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THE ARMED CITIZEN
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Mere presence of a firearm, without a shot being fired, prevents
crime in many instances, as shown by news reports sent to The
Armed Citizen. Shooting usually can be justified only where
crime constitutes an immediate, imminent threat to life or limb
or, in some circumstances, property. The accounts below are from
clippings sent in by NRA members. Anyone is free to quote or
reproduce them.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Retired Las Vegas deputy police chief Larry Bolden initially
tried to defend himself with a steering wheel bar lock when a
criminal attacked him in his car. But then the intruder wrestled
it from him, Bolden pulled his pistol and fired several times,
wounding his attacker and stopping the incident. "He was just a
citizen defending himself," a police official said.
(The Review-Journal, Las Vegas, Nev., 11/11/92)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
A pair of teenaged robbers armed with a sawed-off shotgun and
handguns took the day's receipts from Brooklyn bodega owner Hector
Martinez. As they made their getaway, Martinez grabbed his
registered 12-gauge shotgun and gave chase. When one fired,
Martinez returned three blasts, slightly wounding his assailants.
They fled but were apprehended when they sought medical attention.
(Newsday, Long Island, N.Y., 01/05/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
A sign posted on the door of Roman Paras' shop reads "The
owners of this property are armed and highly skilled to protect
life, liberty and property from criminal attack." Apparently, a
pair of robbers didn't pause to read it as they threatened Paras'
wife in their Oxnard, Calif., convenience store. Hearing her
scream, Paras grabbed his .38, ran to the front of the store and
shot it out with the masked and armed men, killing one criminal.
(The Times, Los Angeles, Calif., 12/04/92)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Anne Marie Sullivan was showering in her Portland, Oreg., home
one morning when she heard the front door crash in. She jumped
out of the shower in time to see a man entering the home. Running
to the bedroom, Sullivan retrieved her boyfriend's pistol and
fired two shots, mortally wounding the intruder. The dead man had
a lengthy police and prison record.
(The Oregonian, Portland, Oreg., 01/07/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Mike Baranelli would have let two robbers who burst into a
Birmingham, Ala., barber shop keep his money. But the 75-year-old
retired teacher was unwilling to surrender his life. When the
intruders ordered Baranelli, the shop owner, and another man to
lie on the floor, Baranelli pulled his pistol and shot both men in
the head, killing one. "I felt sure there was going to be three
dead people in there. I think I had some divine help," Baranelli
said.
(The Sunday Advertiser, Montgomery, Ala., 01/03/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Believing an elderly Harvey, Ill., couple would again be easy
prey, a knife-wielding home invader instead met death when the
76-year-old homeowner loosed three rounds from a semi-automatic
pistol. Police said the dead man had been charged several times
for thefts from the couple's home.
(The Star, Chicago Heights, Ill., 01/07/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
The criminal's profile was scheduled to appear on "America's
Most Wanted," but his shot at fame was abruptly canceled by a
Hallandale, Fla., service station clerk. The Michigan prison
escapee walked into the station and announced a robbery. Instead
of cash, he got bullets in the head and chest from station clerk
Gary McVey. Police said McVey acted in self-defense and would not
face charges.
(The Sun-Sentinel, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 12/04/92)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
A Bridgeport, Conn., oil delivery man handed over the few
dollars he had. But the thug, apparently unsatisfied with his
take, turned his gun on his victim and demanded more money.
Instead of more cash, the deliveryman instead pulled his own
pistol and fired, mortally wounding the robber. Police said the
dead man had held up a nearby market just before the fatal
incident.
(The Courant, Hartford, Conn., 01/13/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
After repeated burglaries at her San Marcos, Calif., home, Joan
Vessel, 64, was ready with a .38 and a cordless phone when she
heard glass breaking one afternoon. When she found two teenagers
attempting to get into her woodshed, Vessel fired a warning shot
over their heads, marched them into the front yard and called
police.
(The Times Advocate, Escondido, Calif., 12/25/92)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Angry that his auto insurance had been canceled, a client used
brass knuckles to take it out on Brandon, Fla., agent Steven
Taylor. When his assailant walked out of the office, Taylor
grabbed a pistol kept there and held the former client at gun-
point until police arrived.
(The Tribune, Tampa, Fla., 01/14/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Dozing one evening at his Exeter, Pa., office, Jim Pisano was
awakened by the barking of his dog. Sitting in stunned amazement,
he watched as two men smashed out his office window, reached in
and grabbed one of his hunting rifles. Reaching a pistol on his
desk, Pisano fired several shots, apparently wounding one of the
burglars, and putting them to flight.
(The Times-Leader, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 12/09/92)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Trying on a pair of shoes was just an act for a criminal who
then pulled a knife and demanded money. When the man advanced,
the Flint, Mich., shoestore owner drew his pistol and fired,
critically wounding the would-be robber.
(The Journal, Flint, Mich., 01/13/93)
==================================================================
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==================================================================
Disarmed and pistol whipped after struggling with a pair of
shotgun-toting thugs, Brooklyn, N.Y., pharmacist Soel Melero
continued fighting and managed to retrieve a second-also licensed-
hidden pistol. Firing three times, the druggist killed one of his
assailants. The other fled empty-handed.
(The Daily News, New York, N.Y., 01/18/93)
==================================================================
| 9 |
trimmed_train
|
8,340 |
This means you would support a ban if it were narrow enough. Good.
I would hope so. Let's define a nuclear weapon as an explosive weapon
whose majority of energy comes from fission and/or fusion of atomic
nuclei. Let's define a biological weapon as live organisms or viruses
in such state, quantity, and with such a vector that they could cause
death or serious disease [further defined] to a significant number of
people if released in a city, similarly populated area, resevoir, or
cropland.
Nerve gas and mustard gas are well defined. Other poisonous
gasses should be individually banned only if it can be shown that there
is no use not related to weaponry. Licenses should be available for
research purposes on such chemicals.
I am not a lawyer, but these ideas could certainly be a basis for
definitions.
Nope. It is not considered a weapon.
It is not defined as a weapon of mass destruction. Many things are
banned for other reasons.
| 9 |
trimmed_train
|
2,807 |
I am new to this newsgroup so I apologise if this is not the appropriate
forum to ask this question. I am looking for the address of Noise Cancellation
Technologies. It is rather important. So if you can help me in this regard,
please do. Thank you.
| 11 |
trimmed_train
|
9,030 |
(not that logic has anything to do with it, but...)
I can see the liability of putting stickers on the car while it was moving,
or something, but it's the BDI that chooses to start and then drive the car
in a known unsafe condition that would (seem to be) liable. Furthermore, they
would have had the last chance to avoid an unsafe situation, which is an
additional factor in attributing "blame".
Anyway, stickers on the window are less effective... no one has any problem
taking a blade to a window to remove a stubborn sticker, but it's a different
story with that that nice paint job on the door....
*jeff*
| 12 |
trimmed_train
|
1,616 |
Just because the 68070 can run upto 15Mhz doesn't mean the CD-I
is running at that speed. I said -> I understand it is a 68070 running
at something like 7Mhz. I am not sure, but I think I read this a long
time ago.
Anyway, still with 15Mhz, you need sprites for a lot of tricks for
making cool awesome games (read psygnosis).
| 1 |
trimmed_train
|
9,416 |
[sorry for the 0 auto content, but ... ]
| 4 |
trimmed_train
|
2,781 |
Sayeth "Joseph D. Mazza" <[email protected]>:
$I waxed my car a few months ago with a liquid wax and now have whiteish
$smears where I inadvertantly got some wax on the black plastic molding.
$I've tried repeatedly to remove the smears with no luck. I'm on the
$verge of replacing the molding altogether (it's a nice car).
Armor All removes Raindance wax on my Mazda Protege's black
plastic bumpers. Your mileage may vary.
Given this observation, one would be well advised to take care not to
get any of this (or, probably, similar protectants such as Son of a Gun)
on one's paint ...
| 4 |
trimmed_train
|
7,350 |
Now we have strong evidence of where the CPR really stands.
Unbelievable and disgusting. It only proves that we must
never forget...
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Not so unconventional. Eugenic solutions to the Jewish Problem
have been suggested by Northern Europeans in the past.
Eugenics: a science that deals with the improvement (as by
control of human mating) of hereditory qualities of race
or breed. -- Webster's Ninth Collegiate Dictionary.
This is nothing more than Feisal Husseini's statement that the
Zionist entity must be disolved by forcing it to "engage" the
surrounding "normal" Arab society.
"a strong mixed stock", "integration of Israeli society into
the Middle East in a graceful manner," these are the phrases
of Nazi racial engineering pure and simple. As if Israeli
society has no right to exist per se!
"the continued existance of a specific Jewish People overrides
any other consideration, be it human love, peace of human
rights." Disolve the Jewish People and protect human values
such as love and peace; yes ve have heard this before Her Himmler.
Notice how the source of the problem seems to be accruing to
the Jews in this analysis. Ya, Der Spiegal ist a gut sourcen...
Nice attempt to mix in a slam against U.S. aid to Israel.
Critical comment: you can take the Nazi flag and Holocaust photos
off of your bedroom wall, Elias; you'll never succeed.
-- Chris Metcalfe
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
| 6 |
trimmed_train
|
2,794 |
Minor quibble: The assualt (and it was one) began near dawn. The fire did
not break out for several hours. I find it highly unlikely that the BD would
be cooking lunch while armored vehicles punch holes in their house and are
pumping in tear gas. The lantern story makes more sense, except the fire
seemed to spread too quickly, even given the nature of the buildings and the
very high winds. And it was daylight, but I guess in the innner recesses it
could be dark--shutters probably closed as well.
Which puts us back to the FBI did it, or the BD did it, or some other screw-
up occured, which is quite possible.
The problem with the FBI as a monolithic entity doing it is that it requires
*everybody* involved to keep their mouths shut. While they tended to behave
like total idiots, that does not make them homocidal maniacs, either. And if
it was one nutcase agent, then it serves no purpose to blame the whole agency.
I can believe that a real nut-case like a Koresh would start such a fire,
but I'm far from convinced he actually did so.
Then again, I rarely go off making blanket condemnations and pronouncments
within 2 hours of a very confusing incident over 175 miles away...
semper fi,
| 9 |
trimmed_train
|
256 |
That is great to hear I just may have to take a raod trip to Milwakee this year and see that again. Last time I saw Bernie Brewer was at the age of 10 and I am now 21 thanks for this post.
Good to Bill is getting better form the limited coverage we get here in Iowa
I know that this will be a great season for the BREW CREW!!
| 2 |
trimmed_train
|
4,737 |
I recently read here that Sun has a patch for xdm on
Solaris2.1. I was wondering if anyone could give me the
patch number.
| 16 |
trimmed_train
|
10,836 |
Archive-name: atheism/faq
Alt-atheism-archive-name: faq
Last-modified: 5 April 1993
Version: 1.1
Alt.Atheism Frequently-Asked Questions
This file contains responses to articles which occur repeatedly in
alt.atheism. Points covered here are ones which are not covered in the
"Introduction to Atheism"; you are advised to read that article as well
before posting.
These answers are not intended to be exhaustive or definitive. The purpose of
the periodic FAQ postings is not to stifle debate, but to raise its level. If
you have something to say concerning one of these questions and which isn't
covered by the answer given, please feel free to make your point.
Overview of contents:
"What is the purpose of this newsgroup?"
"Hitler was an atheist!"
"The Bible proves it"
"Pascal's Wager"
"What is Occam's Razor?"
"Why it's good to believe in Jesus"
"Why I know that God exists"
"Einstein and "God does not play dice""
"Everyone worships something"
"Why there must be a causeless cause"
"The universe is so complex it must have been designed"
"Independent evidence that the Bible is true"
"Godel's Incompleteness Theorem"
"George Bush on atheism and patriotism"
"I know where hell is!"
"Biblical contradictions wanted"
"The USA is a Christian nation"
"The USA is not a Christian nation"
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Subject: What is the purpose of this newsgroup?
Typical posting:
Why have a newsgroup about atheism? Why do atheists organize in groups?
What is there to discuss?
Response:
Many things are discussed here, including:
* Whether it is reasonable to feign theism in order to avoid upsetting one's
family
* Prayer in schools
* Discrimination against atheists
* Sunday trading laws
* The Satanic Child Abuse myth
* Whether one should be an overt atheist or 'stay in the closet'
* How religious societies prey (sic) on new college students
* How to get rid of unwanted proselytizers
* Whether religion is a danger to society and/or the individual
* Why people become atheists
Of course, inevitably alt.atheism tends to attract evangelical Christians
looking for someone to convert. Most readers of the newsgroup don't
want to be preached to, although a few seem to derive perverse pleasure
from tearing apart particularly ill-considered or uninformed postings.
------------------------------
Subject: Hitler was an atheist!
Typical posting:
Hitler was an atheist, and look at what he did!
Response:
Adolf Hitler was emphatically not an atheist. As he said himself:
The folkish-minded man, in particular, has the sacred duty, each in
his own denomination, of making _people_stop_just_talking_
superficially_of_God's_will,_and_actually_fulfill_God's_will,_and_
not_let_God's_word_be_desecrated._[orig. ital.]
For God's will gave men their form, their essence, and their
abilities. Anyone who destroys His work is declaring war on the
Lord's creation, the divine will. Therefore, let every man be
active, each in his own denomination if you please, and let every
man take it as his first and most sacred duty to oppose anyone who
in his activity by word or deed steps outside the confines of his
religious community and tries to butt into the other.
[...]
Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will
of the Almighty Creator: _by_defending_myself_against_the_Jew,_I_am_
fighting_for_the_work_of_the_Lord._[orig. ital.]
-- Adolf Hitler, from "Mein Kampf", trans. Ralph Mannheim.
Of course, someone bad believing something does not make that belief
wrong. It's also entirely possible that Hitler was lying when he claimed
to believe in God. We certainly can't conclude that he's an atheist,
though.
------------------------------
Subject: The Bible proves it
Typical posting:
In the Bible it says that...
Response:
Most of the readers of alt.atheism feel that the Bible is of questionable
accuracy, as it was written thousands of years ago by many authors who were
recording oral tradition that existed many years before. Thus, any claimed
'truth' in it is of questionable legitimacy. This isn't to say that The
Bible has no truth in it; simply that any truth must be examined before being
accepted.
Many of the readers of this group also feel that because any passage is
subject to "interpretation", any claim that a passage 'means' one thing and
one thing only is not legitimate.
Note that this feeling tends to extend to other books.
It is also remarkable to many atheists that theists tend to ignore other
equally plausible religious books in favour of those of their own religion.
------------------------------
Subject: Pascal's Wager
Typical posting:
If you believe in God and turn out to be incorrect, you have lost nothing --
but if you don't believe in God and turn out to be incorrect, you will go to
hell. Therefore it is foolish to be an atheist.
Response:
This argument is known as Pascal's Wager. It has several flaws.
Firstly, it does not indicate which religion to follow. Indeed, there are
many mutually exclusive and contradictory religions out there. This is often
described as the "avoiding the wrong hell" problem. If a person is a
follower of religion X, he may end up in religion Y's version of hell.
Secondly, the statement that "If you believe in God and turn out to be
incorrect, you have lost nothing" is not true. Suppose you're believing in
the wrong God -- the true God might punish you for your foolishness.
Consider also the deaths that have resulted from people rejecting medicine in
favour of prayer.
Another flaw in the argument is that it is based on the assumption that
the two possibilities are equally likely -- or at least, that they are of
comparable likelihood. If, in fact, the possibility of there being a God
is close to zero, the argument becomes much less persuasive. So sadly the
argument is only likely to convince those who believe already.
Also, many feel that for intellectually honest people, belief is based on
evidence, with some amount of intuition. It is not a matter of will or
cost-benefit analysis.
Formally speaking, the argument consists of four statements:
1. One does not know whether God exists.
2. Not believing in God is bad for one's eternal soul if God does
exist.
3. Believing in God is of no consequence if God does not exist.
4. Therefore it is in one's interest to believe in God.
There are two approaches to the argument. The first is to view 1 as an
assumption, and 2 as a consequence of it. One problem with this approach, in
the abstract, is that it creates information from no information. This is
considered invalid in information theory. Statement 1 indicates one has no
information about God -- but statement 2 indicates that beneficial information
can be gained from the absolute lack of information about God. This violates
information entropy -- information has been extracted from no information, at
no "cost".
The alternative approach is to claim that 1 and 2 are both assumptions. The
problem with this is that 2 is then basically an assumption which states the
Christian position, and only a Christian will agree with that assumption. The
argument thus collapses to "If you are a Christian, it is in your interests
to believe in God" -- a rather vacuous tautology, and not the way Pascal
intended the argument to be viewed.
The biggest reason why Pascal's wager is a failure is that if God is
omniscient he will certainly know who really believes and who believes as
a wager. He will spurn the latter... assuming he actually cares at all
whether people believe in him.
------------------------------
Subject: What is Occam's Razor?
Typical posting:
People keep talking about Occam's Razor. What is it?
Response:
William of Occam formulated a principle which has become known as Occam's
Razor. In its original form, it said "Do not multiply entities
unnecessarily." That is, if you can explain something without supposing
the existence of some entity, then do so.
Nowadays when people refer to Occam's Razor, they generally express it
more generally, for example as "Take the simplest solution".
The relevance to atheism is that we can look at two possible explanations
for what we see around us:
1. There is an incredibly intricate and complex universe out there, which
came into being as a result of natural processes.
2. There is an incredibly intricate and complex universe out there, and
there is also a God who created the universe. Clearly this God must be
of non-zero complexity.
Given that both explanations fit the facts, Occam's Razor might suggest
that we should take the simpler of the two -- solution number one.
Unfortunately, some argue that there is a third even more simple solution:
3. There isn't an incredibly intricate and complex universe out there.
We just imagine that there is.
This third option leads us logically towards solipsism, which many people
find unacceptable.
------------------------------
Subject: Why it's good to believe in Jesus
Typical posting:
I want to tell people about the virtues and benefits of my religion.
Response:
Preaching is not appreciated.
Feel free to talk about your religion, but please do not write postings that
are on a "conversion" theme. Such postings do not belong on alt.atheism and
will be rejected from alt.atheism.moderated (try the newsgroup
talk.religion.misc).
You would doubtless not welcome postings from atheists to your favourite
newsgroup in an attempt to convert you; please do unto others as you would
have them do unto you!
Often theists make their basic claims about God in the form of lengthy
analogies or parables. Be aware that atheists have heard of God and know the
basic claims about him; if the sole purpose of your parable is to tell
atheists that God exists and brings salvation, you may as well not post it,
since it tells us nothing we have not been told before.
------------------------------
Subject: Why I know that God exists
Typical posting:
I *know* from personal experience and prayer that God exists.
Response:
Just as many theists have personal evidence that the being they worship
exists, so many atheists have personal evidence that such beings do not
exist. That evidence varies from person to person.
Furthermore, without wishing to dismiss your evidence out of hand, many
people have claimed all kinds of unlikely things -- that they have been
abducted by UFOs, visited by the ghost of Elvis, and so on.
------------------------------
Subject: Einstein and "God does not play dice"
Typical posting:
Albert Einstein believed in God. Do you think you're cleverer than him?
Response:
Einstein did once comment that "God does not play dice [with the universe]".
This quotation is commonly mentioned to show that Einstein believed in the
Christian God. Used this way, it is out of context; it refers to Einstein's
refusal to accept the uncertainties indicated by quantum theory. Furthermore,
Einstein's religious background was Jewish rather than Christian.
A better quotation showing what Einstein thought about God is the following:
"I believe in Spinoza's God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of
what exists, not in a God who concerns himself with fates and actions of
human beings."
Einstein was unable to accept Quantum Theory because of his belief in an
objective, orderly reality; a reality which would not be subject to random
events and which would not be dependent upon the observer. He believed that
QM was incomplete, and that a better theory would have no need for
statistical interpretations. So far no such better theory has been found,
and much evidence suggests that it never will be.
A longer quote from Einstein appears in "Science, Philosophy, and Religion, A
Symposium", published by the Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion
in Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life, Inc., New York, 1941. In
"The more a man is imbued with the ordered regularity of all events
the firmer becomes his conviction that there is no room left by the side
of this ordered regularity for causes of a different nature. For him
neither the rule of human nor the rule of divine will exists as an
independent cause of natural events. To be sure, the doctrine of a
personal God interfering with natural events could never be
*refuted* [italics his], in the real sense, by science, for this
doctrine can always take refuge in those domains in which scientific
knowledge has not yet been able to set foot.
But I am convinced that such behavior on the part of representatives
of religion would not only be unworthy but also fatal. For a doctrine
which is to maintain itself not in clear light but only in the dark,
will of necessity lose its effect on mankind, with incalculable harm
to human progress. In their struggle for the ethical good, teachers
of religion must have the stature to give up the doctrine of a personal
God, that is, give up that source of fear and hope which in the past
placed such vast power in the hands of priests. In their labors they
will have to avail themselves of those forces which are capable
of cultivating the Good, the True, and the Beautiful in humanity
itself. This is, to be sure, a more difficult but an incomparably
more worthy task..."
"It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religous convictions,
a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a
personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly.
If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the
unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our
science can reveal it."
The latter quote is from "Albert Einstein: The Human Side", edited by Helen
Dukas and Banesh Hoffman, and published by Princeton University Press.
Also from the same book:
"I do not believe in immortality of the individual, and I consider ethics
to be an exclusively human concern with no superhuman authority behind
it."
Of course, the fact that Einstein chose not to believe in Christianity does
not in itself imply that Christianity is false.
------------------------------
Subject: Everyone worships something
Typical posting:
Everyone worships something, whether it's money, power or God.
Response:
If that is true, everyone is a polytheist. Theists care just as much about
those things that atheists care about. If the atheists' reactions to (for
example) their families amount to worship then so do the theists'.
------------------------------
Subject: Why there must be a causeless cause
Typical posting:
Sets of integers that have a lower bound each have a smallest member, so
chains of causes must all have a first element, a causeless cause.
Response:
The set of real numbers greater than zero has a definite lower bound, but has
no smallest member.
Further, even if it is true that there must be a causeless cause, that does
not imply that that cause must be a conscious supernatural entity, and
especially not that any such entity must match the description favoured by
any particular religion.
------------------------------
Subject: The universe is so complex it must have been designed
Typical posting:
The presence of design in the universe proves there is a God. Surely you
don't think all this appeared here just by chance?
Response:
This is known as the Argument From Design.
It is a matter of dispute whether there is any element of design in the
universe. Those who believe that the complexity and diversity of living
creatures on the earth is evidence of a creator are best advised to read the
newsgroup talk.origins for a while.
There is insufficient space to summarize both sides of that debate here.
However, the conclusion is that there is no scientific evidence in favour of
so-called Scientific Creationism. Furthermore, there is much evidence,
observation and theory that can explain many of the complexities of the
universe and life on earth.
The origin of the Argument by Design is a feeling that the existence of
something as incredibly intricate as, say, a human is so improbable that
surely it can't have come about by chance; that surely there must be some
external intelligence directing things so that humans come from the chaos
deliberately.
But if human intelligence is so improbable, surely the existence of a mind
capable of fashioning an entire universe complete with conscious beings must
be immeasurably more unlikely? The approach used to argue in favour of the
existence of a creator can be turned around and applied to the Creationist
position.
This leads us to the familiar theme of "If a creator created the universe,
what created the creator?", but with the addition of spiralling
improbability. The only way out is to declare that the creator was not
created and just "is" (or "was").
From here we might as well ask what is wrong with saying that the universe
just "is" without introducing a creator? Indeed Stephen Hawking, in his book
"A Brief History of Time", explains his theory that the universe is closed
and finite in extent, with no beginning or end.
The Argument From Design is often stated by analogy, in the so-called
Watchmaker Argument. One is asked to imagine that one has found a watch on
the beach. Does one assume that it was created by a watchmaker, or that it
evolved naturally? Of course one assumes a watchmaker. Yet like the
watch, the universe is intricate and complex; so, the argument goes, the
universe too must have a creator.
The Watchmaker analogy suffers from three particular flaws, over and above
those common to all Arguments By Design. Firstly, a watchmaker creates
watches from pre-existing materials, whereas God is claimed to have
created the universe from nothing. These two sorts of creation are
clearly fundamentally different, and the analogy is therefore rather weak.
Secondly, a watchmaker makes watches, but there are many other things in
the world. If we walked further along the beach and found a nuclear
reactor, we wouldn't assume it was created by the watchmaker. The argument
would therefore suggest a multitude of creators, each responsible for a
different part of creation.
Finally, in the first part of the watchmaker argument we conclude that
the watch is not part of nature because it is ordered, and therefore
stands out from the randomness of nature. Yet in the second part of the
argument, we start from the position that the universe is obviously not
random, but shows elements of order. The Watchmaker argument is thus
internally inconsistent.
------------------------------
Subject: Independent evidence that the Bible is true
Typical posting:
The events of the New Testament are confirmed by independent documentary
evidence. For example...
Response:
The writings of Josephus are often mentioned as independent documentary
evidence.
Early versions of Josephus's work are thought not to have mentioned Jesus or
James; the extant version discusses John in a non-Christian context. Many
scholars believe that the original mentioned Jesus and James in passing, but
that this was expanded by Christian copyists. Several "reconstructions" of
the original text have been published to this effect.
Much information appears in the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius (about 320
C.E.). It is worthless as historical material because of the deliberate
falsification of the wily Eusebius who is generally acknowledged as 'the
first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity.' It is Eusebius who is
generally given the title of authorship for this material.
Aside from the New Testament, the biographical information about Jesus is
more well-documented. For further information, please consult the Frequently
Asked Questions file for the newsgroup soc.religion.christian.
------------------------------
Subject: Godel's Incompleteness Theorem
Typical posting:
Godel's Incompleteness Theorem demonstrates that it is impossible for the
Bible to be both true and complete.
Response:
Godel's First Incompleteness Theorem says that in any consistent formal
system which is sufficiently expressive that it can model ordinary
arithmetic, one can formulate expressions which can never be proven to be
valid or invalid ('true' or 'false') within that formal system. (Technically
speaking, the system must also be recursive; that is, there must be a decision
procedure for determining whether a given string is an axiom within the formal
system.)
Essentially, all such systems can formulate what is known as a "Liar
Paradox." The classic Liar Paradox sentence in ordinary English is "This
sentence is false." Note that if a proposition is undecidable, the formal
system cannot even deduce that it is undecidable.
The logic used in theological discussions is rarely well defined, so claims
that Godel's Incompleteness Theorem demonstrates that it is impossible to
prove or disprove) the existence of God are worthless in isolation.
One can trivially define a formal system in which it is possible to prove the
existence of God, simply by having the existence of God stated as an axiom.
This is unlikely to be viewed by atheists as a convincing proof, however.
It may be possible to succeed in producing a formal system built on axioms
that both atheists and theists agree with. It may then be possible to show
that Godel's Incompleteness Theorem holds for that system. However, that
would still not demonstrate that it is impossible to prove that God exists
within the system. Furthermore, it certainly wouldn't tell us anything about
whether it is possible to prove the existence of God generally.
Note also that all of these hypothetical formal systems tell us nothing about
the actual existence of God; the formal systems are just abstractions.
Another frequent claim is that Godel's Incompleteness Theorem demonstrates
that a religious text (the Bible, the Book of Mormon or whatever) cannot be
both consistent and universally applicable. Religious texts are not formal
systems, so such claims are nonsense.
------------------------------
Subject: George Bush on atheism and patriotism
Typical posting:
Did George Bush really say that atheists should not be considered citizens?
Response:
The following exchange took place at the Chicago airport between Robert I.
Sherman of American Atheist Press and George Bush, on August 27 1988. Sherman
is a fully accredited reporter, and was present by invitation as a member of
the press corps. The Republican presidential nominee was there to announce
federal disaster relief for Illinois. The discussion turned to the
presidential primary:
RS: "What will you do to win the votes of Americans who are atheists?"
GB: "I guess I'm pretty weak in the atheist community. Faith in
God is important to me."
RS: "Surely you recognize the equal citizenship and patriotism of
Americans who are atheists?"
GB: "No, I don't know that atheists should be considered as citizens,
nor should they be considered patriots. This is one nation under
God."
RS: "Do you support as a sound constitutional principle the separation
of state and church?"
GB: "Yes, I support the separation of church and state. I'm just not
very high on atheists."
UPI reported on May 8, 1989, that various atheist organizations were
still angry over the remarks.
The exchange appeared in the Boulder Daily Camera on Monday February 27,
1989. It can also be found in "Free Enquiry" magazine, Fall 1988 issue,
Volume 8, Number 4, page 16.
On October 29, 1988, Mr. Sherman had a confrontation with Ed Murnane,
cochairman of the Bush-Quayle '88 Illinois campaign. This concerned a
lawsuit Mr. Sherman had filed to stop the Community Consolidated School
District 21 (Chicago, Illinois) from forcing his first-grade Atheist son to
pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States as "one nation under God"
(Bush's phrase). The following conversation took place:
RS: "American Atheists filed the Pledge of Allegiance lawsuit yesterday.
Does the Bush campaign have an official response to this filing?"
EM: "It's bullshit."
RS: "What is bullshit?"
EM: "Everything that American Atheists does, Rob, is bullshit."
RS: "Thank you for telling me what the official position of the Bush
campaign is on this issue."
EM: "You're welcome."
After Bush's election, American Atheists wrote to Bush asking him to retract
his statement. On February 21st 1989, C. Boyden Gray, Counsel to the
President, replied on White House stationery that Bush substantively stood by
"As you are aware, the President is a religious man who neither supports
atheism nor believes that atheism should be unnecessarily encouraged or
supported by the government."
For further information, contact American Atheist Veterans at the American
Atheist Press's Cameron Road address.
------------------------------
Subject: I know where hell is!
Typical posting:
I know where Hell is! Hell is in Norway!
Response:
There are several towns called "Hell" in various countries around the
world, including Norway and the USA. Whilst this information is mildly
amusing the first time one hears it, readers of alt.atheism are now
getting pretty fed up with hearing it every week.
------------------------------
Subject: Biblical contradictions wanted
Typical posting:
Does anyone have a list of Biblical contradictions?
Response:
American Atheist Press publish an atheist's handbook detailing Biblical
contradictions. See the accompanying posting on Atheist Resources for
details.
There is a file containing some Biblical contradictions available from the
[email protected]. See the contacts file for more information.
------------------------------
Subject: The USA is a Christian nation
Typical posting:
Because of the religious beliefs of the founding fathers, shouldn't the
United States be considered a Christian nation?
Response:
Based upon the writings of several important founding fathers, it is clear
that they never intended the US to be a Christian nation. Here are some
quotes; there are many more.
"What influence, in fact, have ecclesiastical establishments had on society?
In some instances they have been seen to erect a spiritual tyranny on the
ruins of the civil authority; on many instances they have been seen
upholding the thrones of political tyranny; in no instance have they been
the guardians of the liberties of the people. Rulers who wish to subvert
the public liberty may have found an established clergy convenient
auxiliaries. A just government, instituted to secure and perpetuate it,
needs them not."
- James Madison, "A Memorial and Remonstrance", 1785
"I almost shudder at the thought of alluding to the most fatal example of
the abuses of grief which the history of mankind has preserved--the Cross.
Consider what calamities that engine of grief has produced!"
- John Adams, in a letter to Thomas Jefferson
"History I believe furnishes no example of a priest-ridden people
maintaining a free civil government. This marks the lowest grade of
ignorance, of which their political as well as religious leaders will
always avail themselves for their own purpose."
- Thomas Jefferson to Baron von Humboldt, 1813
"I cannot conceive otherwise than that He, the Infinite Father, expects or
requires no worship or praise from us, but that He is even infinitely
above it."
- Benjamin Franklin, from "Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion",
Nov. 20, 1728
------------------------------
Subject: The USA is not a Christian nation
Typical posting:
Is it true that George Washington said that the United States is not in any
sense founded upon the Christian religion?
Response:
No. The quotation often given is in fact from Article XI of the 1797 Treaty
of Tripoli (8 Stat 154, Treaty Series 358):
Article 11
As the government of the United States of America is not in any sense
founded on the Christian Religion, -- as it has in itself no character of
enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Musselmen, -- and as
the said States never have entered into any war or act of hostility
against any Mehomitan nation, it is declared by the parties that no
pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption
of the harmony existing between the two countries.
The text may be found in the Congressional Record or in treaty collections
such as Charles Bevans' "Treaties and Other International Agreements of the
United States of America 1776-1949", vol. 11 (pp. 1070-1080).
The English text of the Treaty of Tripoli was approved by the U.S. Senate on
June 7, 1797 and ratified by President John Adams on June 10, 1797. It was
recently discovered that the Arabic version of the treaty not only lacks the
quotation, it lacks Article XI altogether.
The person who translated the Arabic to English was Joel Barlow, Consul
General at Algiers, a close friend of Thomas Paine -- and an opponent of
Christianity. It is possible that Barlow made up Article XI, but since there
is no Arabic version of that article to be found, it's hard to say.
In 1806 a new Treaty of Tripoli was ratified which no longer contained the
quotation.
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Can someone recommend an inexpensive 19" monochrome X station, that
is not PC software emulation based? Please tell me manufacturer,
model, price and any other significant specs. Thanks.
| 16 |
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I am trying to build and use imake (X11R4) on an IBM RS/6000 running AIX V3.2.
I am having the following 2 problems.
(1) Many of my Imakefile's have contructs like
/**/#This is a makefile
at the start of lines to pass Makefile comments thru the C
preprocessor and into the Makefile. Most of the C preprocessors that
I have used will not treat such a # as appearing at the start of the
line. Thus the C preprocessor does not treat the hash symbol as the
start of a directive.
However the IBM cpp strips the comment and treats the hash symbol
as the start of a directive. The cpp fails when it determines
that "This" is not a known directive. I have temporarily hacked my
imake to handle this situation but would like to come up with a better
fix.
(2) Several Imakefiles use /**/ as a parameter to a macro when a particular
use of the macro does not need a value for the parameter. The AIX cpp
gives warnings about these situations but continues to work OK.
If you are familiar with these problems and have solutions, I would appreciate
information about on your solutions. (Perhaps, this is solved in a later
version of imake that I have not reviewed.) Also, do you know of other cpp's
that behave similarly?
| 16 |
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|
109 |
*****************************
* WARRIORS TICKETS FOR SALE *
*****************************
I have 2 tickets that I can't use (Last pair this year).
Section 109, Row P, Seats 8 & 9
DAY DATE OPPONENT TIME
--- ---- -------- ----
WED 4/21 Sacremento 7:30
Price: $45.00 = MY COST
Call or email if you are interested in these tickets.
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9,118 |
It is correct that VC++ is NOT considered an upgrade for C7. C7 is
basically a DOS product, VC++ is a Windows product. As Windows is not
an upgrade for DOS, it is a separate operating system product line, its
utilities cannot be upgrades for DOS utilities. However, I have also
been told that it is NOT an upgrade for QCWIN, which it should be!
| 18 |
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|
10,044 |
It is a bit unfair to call blame the Clinton Administration alone...this
initiative was underway under the Bush Administration...it is basically
a bipartisan effort of the establishment Demopublicans and
Republicrats...the same bipartisan effort that brought the S&L scandal,
and BCCI, etc.
| 13 |
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|
6,676 |
OK..... thanks to all of you who responded to my post.
here's the "official" response from orchid..
Orchid is aware of the problem, the new rev of the board (rev d) SHOULD (not would) take care of the problem. production was scheduled to start
on april 15, I have no confirmation that production did start on this day
just the word of the tech on the other line.
now the flame......
you would think a company like Orchid who has produced good quality products in the past would be more helpfull and willing to make right on a screwup of theirs.
very poor tech support (the first 2 times I called I must have spoke with the
janitor because they where talking craziness) the last time I talked to a tech named "paul" and he seemed to have a pretty good idea what was going on.
until these problems are resovled neither myself nor my department will buy
or recommend orchid products.
flame off.....
again thanks to all of you who answered my post.
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7,407 |
I am doing a term paper on steroids, actually the scientist who
helped crate the drug. I discovered that Joseph Fruton is one of the
researchers who helped create anabolic steroids. The only information on
this person I know is he was a biochemist that did research in the 1930's.
I already did research at my local libraries, but I still need more
information. My instructor is requiring resources from the computer
networks. Please write back concerning my subject, any books, articles,
etc., will be appreciated.
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|
7,449 |
Xcursor version 4.1 is now on export as xcursor4.1.tar.Z. I've added
a new option to determine if a requested cursor size is OK. Of course,
your server may lie!
| 16 |
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|
10,493 |
IF you can remember to tuck properly, the bits that are going to take most
punishment with the gear you have will probably be your feet, then hips and
knees. Get boots then trousers. The gloves come last, as long as you've the
self control to pull your arms in when you tuck. If not, get good gloves
first - Hands are VERY easily wrecked if you put one down to steady your
fall at 70mph!! The other bits heal easier.
Once you are fully covered, you no longer tuck, just lie back and enjoy the
ride.
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1,089 | 14 |
trimmed_train
|
|
4,631 |
I have just a few quick questions. Does anyone here have a 486 DLC
system? (a Cyrix 486 DX) Any problems with it?
Second, how much should a Cyric 486DLC-33 motherboard (with
no RAM) run me?
3rd...Should a total amatuer (like myslef) be able to perform
a motherboard swap without the aid of a technician, or is it
beyond hope?
4th...I hear that some (if not all) hard drives may require reformatting
if you switch them to another computer (or motherboard as the case may
be). Is there any truth to this?
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|
8,855 |
And the religious right worships engines, smokestacks, landfills,
and hates people.
What does this name-calling have to do with anything you are claiming about
the truth of environmental disaster? Nothing that I have read in this
thread, nor heard from anyone I have talked to, would suggest to me that
people fit the definition you give of the religious left. Come off it, Phil.
A prime motivation for protecting our environment is so that we,
people, can continue to live in it healthily. We just disagree on what
is necessary to maintaining a healthy environment FOR PEOPLE.
[Russ's response deleted to save space]
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
What!? They have already repaired that old hulk!!!? WOW!!! ;-)
I suppose you *mean* the Alaskan shores that were devastated by the
Valdez accident? I haven't seen the articles. What do they say exactly?
Has [mostly] all the ocean and shore life returned? The sands are [mostly]
as clean as they were before? The microbial samples are [mostly] back to
a normal balance? The fish and fowl populations have [mostly] returned? What?
[...]
Not a problem? Would you move to Three Mile Island? I would imagine
there is some cheap property available!
The naturally occurring catastrophic events [disasters] that destroy
property (ie: hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes) do not usually leave
toxic wastes that prevent people from re-building their lives there.
The man-made disasters (oil spills, toxic dumping, radioactive waste
dispersions) cause death and make an area unliveable far beyond the
initial event.
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|
717 |
Motorola has a good app note on a 10 band equalizer using a 56000 DSP. It
could be easily ported to an Ariel board, or even a Turtle Beach 56K
development system.
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4,279 |
Well, before we start calling the Engineering folks in France a bunch of
braindeads for this...
My 1979 Mercury Capri had this lovely feature. This was not the earlier
German variant but the newer one that was identical to the Mustang of
current fame. I can't tell you how many times this feature pissed me off.
Come to think of it my brothers Zepher had this as well.
Robert Dilmore
[email protected]
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|
7,161 |
Hello,
We are having troubles using the PC/TCP onpredir (printer redirection program
with lpr support) with the Windows print manager. The onpredir simply waits
an do only the capture till the end of the Windows session, while after some
printer inactivity it should start the printing.
Does anybody uses this two programs together?
| 18 |
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|
8,393 |
fix the table in .../X11R5/mit/server/ddx/sun/ or
use xmodmap(1).
put
stty pass8; setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1; setenv LESSCHARSET latin1
in your .login. the first prevents the stripping of bit 7.
the second sets the locale. the third makes less(1) show the character
instead of the octal representation.
rj
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|
4,853 |
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."
Declaration of Independence
4 July 1776
| 9 |
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|
2,743 |
I agree that some specialties have gotten way out of line. The main
problem is the payment method for procedures rather than time distorts
the system. I hope they will fix that. But I'm afraid, as usual,
the local doc is going to take the brunt. People grouse about paying
$50 to see their home doctor in his office, but don't mind paying
$20,000 to have brain surgery. They think their local doc is cheating
them but worship the feet of the neurosurgeon who saved their life.
What they don't realize is that we need more local docs and fewer
--
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gordon Banks N3JXP | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
[email protected] | it is shameful to surrender it too soon."
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hello testing
| 4 |
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|
11,047 |
I hate to admit this but there does seem to be some sort of twisted logic
to this approach. It's the bikers against the world and the dogs are just
another worthless adversary. So remember to wear at least calf height leather
boots, ( in case the dog gets lucky and sinks his teeth into your
attacking foot) and go for the gusto, If that dog doesn't retreat from the
street with his tail between his legs next time you see it then you really
haven't done your bit for all your fellow bikers.
Sorry I can't go this far, A dog against and armored cage just doesn't
seem like a fair fight.
after all it is a dog eat dog world
| 12 |
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3,592 |
So we have this highly Christian religious order that put fire
on their house, killing most of the people inside.
I'm not that annoyed about the adults, they knew supposedly what
they were doing, and it's their own actions.
What I mostly are angry about is the fact that the people inside,
including mothers, let the children suffer and die during awful
conditions.
If this is considered religious following to the end, I'm proud
that I don't follow such fanatical and non-compassionate religions.
You might want to die for whatever purpose, but please spare
the innocent young ones that has nothing to do with this all.
I have a hard time just now understanding that Christianity
knows about the word compassion. Christians, do you think
the actions today would produce a good picture of your
religion?
Kent
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6,977 |
NHL RESULTS FOR GAMES PLAYED 4/05/93.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STANDINGS
PATRICK ADAMS NORRIS SMYTHE
TM W L T PT TM W L T PT TM W L T PT TM W L T PT
xPIT 53 21 6 112 yMON 47 27 6 100 yDET 44 28 9 97 yVAN 42 28 9 93
WAS 40 31 7 87 yBOS 46 26 7 99 yCHI 43 25 11 97 yCAL 40 29 10 90
NJ 38 35 6 82 yQUE 44 25 10 98 yTOR 42 26 11 95 yLA 37 33 9 83
NYI 37 34 6 80 yBUF 38 31 10 86 STL 35 34 10 80 yWIN 37 35 7 81
NYR 34 33 11 79 HAR 24 49 5 53 MIN 34 35 10 78 EDM 26 45 8 60
PHL 30 37 11 71 OTT 9 66 4 22 TB 22 51 5 49 SJ 10 68 2 22
x - Clinched Division Title
y - Clinched Playoff Berth
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hartford Whalers (24-49-5) 1 1 3 - 5
New York Rangers (34-33-11) 1 2 1 - 4
1st period: HAR, Cunneyworth 5 - (Janssens, Greig) 12:21
NYR, Graves 34 - (Turcotte, Zubov) 18:39
2nd period: NYR, Kovalev 19 - (Turcotte, Graves) 2:12
HAR, Sanderson 44 - (Cassels) (pp) 4:54
NYR, Amonte 30 - (Andersson, Vanbiesbrouck) (pp) 19:13
3rd period: NYR, M.Messier 25 - (Amonte, Andersson) 2:26
HAR, Sanderson 45 - (Cassels) (sh) 5:23
HAR, Nylanders 6 - (Ladouceur) 8:35
HAR, Verbeek 36 - (Zalapski) 17:43
Powerplay Opportunities-Whalers 1 of 4
Rangers 1 of 4
Shots on Goal- Whalers 7 8 8 - 23
Rangers 9 10 12 - 31
Hartford Whalers--Gosselin (4-7-1) (31 shots - 27 saves)
New York Rangers--Vanbiesbrouck (20-18-7) (23 shots - 18 saves)
ATT-17,806
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Interesting statements, simply because I have been told otherwise. I'm
certainly not questioning Steve's claims, as for one I am not a doctor, and I
agree that foods don't bring on the recurrence of Crohn's. But inflammation
can be either mildly or DRASTICALLY enhanced due to food.
Having had one major obstruction resulting in resection (is that a good enough
caveat :-), I was told that a *LOW RESIDUE* diet is called for. Basically,
the idea is that if there is inflammation of the gut (which may not be
realized by the patient), any residue in the system can be caught in the folds
of inflammation and constantly irritate, thus exacerbating the problem.
Therefore, anything that doesn't digest completely by the point of common
inflammation should be avoided. With what I've been told is typical Crohn's,
of the terminal ileum, my diet should be low residue, consisting of:
Completely out - never again - items:
o corn (kernel husk doesn't digest ... most of us know this :-)
o popcorn (same)
o dried (dehydrated) fruit and fruit skins
o nuts (Very tough when it comes to giving up some fudge :-)
Discouraged greatly:
o raw vegetables (too fibrous)
o wheat and raw grain breads
o exotic lettuce (iceberg is ok since it's apparently mostly water)
o greens (turnip, mustard, kale, etc...)
o little seeds, like sesame (try getting an Arby's without it!)
o long grain and wild rice (husky)
o beans (you'll generate enough gas alone without them!)
o BASICALLY anything that requires heavy digestive processing
I was told that the more processed the food the better! (rather ironic in this
day and age). The whole point is PREVENTATIVE ... you want to give your
system as little chance to inflame as possible. I was told that among the
NUMEROUS things that were heavily discouraged (I only listed a few), to try
the ones I wanted and see how I felt. If it's bad, don't do it again!
Remember though that this was while I was in remission. For Veggies: cook the
daylights out of them. I prefer steaming ... I think it's cooks more
thoroughly - you're mileage may vary.
As with anything else, CHECK WITH YOUR DOCTOR. Don't just take my word. But
this is the info I've been given, and it may be a starting point for
discussion. Good luck!
-Spenser
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3,499 |
HELP! I really got ripped off and I need some help unripping myself.
I bought a Maxtor 4380 300mb ESDI HDD from Hi-Tech for $300, then paid to
get it repaired, for about another $300. Here's the deal: The thing works
fine! It low level formats, etc without any bad spots at all! AND THEN...
(Jaws Music) sectors start going bad! EEK!!! One at a time. Norton disk
doctor keeps marking some U and some C. That FIXES it. For about 5 minutes.
Then next day when I run NDD on it again: NO DICE more uncorrectable and
correctable sectors. AHHHHHUUUURRRRRRGGGGGHHHHH!!!!! So I fugure: "Ok, NDD's
just not being thurough enough, I'll use Spinrite, I heard that works well."
What happens? Spinrite goes and returns the clusters to active use!!!
AHHHUUUURRRRRRGGGGGHHHH!!!! NDD undoes it of course. The problem seams to
be getting worse and worse. HOWEVER when the HDD is low level formatted
again the problem goes away for a while, only to return in a day or so.
I'm so pissed off right now I'm considering buying another HDD, and I really
can't afford it.
I'm using SMARTDRIVE, and WINDOWS 3.1 (I'm not using the 32 bit disk access
though, I know that can create problems). The disk is using the second
option to trick the controller into thinking it's got less then 1024 cyls,
and everything else selected is standard, maybe I need to use a different
head skew or something? I don't know.
ANYONE WHO KNOWS HOW TO FIX THIS PROBLEM PLEASE TELL ME HOW!!!! HELP!!!!
| 3 |
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5,743 |
True, coach Matikainen is ready to keep a spot for Teemu all the way
until the medal games. He wants Teppo Numminen, too. And Kurri, but for
them the spots cannot be left open for too long. Esa Tikkanen we have
already.
Even without these players I think we have pretty good team. Young,
hungry, talented guys, no old players that have got everything (except
the gold). Yesterday's practise game, SWE-FIN 6-6, shows that the two
world's best hockey teams ;) are in prime shape. The Finn line
Riihijarvi(slightly injured)-Saarikoski-Viitakoski shined. I bet these
two teams are the best in the NHL, too. Roger, Roger?
What do you people think about Team Canada with Lindros, Brind'Amour,
Burke, Ranford, Recchi, Dineen...? Can they beat the Finns:?
Coaching news:
Alpo Suhonen (ex-Jets) to Jokerit (now verified),
Boris Majorov (ex-Jokerit) to Tappara,
Vasili Tichonov (ex-Assat) to San Jose Sharks
(assistant coach),
Sakari Pietila to Lulea (silver team in Elite-serien)
| 17 |
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|
10,990 |
Hey! I am interested in buying a digital delay pedal, preferably
capable of sampling and infinite repeat. (If you're familiar
with Phil Keaggy, I want to mimic, or at least as close as possible,
what he does in concert, i.e., click the pedal, play something, click
it again, and what he played between clicks repeats infinitely while
he playes leads over it) Anyway, let me know.....
| 5 |
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Archive-name: cryptography-faq/part08
Last-modified: 1993/4/15
FAQ for sci.crypt, part 8: Technical Miscellany
This is the eighth of ten parts of the sci.crypt FAQ. The parts are
mostly independent, but you should read the first part before the rest.
We don't have the time to send out missing parts by mail, so don't ask.
Notes such as ``[KAH67]'' refer to the reference list in the last part.
The sections of this FAQ are available via anonymous FTP to rtfm.mit.edu
as /pub/usenet/news.answers/cryptography-faq/part[xx]. The Cryptography
FAQ is posted to the newsgroups sci.crypt, sci.answers, and news.answers
every 21 days.
Contents
* How do I recover from lost passwords in WordPerfect?
* How do I break a Vigenere (repeated-key) cipher?
* How do I send encrypted mail under UNIX? [PGP, RIPEM, PEM, ...]
* Is the UNIX crypt command secure?
* How do I use compression with encryption?
* Is there an unbreakable cipher?
* What does ``random'' mean in cryptography?
* What is the unicity point (a.k.a. unicity distance)?
* What is key management and why is it important?
* Can I use pseudo-random or chaotic numbers as a key stream?
* What is the correct frequency list for English letters?
* What is the Enigma?
* How do I shuffle cards?
* Can I foil S/W pirates by encrypting my CD-ROM?
* Can you do automatic cryptanalysis of simple ciphers?
* What is the coding system used by VCR+?
* How do I recover from lost passwords in WordPerfect?
WordPerfect encryption has been shown to be very easy to break.
The method uses XOR with two repeating key streams: a typed password
and a byte-wide counter initialized to 1+<the password length>. Full
descriptions are given in Bennett [BEN87] and Bergen and Caelli
[BER91].
decrypt WordPerfect document files and I think I have a solution.
There is a software company named: Accessdata (87 East 600 South,
Orem, UT 84058), 1-800-658-5199 that has a software package that will
decrypt any WordPerfect, Lotus 1-2-3, Quatro-Pro, MS Excel and Paradox
files. The cost of the package is $185. Steep prices, but if you
think your pw key is less than 10 characters, (or 10 char) give them a
call and ask for the free demo disk. The demo disk will decrypt files
that have a 10 char or less pw key.''
* How do I break a Vigenere (repeated-key) cipher?
A repeated-key cipher, where the ciphertext is something like the
plaintext xor KEYKEYKEYKEY (and so on), is called a Vigenere cipher.
If the key is not too long and the plaintext is in English, do the
following:
1. Discover the length of the key by counting coincidences.
(See Gaines [GAI44], Sinkov [SIN66].) Trying each displacement of
the ciphertext against itself, count those bytes which are equal.
If the two ciphertext portions have used the same key, something
over 6% of the bytes will be equal. If they have used different
key, then less than 0.4% will be equal (assuming random 8-bit bytes
of key covering normal ASCII text). The smallest displacement which
indicates an equal key is the length of the repeated key.
2. Shift the text by that length and XOR it with itself. This
removes the key and leaves you with text XORed with itself. Since
English has about 1 bit of real information per byte, 2 streams of
text XORed together has 2 bits of info per 8-bit byte, providing
plenty of redundancy for choosing a unique decryption. (And in fact
one stream of text XORed with itself has just 1 bit per byte.)
If the key is short, it might be even easier to treat this as a
standard polyalphabetic substitution. All the old cryptanalysis
texts show how to break those. It's possible with those methods, in
the hands of an expert, if there's only ten times as much text as key.
See, for example, Gaines [GAI44], Sinkov [SIN66].
* How do I send encrypted mail under UNIX? [PGP, RIPEM, PEM, ...]
Here's one popular method, using the des command:
cat file | compress | des private_key | uuencode | mail
Meanwhile, there is a de jure Internet standard in the works called
PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail). It is described in RFCs 1421 through
1424. To join the PEM mailing list, contact [email protected].
There is a beta version of PEM being tested at the time of this
writing.
There are also two programs available in the public domain for encrypting
mail: PGP and RIPEM. Both are available by FTP. Each has its own
newsgroup: alt.security.pgp and alt.security.ripem. Each has its own FAQ
as well.
PGP is most commonly used outside the USA since it uses the RSA algorithm
without a license and RSA's patent is valid only (or at least primarily)
in the USA.
RIPEM is most commonly used inside the USA since it uses the RSAREF which
is freely available within the USA but not available for shipment outside
the USA.
Since both programs use a secret key algorithm for encrypting the body of
the message (PGP used IDEA; RIPEM uses DES) and RSA for encrypting the
message key, they should be able to interoperate freely. Although there
have been repeated calls for each to understand the other's formats and
algorithm choices, no interoperation is available at this time (as far as
we know).
* Is the UNIX crypt command secure?
No. See [REE84]. There is a program available called cbw (crypt
breaker's workbench) which can be used to do ciphertext-only attacks
on files encrypted with crypt. One source for CBW is [FTPCB].
* How do I use compression with encryption?
A number of people have proposed doing perfect compression followed by
some simple encryption method (e.g., XOR with a repeated key).
Unfortunately, you can only compress perfectly if you know the exact
distribution of possible inputs. For all practical purposes it's
impossible to describe ``the typical English text'' beyond coarse
characteristics such as single-letter frequencies. You can build up
more and more sophisticated models of your inputs, but if the enemy
has a slightly more accurate model, he'll be able to find some
redundancy in your compressed output.
Note that nearly all practical compression schemes, unless they
have been designed with cryptography in mind, produce output that
actually starts off with high redundancy. For example, the output of
UNIX compress begins with a well-known three-byte ``magic number''
that can serve as an entering wedge for cryptanalysis.
This is not to say that compression before encryption is inherently a
bad idea; it just has to be done very, very carefully, and by no means
removes the need for strong encryption.
Compression after encryption is silly.
* Is there an unbreakable cipher?
Yes. The one-time pad is unbreakable; see part 4. Unfortunately the
one-time pad requires secure distribution of as much key material as
plaintext.
Of course, a cryptosystem need not be utterly unbreakable to be
useful. Rather, it needs to be strong enough to resist attacks by
likely enemies for whatever length of time the data it protects is
expected to remain valid.
* What does ``random'' mean in cryptography?
Cryptographic applications demand much more out of a pseudorandom
number generator than most applications. For a source of bits to be
cryptographically random, it must be computationally impossible to
predict what the Nth random bit will be given complete knowledge of
the algorithm or hardware generating the stream and the sequence of
0th through N-1st bits, for all N up to the lifetime of the source.
A software generator (also known as pseudo-random) has the function
of expanding a truly random seed to a longer string of apparently
random bits. This seed must be large enough not to be guessed by
the opponent. Ideally, it should also be truly random (perhaps
generated by a hardware random number source).
Those who have Sparcstation 1 workstations could, for example,
generate random numbers using the audio input device as a source of
entropy, by not connecting anything to it. For example,
cat /dev/audio | compress - >foo
gives a file of high entropy (not random but with much randomness in
it). One can then encrypt that file using part of itself as a key,
for example, to convert that seed entropy into a pseudo-random
string.
When looking for hardware devices to provide this entropy, it is
important really to measure the entropy rather than just assume that
because it looks complicated to a human, it must be "random". For
example, disk operation completion times sound like they might be
unpredictable (to many people) but a spinning disk is much like a
clock and its output completion times are relatively low in entropy.
* What is the unicity point (a.k.a. unicity distance)?
See [SHA49]. The unicity distance is an approximation to that amount
of ciphertext such that the sum of the real information (entropy) in
the corresponding source text and encryption key equals the number
of ciphertext bits used. Ciphertexts significantly longer than this
can be shown probably to have a unique decipherment. This is used to
back up a claim of the validity of a ciphertext-only cryptanalysis.
Ciphertexts significantly shorter than this are likely to have
multiple, equally valid decryptions and therefore to gain security
from the opponent's difficulty choosing the correct one.
Unicity distance, like all statistical or information-theoretic
measures, does not make deterministic predictions but rather gives
probabilistic results: namely, the minimum amount of ciphertext
for which it is likely that there is only a single intelligible
plaintext corresponding to the ciphertext, when all possible keys
are tried for the decryption. Working cryptologists don't normally
deal with unicity distance as such. Instead they directly determine
the likelihood of events of interest.
Let the unicity distance of a cipher be D characters. If fewer than
D ciphertext characters have been intercepted, then there is not
enough information to distinguish the real key from a set of
possible keys. DES has a unicity distance of 17.5 characters,
which is less than 3 ciphertext blocks (each block corresponds to
8 ASCII characters). This may seem alarmingly low at first, but
the unicity distance gives no indication of the computational work
required to find the key after approximately D characters have been
intercepted.
In fact, actual cryptanalysis seldom proceeds along the lines used
in discussing unicity distance. (Like other measures such as key
size, unicity distance is something that guarantees insecurity if
it's too small, but doesn't guarantee security if it's high.) Few
practical cryptosystems are absolutely impervious to analysis; all
manner of characteristics might serve as entering ``wedges'' to crack
some cipher messages. However, similar information-theoretic
considerations are occasionally useful, for example, to determine a
recommended key change interval for a particular cryptosystem.
Cryptanalysts also employ a variety of statistical and
information-theoretic tests to help guide the analysis in the most
promising directions.
Unfortunately, most literature on the application of information
statistics to cryptanalysis remains classified, even the seminal
1940 work of Alan Turing (see [KOZ84]). For some insight into the
possibilities, see [KUL68] and [GOO83].
* What is key management and why is it important?
One of the fundamental axioms of cryptography is that the enemy is in
full possession of the details of the general cryptographic system,
and lacks only the specific key data employed in the encryption. (Of
course, one would assume that the CIA does not make a habit of telling
Mossad about its cryptosystems, but Mossad probably finds out anyway.)
Repeated use of a finite amount of key provides redundancy that can
eventually facilitate cryptanalytic progress. Thus, especially in
modern communication systems where vast amounts of information are
transferred, both parties must have not only a sound cryptosystem but
also enough key material to cover the traffic.
Key management refers to the distribution, authentication, and
handling of keys.
A publicly accessible example of modern key management technology
is the STU III secure telephone unit, which for classified use
employs individual coded ``Crypto Ignition Keys'' and a central Key
Management Center operated by NSA. There is a hierarchy in that
certain CIKs are used by authorized cryptographic control
personnel to validate the issuance of individual traffic keys and
to perform installation/maintenance functions, such as the
reporting of lost CIKs.
This should give an inkling of the extent of the key management
problem. For public-key systems, there are several related issues,
many having to do with ``whom do you trust?''
* Can I use pseudo-random or chaotic numbers as a key stream?
Chaotic equations and fractals produce an apparent randomness from
relatively compact generators. Perhaps the simplest example is a
linear congruential sequence, one of the most popular types of random
number generators, where there is no obvious dependence between seeds
and outputs. Unfortunately the graph of any such sequence will, in a
high enough dimension, show up as a regular lattice. Mathematically
this lattice corresponds to structure which is notoriously easy for
cryptanalysts to exploit. More complicated generators have more
complicated structure, which is why they make interesting pictures---
but a cryptographically strong sequence will have no computable
structure at all.
See [KNU81], exercise 3.5-7; [REE77]; and [BOY89].
* What is the correct frequency list for English letters?
There are three answers to this question, each slightly deeper than
the one before. You can find the first answer in various books:
namely, a frequency list computed directly from a certain sample of
English text. Of course any such list will be ``correctly'' computed,
but exactly which list you get depends on which sample was taken.
The second answer is that the question doesn't make sense. What do
you mean by ``English letters''? The ``English language'' is not a
fixed, finite, closed object that can be exactly characterized. It
has changed over time; it is different between different authors.
Any particular message will have different statistics from those of
the language as a whole.
The third answer is that yes, no particular message is going to have
exactly the same characteristics as English in general, but for all
reasonable statistical uses these slight discrepancies won't matter.
In fact there's an entire field called ``Bayesian statistics'' (other
buzzwords are ``maximum entropy methods'' and ``maximum likelihood
estimation'') which studies questions like ``What's the chance that a
text with these letter frequencies is in English?'' and comes up with
reasonably robust answers.
So make your own list from your own samples of English text. It will
be good enough for practical work, if you use it properly.
* What is the Enigma?
``For a project in data security we are looking for sources of
information about the German Enigma code and how it was broken by
the British during WWII.''
See [WEL82], [DEA85], [KOZ84], [HOD83], [KAH91].
* How do I shuffle cards?
Card shuffling is a special case of the permutation of an array of
values, using a random or pseudo-random function. All possible output
permutations of this process should be equally likely. To do this, you
need a random function (modran(x)) which will produce a uniformly
distributed random integer in the interval [0..x-1]. Given that
function, you can shuffle with the following [C] code: (assuming ARRLTH
is the length of array arr[] and swap() interchanges values at the two
addresses given)
for ( n = ARRLTH-1; n > 0 ; n-- ) swap( &arr[modran( n+1 )], &arr[n] ) ;
modran(x) can not be achieved exactly with a simple (ranno() % x) since
ranno()'s interval may not be divisible by x, although in most cases the
error will be very small. To cover this case, one can take ranno()'s
modulus mod x, call that number y, and if ranno() returns a value less
than y, go back and get another ranno() value.
* Can I foil S/W pirates by encrypting my CD-ROM?
Someone will frequently express the desire to publish a CD-ROM with
possibly multiple pieces of software, perhaps with each encrypted
separately, and will want to use different keys for each user (perhaps
even good for only a limited period of time) in order to avoid piracy.
As far as we know, this is impossible, since there is nothing in standard
PC or workstation hardware which uniquely identifies the user at the
keyboard. If there were such an identification, then the CD-ROM could be
encrypted with a key based in part on the one sold to the user and in
part on the unique identifier. However, in this case the CD-ROM is one
of a kind and that defeats the intended purpose.
If the CD-ROM is to be encrypted once and then mass produced, there must
be a key (or set of keys) for that encryption produced at some stage in
the process. That key is useable with any copy of the CD-ROM's data.
The pirate needs only to isolate that key and sell it along with the
illegal copy.
* Can you do automatic cryptanalysis of simple ciphers?
Utah sells products that break the password scheme of a number of
popular Macintosh and PC software packages. Their telephone number
is (801) 224-6970
No PD software has been cited but there are many papers on the
subject....
Peleg, S. and Rosenfeld, A. "Breaking Substitution Ciphers Using a
Relaxation Algorithm" Comm. ACM Vol. 22(11) pp 598-605 (Nov. 1979)
Lucks, Michael, "A Constraint Satisfaction Algorithm for the
Automated Decryption of Simple Substitution Ciphers", Advances in
Cryptology -- CRYPTO '88, Springer Lecture Notes in Computer
Science, vol. 403 (The paper also contains references to earlier
work on the subject.)
John Carrol and Steve Martin, "The Automated Cryptanalysis of
Substitution Ciphers", Cryptologia, vol X number 4, Oct 86 p193-209.
John Carrol and Lynda Robbins, "Automated Cryptanalysis of
Polyalphabetic Ciphers", Cryptologia, vol XI number 4, Oct 87
p193-205
Martin Kochanski, "A Survey of Data Insecurity Packages",
Cryptologia, vol XI number 1, Jan 87 p1-15
Martin Kochanski, "Another Data Insecurity Package", Cryptologia,
vol XII number 3, July 88, p165-177.
Cryptologia Vol XIII Number 4 1989 pp 303-326.
King and Bahler, "Probabilistic Relaxation in the Cryptanalysis of
Simple Substitution Ciphers" Cryptologia 16(3):215-225.
King and Bahler, "An Algorithmic Solution of Sequential Homophonic
Ciphers". Cryptologia, April 93 (in press).
R. Spillman et.al., "Use of Genetic Algorithms in Cryptanalysis of
Simple Substitution Ciphers", Cryptologia, vol XVII Number 1, Jan 93
p31-44.
* What is the coding system used by VCR+?
One very frequently asked question in sci.crypt is about how the VCR+ codes
work. The following article attempts to describe it.
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I heard the diesels are considered cleaner-burning than
gas engines because the emit less of: Carbon Monoxide,
Hydrocarbons, and Oxides of Nitrogen. (CO, HC, NOX).
But they can put out a lot of particulate matter. I heard
something about legislation being discussed to "clean up
diesel emissions". Is there anything in the works to
install "scrubbers" for diesels? How about the feasibility
of installing them on trucks and cars? Would it be any
different than a catylitic converter? I'd assume easier,
since we're removing particulate matter instead of converting
gasses. Let's hear people's opinions...
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Vel Natarajan [email protected] Motorola Cellular, Arlington Hts IL --
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Is there any one know:
What is the FTP tool for Windows and where to get the tool ?
Thanks for any help !!
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If you did not see with your 'eyes' freedom of religion you
must ne at least blind !
2 weeks ago I read the interview of a Turkish journalist in a GReek magazine,
he said nothing about being forbiden to have Turkish press in Greece !
Give as a brake. You call athnic cleansing of apopulation when it doubles?
What do you mean by that ? Anyway in Greece, as in every country if you want
some property you 'inform' the goverment .
Well well well. When Turkish in Area of Komotini elect 1 out of 3
represenatives of this area to GReek parliament, if not freedom what is it?
3 out of 3 ? Maybe there are only Turks living there ....
I cannot deny that actions of fanatics from both sides were reported.
A minority of Greek idiots indeed attack religious places, which
were protected by the Greek police. Photographs of Greek policemen
preventing Turks from this non brain minority were all over Greek press.
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Article #60579 (60704 is last):
From: [email protected] (Rithea Hong)
Subject: Re: Perfect MAG MX15F Monitors?
Date: Sat Apr 17 07:13:05 1993
A friend of mine got a Mag of the above model and it had some distrotion, so
he sent it back. Unfortunately, the replacement also was distorted. I would
bet it's a common problem. The best advice I've heard when buying monnitors
is to actually look at the specific one you will buy (as opposed to model)
since monitor manufacturing even from "Big Names" still tends to produce
alot of monitors with visible defects.
Rithea Hong
([email protected])
End of File, Press RETURN to quit
Just to name two at the top of my list of crap monitor makers are,
SONY & MAGNAVOX...Sam
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Cyrix have released a 386 pin-conpatible 486 clone. Designed to upgrade
old 16 & 20MHz 386's the chips are also clockdoubling. Thus a 16MHz 386
can be transformed into a 32MHz 486, with a single chip upgrade.
Unfortunately in Australia the DRu2 sells for $700A (16MHz) and $1000A
(20MHz), about 1.5x the price of a 486dx33 motherboard with two vlb slots!!!
How much do these thing cost in the States?
How well do they work?
Thanks for any info,
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Madmen are mad. Do we try to explain the output from a broken computer?
I think not.
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Point your gopher client at merlot.welch.jhu.edu
and select the following directories:
--> 13. Search and Retrieve Software/
--> 8. Search and Retrieve Graphics Software and Data/
And you'll see -
--> 1. Graphics Online Bibliography (ACM SIGGRAPH)/
2. Graphics Software and Data Archives (ftp sites)/
3. Search All Graphics Information <?>
4. Search Comp.graphics FAQ <?>
5. Search Graphics Resources (Software and Data) <?>
6. Search Pictures Utilities FAQ <?>
1. Graphics Online Bibliography (ACM SIGGRAPH)/
Searches and archives of bibliographic database that covers
graphics literature for over a hundred years (served
by a gopher hole in Austria).
2. Graphics Software and Data Archives (ftp sites)/
Has links to over 70 sites around the world which
have software and/or data for computer graphics.
This can be used on its own or as a companion to the
searches found in this directory which will point you
toward software and data at various places.
3. Search All Graphics Information <?>
4. Search Comp.graphics FAQ <?>
5. Search Graphics Resources (Software and Data) <?>
6. Search Pictures Utilities FAQ <?>
These searches contain a wealth of information about
computer graphics, data, software, techniques etc...
3. Search All Graphics Information <?>
Will simply search all of the information contained
in searches 4, 5, and 6.
4. Search Comp.graphics FAQ <?>
Lets you search the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
from the Comp.graphics newsgroup compiled by John
Grieggs at the JPL.
5. Search Graphics Resources (Software and Data) <?>
Lets you search the Grpahics Resource Listing of
software and data provided by Nick Fotis at the
National Technical Univ. of Athens.
6. Search Pictures Utilities FAQ <?>
Lets you search the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
from the Alt.binaries.pixutils newsgroup compiled by
Jim Howard at Cadence.
Select:
--> 3. Search All Graphics Information <?>
And search for:
usgs
And you'll find out some information about USGS data availability.
Now select:
--> 2. Graphics Software and Data Archives (ftp sites)/
and you might find the following interesting:
--> 12. Cartographic data - USGS data (Xerox)/
--> 42. Mapgen/Plotgen and more (USGS)/
--> 68. USGS Weekly Seismicity Reports (including maps - GIF)/
--> 68. USGS Earth Science Data Directory/
(This actually is a database of available data - search
it for terrain - could prove quite useful.)
One other place to look is only available by anonymous ftp at
the moment -
US Geological Survey Maps - isdres.er.usgs.gov (130.11.48.2).
If you've never heard of gopher don't worry it's free and on the net,
write me a note if you'd like information on how to get started.
Best of luck,
Dan Jacobson
[email protected]
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I recently bought an AMD 386/40. The motherboard booklet says
the board is a "391 WB/H." I have 4 1x3 simms on board. The machine
also uses a Super IDE I/O Card (model PT-604). (of course niether
the motherboard or the I/O card booklet clearly state who the manufacurers
are) I'm also using a Trident 8900C SVGA card.
Anyway, that's all of the pertinent info I can think of.
My problem is that the computer often freezes or displays "Parity Error --
System Halted" messages depending on whether I set the Memory Parity Error
Checking to "disabled" or "enabled" in the setup of the bios (makes sense).
Its AMI bios (so it must be an AMI board?).
I just took it back to the dealer and they replaced all of the
SIMMS but I keep getting the same error (more frequently now). It all
worked at the dealer and didn't start screwing up 'till I got home (figures).
I've tried to take out all of the SIMMS and even re-inserted them
in reverse order, making sure that the connections were solid.
My suspicion jumps to this damn all in one HD controller/serial/
parallel/game-port I/O card, or to the motherboard (God forbid).
CAN ANYONE HELP?
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I guess what I am really asking, like I did above, how does my government
who is my servent, tell me the soveriegn what I can or cannot possess?
It would seem to me that the act of possessing a machine gun is no less
"criminal", by definition, than the act of possessing a television set. I also would seem
to me that it would be better to pass laws that say, that if I harm
or kill someone with the machine gun or the television set that there
would be specific penalties for doing such.
Sorry, I was close.
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wasn't
He is in Japan playing baseball.
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It's one of those animals you dance with.
But seriously, I saw this video for sale brand new at Palmer Video
for $9 + tx. I guess if I could resell them for $12 I would dance
like a Wovie.
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And this means that the FBI will want to track the customer lists of
better encryption phones, because "the only reason a person would want
one is to evade the police."
They don't have to track customer lists - they merely have to digitally
listen to any phone line and eliminate any that don't have the clipper
header/signature. (No-one has said how it will be modulated - want a bet
it's a non-standard and hence easily recognisable baudrate?)
Devices to scan exchanges and detect modems etc already exist. I've seen
them advertised in the trade press.
Once you eliminate crippled crypto devices and ordinary data modems, what's
left is crypto worth looking more closely at. I guess any substitute scheme
will have to be v32bis or v.fast to disguise it, though then they just start
looking at the data too...
Whatever happens though, the effect of this new chip will be to make private
crypto stand out like a sore thumb.
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That is not necessarily unorthodox. When Christians call God 'Father',
we are using a metaphor. The Bible in one place refers to God as being
like a mother. God is neither a father nor a mother in the literal
sense; God has some of the attributes of both; the father metaphor is
usually used because (for most people at most times) it is the less
misleading of the two possibilities.
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Probably she meant that your blood pressure went up while you were on
the treadmill. This is normal. You'll have to ask her if this is
what she meant, since no one else can answer for another person.
--
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gordon Banks N3JXP | "Skepticism is the chastity of the intellect, and
[email protected] | it is shameful to surrender it too soon."
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In article <[email protected]> [email protected] (A.J. Teel) writes...
> No, the definition of "resident" is very specific. It is the
>same thing as "alien". Look it up. Remember that the common usage of
>the words ARE NOT always their legal meaning.
This I gotta see some authority for.
from Black's Law Dictionary, Revised 4th Ed., page 1473:
RESIDENCE. A factual place of abode. Living in a particular
locality. Reese v. Reese, 179 Misc. 665, 40 N.Y.S.2d 468, 472;
Zimmerman, 175 Or. 585, 155 P.2d 293, 295. It requires only bodily
presence as an inhabitant of a place. In re Campbell's Guardianship,
216 Minn. 113, 11 N.W.2d 786, 789.
As ``domicile'' and ``residence'' are usually in the same place,
they are frequently used as if they had the same meaning, but they are
not identical terms, for a person may have two places of residence, as
in the city and country, but only one domicile. Residence means
living in a particular locality, but domicile means living in that
locality with intent to make it a fixed and permanent home. Residence
simply requires bodily presence as an inhabitant in a given place,
while domicile requires bodily presence in that place and also an
intention to make it one's domicile. In re Riley's Will, 266 N.Y.S.
209, 148 Misc. 588. ``Residence'' demands less intimate local ties
than ``domicile,'' but ``domicile'' allows absence for indefinite
period if intent to return remains. Immigration Act 1917, sec. 3, 8
U.S.C.A. sec. 136 (e, p). Transatlantica Italiana v. Elting,
C.C.A.N.Y., 74 F.2d 732, 733. But see, Ward v. Ward, 115, W.Va 429,
176 S.E. 708, 709; Southwestern Greyhound Lines v. Craig, 182 Okl.
610, 80 P 2d 221, 224; holding that residence and domicile are
synonymous terms. ``Residence'' has a meaning dependent on context
and purpose of statute. In re Jones, 341 Pa. 329, 19 A.2d 280, 282.
Words ``residence'' and ``domicile'' may have an identical or variable
meaning depending on subject-matter and context of statute. Kemp v.
Kemp, 16 N.Y.S.2d 26, 34, 172 Misc. 738.
Legal residence. See Legal.
RESIDENT. One who has his residence in a place. See Residence.
Also a tenant, who was obliged to reside on his lord's land, and
not to depart from the same; called, also, ``homme levant et
couchant,'' and in Normandy, ``resseant du fief.''
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: Living things maintain small electric fields to (1) enhance certain
: chemical reactions, (2) promote communication of states with in a
: cell, (3) communicate between cells (of which the nervous system is
: a specialized example), and perhaps other uses.
True.
: These electric fields change with location and time in a large
: organism.
Also True.
: Special photographic techniques such as applying external fields in
: Kirillian photography interact with these fields or the resistances
: caused by these fields to make interesting pictures.
Not really.
Kirlian photography is taking pictures of the corona discharge from
objects (animate or inanimate). The fields applied to the objects are
millions of times larger than any biologically created fields. If you
want to record the biologically created electric fields, you've got to
use low-noise, high-gain sensors typical of EEGs and EKGs. Kirlian
photography is just phun-with-physics type stuff (right up there with
soaking chunks of extra-fine steel wool in liquid oxygen then hitting
them with a hammer -- which, like a Kirlean setup, is fun but possibly
dangerous).
: Perhaps such pictures will be diagonistic of disease problems in
: organisms when better understood. Perhaps not.
Probably not.
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Whatever equipment will work on a mac plus or a mac se will work fine on
a mac portable. It doesn't have a sound input, but there is equipment
that works fine with those models mentioned in macuser/macworld.
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I see . . . you're not running Ultrix!
:-)
- - Steve
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You can be sure they wouldn't do it if it wasn't to their advantage.
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Greetings!
I am looking pro a Win 3.1 printer driver for the Panasonic laser printer
KX-P4430. (I am not sure about the order of the first letters in the
name, but the numbers are right and they are important.) I have found
drivers for Panasonic printers 4450 and so on, but I think there should
be drivers available where the 4430 model is included.
Grateful for any help!
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
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8,415 |
You have missed something. There is a big difference between being in
the SAME PLANE and in exactly the same state (positions and velocities
equal). IN addition to this, there has always been redundancies proposed.
Bob
--
| 10 |
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Hi netters!
I'm looking for books that showing how to fix your own hardware problem.
Please let me know if you have any books in mind. Thanks.
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4,927 |
I have one and it is my favorite CD-ROM drive so far. I also have
a NEC-74 and have had experience with several other drives (Various
Phillips drives)
The 3401 is faster than the NEC, I like its door better (the NEC
needs 2 hands), the XA handling (The NEC needs to be re-booted to go from
XA to ROM while the 3401 does it on the fly), All in all I am seriously
considering replacing my NEC with another Toshiba.
| 3 |
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Radius speculated, publicly, that they could provide a PowerPC-based
Rocket for existing Macs. It would have the plus of RocketShare and
the minus of NuBus accelerators - no true boot off the accelerator,
NuBus bottleneck to video and other I/O.
Apple, it seems, will not compete with third parties here -- except
perhaps for not-yet-available Macs like Cyclone, where a PowerPC
slot might be advertised. Look for Daystar and such to make PowerPC
accelerators.
One potential problem with any accelerator, though, is that it will
need a ROM companion and Apple has licensed only Radius, with
Rocketshare, to use any of its proprietary code.
Apple is, between the lines, trying to let us know that PowerPC Macs
will have simplified logic boards due to the magical nature of RISC
and that these boards should be much cheaper to build than those in
existing 68040 Macs. Perhaps, then, we'll see groundbreaking
prices in Mac-logic board upgrades, much the same way we've seen
much cheaper high-performance CPUs this year.
First generation PowerPCs, 98601s, will also hopefully have socketed
CPUs so that they'll be chip upgradeable to 98604s a year later.
This should be possible in much the same way that 486s can be pulled
for clock doublers. If there is too much technical baggage (which
I doubt since the external busses are the same size/width) to do
this, perhaps we can have CPU daughterboard, a la Powerbook, as
standard to facilitate better CPU upgrades. This is an area where
Apple has fallen far behing the Intel-based world. Perhaps catchup
is in order.
By the way, last week's PC week had an excellent story on PowerPC,
Pentium, MIPS R4000, DEC Alpha (the big four on the microprocessor
front for the forseeable future). Worth reading for technojunkies.
Also, the latest PC has a cover story on Pentium. Read it, and all
the other stories about how Intel is unstoppable and preeminent
right now.
Once anyone is this secure, they are due to fall. Intel's market
position will never again be as dominant as it is today (especially
if AMD gets the go ahead to sell its 486s this week as it appears it
might). The competition from all fronts is gearing up for an awesome
battle. Apple users should be excited that PowerPC, while not
guaranteed dominance, is a guaranteed winner, even if its one of
several.
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[good points on buddhism, etc. deleted]
just because one says christianity -- true christianity -- is hard to
follow faithfully does NOT mean that one discounts the validity and
difficulty of other religions. i admire those of any religion who are
willing to make the kind of sacrifices and dedicate themselves
spiritually in the way you are talking about.
[more deleted]
do you think this is what christianity is all about? not all
christians believe in this particular story literally. it sounds
above like you are supporting a policy of "to each his own" -- here is
another example of that. if it helps someone's faith to take every
word of the bible literally, i support and respect that, too.
please don't judge all of christianity by one man. the only man one
can truly judge all of christianity by is jesus (makes sense, right?).
i think his point about how we put our lives into little boxes is very
true -- what does your comment about robertson have to do with that?
i was raised agnostic -- my father was never baptised and was raised
atheist. he is not an atheist because he found a close-mindedness
present in the viewpoint of his parents equal to the close-mindedness
he found in the viewpoint of the christians he came in contact with.
thus i was _free_ to choose how to live my life, and he supported the
decision i made to join the episcopal church, although he emphasized
to me that his respect for my beliefs should result in my not
intruding on his beliefs, ie, i should not try to convert him, as that
is his decision. (please, no flames or advice on how to convert him!)
one of my good friends is hindi and i greatly respect her
beliefs and the culture surrounding her religion. my best friend is
jewish and i have always held a profound resepct for the jewish
religion (chaim potok and isaac bashevis singer are two of my favorite
authors). i really do not think you can make that kind of
generalization about how christians choose -- and i do mean CHOOSE--
their faith. if they have not consciously accepted the faith in their
adult lives (which is what confirmation represents), THEN you can talk
about their being brainwashed.
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The documentary interviewed Koresh and current and ex-members.
The documentary disucussed Koresh's "Christ" status inside the cult,
cult brain-washing techniques, and unusual sex practices (the leader
gets any he wants, and tells others when they can or can't). I will let
others decide if using religious authority to have sex with a minor is
technically child abuse or not.
All true.
Well, if a fire was deliberately set by members of the cult, then the
history and background of the cult is very relevant. The history
and backgournd of the Jones cult was very important in understanding
what happened at Jonestown.
Not taking into account the history and background of Koresh's cult may
also help explain why the FBI and BATF so badly predicted the reponses
they would get from inside the compund nearly every step of the way in
this badly handled affair.
It is likely that there will be at least two investigations (JD and congress)
at this point.
Interesting and conflicting details are starting to come out. I have
reverted back to wait mode to find out whether the fire was intentional
or accidental and how it started and why it spread so fast.
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: The Selective Service Registration should be abolished. To start with, the
: draft is immoral. Whether you agree with that or not, we don't have one now,
: and military experts agree that the quality of the armed forces is superior
: with a volunteer army than with draftees. Finally, the government has us
: on many lists in many computers (the IRS, Social Security Admistration and
: Motor Vehicle Registries to name a few) and it can find us if it needs to.
: Maintaining yet another list of people is an utter waste of money and time.
: Let's axe this whole department, and reduce the deficit a little bit.
Let me say this about that, as a retired Navy officer;
I agree. Cut it. But let's not stop there.
Eliminate the C-17 transport. Overwight, overdue, overbudget, it was
supposed to carry tanks. New tanks are now too big for the airplane.
Scrap the Seawolf SSN-21 nuclear submarine. The breakup of the USSR has
left us with a number of sticky military problems, but NONE of them will
require "God's gift to submarines".
Ground the B-2 stealth bomber. I'm sure it's a great airplane that will do
EVERYTHING its designers said, but at half-a-gigabuck a copy, we can't
afford for even ONE to crash. And airplanes DO crash.
Elmo Zumwalt said it best 20+ years ago; "High/Low". A MIX of a FEW
extremely capable weapons systems and a LOT of CHEAPER,
moderate-capability systems.
--
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ken Mitchell | The powers not delegated to the United States by the
[email protected]| Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
Citrus Heights, CA | reserved to the States respectively, or to the People.
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^^^^^^^
Probably cheaper than you think. I'll bet some of my (and yours)
tax dollars become a subsidy for these chips. If these chips don't
sell well, what's to stop the US government from 'giving' them
away (in the interest of National Security)?
--
Steven P. Holton
Network Administrator - RTP FAST
Northern Telecom, Inc.
Replies To: [email protected]
on bounce: [ [email protected] | [email protected] ]
| 7 |
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: Hello,
:
: Let me introduce a problem:
:
: When I measure a sinusoidal wave (voltage) with a digital voltmeter, using
: AC mode, my output is an rms value (a peak value over 2 squared). / Right? /
: When I measure a square wave in the same mode (AC), my output is equal
: to a peak value, actually, to the upper flat boundary of the wave.
: I assumed, that a digital voltmeter makes some kind of integration of the
: input value, and divides it over the wave period. / Right?/
: Now, I used it to measure the same square wave as above, but distorted
: by high-frequency harmonics. Ideally, output should be the same, but...
: The output value was only about 10% of the previous one!
: Why? What is the nature of this output value? What does the voltmeter
: actually measure? And what does it show?
Re: RMS readings
Unless the DVM *says* it's measuring RMS, it's probably Average voltage.
The input is diode rectified and measured as DC. If it says it's RMS
and but measures square/triangle/etc. incorrectly, it's measuring
average and multipling by a correction that's *only* true for sine waves
(i.e. Vave*(0.707/0.63) = Vrms). If you want correct RMS for (most)
any waveform, you need a "True-RMS" DVM/DMM which literally does the
Root-Mean-Square calculation in either analog or digital circuitry.
:
: Related question (less important to me):
: What are advantages and disadvantages of digital voltmeters to compare with
: analog ones?
The last significant advantage of analog (IMO) ** was ** being able to
"see" the signal if it was changing over time (e.g. checking
electrolytic capacitors).
Anymore, most DMM have bargraphs, etc. that duplicate this.
:
: Thank you for your attention, you could mail me your opinion at
: [email protected] or open a discussion here. I would appreciate either
: way.
:
:
: Alexander V. Mamishev
:
: ____________________________________________________________________________
: Power System Automation Laboratory <> phone office (409) 845-4623
: Department of Electrical Engineering <> phone home (409) 846-5850
: Texas A&M University <> fax (409) 862-2282
: College Station, TX 77843, USA <> Internet: [email protected]
: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
:
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Actually, an accelerator such as the Daystar 33 MHz 68040 is cheaper than
upgrading to a Q700 (25 MHz). The accelerator costs about $1400 whereas
the upgrade costs $2131 (just quoted from my dealer). However the Q700
upgrade gives you very fast built in video that supports monitors up to 21"
with 8 bit depth and up to 16" at 24 bit depth (with additional VRAM). It
also has a SCSI port capable of a much faster throughput than the CI, which
makes a big difference if you have a fast hard drive.
If the improved video and SCSI features are important to you, you're
better off getting the Q700 upgrade, otherwise save some money and get an
accelerator.
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My earlier argument that "Clipper will encourage state and local cops
to commit criminal acts" is largely moot, now that we've learned that
the FBI will perform the actual tap. [It will encourage the *FBI* to
commit (even more) criminal acts, but that's not the point here.]
But this gives another avenue of attack on the Clipper proposal. When
the EFF/ACLU/CPSR FOIA requests are made, they should ask for details
on the bureaucratic and equipment infrastructure that is proposed (or
even already budgeted) for the FBI to service tapping requests -- for now
and the projected future.
From these figures, estimate the number of Clipper-tap requests the FBI
is expecting. Publish this figure. Compare it on a per-capita basis
with the amount of tapping now known or suspected.
Also estimate how expensive it would be for the FBI to install more
Clipper-tapping stations, and how rapidly they could be built and
installed ... ie, get the "plus or minus" epsilon for the near future.
Might be a mite disturbing for J. Q. Public to know these things.
And despite all the technical details [BTW, thanks to those who've been
providing them!], we still don't know
1) how the tapping requests will be transmitted and authenticated (though
it isn't too hard to guess a good scheme).
2) how the results will be securely transmitted (Fed Ex the audio tapes?)
3) how privacy will be re-established when an investigation is complete.
| 7 |
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I am currently attempting to get a copy of the HP Widget set compiled
under Linux (SLS Release with kernel 99.6) and am running into some
problems. Actually, it seems that this is more of a GCC question,
because I got it to compile without trouble using cc on an RS/6000.
Basically, there are a number of functions with prototypes
set up in, let's say, CompositeP.h, for instance, the composite
widget's insert_child procedure is set up with the type :
typedef void (*XtWidgetProc) (Widget)
but in several places in the HP source code, they reference the
insert_child procedure and pass it multiple arguments instead of just
one, as the prototype suggests. For example:
(*superclass->composite_class.insert_child)(w, args, p_num_args)
Now, GCC chokes on this, giving an error message that too many arguments
are passed to the function. So, does anyone have any suggestions as to
how to turn off this checking in GCC, or how I can go about changing the
code to accomodate this call without changing /usr/include/X11/CompositeP.h,
or has anyone successfully built the HP widget set and have any suggestions.
Many thanks in advance for any help.
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Actually, Gaetti's first year with California was 1991. His .632 DA wasn't
out of line with his career averages, and his .616 was actually below average
in 1988. But check out the last three years at the Metrodome.
1990
Gaetti .655
AL Avg .604
1991
Pags .744
Leius .653
Al Avg .620
1992
Leius .680
AL Avg .603
For the last three years, the highest DAs in either league have been posted
by Minnesota players -- three different ones, including one (Pags) who was
mediocre to horrible elsewhere. That doesn't *prove* a park effect is at
work, any more than San Diego's horrible infield numbers prove a park effect
is at work. But it looks like a strong possibility to me.
Lots
And it might even be a nice play to thrid base.
--
Dale J. Stephenson |*| ([email protected]) |*| Baseball fanatic
| 2 |
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100% Israeli citizens. The ethnic composition depends on what
you mean by formed. What the UN deeded to Israel? What it won in war?
Were there anti-trust laws in place in mandatory Palestine?
Since the answer is no, you're argument, while interestingly
constructed, is irrelevant. I will however, respond to a few points
you assert in the course of talking about anti-trust laws.
And those fleeing Arab lands, where Jews were second class
citizens.
Jews often paid far more than fair market value for the land
they bought.
You know, Sam, when people start talking about an
International Jewish conspiracy, its really begins to sound like
anti-Semitic bull.
The reason there is no conspiracy here is quite simple.
Zionists made no bones about what was going on. There were
conferences, publications, etc, all talking about creating a National
home for the Jews.
[...]
Because you've never heard of it, its dead? The fact is, you
claimed Israel had to give arabs rights because of (non-existant)
International aid. Then you see that that argument has a hole you
could drive a truck through, and again assert that Israel is only
democratic within the (unexplained) constraints of one ethnic group.
The problem with that argument is that Arabs are allowed to vote for
whoever they please. So, please tell me, Sam, what constraints are
there on Israeli democracy that don't exist in other democratic
states?
I've never heard anything about the Khazakistani arab
population. Does that mean that they have no history or roots? When
I was at Ben Gurion university in Israel, one of my neighbors was an
Israeli arab. He wasn't really all that different from my other
neighbors. Does that make him dead or oppressed?
How recent is recent? I can probably build a case for a
Jewish Gaza city. It would be pretty silly, but I could do it. I'm
arguing not that Jerusalem is Jewish, but that land has no ethnicity.
Adam
Adam Shostack [email protected]
| 6 |
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7,470 |
Hey, what do we look like, a parts store? Has it ever occurred to you to
visit your dealer and fork out the bucks for a new one? What are the
chances of someone happening to have a '92 part laying around, much less
one in working condition? Sheesh, some edu's.
Besides, I only have the right side inverted GSX-R fork. It's already been
converted into a floor lamp.
| 12 |
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|
5,123 |
They must be shipping that good Eau Clair acid to California now.
| 10 |
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|
3,528 |
Koff! You mean that as long as I put you to sleep first,
I can kill you without being cruel?
This changes everything.
| 8 |
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366 |
Michael Bushnell writes;
Which is exactly what I pointed out. (Though I was wrong about your use
of the Creed, the 1913 Catholic Encylcopedia in which I read about it
said the Orthodox do use the Creed minus the filioque. Apparently that
has changed.) The Athanasian Creed has always had the Filioque, the
Nicene - Constantinopolitan did not.
Of course the Orthodox did not delete the Filioque from the Nicene
Creed (it wasn't there to begin with), but they certainly did from the
Athanasian Creed, which did have it from the beginning.
I might point out that the whole problem started over the difference in
ways of explaining the generation of the Blessed Trinity, the East
emphasizing the idea of the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father
through the Son, and the West using proceeding from the Father and the
Son. In fact, some, such as Tertullian, used both formulations (see
below)
"Following, therefore, the form of these examples, I profess that I do
call God and His Word, - the Father and and His Son, - two. For the
root and the stem are two things, but conjoined; the fountain and the
river are two kinds, but indivisible; the sun and the ray are two forms,
but coherent ones. Anything which proceeds from another must
necessarily be a second to that from which it proceeds; but it is not on
that account separated from it. Where there is second, however, there
are two; and where ther is third, there are three. The Spirit, then, is
third from God and the Son, just as the third from the root is the fruit
of the stem, and third from the fountain is the stream from the river,
and thrid from the sun is the apex of the ray."
-Tertullian, Against Praxeas, 8, 5 (about 213 AD)
and
"I believe that the Spirit proceeds not otherwise than from the Father
through the Son"
-Tertullian, Against Praxeas, 4, 1 (about 213 AD)
And as St. Thomas showed in his Summa Theologica Part 1, Question 36,
Articles 2 and 3, there is no contradiction between the two methods of
generation, and in fact, the two methods of reckoning the procession
emphasize what St. Augustine, among others taught, that the Holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father and the Son, but He proceeds from the Father in
a more preeminent way.
"For whatever the Son has, He has from the Father, certainly He has it
from the Father that the Holy Spirit proceeds from Him ... For the
Father alone is not from another, for which reason He alone is called
unbegotten, not, indeed, in the Scriptures, but in the practice of
theologians, and of those who employ such terms as they are able in a
matter so great. The Son, however, is born of the Father; and the Holy
Spirit proceeds principally from the Father, and since the Father gives
to the Son all that He has without any interval of time, the Holy Spirit
proceeds jointly from both Father and Son. He would be called Son of
the Father and of the Son if, which is abhorent to everyone of sound
mind, they had both begotten Him. The Spirit was not begotten by each,
however, but proceeds from each and both."
-St. Augustine of Hippo, The Trinity, 15, 26, 47 (400 to 416 AD)
So, in a sense, all of the formulations are correct (to the West at
least), because the Holy Spirit proceeds from both Father and Son, but
in proceeding from the Son, the orgin of that procession is the
procession from the Father, so the Holy Spirit is proceeding from the
Father through the Son, but as all that the Son has is from the Father,
the Holy Spirit can be said to proceed from the Father, without any
mention of the Son being necessary.
In any case, I am happy to know that I follow in the beliefs of Pope
St. Leo I, St. Fulgence of Ruspe, St. Cyril of Alexandria, Pope St.
Damsus I, St. Augustine of Hippo, St. Epiphanius of Salamis, St. Ambrose
of Milan, St. Hilary of Poitiers, Tertullian, and others among the
Fathers, who all have very quotable quotes supporting the Catholic
position, which I enunciated above.
As for the issue of the adoption of another Creed being forbidden, I
will point out that the Holy Fathers of Ephesus and Chalcedon both spoke
of the Creed of Nicea in their statement forbidding anyone "to produce,
write, or compose a confession of faith other than the one defined by
the Fathers of Nicea." That Creed is a different Creed than that of
Constantinople, which is commonly called the Nicene Creed. Not of
course in that they were condemning the adoption of the
Constantinopolitan Creed, which is but an enlargement upon the Creed of
Nicea, but that they were condemning the impious opinions of Nestorious,
who had adopted a radically different Creed from the one used by the
Church, which among other things denied the procession of the Holy
Spirit form the Son. Thus, the additions of the Constantinopolitan
Creed were not thought to be in violation of this, and as the Council
Chalcedon also affirmed the doctrine of the procession of the Holy
Spirit from the Son, which Nestorius denied, they could hardly have been
against explaining in a fuller way the Creed, for they themselves
approved of previous additions to it. And if the further explanations
of the Creed made in Constantinople were not denigrating of the work
done by the Holy Fathers of Nicea or in any way heretical, it follows
that the Council of Toledo was fully able to add what was not disputed
by the faithful to the Creed so as to combat the impieties of the Arians
in Spain, because the filioque was not in dispute in the Church until
many years later under Photius and others. And that the filioque was
not disputed, I provide more quotes below.
"Since the Holy Spirit when he is in us effects our being conformed to
God, and he actually proceeds from the Father and Son, it is abundantly
clear that He is of the divine essence, in it in essence and proceeding
from it."
-St. Cyril of Alexandria, The Treasury of the Holy and Consubstantial
Trinity, Thesis 34, (423-425 AD)
"The Holy Spirit is not of the Father only, or of the Son only, but he
is the Spirit of the Father and the Son. For it is written: `If anyone
loves the world, the Spirit of the Father is not in him'; and again it
is written: `If anyone, however, does not have the Spirit of Christ, he
is none of His.' When the Father and the Son are named in this way, the
Holy Spirit is understood, of whom the Son himself says in the Gospel,
that the Holy Spirit `proceeds from the Father,' and that `He shall
receive of mine and shall announce it to you.'"
-Pope St. Damasus I, The Decree of Damasus, 1 (382 AD)
"The only-begotten Holy Spirit has neither the name of the Son nor the
appelation of Father, but is called Holy Spirit, and is not foreign to
the Father. For the Only-begotten Himself calls Him: `the Spirit of the
Father,' and says of Him the `He proceeds from the Father,' and `will
receive of mine,' so that He is reckoned as not being foreign to the
Son, but is of their same substance, of the same Godhead; He is Spirit
divine, ... of God, and He is God. For he is Spirit of God, Spirit of
the Father, and Spirit of the Son, not by some kind of synthesis, like
soul and body in us, but in the midst of Father and Son of the Father
and of the Son, a third by appelation....
"The Father always existed and the Son always existed, and the Spirit
breathes from the Father and the Son; and neither is the Son created nor
is the Spirit created."
-St. Epiphanius of Salamis (which is on Cyprus), The Man Well-Anchored,
8 and 75 (374 AD)
"Concerning the Holy Spirit, I ought not to remain silent, nor yet is
it necessary to speak. Still, on account of those who do not know Him,
it is not possible for me to be silent. However it is necessary to
speak of Him who must be acknowledged, who is from the Father and the
Son, His Sources."
-St. Hilary of Poitiers, The Trintiy, 2, 29 (356 to 359 AD)
Thus, as I have pointed out before, Gaul, Spain, Italy, Africa, Egypt,
Palastine, and the lands of the Greeks, all of Christnedom at that time,
all have Fathers who can be cited to show that they confess the doctrine
expressed by the filioque. I suggest to those of the Orthodox Church
that they come up with some of the Fathers, besides St. John of Damascus
who all will admit denied the filioque, to support their views. It is
not enough to bring up the "proceeds from the Father" line of the Creed
or the Gospel of John, for that says what we believe also. But it does
not say the Holy Spirit does not proceed from the Son, only that He does
proceed from the Father.
| 0 |
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If Brad's analysis is correct, it may offer an explanation for why the
encryption algorithm is being kept secret. This will prevent competitors
from coming out with Clipper-compatible phones which lack the government-
installed "back door." The strategy Brad describes will only work as long
as the only way to get compatible phones is to have ones with the government
chips.
(It would be nice, from the point of view of personal privacy, if Brad
turns out to be right. As long as people still have the power to provide
their own encryption in place of or in addition to the Clipper, privacy
is still possible. But the wording of several passages in the announcement
makes me doubt whether this will turn out to be true.)
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I feel childish.
Who mentioned dirtbikes? We're talking highway speeds here. If you go 70mph
on your dirtbike then feel free to contribute.
Because it wouldn't be a Jeep if it didn't. A friend of mine just bought one
and it has more warning stickers than those little 4-wheelers (I guess that's
becuase it's a big 4 wheeler). Anyway, it's written in about ten places that
the windshield should remain up at all times, and it looks like they've made
it a pain to put it down anyway, from what he says. To be fair, I do admit
that it would be a similar matter to drive a windscreenless Jeep on the
highway as for bikers. They may participate in this discussion, but they're
probably few and far between, so I maintain that this topic is of interest
primarily to bikers.
Notice how Ed picked on the more insignificant (the lower case part) of the
two parts of the statement. Besides, around here it is quite rare to see
bikers wear goggles on the street. It's either full face with shield, or
open face with either nothing or aviator sunglasses. My experience of
bicycling with contact lenses and sunglasses says that non-wraparound
sunglasses do almost nothing to keep the crap out of ones eyes.
Ok, ok, fine, whatever you say, but lets make some attmept to stick to the
point. I've been out on the road where I had to stop every half hour to clean
my shield there were so many bugs (and my jacket would be a blood-splattered
mess) and I'd see guys with shorty helmets, NO GOGGLES, long beards and tight
t-shirts merrily cruising along on bikes with no windscreens. Lets be really
specific this time, so that even Ed understands. Does anbody think that
splattering bugs with one's face is fun, or are there other reasons to do it?
Image? Laziness? To make a point about freedom of bug splattering?
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I would really appreciate if when someone brought something like
this up they didn't back out when someone asked for details.
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Also if they don't get it exactly right or your eyes change
again, contacts to correct for it are out of the question.
This is due to the strange conical shape your cornea takes
after the surgery.
--
Michael Manning
[email protected] (NeXTMail accepted.)
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Proven? Maybe not. But it can certainly be verified beyond a reasonable doubt. This
statement and statements like it are a matter of public record. Before the Six Day War (1967)
I think Nasser and some other Arab leaders were broadcasting these statements on
Arab radio. You might want to check out some old newspapers Ahmed.
I think if you take a look at the Hamas covenant (written in 1988) you might get a
different impression. I have the convenant in the original arabic with a translation
that I've verified with Arabic speakers. The document is rife with calls to kill jews
and spread Islam and so forth.
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Tonight in Boston, the Buffalo Sabres blanked the Boston
Bruins 4-0 tonight in Boston. Looks like Boston can hang
this season up, because Buffalo's home record is awesome!!!!
This is great.. Buffalo fans might get to see revenge for
last year!!!!! :)
--
[email protected]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1988,1989,1990,1991 AFC East Division Champions
1991,1992, AND 1993 AFC Conference Champions!!!!!!!! :)
Squished the Fish ............... Monday Night Football, November 16, 1992..
SQUISHED THE TRASH TALKING FISH.. AFC CHAMPIONSHIP, JANUARY 17, 1992..
| 17 |
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I am looking for some information about 3D animation stations that
are currently on the market. The price of the station can be from 5K-20K,
but no more than $20,000.00. Type of workstation doesnt matter (PC, MAC,
SGI etc..) . If you use or have bought/looked at one or can suggest your
dream machine, then please mail me your configurations. I need the following.
1. Type of station (PC, MAC etc.. )
2. Expandibilty of the machine.
3. Software that can run on it
4. VTR Controller and/or VTR deck model/name.
5. Vendors names and numbers.
Thanks in advance.
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Windows Shareware Monthly (WSM) is an on-line forum for information about the
newest and best Windows 3.x and NT shareware/freeware software.
WSM is a compilation of submissions from shareware/freeware authors in a single
Windows .HLP (Help System) file. All types of software may be submitted for
entry in WSM - utilities, applications, games, programming tools, etc.
WSM benefits Windows shareware/freeware authors by allowing them to publicize
their software releases, inform users of updated versions, and to increase
their installed base of users. Those searching for specific Windows software
will benefit by having a complete list of available software available at their
fingertips - complete with feature lists, current prices, and any other
relevant information.
Windows software authors may submit entries to Windows Shareware Monthly in the
following manner:
1. Compose a short summary of the function of the software. Include all
special features which are unique to your product and which set it apart
from other programs in the genre. Be sure to include specific details
such as: the current release version, where the software is available,
how much the registration fee costs, how much disk space is required, any
special requirements (e.g. sound card, or VBRUN200.DLL, etc.), how the
author may be contacted, etc. Because text is highly compressible, the
summary may be as long as is necessary, however, it is best to keep it
short. A good guideline is a single screenful of 12-point text at 640x480
resolution. Order forms and other such addendum may be included if desired.
All submissions whould be in plain text (ASCII) format. Formatting will
be exactly as it is submitted - I will simply cut and paste text files
into a Help Authoring system. If you require special formatting
conventions - such as boldface text or italics, or a larger font size,
indicate so CLEARLY within the text file. For best results, use Windows
NotePad to create the .TXT file.
2. Include up to 100k of Windows-format .BMP (bitmap) screen-shots which
display the workings or special features of each program. Special cases
(rendering applications for example) which require 256-color bitmaps may
submit up to 250k of .BMP files - all other should observe the 100k limit
and use 16-color format. For maximum compatiblity with the software which
will be used to create the WSM .HLP file (Stefan Olson's Help Writer's
Assistant for Windows), please save the bitmaps with Windows Paintbrush or
WinGIF.
3. Include a 16-color .BMP of the program's icon (.ICO file). Many programs
are available to convert .ICO to .BMP format, or Windows Paintbrush may be
used. The .BMP will be embedded in the summary text.
4. Double-check for spelling errors, formatting corrections, etc.
5. Compress the .TXT file, the .BMP of the program icon, and any additional
.BMPs into a single file using PKZIP (any version).
6. Submit the entry by UUENCODING the .ZIPfile, and e-mailing it to:
[email protected]
if submitting via the Internet or Compuserve. If submitting via America
Online, send a brief message indicating submission, and append the .ZIP
file, then e-mail to:
DiegoAA
7. If any changes are required, or a new version is released, complete
the above procedures again. Send all submissions to the @TAMUTS address,
and any comments, suggestions, criticisms, to [email protected].
All entries received before the deadline will be included in the subsequent
edition of WSM. The editor will not be held responsible for any errors, and
we reserve the right to make changes to the entries.
WSM is not limited to shareware/freeware software. A special area will be
devoted to commercially available Windows 3.x and NT software. Commercial
software authors should follow the same steps above, with the exception of
the limitations on size - the .TXT file and .BMPs may be as large as required
(and as large as is practical for transmission over phone lines). There
is no charge for the publishing of either shareware/freeware or commercial
product entries.
Advertisements for computer hardware, software, bulletin boards, etc. may
be submitted as well. Again, the same procedures apply, with the exception of
the size limitations. There is no charge for advertising space. The first
ten advertisements submitted each month will be included; subsequent
submissions will not be included due to size constraints.
WSM is currently looking for persons willing to devote the time to author
columns within WSM. A C/C++ programing section, a Visual Basic section, and
two Windows-specific opinion/advice columns are envisioned. All work will
be on a voluntary basis. If you wish to aid WSM and author a monthly column
on one of the above topics, please send us mail at [email protected] or
DiegoAA on America Online.
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Not to be too snide about it, but I think this Christianity must
be a very convenient religion, very maliable and suitable for
any occassion since it seems one can take it any way one wants
to go with it and follow whichever bits one pleases and
reinterpret the bits that don't match with one's desires. It
is, in fact, so convenient that, were I capable of believing
in a god, I might consider going for some brand of Christianity.
The only difficulty left then, of course, is picking which sect
to join. There are just so many.
Dean Kaflowitz
Yes, Christianity is convenient. Following the teachings of Jesus
Christ and the Ten Commandments is convenient. Trying to love in a
hateful world is convenient. Turning the other cheek is convenient. So
convenient that it is burdensome at times.
Dave.
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For those of you who might be familiar with Insight Distribution
Network, Inc. and their Multimedia Kits:
I'm seriously considering buying the Insight Talon TA-2000 MM Kit, which
is bundled with the CD-ROM drive with 265-280ms access time, 300Kb dtr,
multispin, multi-session Photo CD capability, etc., and with the PAS-16
sound card, etc.... (if you are familiar with Insight, you know the kit
I mean). I believe the drive is either a Texel (265ms) or an NEC
(280ms), but it is not clear to me which one is actually a part of the
bundle (at least two of their sales people couldn't give me a straight
answer as to which one; ah, yes, one of the drawbacks of OEM!).
Other questions:
- Excuse my ignorance, but is "Texel" a reputable maker in the CD-ROM
market? Or do you think NEC is the better drive?
- Bottom line: Is this kit worth the money? (Currently, $449 for the
TA-1000, and $699 for the TA-2000)
Alternatively, I was thinking that the TA-2000 might be overkill for my
uses (however, I *do* want full multimedia capabilities, Photo CD stuff,
educational programs for my kids, etc.), and considered the lower-end
TA-1000 kit and using the difference (around $250.00) to get something
else useful, like a tape back-up drive unit.
Basically, I would just like to hear from those who have actually USED
these kits, and whatever pros/cons you might advise, preferably
directly to the email address below.
Thanks,
Koji
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|
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com
On a DA revolver, you get another try on a misfire. On a pistol where
the trigger does not cock the hammer, like a Jennings, or an Astra M400,
or a Glock, a misfire requires the slide be cycled to get the gun to
function.
Rather than a high capacity revolver, think of a Glock as an Astra M400
with no manual safety and a heavier trigger pull.
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Aryans who do not base their reasoning on Nazi ideology are racists...
Thus spoke an American citizen in the name of Judaism. If this is Judaism,
I think Judaism should be combatted as any extremist and dangerous
philosophy.
I suspect however that Martin Buber, Albert Einstein and other Jewish
scholars would have rather converted to Christianity than stay Jews, if
they would have perceived Judaism as such a perverted philosophy.
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Perhaps it was Trottier. It happened behind the Habs goal if I recall.
Gainey simply didn't have his head up as he was picking up the puck.
If Gilmour was taken completely by surprise, as Gainey was, then yeah,
I would have to say that Doug wasn't playing "technically" smart
hockey. In any case, to claim as Greg did, that Gainey *never* made
a technical mistake is absolutely ludicrous.
Good for you. You'd only be displaying your ignorance of course, but to
each his own...
I think Gainey should feel honoured to know that he is remembered at
all.
Certainly pluggers are an integral part of any team. And that is
simply because there are not enough solid two-way players to go
around. Who would you rather have as your "checking" centre? Doug
Gilmour or Doug Jarvis? For that matter I would take either Gretzky
or Mario as my "checking" centres. Do you think Gretzky could cover
Bob Gainey?
You're wrong again. The Selke is awarded to the forward that does the
best job defensively and this may or may not be the best plugger. If
Gilmour does the best defensive job in the league I don't see why he
should be out of the running simply because he also contributes offen-
sively.
Settle down? If you think that I have likened the Selke to the Nobel
prize then I suggest that you had best "settle down". And if you are
going to try to put words in my mouth, let me suggest that you "settle
down" before you bother following up on my postings.
You might consider developing your own style. After all, imitation is
the sincerest form of flattery and I am quite sure that flattery is not
your intention.
cordially, as always,
rm
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From article <[email protected]>, by [email protected]:
It certainly is provable. Around a million Americans every year defend
themselves with firearms. In many of these cases the defender doesn't even
have to fire a shot! The mere presence of a gun is oftentimes all the
deterrent that is needed.
I don't like violence anymore than anyone else does. But, taking away the
right of Americans to keep and bear arms is not the solution to the violent
crime problem in this country. If honest, law-abiding citizens are unable
to get firearms then they will be preyed on even more by criminals who will
be able to acquire guns through illegal channels. Expect to start seeing
the crime syndicates who smuggle drugs into this country start smuggling
guns. Believe me this will happen. There is *plenty* of economic
incentive for gangsters to illegaly import guns into this country if guns
should be banned by the Klintonistas.
Statistics, por favor?
See my previous post. That ought to set you straight.
People have the right to keep and bear arms no matter what the
Constitution says. That means that even if the 2nd Amendment is
repealed the *people* (that's all American citizens FYI) will *still*
have the right to keep and bear arms.
Scott Kennedy, Brewer and Patriot
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If anyone is keeping a list of the potential contributors,
you can put me down for $1000.00 under the conditions above
| 9 |
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Dr. Tahir Ijaz comments on Esam Abdel-Rahem's statement:
Mr. Jawad Ali then comments on Tahir Ijaz's statement:
"The converse would be that the problem is that Muslims dont consider
Ahmadies to be Muslims"
Which is a wrong statement. In the light of Dr. Ijaz's statement, the
above statement should be corrected:
".......................................is that (some) non-Ahmadi Muslims
don't consider Ahmadi-Muslims as Muslims"
So, the problem does not get solved:-) Who is a muslims and who is not?
Humans cannot decide. Humans may not declare others faiths. Its that
simple. I don't understand, why the mere use of the word "ISLAM" is
becomming such a big issue. I have seen numorous postings on the net
on this subject, and all they say, "No, NO, you cannot use ISLAM as
the name of your newsgroup". ??
I haven't seen a single posting stating what right do they have in declaring
the name of other's faiths? Who gives them this authority? Quran? or
Hadith? or something else? I want to know this!
Just a small reminder to all my Muslim Brothers, Did _EVER_ the
Holy Prophet of Islam (Muhammad PBUH), say to anyone who called
himself a Muslim:
No, You are not a Muslim ! ???????
NEVER! I challenge all my Muslim brothers to produce a single
such evidence from the history of Islam!
Hence, if the Prophet Muhammad could never do that to anyone, how
could the Muslims, Mullahs or even Governments of today do
it to anyone. Do you consider yourself above the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) ??
Sincerely,
Nabeel.
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Well thank you dennis for your as usual highly detailed and informative
posting.
The question i have about the proton, is could it be handled at
one of KSC's spare pads, without major malfunction, or could it be
handled at kourou or Vandenberg?
Now if it uses storables, then how long would it take for the russians
to equip something at cape york?
If Proton were launched from a western site, how would it compare to the
T4/centaur? As i see it, it should lift very close to the T4.
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[...]
These don't seem like "little things" to me. At least, they are orders
worse than the motto. Do you think that the motto is a "little thing"
that will lead to worse things?
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Philadelphia 1 1 2 1--5
Hartford 1 2 1 0--4
First period
1, Hartford, Nylander 10 (unassisted) 8:51.
2, Philadelphia, Recchi 53 (Lindros, Brind'Amour) pp, 19:59.
Second period
3, Hartford, Burt 6 (Cunneyworth, Kron) 2:00.
4, Philadelphia, Bowen 1 (Eklund, Recchi) 7:09.
5, Hartford, Nylander 11 (Zalapski, Sanderson) 9:38.
Third period
6, Hartford, Kron 14 (Sanderson, Cassels) pp, 1:24.
7, Philadelphia, Beranek 15 (Lomakin, Yushkevich) 3:11.
8, Philadelphia, Faust 2 (Brind'Amour, Roussel) 3:38.
Overtime
9, Philadelphia, Yushkevich 5 (Faust) 1:15.
Philadelphia: 5 Power play: 4-1
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Beranek 1 0 1
Bowen 1 0 1
Brind'Amour 0 2 2
Eklund 0 1 1
Faust 1 1 2
Lindros 0 1 1
Lomakin 0 1 1
Recchi 1 1 2
Roussel 0 1 1
Yushkevich 1 1 2
Hartford: 4 Power play: 4-1
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Burt 1 0 1
Cassels 0 1 1
Cunneyworth 0 1 1
Kron 1 1 2
Nylander 2 0 2
Sanderson 0 2 2
Zalapski 0 1 1
-----------------------------------------
New Jersey 0 3 1--4
NY Islanders 3 3 2--8
First period
1, NY Islanders, Turgeon 56 (unassisted) 4:11.
2, NY Islanders, Thomas 36 (Malakhov, King) pp, 5:58.
3, NY Islanders, Ferraro 14 (Dalgarno, Malakhov) 18:16.
Second period
4, New Jersey, Niedermayer 11 (Richer, Nicholls) 0:41.
5, NY Islanders, Mullen 18 (Vaske, Dalgarno) 1:15.
6, NY Islanders, Thomas 37 (Hogue, Norton) 2:12.
7, New Jersey, Zelepukin 23 (unassisted) 17:11.
8, New Jersey, Richer 38 (Nicholls, Daneyko) 17:23.
9, NY Islanders, Hogue 33 (Flatley, Ferraro) 18:42.
Third period
10, NY Islanders, Turgeon 57 (unassisted) 3:45.
11, New Jersey, Semak 37 (Lemieux, Driver) 9:06.
12, NY Islanders, Turgeon 58 (King, Pilon) 10:21.
NY Islanders: 8 Power play: 4-1
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Dalgarno 0 2 2
Ferraro 1 1 2
Flatley 0 1 1
Hogue 1 1 2
King 0 2 2
Malakhov 0 2 2
Mullen 1 0 1
Norton 0 1 1
Pilon 0 1 1
Thomas 2 0 2
Turgeon 3 0 3
Vaske 0 1 1
New Jersey: 4 Power play: 2-0
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Daneyko 0 1 1
Driver 0 1 1
Lemieux 0 1 1
Nicholls 0 2 2
Niedermayer 1 0 1
Richer 1 1 2
Semak 1 0 1
Zelepukin 1 0 1
-----------------------------------------
NY Rangers 1 0 1--2
Washington 1 1 2--4
First period
1, NY Rangers, Graves 36 (Zubov, Andersson) 6:17.
2, Washington, Ridley 26 (unassisted) 18:33.
Second period
3, Washington, Hatcher 34 (Johansson) 12:19.
Third period
4, Washington, Jones 12 (May) 2:49.
5, Washington, Cote 21 (Khristich, Pivonka) pp, 18:55.
6, NY Rangers, Gartner 45 (Amonte, Andersson) pp, 19:50.
Washington: 4 Power play: 7-1
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Cote 1 0 1
Hatcher 1 0 1
Johansson 0 1 1
Jones 1 0 1
Khristich 0 1 1
May 0 1 1
Pivonka 0 1 1
Ridley 1 0 1
NY Rangers: 2 Power play: 4-1
Scorer G A Pts
--------------- --- --- ---
Amonte 0 1 1
Andersson 0 2 2
Gartner 1 0 1
Graves 1 0 1
Zubov 0 1 1
| 17 |
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Dear Netters:
I am looking to buy a used Eagle Talon '91 or '91 TSi AWD.
Question is that the '91 TSi AWD was mentioned in the
April Consumer Reports to a car to avoid!
In particular, the manual transmission, electrical system,
and brakes were below par (in both models). A friend of mine
ownes a '90 TSi AWD and he has had 2 brake jobs (pads), one
stuck valve, and some clutch/transmission problem, something
about sticking/grinding into second gear. This doesn't seem
too bad if one "beats" on his car.
I am willing to suffer reliability--for speed and looks. Seems
you have to pay big buck if you want all three. Anyway can
anyone please let me know how you like your Talon, and any
problems you may have had, and if the repairs are worth it.
Thanks for any responses!
| 4 |
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9,173 |
Mercedes-Benz announced yesterday its plans to begin building sport-utility
vehicles in the US by 1997. They are targeted at the Jeep Grand Cherokee
et al. and will reportedly sell for less than $30,000.
Did anyone see a picture? Is it the G-wagon (Gelaendewagen) currently
available in Europe (and in the US by grey-market) or is it an entirely new
vehicle? Any details would be appreciated.
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Archive-name: space/controversy
Last-modified: $Date: 93/04/01 14:39:06 $
CONTROVERSIAL QUESTIONS
These issues periodically come up with much argument and few facts being
offered. The summaries below attempt to represent the position on which
much of the net community has settled. Please DON'T bring them up again
unless there's something truly new to be discussed. The net can't set
public policy, that's what your representatives are for.
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SATURN V PLANS
Despite a widespread belief to the contrary, the Saturn V blueprints
have not been lost. They are kept at Marshall Space Flight Center on
microfilm.
The problem in re-creating the Saturn V is not finding the drawings, it
is finding vendors who can supply mid-1960's vintage hardware (like
guidance system components), and the fact that the launch pads and VAB
have been converted to Space Shuttle use, so you have no place to launch
from.
By the time you redesign to accommodate available hardware and re-modify
the launch pads, you may as well have started from scratch with a clean
sheet design.
WHY DATA FROM SPACE MISSIONS ISN'T IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE
Investigators associated with NASA missions are allowed exclusive access
for one year after the data is obtained in order to give them an
opportunity to analyze the data and publish results without being
"scooped" by people uninvolved in the mission. However, NASA frequently
releases examples (in non-digital form, e.g. photos) to the public early
in a mission.
RISKS OF NUCLEAR (RTG) POWER SOURCES FOR SPACE PROBES
There has been extensive discussion on this topic sparked by attempts to
block the Galileo and Ulysses launches on grounds of the plutonium
thermal sources being dangerous. Numerous studies claim that even in
worst-case scenarios (shuttle explosion during launch, or accidental
reentry at interplanetary velocities), the risks are extremely small.
Two interesting data points are (1) The May 1968 loss of two SNAP 19B2
RTGs, which landed intact in the Pacific Ocean after a Nimbus B weather
satellite failed to reach orbit. The fuel was recovered after 5 months
with no release of plutonium. (2) In April 1970, the Apollo 13 lunar
module reentered the atmosphere and its SNAP 27 RTG heat source, which
was jettisoned, fell intact into the 20,000 feet deep Tonga Trench in
the Pacific Ocean. The corrosion resistant materials of the RTG are
expected to prevent release of the fuel for a period of time equal to 10
half-lives of the Pu-238 fuel or about 870 years [DOE 1980].
To make your own informed judgement, some references you may wish to
pursue are:
A good review of the technical facts and issues is given by Daniel
Salisbury in "Radiation Risk and Planetary Exploration-- The RTG
Controversy," *Planetary Report*, May-June 1987, pages 3-7. Another good
article, which also reviews the events preceding Galileo's launch,
"Showdown at Pad 39-B," by Robert G. Nichols, appeared in the November
1989 issue of *Ad Astra*. (Both magazines are published by pro-space
organizations, the Planetary Society and the National Space Society
respectively.)
Gordon L Chipman, Jr., "Advanced Space Nuclear Systems" (AAS 82-261), in
*Developing the Space Frontier*, edited by Albert Naumann and Grover
Alexander, Univelt, 1983, p. 193-213.
"Hazards from Plutonium Toxicity", by Bernard L. Cohen, Health Physics,
Vol 32 (may) 1977, page 359-379.
NUS Corporation, Safety Status Report for the Ulysses Mission: Risk
Analysis (Book 1). Document number is NUS 5235; there is no GPO #;
published Jan 31, 1990.
NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, *Final Environmental
Impact Statement for the Ulysses Mission (Tier 2)*, (no serial number or
GPO number, but probably available from NTIS or NASA) June 1990.
[DOE 1980] U.S. Department of Energy, *Transuranic Elements in the
Environment*, Wayne C. Hanson, editor; DOE Document No. DOE/TIC-22800;
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., April 1980.)
IMPACT OF THE SPACE SHUTTLE ON THE OZONE LAYER
From time to time, claims are made that chemicals released from
the Space Shuttle's Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) are responsible
for a significant amount of damage to the ozone layer. Studies
indicate that they in reality have only a minute impact, both in
absolute terms and relative to other chemical sources. The
remainder of this item is a response from the author of the quoted
study, Charles Jackman.
The atmospheric modelling study of the space shuttle effects on the
stratosphere involved three independent theoretical groups, and was
organized by Dr. Michael Prather, NASA/Goddard Institute for Space
Studies. The three groups involved Michael Prather and Maria Garcia
(NASA/GISS), Charlie Jackman and Anne Douglass (NASA/Goddard Space
Flight Center), and Malcolm Ko and Dak Sze (Atmospheric and
Environmental Research, Inc.). The effort was to look at the effects
of the space shuttle and Titan rockets on the stratosphere.
The following are the estimated sources of stratospheric chlorine:
Industrial sources: 300,000,000 kilograms/year
Natural sources: 75,000,000 kilograms/year
Shuttle sources: 725,000 kilograms/year
The shuttle source assumes 9 space shuttles and 6 Titan rockets are
launched yearly. Thus the launches would add less than 0.25% to the
total stratospheric chlorine sources.
The effect on ozone is minimal: global yearly average total ozone would
be decreased by 0.0065%. This is much less than total ozone variability
associated with volcanic activity and solar flares.
The influence of human-made chlorine products on ozone is computed
by atmospheric model calculations to be a 1% decrease in globally
averaged ozone between 1980 and 1990. The influence of the space shuttle and
Titan rockets on the stratosphere is negligible. The launch
schedule of the Space Shuttle and Titan rockets would need to be
increased by over a factor of a hundred in order to have about
the same effect on ozone as our increases in industrial halocarbons
do at the present time.
Theoretical results of this study have been published in _The Space
Shuttle's Impact on the Stratosphere_, MJ Prather, MM Garcia, AR
Douglass, CH Jackman, M.K.W. Ko and N.D. Sze, Journal of Geophysical
Research, 95, 18583-18590, 1990.
Charles Jackman, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch,
Code 916, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD 20771
Also see _Chemical Rockets and the Environment_, A McDonald, R Bennett,
J Hinshaw, and M Barnes, Aerospace America, May 1991.
HOW LONG CAN A HUMAN LIVE UNPROTECTED IN SPACE
If you *don't* try to hold your breath, exposure to space for half a
minute or so is unlikely to produce permanent injury. Holding your
breath is likely to damage your lungs, something scuba divers have to
watch out for when ascending, and you'll have eardrum trouble if your
Eustachian tubes are badly plugged up, but theory predicts -- and animal
experiments confirm -- that otherwise, exposure to vacuum causes no
immediate injury. You do not explode. Your blood does not boil. You do
not freeze. You do not instantly lose consciousness.
Various minor problems (sunburn, possibly "the bends", certainly some
[mild, reversible, painless] swelling of skin and underlying tissue)
start after ten seconds or so. At some point you lose consciousness from
lack of oxygen. Injuries accumulate. After perhaps one or two minutes,
you're dying. The limits are not really known.
References:
_The Effect on the Chimpanzee of Rapid Decompression to a Near Vacuum_,
Alfred G. Koestler ed., NASA CR-329 (Nov 1965).
_Experimental Animal Decompression to a Near Vacuum Environment_, R.W.
Bancroft, J.E. Dunn, eds, Report SAM-TR-65-48 (June 1965), USAF School
of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas.
HOW THE CHALLENGER ASTRONAUTS DIED
The Challenger shuttle launch was not destroyed in an explosion. This is
a well-documented fact; see the Rogers Commission report, for example.
What looked like an explosion was fuel burning after the external tank
came apart. The forces on the crew cabin were not sufficient to kill the
astronauts, never mind destroy their bodies, according to the Kerwin
team's medical/forensic report.
The astronauts were killed when the more-or-less intact cabin hit the
water at circa 200MPH, and their bodies then spent several weeks
underwater. Their remains were recovered, and after the Kerwin team
examined them, they were sent off to be buried.
USING THE SHUTTLE BEYOND LOW EARTH ORBIT
You can't use the shuttle orbiter for missions beyond low Earth orbit
because it can't get there. It is big and heavy and does not carry
enough fuel, even if you fill part of the cargo bay with tanks.
Furthermore, it is not particularly sensible to do so, because much of
that weight is things like wings, which are totally useless except in
the immediate vicinity of the Earth. The shuttle orbiter is highly
specialized for travel between Earth's surface and low orbit. Taking it
higher is enormously costly and wasteful. A much better approach would
be to use shuttle subsystems to build a specialized high-orbit
spacecraft.
[Yet another concise answer by Henry Spencer.]
THE "FACE ON MARS"
There really is a big rock on Mars that looks remarkably like a humanoid
face. It appears in two different frames of Viking Orbiter imagery:
35A72 (much more facelike in appearance, and the one more often
published, with the Sun 10 degrees above western horizon) and 70A13
(with the Sun 27 degrees from the west).
Science writer Richard Hoagland has championed the idea that the Face is
artificial, intended to resemble a human, and erected by an
extraterrestrial civilization. Most other analysts concede that the
resemblance is most likely accidental. Other Viking images show a
smiley-faced crater and a lava flow resembling Kermit the Frog elsewhere
on Mars. There exists a Mars Anomalies Research Society (sorry, don't
know the address) to study the Face.
The Mars Observer mission will carry an extremely high-resolution
camera, and better images of the formation will hopefully settle this
question in a few years. In the meantime, speculation about the Face is
best carried on in the altnet group alt.alien.visitors, not sci.space or
sci.astro.
V. DiPeitro and G. Molenaar, *Unusual Martian Surface Features*, Mars
Research, P.O. Box 284, Glen Dale, Maryland, USA, 1982. $18 by mail.
R.R. Pozos, *The Face of Mars*, Chicago Review Press, 1986. [Account of
an interdisciplinary speculative conference Hoagland organized to
investigate the Face]
R.C. Hoagland, *The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever*,
North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, California, USA, 1987. [Elaborate
discussion of evidence and speculation that formations near the Face
form a city]
M.J. Carlotto, "Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface
Features," *Applied Optics*, 27, pp. 1926-1933, 1987. [Extracts
three-dimensional model for the Face from the 2-D images]
M.J. Carlotto & M.C. Stein, "A Method of Searching for Artificial
Objects on Planetary Surfaces," *Journal of the British Interplanetary
Society*, Vol. 43 no. 5 (May 1990), p.209-216. [Uses a fractal image
analysis model to guess whether the Face is artificial]
B. O'Leary, "Analysis of Images of the `Face' on Mars and Possible
Intelligent Origin," *JBIS*, Vol. 43 no. 5 (May 1990), p. 203-208.
[Lights Carlotto's model from the two angles and shows it's consistent;
shows that the Face doesn't look facelike if observed from the surface]
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