](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana) (1154) or the [Fra Mauro map](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map) (1450).
How the hell did we manage to draw such precise maps without the help of aerial pictures / GPS / etc.? Roughly measuring distances doesn't seem that complex, but this level of precision baffles me. | 60 | They used a few methods actually. Including triangulation, stars, and compass-work. By checking your location via these things, you can then place your location on a map (or a piece of paper with only latitude/longitude). Often the cartographers would use older maps as reference points and try to update them. | 23 |
CMV : I'm fatphobic, please CMV | Hi everyone,
Let me explain my problem. I am very tolerant to all kind of people regardless of their skin color, sexuality, political side (often interesting talk), gender (interesting talk too), social status etc .. but I can't help myself with obese people and it bother me a lot.
Here are my arguments :
For me, obesity convey an unhealthy way of life. I'm not speaking about people with a generous belly but very sporty but I'm speaking about the unhealthy aspect of this. When I see an obese person, I see a person who has difficulties to move, who usually doesn't like his shape but most important, who will likely die before 70 or even 60 (in a wealth country I specify).
Moreover, for me (again), you can't say "I want to be *insert skin color* to not suffer from racism" or "I want to be straight to not be discriminate" but, except in specific cases, you can say "I want to be fitter to not be discriminate and to feel better". I'm aware that "be fit" is not equal to "be happy". There is a lot of people who are in the "norm" who are non confident but I think that it's easier to accept your body when you look good in the mirror and I think you are happier when you are healthy due to the fact that you are not suffering from simple tasks like walking during more than several minutes, and a healthier way of life means a healthier body (biologically speaking) that favor a good mood. As a kid, I didn't eat a lot of vegetables and other healthy stuff (I say too much "health" but I don't have a synonym sorry lol) but when I started it, I feel truly better.
Finally, in a context of ecological disaster and overpopulation, obesity will represent 500M mouthes to feed in the next few years that will be good to avoid.
I'm not saying that all people should practice sport daily and eat like a nutrinazi etc .. but I don't think that we can think that it's normal to be fat since fat people can change. Do we accept that smoking a lot or doing drugs daily is good ? I don't think so. I'm aware that it doesn't help fat people to be less fat by discriminating them by being mean but it doesn't help by accepting it too.
I'm aware that it's not just a choice. It could be the result of all kinds of reasons like a divorce, a break up, a death, a disease ... And I have not a problem with this people, I give them all my support to get back stronger but with all the obese people in the world, I don't think that most of them can't do something about it.
My biggest problem with that is mostly that they can do something about their status when with racism or homophobia, it's the society that has to change. (On top of that, being black, asian or gay is not unhealthy lol).
In order to constantly open my mind, please enlighten me.
Edit :
Thank you all for enlighten me. First of all, the meaning of fatphobic is not fat shaming for me. It's the fear and the lack of understanding of fat people.
Most of obese people are not obese by choice and when you are obese it's difficult to get back thin. That's the reason why obesity should be taken seriously by the states to help people who whant to lose weight. Obesity can be the consequence of depresion, disease but education too and most important, food industry.
The fact that there is too many obese douchebags on tv or social media arguing that being obese is cool and we have to accept it witout a word feeds fat phobia and unfortunetly fat shaming. But we have to not forget that the silent mass is not them and obese people are just people who want to be peaceful. Well, it's the same fight for all communities I guess.
However, I still think that being fat is unhealthy and I would never become fat but it's your choice and if you are okay with that, I'm okay too. I still think that it's a bit selfish but smoking and doing drugs weekly is selfish too and I don't have such a big problem with that. | 30 | Here is what helps me be sympathetic to obese people:
All human beings struggle, it's just that we struggle in different ways. It may seem simple to you to just not eat or to exercise more, but for other people it isn't simple at all. Perhaps for you it is procrastination, or controlling your temper, or drinking too much, or being a better sibling, or being a better romantic partner, or achieving your work goals, or controlling your spending, or saving money, or dealing with that nagging depression/anxiety. None of us are immune to failing in the face of easily achievable behaviors that we just can't seem to do reliably enough. For a lot of overweight people, that thing is eating and controlling their weight. It is just as much of a struggle for them as not procrastinating may be for you and me. They see the correct behavior, they have a desire to do it, but it is just a struggle for them.
And you want to know the rub? Unlike most people's issue, obese people have to wear their vice on their sleeve. Your boss may not know that you gamble a little too much or have road rage, but everyone immediately knows an obese person's weakness the moment they meet them. So while we all struggle, they struggle in the open.
To apply extra judgement on this one issue is to simply ignore that we all have our own issues. | 48 |
ELI5: What is Spacetime and Curvature of Spacetime ? | I googled, but they were too hard to understand. So please explain like I'm five ... | 23 | Space has 3 dimensions. Objects can move up/down, left/right, forward/back through space and we can describe their motion. Similarly objects can move in time, and we can think of time as a dimension as well that objects can move through. Spacetime is simply the combination of these two concepts. It is a 4 dimensional 'space' with 3 regular spatial dimensions, and 1 time dimension.
Imagine now that you're a bug on a flat metal disk. The temperature of the disk changes but the disk itself is flat. You also have a metal ruler with you so that you can make sure that you're travelling in a straight line. As you walk across the hot disk your ruler will heat up and expand which means the lengths on it will change. If you're relying on your ruler to help you walk in a straight line you'll end up walking in a curve because your ruler has heated up slightly and you're now no longer able to measure distances with respect to a standard unchanging ruler. This is analogous to spacetime curvature.
When you move through a gravitational field your 'ruler is heating up' so to speak. Your path through the gravitational field will look straight to you but it will 'actually' be curved according to observers.
| 10 |
[Star Wars] I live on a backwater hole on Tatooine and have recently seen some odd looking troopers due to a couple of rebel droids burning down a nearby house. Can someone explain these weird variants and their purpose? | I've also seen pictures of other oddly dressed troopers at the Empire recruiting station, anyone know anything about those? | 60 | Nothing to be concerned about, fellow citizen. Just a readiness exercise being conducted by our brave men and women of the Imperial Corps. The burning of the house by the 2 droids was staged and no one was hurt. All part of the theatrics to make the exercise feel more realistic for everyone involved. You had never seen these particular type of troopers before because this is the first time their divisions are training here in Tattoine. It is a good reason for us to rejoice, as it indicates that the Imperial Command has taken an interest in our world! That is usually followed by great prosperity and safety. Support your troops and give them a good word of encouragement next time you come across some of them boys! | 65 |
Can someone explain Maxwell's Equations? | Reference Image: https://goo.gl/o7vnv6 I am interested in the Integral form specifically.
Can someone explain what each equation means, and how it can be used/applied?
Bonus Question: I can't for the life of me figure out what ds represents | 48 | The first equation is an expression of Gauss' Law and states that the integral of the electric field over a closed surface (specifically the component of the field normal to the surface) is proportional to the charge enclosed by that surface. This law can be used to, among other things, derive the inverse-square-law for electric fields (field strength goes down with the square of the distance).
The second equation expresses the same for the magnetic field. But since magnetic charge doesn't exist in isolation (as far as we know), the righthand side is always zero. From this equation, we learn that the surface integral of a magnetic field over any closed surface has to be zero.
The third equation is Faraday's Law. The "ds" term indicates that we're dealing with a line integral. Specifically, this equation expresses that the line integral of the electric field over a closed loop is equal to the negative of the change in magnetic flux through the area enclosed by that loop. The line integral of the electric field represents a voltage and from Faraday's Law you can see that a changing magnetic field through the area enclosed by a loop generates a non-zero voltage in that loop. This is the core principle behind electric generators.
Finally, the fourth equation mirrors the third, somewhat. It expresses that the line integral of the magnetic field over a closed loop is proportional to the rate of change of the electric flux over the area enclosed by the loop. Plus an additional term that represents the electric current that flows through the surface enclosed by the loop. This is Ampere's Law.
It is interesting to note that there some degree of symmetry between the equations 1 and 2 and between 3 and 4. The difference between them is the presence of electric charge, but the absence of isolated magnetic charge (or magnetic monopoles). If magnetic monopoles would exist, the necessary modifications to the Maxwell equations would turn them into 2 pairs of symmetric equations where magnetic and electric components may be interchanged. | 32 |
ELI5: Why do large companies such as banks have a password character limit for you account? Wouldn't imposing a character limit on a password make my account less secure? | 23 | They are storing all the passwords in a database. Many databases require the programmer to specify a limit for the size of each item, and they allocate only that amount of space in their files, so they are then unable to store an item larger than that. | 17 |
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[Batman] If the Joker focused on white collar/corporate crimes only, would Batman still pursue him? | Lot of sadistic things you can do to people with white collar/corporate crimes. I read that 1/5 Ceos are psychopaths. If Joker started ruining lives through corporate entities by pulling Ponzi schemes or buying up freshwater, or doing non-violent but still evil things to people, would Batman still take him down? Or does Batman mostly focus on violent criminals? | 133 | Yes. Because he is The Joker. If some random accountant fell into a vat of acid , started dressing like a clown and then proceeded to embezzle money, Batman probably wouldn't drop through a skylight and punch him in the face. Bruce Wayne might try to handle it.
Then there's Warren White aka "The Great White Shark" who was a business man that embezzled billions and during his court case he plead insanity... **in Gotham** and Warren was such a scumbag that the judge sent him to Arkham. The Joker was actually disgusted by his crimes because while The Joker may be a homicidal psychopath, he never stole any kids college fund or anyone's pension! | 107 |
ELI5: How is data actually transferred through cables? How are the 1s and 0s moved from one end to the other? | 14,603 | You know how when you touch a live wire you get shocked, but when there's no electricity running through the wire you don't get shocked?
Shocked=1. Not shocked=0.
Computers just do that really fast. There's fancier ways of doing it using different voltages, light, etc, but that's the basic idea | 29,832 |
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CMV: You should never split the party in a dangerous situation, barring a few small exceptions. | Imagine the scene- you've decided with your friends that the best thing to do on halloween is to explore the old abandoned house.
You wander around, enjoying the location, but you keep seeing something out of the corner of your eye.
It turns out a puppet monster is chasing you! They want to add your soul to their collection.
You lose them. One of your group then proposes you split up to find the puppet monster.
I say that doing so is dangerous, and likely to lead to you being isolated and murdered. By sticking together you are better able to handle dangerous situations and slay monsters.
Exceptions. If your party stops being a party- if the puppet monster possesses one of your friends or they are controlling the puppet monster or they actively act stupidly and cause you danger then cutting them loose is reasonable.
If your party is immense. If you have fifty men then splitting up may be reasonable.
If the monster has some obscure power that is specifically enhanced by a party. Not something I really see much, but if say more people makes them stronger splitting up is reasonable.
If the monster is stronger and better than you and you are fleeing.
If the party members are individually more powerful than any monster or group so it's not dangerous.
If someone says, and backs up the threat, that if they don't split up it'll kill them.
Views that change my view will preferably talk about when you are in a somewhat dangerous situation that isn't immediately fatal with non invulnerable beings, preferably humans, and show it makes good sense to split the party up. Ones that focus around answers like "We'll cover more ground" will gain special love.
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 54 | Let's say you come under machine gun fire.
Splitting-up is a perfectly reasonable response - because the machine-gunner can't now target all off you.
Similarly, any threat that can target the group as a whole is best countered by splitting up - that way at least some of the group will escape and survive.
So if the monster is so powerful that the only chance for survival is escape (not an uncommon problem) - splitting up is fine. | 19 |
ELI5: Why do I feel so weird for ages after a bad dream? | 167 | Your brain has a really hard time differentiating what is a dream and what isn't, on a basic level. On a conscience level, you're able to realize it's dream, but your brain still thinks at some level the events actually happened.
tl;dr our brain is like a dog that scares itself with its own farts | 222 |
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Why is the corporate tax at a flat rate? | Why can't the tax rate be higher for firms that make more profit and less for firms that make less, making the tax rate progressive for businesses? | 135 | Consider what would happen if we did this: firms would structure themselves to get to the size to obtain a lower tax rate and there would be a massive industry in keeping firms to specific sizes. Basically, it would result in arbitrary economic structures, probably inefficient structures, designed to stay under certain tax levels.
Then there is the problem of what are we taxing? GAAP net income? What about firms like Amazon which avoid GAAP Net income to avoid taxation?
Picture it like this - economic efficiency is always determined on an after tax basis necessarily, so if we change the way arrive at after tax profits by changing the tax rate, it may be the case that an structure which is technically less economically efficient is *more* efficient because of the way the tax structure is created. Thus, we'd see irrational structures to achieve more after tax profits. | 102 |
Making something radioactive seems simple enough nowadays. Is there any possible way to revert or neutralize radiation? | I just read [this](https://www.reddit.com/r/books/comments/8ac1al/marie_curies_research_papers_are_still/) reddit post and was wondering... Maybe there is a *de-radioactivator 2000* machine or something? | 21 | You can't make a radioactive nuclide stable, but you can use nuclear reactions to turn it into something *more radioactive* so that it will decay away more quickly. This can be done using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators. | 17 |
ELI5 why someone shakes their hand around when it gets hurt? | 4,046 | Pain sends a certain signal to the brain. Other sensations also send a signal. When you have pain signals going to to brain, you can dilute these signals with other signals. Now, instead of there just being pain signals, there are other signals as well, as your brain isn't interpreting the pain signals alone, but a variety of signals including pain, so the pain signals aren't the only thing being focused on by the receptors, and the pain isn't as bad. | 3,492 |
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Why do we lose the desire to eat while we are sick? (Ex. when having a cold, I lose the desire to eat) | 11,851 | Something no one's really mentioned yet is that when you get sick your immune system releases cytokines. One of these, TNF-a, makes you lose your appetite. It's the main cytokine that causes cancer patients to get skinny and have very little appetite. | 5,723 |
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Do we know whether Covid is actually seasonal? | It seems we are told by some to brace for an epically bad fall. However, this thing slammed the Northeast in spring and ravaged the “hot states” in the middle of summer. It just seems that politics and vested interests are so intertwined here now that it is hard to work out what is going on. I thought I would ask some actual experts if they can spare a few minutes. Thank you. | 6,352 | Emergency Physician here: It’s not because we expect *COVID* to be worse, it’s because of all the other Acute Febrile Respiratory Illnesses (AFRI) that ARE seasonal will also occur. Flu pushes US hospitals to brink of capacity most years without any additional new pandemic. And because the symptoms of most are overlapping (and NOT mutually exclusive - people get flu and COVID), disguising between them is expected to be awful. This is why rapid testing (like 1 hour) is so important, but also why we are basically going to be locked down until there is a widely available vaccine. | 5,416 |
If I were able to tune an RF transmitter at 555THz whould the antena glow green ? | This might sound stupid, but green is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spetrum it should make sense (555THz, ie 540nm, is greenish).
Would it work like that, and, if not, why ? thanks in advance ! | 25 | Well, yes, if electromagnetic radiation is produced at that frequency, it would look green. In fact, emissive species that radiate green light can to a decent approximation be treated as a classical damped dipole oscillating at that frequency, very similar to a dipole antenna. | 19 |
ELI5: Why is it so much easier to read something in a different language and understand it than to speak it? | I’m learning Italian right now and I’ve noticed that it’s much easier to read a sentence and comprehend it than for me to translate the same sentence from English into Italian myself. Does anyone else agree with this and does anyone know why? | 334 | It's a lot easier to recognize words and puzzle piece the sentence together than to generate all of the translation accurately from your mind. Other things in the sentence are provided for you - syntax, grammar, etc where you would have to add them in on your own when translating on your own. | 201 |
Close to getting PhD but no motivation to finish. | Throw away account because it's very easy to figure out my identity from my regular account.
I am a fifth year graduate student in molecular biology. My committee told me last week that I am done with experiments and I can start writing my thesis. All last week I was supposed to start writing my thesis but I just couldn't do anything because I felt depressed and anxious. I am somewhat disappointed by my graduate school experience and I have many regrets but now it's time for everything to come to an end and I'm not prepared. I don't feel like I belong here, despite the fact that I have worked hard to get where I am. I don't even know if I have the desire to work in science anymore but I have no choice because it's the only thing I know how to do. Sometimes I wish that I had picked a different career.
I chased my dream of being a scientist and I feel so dissatisfied. I feel like I have nothing to look forward to. I'm supposed to feel excited about writing and defending my thesis but I just feel burned out and dead inside. I can't be the only person to feel demotivated about finishing there PhD. How can I overcome this and feel motivated to finish?
Before anyone suggests therapy, I have been in therapy for the last three years. I had a therapist I really like but I had to stop seeing here because...she was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer and only given a short time to live. I eventually started seeing another therapist but things didn't work out with her.
Edit: Thanks everyone for all the advice and motivation so far. I didn't consider that explaining why I dropped out of a PhD program after 5 years could be detrimental to my job search. I finally had the courage to start reading some papers again after doing nothing for a week. | 36 | Finish it.
Take a short break if you can. Climb a mountain, visit a monastery, smoke a bunch of pot - whatever it is that can let you decompress.
Then come back to campus and finish your degree. You can decide on switching careers later on, but get that degree. | 36 |
Health insurance for the old, the poor, and the sick isn't profitable, hence it can't be done by the market. CMV. | I cannot fathom a way for private companies to make a profit by insuring the elderly, the poor, and the chronically ill. That's why they created the "pre-existing condition," so they wouldn't have to insure the unprofitable. If an action isn't profitable, the free market won't do it.
This is why I don't think the market (by itself) can provide healthcare for everyone, and why government must play some sort of role in correcting that market failure.
Am I missing something? How do market enthusiasts envision old/poor/cancerous getting healthcare or health insurance?
Thanks!
Muzz | 63 | Saying that when the market will not provide expensive services to people who cannot pay for them it is a "market failure" shows a fundamental misperception of what markets are for. Markets are not for providing charity; that's what charities are for. Accusing the market of failure for not providing charity is like telling the mechanic your car is broken because it can't brew coffee.
Free market advocates are not at all opposed to the idea of charity; however, we resent being forced to be charitable at gunpoint.
If there enough of a societal consensus that charitable healthcare should be provided to those who cannot afford it to justify governmental intervention, then there is also enough of a societal consensus that charitable healthcare should be provided to those who cannot afford it to support private charities devoted to that cause. Conversely, if there is not enough public interest in this problem to support private charities, then you can't pass a government program on the subject either.
So, the short version of the answer to your question is, market enthusiasts envision the government getting out of the business of redistributing wealth, in favor of individual voluntary support of private philanthropy. | 25 |
ELI5: Why we can't just use our own DNS to avoid government censorship | Am I correct in understanding that SOPA would have been implemented by removing sites from the current domain name servers? | 109 | You can think of the "Internet" is a bunch of people taking to each other. But since our house and Timmy's house are on opposite sides of town, your tin can telephone string isn't long enough to reach Timmy's house. Instead, we use your tin can telephone to talk to our Internet Service Provider, Time Warner Cable, and ask them to please pass your message to Timmy. Time Warner Cable has a bunch of people with tin can telephones all over town, so they pass your message to each other until one of them gives it to Timmy.
"DNS" is like a big telephone book. You give Time Warner Cable Timmy's name, and they looks up where Timmy's house is, and figure out who should pass your message to who in order to get your message to him.
But, there's two problems with this. The Government says they're allowed to erase names out of the telephone book. If they erase Timmy's name, you can still send him a message, as long as you can tell Time Warner Cable exactly where he lives. But that's not as good, because now you have to keep track of where all your friends live. If they move, you can't give them a message anymore.
That's the advantage of DNS. You don't have to keep track of your friends' addresses if you use the DNS system, because Timmy can update the telephone book when he moves, and Time Warner Cable will always be able to find Timmy (unless the government erases him.)
But there's a much bigger problem. The Government can just tell Time Warner Cable that they are sure Timmy is a terrorist, and Time Warner Cable is not allowed to pass any messages to Timmy. They haven't done this in America, yet but a lot of adults are worried that they might do it soon.
Time Warner Cable won't disobey the government because they'd get in trouble, so they stop talking to Timmy. Now, Timmy can only use his tin can telephone to talk to his friends who live close to him, since Time Warner Cable is no longer willing to help him send or receive messages.
The solution that [/r/darknetplan](/r/darknetplan) is trying to do is to build our own network of tin can telephones all over town so we don't need Time Warner Cable anymore. We'll have to keep track of where we all live ourselves, but that's not hard. When you want to pass a message to timmy, you tell Harry, who tells Hermione, who tells Ron, who tells Timmy. It'll be really hard for the government to prevent Timmy from talking to people, since they have to convince everyone in town to stop talking to Timmy, not just Time Warner Cable. | 104 |
CMV: College is not for everyone | I am almost 30 and I have tried for many years to get a college education and I continuously fail every time. I work hard and study for hours and still fail when it comes to taking a test. It makes me sad because I was always a firm believer in working hard and anyone can learn anything as long as they apply themselves. I am now convinced some people are not meant for a real college education. We are just meant to do the physical labor that the more educated people don't want to do. Please CMV because it is a depressing thought but it is a conclusion I see being the most realistic.
UPDATE: My view has been changed. I am going to stick with school and take anything I can from it. Thank you girls and guys so much for all your answers. I have been informed that I need to reward points. Can someone tell me how? Thank you!
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | 41 | > We are just meant to do the physical labor that the more educated people don't want to do.
Just because you don't do well in college classes doesn't mean you can't develop a marketable skill. You might be good at selling cars, managing a restaurant staff, building a small business, modifying cars, designing landscaping, luthering guitars. Those are all also jobs that many college educated people would be happy to have, so you could definitely do stuff other than just whatever's leftover after educated people have had their pick. | 13 |
Is human intelligence limited? | 199 | It depends on what kind of threshold you mean. It's very unlikely that any human being will be able to keep the whole of science and mathematics in his or her mind at once, for example.
But if you're talking about the kind of intelligence where we can comprehend concepts if we put our minds to a particular concept, then no, there is no limit to intelligence in that regard because complex things get broken down into manageable levels. The motion of particles, for example, is *immensely* complex, so we break it down and name each and every one of the different things going on. | 73 |
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